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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed25dfc --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #67414 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/67414) diff --git a/old/67414-0.txt b/old/67414-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d68c708..0000000 --- a/old/67414-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,13280 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chronicles of Pharmacy, Vol. 2 (of 2), -by A. C Wootton - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Chronicles of Pharmacy, Vol. 2 (of 2) - -Author: A. C Wootton - -Release Date: February 17, 2022 [eBook #67414] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Karin Spence, Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The - Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF PHARMACY, VOL. -2 (OF 2) *** - - - - - - CHRONICLES OF PHARMACY - - - - - [Illustration] - - MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED - - LONDON . BOMBAY . CALCUTTA - MELBOURNE - - THE MACMILLAN COMPANY - - NEW YORK . BOSTON . CHICAGO - ATLANTA . SAN FRANCISCO - - THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA. LTD. - - TORONTO - - - - - CHRONICLES OF - PHARMACY - - BY - - A. C. WOOTTON - - VOL. II - - MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED - - ST. MARTIN’S STREET, LONDON - - 1910 - - - - - RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, - BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND - BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. - - PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN - - - - - CONTENTS - - VOL. II - - - CHAPTER PAGE - - XV. ANIMALS IN PHARMACY 1 - - XVI. REMINISCENCES OF ANCIENT PHARMACY 32 - - XVII. PHARMACOPŒIAS 59 - - XVIII. SHAKESPEARE’S PHARMACY 70 - - XIX. SOME NOTED DRUGS 86 - - XX. FAMILIAR MEDICINES AND SOME NOTES OF THEIR HISTORIES 121 - - XXI. NOTED NOSTRUMS 161 - - XXII. POISONS IN HISTORY 220 - - XXIII. PHARMACY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 243 - - XXIV. NAMES AND SYMBOLS 276 - - INDEX 313 - - - - - ILLUSTRATIONS - - VOL. II - - - PAGE - - Preparation of Theriaca 45 - - Lemnian earth seals 54 - - Title-page of London Pharmacopœia 63 - - The Apothecary 81 - - Aloe in Flower 87 - - Aloe at Chelsea 88 - - Castor oil plant 90 - - Dr. Huxham 101 - - Charles Ledger 107 - - William Withering, M.D. 110 - - Preparation of Guaiacum Remedies 113 - - Dr. James Gregory 137 - - Dr. Gregory’s Prescription 138 - - Patrick Anderson, M.D. 168 - - Dr. James 187 - - John St. John Long 193 - - Joshua Ward 209 - - Horace Wells 250 - - Sir James Young Simpson, M.D. 253 - - Friedrich Wöhler 258 - - August Kekulé 262 - - A. W. von Hofmann 264 - - Alchemical symbols 308, 309, 310 - - - - - ERRATA - - VOL. II - - - Page 31. _Ninth line from top, for_ Clestis _read_ Celestis. - - „ 46. _Bottom line, additional reference_: Vol. I., 124. - - „ 166. _Seventh line from bottom, for_ Magnetic _read_ Metallic. - - - - - ERRATUM. - - -The acknowledgment at the foot of page 308, of the source of the -symbols illustrated on that page, is incorrect. The symbols in question -are reproduced from Mr. C. J. S. Thompson’s book, _The Mystery and -Romance of Alchemy and Pharmacy_, published by the Scientific Press, -Ltd. - - - - - CHRONICLES OF PHARMACY - - - - - XV - - ANIMALS IN PHARMACY - - Their next business is, from herbs, minerals, gums, oils, - shells, salts, juices, sea-weed, excrements, barks of trees, - serpents, toads, frogs, spiders, dead men’s flesh and bones, - birds, beasts, and fishes, to form a composition for smell - and taste the most abominable, nauseous, and detestable they - can possibly contrive.--SWIFT, _A Voyage to the - Houyhnhms_, Chap. VI. - - - ANIMAL SUBSTANCES IN PHARMACY. - -The inclination to find medicinal virtues in parts of animals is not -altogether unreasonable in its origin. Savages eat the hearts of lions -and tigers to acquire some of the courage and fierceness of those -beasts; and a similar instinct would suggest various organs of animals -for use in medicine. The employment of foxes’ lungs in asthmatic -and bronchial complaints, for example, seems a most natural remedy -to try, and as the lohoch, in which form these lungs were generally -administered, was made up with other demulcents, it is not surprising -that it should have been often found efficacious. In this section -illustrations of the extravagant extent to which faith in medicines of -this character has been carried will be given. - - - OFFICIALLY RECOGNISED ANIMAL MEDICINES. - -Remedies obtained from the animal kingdom were employed by the -Egyptian, the Greek, and the Roman physicians. The Arabs, though they -introduced musk, kermes, and bezoar into medicine, were not largely -interested in animal products in their materia medica. The adoption of -revolting preparations of this class developed rapidly in the sixteenth -and seventeenth centuries, curiously enough alongside the introduction -of the new chemical remedies. The appended list of animals and animal -products which were made official in the London Pharmacopœias of the -seventeenth century, namely, those of 1618, 1650, and 1677, will -serve to demonstrate the diligence which had been exercised by the -practitioners of that period in ransacking the world of animal life for -possible means of alleviating human ills. - -Ambergris, ants. - -Bee-glue from entrances and cracks of hives, bezoar stones, blood of -badger, bat, bull, cat, dog, frog, goat (he- and she-), goose, hare, -man, partridge, pig, pigeon, stag, tortoise; bones of hare (heel-bone), -oxen (leg), pigs (ankle), stags (heart and heel; the latter called the -astragalus), and the triangular bone of the human skull; brains of -hares and sparrows; butter, fresh and salt; buttermilk. - -Cantharides, castor, caviare, cheese (old and new), civet, cochineal, -cock’s-comb, coral (white and red), crabs’ claws, crabs’ eyes, -crayfish, cuttlefish, cygnets. - -Eggs of ants, hens, and ostriches; egg-shells; earthworms; excrements -of the cow, dog, he-goat, goose, hen, horse, horse (not castrated), -man, mouse, peacock, pigeon, sheep, swallow, wolf. - -Fat, lard, or grease from the badger, bear, beaver, boar, bull, bull -calf, camel, capon, dog, duck, eel, fox, goat, goose, hare, hedgehog, -hen, heron, horse, leopard, lion, man, mountain-mouse, pike, pig, -rabbit, ram, snake, stork, thymallos (grayling), vulture, wild cat, -wolf, and from cut wool; feathers of partridges, fur of the hare, -frog’s spawn, and hairs of the silkworm, are among the curious animal -products named. Green frogs are specially ordered. - -Gall of the bear, bull, cow, he-goat, she-goat, hare, hawk, kite, ox, -and pig; grasshoppers. - -Ham of pig; heart of bullock, pig, stag, wether; honey and virgin -honey; hoof of ass, elk, she-goat, pig; horns of elk, goat, rhinoceros, -stag, unicorn. - -Isinglass; intestines of wolf and fox; jaw of pike. - -Larks, leeches, lynx claws; liver of ass, duck, frog, otter, wild boar, -wolf; lungs of bear, fox, lamb, pig. - -Marrow from leg of bull, bull calf, calf, cow, dog, she-goat, lamb, ox, -sheep, stag; milk of ass, cow, ewe, goat, woman; mole, mummy, musk. - -Omentum (bowel membrane) of the calf, lamb, ram, and wether. - -Pearls and mother of pearl, perspiration, pickle or sauce from the -tunny fish, puppies. - -Rennet of calf, hare, horse, kid, lamb. - -Saliva of a fasting man; scorpions (land); secundines (afterbirth) -of a woman; sexual parts of bull, cock, horse, and stag; silk (raw); -silkworms’ cocoons. Inner skin of a hen’s stomach; skinks; skull of -a man who has met with a violent death, and moss from that skull; -sparrows (house and hedge); spermaceti; spleen of ox; sponge; spiders’ -webs; cast-off snake’s skin; sea-shells (various kinds named); -swallows’ nests; stone from the heads of carp and perch, from ox-gall, -from human bladders (see also bezoar stones and crabs’ eyes); suet of -badger, calf, cow, goat, ox, sheep, stag. - -Teeth of elephants (ivory), wild boar, sea-horse, tench, toads. - -Urine of boar, bull, dog, he-goat, man. In the last-named case the -urine of a child not arrived at the age of puberty, and of an adult -man, are separately indicated. - -Vipers’ flesh. - -Wagtails; wax (white, red, and yellow); whelks; whey; woodlice. - -In contrast with the list quoted above, representing the animal -pharmacy of the seventeenth century may be placed the following -fifteen articles which cover the zoology of the British Pharmacopœia -of 1898:--Cantharides, cod-liver oil, cochineal, honey, lard, leeches, -musk, ox-bile, pepsin, spermaceti, mutton, suet, sugar of milk, thyroid -gland, wax, wool fat. - - - HOMO: MAN AS A MEDICINE. - -Man being the microcosm of the universe (the macrocosm) medicines of -human origin figured very prominently in old pharmacopœias. In Lemery’s -“Dictionnaire Universelle des Drogues Simples,” which was a standard -authority all over Europe, at least until the end of the eighteenth -century, the author presents a summary of the medicinal uses to which -the various parts of “Homo” were applied. I quote (but slightly -abbreviate) from the edition of Lemery’s Dictionary of 1759:-- - -“All parts of man, his excrescences and excrements, contain oil and -sal volatile, combined with phlegm and earth. Skull, brain, and -calculus are employed in medicine, and are referred to in their proper -places. Burning hair, smelt by patients, will counteract the vapours. -Moss of the human skull, human blood, and human urine all have their -uses in medicine. The saliva of a robust young man, taken fasting, is -an antidote against the bites of serpents and mad dogs. Wax from the -ears is good against whitlows. Nails from the fingers and toes, given -internally either in substance or infused in wine, make a good emetic. -Women’s milk is pectoral, good in phthisis, and useful to apply to -inflamed eyes. Fresh urine, two or three glasses drunk in the morning -fasting, is good against gout, hysterical vapours, and obstructions. -It may also be applied externally in gout and in skin complaints. -Excrement of man can be applied to anthrax, plague bubos, and quinsies. -Dried and powdered, it is recommended in epilepsy and intermittent -fevers. Dose, one scruple to one drachm.” - -Bechler, in “Parnassus Medicinalis,” 1663, quoted in Peter’s “History -of Pharmacy,” says:-- - -“Powdered human bone, in red wine, will cure dysentery. The marrow -and oil distilled from bone is good for rheumatism. Prepared human -skull is a sure cure for the falling sickness (epilepsy). Moss grown -on a skull is a hæmostatic. Mummy dissolves coagulated blood, relieves -cough and pain in the spleen, and is very beneficial in flatulency and -delayed menstruation. Human fat properly rubbed into the skin restores -weak limbs. The wearing of a belt of human skin facilitates labour and -mitigates its pain. Water distilled from human hair and mixed with -honey promotes the growth of hair.” - -The Liquor Cranii Humani was a highly-prized remedy. It was prepared -from unburied skulls, those of criminals for preference. Pomet (1694) -says he had been informed by Moses Charas, who had lived for some time -in England, that “The London druggists sell skulls of the dead upon -which there has grown a little greenish moss called Usnea, because it -resembles the moss which grows on the oak. These skulls mostly come -from Ireland, where they frequently let the bodies of criminals hang -on the gibbet till they fall to pieces.” The market price of skulls at -that time varied in London from 8s. to 11s. each, according to size, -but those with plenty of moss made fancy prices. They were largely used -for compounding the “Sympathetic Ointment,” described by Crollius in -his “Royal Chemist,” and were recommended in epilepsy. Germany was the -principal market. The pharmaceutical authorities of that day were very -decided about the superior virtue of the skulls of persons who had died -violent deaths. Lemery (1738) orders: “To make the Magistry of human -skull. Calcine the skull and powder finely.” But he adds the useful -comment, “This Magistry is only a dead-head of no virtue unless you -employ the skull of a young man who died a violent death.” - -In a paper “On the Deaths of some Eminent Persons,” printed by -Sir H. Halford in 1835, it is stated that in the last illness of -Charles II, when he was suffering from a stroke of apoplexy, one of -the prescriptions, signed by four physicians, ordered among other -ingredients 25 drops of the spirit drawn from human skulls. - -Sir Theodor Mayerne’s famous Powder de Gutteta (anti-epileptic powder) -contained amber, crystal, and hartshorn vitriolated, various roots and -seeds, and flowers, “human skull, both crude and vitriolated, secundine -of a woman,” gold and silver leaf, ambergris, etc. Fifty years later -valerian alone was thought to be as effective. - -Human fat was regarded as an excellent remedy in rheumatism. Pomet -(1694) complains that at that time the business of the apothecaries -in this luxury was seriously crippled by the competition of the -public executioners. But he points out that the article provided in -the pharmacies was incomparably superior to that which came from the -scaffolds, because it was prepared with aromatic herbs. - -Human excrement and human urine were strongly recommended by many of -the chief authorities. Mme. de Sévigné, writing to her daughter on June -13, 1685, says:--“For my vapours I take 8 drops of essence of urine, -and contrary to its usual action it has prevented me from sleeping.” -There are other references to this delicate remedy in some other of her -letters. Apparently she took a special combination of the essence with -the Baume Tranquille. - -Culpepper says: “That small triangular bone in the skull of a man -called Os Triquetum, so absolutely cures the Falling Sickness that it -will never come again, saith Paracelsus.” Culpepper also states that -“the fat of a man is exceeding good to anoint such limbs as fall away -in the flesh.” Lemery explains how to make a plaster from the blood of -a healthy young man, after drying it, which was useful in old ulcers. - -Paracelsus had a “Primum Ens Sanguinis,” which was fresh blood from a -healthy young person. Crollius gives a recipe for an eye salve, which -was to divide a human brain into half; mix one half with honey and -apply it at night; dry and powder the other half and apply it in the -morning. - - - COW-DUNG AS A MEDICINE. - -A female pharmacist is mentioned in Salmon’s “Bate’s Dispensatory” -(1694), who, he says, made a fortune of £20,000 by selling a tincture -made from cow-dung. Her formula was, cow-dung, fresh gathered in the -morning, 12 lbs.; spring or rain water, 30 lb. Digest for twenty-four -hours, let it settle, and decant the clear brown tincture. Salmon says -it is no doubt a good medicine, and has been much used with success. -“It has a pretty kind of sweet scent as if it was perfumed with musk -or some other odoriferous thing.” An essence of cow-dung was an old -English household remedy for gout, rheumatism, stone, etc. It was from -cow-dung gathered in May; digested with a third of its weight in white -wine, and distilled. In another old formula cow-dung and snails with -their shells, equal parts, are prescribed. The resulting distillate was -known as all-flower water, aqua omnium florum, and aqua arthritica. -Dr. Rutherford, of Edinburgh, in the eighteenth century strongly -recommended cow-dung poultice in rheumatic fever, and asserted that -he had known of many cures from its use. It has been for centuries a -popular article in the Hindu materia medica. The phosphate of soda and -benzoic acid (which are the medicinal constituents of cow-dung) are -better suited to modern fastidious patients in the form of laboratory -products. - - - EXCREMENTS AS MEDICINES. - -It will be observed from the list of the excrements used in medicine -officially recognised in the early London Pharmacopœias already given -that those from various animals were specified. Excrements as remedies -are at least as old as Dioscorides, whose work contains a special -chapter devoted to an appreciation of the distinguishing virtues of the -various sorts of dungs. Pliny likewise names many sorts, and states -what are their particular properties. - -It is evident that these substances became very popular as household -remedies among the peasantry of European countries. In his treatise “On -Salts,” Glauber (about 1650) explains how satisfactorily certain of -these chemical products can take the place of the unpleasant remedies -in use among the peasantry of his time. He says: “They purge the bodies -of boys and girls with mouse dung, horse dung, and goose dung; these -dissolved in wine or beer, and strained through linen cloths, they use -to cure falling sickness by sweat. In the cure of erysipelas or burns -and scalds, they use hogs’ dung; in all kinds of swelling, sheep’s -dung; in a quinsy, dogs’ turd or human dung.” - -Glauber states that he had known of wonderful cures effected by these -remedies. But the reason was simple. Human dung, for example, is -nothing but bread and flesh reduced into their first matters, all -their bonds being loosened and rendered fit for the exercise of their -virtues. The essential constituent is a salt not unlike the sal enixon -of Paracelsus. - -The mention of this great teacher leads Glauber to relate that once -some physicians and noblemen asked Paracelsus to tell them some great -secret of medicine. In reply he told them that incredible virtues were -hidden in human dung. Whereupon they were very angry and departed, -considering that he was mocking them. Paracelsus made a remedy which -he called Zebethum Occidentale from human dung, dried and powdered. -He also recommended a child’s excrement to be distilled twice, and to -use the oily distillate for fistulas, canker, and as an application for -premature baldness. - -Album Græcum, which was dried white dogs’ turds, was regularly stocked -by the apothecaries of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and was -given in colic and dysentery, but more generally applied externally -to abscesses, ulcers, and quinsies. In Robert Boyle’s “Collection -of Medicines,” 1696, “a homely but experienced medicine for a sore -throat,” is said to be one drachm of album græcum made into a linctus -with honey of roses. - -Pigeons’ dung was reputed to be so violently heating that it was -almost a caustic. Applied to the soles of the feet it would draw the -humours down, but Quincy remarks there was no reason for believing that -it attracted the peccant humours only. Fuller prescribes a poultice -containing Venice turpentine, pigeons’ dung, and spiders’ webs to be -fastened to the wrists two hours before a fit of ague is expected, to -ward it off. Pectoral drinks were much improved medicinally, especially -for pleurisies, if some dung of stallions had been steeped in them. - - - MISCELLANEOUS ANIMAL REMEDIES. - -It is not possible in a short space to exhaust this unsavory topic, but -a few of the more notable applications of animals or animal derivatives -may be briefly mentioned. - -Pigeons were cut in half while they were alive and applied to the feet -of patients. Pepys alludes two or three times to this and always as an -indication that the case is nearly hopeless. The Queen of Charles II -was one of the instances. - -Oil of Puppies was made by cutting up two newly born ones and boiling -them in a varnished pot for twelve hours with one pound of live -earthworms. Very good for strengthening the nerves, for sciatica, and -for paralysis, says Lemery. The gall of a black puppy, says Schroder, -cures epilepsy to a wonder. It had to be prepared with vinegar. Ambrose -Paré says he got a recipe from a famous surgeon at Turin for a balm -with which he treated gun-shot wounds with extraordinary success. It -was to boil young whelps just born with earthworms, Venice turpentine, -and oil of lilies. - -Fox lungs were prepared for medicines by first separating them from -the blood-vessels, then washing them in white wine in which hyssop and -scabious had been boiled. After drying gently the lungs were kept wrapt -up in hyssop, wormwood, or horehound. - -Swallows, hedgehogs, toads, and frogs were prepared by cutting their -throats and leaving the blood to dry on them. They were then baked in a -close vessel well covered. - -Snails were made into a cough syrup by hanging them in a bag with sugar -and catching the droppings. - -Earthworms had a great reputation for the relief of lung complaints. -They were also administered with great confidence, dried and powdered, -to children to drive away internal worms. Woodlice, bruised and -digested in Rhine wine, made the Vinum Millepedarum given in dropsy -and jaundice. Lice and bugs were also honoured remedies. The latter -digested in wine or vinegar had the singular power of expelling leeches -which might have been accidentally swallowed. - -Culpepper quotes from Mizaldus, perhaps sarcastically, a very wonderful -property of earthworms, which is that the powder of them put in a -hollow tooth makes it drop out. He gives another way of making a tooth -drop out, which was to “fill an earthenware crucible full of emmets, -ants, or pismires, call them by which name you will, eggs and all, and -when you have burnt them keep the ashes, with which if you touch the -tooth it will drop out.” - -The same authority offers a drink cure which looks as if it might be -effectual. “Eels being put into wine or beer and suffered to die in -it, he that drinks it will never endure that sort of liquor again.” He -recommends the brain of a hare roasted to help children to breed their -teeth; a dead mouse, dried and powdered, one whole one to be taken each -morning for three consecutive days, for diabetes; grasshoppers for -colic; and hedge-sparrows salted for stone. - -Deers’ fat strengthened the nerves, and relieved rheumatism and gout. -Hares’ grease applied outwardly ripened swellings. Rabbits’ fat had -a dispersing power. The fat of cocks and hens would soften hard -swellings. Goose grease was specially good against piles, deafness, -and to prevent pitting after the small-pox. Bears’ grease, still sold -nominally, could be had in genuine form in this country a hundred years -ago. Bears were at that time fattened and killed in this country for -their grease, and until even more recent times they were imported from -Russia. The principal use of bears’ grease was always to make the hair -grow, but it was also used as an emollient for many purposes. - -The lion had a high reputation among the Romans for its medicinal -value. The fat was used as an ointment in affections of the joints, -and combined with oil of roses as the best cosmetic for preserving -the delicacy of the complexion. An aqueous tincture of the gall was -used for weak eyes, and a mixture of the gall with the fat of the lion -taken in small doses was esteemed an excellent remedy for epilepsy. -Roasted lion’s heart was given in fevers. It was believed that no wild -beast would attack anyone anointed with lions’ fat, and that this same -treatment would prevent human treachery. These statements are found in -Pliny. The lion rather fell out of use in more modern times. Its fat -was prescribed in the P.L. 1618, and in James’s “Dispensatory,” 1747, -is said to be successful in anointing limbs numbed with cold, and also -to put in the ears for the relief of earache. - -The flesh of the tiger is still eaten by the Malays to impart courage -and sagacity. Marcellus quotes a prescription by Democritus of Abderos -(contemporary with Hippocrates) for nervous diseases. It consisted of -the spinal marrow of a hyena mixed with his gall, all boiled together -in old oil. - -The cat has been largely used in medicine. Galen recommends the head -of a black cat to be burned in a glazed vessel, and the ashes to be -used in diseases of the eye, including cataract. Pliny says that the -fæces of this animal mixed with mustard cured ulcers in the head. -Sylvius prescribed cats’ flesh for hæmorrhoids and lumbago. In Lemery’s -“Pharmacopœia” a cat ointment is ordered. It was to be made from a -newly born kitten cut up into small pieces in a pot varnished with -crushed earthworms. Cats’ fæces were employed in the eighteenth century -as an application for baldness, and cat’s skin was recommended to be -worn over the stomach for strengthening the digestion. - -Montaigne states that in his time physicians prescribed as choice -remedies the left foot of a tortoise, the liver of a mole, and blood -drawn from under the wing of a white pigeon. - -Queen Anne’s “Oculist and Operator on the Eyes in Ordinary,” a quack -named Read whom she knighted, comments in his writings on the practice -of putting a louse in the eye when it is dull and obscure and wanteth -humours and spirits. This, he says, “tickleth and pricketh so that it -maketh the eye moist and rheumatick and quickeneth the spirits.” - -Oil of ants made by pounding two ounces of live ants and macerating -them in eight ounces of olive oil for forty days was used as a -stimulating liniment. Oil of spiders and earthworms was prescribed by -Mindererus for anointing in small-pox and plague. He recommended it -as being equal to the oil of scorpions, which was a very complicated -combination of drugs devised by Matthiolus. Spiders have been often -employed in medicine. A live spider rolled up in butter and swallowed -as a pill was a seventeenth century cure for jaundice. Spiders taste -like nuts, says Lalande. Galen recommended spiders’ eggs mixed with oil -of nard for toothache. Elias Ashmole in his “Diary” (1681) writes: “I -took early in the morning a good dose of elixir and hung three spiders -about my neck, and they drove my ague away. Deo gratias.” Spiders’ webs -were frequently used as a febrifuge, and are well-known to be excellent -to stop bleeding. Oil of lizards, twelve of them cooked alive in three -pounds of nut oil, was esteemed a good application against hernia. -Oil of frogs prepared in a similar way was applied to the temples to -promote sleep. - - - BEZOAR STONES. - -Bezoar stones acquired their fame in the East, and were introduced -to European medicine by the Arabs. The name is of Persian origin, -Pad-zahr, meaning an expeller of poisons. The earliest reference known -to Bezoar stones in Europe is by Avenzoar, an Arab physician who -practised in Seville about the year 1000. They were included in the -London Pharmacopœias from 1618 to 1746. - -There were many kinds of bezoar stones sold. The most esteemed was -the lapis bezoar orientale. This came from Persia and was supposed to -be obtained from the intestines of the Persian wild goat. It was a -calculus which had formed itself by deposits of phosphate of lime round -some nucleus, such as hair, or the stone of a fruit. One in the museum -of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital has a date stone for nucleus. It was -believed that the special virtues of the stone were due to some unknown -plant on which the animal fed. - -A certain kind of ape also yielded bezoar stones. These were obtained -by giving the ape an emetic. There were, besides, the lapis bezoar -occidentale, procured from the llamas of Peru; and the bezoar -Germanorum got from the chamois of the Swiss mountains. These never -commanded the same confidence as those from the East. The latter are -stated by Paris and Redwood and other writers to have sold for ten -times their weight in gold. No authority, however, is given for that -assertion. - -In a paper read before the Royal Society of London, in 1714, by -Frederick Slare, F.R.C.S., the claims of the bezoar stone to the -possession of medical virtues are boldly challenged; and in the -course of the paper the author states that the price varied from about -£3 to £5 per ounce in London. He mentions that he had asked a London -druggist, one “of the upper Size,” how many ounces of bezoar stones he -sold yearly. He said about 500 ounces. I presume he was a wholesale -druggist. Perhaps this is implied by the expression “of the upper -Size.” Mr. Slare uses this fact in support of his suggestion that a -large proportion of the imports of these precious commodities, though -they came from India or Persia right enough, had never been inside any -wild goat, antelope, or ape. He records experiments which go to show -this, and also gave letters from medical officers in India, men quite -competent to judge, who manifested in this particular a surprising -degree of innocence. It would have been strange if the wily oriental -had refrained from practising his skill on his confiding Western -customers. - -Mr. Slare tells us that the stone was only found in about one goat out -of seven killed, and that it took some twelve stones to make an ounce, -which worked out to nearly 50,000 goats to be slain annually to keep -this one London druggist supplied. - -The original use of the bezoar was as an antidote to poisons. It came -to be the valued remedy for all kinds of fevers, was applied externally -in many skin diseases, and had the reputation of being able to cure -even leprosy. The dose of the oriental bezoar was from 4 to 16 grains; -of the occidental 6 to 30 grains. They were also carried about in gold -or silver boxes as amulets. In Portugal in time of plague the stones -were let out at about the equivalent of ten shillings a day. Some -designed for this use may still be seen in museums. Bezoar stones were -required to be of an olive-greenish tint, to be striated, and to yield -a musky odour. They were further expected to strike a green colour when -rubbed on white paper which had previously been prepared with chalk. - -The alchemists prepared a mineral bezoar, by treating butter of -antimony with nitric acid. They got antimonious acid. The livers and -hearts of vipers dried in the sun furnished the animal bezoar; and a -stony concretion sometimes found in cocoa-nuts, and in high repute -among the Malays as a medicine was called vegetable bezoar or calatippe. - -The importance attached to bezoar stones in the seventeenth century, -and, incidentally, their liability to falsification, are illustrated by -a minute in the records of the Society of Apothecaries, dated May 25th, -1630, as follows:-- - - Pretended bezar stones sent by the Lord Mayor to be viewed were - found to be false and counterfiet and fitt to be destroyed and - the whole table [or as we should say, the Court] certified the - same to the Lord Mayor. - -A little later, it appears that the case of these stones was tried -at the Guildhall, a jury composed partly of druggists and partly of -apothecaries being empannelled. This jury confirmed the verdict of the -table of apothecaries and the bezoar stones were duly burnt. - -Three bezoar stones were sent by the Shah of Persia as a royal gift for -his brother the Emperor Napoleon, only a hundred years ago. - -Ambrose Paré, who wrote in the later half of the sixteenth century, was -one of the few eminent doctors who discredited the alleged medicinal -virtue of the bezoards. He was surgeon to Charles IX, and relates -that one day, the king being at Clermont, a Spanish nobleman brought -him a bezoar stone which he assured him was an antidote against all -poisons. The king sent for Paré and asked him if he knew any substance -which would annul the effects of any poison. Paré said that could not -be, for there were many sorts of poisons which acted in very different -ways. The Spanish nobleman, however, maintained that this stone was a -universal antidote, and the king was eager to test the question. So the -Provost of the Palace was sent for and asked if he had any criminal in -his charge condemned to death. He said he had a cook who had stolen -two silver dishes, and who was to be hanged the next day. The offer -was thereupon made to the cook that he should take a poison, and an -alleged antidote immediately afterwards, and if he escaped with his -life he should go free. The cook gladly consented, and an apothecary -was ordered to prepare a deadly draught and give it, and to follow -this with a dose of the bezoar. This was done. The poor wretch lived -for about seven hours in terrible agony, which Paré tried in vain to -relieve. After his death Paré opened him and showed that the antidote -had no effect at all. It was sublimate which had been given. “And the -king commanded that the stone should be thrown into the fire; which was -done.” - -Paré’s authority was considerable, but it was by no means strong enough -to destroy public faith in the bezoar. According to Pomet and Lemery -the demand for the stones was so great in France more than a century -later that it was difficult to get them genuine except at fancy prices. -A stone of 4¼ oz. was sold for 2,000 livres (say £75). In Savary’s -“Dictionnaire de Commerce” (1741) it is stated that when bezoars -arrived at Amsterdam they fetched from 300 to 400 livres apiece. They -were bought by rich citizens either to serve as presents, or to be -kept in their families. - - - GASCOYNE’S OR GASCOIGN’S POWDER. - -In the paper by Mr. Slare read before the Royal Society already -referred to the author comments with similar severity on the then -popular Gascoign’s Powder. As evidence of the fame it possessed he -says he had been told that a certain “grandee of the faculty” had got -above £50,000 by prescribing this compound. I suppose this meant he had -received that amount in fees for prescriptions ordering that medicine. -Taking advantage of the reverence in which bezoar was held by that -generation, Gascoign’s Powder had assumed as a second title the name -of bezoardic powder. It was also known as the Powder of the Black Tops -of Crab-claws, from the ingredient in largest quantity. The professed -composition of Gascoign’s Powder as given by Mr. Slare was oriental -bezoar, white amber, hartshorn in powder, pearls, crabs’ eyes, coral, -and black tops of crabs’ claws. Naturally a powder of such costly -ingredients was sold at a very high price. Mr. Slare recommends chalk -and salt of wormwood as being in all respects as good. The former was -cheap enough then; and of the salt he says two pounds could be got for -the price of half an ounce of the compound. - - - VIPERS. - -Both in ancient and comparatively modern times vipers have been held -in the highest esteem for their medicinal virtues, and viper fat, -viper broth, and viper wine are used to this day in some remote parts -of Britain, and to a still greater extent on the Continent. In some -districts of France heads of vipers enclosed in little silk bags are -worn by children to preserve them from croup and convulsions. - -It was the addition of vipers to the confection of Mithridates that -constituted the principal improvement effected by Andromachus in his -composition of the electuary which came to be known as theriakon, and -subsequently as theriaca. Therion was Greek for a wild beast, but -came to mean specially a venomous serpent, and the compound may have -been called theriaca either to indicate that vipers were an important -ingredient, or that it would cure their bites. - -According to Dr. Mead, Antonius Musa, physician to Octavius Cæsar, was -one of the first physicians who recommended the flesh of vipers for -medicinal use. Pliny states that he quickly cured inveterate ulcers by -this remedy. It is possible, however, that Musa acquired his knowledge -of this remedy from a Greek physician named Craterus, who had advised -that in certain wasting diseases vipers should be eaten, dressed as -fish. In Galen’s time vipers had become common medicines, and were -probably taken to some extent as a nourishing food. - -Moses Charas studied vipers very closely, and wrote a treatise on -their use in medicine (1669) which had a great reputation. He adopted -the curious view of Van Helmont that the poison of the viper, which -was supposed to be contained in the animal’s saliva, was not there -normally, but was created as the effect of rage and terror. According -to Charas, the head of the viper, grilled and eaten, would cure its -bite, or hung to the neck would cure quinsy. The brain similarly hung -on the neck of an infant would greatly assist in cutting the teeth. The -skin fastened round the right thigh of a woman was an excellent aid -to delivery in childbirth; if given to dogs, cooked or raw, it would -cure mange. The fat was a valuable application in gout, or for tumours. -Those treatments he had verified by his own experience. Other virtues -attributed to vipers were mentioned, but he had not proved them, and -could not conscientiously guarantee their existence. One was that the -person who swallowed the liver of a viper could not be bitten by any -kind of serpent during the ensuing six months. - -Madame de Sévigné, was a firm believer in the medicinal value of -vipers. Writing to her daughter in 1679 she says: “Madame de Lafayette -is taking viper broth, which much strengthens her eyesight.” In 1685 -she informs her son: “It is to vipers I am indebted for the abundant -health I now enjoy. They temper, purify, and refresh the blood. But -it is essential to have the vipers themselves, and not the powder, -which is heating unless taken in broth, boiled cream, or something -refreshing.” Then she goes on to advise him to get M. de Boissy to send -him ten dozen vipers from Poitou in a case divided into three or four -compartments lined with hay and moss, so that they can be kept at their -ease. He is to take two every morning. The heads are to be cut off, the -bodies to be scalded and cut into small pieces, and used to stuff a -fowl. He is to continue this treatment for a month. - -The early London Pharmacopœias gave the following form for the -Trochisci Viperum required in the preparation of Theriaca: Remove the -skin, entrails, head, fat and tail, and boil the flesh of vipers in -8 oz. of water with dill and a little salt, add 2 oz. of white bread -twice toasted, ground and sifted, and make into troches, your hands -being anointed with opobalsamum or expressed oil of nutmeg. Dry them on -a sieve turned bottom upwards in an open place. Turn them frequently -until they are quite dry, and keep them in a well-stopped glass or -glazed vessel. They will keep good for a year, but it is better to make -the treacle with them as soon after they are made as possible. - -Quincy (1724) had great confidence in their virtues. He writes, -“That they are Balsamic and greatly Restorative is confirm’d by long -Experience; for we have many instances in Physical Histories of Persons -arriving at a healthful old age by their frequent use, as well as -others who recover’d from deplorable Decays and Weaknesses.” Then -he proceeds at considerable length to compare the juices of these -animals with those of terebinthous plants, which are mostly evergreens. -“Moreover they have been experienc’d to do wonders in cutaneous cases; -the Force and Activity of their parts breaking thro’ the little -obstructions in the Miliary Glands, which turn into Ichor, Scabs, and -Blotches” (those old practitioners knew exactly how their remedies -acted); “and by restoring a free perspiration render the skin smooth -and beautiful”; and much more on cures of itch, leprosy, and the worst -skin eruptions. - -Viper wine was a very popular tonic. It was believed to cure barrenness -in women. An essence of vipers was believed in as an aphrodisiac, but -Dr. James (1747) tells us that what was then advertised and sold in -London under that name was tincture of cantharides. This author is -sceptical about vipers altogether. He had given the flesh, broth, and -salt of vipers in large quantities, but had come to the conclusion that -the broths and flesh were no better than the broths and flesh of fowl, -veal, or mutton, prepared in the same way, and as to the salt, he was -sure that the salt of hartshorn or any other animal salt would answer -just as well. - -The vipers employed for medicine were the common vipers, which in this -country are usually called adders (Vipera communis). - -A common recipe for viper broth was to boil together a chicken with a -middling-sized viper from which the head, skin, and entrails had been -removed. These made a quart of good broth. - - - MUMMIES. - -The employment of mummies in medicine does not seem to have been very -ancient, nor did it become permanent. Who introduced it is not known. -Ephraim Chambers in his Cyclopœdia (1738) says, “Mummy is said to have -been first brought into use in medicine by the malice of a Jewish -physician, who wrote that flesh thus embalmed was good for the cure -of divers diseases, and particularly bruises, to prevent the blood’s -gathering and coagulating.” Pomet also says that a Jewish physician had -written about the medicinal value of mummy, but he does not suggest -that he had recommended it out of malice. - -The trade in mummies was evidently in the hands of the Jews and -Armenians at the time when Pomet wrote, and, according to him, the -fading popularity of mummy as a medicine was the result of the -rogueries practised by these Jews. He tells of a Guy de la Fontaine, -the King’s physician, who, when visiting in Egypt, went to see a Jew -in Alexandria who traded in mummies, and after some difficulty was -admitted into the Jew’s warehouse, where he saw several bodies piled -one upon another. “After a reflection of a quarter of an hour he asked -him what druggs he made use of, and what sort of bodies were fit for -his service. The Jew answered that as to the dead he took such bodies -as he could get, whether they died of a common disease or of some -contagion. As to the druggs, they were nothing but a heap of some old -druggs mixed together which he applied to the bodies, which after he -had dried in an oven he sent into Europe, and was amazed to see the -Christians were lovers of such filthiness.” This very frank Jew must -have been on the point of retiring from business. - -Pomet regrets that he is not able to stop the abuses of the dealers -in this commodity, so he has to content himself with advising those -who buy mummy to choose what is of a fine shining black, not full of -bones and dirt, and of a good smell. He also tells us it is good for -contusions, and to prevent the blood from coagulating in the body -(1694). - -Ambrose Paré, who wrote before Pomet, was even more suspicious. He -mentions that it was held by some that the mummies then in use were -made and fashioned in France; that they were bodies stolen at night -from the gibbets, the brains and entrails removed, and the bodies dried -in a furnace, and then dipped in pitch. Paré states that he never -prescribes mummy. - -Oswald Crollius seems to have had no objection to artificial mummies. -In his “Royal Chemist” he gives a process for preparing one. The -carcase of a young man (some say a red-haired young man) who had been -killed, that is, did not die of disease, and, it is to be presumed, had -not been buried, was to lie in cold water in the air for twenty-four -hours. The flesh was to be cut in pieces and sprinkled with myrrh -and a little aloes. This was then to be soaked in spirit of wine and -turpentine for twenty-four hours, hung up for twelve hours, again -soaked in the spirit mixture for twenty-four hours, and finally hung up -in a dry place to dry. - -Mummies were principally recommended for consumption, wasting of flesh, -ulcers, and various corruptions. - -Nicasius Le Febre, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry to Charles II, in his -“Compleat Body of Chymistry,” 1670, says the best mummies for medical -use were those of bodies dried up in the hot sands of Lybia, where -sometimes whole caravans were overwhelmed by simooms and suffocated. -“This sudden suffocation doth concentrate the spirits in all the -parts by reason of the fear and sudden surprisal which seizes on the -travellers.” Next to these Lybian mummies Le Febre recommends the dried -corpse of a young lusty man of about 25 to 30 years of age who has been -suffocated or hanged. He gives directions for drying the flesh, smoking -it for a philosophical month, and then it is to be given in doses of -1 to 3 grains with some old treacle (theriaca) and vipers’ flesh made -into an electuary with spirit of wine. It was specially good against -pestilential diseases. - - - DIPPEL’S ANIMAL OIL. - -Animal oil, oil of harts’ horns, or empyreumatic oil, as it was -variously called, or Dippel’s animal oil, which was the original, was -highly prized as a medicine in the eighteenth century, and disputed -the palm for nastiness with the balsam of sulphur. Dippel made it from -harts’ horns, but later formulas directed it to be made from any bones, -from blood, or indeed from any animal substance. In distilling the horn -some water first came over, and this was rejected. At the end of the -operation the distillate consisted of carbonate of ammonia in solution -and an empyreumatic oil, very dark and fœtid. The spirit was drawn off -by filtration, and the oil which remained in the filter was rectified -by as many as twenty distillations, the residue increasing at each -operation and the rectified oil becoming paler. As it became brown by -exposure to light it was the practice to put it up in 1 drachm bottles, -which were buried in sand. - -The virtues of this preparation were highly vaunted. Frederick Hoffmann -strongly recommended it, especially when fever threatened. Twenty to -thirty drops on a lump of sugar, followed by a glass of wine, were said -to procure a calm and refreshing sleep, often continuing for twenty -hours. It would be almost shorter to enumerate the complaints it was -not recommended for than those which its advocates alleged it would -cure. Epilepsy, apoplexy, palsy, plague, pleurisy, leprosy, and all -skin diseases down to ringworm, fevers, colds, and headaches of all -sorts were said to yield to its virtues. - -Johann Conrad Dippel, its inventor and medical sponsor, was a -strange, shifty, but clever adventurer. Born in 1673, near Darmstadt, -his father, a Lutheran minister, hoped to train his son to his own -profession. He was sent when quite a youth to Giessen University, where -he distinguished himself and soon became an ardent controversialist. -At that time the Protestants in Germany were divided into Orthodox and -Pietists, the latter seeking to restore the personal spirituality which -they considered the orthodox Lutherans were burying in formalities. -Young Dippel argued vigorously on the orthodox side, and went to -Strasburg to preach his views. There he also practised alchemy and -cheiromancy and, besides, got mixed up in broils and disturbances. His -inconsistent life compelled him to leave Strasburg, and having spent -some time at Landau, Neustadt, and Worms, he returned to Giessen, where -he became as ardent a Pietist as he had previously been an Orthodox. He -took his degree, and then, having exhausted his father’s funds, took to -travelling, and practised medicine and alchemy, occasionally reverting -to theology, but now denouncing Protestantism in all its diversities. - -Getting to Berlin, and securing the confidence of some wealthy -believers, he established a laboratory where he produced this animal -oil and, more important still, in trying to imitate a Florentine lake -from cochineal, accidentally produced Prussian blue, but did not -realise the value of this discovery. He claimed to have succeeded in -making gold, and on the strength of his representations was able to get -deeply into debt, purchasing, among other luxuries, a castle and estate -for fifty thousand florins. In 1707 he was imprisoned for a short time -in Berlin, and when he regained his freedom made his way to Amsterdam. -He took a medical degree at Leyden, and was acquiring a good medical -practice at Amsterdam when his creditors and religious antagonists -compelled him to escape from Holland. He went to Altona and then to -Hamburg, but was ordered to leave both these cities. Copenhagen was -his next home, and there again he suffered imprisonment. He was sent -to the Island of Bornholm, where he practised as a physician until he -was freed on the instructions of the Queen of Denmark. His medical -reputation must have been both wide and high, for in 1727 the King -of Sweden who could not get cured of a malady by his own physicians -sent for Dippel, who completely succeeded. His troubled life seemed -likely now to be exchanged for peace and prosperity, but this was not -to be. The king would willingly have kept Dippel near him, but Sweden -was a Protestant nation, and the clergy and people did not forget his -scoffing attacks on their cherished faith. They would not have him -among them, and Dippel had to return to Germany. After residing for a -short time at Lauenburg and Celle, he at last found a refuge at the -Castle of Wittgenstein, the owner of which, Count Wittgenstein, was -one of his adherents. There he lived from 1729 to 1734. The last event -recorded of him was characteristic. It had been announced that he was -dead. Dippel published an indignant denial, and declared his assurance -that he would not die until the year 1808. The prophecy failed, for the -next year, 1734, he was found dead in bed at the castle of Wittgenstein. - -The story of his discovery of Prussian blue is curious. When he was -in Berlin, an artist, named Diesbach, was preparing some Florentine -lake from a combination of alum and cochineal, acted on by sulphate -of iron and fixed alkali. He asked Dippel for some of the alkali left -over in his retort after he had distilled some of his animal oil. This -seemed to spoil the product, for it yielded a blue instead of a crimson -lake. Dippel tried it himself and got the same result. But he did not -appreciate the value of this product, and it was left for Scheele to -trace its chemical history. - - - SPERMACETI. - - “The sovereign’st thing on earth was parmceti for an inward - bruise.”--_Henry IV._ Part I, Act I, Sc. 3. - -Woodall (1639) writing of spermaceti, says, “It is good also against -bruises inwardly taken with Mummia.” - -Culpepper (1695) says, “Sperma Cœti is well applied outwardly to eating -ulcers, and the marks which the small-pox leaves behind; it clears the -sight, provokes sweat. Inwardly, it troubles the stomach and belly, -helps bruising and stretching the nerves, and therefore is good for -women newly delivered.” - -Dr. James (1747) describes it as a noble medicine and refers to its -chief use for outward application in small-pox to prevent the pitting. -It was melted with oil of almonds, and with this mixture the pustules -were kept moist when they began to harden. He says, “Although this is -but a modern practice in this distemper, yet Schroder takes notice -of its use in his time in smoothing and filling up the fissures or -cavities made by blotches and scabs.” - -Schroder was much puzzled by this substance and was doubtful whether -to class it among animal or mineral substances. He decided to include -it among minerals. Subsequently it was believed to be the spawn of the -whale, and from this belief it acquired its name. Still its origin -continued to be discussed. Gesner said it was a milk shed by the whale. -Borrichius believed it to be the spinal marrow. Pomet affirms with -certainty that spermaceti is the brain of the whale (cachalot). He had -not only seen it prepared, but had prepared it himself. He described -the process. The brain was melted over a gentle fire, then cast into -moulds, cooled, and when the oil had drained off, remelted, moulded -again and again until it was very white. Then, with a knife made for -the purpose, it was cut into scales or flakes. Lemery says the ancients -gave it the name, believing it to be the seed of the whale, which was -found floating on the sea. But in (his) modern times this opinion had -been rejected, and it was held to be a kind of sea froth driven by the -waves to and fro. Quite recently (when he wrote) it had been learnt -that it was drawn from the head of the whale. - -Our spermaceti ointment was known in earlier pharmacopœias as unguentum -album, and at first contained white lead. - - - HONEY - -is one of the oldest of food products, and was the only sweetening -substance in popular use until quite modern times. Sugar was known in -India and was imported into Greece and Rome at very early periods. -The name saccharum is of Sanskrit origin, and therefore testifies -to its ancient lineage, and allusions to it, likening it to honey, -are to be found in the writings of many of the classic naturalists -from Herodotus onwards. The Arabs, who had long brought sugar from -India to the wealthy West, made great use of it in medicine, and the -early apothecaries in England, France, and Germany were the makers -of sweetmeats from sugar to royal and aristocratic gourmets. Queen -Elizabeth’s apothecaries were in the habit of presenting her with boxes -of sweetmeats on her birthdays. - -But sugar was a rarity and a luxury for the rich, while honey was -always in use. Palestine was a land flowing with milk and honey, and -the records of its employment as a food, a fermented beverage, and as -a medicine, are traceable in almost all histories. The ancients had -curious notions concerning it. They knew that the bees obtained it -from flowers, but they thought the flowers had only caught it as it -descended from the heavens. Pliny says it is engendered in the air, -mostly at the rising of the constellations, and especially when Sirius -is shining. He is not sure whether it is the sweat of the heavens, -saliva from the stars, or a juice exuding from the air while purifying -itself. He admits that its flavour affords an exquisite pleasure, but -he wonders what that flavour would be if we could get the pure ethereal -substance uncontaminated by the corruption of the air, its absorption -by the herbs, and afterwards in the stomachs of the bees. Pliny and -Galen both affirm that it was sometimes found where no bees had been, -and Galen says in such cases the peasantry exclaimed that Jupiter -was raining honey. The honey which came in this way was called Cibus -Celestis. - -Honey was used in the preparation of all the famous confections and -electuaries of old pharmacy, and when these began to lose their -reputation there were authorities who attributed their decline in -efficacy to the substitution of sugar for honey. Dioscorides had -stated that honey counteracted the evil effects of the juice of the -poppy. In the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries honey was credited -with many medicinal virtues. Applied to the scalp it was a remedy for -baldness; better if some dead and dried bees were ground up with it. -It wonderfully promoted expectoration. It was also claimed that it -would destroy worms if drunk in milk, because the worms took to it -so greedily that they killed themselves by excess. Oxymels, too, had -at one time a high repute. A compound oxymel, containing a number of -aromatic herbs, was handed down from Mesué to the early pharmacopœias, -and was esteemed as a stimulant of the liver and kidneys. - -An oil of wax was known as the Celestial Medicine. It was made by -melting bees’ wax, then wringing it out by hand pressure seven times in -sweet wine, and finally distilling it twice. It would kill worms, cure -palsy, and greatly assist in childbirth. - - - - - XVI - - REMINISCENCES OF ANCIENT PHARMACY - - At the Renaissance of letters at first everything had to give - place to the books of the ancients; nothing was good or true - except what was found in Aristotle or Galen. Instead of studying - plants as they grew, they were only studied in the works of - Pliny and Dioscorides; and nothing is so frequent in the - writings of those times than to find the existence of a plant - doubted for the simple reason that Dioscorides has not spoken of - it. - J. J. ROUSSEAU: _Dictionary of Botany_. - - - - PRECIOUS STONES. - -Marvellous virtues were attributed by the ancients to the precious -stones known to them, but rather perhaps in their character of amulets -than as medicines. One of the so-called hymns of Orpheus, composed -probably about 500 B.C., is “On Stones,” and describes the -properties of many of these highly esteemed minerals. Four lines -(taken from a translation in the Rev. C. W. King’s “Natural History of -Precious Stones”) will serve as a sample:-- - - With its complexion of a lovely boy - The opal fills the hearts of gods with joy; - Whilst by the mild effulgence of its light - Its healing power restores the fading sight. - -Coral, according to the same authority, acquired its special properties -from Minerva. This substance was much valued by the Romans, who -attached pieces of it by ribbons to their children’s necks, in the -belief that it would protect them against the designs of sorcerers; and -Paracelsus adopted the same view, recommending necklaces of coral to be -worn as a preventive of epilepsy, “but such impostures,” says Quincy -(1724), “are now deservedly laughed out of the world.” Some old writers -insisted that coral worn on the person changed colour, becoming dull -and pale when the wearer’s health failed. - -In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries coral and pearls were -considerably used in medicine in the form of magisteries, tinctures, -syrups, and arcana. Lemery says coral was given to infants in their -mothers’ milk as soon as they were born (he does not explain how) to -prevent epilepsy, and he names a multitude of other disorders for which -it was good. Boyle, too, in his “Collection of Remedies,” recommends it -in drachm doses to “sweeten the blood and cure acidity.” The largest -and reddest obtainable was to be chosen. - -Pearls were used in medicine until the eighteenth century, when it -began to be suspected that chalk had the same effect. The tiniest -pearls, known as pearl seeds, ground to a fine powder, were prescribed -as an absorbent, antacid, and cordial. This powder was also used, says -Pomet, “by ladies of quality to give a lustre and beauty to the face.” -It was superseded before long by Lemery’s magistery of bismuth, which, -however, retained the name of pearl white. Pomet further states that -a magistery of pearl was made (apparently by quacks) by combining the -ground pearl with acids; an arcanum, spirits, flowers, and tinctures -were also prepared and credited with marvellous virtues, “to pick -fools’ pockets.” - -Pearls, writes Jean de Renou (1607), “are greatly cordial and rejoice -the heart. The alchemists consequently make a liquor of pearls, which -they pretend is a marvellous cure for many maladies. More often than -not, however, their pretended liquor is nothing but smoke, vanity, and -quackery. I knew a barber in this city of Paris who was sent for by -a patient to apply two leeches, and who had the impudence to demand -six crowns of gold for his service. He declared that he had fed those -leeches for an entire month on the liquor of pearls.” - -It is on record that Pope Clement VII took 40,000 ducats’ worth of -pearls and other precious stones with unicorn’s horn within fourteen -days. (See Mrs. Henry Cust’s “Gentlemen Errant.”) - -Emeralds had a great reputation, especially on account of their moral -attributes. They were cold in an extra first degree, so cold that -they became emblems of chastity, and curious tales of their powers in -controlling the passions were told. Moses Maimonides, a famous Jew -who lived in Egypt in the twelfth century, in a treatise he wrote by -command of the Caliph as a concise guide in cases of venomous bites or -poisons generally, declared that emeralds were the supreme cure. They -might be laid on the stomach or held in the mouth or 9 grains of the -powdered stone might be taken in wine. But recognising that emeralds -were not always handy when the need arose, Moses names a number of more -ordinary remedies. - -Confection of Hyacinth was a noted compound formulated in all the old -pharmacopœias, and regarded as a sovereign cordial, fortifying the -heart, the stomach, and the brain; resisting the corruption of the -humours and the malignity of the air; and serving for many other -medicinal purposes. The original formula ordered besides hyacinths -(which were probably amethysts), sapphires, emeralds, topazes, and -pearls; silk; gold and silver leaves; musk, ambergris, myrrh, and -camphor; sealed earth, coral, and a few vegetable drugs; all made into -an electuary with syrup of carnations. A similar compound, but in -powder form, was known as “Hungary Powder” and was believed to have -been the most esteemed remedy in the Hungary Fever, to which some -reference is made in the sketch of Glauber (Vol. I, pp. 260–264). The -Emperor Ferdinand’s Plague Powder was another variation of the same -compound. The formula given in Lemery’s Pharmacopœia orders about -twenty vegetable drugs with bole, hartshorn, ivory, and one scruple -each of sapphires, hyacinths, emeralds, rubies, and garnets, in a total -bulk of about 4½ ounces. The dose was from ½ scruple to 2 scruples. - -Sir William Bulleyn, a famous physician in the reign of Henry VIII, -and said to have been of the same family as the Queen, Anne Boleyn, in -his “Book of Simples,” which was a work of great renown in its day, -gives the following recipe for Electuarium de Gemmis. “Take 2 drachms -of white perles; two little peeces of saphyre; jacinthe, corneline, -emerauldes, granettes, of each an ounce; setwal, the sweate roote -doronike, the rind of pomecitron, mace, basel seede, of each 2 drachms; -redde corall, amber, shaving of ivory, of each 2 drachms; rootes both -of white and red behen, ginger, long pepper, spicknard, folium indicum, -saffron cardamon, of each one drachm; troch diarodon, lignum aloes, of -each half a small handful; cinnamon, galinga, zurubeth, which is a kind -of setwal, of each 1½ drachm; thin pieces of gold and sylver, of each -half a scruple; musk, half a drachm.” The electuary was to be made -with “honey emblici, which is the fourth kind of mirobalans with roses, -strained, in equall parts, as much as will suffice.” What that may mean -I do not know. The medicine, it was said, would heal cold, disease of -the brain, heart, and stomach, and Bulleyn adds, “Kings and noble men -have used this for their comfort. It causeth them to be bold-spirited, -the body to smell well, and ingendreth to the face good colour.” - -There was a theory that the engraving of a design or a monogram on a -gem increased its medicinal virtues. Galen doubts this, however. He -states that the jasper benefits the chest and the mouth of the stomach -if laid thereupon, and for complaints of these parts he recommends -a necklace of jaspers hung round the neck and reaching down to the -affected part. That he knew would do good. But some recommended that a -serpent should be engraved on the stones, and Galen had tried this, but -could not discover that the engraved stones were any better than the -plain ones (Simp. Med., ix). - -The idea did not die, however. Mr. King quotes the opinion of Camillo -Lionhardo, physician to Cæsar Borgia, to the effect that if precious -stones were engraved by a skilful person under a particular influence, -that influence would be transmitted to the stone; and if the figure -engraved corresponded with the virtue of the stone itself or its -natural quality, the virtue of the figure and of the stone would be -doubled. - -Jerome Cardan and other mystic writers of the sixteenth century gave -great prominence to precious stones as remedies; and Culpepper after -quoting from several of them intimates that he expects some of his -readers may consider the accounts given incredible. They declared that -the diamond rendered men fearless, that the ruby took away idle and -foolish fancies, that the emerald resisted lust, that the amethyst kept -men from drunkenness and too much sleep, and so on. Culpepper’s reply -to prospective sceptics is that he has named his authorities, and that -he knows nothing to the contrary why it may not be as possible for -these stones to have the effects attributed to them as for the sound of -a trumpet to incite a man to valour, or a fiddle to dancing. Moreover, -said Garcius, if the stones applied externally were so efficacious, how -much more so would they be if taken internally. - - - THE FOUR OFFICINAL CAPITALS. - -This description was applied in old medical books to Mithridatium, -Venice Treacle, Philonium, and Diascordium. There were writers who -ventured to criticise some of the details of composition, or some of -the uses frequently made of these compounds, but the possibility of -medicine existing without them was hardly contemplated previous to the -eighteenth century. Of the two confections first named much has been -said in other chapters; but it may be of interest to present here a -conspectus of the ingredients of each, comparing the last formulas -prescribed in the London Pharmacopœia with what may be regarded as -the original compositions. The first pair of formulas are quoted from -Galen, who gives the Mithridatium from Damocrates and the Theriaca from -Andromachus. Both were in Greek verses. It is not known whether the -prescription of Andromachus was versified by Nero’s physician or by his -son. - - - ANTIDOTUS MITHRIDATICA DAMOCRATIS. - - Root of round birthwort; of valerian; of each 4½ oz.; of sweet - flag, 5 oz. 3 drm.; of gentian, 7½ oz.; of Ligusticum meum, 3 - oz. 6 drms.; of ginger, 15 oz.; herb of dittany of Crete, 7½ - oz.; of pennyroyal, and of scordium, of each 10½ oz.; leaves of - laurus cassia, 12 oz.; flowers of St. John’s wort, 3½ oz., of - French lavender, 12 oz.; of red lavender, and of roses, of each, - 7½ oz.; Celtic nard, 7½ oz.; spikenard, 15 oz.; lemon grass, 13 - oz.; seeds of thlaspi, 15 oz.; of seseli, 12 oz.; of carrot, - 10½ oz.; of parsley, and fennel, of each, 7½ oz.; of anise, - 4½ oz.; juniper berries, 1 oz.; long pepper, 12 oz.; white - pepper, and fruit of amyris opobalsamum, of each 10½ oz.; lesser - cardamoms, 7½ oz.; saffron, 15 oz.; cinnamon, 15½ oz.; Arabian - costus, 12 oz.; cassia lignea, 10½ oz.; trochiscs of agaric, 15 - oz.; castor, 12 oz.; scincus marinus, 3½ oz.; myrrh, 16 oz.; - olibanum, 15 oz.; bdellium, 10½ oz.; gum Arabic, 7½ oz. - - Pulverise, mix, and sift the above. Then dissolve in 8 lb. of - wine galbanum and opoponax, of each 12 oz.; sagapenum, 4½ oz.; - juice of hypocist, 12 oz.; juice of acacia, 4 oz.; opium, 7½ oz. - - Mix this solution with 106 lb. despumated honey, and gradually - incorporate the powder. Then pour into the mixture 12 oz. of - storax dissolved in 14 oz. of turpentine, and finally add 12 oz. - of opobalsamum. Stir for several hours and leave the mixture to - ferment in a large vessel. - - - ELECTUARIUM THERIACALE MAGNUM. - - Root of Florentine iris, licorice, of each, 12 oz.; of Arabian - costus, Pontic rhubarb, cinquefoil, of each 6 oz.; of Ligusticum - meum, rhubarb, gentian, of each, 4 oz.; of birthwort, 2 oz.; - herb of scordium, 12 oz.; of lemon grass, horehound, dittany of - Crete, calamint, of each, 6 oz.; of pennyroyal, ground pine, - germander, of each, 4 oz.; leaves of laurus cassia, 4 oz.; - flowers of red roses, 12 oz.; of lavender, 6 oz.; of St. John’s - wort, 4 oz.; of lesser centaury, 2 oz.; saffron, 6 oz.; fruit - of amyris opobalsamum, 4 oz.; cinnamon, 12 oz.; cassia lignea, - spikenard, of each, 6 oz.; Celtic nard, 4 oz.; long pepper, 24 - oz.; black pepper, ginger, of each 6 oz.; cardamoms, 4 oz.; rape - seeds, agaric, of each 12 oz.; seeds of Macedonian parsley, 6 - oz.; of anise, fennel, cress, seseli, thlaspi, amomum, sandwort, - of each 4 oz.; of carrot, 2 oz.; opium, 24 oz.; opobalsamum, 12 - oz.; myrrh, olibanum, turpentine, of each 6 oz.; storax, gum - Arabic, sagapenum, of each 4 oz.; asphaltum, opoponax, galbanum, - of each 2 oz.; juice of acacia, and of hypocist, of each, 4 oz.; - castor, 2 oz.; Lemnian bole, calcined vitriol, of each, 4 oz.; - trochiscs of squill, 48 oz.; of vipers, of sweet flag, of each - 24 oz. - - Triturate the balsams, resins, and gums in a sufficient quantity - of wine, to form a thin paste, and incorporate the whole with - 960 oz. of honey. - -Appended are the formulas for these two confections as given in the -P.L. 1746. The drugs named in parentheses are those which the College -officially authorised as substitutes. - - - CONFECTIO DAMOCRATIS (MITHRIDATIUM). - - Cinnamon, 14 drachms, myrrh, 11 drachms; agaric, spikenard, - ginger, saffron, thlaspi seeds, frankincense, Chio turpentine, - of each, 10 drachms. - - Camel’s hay, Arabian costus (zedoary), Indian leaf (mace), - French lavender, long pepper, hartwort seeds, juice of rape of - cistus, strained storax, opoponax, strained galbanum, balm of - Gilead (expressed oil of nutmeg), Russian castor, of each, 1 oz. - - Poley mountain, water germander, fruit of balsam tree (cubebs), - white pepper, Cretan carrot seeds, strained bdellium, of each 7 - drachms. - - Celtic nard, gentian root, Cretan dittany leaves, red roses, - Macedonian parsley seeds, lesser cardamum seeds, sweet fennel - seeds, gum Arabic, strained opium, of each 5 drachms. - - Sweet flag root, wild valerian root, aniseed, strained - sagapenum, of each 3 drachms. - - Spignel, St. John’s wort, juice of acacia (catechu), bellies of - seines, of each 2½ drachms. - - Clarified honey, three times the weight of all the rest. - - - THERIACA ANDROMACHI. - - Troches of squills, ½ lb. - - Long pepper, strained opium, dried vipers, of each, 3 oz. - - Cinnamon, balm of Gilead (expressed oil of nutmeg), of each, 2 - oz. - - Agaric, orris root, scordium, red roses, navew seeds, extract of - licorice, of each 1½ ounces. - - Spikenard, saffron, greater cardmoms, myrrh, costus (zedoary), - camel’s hay, of each 1 oz. - - Cinquefoil root, rhubarb, ginger, Indian leaf (mace), Cretan - dittany leaves, horehound, calamint, French lavender, black - pepper, parsley seeds, olibanum, Chio turpentine, valerian root, - of each, 6 drachms. - - Gentian root, Celtic nard, spignel, poley mountain, St. John’s - wort, ground pine, creeping germander, fruit of balsam tree - (cubebs), aniseed, fennel seed, lesser cardamoms, bishop’s weed, - hartwort, treacle mustard, juice of rape of cistus, catechu, - gum Arabic, storax, sagapenum, Lemnian earth (Armenian bole), - calcined green vitriol, of each, ½ oz. - - Creeping birthwort, lesser centaury, Cretan carrot seeds, - opoponax, strained galbanum, Russian castor, Jews’ pitch (white - amber), sweet flag root, of each, 2 drachms. - - Clarified honey, three times the weight of all the rest. - - - PHILONIUM, - -a famous antidote invented by Philon of Tarsus, who is supposed to -have lived in the early part of the first century (a contemporary -probably of Saul of Tarsus). Galen says of it that it had been in -great reputation for a long time, and was one of the earliest of the -compounds of the kind. Philon gives his formula in Greek verses and in -such enigmatic language that it would be impossible to interpret it if -Galen himself had not come to the rescue. Philon writes:-- - -Take of the red and odorous hairs of the young lad whose blood is -shed on the fields of Mercury (saffron), as many drachms as we have -senses; of the Nauplium Euboic (pyrethrum), 1 drachm; the same quantity -of the murderer of the son of Menetius, preserved in sheeps’ bellies -(euphorbium); add 20 drachms of white fire (white pepper); the same -quantity of the beans of the pigs of Arcadia (henbane); one drachm -of the plant which is falsely called a root, and which comes from a -country renowned because of Jupiter Pissean (spikenard); write pium, -and place at the head of the word the masculine article of the Greeks -(opium) 10 drachms; and mix the whole with the work of the daughters of -the bull of Athens (Attic honey). - -The words in parentheses are the explanations of this rather unwieldy -joke as they are provided by Galen. It is conjectured from an obscure -passage in Pliny that this antidote was prescribed against a peculiar -form of colic which became epidemic at Rome about the time when Philon -was practising there. - -Philonium was the original of the confection of opium which remained -in our pharmacopœias until 1867. In the first London Pharmacopœia -the formula was more similar to that which Galen gives; later, a -modification by Nicolas Myrepsus was adopted, the most important -change being the omission of the euphorbium. Until 1746 it was called -Philonium Romanum. In the P.L. 1746, the ingredients were white pepper, -ginger, caraway seeds, strained opium, and syrup of poppies (or of -meconium, as it was called). This had been substituted for honey in all -the English formulas. The name was also changed in 1746 to Philonium -Londinense. The proportion of opium in Philonium was 1 grain in 36 -grains. - - - DIASCORDIUM, - -the last of the four officinal capitals, was a medicinal compilation -by Hieronymus Frascatorius, and is given in his book “De Contagio -et Morbis Contagiosis.” It was devised as a preventive of plague, -but it acquired such popularity that Dr. James in the introduction -to his Dispensatory (1747) writing of the conventional esteem in -which so many compounds are held, says, “Thus the Venice Treacle -invented by Andromachus under the reign of Nero, and the Diascordium -of Frascatorius, have been used by almost every physician who has -practised since their publication.” The original formula, which was -adopted in its integrity in the first P.L., was as follows:-- - - Cinnamon, Cassia wood, aa ½ oz.; true scordium (water germander) - 1 oz.; Cretan dittany, bistort galbanum, gum Arabic, aa ½ oz.; - storax, 4½ drachms; opium, seeds of sorrel, aa 1½ drachm; - gentian, ½ oz.; Armenian bole, 1½ oz.; sealed earth (Lemnian), ½ - oz.; long pepper, ginger, aa 2 drachms; clarified honey, 2½ lb.; - generous canary, 8 oz. Make into an electuary, S.A. - -In the eighteenth century this compound became a popular household -opiate, and was frequently given to children for soothing purposes, -especially as the Pharmacopœia had substituted syrup of meconium -(poppies) for the honey. As the preparation was rather a strong -astringent it was doubly harmful as a frequently taken remedy. In the -P.L. 1746 two species of diascordium were prescribed, one with and -one without opium; at the same time a “pulvis e bolo compositus” was -introduced in which the scordium, the dittany, the sorrel seeds, the -storax, the sealed earth, the bistort, and the galbanum, as well as -the wine, were omitted. Edinburgh likewise omitted the scordium and -other ingredients, and made the preparation still more astringent by -the addition of catechu and kino. This was called Confectio Japonica. -The mangled remains of the various formulas are represented in the -British Pharmacopœia by Pulvis Catechu Compositus. - - - THERIACA. - -Theriaca was invented by Nero’s physician, Andromachus, and was devised -as an improvement on Mithridatium which until then was the great -antidote in Roman pharmacy. The most important addition which appeared -in the new formula was the introduction of vipers. Andromachus named -his electuary “Galene,” which meant tranquil, probably to suggest that -it was a soothing, anodyne medicine. It soon, however, acquired its -permanent name, for it is referred to as Theriaca by Pliny, who would -have been a contemporary with Andromachus. Pliny, it may be remarked, -was rather contemptuous of the polypharmaceutic compounds which were -then becoming so popular. They were devised, he says, “ad ostentationem -artis;” just to “show off,” as we should say. - -Andromachus (or it may have been his son, a physician of the same -name) wrote his formula, and described the virtues of his compound -in Greek elegiac verses which he dedicated to Nero, and which Galen -has preserved. The object of giving the formula in verse was that it -should be less easy to modify it. The enumeration of the medicinal -properties of the antidote left very little room for any other remedy. -First it would counteract all poisons and bites of venomous animals. -Besides, it would relieve all pains, weaknesses of the stomach, asthma, -difficulty of breathing, phthisis, colic, jaundice, dropsy, weakness of -sight, inflammation of the bladder and of the kidneys, and plague. - -Galen, after describing its alexipharmic properties, states that he -tested it by causing a number of fowls to be dosed with it. To these -he brought others to which no theriaca had been given. The poison was -administered to all. The fowls to which the theriaca had been given all -survived, and all the others died. Galen’s encomiums on this compound -were no doubt largely responsible for the marvellous reputation it -enjoyed all through the centuries in which his authority was accepted. -He declares that it resists poison and venomous bites, cures inveterate -headache, vertigo, deafness, epilepsy, apoplexy, dimness of sight, loss -of voice, asthma, coughs of all kinds, spitting of blood, tightness of -the breath, colic, the iliac passion, jaundice, hardness of the spleen, -stone, urinary complaints, fevers, dropsies, leprosies, the troubles to -which women are subject, melancholy, and all pestilences. - -Down to the seventeenth century these virtues were almost universally -accepted, and many were the learned treatises written to explain its -action; how one drug toned down the effect of others, and how the whole -formed a sort of harmony in medicine. At the same time most of the old -masters in pharmacy fancied they could suggest some improvement, and -the original formula was modified in scores of ways. - -In addition there arose new electuaries, modelled more or less closely -on theriaca, but perhaps devised for some special complaints, and -bearing the names of their authors. Many of these also attained to -considerable fame. - -For some centuries the theriaca made in turn at Constantinople, Cairo, -Genoa, and Venice was in such reputation that customers would have it -so branded. Ultimately the last-named city secured almost the monopoly -of the manufacture. A reference to its production there occurs in -Evelyn’s Diary, dated March 23, 1646. Evelyn writes: “Having packed up -my purchases of books, pictures, casts, treacle, &c. (the making and -extraordinary ceremony whereof I had been curious to observe, for it is -extremely pompous and worth seeing), I departed from Venice.” - -In the reign of Queen Elizabeth English apothecaries began to -claim that they could make the confection as well as their Italian -contemporaries. Some curious documents illustrating their confidence -were given in an interesting research by Mr. W. G. Piper, published -in _The Chemist and Druggist_, March 15, 1880. He quotes from -William Turner, “the learned divine, daring Protestant, and first -English botanist,” the title of a work on the virtues and properties -of the great Triacle (published in 1568 but not now known), and also -a few paragraphs from a later volume on the same subject in which, -after describing the method of making the remedy, he says: “Wherefore -if there be any Apothecaries in London that dare take in hande to make -these noble compositions they may know where to haue them.” It appears -that Hugh Morgan, the Queen’s apothecary, accepted the challenge, -for in a pamphlet by him (1585) he insists that his product has been -compared with other “theriacle” brought from Constantinople and Venice, -and has been better commended. “It is very lamentable to consider,” -he writes, “that straungers doe dayly send into England a false and -naughty kinde of Mithridatium and Threacle in great barrelles more -than a thousand weight in a year, and vtter ye same at a lowe price for -3d. and 4d. a pound, to ye great hurt of Her Maiesties subjects and no -small game to straungers purses.” - - [Illustration: PREPARATION OF THERIACA. - - (From Brunschwick’s “Destillir,” Strassburg, 1500.) - - _Reproduced (by permission) from “The Follies of Science,” by H. - Carrington Bolton (Pharmaceutical Review Publishing Co., Milwaukee, - U.S.A.)_] - -Mr. Piper also quoted at length from another pamphlet published in -1612 by R. Band (in a subsequent edition, R. Browne), who relates how -the Master and Wardens of the Grocers’ Company, having marked that “a -filthy and unwholesome baggage composition” was being brought into this -Realm as Tryacle of Genoa, “made only of the rotten garble and refuse -outcast of all kinds of spices and drugs, hand over head with a little -filthy molasses and tarre to worke it up withal,” communicated with -the College of Physicians, and induced them to prescribe the proper -formula and to superintend the manufacture, which was then entrusted to -Mr. William Besse, apothecary in the Poultry. Mr. Besse had to take “a -corporall oath” before the Lord Mayor, and every year when he made the -confection had to show the ingredients and the product to the College -of Physicians. His triacle was sold at not above 2_s._ 8_d._ -per lb. or 2_d._ per ounce. It appears from the same pamphlet -that nothing was alleged against Venice Treacle except its “excessive -dearness.” - -Prosper Alpinus, a Paduan physician, wrote an account of his three -years’ residence at Cairo (“De Medicina Ægyptorum”) in 1591, and has -much to say of the manufacture of Theriaca in that city. It was only -allowed to be made in public, and the ceremony was performed once -a year in the month of May in the Mosque of Morestan by the chief -pharmacist of the city in the presence of all the physicians. The -operator would give no information to Albinus, a Christian, about the -composition; but he got what he wanted from a famous herbalist who -collected all the materials for the compound. Albinus states that at -that time Italians, Germans, Poles, Flemings, Englishmen, and Frenchmen -came to Cairo to purchase this true Theriaca. - -Theriaca (Tyriaca, as he calls it), was among the drugs recommended to -Alfred the Great by Helias, the Patriarch of Jerusalem. The manuscript -is quoted in “Anglo-Saxon Leechdoms” by the Rev. Oswald Cockayne. (See -Vol. I, p. 124, 131.) - -Many allusions in old records show how highly the confection was -esteemed by those who could afford to take it. According to Buckle -(“Miscell. Works,” Vol. II, p. 303) it is first mentioned in English -literature by Foucher de Chartres (1124). He had come to know of it in -the first crusade. A “Pixis argenti ad Tyriacum” is named in the Close -Roll of King John, 1208; in the old romance of Sir Tristrem (about -1250) a man is slain by a dragon; and “His mouth opened thai And pelt -treacle in that man”; the “triacle box du pere apelle une Hakette -garniz d’or” is mentioned among the precious effects of Henry V; in the -Paston letters written in the reign of Edward IV we find allusions to -“treacle pottes of Geane (Genoa) as my potecarie swerytht on to me, and -moerovyr that they were never undoo syns that they came from Geane.” - -In early English books treacle was a term used metaphorically for the -divinest blessings. Nothing could better prove the high appreciation -in which it was held. Piers Ploughman (about 1370) writes, “Treuthe -telleth that love ys tryacle for synne”; Chaucer (1340–1400) has -“Crist, which is to every harm triacle”; in Coverdale’s Bible (1535) -the sentence in Jeremiah viii, 22 is rendered “Is there no triacle -in Gilead?”; Sir Thomas More (1573) writes of “laying up a store of -cumfort in your hart as a triacle against the poyson of desperate -dread”; and later Milton speaks of “the treacle of sound doctrine”; -Jeremy Taylor says, “We kill the Viper and make treacle of him; that -is, we not only escape from but get advantage by temptations.” - -Laurens Catelan, Master Apothecary of Montpellier, and Apothecary in -Ordinary to Monseigneur the Prince de Condé, has left a full report of -his discourse on the occasion of his dispensing a batch of Theriaca at -Montpellier on September 23, 1628. It is a most interesting lecture, -full of curious old facts chiefly about poisonings, and inspired with -an unshakable faith in the importance of the operation in which he was -engaged. The exordium is explanatory of the ceremony: - -“The regulations and statutes under which we live in this city,” says -Master Catelan, “require that whenever we prepare either Theriaca, -Mithridatium, Confection of Hyacinth, or Confection Alkermes, the -compounding shall be done in public, and in the presence of the -very illustrious professors of this famous University of Medicine, -so that they may have the opportunity of censuring or approving the -ingredients, and the public may therefore be assured of the fidelity of -these important medicines. - -“This is why I have here spread out before you all these drugs which -are used in the composition of the great and famous Theriaca. - -“But as I am honoured with the attendance of such an august assembly, I -ought not, I think, to omit to lay before you some of the singularities -associated with the history and composition of this remedy, and I -will divide what I have to say on these subjects into three sections, -namely-- - -“(1) The discoverer of this compound; (2) the purpose of the invention; -and (3) the reasons why these drugs and no others of the multitude -known to us have been chosen for this purpose.” - -The lecturer then entered upon a history of Mithridates and his -wonderful immunity against poisons; of his defeat by Pompey, of the -recovery of his formula, of the additions made to it a hundred years -later by Andromachus, and of the preservation of directions for making -it which Galen wrote some fifty years after Andromachus had completed -his invention. - -At this point the book tells us there was an interval, and some music -was performed. When the lecturer resumed he proceeded to tell of -the risks which princes and nobles ran of being poisoned in those -old times, and of the precautions taken against such crimes. Of the -rings and amulets they wore, of the tasters they employed, and of the -treatment such as Mithridates went through of accustoming his system to -poisons to such an extent that they took no effect on him. He quotes -in support of the belief in this method of ensuring immunity against -poisons two or three stories from the classics which one would have -thought would have been too strong even for a professional eulogist of -Theriaca. - -One case was that of a girl who ate spiders from her childhood, and was -so fortified against poisons as not to be afraid to take any of them. -A man is alluded to by Galen who would drink a cup of wine in which a -live viper had been drowned. We have also the account of a girl whose -system had been so saturated with aconite that an Indian king had sent -her as a present to Alexander the Great in the hope that he would kiss -her, and thus imbibe the poison with which her lips would be charged; -but, fortunately, Aristotle saw her first, and recognised by her -flaming eyes that she was filled with some sort of poison, and thus the -Indian’s purpose was frustrated. - -After another interval and some more music, the lecturer came to the -third part of his subject, in which he expounded the special virtues -of the drugs before him. These were grouped, and it was shown that -some were good for the brain, others for the chest, for the stomach, -for the kidneys, the heart, and other organs. Others, like the viper’s -flesh, were directly sympathetic with poisons, and would go straight -for them if they were inside the body, or would lie in wait for them, -as it were, if they were only expected. When the subject was exhausted, -it was announced that in consequence of the lateness of the hour the -weighing of the ingredients would be postponed till the next day. That -ceremony was duly performed on the 24th of September, and the drugs -were passed on to a “pulveriser.” It was not until the 16th of November -that the final mixing was undertaken. - - - KERMES. - -Kermes as a pharmaceutical term reaches us through the Arabic, qirmis, -red. But it was not a native Arabic word. It was adopted into that -language from the Persian, and was of Sanskrit origin. The word -Krimija in Sanskrit meant produced by a worm, and was itself from -krimi, a worm; worm is the direct English descendant of krimi. Kermes -is responsible in modern English for carmine and crimson, but it need -hardly be said that it has no connection with the Flemish kermess -though it looks so like it. Kermess is kerkmess, or, in English, -church-mass. - -The kermes of the Arabs was the kokkos of the Greeks, coccus of the -Romans. It was found on a species of oak, now called the Quercus ilex, -a low, shrubby, evergreen bush with prickly leaves like the holly. -The tree, however, bears acorns. The ancients generally regarded -these insects as the fruit of the trees, though they were aware that -worms came from them. But these they thought were produced from the -corruption of the fruit. The principal use they made of them was in -dyeing, and for this purpose they were employed until the superior -coccus cacti from Mexico superseded the coccus ilicis. In the middle -ages kermes was retained as the medicinal name, but for dyeing the -insects were called vermiculi, and the cloth dyed by them was known -as vermiculata. From this came the French word vermeil, and from that -vermilion was derived. - -Medicinally the coccus was principally employed by the Greek and Latin -physicians as an application to wounds and for inflamed eyes. It -acquired a very high reputation among the Arab doctors as a cordial -for internal administration, and the famous Confection of Alkermes, -invented by Mesué the younger, who was contemporary with Avicenna, -continued in popular favour up to the eighteenth century. Meanwhile, -the external application of kermes lingered in the use of scarlet cloth -in measles, erysipelas, and other red diseases. - -The original Confection of Alkermes contained juice of rennet apples, -rose water, silk, kermes, sugar, ambergris, amber, yellow santal, lapis -lazuli, pearls, musk, and leaf gold. In the sixteenth and seventeenth -centuries this compound was prepared publicly at Montpellier, and -was supplied from that city to all Europe. It was described as good -for all maladies proceeding from the melancholic humour, faintings, -palpitations, heart weakness, and in slow convalescence. It fortified -the stomach, rejoiced the heart, and engendered good spirits. The dose -was 1 drachm, or it might be applied externally on a piece of scarlet -cloth. - - - MEL ÆGYPTIACUM - -is a very ancient compound used chiefly by veterinarians as an -escharotic. Its name suggests Egyptian origin, but it has not been -traced further back than to the “Grabadin” of John Mesué, the Arabian -author, about the year 800. Scribonius Largus before him gives a -similar formula under the name of Hygra. Mesué’s formula was to boil -1 oz. of vinegar with 1 oz. of honey to the consistence of honey and -to add 2 drachms of verdigris. This formula was modified in various -ways in the different pharmacopœias in which it was adopted; alum was -added in some cases, cream of tartar in others. The chemical action -varied with the process, but generally the result was to reduce a part -of the verdigris to an oxide of copper, metallic copper, and a little -basic acetate in different proportions. The compound appeared in the -London Pharmacopœia of 1721 as Unguentum Ægyptiacum; in that of 1746 as -Mel Ægyptiacum; as Oxymel Æruginis in that of 1788; and as Linimentum -Æruginis in the P.L. 1851. In this last edition the formula given was -to dissolve 1 oz. of verdigris in 7 oz. of vinegar, and boil this with -14 oz. of honey to a proper consistence. It was not adopted in the -British Pharmacopœia. In old veterinary recipes it was often combined -with tincture of myrrh to form a detergent liniment, and occasionally -in a very diluted form was administered internally as a tonic. On the -Continent, where its employment lingered longer than in this country, -an Egyptiac of Solleysel, from which the vinegar was omitted, but -litharge, sulphate of zinc, and arsenic in small proportions added, was -frequently preferred to the original. - -An Unguentum Ægyptiacum magis compositum, containing rock alum and sal -ammoniac, in addition to the other ingredients mentioned, was included -in the London Pharmacopœia 1721. In some foreign pharmacopœias camphor -was prescribed as an ingredient, and in one old one theriaca is ordered. - - - TERRA SIGILLATA. - -Various earths were celebrated as medicines in old times, that from -the Island of Lemnos especially having been esteemed from the days of -Herodotus among the Greeks, and this product retained its reputation -in Western Europe down to the seventeenth century. It is still used -by the Turks and neighbouring nations. The Lemnian earth is a greasy -clay which is dug from a desolate hill in the island and consists of -silica, alumina, chalk, and magnesia, with a little oxide of iron -which gives it a red tint. It acquired the fame of being an antidote -to all poisons, and was given in dysenteries, internal ulcers, and -hæmorrhages; also in gonorrhœa, and in pestilential fevers. Externally -it was applied to festering wounds. The characteristic of the best -Lemnian earth was its greasy feel and freedom from grit. - -A sufficient supply of this Lemnian earth is still, and has been -certainly from the time of Galen, dug out of the hill only on one day -of the year, with considerable ceremony and in the presence of the -principal inhabitants of the island. At present the ceremony is largely -a religious one, and the day fixed for it is the 6th of August, which -in the Greek church calendar is the Fête of the Saviour. Formerly the -ceremony was originally associated with the worship of Diana, and the -date of the performance was the 6th of May. The particular earth may -not be dug by any one on any other day of the year except that formally -set apart for the operation. According to Dioscorides the earth was -made up into a paste in his time with goats’ blood, but when Galen -visited the place 150 years later he could find no evidence of this -addition. - -Lemnian earth was, and I presume still is, a monopoly of the Sultan -of Turkey. Most of the produce of the day’s digging was sent to -Constantinople and was made up into round tablets of about half an -ounce in weight, which were stamped with designs similar to those shown -in the accompanying sketches. At one time it is said the figure of -Artemis (Diana) or the goat, which was one of her symbols appeared on -the tablets, and it may be from this that the story of the goat’s blood -originated. - - [Illustration] - -Many other sealed earths were also more or less used in medicine, and -were credited with similar virtues. The Terra Mellitea came from Malta -and was alleged to have a special power against the bites of serpents, -Malta, vipers, and St. Paul thus associating themselves in the public -mind. These cakes bore the effigy of St. Paul, and a popular legend -attributed their efficacy to a blessing on the earth of the island -when the apostle landed there. There were besides Terra Samia, from -the Isle of Samos; Terra Sicula or Fossil Bezoar from Sicily; Terra -Portugallica, stamped with the figure of a rose, from Portugal; Terra -Strigensis or Germanica from Strigonium in Hungary, stamped with a -design, suggesting mountain peaks and cross-keys on them; and Terra -Livonica. Naturally the temptation of selling soil at fabulous prices -per shovelful appealed to all nations. - -The appended formulas from Geoffroy’s Materia Medica (written before -1731) will show how this sealed earth was used. Both are for dysentery. - -Lemnian earth, ʒi, syrup of quinces, 1 oz., plantain water, and knot -grass water, of each 3 oz. Spoonful doses. - -Lemnian earth, conserve of red roses, conserve of hips, of each ½ oz.; -syrup of bearberries sufficient to make a soft electuary. Take ʒi -morning and evening. - -Several so-called “alexipharmic powders” or mixtures much more -complex than the preceding were prescribed in small-pox, fevers, and -pestilential diseases. - - - OIL OF BRICKS. - -Oil of Bricks appeared in the earlier London and Edinburgh -pharmacopœias and in many foreign formularies. It was long held to be -a specially valuable application in gouty and rheumatic pains, and was -especially in repute as a cure for deafness. It was also sometimes -given as an internal remedy. Among its synonyms were those of oleum -philosophorum, oleum sanctum, oleum divinum, and oleum benedictum; -but as these names were adopted for selling purposes they may not -have meant much. The process given in the P.L. 1746 was to heat -bricks red-hot and quench them in olive oil until they had soaked up -all the oil. They were then broken into small pieces and put into a -retort, and by means of a sand-bath with a gradually increasing heat -a distillate of oil and so-called spirit was obtained. The spirit was -water impregnated with empyreumatic oil. The oil was nothing but an -empyreumatic olive oil. - - - ARQUEBUSADE WATER - -was the original of many vulnerary waters invented for application -to wounds, bruises, and ulcers. It was a weak, spirituous distillate -from a large number of herbs and aromatic plants, such as angelica, -rosemary balm, hyssop, mint, rue, sage, and wormwood. These would -furnish an antiseptic lotion. As the arquebus was displaced by the -musket about the end of the sixteenth century it may be supposed that -the lotion acquired its name and popularity at that same period; but -these evidently lasted for a long time, as we find that a certain John -Thomson took out a patent for “a concentrated balsam of arquebusade” in -1786. - - - FOUR THIEVES VINEGAR - -is the sub-title of the Antiseptic Vinegar of the French Codex. It is a -strong vinegar in which a number of aromatics with camphor and garlic -have been macerated. The story of its origin is that in the year 1720 a -plague was raging in the city of Toulouse, and that during the period -of panic four thieves went about the city plundering the dead and -dying. People wondered why they never took the disease, and when they -were ultimately brought to justice and convicted, they were offered -pardon if they would reveal the secret of their prophylactic. This is -the legend as given by Littré, who quotes it from Abbé Lemontey. Other -authors make Marseilles the scene of the exploit. - - - ELIXIR PROPRIETATIS. - -This medicine was very celebrated in all countries for several -centuries, and, though not in the British Pharmacopœia, was official -under the name which Paracelsus gave it in the P.L. 1724, as Elixir of -Aloes in the P.L. 1746, and later as Tinct. Aloes Co. In the Ph. Ed. -it was called Tinct. Aloes et Myrrhæ, and this was the most usual name -for it until quite recent times, and probably is still. Paracelsus -wrote about it and extolled it as a compound which would prolong life -to its utmost limits. That he used the same ingredients mainly as -his successors is certain, but he never gave any clear formula. His -disciple, Oswald Crollius, however, deduced from his writings that -it was a tincture of aloes, myrrh, and saffron, with sulphuric acid. -Boerhaave substituted vinegar for the sulphuric acid and left most of -that behind by distillation. Van Helmont had previously made an Elixir -Proprietatis without any acid; and in many continental pharmacopœias -the elixir was made alkaline by the addition of carbonate of potash. -This also originated with Boerhaave. Other authors added a few spices. -The Elixir of Garus which still appears in the French Codex was the -same sort of preparation but with cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and other -ingredients, diluted with syrup of maidenhair. Garus was a grocer, -who acquired great popularity under the Regency with his Elixir. St. -Simon says he cured the Maréchal de Villars with it, and that he would -probably have saved the life of the Duchesse de Berry if the physician -Chirac, jealous of his fame, had not administered to her a purgative -which killed her (“Mem. de St. Simon,” cxi, pp. 140–228). - - - BALSAM OF SULPHUR - -was a famous medicine up to our own days. It appears now to have -dropped out of use. It was highly commended by Van Helmont, Rulandos, -Boyle, and indeed by most of the medical experts of the seventeenth -century, and was compounded from many different formulæ. The simple -balsam was made by boiling one pound of flowers of sulphur with four -times its weight of olive oil until the sulphur was dissolved and a -thick dark balsamic substance was obtained. This was the formula of -the P.L. 1746. But linseed oil and walnut oil were often prescribed -in preference to olive oil, and oil of anise, oil of amber, oil of -juniper, white wine, Barbadoes tar, turpentine, myrrh, aloes, and -saffron; one or more of these substances were combined with the balsam -in other receipts. The use of the balsam was generally for coughs, -asthmas, and lung diseases. Salmon says, “It is of good use to digest -crude humours and undigested matter in any part of the body, being -often anointed upon the same.” The terebinthinated balsam was given -in stone; a combination with iron, Balsamum Sulphuris Martis, was -prescribed in gravel. These balsams were applied externally to ulcers, -or taken in doses of from five to forty drops. - - - - - XVII - - PHARMACOPŒIAS - - But here is one prescription out of many:-- - Sodæ sulphat. ʒvi, ʒss Mannæ optim., - Aq. fervent, f℥iss, ʒii Tinct. Sennæ - Haustus (and here the Surgeon came and cupp’d him), - R. Pulv. Com. gr. iii Ipecacuanhæ - (With more besides if Juan had not stopp’d ’em). - Bolus Potassæ Sulphuret sumendus, - Et haustus ter in die capiendus. - BYRON: _Don Juan_, Canto x (41). - - - THE LONDON PHARMACOPŒIA. - -The collection of medicinal formulas was a favourite occupation of -ancient medical writers. Galen and Avicenna, Mesué and Serapion, -Nicholas Prepositus and Nicolas of Salerno were the authors of the -dispensatories most esteemed up to the sixteenth century in Europe. -The College of Medicine of Florence adopted an Antidotarium in the -early part of that century, and in 1524 the Senate of Nuremberg -made the Dispensatory of Valerius Cordus official in that city. -Augsburg followed the example of Nuremberg, and the Pharmacopea -Augustana of 1601 was probably the first work of the kind designated a -Pharmacopœia and issued under authoritative sanction. A quasi-official -Dispensatorium for the State of Brandenburg, forerunner of the -Prussian Pharmacopœia, came next in 1608, and the London Pharmacopœia, -which appeared in 1618, was the first really national publication of -that character. The first French Codex was published in 1639, and no -other work of similar standing was issued until the next century. - -The College of Physicians was incorporated by Charter in the reign -of Henry VIII, in the year 1518. The idea of preparing an official -pharmacopœia was first considered by the College on June 25th, 1585, -“but as the matter seemed weighty” (_sed quoniam res videbatur -operosa_), the deliberation on it was postponed and was only resumed -on October 10th, 1589. On this occasion ten committees were appointed -and to these were assigned the work of selection and compilation -distributed thus:--Committee 1 was charged with Syrups, Juleps, and -Decoctions; 2 took Oils; 3, Waters; 4, Liniments, Ointments, Cerates, -and Plasters; 5, Juices, Conserves, Candies, and Confections; 6, -Extracts, Salts, Chemicals, and Metallic Preparations; 7, Powders and -Dragees; 8, Pills; 9, Electuaries, Opiates, and Eclegmas (looches); 10, -Lozenges and Eye-salves. - -The work must have been carried on leisurely, for it is not mentioned -in the minutes again until 1614, when eight fellows were appointed to -examine certain foreign Antidotarii. In 1616, an editing committee was -appointed, and all the collaborators were called upon to send their -papers to this body. It then appeared that many which had been prepared -had been lost, a misfortune attributed to the carelessness of the -recently deceased President, Dr. Forster. His successor, Dr. Atkins, -put more energy into the business and consequently the manuscript was -completed and in type by the day after Palm Sunday, 1618. Sir Theodore -Mayerne was commissioned to write a dedication of the work to King -James I, and his Majesty’s proclamation requiring all the apothecaries -in the realm to obey this Pharmacopœia and this only, was dated April -26th, 1618. It will be observed that exactly a century intervened -between the incorporation of the College and the production of the -Pharmacopœia. - -The President was evidently a smart man, but the printer was still -smarter, for while the former was out of town for a few days the -printer rushed the publication through, “surreptitiously and -prematurely,” as the College officially declared, with a number of -errors and imperfections, on May 7th, 1618. This presumptuous printer -was one John Marriot, at the inappropriate sign of the White Lily “in -platea vulgo dicta Fleet Street.” On December 7th in the same year the -College brought out a corrected edition, to which they appended an -epilogue, expressing their opinion of their offending “typographus” in -terms which left no excuse for not appreciating their dissatisfaction -with him. - -The first London Pharmacopœia did not err on the side of condensation. -It comprised 1028 simples and 932 preparations and compounds. Among -the simples were 31 animals and 60 parts of animals or derivatives -from them. The herbs named numbered 271, and there were 138 roots and -138 seeds. Among the preparations were 178 simple and 35 compound -waters, 3 medicated wines, 10 medicated vinegars, 1 vulnerary potion, -8 decoctions, 90 syrups, 18 mels and oxymels, 18 juices and linctuses, -115 candies and conserves, 43 species or powders, 58 electuaries, -36 pills, 45 lozenges, 151 oils of various kinds, 53 ointments, 51 -plasters and cerates, and 17 chemicals. - -The names of the inventors of many of the compounds were duly attached -to the formulas, some of which were very elaborate and complicated. -Rufus of Ephesus, physician to the Emperor Trajan, the Arabian doctors, -Nicolas, Rivierus, Fracastor, Fallopius, and many others are thus -quoted. There were 211 preparations with more than ten ingredients -in each, and one, the Antidotus Magnus Matthioli, called for 130 -substances in its composition, among the 130 being Mithridatium and -Theriaca which would have contributed another hundred between them. -Medicated waters which had been invented by Arnold de Villa Nova in the -13th century still commanded respect, over 200 different kinds being -provided. Worms, swallows, frogs’ spawn, and other animal remedies as -well as the whole range of the vegetable kingdom were requisitioned -to surrender their virtues to these waters by distillation. Syrups, -honeys, oxymels, and lohochs were numerous and included syrups of white -and red poppies, rhubarb, violets, marshmallow, coltsfoot, liquorice, -oxymel of squills, and mel Egyptiaca. Powders of hot precious stones -and of cold precious stones, powders of pearls and spices, and a -compound senna powder; troches of various drugs; basilicon ointment -and a multitude of plasters are formulated. Neapolitan ointment was -our blue ointment, the mercury being killed by fasting spittle. An -itch ointment was made with corrosive sublimate. May butter was a -favourite ingredient in ointments. It was butter made in May, melted in -the sun, strained and kept the year through. Oils was a term of wide -significance. Not only were expressed and distilled oils included in -the reference, but oils in which things had been infused, as oil of -ants, of bricks, of earthworms, of wolves, and oil of vitriol was also -in the same classification. Vipers in lozenges were there, lohoch -of foxes’ lungs was the great remedy for asthmatic complaints, and -a modification of Vigo’s plaster with its live frogs and worms and -vipers’ flesh was not omitted. The full list of the animal substances -recognised as medicinal in this Pharmacopœia and its two successors has -been given in the Section on Animal Medicines. - - [Illustration: TITLE-PAGE OF THE LONDON PHARMACOPŒIA. - - (From the reprint of the First Edition, 1627.)] - -Chemicals included calomel, turpeth mineral, flowers of sulphur, the -mineral acids, preparations of steel and antimony, sugar of lead, -and caustic potash. The inclusion of some of these may no doubt be -attributed to the influence of Sir Theodore Mayerne. - -After the first Pharmacopœia had been several times reprinted a new one -appeared in 1650. Notable features of this issue were that the gallon -hitherto 9 lb. of water was now fixed at 8 lb.; corrosive sublimate and -red and white precipitate were among the additions, but it has to be -remarked that the white precipitate of that day was not what we know -by name but really a precipitated proto-chloride of mercury. Its true -chemical composition was not recognised until some fifty years later -by Deidier in his “Chimie Raisonné.” Tinctures formed a new class of -preparations, seven of them being formulated, castor, saffron, and -strawberries being among these. Syrup of buckthorn was added to the -syrups, and Gascoin powder to the powders. Mercury was now killed by -turpentine. Mezereon, Winter’s bark, and cochineal were among the new -drugs; antimonial wine made from the regulus of antimony was adopted; -and the skull of a man killed by violence, and moss from that skull -were admitted. - -The third Pharmacopœia (1677) did not present many remarkable features, -and was apparently rather hastily produced. The most striking new -formula it contained was one for “Aqua Vitæ Hibernorum sive Usquebagh.” -Burnt alum, flowers of benzoin, balsams of capivi and tolu, contrayerva -root, Jesuits’ bark, and resin of jalap were among the new drugs. Steel -wine was added. - -Sir Hans Sloane presided over the compilation of the P.L. of 1721, -the fourth of the series. The preface to this edition claimed that -all remedies owing their use to superstition and false philosophy had -been thrown out, but perhaps the far-reaching effects of the false -philosophy were not fully appreciated. Many of the absurd old formulas -were retained, but an approach to greater simplicity is apparent. The -transition from the old to the new pharmacy can be traced very easily -in this volume. The names of the plants, we are told in the preface, -are “not only distinguished by the names known in shops, but also by -such as are sometimes used by the more eminent writers in botany.” -Tinctures are growing in favour, their number being increased to 18. -The number of waters and syrups is largely diminished, and puppies, -hedgehogs, wagtails, bread-crust plaster, lapis lazuli pills, and -Galen’s unguentum refrigerans are dismissed. The last-named has, -however, refused to die to this day. Among new chemical preparations -Hepar Sulphuris (pot. sulphuret.), Flores Salis Ammoniaci Martiales -(ammonio-chloride of iron), Tinctura Martis cum Spiritu Salis (tinct. -ferri perchlor.), Sal Martis (ferri sulphas), Aqua Sapphirina (solution -of ammonio-sulphate of copper), Lunar Caustic, Tartar Emetic, Ens -Veneris, Aurum Mosaicum, Ethiops Mineral, Spirit of Sal Volatile, -Mynsicht’s tincture of steel, Elixir of Vitriol, and Lime Water may be -mentioned. - -The P.L. 1746 (the fifth) was very different from its predecessors. -Among those who took an active part in its preparation were the -President of the College, Dr. Plumptre, and Drs. Crowe, Mead, Heberden, -and Freind. In the preface to this work the old “inartistic and -irregular mixtures” and “the antidotes superstitiously and doatingly -derived from oracles, dreams, and astrological fancies” are severely -condemned, and the College declares its intention of freeing the -book as much as possible from whatever remains of former pedantry. -Notwithstanding these good intentions the old pharmacy is still -abundantly represented. Crabs’ eyes, coral, bezoar stones, harts’ -horns, woodlice, pearls, vipers, and skinks’ bellies continue to figure -among the simples, and formulas for Mithridatium with 45 ingredients, -and for theriaca with 61 are likewise retained. On the other hand, -human fat, unicorn’s horn, mummy, spiders’ webs, moss from the human -skull, bone from the stag’s heart, and lac virginale disappear. There -are now 34 tinctures, while the medicated waters have been reduced to -about 30 and the syrups to about 20. Tinctures of cummin, valerian, -and cardamoms, syrup scilliticus, and pilula saponacea (soporific) are -new; and lixivium saponarium (liquor potassæ), sal diureticus (potassæ -acetas), causticum commune fortius (potassa cum calce), sal catharticus -Glauberi, pilulæ mercuriales, and spiritus nitri dulcis make their -first appearance. - -The sixth P.L. (1788) proceeds on the same lines. The College claims -to have paid special attention to the application of the advances of -chemistry to pharmacy, and to have provided that very few traces of -former superstition should remain. Mithridatium, theriaca, bezoar -stones, vipers, and oil of bricks are dismissed, but woodlice remain. -Materia medica synonyms are now according to Linnæus. Among the new -drugs admitted we find aconite, arnica, cascarilla, calumba, kino, -quassia, simarouba, castor oil, senega, and magnesia; and among -the new preparations may be named Dover’s powder, James’s powder, -Mindererus’s spirit, Rochelle salts, tartrate of iron, oxide of zinc, -Huxham’s tincture of bark, ether, Hoffmann’s anodyne, the decoctions -of sarsaparilla, tincture of calumba, compound tinctures of benzoin, -cardamoms, and lavender, and extract of chamomile. Tincture of opium -made with proof spirit deposes the Tinctura Thebaica made with wine, -and elixir paregoricum assumes the name of tinct. opii camphorata. A -number of other names are changed. It is significant of the declining -familiarity of doctors with Latin that for the first time an English -translation of the Pharmacopœia is authorised. - -The seventh P.L. is dated 1809. The new chemical nomenclature is -introduced, and the minim substituted for the drop. Acidum vitriolicum -becomes acidum sulphuricum, and ferrum vitriolatum is changed to ferri -sulphas. More than a hundred articles are omitted, and nearly that -number substituted. Among the new drugs and preparations are arsenic, -belladonna, cajeput, cusparia, digitalis, infusions of calumba, -rhubarb, and digitalis, compound decoction of aloes, acetum colchici, -confections of roses, rue, and almonds, pulv. kino co, pil. cambogiæ -co, emp. opii, ung. zinci, Griffiths’ mixture and pills, Plummer’s -pills, lin. hydrargyri, cataplasm of yeast. Prepared woodlice, crabs’ -claws, tutty ointment, and the electuaries fall out. - -The eighth P.L. (1824) recognised bismuth, cubebs, croton oil, and -stramonium, and admitted confection of black pepper as a substitute for -Ward’s paste, and colchicum wine in imitation of the Eau Medicinale -d’Husson. But the conservative College lacked the courage to endorse -the claims of morphine, iodine, and quinine, though these were pretty -generally established in medical practice at the time. - -The Pharmacopœia of 1836 was largely the work of Richard Phillips, a -very competent pharmacist, who had mercilessly criticised the edition -of 1824. This, the ninth P.L., was brought well up to date with notes -indicating the methods of ascertaining the purity of medicines, better -methods of preparing chemicals, and the introduction of the most -important of the new products. The alkaloids aconitine, morphine, -quinine, strychnine, and veratrine found admission. Iodine and bromine -and their compounds, hydrocyanic and phosphoric acids, creosote, ergot, -and lobelia were also among the novelties. Acetum cantharidum, aqua -flor. aurant., aqua sambuci, cataplasma lini, decoct. cinchonæ (2), -extract. colchici corm., extract. colchici acet., hydrarg. iodid. -and biniodid., inf. krameriæ and inf. lupuli. lin. opii, liquor sodæ -chlorinatæ, mist. spt. vini Gall., pil. rhei co. and tinct. colchici -were the principal new compounds. Muriatic acid now became hydrochloric -acid, subcarbonate of magnesia was advanced to be a carbonate, and -tartarised antimony assumed the title of antimonii potassio-tartras. - -The tenth and last of the London Pharmacopœias appeared in 1851. -Henbane seeds, spigelia, oyster shells, and extract of digitalis were -removed after longer or shorter periods of service, together with soda -and potash waters, and biniodide of mercury and veratrine ointments, -which had only found admission in the preceding edition. Cod-liver oil, -chloroform, atropine, gallic and tannic acids, extract of nux vomica, -tincture of aconite, tincture and ointment of belladonna, iodide -of sulphur, chloride of zinc, and ammonio-citrate of iron, were the -principal novelties now made official. - -The first Edinburgh Pharmacopœia appeared in 1699 and the last in -1841, while the first Dublin Pharmacopœia was published in 1807 and -the last in 1850. The Medical Act of 1858 authorised the fusion of the -Pharmacopœias of the three kingdoms, and assigned the task of carrying -out this work to the General Medical Council created by that statute. -The first British Pharmacopœia was issued in 1864, but it failed to -give satisfaction, and was superseded by a second dated 1867. The third -and fourth editions were published in 1884 and 1898. - - - - - XVIII - - SHAKESPEARE’S PHARMACY. - - But law and the gospel in Shakespeare we find, - And he gives the best physic for body and mind. - GARRICK: _Shakespeare’s Mulberry Tree_. - - -The two most familiar pharmaceutical allusions in Shakespeare’s -writings are the apothecary and his shop in “Romeo and Juliet” (Act V., -Sc. 1), and the juice of cursed hebenon which Hamlet’s uncle poured -into the ear of his father (“Hamlet,” Act I., Sc. 5). Some remarks on -both these noted allusions are given separately. The medical knowledge -of Shakespeare has been discussed by several eminent doctors, notably -by Dr. J. C. Bucknill, of Exeter, who published a very interesting -work under that title in 1860, in which the writer almost went so far -as to hint at the possibility that the great dramatist must have had -some training in the medical science of the day before he took to the -theatre business. A similar suggestion was made by Lord Campbell in -regard to the poet’s legal knowledge. - -Great interest in drugs and poisons was taken by the people generally -in Queen Elizabeth’s reign, and the medical controversies of the period -filled a good many books. It is certain that Shakespeare at least -skimmed a good many of these. “Galen and Paracelsus” are mentioned in -“All’s Well that Ends Well” (Act II., Sc. 3). In “Coriolanus” (Act II., -Sc. 1) Menenius says of a letter from Coriolanus that it gives him an -estate of seven years’ health, adding “the most sovereign prescription -in Galen is but empiricutick, and,” compared with this letter, “of no -better report than a horse-drench.” - -Apothecaries are mentioned in “Henry VI” (Part II., Act III., Sc. -3), when Cardinal Beaufort, delirious on his deathbed, cries, “Bid -the apothecary bring the strong poison that I bought of him.” Also -in “Pericles” (Act III., Sc. 2), the amateur physician Cerimon, a -Lord of Ephesus, who had studied medicine, and “by turning o’er -authorities” had made himself familiar with “the blest infusions that -dwell in vegetives, in metals, stones,” gives a prescription to his -servant, saying, “Give this to the ’pothecary, and tell me how it -works.” Apothecaries’ weights are used as metaphors in “All’s Well -that Ends Well” (Act II., Sc. 3) when Lafeu, who has given Parolles -“most egregious indignity,” which the latter says he has not deserved, -replies “Yes, good faith, every dram of it; and I will not bate thee -a scruple,” and by Falstaff, who, in his interview with the Chief -Justice, refers rather enigmatically to drams and scruples. Falstaff -again, in “Merry Wives of Windsor,” is responsible for the simile of -those who “smell like Bucklersbury in simple time.” The Dr. Caius in -the same play, with his “by gar” and comical English, is assumed by -some interpreters to have been a burlesque on Sir Theodore Mayerne, -but except that Mayerne was French and certainly spoke English with -a foreign accent, there is no reason for associating him with the -character. Mayerne never acquired English. In one of his later letters -he writes of Lady Cherosbury, for Shrewsbury. There was a very famous -Dr. Caius, who had been physician to Queen Elizabeth, who founded -Caius College, Cambridge, and who died in 1573, not so very long before -this play was written. But it is agreed that he could not have been the -original of the caricature. - -Of the drugs and pharmaceutical preparations named by Shakespeare most -would be familiar to anyone acquainted with the literature of the -day. “Throw physick to the dogs,” says Macbeth to the physician who -is telling him of the mental illness of Lady Macbeth. Then, his mind -recurring to the war in which he was engaged, he demands of the doctor -“What rhubarb, senna, or what purgative drug would scour these English -hence?” (Act V., Sc. 3). In the same play (Act I., Sc. 3), Banquo asks -when the witches vanish, “Have we eaten of the insane root That takes -the reason prisoner?” There are many allusions in classical literature -to herbs which destroyed the reason. In Plutarch’s life of Antony, for -example, there is an account of some Roman soldiers in the Parthian -war eating a root which deprived them of all memory, and it is said -they occupied themselves in digging, and in hurling stones from one -place to another. Among the ingredients of the witches’ cauldron (Act -IV., Sc. 1), the animal substances named recall much of the pharmacy -of the period, but only one vegetable drug, “root of hemlock, digg’d -i’ the dark,” is named. Lady Macbeth (Act II., Sc. 2) tells how she -has drugg’d the possets of Duncan’s grooms, so that “death and nature -do contend about them Whether they live or die.” In Act V., Sc. 1, she -complains that “all the perfumes of Arabia” will not sweeten her hand -from the smell of blood. It is also in this play that the description -of Edward the Confessor curing the King’s Evil (see Vol. I, p. 299) -occurs. - -In the “Comedy of Errors” (Act IV., Sc. 1) Dromio of Syracuse -tells Antipholus of Ephesus that he has found a bark for him, put -the freightage on board, and bought “the oil, the balsamum, and -aqua-vitae.” In Act V., Sc. 1, the Abbess declares that Antipholus -having taken sanctuary in the Priory she will not let him stir, “Till I -have used the approved means I have, with wholesome syrups, drugs, and -holy prayers, To make of him a formal man again.” - -In “Much Ado about Nothing” (Act III., Sc. 4) Margaret recommends -the love-sick Beatrice to “get you some of this distilled Carduus -Benedictus, and lay it to your heart; it is the only thing for a -qualm.” This drug was in great repute in Shakespeare’s time and was -used for a multitude of complaints. Woodall says the distilled water -of it “doth ease the pain of the head, conformeth the memory, cureth -a quartane, provoketh sweat, and comforteth the vital spirits.” The -Physician in “King Lear” (Act IV., Sc. 4), tells Cordelia there are -“many simples operative whose power will close the eye of anguish.” - -The story of “All’s Well that Ends Well” is based on a secret remedy -for fistula which Helena had acquired from her deceased father, and -with which she heals the King. The Queen in “Cymbeline” is an amateur -pharmacist. In Act I., Sc. 6, she tells the doctor that he has taught -her how “to make perfumes, distil, preserve”; and in Act V., Sc. 5, the -doctor tells the King that on her deathbed she confessed she had “a -mortal mineral” which would “by inches waste you.” - -In the “Midsummer Night’s Dream” (Act III., Sc. 1), a fairy named -Cobweb gives Bottom the opportunity of alluding to the usefulness of -cobwebs for cut fingers. “In Twelfth Night” Sir Toby Belch jocularly -addresses Maria as “My nettle of India” (Act II., Sc. 5), probably -Indian hemp. We read of “parmaceti,” “the sovereign’st thing on earth -for an inward bruise,” and also of the “villainous saltpetre” in Act -I., Sc. 3, of “Henry IV.” Part I.; in the second part (Act I., Sc. 2) -there is an allusion to the fashion of diagnosis by the examination of -a person’s water; and in Act IV., Sc. 4, we find mention of the deadly -character of aconitum, and in the same scene of gold “preserving life -in medicine potable.” In “Antony and Cleopatra,” the Queen greets -Antony’s messenger with the remark that though so much unlike him yet -that “coming from him, that great medicine hath with his tinct gilded -thee” (Act I., Sc. 5), evidently an allusion to the tincture of gold. -Another reference to potable gold is found in “All’s Well that Ends -Well.” - -The plantain for a broken shin is called for by Costard in “Love’s -Labour’s Lost” (“plantain, a plain plantain; no salve, sir, but a -plantain,” Act III., Sc. 1); plantain leaf for a broken shin is also -recommended by Romeo (Act I., Sc. 2). In the same scene occur the words -so dear to homeopaths: “One fire burns out another’s burning.” In “King -John” (Act V., Sc. 2,) revolt is likened to a plaster which will heal -“inveterate canker of the wound by making many.” - -In “Henry VI.,” part II. (Act V., Sc. 1) York quotes the legend of -Achilles’ spear “able to kill or cure”; while in “Hamlet” (Act IV., Sc. -7) Laertes declares that he will anoint his sword with unction bought -of a mountebank; - - “No mortal that but dips a knife in it, - Where it draws blood, no cataplasm so rare, - Collected from all simples that have virtue - Under the moon, can save the thing from death - That is but scratched withal.” - -The action of drugs as charms is much in evidence in “Othello.” The -father of Desdemona accuses the Moor of having - - “Practised on her with foul charms, - Abused her delicate youth with drugs or minerals - That awaken motion.” - -And again Brabantio tells the Duke that Desdemona has been stolen from -him - - “And corrupted - By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks.” - -These allusions all occur in scenes 2 and 3 of the first Act; in the -latter also Iago promises Roderigo that Desdemona shall soon be to -Othello “bitter as coloquintida.” At the end of this play Othello -describes his “subdued eyes dropping tears as fast as the Arabian trees -their medicinal gum.” - -Autolycus refers to aqua vitæ as a restorative in the “Winter’s Tale” -(Act IV., Sc. 3), as does the nurse in “Romeo and Juliet” when she -finds her mistress dead (Act IV., Sc. 5). The “popinjay” takes snuff in -“Henry IV.” (part I., Act I., Sc. 3), Cleopatra calls for mandragora to -drink “that I might sleep out this great gap of time my Antony is away” -(“Ant. and Cleop.,” Act I., Sc. 5). “Not poppy nor mandragora, nor all -the drowsy syrups of the world,” said Iago, shall medicine Othello -against the poison he has given him (“Othello,” Act III., Sc. 3). -“Sleepy drinks” are mentioned in the “Winter’s Tale,” (Act I., Sc. 1), -and in the same play (“Winter’s Tale,” Act II., Sc. 1) Shakespeare uses -the word “land-damn,” which some of his commentators have been disposed -to identify with laudanum. The King of Sicily grossly insults his wife, -Hermione, declaring her to be an adultress, Antigonus warmly defends -her and assures the King that he has been “abused by some putters-on -who will be damn’d for’t,” and he adds, - - “Would I knew the villain, - I would land-damn him.” - -The idea is that this may be a misprint for laudanum, meaning, “I would -poison him.” It must be added that this explanation does not find -much favour, and perhaps it is rather far-fetched. It is mentioned -by Stevens as having been proposed by Dr. Farmer, but Furness thinks -that Stevens was poking fun at the solemn nonsense of his learned -friend. But the other interpretations are not much better. There is, -it appears, an old dialect word “lan-dan” which meant following a man -with kettles and other rough music. Another suggested meaning is an -association with an old Saxon word (hland) for urine, conveying the -notion that the villain is to be made ill by a suppression of urine. -Both these explanations seem ludicrously insufficient to express the -anger of the speaker. Damn him up with land, that is, bury him alive, -is gruesome enough, but this is an obscure way of expressing the -proposal. Johnson disposes of the term by the theory that it was “a -word which caprice brought into fashion, and reason and grammar drove -irrevocably away. It has also been assumed, and this looks likely, that -the punctuation has got misplaced and that the sentence should read “I -would--Lord damn him.” - -Shakespeare’s favourite daughter Susannah was married to Dr. John -Hall, and it is possible that the doctor and his wife lived with the -poet in his later years at Stratford. Dr. Hall was a practitioner of -some eminence, and wrote a book in Latin (translated into English in -1657 by James Cook) entitled “Select Observations ... Cures Empirical -and Historical on Very Eminent Persons in Desperate Disorders.” The -following, which is Observation 60, is worth quoting for the picture it -gives of pharmacy in the Elizabethan age. - -“Talbot, the first born of the Countess of Salisbury, aged about one -year, being miserably afflicted with a fever and worms, so that death -was only expected, was thus cured. There was first injected a clyster -of milk and sugar. This gave two stools and brought away four worms. By -the mouth was given hartshorn burnt, prepared in the form of a julep. -To the pulse was applied Ung Populeon ʒii mixed with spiders’ webs, and -a little powder of nutshells. It was put to one pulse of one wrist one -day, to the other the next. To the stomach was applied mithridate; to -the bowel the emplaster against worms. And thus he became well in three -days, for which the Countess returned me many thanks and gave me great -reward.” - - - THE APOTHECARY IN “ROMEO AND JULIET” - -is a favourite illustration of the scrupulous care which Shakespeare -bestowed on the revision of his dramas. The story on which the play -is founded is well known to students. It was written by an Italian -novelist, Luigi da Porto, of Vicenza, and was entitled “La Giuletta.” -This author died in 1529. In Girolamo de la Corte’s “History of -Verona,” published at Venice in 1549, it is given and stated to be a -true story. An English translation of it in rhyme by Arthur Brooke -appeared in 1562, and a prose translation by Painter some time later. -The version by Brooke is entitled “The Tragicall Historie of Romeus -and Juliet,” and it is from this that Shakespeare took not only the -incidents, but, as will be seen, some of his expressions. Brooke -describes Romeus in Mantua, resolved to die, and looking for a shop -where he may buy poison. - - - _Brooke’s Version, 1562._ - - And then from street to street he wand’reth up and down - To see if he in any place may find in all the town - A salve meet for his sore, an oil fit for his wound, - And seeking long, alas, too soon, the thing he sought he found, - An apothecary sat unbusied at his door, - Whom by his heavy countenance he guessed to be poor; - And in his shop he saw his boxes were but few, - And in his window of his wares there was so small a shew. - Wherefore our Romeus assuredly hath thought - What by no friendship could be got with money should be bought. - For needy lack is like the poor man to compel - To sell that which the city’s law forbiddeth him to sell. - Then by the hand he drew the needy man apart - And with the sight of glittering gold inflamed well his heart. - “Take fifty crowns of gold (quoth he) I give them thee - So that before I part from hence thou shalt deliver me - Some poison strong that may in less than half an hour - Kill him whose wretched hap shall be the poison to devour.” - The wretch by covetisse is won and doth assent - To sell the thing whose sale ere long too late he doth repent. - In haste he poison sought and closely he it bound - And then began in whisp’ring voice thus in his ear to round: - “Fair Sir (quoth he), be sure this is the speeding gear, - And more there is than you shall need; for half of that is there - Will serve, I undertake, in less than half an hour - To kill the strongest man alive. Such is the poison’s power.” - - - _Shakespeare’s First Rendering._ - -This is the rendering of the scene from Shakespeare’s first quarto -edition, 1597: - - As I do remember - Here dwells a pothecarie whom oft I noted - As I past by, whose needie shop is stuft - With beggarly accounts of empty boxes. - And on the same an Aligarta hangs, - Olde ends of packthred, and cakes of roses - Are thinly strewed to make up a show. - Here as I noted thus with myselfe I thought: - Ah, if a man should need a poison now, - (Whose present sale is death in Mantua), - Here he might buy it. This thought of mine - Did but forerune my need; and hereabout he dwells. - Being holiday the beggar’s shop is shut. - What ho! Apothecary! Come forth I say. - _Ap._ Who calls? What would you, Sir? - _Rom._ Here’s twenty ducats. - Give me a dram of some such speeding gere - As will despatch the weary taker’s life - As suddenly as powder being fired - From forth a cannon’s mouth. - _Ap._ Such drugs I have, I must of force confesse, - But yet the law is death to those that sell them. - _Rom._ Art though so bare and full of poverty, - And dost thou fear to violate the law? - The law is not thy friend nor the law’s friend, - And therefore make no conscience of the law. - Upon thy back hangs ragged misery - And starved famine dwelleth in thy cheeks. - _Ap._ My poverty but not my will consents. - _Rom._ I pay thy poverty but not thy will. - _Ap._ Hold, take you this and put it - In any liquid thing you will, and it will serve, - Had you the lives of twenty men. - _Rom._ Hold, take this gold, worse poison to men’s souls - Than this which thou hast given me. Go hie thee hence, - Go, buy thee cloathes, and get thee into flesh: - Come cordial and not poison, go with me - To Juliet’s grave, for there must I use thee. - -Shakespeare was a busy man in 1597, and in the years before as well as -about that date he was preparing novelties for his theatre. Later he -had more leisure, and it is interesting to notice how artistically he -fills out his original sketch with only just such details as make the -ideas more vivid. In the revised version of this scene, published in -1609, there are no new ideas, but scarcely a line is left untouched. -A comparison of title-pages in the two editions is amusing and at -the same time instructive. In 1597 it reads: “An Excellent Conceited -Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet as it hath been often (with great -applause) plaid publiquely.” In 1609 this is toned down to “The most -Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet as it hath been -sundri times publiquely Acted.” The omission of the parenthetic (“with -great applause”) is significant. The poet knows he no longer needs -meretricious advertisement. The scene as we have it in our modern books -is very similar to - - - _Shakespeare’s Revised Version (Third Quarto, 1609)._ - - _Rom._ I do remember an apothecary - And hereabouts he dwells--whom late I noted - In tatter’d weeds, with overwhelming brows, - Culling of simples; meager were his looks, - Sharp misery had worn him to the bones; - And in his needy shop a tortoise hung, - An alligator stuff’d, and other skins, - Of ill-shap’d fishes; and about his shelves - A beggarly account of empty boxes, - Green earthen pots, bladders, and musty seeds, - Remnants of packthread, and old cakes of roses, - Were thinly scatter’d to make up a show. - Noting this penury, to myself I said-- - And if a man did need a poison now, - Whose sale is present death in Mantua, - Here lives a caitiff wretch would sell it him. - O, this same thought did but fore-run my need; - And this same needy man must sell it me. - As I remember this should be the house; - Being holiday, the beggar’s shop is shut-- - What ho! Apothecary! - _Ap._ Who calls so loud? - _Rom._ Come hither, man. I see that thou art poor; - Hold, there is forty ducats; let me have - A dram of poison; such soon speeding gear - As will disperse itself through all the veins, - That the life-weary taker may fall dead; - And that the trunk may be discharg’d of breath - As violently as hasty powder fired - Doth hurry from the fatal cannon’s womb. - _Ap._ Such mortal drugs I have; but Mantua’s law - Is death to any he that utters them. - _Rom._ Art thou so bare, and full of wretchedness, - And fear’st to die? famine is in thy cheeks. - Need and oppression starveth in thy eyes, - Contempt and beggary hangs upon thy back, - The world is not thy friend, nor the world’s law; - The world affords no law to make thee rich; - Then be not poor, but break it, and take this. - _Ap._ My poverty but not my will consents. - _Rom._ I pray thy poverty and not thy will. - _Ap._ Put this in any liquid thing you will - And drink it off; and if you had the strength - Of twenty men, it would despatch you straight. - _Rom._ There is thy gold, worse poison to men’s souls - Doing more murders in this loathsome world - Than these poor compounds that thou may’st not sell. - I sell thee poison, thou hast sold me none. - Farewell; buy food, and get thyself in flesh. - Come cordial, and not poison; go with me - To Juliet’s grave, for there I must use thee. - - [Illustration: THE APOTHECARY. - - (Drawn by Miss K. Righton.)] - -Two lines in the accepted version have been the subject of much -controversy, sometimes of an acrimonious character among critics. Both -sides quote one or other of the early editions in support of their -contentions. One of the lines is “Need and oppression starveth in thy -eyes.” It is fiercely held that “starveth” in this expression should -be “stareth.” And in the famous line “I pray thy poverty and not thy -will” ordinary readers naturally think “pay” should be substituted -for “pray.” The defenders of the quoted versions contemptuously reply -that it is because we are only commonsense people and not poets that -we cannot rise to the height of appreciating the meaning of the more -recondite phrases that makes us suggest the emendations. - - - HEBENON. - -The “juice of cursed Hebenon,” which according to the Ghost, was the -poison chosen by Hamlet’s wicked uncle to kill his father by dropping -some of it into his ears during his afternoon nap, has been much -discussed by commentators. Authorities generally favour either henbane -or ebony (hebenus). Some occasional opinions may be found suggesting -other poisons, but they do not carry much weight. Dr. Paris, for -example, in “Pharmacologia” proposes the essential oil of tobacco, -quoting in support of his opinion the authority of Gerard, who says -it was “commonly called the henbane of Peru.” Dr. Bucknill remarks -that the poet could not have meant henbane because that herb is not a -virulent poison, and would not have had the effect attributed to it. -But no dramatist would care to have his fancies subjected to the test -of science in this way. Possibly Shakespeare would hardly have cared to -justify the introduction of the ghost by strict evidence. Dr. Bucknill -decides that as no poison will fit the description the term was used -as a generic one for a drug producing “hebetudo animi.” In Beisley’s -“Shakespeare’s Garden” it is suggested that hebenon may have been a -misprint for eneron, nightshade, which Dyce, a prominent authority, -politely dismisses as a “villainous conjecture.” - -A plausible German interpretation of hebenon is that it is derived -from _Eibenbaum_, the yew-tree. Eibe was the Saxon name for the -yew, and its poisonous properties were recognised from very ancient -times. It is probable that some of the quotations which have been -credited to ebony may have been really due to the yew. Spenser, for -example, writes: “Lay now thy Heben bow aside”; “A speare of Heben -wood” and “trees of bitter gall and Heben sad.” These references are -more likely to be to the yew than to the ebony: and certainly could not -have been applied to the henbane weeds. Gower (1390) has “Of hebanus -the sleepy tree.” In Marlowe’s “Jew of Malta” (1592, contemporary with -Shakespeare), several deadly things are grouped thus:-- - - “The blood of Hydra, Lerna’s bane, - The juice of Hebon, and Cocytus’ breath.” - -There is no tradition of poisonous properties associated with ebony, -as there is with both henbane and yew, but in regard to henbane, a -remarkable passage has been found in Holland’s translation of Pliny -which was published in London just about the time when Shakespeare -was writing “Hamlet.” Pliny, dealing with henbane, says (in this -translation): “An oile is made of the seed thereof which if it be but -dropped into the eares is ynough to trouble the braine.” Shakespeare -must have been a voracious reader, he probably got Holland’s book as -soon as it came out, and finding this passage, adopted the suggestion. -He was no doubt familiar with the word hebon or hebonus, and chose -that for his verse, perhaps without caring very much whether it was a -correct interpretation of henbane or not. As a matter of fact, in the -earlier editions of “Hamlet” the word appears as hebona. In the folios, -which came later, hebonon is substituted, no doubt out of consideration -for euphony. - -It is notable that the player who enacts the murder of the King (Act -III., Sc. 2) describes the poison as a - - “Mixture rank of midnight weeds collected, - With Hecat’s ban thrice blasted, thrice infected.” - -This of course does not correspond with the suggestion that the juice -of hebenon was the product of some one poisonous plant. - - - - - XIX - - SOME NOTED DRUGS. - - Who was the first cultivator of corn? Who first tamed and - domesticated the animals whose strength we use, and whom we make - our food? Or who first discovered the medicinal herbs which from - the earliest times have been our resource against disease? - CARDINAL NEWMAN: Sermon on _The World’s Benefactors_. - - -The most valuable and original records of the history of drugs are -to be found in “Pharmacographia” by F. A. Flückiger of Strasburg and -Daniel Hanbury of London (published by Macmillan & Co.). I have as a -rule avoided copying details from that work, although I have dealt with -no subject without referring to it. In this section, however, the drugs -named are of course treated in “Pharmacographia,” and necessarily the -facts given must to some extent correspond. But comparison would show -that I have only selected subjects which were capable of discussion -from a somewhat different point of view from that which guided Messrs. -Flückiger and Hanbury.[1] - - - ALOES. - -Dioscorides is the earliest medical writer to mention aloes as a -medicine. According to him it should be given in doses of from half a -drachm to one drachm as a gentle purge, or of three drachms if its full -cathartic effect were required. The drug is not named by Hippocrates -nor by Theophrastus. - -Celsus describes it as specially valuable for city men and men of -letters (urbani et literarum cupidi); he says it is an ingredient in -all purgatives, and it is clear from the later Greek and Roman writers -how highly this remedy was esteemed. In “Pharmacographia” Hanbury -refers to the legend of Alexander the Great visiting the Island of -Socotra at the instance of Aristotle particularly on account of the -aloes grown there. It is said that Alexander left a colony of Ionians -on the island in order to ensure a sufficient supply of the drug. -Undoubtedly there were Greek Christians there in Mohammedan times and -it is probable that the Arabs invented the Alexandrian origin of them. - - [Illustration: THE ALOE IN FLOWER.] - - [Illustration: A MEDICINAL ALOE GROWING UNDER GLASS IN THE CHELSEA - PHYSIC GARDEN. - - [This photograph was published in “London Botanic Gardens” by - P. E. F. Perrédès, B.Sc., F.L.S., published by the Wellcome - Chemical Research Laboratories, and is kindly lent for this book - by the Director of those Laboratories, Dr. Frederick B. Power]. - ] - -The fame of aloes was well maintained by the Arabian physicians, and -the old Greek and Roman formulas for aloetic compounds were passed -on to the Middle Ages by Mesué of Damascus, together with some new -ones. It was one of the drugs recommended to Alfred the Great by the -Patriarch of Jerusalem. - -In 1622 Mindererus published a treatise on a special compound of aloes -which he had devised. Raymond Minderer was the most famous physician -of his time. He lived at Augsburg, and was the appointed medical -adviser to the Duke of Bavaria and the great house of the Fuggers, the -Rothschilds of the period. Minderer’s book was entitled “Aloedarium,” -and it described in loving detail each of the nine ingredients of what -is supposed to have been the lineal ancestor of our modern compound -rhubarb pill. The components were:-- - -Aloes 3 ounces, Marum (herb mastic), and Saffron, of each 3 scruples, -Agaric, Costus, and Myrrh, of each 3 half-drachms, Ammoniacum, 3 -drachms, Rhubarb, 3 two-drachms (ʒvi), and Lign Aloes, 3 half-scruples. -These drugs were each separately macerated in appropriate liquids, the -aloes in rose water, the myrrh in rue vinegar, and so forth. Mindererus -recommended these pills not so much as a purgative, but as a general -tonic, especially useful to strong, fair, well-fed persons. - -Following Minderer’s book, and indeed slavishly copying it, came a -treatise by Dr. William Marcquis of Antwerp, entitled “Aloe Morbifuga.” -The only notable feature of this work is that its author is clear about -the importance of that part of the aloes which is soluble in water as -the constituent of the drug in which the purgative properties reside. -He was, in fact, the originator of our aqueous extract of aloes. - - - CASTOR OIL. - -The supposed identity of the Palma Christi tree, from the seeds of -which castor oil is obtained, with the Hebrew “kikaion” is mentioned in -the note on Jonah’s “gourd” in the section “Pharmacy in the Bible.” It -is not doubtful that the plant was the same as the “kiki” of Herodotus, -and the “kiki” or “kroton” of Dioscorides. Avicenna quotes a reference -to the seeds from Dioscorides, from which, he says, is pressed the oil -of kiki “which is the oil of Alkeroa.” Other Arab authors use the term -“al-keroa” for the Greek “kiki.” A frequent Latin name for the Palma -Christi was “kikinum,” or “cicinum.” - - [Illustration: CASTOR OIL PLANT.] - -The earliest allusion to the oil is found in Herodotus (“Hist. -Euterpe,” sec. 94), where we read “The inhabitants of the marshy -grounds in Egypt make use of an oil which they term the ‘kiki,’ -expressed from the Sillicyprian plant. In Greece this plant springs -spontaneously without any cultivation; but the Egyptians sow it on the -banks of the river and the canals; it there produces fruit in great -abundance, but of a very strong odour. When gathered they obtain from -it, either by friction or pressure, an unctuous liquid which diffuses -an offensive smell, but for burning it is equal in quality to the oil -of olives.” - -From this and other references it is clear that the Egyptians held -the Palma Christi plant in high esteem, and this would hardly have -been the case if it was only used for the extraction of an inferior -burning oil. As is stated in another section, Ebers guesses that an -aperient medicine made from the fruit of the kesebt tree may have -meant the ricinus seeds. The seeds of the Palma Christi, too, have been -frequently found in sarcophagi; evidence that they had acquired a high -reputation of some kind. - -Hippocrates apparently tried to reduce the acridity of the seeds so as -to make them more useful as purgatives. Dioscorides alludes to their -purgative properties, but only contemplates the external employment of -the oil in medicine. Pliny, however, is more explicit. Chapter xli., of -Book 23 begins with the sentence: “Oleum cicinum bibitur ad purgationes -ventris cum pari calidæ mensura.” The whole passage is of interest. -The following is the translation of it given in Bohn’s “Classical -Library” (Dr. Bostock): “Castor oil taken with an equal quantity of -warm water acts as a purgative upon the bowels. It is said, too, that -as a purgative it acts particularly upon the regions of the diaphragm -(precordia). It is useful for diseases of the joints, all kinds of -indurations, affections of the uterus and ears, and for burns, employed -with the ashes of the murex; it heals itch, scabs, and inflammations of -the fundament. It improves the complexion also, and by its fertilising -tendencies promotes the growth of the hair. The cicus or seed from -which this oil is made no animal will touch, and from these grape-like -seeds wicks are made which burn with a peculiar brilliancy. The light, -however, that is produced by the oil is very dim, in consequence of its -extreme thickness. The leaves are applied topically with vinegar for -erysipelas. Fresh gathered they are used by themselves for diseases of -the mamillæ and defluxions. A decoction of them in wine with polenta -and saffron is good for inflammations of various kinds. Boiled by -themselves and applied to the face for three successive days they -improve the complexion.” - -In Egypt and Rome, therefore, Ricinus was evidently esteemed; and -though as a medicine they dropped largely out of use, it is clear from -old English physic books that a traditional reputation was always -associated with both the seeds and the oil. Gerard, in his “Herbal,” -and Piso, in an account of the natural history of the West Indies, -both recommend them, the former in broth, the latter in the form of a -tincture made with brandy for colic and constipation. Gerard states -that the Palma Christi “of America” grew in his garden (in Holborn) and -in many other gardens likewise. The seeds, however, came to be regarded -as dangerous, and were clearly but little used in orthodox medicine. -Quincy (1724) refers to them as “hardly ever met with in practice, -unless amongst empirics and persons of no credit.” - -In 1764, however, Dr. Peter Canvane, of Bath, who had practised for -seven years in the West Indies, published a treatise entitled “A -Dissertation on the Oleum Palmæ Christi, sive Oleum Ricini, or (as it -is commonly call’d) Castor Oil,” in which he warmly recommended the oil -as a gentle purgative, particularly in cases of “dry belly ache.” His -advocacy soon took effect, for in the second edition of his treatise -published in 1769, he says it had become officinal, by which he meant -was sold in the shops, “at Apothecaries Hall and several other shops in -London and Bath.” Dr. Odier, of Geneva, who visited England in 1776, -became then acquainted with the medicine, and subsequently brought -it to the notice of Continental physicians. It was admitted into the -London Pharmacopœia in 1788. - -The name “Ricinus” was in Latin the name of the parasite known as the -dog-tick, _Ixodes ricinus_, and was transferred to the Palma -Christi seeds because of their resemblance to the insect. In Greek the -same insect was called the kroton, and Theophrastus and Dioscorides -describe the Palma Christi seeds as kroton seeds. Curiously the name -kroton has been applied in America to the cockroach, not from any -association with ticks, but from a belief that the insects came from -the Croton River when the water from that source was brought to New -York in 1842. The name of castor oil is supposed to have been given -to the oil in consequence of a mistaken idea in the Western Indies -that the plant which yielded the seeds was _Agnus Castus_. There -was, however, a castor oil and compound castor oil in medicinal use in -England and other countries until the eighteenth century. The simple -oil was made by digesting castorum in oil and boiling it with wine -until the latter had all evaporated. The compound oil contained besides -a number of aromatic gums and spices. Possibly the taste of the oil -from the Palma Christi seeds recalled that from the old oil of castor, -and the name may thus have been transferred. - - - CINCHONA. - -It is not possible to determine from the legends and reports collected -by the many competent naturalists who visited Peru in the seventeenth -and eighteenth centuries with the special object of investigating -the history of the cinchona trees whether it was known or used as -a medicine by the natives before its virtues were ascertained by -Europeans. - -Peru was discovered in 1513, and became subject to Spain about the -middle of the sixteenth century. But Hanbury points out that no -reference to the bark as a febrifuge has been found earlier than the -beginning of the seventeenth century. It was reported by La Condamine, -and others who acquired their knowledge on the spot, that the Indians -had long used the bark as a dye. The Countess Ana of Chinchon, wife of -the Spanish Viceroy of Peru, was cured of a fever by the bark in 1638, -but there is evidence that its medicinal value had been experienced -by some of the conquering race before that date. One story is that -when the Countess was ill and all the usual remedies had been found -ineffective, the Corregidor of Loxa, Don Juan Lopez Canizares, who -had himself been cured by the bark of a similar illness, brought some -of the remedy from Loxa to Lima and staked his reputation on its -infallibility. After her cure the Countess became an enthusiastic -advocate of the medicine, administering it with uniform success to her -dependents and others in Lima, and on her return to Spain in 1640, -exerting herself to make it known there. - -Another story is to the effect that a native maid in the employment -of the Countess had made known the virtues of the bark to the Viceroy -out of affection for her mistress, though until then the Indians had -concealed the secret from their cruel rulers. The most likely account -is that the bark had become known as a valuable medicine to the Jesuit -missionaries who had been in the country for fully fifty years when the -Countess of Chinchon was cured. - -Le Condamine stated, in 1738, that the Indians had a legend that they -had become acquainted with the properties of the bark in consequence of -an earthquake in the neighbourhood of Loxa which had caused a number of -the trees surrounding a lake near the city to be thrown into the water. -An Indian violently ill with a fever and consumed with thirst had drunk -water from this lake and had been rapidly cured. Another tradition was -that the pumas of the country had been observed to eat the bark when -they were ill, and that the Indians had learned its value from this -circumstance. - -The Count and Countess of Chinchon returned to Spain, as has been said, -in 1640. They went to live on their estate at Chinchon Castle, about -forty miles from Madrid, and their physician, Juan del Vego, followed -them and resided at Seville. Vego brought with him a considerable -quantity of the bark from Peru, and sold it at 100 reals per pound. -Sprengel queries whether the real of Plata or the real of Vellon is to -be understood; the latter was worth about 2d., the Plata or silver real -being worth about 8d. It is not at all certain that Vego’s bark was the -first importation of the medicine into Spain. A Spanish physician named -Villerobel, quoted by Badus in 1663 in a work on the Peruvian bark, -states that a quantity was received in 1632, but was not tried until -1639 (a year after the cure of the Countess, it will be noted). The -patient was an ecclesiastic of Alcala de Henarez, near Madrid. However -this may be, Vego’s reports and the experiments with his bark excited -lively interest all through Spain, and from then began a controversy -almost as bitter as that between the Galenists and Paracelsists. There -were a large number of practitioners who could not bring themselves -to believe in any medicine which Galen had not described. It was also -alleged by some contemporary writers that a prompt cure of intermittent -fevers was not by any means desired by a large number of medical men -and apothecaries, who consequently allied themselves in opposition -to this very effective bark. This statement is no doubt due to the -usual uncharitableness of controversy; but it is possible that the -adversaries of the new remedy might at least cling to their old -prejudices with not less firmness when these and their interests ran on -parallel lines. - -Fevers were at that time regarded as caused by some morbific principle -in the humours which occasioned effervescence, and which it was -essential first of all to expel. The patient was, therefore, treated -with evacuants and debilitating medicines while the fever continued, -and the vital spirits were afterwards restored by a course of cordials -and bitters, such as wormwood, chamomile flowers, mace, carduus -benedictus, angelica, and valerian. The opponents of the bark insisted -that if it palliated the fever it “fixed the humour” and ensured a -relapse or some other more dangerous disease. In 1652 Leopold William, -Archduke of Austria, and Governor of the Low Countries, who had -interested himself in popularising the bark, fell ill with a quaternian -fever. He took bark and recovered. A relapse occurred, but the -complaint again yielded to the remedy. Some time after he had another -attack. This time, perhaps influenced by the views already quoted, he -refused to take bark and died. This event was regarded, illogically -enough, as evidence of the dangerous character of the medicine. - -Meanwhile, the Jesuits had been busy propagating the new remedy and -proving its virtues. The provincial father brought a large supply to -Rome, and explained the method of using it to a congress of Jesuits -then assembled in that city. The fathers administered it all over -Europe, giving it gratuitously to the poor and to their own order, -but charging its weight in gold to the rich. It is said that they -endeavoured to keep it as a secret medicine, and would only supply -it in powder so that it might be more difficult to identify. The -Procurator-General of the order, Father (afterwards Cardinal) de Lugo, -making a journey to Paris in 1649, found the king, Louis XIV, himself -suffering at the time from an intermittent fever. He recommended to -him the use of the bark, and Louis took it and quickly recovered. -The powder of the Cardinal, the Powder of the Fathers, the Jesuits’ -Powder, by which names among others it was known, consequently came -into strong demand. But these titles were largely responsible for the -reaction which almost drove cinchona out of practice. Protestant fears -and prejudices were added to the orthodox opposition of the Galenists, -and besides, many practitioners administered the bark ignorantly, in -too small or too large doses, while the high prices at which it was -sold led to fraudulent substitution, which more than anything else -discredited the bark as a medicine. Sprengel quotes complaints from the -Cardinal de Lugo, the apothecary of the College of Medicine at Rome, -and Vincent Protospatario, a physician at Naples, who alleged that the -Spanish merchants were sending into Italy instead of the true Peruvian -bark various other astringent barks devoid of any aromatic taste, but -flavoured up to the necessary bitterness by aloes. - -Although Sydenham in England, and a number of eminent physicians on -the Continent, studied the proper methods of administration and the -suitable doses of bark, it fell to a practitioner whose methods went a -long way to justify charges of charlatanry firmly to establish cinchona -in professional and popular favour. - -Robert Talbor was assistant with an apothecary at Cambridge named Dear. -It has been ascertained that in 1663 he had been entered as a sizar at -St. John’s College for five years, but there is no indication that he -took a degree. In his writings he states that he was largely indebted -to a member of the University of the name of Nott for suggestions -relative to the administration of bark. The next heard of him is that -he was practising in Essex. This was about 1671. He wrote a book in -1672, which he called “Pyretologia,” a rational account of the cause -and cure of agues. In this he refers to his own secret remedy, which, -he says, consists of four ingredients, two indigenous and two exotic. -He mentions Peruvian bark and intimates that it is an excellent remedy, -but one that should be employed with prudence, as in the hands of -inexperienced doctors it might occasion serious evils. He does not say -that it was contained in his specific. - -Talbor moved to London and set up his sign next door to Gray’s Inn -Gate, in Holborn. His treatment brought him into fame, the climax -of which was that having cured the daughter of Lady Mordaunt he was -sent for when Charles II was ill with an ague and cured him. He was -knighted, appointed a royal physician with a salary of £100 a year, and -the king caused a letter to be written to the College of Physicians -asking them not to interfere with his practice in London. - -Talbor next figures in Paris, and there leaped into eminence. For -French convenience he assumed the name of Talbot, an English name with -which they were historically familiar. He soon became a favourite -in high circles. Mme. de Sévigné refers to him several times in her -letters of 1679. In one she says, “Nothing is talked of here but -the Englishman and his cures.” In November, 1780, the Dauphin was -dangerously ill with a fever. Talbor had plenty of friends at court who -wanted him to be sent for. Mme. de Sévigné is again the chronicler. She -writes:--“The Englishman has promised on his head to cure monseigneur -in four days.” If he fails she believes he will be thrown out of the -window. She further states that the King (Louis XIV) insisted on seeing -Talbor prepare his wine; and when she reports the fulfilment of his -promise and the cure of the Dauphin she notes with malicious glee the -discomfiture of the king’s head physician, Antoine d’Aquin. - -D’Aquin wrote bitterly against Talbor, insisted that his treatment -of the Dauphin and of other persons had been founded on a mistaken -diagnosis, and that in the Dauphin’s case he had made a bilious fever -into a dangerous disorder. Another critic suggested that his remedy -given to the Duke of Rochefoucauld in an arthritic asthma had had fatal -consequences. - -Louis agreed to buy Talbor’s formula, but nothing was published until -after the death of the latter. Two thousand guineas and an annual -pension of £100 were granted to the English doctor, and he was made a -Chevalier. Shortly afterwards he went to Spain and cured the queen of -that country of a fever. Then he returned to London and died in 1781, -at the early age of forty. - -His official formula, published after his death, directed 6 drachms -of rose leaves to be infused in 6 ounces of water with 2 ounces of -lemon juice for four hours. A strong infusion of cinchona was added to -the above, together with some juice of persil or ache. He also made -alcoholic tinctures and wines of cinchona. The French doctors were sure -that he was in the habit of adding some opium to his speciality. If he -did he invented a valuable combination. - -Another contemporary writer, John Jones, gives the following as -Talbor’s process. He digested finely-powdered bark in juice of persil -and decoction of anise separately. The mixture was placed in an -earthen vessel, and having been stirred frequently he added red wine -and macerated for a week. He also made a tincture of cinchona by adding -8 ounces of alcohol to 2 ounces of powdered bark. - -From a handbill in a collection of quack advertisements in the British -Museum Library, dated “1675, &c.,” it appears that Dr. Charles Goodal, -who gave his address “at the Coach and Horses, near Physician’s -Colledge, Warwick Lane,” offers “for the public good a very superior -sort of Jesuit’s Bark, ready powdered, and papered into doses” at -4_s._ per ounce, or in quantity £3 per lb., and as evidence that -this is a reasonable price he refers to Mr. Thain, druggist, of Newgate -Street, to whom he had paid 9_s._ per lb. for a considerable -quantity. Possibly it was Mr. Thain who was advertising. - - - TINCT. CINCHONÆ CO. - -The official formula for this tincture is slightly modified from that -devised by John Huxham, M.D., and published in his Essay on Fevers, -1755. It first appeared in the P.L. 1788 as a College preparation. - -John Huxham was born as Totnes in 1692, and was the son of a butcher. -He studied medicine under Boerhaave at Leyden, but graduated M.D. -at Rheims. Then he returned to England and after a time settled -at Plymouth. He was a Nonconformist, and at first depended on the -dissenting portion of the population for his practice, but it did not -expand as fast as he wished and it is alleged that he was not above -some of the tricks satirised by novelists; as, for example, being -called out of chapel, riding at full speed through the streets, -walking about with a gold-headed cane, wearing a red coat and -followed by a footman who carried his gloves. He, however, acquired -a considerable reputation both locally and nationally; was elected -F.R.S. in 1739, and was awarded the Copley medal in 1755 for a treatise -on antimony in which he strongly recommended an Essentia or Vinum -Antimonii made by infusing 1 oz. of glass of antimony in 24 oz. of -sound Madeira wine for 10 or 12 days, then decanting and filtering. He -advised doses of 30 to 80 drops of this in tea, wine, beer, or other -liquid, as an alterant, attenuant, and diaphoretic. The treatise though -verbose does not seem to have had any special merit. - - [Illustration: DR. HUXHAM.] - -His Essay on Fevers was much more important and has been highly -esteemed by competent critics. He also wrote a valuable note on -scurvy in seamen, recommending a more abundant supply of vegetables -on voyages, and was the first to describe the malignant ulcerous sore -throat now called diphtheria. - -Huxham’s formula for Tinct. Cinchonæ Co. as given by himself was as -follows: - -Cort. Peruv. opt. pulv. ℥ ii, Flav. Aurant. Hispan. ℥ iss, Rad. -serpent. Virgin. ℥ iii, Croci Anglic. ℈ iv, Coccinel. ℈ ii, Sp. Vini -Gallici, (Brandy), ℥ xx. F. Infusio clausa per dies aliquot (tres -saltern quatuerve) deinde coletur. The dose was ʒ i to ℥ ss every 4, -6, or 8 hours with 10, 15, or 20 drops of elixir of vitriol in diluted -wine. Huxham says of this tincture “it tends to strengthen the Solids, -to prevent the further Dissolution and Corruption of the blood and in -the event to restore its Crassis.” He has previously stated that it is -a very useful remedy “not only in slow, nervous fevers, but also in the -putrid, pestilential, and petechial, especially in the Decline.” But he -adds, “if the patient is costive or hath a tense and humid abdomen, I -always premise a dose of rhubarb, manna, or the like.” - -According to Dr. Paris, Huxham believed in complicated prescribing. -“There are several prescriptions of Huxham extant,” we read in -“Pharmacologia,” “which contain more than four hundred ingredients.” - - - CINCHONA OR CHINCHONA. - -Sir Clements Markham, whose services in introducing cinchona culture -into India and Ceylon are well known, has earnestly insisted on the -adoption of the name chinchona instead of cinchona in justice to the -lady after whom the generic title was chosen. In a Memoir of the Lady -Ana de Osorio, Countess of Chinchon, Sir Clements Markham somewhat -extravagantly exalts that “illustrious and beautiful lady,” whom he -describes as “one of the most noble benefactors of the human race.” She -may have been an excellent woman, but her advocate does not furnish -sufficient evidence of her virtues to justify such lavish praise. The -Countess was cured of a fever by the bark, and on her return to Spain -she distributed the remedy to such of her vassals as needed it. Perhaps -her physician, who brought a quantity of the bark home with him and -sold it, did more to make it generally known than she did by her gifts. - -Still there is no doubt that Linnæus intended by the name he gave to -the genus to perpetuate her memory; and it is likewise true that her -name was Chinchon and not Cinchon. The latter term, Sir Clements says, -means a broad girdle or a policeman’s belt, and makes the intended -honour ridiculous. His opinion was that Linnæus had erred in ignorance, -having been misled by several French writers. Daniel Hanbury, however, -who contested some of Markham’s assertions, gave good reasons for -believing that Linnæus had adopted the term cinchona deliberately -for the sake of euphony. Anyway he shows that Mutis, the disciple of -Linnæus, who sent him the plant from which he wrote his description, -while at first writing of chinchona soon followed the spelling of the -master and continued to do so. - -The name cinchona and derivatives from it are too well established to -be dislodged now for a sentimental reason, even if it were not that the -adopted name is undoubtedly easier to pronounce than the more strictly -correct one would be. - - - CULTIVATION OF CINCHONA IN THE EAST. - -Many botanists and travellers remarked upon the reckless manner in -which the natives of Peru collected the bark. They felled the trees and -stripped them of bark without planting new ones to take the place of -those destroyed. Humboldt says that 25,000 trees were thus destroyed in -a single year. - -The first attempt to transport any plants to Europe was made by La -Condamine in 1743. He had obtained some young plants and was conveying -them down the Amazon River to Cayenne, intending to transport them to -the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. At the mouth of the river a wave swept -over his little vessel and washed away his whole collection. Joseph -de Jussieu, who had accompanied La Condamine on his expedition, and -remained in the country after him for fifteen years, was robbed of his -collection at Buenos Ayres, and lost his reason as a consequence of his -misfortune. - -Royle in 1839 strongly advocated the introduction of cinchona into -India, and suggested the Nilgiri Hills as a suitable position for -the experiment. His suggestions were taken into consideration by the -Government, but no immediate steps were taken. The Dutch Government -first moved in the matter, sending a botanist named Hasskarl to South -America in 1852. Their object was to establish cinchona gardens in -Java. All through the fifties they were carrying on their experiments, -but with very slow success. The English Government were meanwhile -instructing their Consuls in South America to obtain seeds, but it -was not until 1859 that the collection was seriously undertaken for -India. In that year Mr. (now Sir) Clements Markham was commissioned -to go to South America to collect seeds of the best species. Markham -has told the full story of his mission in his work on “Peruvian Bark,” -and has incidentally in that narrative exposed the parsimony of the -authorities in their treatment of those associated in the important and -profitable enterprise successfully carried through after some years of -hard and often perilous labour. His principal coadjutor, Dr. Spruce, -whose health was utterly ruined by his efforts, was paid a salary of -£30 a month while the work lasted, and a special grant of £27 for an -exhaustive report which he prepared. A pension of £50 a year was given -him by the British Government for his botanical services, and after -thirteen years of persistent importunity, the Indian Government granted -him another £50 a year. Mr. Pritchett, who collected plants and seeds -in the forests of Huanuco, was paid his salary and nothing more. To Mr. -Cross, who assisted Dr. Spruce in the collection of the red bark, two -grants of £300 each were made. Mr. Weir, “a most conscientious, active, -and skilful worker, and, so far as his own labours were concerned, -completely successful,” crippled and disabled for life, got nothing -from the Government, though the Horticultural Society collected some -funds which yielded £27 a year. - -The monumental instance of official ingratitude was, however, -manifested in the case of Charles Ledger, to whom, more than to -any other man, the world is indebted for cheap quinine, and out of -whose adventurous services the Dutch nation have made millions in -their Java dependency. Between the years 1841 and 1858 Ledger was -travelling in South America in the employment of the New South Wales -Government buying alpacas. He had a faithful servant, Manuel Manami, -who had often told him how jealously the natives, especially those -of Bolivia, guarded the knowledge of their best seeds. Manami had -himself been a cascarillero or bark cutter. On Ledger’s return to -Australia in 1858 he found that Holland and England were eagerly -seeking to plant cinchona in their Eastern possessions. The mission -of Hasskarl had been practically a failure. He had not been able to -enter Bolivia, and the species he brought to Java were comparatively -valueless. Ledger was in South America when Markham went there on his -official journey. He endeavoured to open communication with the British -Government’s envoy but failed. He, however, pressed his faithful Manami -to secure some of the precious “rojo” (_Cinchona Calisaya_, var. -_Ledgeriana_) seeds from Bolivia. Manami fulfilled this service, -somewhat reluctantly, sent the seeds to his master, but was himself -thrown into prison, beaten, and died soon after in consequence of the -cruel treatment he underwent. - -Ledger sent the seeds to his brother in England authorising him to -dispose of them as he best could. They were at first offered to the -British Government, but as Markham was then in India superintending -the planting of the seeds he had brought from Peru, the offer was not -entertained. Half of them were sold to a Ceylon planter, and the rest -were taken, after some discussion, by the Dutch Government for about -£33, with a promise of a further payment if the plants flourished. A -year later on a report that 20,000 plants had been raised from these -seeds the Dutch Government paid Ledger a further £100 and got from him -a letter expressing his satisfaction. That was in 1866. - -For many years Ledger was lost sight of, and it was stated in several -books that he was dead. In 1895, however, a letter from him was -published in _The Chemist and Druggist_, of London, dated from -Goulburne, N.S.W. He wrote simply in reference to a paper which had -been printed in that journal referring to the admixture of some white -flowers with coca as imported. The addition of the “inga flowers,” Mr. -Ledger explained, was made by the natives in the belief that they kept -the coca leaves fresh and green. Later it was found that Mr. Ledger -was living in comparative poverty in consequence of the failure of -Australian banks and the slump in land values. Efforts were made to -induce the Dutch Government to make some compensation to the man who -had done them such grand service, but at first a blank refusal was -returned. In May, 1807, however, on his seventy-ninth birthday, Mr. -Ledger received the announcement from Amsterdam that an annuity of £100 -would be conferred upon him. He lived nine years after this. - - [Illustration: CHARLES LEDGER, CINCHONA PIONEER. - - (From _The Chemist and Druggist_.)] - -The Ledger cinchona had also been introduced into India, and as it -was found to be yielding such rich bark Mr. Markham appealed in 1880 -to the Indian Government to grant Mr. Ledger at least the sum of £200 -to compensate him for the expenses he had been put to, which far -exceeded what he was paid for the seeds. “The reply, after four months’ -delay, was a curt refusal,” wrote Mr. Markham to _The Chemist and -Druggist_, in April, 1895. - -Mr. Ledger, who was born in Bucklersbury, London, on May 4, 1818, -wrote a very pleasant and modest autobiographical sketch of his varied -experiences for _The Chemist and Druggist_, which was published in -that journal of July 27, 1895. - - - CUBEBS - -have had a rather chequered medical history. The Arab physicians used -them apparently for the same medicinal purposes, that is, for checking -urethral discharges, as they are generally prescribed for by our own -physicians; but in the middle ages we hear of them as a popular but -costly condiment. Curious particulars of this use of cubebs are given -in “Pharmacographia.” They were an ingredient in the P.L. formulas for -Mithridate and Theriaca, probably as a stimulant. Then they seem to -have dropped out of use. They were omitted from the P.L. 1809. Their -re-introduction into medical practice is due to an article by Dr. -Crawfurd in the _Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal_, 1818, -but it appears that the knowledge of the anti-blennorrhagic properties -of cubebs came from an English officer in Java, whose Hindoo servant -had recommended to him the use of them as a medicine. The employment of -cubebs in hoarseness and bronchial complaints was popularised by some -American Troches, a proprietary medicine, but this use of the medicine -was familiar a hundred and fifty years ago. In James’s Dispensatory it -is stated that cubebs are “recommended in hoarseness and loss of voice, -especially when the tonsils are stuffed and obstructed.” - - - DIGITALIS. - -Foxglove, the common and ancient name of this handsome plant, is -believed to be a corruption of a still older name, Foxes’ glew, or -Foxes’ music, in allusion to an instrument consisting of a series of -bells hanging from one support. The Norwegian name of the plant is -Rev-bjelda, fox-bells. A pretty fancy, but one which is not supported -by evidence, is that the original name was folks’ glew, or fairy bells. -In Scotland the flower is called bloody fingers, and sometimes dead -men’s bells; in France, gants de notre Dame, and doigts de la Vierge. -The German popular name is finger-hut, finger hood or thimble, and the -Latin term, digitalis, coined by Fuchs of Tubingen about 1550, was -intended to be the equivalent of that designation. - -The medical history of the foxglove is somewhat varied. It appears -to have been used as an ingredient in external applications by old -herbalists, principally for scrofulous complaints. Gerard, Parkinson, -and Salmon, who wrote in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, extol -its virtues and mention also its employment internally for the falling -sickness or epilepsy. Parkinson quotes an Italian saying concerning -it that it is a salve for all sores. It found a place in the London -Pharmacopœia of 1650 and in several subsequent issues. - -But foxglove was always a medicine with a popular rather than a -professional reputation until Dr. William Withering, of Birmingham, -published “An Account of the Foxglove, and some of its Medical Uses,” -in 1785. Withering was a scientific pioneer of European fame, an -intimate associate of Priestley, Watt, and Boulton, a painstaking -botanist in whose honour a genus of the Solanaceæ was named -Witheringia, and a mineralogist whose name is similarly commemorated by -the name Witherite, given to barium carbonate. - - [Illustration: WILLIAM WITHERING, M.D. - - (From a print in the British Museum.)] - -In Dr. Withering’s “Account of the Fox-glove,” he narrated that ten -years previously his opinion had been asked about a family recipe for -the cure of dropsy which had long been the secret of an old woman -in Shropshire, and which he was told had cured cases after regular -treatment had failed. The medicine was composed of some twenty -different herbs, but it was not difficult, he says, for one conversant -with such matters to perceive that foxglove was the active ingredient. - -Dr. Withering details his experience as well as that of others with -the drug in some hundreds of cases. He noted its action on the heart -and as a diuretic. He had also ascertained that it was prescribed -in family recipes in Yorkshire. An article in Parkinson’s “Herbal,” -written he believed by Mr. Saunders, “an apothecary of great reputation -at Worcester,” declared it to be of great value in consumptive cases. -It had been admitted into the Edinburgh Pharmacopœia 1783, but many -practitioners were giving it in such dangerous doses that he feared its -reputation would not last long. - -Dr. Withering died in 1799 at the age of fifty-eight. A foxglove is -carved on his monument in Edgbaston Old Church. - - - GUAIACUM - -Came into fame in Europe in the early years of syphilis. The story told -about it (perhaps it was only a clever advertisement, though it is -related without any question by Leclerc) was that a certain Spaniard -named Gonsalvo Ferrand having taken the disease and finding no cure -for it resolved to go into the countries from which the infection had -come, confident that he would there find the remedy which the natives -themselves employed. He went to St. Domingo, discovered that the wood -there called Huaiacon was regarded as a specific, took it himself, -and was cured. This was in 1508. Whatever may be the truth of this -history it seems that Ferrand was subsequently a seller of guaiacum -wood (according to Freind), at seven gold crowns per pound (say -35s.), and accumulated a great fortune. Enormous popularity accrued -to guaiacum by the book which Ulrich von Hutten, the German poet and -reformer, wrote on the “Morbus Gallicus” in 1519. Therein he narrated -his own experience; what he had suffered from this disease; how he had -undergone salivation with mercury eleven times to no purpose; and how -at last he had been cured completely in thirty days by a course of -treatment by guaiacum. This early treatment as it was developed in the -sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries deserves to be recorded. First -a decoction was made by boiling 1 lb. of the wood raspings in 8 or 10 -pints of water down to 5 or 6 pints. After straining this off another -weaker decoction was made from the same wood. The syphilitic patient -was prepared for his course of treatment by a few days’ spare diet, and -by a few aperient doses. Then he went to bed in a well-warmed room, and -early every morning took half a pint of the first decoction warm. He -was then covered with blankets and allowed to sweat for two or three -hours. After being dried he was given a few biscuits with some almonds -and raisins. The process was repeated in the latter part of the day, -and so on for fifteen days, only enough food being given to prevent -the patient from fainting. In the middle of the month a day or two’s -interval was granted, and during that time the bowels were evacuated by -an enema. Then the treatment was renewed as before, but a rather more -liberal diet was permitted. All the time the second decoction was taken -for drink as freely as the patient could be induced to swallow it. -Gradually the usual habits of eating and drinking were resumed. - -It is not surprising to learn that the treatment just described was -soon accused of so reducing the strength of many patients that they -never recovered from it, and it was being abandoned when Boerhaave -revived it for a time as a remedy in syphilitic cases. - - [Illustration: PREPARATION OF GUAIACUM REMEDIES AND THEIR - ADMINISTRATION. - - (Etching by Stradanus, 1570.) - - _Reproduced (by permission) from “The Follies of Science at the - Court of Rudolph II.” by H. Carrington Bolton, Pharmaceutical Review - Publishing Co., Milwaukee, U.S.A._] - - - IPECACUANHA. - -Although several earlier allusions to ipecacuanha have been found, -the first being in an account of Brazil by a Portuguese friar given -in Purchas’s “Pilgrimes” (1625), where the medicine is named Igpecaya -and is described as a remedy for the bloody flux, its effective -introduction to European medicine was in the year 1686, when Louis XIV -bought from Jean Adrien Helvetius the secret of a medicine with which -he had performed a number of remarkable cures of diarrhœa and dysentery. - -Helvetius, whose original name was Schweitzer, was the son of a Dutch -quack, and had gone to Paris to try to sell his father’s compounds -there. Apparently he had also enrolled himself as a student of -medicine, for he is reported to have accompanied a physician of note at -the period, named Afforty, in his attendance on a merchant variously -called Grenier and Garnier. The merchant, having recovered from his -illness, wished to present to Afforty a parcel of a new drug which -he had received from Brazil. Afforty was not tempted by the offer, -but his companion was more open to be influenced by something new. He -experimented with the medicine and found it of remarkable efficacy in -dysentery. Thereupon he placarded the corners of the streets with his -announcements of a new remedy but without stating what the drug was. -Colbert, having heard of the success of Helvetius, mentioned the remedy -to Louis XIV when the dauphin was ill with dysentery, and the young -Dutch quack was sent for. With the consent of the court physician, -D’Aquin, Helvetius treated the Dauphin and cured him. As a result the -king authorised D’Aquin and his confessor, the Père de la Chaise, to -negotiate with Helvetius for the publication of his secret, which -he sold for a thousand louis d’or, for a share in which the merchant -Garnier unsuccessfully sued. This was the beginning of a successful -career which was continued by his son and his grandson. The last became -France’s fashionable poet and philosopher in the generation before -the Revolution. The discoverer of ipecacuanha was appointed Inspector -General of the Hospitals of Flanders, and became physician to the Duke -of Orleans. - -It appears from a treatise which Helvetius wrote that at first -ipecacuanha was given in doses of two drachms, sometimes in decoctions -and sometimes in enemas. Hans Sloane in England and Leibnitz in Germany -wrote warmly in favour of the new remedy, but it was not till thirty -years after it had been introduced that the dose was popularly reduced -to some four to ten grains. Dover’s lucky combination of ipecacuanha -with opium had a great effect in ensuring its permanent adoption. - - - KOUSSO. - -Although Bruce, the African traveller and others had described the tree -which bears the kousso flowers in Abyssinia (Hagena Abyssinica) and had -noted that the natives used these as worm medicine, the first knowledge -of them actually made use of came through a French physician named -Brayer residing in Constantinople about the year 1820. Brayer was one -day in a café where was a waiter extremely emaciated and who suffered -cruel pains from tapeworm. An old Armenian came into the café and told -this waiter that he possessed a remedy which his son had brought from -Abyssinia, and which he was sure would cure him. Brayer ascertained the -successful result of the experiment and subsequently tested the remedy -himself on other patients with similar results. He sent some of the -flowers to the German botanist Kunth, to whom they were new, and who -named the tree _Brayera anthelmintica_. Still it does not appear -that much notice was taken of the reports until about the year 1850, -when a Frenchman offered the flowers in London for 35s. per ounce. The -fancy price attracted attention to the remedy, which proved effectual. - - - OPIUM. - -The ancients recognised two kinds of opium. The superior kind was -called opion, and was the juice which exuded from the poppy head while -it was growing; and the second quality, which was named meconion, was -an extract made from the crushed heads and leaves of the poppy. - -It is doubtful whether Hippocrates was acquainted with the juice of the -poppy at all. He refers to mecon but he attributes to it a purgative -as well as a narcotic power; it is therefore probable that he alludes -to some other plant. In any case, he made but very little use of -poppy or opium if he used either. Theophrastus certainly knew opium, -and Dioscorides distinguishes opion and meconion as explained above. -Dioscorides also gives the receipt for the famous Dia-kodion (made from -the poppy head), the original of our syrup of poppies. His process was -to macerate 120 poppy heads for two days in three sextarii (a sextarius -was nearly equal to our Imperial pint) of rain-water. This was boiled, -strained, mixed with honey, and boiled down to a suitable consistence. - -Probably the shopkeepers and travelling quacks made more use of opium -in Rome than the regular physicians. Galen expressly says that he never -used the drug except in very urgent cases; but he enthusiastically -commends several confections such as theriaca which owed their -efficiency to opium more than to any other ingredient. Indeed it may -be said that the fame of those compounds was due to opium, and that by -them the medicinal employment of the drug was maintained during many -centuries. - -We know that Paracelsus owed much of his success to the bold way -in which he administered opium to his patients; evidence that his -contemporaries did not use it to any great extent. His followers were -as enthusiastic as himself over the virtues of opium, and before -long the most serious practitioners were advocating it, and devising -formulas for its suitable administration. Platerus of Basle about 1600 -strongly recommended it, and Sylvius (de la Boe) a Dutch physician said -that without opium he would not practise. Van Helmont about 1640 used -opium so frequently that he was called the Doctor Opiatus. Sydenham -about 1680 says, “Among the remedies which it has pleased Almighty -God to give to man to relieve his sufferings, none is so universal -and so efficacious as opium.” Many other eminent physicians might be -cited to the same effect, and some who took an opposite view. Stahl, -for instance, wrote a treatise entitled De Imposturis Opii. Hoffmann -considered that the use of opium was greatly abused, and he believed -his ether would fulfil its purpose in almost all cases. - - - QUASSIA - -was sent to Linnæus from Surinam in 1763 by C. D. Dallberg, one of -his pupils, with the statement that it formed the basis of a secret -remedy employed there by a negro slave in endemic malignant fevers. The -negro’s name was reported as Quassi, and from this Linnæus invented the -name of quassia. This bitter wood was obtained from a shrub growing in -Dutch Guiana, but for the English market it was subsequently superseded -by the wood of a large tree growing in Jamaica, belonging to the same -genus. The earlier product is, however, still used in France and -Germany. Ritman, who was in Surinam in 1756, said he had met with the -old negro, Quassi, there, and reported that he was almost worshipped by -some, while others suspected him of magic. Ritman, however, found him a -simple old man skilled in old women’s medicines. - - - SARSAPARILLA. - -Sarsaparilla was introduced to Europe early in the sixteenth century, -and soon leaped into fame. The great Emperor Charles V, was cured -of gout by it, or fancied he was, and this gave it an enormous -advertisement. It appeared afterwards that it was really China root, -another smilax, that was given to the Emperor, but it was called -sarsaparilla, and the western medicine got the glory. Sarsaparilla -was vaunted as a cure for syphilis, but physicians were not long in -discovering that it was much more effectual whenever it was combined -with mercurials. Its advocates insisted that it was a wonderful -sudorific, and for many years a “sweating cure” was practised in -Denmark and Sweden with apparent success. As a matter of fact -sarsaparilla has no sudorific properties whatever; but it was given in -long draughts, other more effective medicines were associated with it, -and vigorous exercise and heavy blankets were adjuncts of the cure. It -is not surprising that a sudorific result ensued. - -Other confusions have distinguished the history of this so-called -remedy. The species which Linnæus selected as the medicinal -sarsaparilla and which he named _Smilax sarsaparilla_, happens to -be about the only one of some two hundred species which has never been -employed in medicine at all. It is only found in North America and not -further south than Virginia. Jamaica sarsaparilla has the reputation of -being the best, and that comes from Central America. The sarsaparilla -which actually grows in Jamaica is not valued in European markets. The -origin of the name of sarsaparilla is not agreed upon. Some authorities -attribute it to sarsa--red, and parilla--a little vine. Littré derives -it from zarza--a bramble, and Parilla--a hypothetical Spaniard who -helped to introduce it. The native Indians call it salsa, and the -French follow this origin and call it salsepareille. - - - STRAMONIUM - -may have been known to the ancients as a poison. Dioscorides included -it among the henbanes, and Avicenna is supposed to have described -it under the name of the Methel nut. Some species of Datura were -frequently used in Eastern countries by thieves and sorcerers to -induce delirium and subsequent coma, and the herb had the worst of -reputations when Störck, of Vienna, experimented with it first on -himself about 1765. In consequence of its action on the brain he gave -it in cases of mania and epilepsy, and he and some practitioners who -followed him claimed to have administered it in such diseases with much -success. Its action as an asthma remedy was, however, a popular Indian -tradition which was made known to Europeans through a General Gent -about 1802. It had been recommended to him by a native, and he found -so much relief from it that he introduced it to Dr. Anderson who was -practising at Madras. It was stated that General Gent used it so freely -and so frequently that it caused his death. - - - - - XX - - FAMILIAR MEDICINES AND SOME NOTES OF THEIR HISTORIES. - - Morbi, non eloquentia sed remediis, curantur. - CELSUS: _De Re Medica_. - - - BLACK DRAUGHT. - -Laxative or cathartic potions have been prescribed in all modern -pharmacopœias, most of them being preparations of senna. The original -one was devised by Mannagetta, an Italian physician at the court of the -Emperor Rudolph II, about 1600. His prescription became popular under -the title of Aqua, or Potio Laxativa Viennensis, and was popularly -known all over Germany as “Wiener Trank.” The formula was 1 oz. of -senna, 6 drachms of currants, 2 drachms of coriander seeds, and 2½ -drachms of cream of tartar. These ingredients were packed in a bag -and suspended in hot water for a night. In the morning the liquor was -strained after the bag had been pressed, and 5 oz. of manna and 3 -drachms of cream of tartar added. The dose was 3 to 4 oz. In the London -Pharmacopœia the alkaline salt of tartar was at first prescribed with -the senna, but later the acid tartrate of potash was preferred. In the -Edinburgh Pharmacopœias of the eighteenth century a formula for “Infusi -Sennæ Unciæ Quatuor” was included, while the London Pharmacopœias of -the same period provided an alkaline infusion, and an “Infusum Sennæ -Limoniatum,” containing lemon peel and lemon juice with the object of -making the draught less nauseous. - -The modern combination of sulphate of magnesia with an infusion or -tincture of senna, and sometimes with manna, sometimes with ammonia, -and always with some aromatic ingredient, began to be used about the -beginning of the nineteenth century. The earliest mention of the term -“black draught” that I have met with is in Paris’s “Pharmacologia,” -1824. It was dropped out from later editions. The mixture was called -“black dose” in Brande’s “Materia Medica and Pharmacy,” 1839. The -phrases “black draught” and “blue pills” were not given as synonyms in -the Pharmacopœia until 1885. They are essentially English. Dorvault -gives a formula (practically the Mist. Sennæ Co.) entitled “Potion -Noire Anglaise,” and Hager has “Pilulæ Hydrargyrosæ seu pilulæ ceruleæ -Anglorum.” - - - BLAUD’S PILLS. - -These pills are probably taken in larger numbers than any other pills -sold in Great Britain. If in proper condition they present iron in the -form of the protocarbonate, either formed in the pills, or perhaps -partially or entirely in the stomach. They are similar to Griffiths’ -pills, which were the popular Mist. Ferri Co. in pilular form. Dr. J. -Blaud, a French provincial practitioner, in an article published in the -_Revue Medicale_, in 1831, entitled “Memoires sur les Maladies -Chlorotiques,” gave the following formula:-- - -“Gummi Arabici, 5 grammes; solve calore baln. vapor in aquæ -distillatæ, 30·5; syrupi simplicis 15 grammes; ferri sulfuric. sicci, -30; quibus caute mixtis adde kalii carbonici, 30; et inter agitatione -ope spatula ferreæ in balneo vaporis evaporando ad massam pilularum -redige; e qua forma pilulas 120; obducantur argento foliato.” - -There has been much discussion concerning the best method of making -these pills so as to keep them from oxidation. Honey was for a long -time generally used as the excipient, but glycerin and sugar are -generally preferred with gum acacia or tragacanth. Pilula Ferri, B.P., -is a substitute for Blaud’s pills. - - - THE CHELSEA PENSIONER. - -An electuary for rheumatism bearing this title was evidently popular -under the above name in the early part of the nineteenth century, -but I have not been able to discover where or when or with whom it -originated. The compilers of books of formulas naturally copy from -each other, and consequently a legend once started is likely to become -crystallised. - -In _The Chemist and Druggist_, of June 13th, 20th, and 27th, 1896, -an attempt was made to track this medicine to its origin, and a number -of old formulas were sent in by correspondents. The statement is made -in many books that the compound acquired its name from the circumstance -that the recipe for it was given by a Chelsea Pensioner to Lord Amherst -for gout and proved so successful that Lord Amherst gave him £300 and -an annuity of £20. Sometimes this story associated Lord Anson with -the pensioner and the amounts given in gratitude varied from £300 to -500 guineas, with an annuity sometimes of £20, sometimes of £30, and -occasionally of £100. The then living descendants of Lords Amherst and -Anson were written to by _The Chemist and Druggist_, but neither -could give any information. It rather looks as if the fiction were -concocted as an advertisement in the days when the electuary was a -proprietary medicine, if it ever was. - -The earliest formula traced in the correspondence referred to was given -in Gray’s Supplement, 1821. This ran:--Pulv. gum. guaiaci, ʒi; pulv. -rhei, ʒij; pulv. pot. bitart., 1 oz.; flor. sulph., 2 oz.; one nutmeg, -and 1 lb. of honey. Of this, the dose was two tablespoonfuls night and -morning. Sometimes pulv. pot. nit. is substituted for pulv. pot. bit.; -probably a mistake of a copyist. In other formulas mustard appears -instead of nutmeg; perhaps a similar slip for myristica. Treacle -occasionally takes the place of honey, and the proportions of the -ingredients vary considerably. - -The Secretary of the Chelsea Hospital was good enough to take some -trouble in reply to my inquiry to endeavour to trace this compound, -but only negative results were attained. Dr. Thomas Ligertwood, the -oldest living medical officer of the Royal Hospital, was appealed to, -but he only knew of the remedy as “a very useful combination,” and had -never heard the story of Lord Amherst’s purchase of the secret. He -thought some information might be found in a work on the “Diseases and -Infirmities of Old Age” by Dr. Daniel Maclachlan, a former Principal -Medical Officer of Chelsea Hospital. That work (dated 1863) contains -two allusions to the Chelsea Pensioner, but nothing about its history. -Writing of Chronic Rheumatism the author says:--“ ... The more -stimulating diaphoretics and diuretics prove serviceable. Among these -the preparations of guaiacum deserve the confidence they have long -enjoyed. The virtue of the powder (_sic_) known as the Chelsea -Pensioner is chiefly due to the guaiacum and sulphur it contains.” In -the section on gout he writes:--“The once famous Portland Powder has -for long been abandoned, as has also the almost equally noted Chelsea -Pensioner gout powder. One formula for the latter consisted of rhubarb, -sulphur, nitre, and gum guaiacum, in equal parts. Fifteen or twenty -grains of the powder were taken morning and evening in treacle. Another -was powdered bark, ginger, guaiacum, aa ʒi, cream of tartar 1 oz., -flowers of sulphur ½ oz., to be made into an electuary with simple -syrup. One teaspoonful to be taken three times a day. This is certainly -not a bad combination though a nauseous one.” - -The following formula is given in the “Pharmacopœia Batava recusa -cum notis et additamentis Medico-Pharmaceuticis,” published by J. F. -Niemann, in 1824:--Resin of guaiacum, rhubarb, aa ʒij; supertartrate of -potash, 1 oz.; sublimed sulphur, 2 oz.; one nutmeg; despumated honey, 1 -lb. It is evident that this “Anti-Rheumatismal Electuary,” as Niemann -calls it, and the Chelsea Pensioner had a common origin, and as the -formula is not to be found in Niemann’s previous edition, 1811, it -would appear to have come into popularity between that date and 1824. -So far it remains doubtful whether its composition is due to an English -or a Dutch author. - - - CITRINE OINTMENT. - -An ointment thus named appeared first in the P. L. 1650. It was a -compound of coral, limpet shells, quartz, white marble, white lead, and -tragacanth incorporated into a basis of hogs’ lard, suet, and hens’ -grease. It was reputed useful for certain skin complaints, freckles, -etc. In the P.L. 1678 some of the old ingredients were omitted, -sugar of lead was substituted for the white lead and rose water, and -frankincense and citron bark were added. - -Nitrate of mercury ointment appeared first in the Edinburgh -Pharmacopœia of 1722. It was made by dissolving mercury in a sufficient -quantity of nitric acid, and adding the solution to melted lard -gradually. This was not a satisfactory formula, and it was not until -1787 that anything similar was introduced into the P.L., when 1 oz. -of mercury, 2 oz. of nitrous acid, and 1 lb. of lard were combined. -This was intended, according to Christison, as an imitation of the -well-known golden eye salve, which, however, was, as we know it, -an ointment of the red oxide of mercury. Other authorities, Paris -Dorvault, Gray, etc., have stated that Singleton’s golden eye ointment -was an ointment of sulphuret of arsenic, orpiment some say, realgar -others. Pliny refers to the use of sandrach (probably realgar) as an -application in ophthalmic affections. - -Apparently the originator of the P.L. nitrate of mercury ointment was -a Dr. Thomas Nettleton of Halifax, Yorkshire. In a pamphlet entitled -“On a Safe and Efficacious Medicine in Sore Eyes and Eyelids,” by -Thomas Dawson, M.D., of Hackney, printed in 1782, the writer relates -that he had heard of a yellow ointment specially good for sore eyes, -which fifty years previously had been in the possession of Dr. Thomas -Nettleton of Halifax, “whose merit as a man and a physician exceeds all -encomium.” One day one of Dr. Dawson’s patients told him of a yellow -ointment she had had from a Dr. Key, of Manchester, who had been a -pupil of Dr. Nettleton’s. Dr. Dawson wrote to Dr. Key, who at once -sent him the recipe, which was as follows:-- - -Take 1 oz. each of aqua fortis and mercury; dissolve and add the -solution to 8 oz. of butter melted. To this add 2 drachms of camphor -dissolved in 2 oz. of olive oil. - -About the end of the eighteenth century, a citrine ointment, made -with an ounce of mercury dissolved in nitric acid and incorporated -with a pound of lard, was introduced into the Hotel Dieu Hospital of -Paris, and used to cure itch. The formula was adopted in the Dublin -Pharmacopœia, 1807. - - - COLD CREAM. - -The Unguentum Refrigerans, also called “Ceratum,” appeared in the first -P.L., the formula being attributed to Galen. Four ounces of white wax -were melted in 1 lb. of rose oil (ol. rosarum omphacinum, that is, -olive oil in which rose buds 4 oz. to the lb. had been macerated, the -maceration being carried out three times, each time with a fresh lot of -roses). The melted oil and wax were to be poured frequently from one -vessel to another, stirring in a little cold water meanwhile, until the -mixture became white. Lastly, it was to be washed with rose water, and -a little rose water and rose vinegar were to be added. - - - DIACHYLON PLASTER. - -The original formula for this plaster was compiled by Tiberius Claudius -Menecrates, who lived in the reign of the Emperor Tiberius, and was -probably his physician. In a Greek inscription discovered at Rome he -is described as Physician of the Cæsars, probably Tiberius, Caligula, -and Claudius, for he died in the reign of the last named. He wrote a -great work on remedies entitled “Autocrator Hologrammatos,” literally, -“The Emperor, whose words are written in full.” Probably the book was -dedicated to one of the Emperors, and thus got its first title. The -second intimates that the recipes are written out in full so that any -reader could understand them; suggesting that the other physicians who -wrote such books were in the habit of employing abbreviations. - -The formula for diachylon and the directions for compounding it were -put into iambic verses by Servilius Damocrates, who lived a little -later than Menecrates, and it is in this form that they have been -preserved by Galen. Briefly the composition was to incorporate 1 lb. -each of the mucilages of fœnugreek, of linseed, and of marshmallow root -with 3 lb. of old oil, and 1½ lb. of golden litharge. The mucilages -were made by boiling the seeds and root in water. Damocrates concludes -his poem with the line (I quote from the Latin translation): “Vocabat -ipsum non absurde Dia Chylon.” - -Mesué wrote at length about this plaster, and devised a much more -complicated formula which was named Diachylum Magnum. It contained, -besides the mucilages already named, others made from raisins and figs, -juices of orris, squill, and dill, œsypus (sheep wool fat), turpentine, -rosin, and wax. Subsequent authors also devoted their talents to the -further improvement of this famous preparation. - -Diachylon meant a preparation of juices, and this plaster received the -name of plaster of the mucilages in many pharmacopœias. In 1746 the -London College, having dismissed the adjuncts, altered the name of -the simple plaster to Emplastrum Commune, but the old term has refused -to die. An Emplastrum Commune cum Gummi was also prescribed. This -contained galbanum, thus, and turpentine combined with the Emplastrum -Commune. - -The Menecrates to whom we owe Diachylon is alleged to have written 155 -works, and Galen gives a number of his formulas, but no other than -Diachylon has survived. He must not be confounded with the perhaps -more celebrated Menecrates who was physician to Philip of Macedon. -This one was particularly noted for his vanity, which amused the king. -Once he wrote a letter to Philip commencing “Menecrates-Jupiter to -King Philip, greeting.” The king replied, heading his letter, “Philip -to Menecrates, Health and Common Sense.” Menecrates got himself up -to look like Jupiter, and had attendants who were made to figure as -Apollo, Æsculapius, and Mercury. Philip gave a banquet in his honour. A -separate table was reserved for him, and instead of viands only incense -was served to him, while the other guests were gloriously feasted. -Menecrates was offended at the joke and left the table in anger. He is -credited with having written a Book of Remedies, but it has been lost. - - - DOVER’S POWDER. - -Thomas Dover, to whom we owe “Dover’s Powder,” practised as a doctor -in London in the first half of the eighteenth century. He was born -and buried at Barton on the Heath in Warwickshire in 1660. How he got -his medical training is not on record, but some time in his youth he -lived in the house of Thomas Sydenham, the famous physician, from -whom probably he acquired his independent ideas of medical treatment, -and possibly the germ of his lack of reverence for the College of -Physicians. While living with Sydenham he had small-pox, and forty or -fifty years later he described how the doctor treated him. First he was -bled to the extent of 22 oz.; then he took an emetic. He only took to -his bed when he became blind with the disease. In his bedroom he had -no fire, the windows were always kept open, and the bedclothes were -only allowed up to his waist. This was in the middle of January. For -medicine, Dover says, “he made me take twelve bottles of small beer -acidulated with spirit of vitriol every twenty-four hours,” and he -concludes, “I never lost my senses one moment.” - -Having resisted both the disease and the treatment, Dover is first -heard of in practice in Bristol in 1684. He plodded along there until -1708, when at the age of forty-eight he set out with a privateering -party on a voyage round the world. The expedition consisted of two -ships, the _Duke_ and the _Duchess_. Captain Woodes-Rogers, -who has left an account of the voyage, was in chief command, and Dover -on the _Duke_ was his lieutenant. He must have had previous -experience of seafaring life or he would never have been entrusted with -the command of a vessel. - -The buccaneers were away from England three years, and when they -returned they brought with them a Spanish frigate of twenty-one -guns, and a quantity of loot. One event of their voyage proved to -be of world-famous importance. On February 2, 1709, Dover, on the -_Duke_, touched at the island of Juan Fernandez and took on board -Alexander Selkirk who had lived alone on the island four years and four -months, and whose story was to develop in the skilful hands of Defoe -into that of the immortal Robinson Crusoe. - -A few months after leaving Juan Fernandez the expedition arrived at -Guayaquil in Peru. Having duly sacked the city and stored their plunder -in the ships, the sailors slept in the churches, and Dover quaintly -relates how annoyed they were by the smell of the Spanish corpses; -for plague was raging in the place at the time, and the victims were -buried just under the floors with only a plank or two over them. Two -days later, at sea, the disease broke out among the crews. They had -180 cases all at the same time, and Dover had four surgeons with him. -He ordered them to go round and start bleeding all the patients, and -to stop the bleeding when the round had been completely made. About -100 oz. of blood, he says, was taken from each man. Then he gave them -spirit of vitriol, and only seven or eight died. - -The next we know of Dover is that from 1721 to 1728 he was in practice -in Cecil Street, Strand; he returned to Gloucestershire for a few -years, then came back to London and practised in Lombard Street, -removing in 1736 to Arundel Street, Strand. - -He is supposed to have died about 1742. It was in these latter years -that he wrote his “Ancient Physician’s Legacy to his Country.” He -describes himself on the title-page as Thomas Dover, M.B., and his book -as “Being what he has collected in forty-nine years’ Practice, or an -account of the several diseases incident to mankind, described in so -plain a manner that any person may know the nature of his own disease. -Together with the several remedies for each distemper faithfully set -down.” - -In this work Dover relates a number of wonderful cures he had -effected, gives names and addresses of many of his patients, often -adding grateful letters from them. He had but limited confidence in the -“clan of prejudiced gentlemen,” as he calls the College of Physicians, -and he complains vigorously of the extortions of the Apothecaries. -Metallic quicksilver was his panacea, and he prescribed it so lavishly -that he acquired the title of “the quicksilver doctor.” It forms balsam -with the blood, he says. That is why it cures venereal diseases. Other -doctors gave it, but in disguise, in the form of Ethiops Mineral -generally; which was like using the sword in the scabbard. - -His formula for “Diaphoretic Powder” is given in a chapter on gout. It -was as follows:-- - -“Take opium 1 oz.; saltpetre and tartar vitriolated, each 4 oz.; -liquorish 1 oz.; ipecacuanha, 1 oz. Put the saltpetre and tartar into a -red-hot mortar, stirring till they have done flaming. Then powder them -very fine. After that slice in your opium; grind these to a powder, -and then mix the other powders with them. Dose, from 40 to 60 or 70 -grains in a glass of white wine posset going to bed, covering up warm, -and drinking a quart or three pints of the posset while sweating. In -two or three hours at furthest the patient will be free from pain, and -though before not able to put his foot to the ground, ’tis very much if -he cannot walk next day. The remedy may be taken once a week or once a -month.” - -The dose appears to us in these degenerate days a large one, and Dover -states that “some apothecaries have desired their patients to make -their wills before they venture upon so large a dose.” But he declares -he has given up to 100 grains, and the patient has appeared abroad the -next day. The notion of danger, he adds, proceeds entirely from their -ignorance, and from the want of knowing those ingredients that are -mixed up with it, for they naturally weaken the power of the opium. - -Dover’s powder first appeared in the London Pharmacopœia for 1788. -Probably it was adopted after the quack Ward had made it famous as a -“sweating powder.” Ward died in 1761 and the formulæ for his remedies -were published soon after his death. - - - UNGUENTUM ELEMI. - -Ointment of elemi was in all the London Pharmacopœias, and was only -dropped from the B.P. 1898. In the earlier issues it was called -“unguentum or linimentum Arcœi,” because it had been introduced and -recommended by Arcœus of Amsterdam in 1574, for healing wounds. -A similar ointment was called “Balsamum Arcœi” in the Prussian -Pharmacopœia of 1847. The inventor’s formula was to melt together six -parts each of gum elemi and turpentine, and add six parts of melted -stag’s suet, and two parts of oil of St. John’s wort. Arcœus was a -Spaniard by birth, and an eminent authority on the treatment of wounds. - - - FOWLER’S SOLUTION OF ARSENIC. - -Thomas Fowler kept an apothecary’s shop in York from 1760 to 1774. In -the latter year he relinquished trade, and went to Edinburgh to study -medicine. Graduating as M.D. in 1778, he settled at Stafford, and was -appointed physician to the Infirmary of that town. Later, he returned -to York, where he acquired a large practice, and where he died in 1801. - -It was in 1786, during his residence at Stafford, that Dr. Fowler -published his treatise, entitled “Medical Reports of the Effects -of Arsenic in the Cure of Agues, Remitting Fevers, and Periodic -Headaches.” It was only a small work, but it made Fowler’s reputation, -and introduced arsenic into the list of recognised remedies. The -doctor stated that a certain Patent Ague Drops known as Tasteless Ague -and Fever Drops, which had acquired some reputation in this country, -had been occasionally tried in the Stafford Infirmary, and had been -found efficacious. With the assistance of the apothecary to the -Infirmary, a Mr. Hughes (“whose industry, attention, and abilities in -his professional line justly merit applause”) he had ascertained that -these drops were a preparation of arsenic, and he goes on to detail -the experiments which led him and Mr. Hughes to devise the following -formula as representative of the patent medicine:-- - -“Recipe arsenici albi in pulverem subtilissimum triti. - -“Salis alkalini fixi vegetabilis purificati, singulorum grana sexaginta -quatuor. - -“Aquæ fontanæ destillatæ, libram dimidiam. - -“Immitantur in Ampullam florentinam qua in Balneo Arenæ posita, -Aqua lente ebulliat donec Arsenicum perfecte Solutum fierit. Deinde -Solutioni frigidæ adde. - -“Spiritus Lavendulæ compositum, unciam dimidiam. - -“Aquæ fontanæ destillatæ, libram dimidiam, plus vel minus, adeo ut -solutionis mensura libra una accurata fiat, vel potius Pondere unciæ -quindecim cum dimidia.” - -Fowler reminds his readers that of course troy weights are intended, -and he explains that the spirit of lavender is added merely to give the -mixture a medicinal appearance, lest patients entrusted to drop it for -themselves might be tempted to use a water-white solution too freely. -He also suggests that as arsenic conveys rather alarming ideas, this -medicine should be described as “mineral solution.” - -It is universally recognised that Fowler introduced the modern -medicinal employment of arsenic, but it should in fairness be -remembered that he was guided to his discovery by a quack remedy, as -lie himself fully acknowledged. - -The Liquor Arsenici Chloridi, P.L., was adopted from a formula of Dr. -F. de Valangin, a Swiss doctor who qualified in England in 1765. He -made a quantity and presented it to the Apothecaries’ Hall, where it -was sold for some time under the name of Solvent Mineral. - - - FRIAR’S BALSAM. - -Tinct. Benzoin Co., was a copy of Ward’s Balsam, which itself was -only the adaptation of compounds which had been for a long time sold -under the names of Friar’s Balsam, Commander’s Balsam, Jesuit’s Drops, -Turlington’s Drops, and Traumatic Balsam. It was under the last name -that it first appeared in the P.L. of 1746. This was only the Latinised -name of Wound Balsam, another old designation of a similar preparation. - -It is not known how the still popular name for this preparation, -Friar’s Balsam, originated. It is included in the Schedule to the -Medicine Stamp Act of 1812, suggesting that at that time it was -regarded as a proprietary medicine. - -A correspondent of _The Chemist and Druggist_ (P. F. R., April 15, -1885) quoted from the _Western Antiquary_, 1884, page 136, the -curious item that a Portuguese merchant named Peter de Frias obtained -from the Viceroy of Peru, about the year 1581, the fruit of a balm -or balsam. It is not an impossible suggestion that Peter de Frias -may have been the originator of our Friar’s Balsam. The substitution -of benzoin for the balsam of Peru, which was probably the basis of -his “wound balsam,” is easily accounted for. Perhaps a more likely -explanation of the introduction of Friar’s Balsam into the Medicine -Stamp Act is that there was a patent medicine “called the Frier’s -Drops,” patented by Robert Grubb on June 13, 1777. It was intended -for the cure of the venereal disease, scurvy, rheumatism, and other -complaints. It contained calomel, antimony, guaiacum, and balsam of -Peru in spirit. - -The Baume de Commandeur, which was also called Baume du Commandeur de -Permes, and Baume du Chevalier de Saint Victor, seems to have been the -original of these benzoinated tinctures, and acquired considerable -reputation in France. It was evidently at first a proprietary -preparation, but Pomet in 1694 gave a formula for an imitation of it, -with the remark that it would cure in eight days any wound by iron or -fire, if it were not a mortal one. His formula prescribes benzoin, -3 oz.; dry Peruvian balsam, 1 oz.; storax, 2 oz.; Socotrine aloes, -myrrh, olibanum, angelica root, and St. John’s wort flowers, of each ½ -oz. digested in 2½ lb. of spirit, and strained. The Traumatic Balsam -introduced into the P.L. substituted Balsam of Tolu for the Balsam of -Peru, and omitted the myrrh, olibanum, angelica, and St. John’s wort. -This was almost identical with the Tinct. Benzoin Co. of the present -B.P. - -The simple tincture of benzoin was already popular in this country when -the Traumatic Balsam was introduced. It was taken in doses of 20 to 60 -drops in asthma, but its more usual employment was as Lac Virginis (1 -drachm of the tincture in 4 ounces of water) as an application for the -skin. - - - GREGORY’S POWDER. - -The original of the Pulv. Rhei Co. of the British Pharmacopœia was a -prescription very frequently given by Dr. James Gregory, of Edinburgh, -in his time the most famous physician of that city. He died in 1822. -This Dr. Gregory was Professor of Medicine in Edinburgh University, -as his father was before him. His son became Professor of Chemistry -in the same university. Direct ancestors of these Gregorys had been -professors of history, astronomy, and mathematics at Edinburgh, Oxford, -and St. Andrews. Within a century and a half the family furnished -sixteen professors to British universities, and it is a curious -coincidence that the Church of Rome likewise counts sixteen Gregorys -among its Popes. - - [Illustration: DR. JAMES GREGORY. - - Professor of Medicine in Edinburgh University, 1790–1821. Author of - _Conspectus Medicinæ Theoreticæ_ and inventor of Gregory’s Powder. - - (From a mezzotint, “after Raeburn,” in the British Museum.)] - -It does not appear that the Gregory of powder fame ever published any -special recommendation of his compound. He wrote a “Conspectus Medicinæ -Theoreticæ” (1788) but the formula for his powder does not appear in -that book. Annexed is a facsimile of one of Dr. Gregory’s prescriptions -for his powder. He gave this prescription very frequently, but -occasionally varied the proportion of the ingredients. - - [Illustration: FACSIMILE OF DR. GREGORY’S PRESCRIPTION.] - - - HIERA PICRA. - -A medicine with this familiar name can be bought in any chemist’s shop -in Europe or America to-day, just as it could in Damascus a thousand, -or in Rome and Alexandria two thousand years ago. Probably it is the -oldest pharmaceutical compound still in existence. Through all the -centuries the hiera picra known to the public has been a preparation of -aloes. The adjuncts have varied but aloes has always been the essential -ingredient, with one celebrated exception. - -The origin of this medicine is variously stated by medical historians. -The common theory is that it first acquired fame as a remedy employed -in one or other of the Æsculapian Temples. This may have been the case, -but there is no evidence in support of the suggestion. It is possible -that the name may have suggested the notion, and the drug vendors of -Rome would certainly not discourage the fancy. - -Before the time of Julius Cæsar there were no physicians in Rome. Greek -practitioners of the minor arts of medicine, such as bath-keepers, -corn-cutters, tooth-drawers, and herbalists crowded into the great city -as it became rich, and opened shops which were known as “medicinas,” -and it is likely that most of these brought with them a more or less -famous “hiera,” claiming that it had been compounded from a genuine -Temple formula. - -Leclerc, an excellent authority on all matters concerning ancient -medicine, attributes the first Hiera to Themison of Laodicea, who -practised in Rome about 50 B.C., and who is reputed to have -been the first physician to make use of leeches. The Hiera of Themison -was composed of 100 drachms of aloes, with 1 oz. each of mastic, -saffron, Indian nard, carpobalsamum, and asarum. - -The Hiera of Galen, which was modified from that of Archigenes, was -originally in the following form:-- - -Socotrine aloes, 100; cinnamon, spikenard, xylobalsamum, mastic, -asarum, and saffron, of each 6; honey to make an electuary. In the P.L. -this was ordered to be kept in the form of species, and was principally -used to make a tincture which was called tinctura sacra. In the 1721 -edition the mastic and the spikenard were omitted, cardamom seeds being -substituted for the latter, and some cochineal was added with a view to -colouring the tincture. In 1746 hiera picra became simply a mixture of -aloes and canella, and as such it was retained in the following edition -(1788), but under the title of Pulv. Aloeticus, which in the Index is -given as “olim Hiera Picra.” This was the latest reference to Hiera -Picra as such in the London Pharmacopœia. The P.L. of 1788 gave also -a Pulv. Aloeticus c. Guaiaco, which consisted of 1½ oz. of Socotrine -aloes, 1 oz. of powdered guaiacum, and ½ oz. of aromatic powder -(afterwards called Pulv. Cinnamomi Co., and compounded of cinnamon, -cardamoms, ginger, and long pepper). The canella mixture did not appear -again, but that with guaiacum was repeated in all the subsequent London -Pharmacopœias including the last in 1851, but was dropped from the -British Pharmacopœias. - -Pil. Rufi, our Myrrh and Aloes pill, was originally a Hiera invented -by Rufus of Ephesus, who lived in the reign of the Emperor Trajan. The -Hiera was made into pills by the Arabs, and were for a long time known -as Pilulæ Pestilentiales, which was the name Avicenna gave them. In the -early Edinburgh Pharmacopœias they were called Pilulæ Communes. - -Scribonius Largus, physician to the Emperor Tiberius, relates -(A.D. 52) that one of these noted hieras, the Hiera Pachii, -was much sought after, and that large sums had been offered for the -formula. When Pachius died at Antioch the Emperor had his library -searched, and the true recipe for the famous medicine was there found -in a book which Pachius had prepared and had dedicated to the Emperor. -Tiberius handed the formula to Scribonius with instructions for its -publication. The formula given by Scribonius, which it will be noted -contained no aloes, was as follows:--Colocynth, agaric, germander, -white horehound, Arabian stœches (a sort of lavender), of each ℥x; -opoponax, sagapenum, parsley seeds, round birthwort root, white pepper, -of each ℥v; spikenard, cinnamon, myrrh, and saffron, of each ℥iv; -despumated honey, 3 lb. 3 oz. 5 drachms, to make an electuary. - -It is not necessary to describe the other hieras devised by later -authorities, but it may be noted that the Hiera Tralliani compounded -by Alexander of Tralles (about 550 A.D.) contained scammony, -and that he advises concerning it that the quantity of scammony -shall not be increased, as it appears some were inclined to do, not -knowing that thereby they make it useless. For he says it is not the -intention that the medicine should be carried immediately through the -system. It should be detained in the body and conveyed to the remote -parts so as to correct the various humours, open the passages, remove -the obstructions of the nerves, and make way for the motion of the -spirits. This was the formula given in the P.L. 1721 under the name of -Hiera Diacolocynthidis, but our present-day hiera picra has descended -from the Hiera Simplex of Galen. The old dispensatories up to the -eighteenth century give a liberal choice of Hieras, among which were -the Hiera Simplex Galeni cum Agarice, Hiera Logadii, Hiera Antiochi, -Hiera Archigenes, Hiera Tralliani, Hiera Rufi, Hiera Justi, Hiera -Constantini, and others. Originally these were all electuaries made -with honey. It became the practice, however, to keep them in the form -of “species,” and ultimately electuaries went out of fashion altogether. - - - LAUDANUM. - -Paracelsus probably invented the name of laudanum, and seems to have -called several medicines by that term. In one place he expressly states -that his laudanum was made from gold leaf and unperforated pearls; in -other places he seems to mean red precipitate, and undoubtedly opium -or a compound of it was sometimes intended. Crollius gives a formula -for a pill mass, which he designates the laudanum of Paracelsus, which -contained one-fourth of its weight of opium, to which were added -henbane juice, mummy, salts of pearls and corals, the bone of the heart -of a stag, bezoar stone, amber, musk, unicorn, and some species, with -a few drops of many of the essential oils. The Anodynum Specificum of -Paracelsus was a product obtained by first digesting opium, 4, in a -mixture of orange and lemon juices, 180, with distilled frogs’ sperm -water, to which cinnamon, 4, cloves, 45, ambergris, 4, and saffron, 45, -were added. This mixture was digested for a month, and after pressing -and straining, coral, magistery of pearl, and quintessence of gold, of -each 2, were added, together with the salt extracted from the marc. - -The laudanum of the early London Pharmacopœias was a pill mass made -as follows:--Thebaic opium extracted by spirit of wine, ℥i.; saffron, -similarly extracted, ℥iss; castorum, ℥i; combined with ℥ss. of species -of diambræ made into a tincture with spirit of wine; to these might be -added, ex-gratia, ambergris and musk, of each 6 gr., and oil of nutmeg -10 drops. Evaporate the moisture and leave the mass. - -One would think that the name laudanum was an echo of laudandum, and -that has been the usual opinion. But Professor Skeat is confident that -it is a variation of ladanum, which, he says, was a stomachic cordial -made and named from gum labdanum, which had been in medical use for -centuries. This, of course, is possible, but it must be remembered that -Paracelsus was untrammelled by any etymological rules in his invented -words, and that the one unlikely thing for him to do would have been -to adopt with a slight modification the name of a remedy then in use, -if, indeed, a preparation of labdanum was at that time popular, or -even known at all in Germany in his time.[2] Adam of Bodenstein, son -of the theologian Carolstadt, who wrote both for and against Luther’s -doctrines, wrote a treatise in which he professed to explain all the -mysterious terms used by Paracelsus. Laudanum, he says, is from _a -laude_, and was a quintessence of mercury and not an opiate. - -Sydenham’s Laudanum is the preparation of opium which attained the -highest popularity. It has always been the principal liquid preparation -of the drug in continental practice, and formulas for it more or less -corresponding with the original are in all the principal Pharmacopœias -except the British. It was omitted from the P.L. in 1746, or rather a -very similar preparation named Tinctura Thebaiaca was substituted for -it. Sydenham’s formula, which was given incidentally in his description -of the dysentery of 1669–72, prescribed strained opium, 2 oz., saffron -1 oz., cinnamon and cloves of each 1 drachm, and Canary wine, 1 pint. - -“I do not think this preparation has more virtue than the solid -laudanum of the shops,” he wrote; “but I prefer it before that for its -more commodious form, and by reason of the greater certainty of the -dose, for it may be dropped into wine or any distilled water, or into -any other liquor.” - -This passage is quoted from Pechey’s translation of Sydenham’s works. -The allusion to “the solid laudanum of the shops” confirms the opinion -that Sydenham’s was the first liquid preparation generally designated -laudanum. Among the Sloane manuscripts in the British Museum is -included what is described as “The Commonplace Book of an Apothecary -at Great Dunmow,” which contains several more or less similar recipes -for laudanum. The book is dated 1644–5. The most elaborate formula is -headed “Laudanum Josephi Michælis,” and lengthy directions for making -this are given. The ingredients were opium, extract of henbane, species -diambræ (a compound of most of the known spices), pearls, coral, -amber, musk, mummy, cloves, and oil of cloves. Some of these were to -be extracted with spirit of wine, and the spirituous extracts were to -be distilled. Ultimately the whole was to be set aside to ferment for -three months. The dose was stated to be 4 or 5 grains at bedtime. - -Rousseau’s laudanum, which also became famous among opium preparations, -differed from others in being a fermented compound. It was made by -dissolving 12 oz. of honey in 3 lb. of warm water, and setting the -mixture in a warm place. When it began to ferment, 4 oz. of opium mixed -with 12 oz. of water were added, and the fermentation was allowed to -continue at a moderate temperature for a month. After straining, the -liquid was evaporated to 10 oz., and 4½ oz. of alcohol were added. - -Rousseau was a Capuchin monk and was destined for mission work in Asia. -Sent from Rome to Paris to study medicine so that he might be better -fitted for his life’s work, he carried a letter of introduction to -Colbert, the first minister of Louis XIV. Rooms were provided for him -in the Louvre, and there before long he set up a laboratory and began -to prepare and sell medicines. The Capucin of the Louvre became the -fashionable quack, and Louis ordered the Faculty of Medicine to confer -on him a degree. The life was so agreeable that, when orders came from -Rome that he was to proceed on his mission, Rousseau refused, and, -having transferred his allegiance to the order of Cluny, he continued -his medical practice in Paris. Falling ill he refused medical aid, -treated himself with his own compounds, and died. After his death his -brother published his “Remédes et Secréts Eprouvés” (1697). - -Black Drop was the name of a celebrated proprietary medicine very -popular from the first half of the eighteenth, until the early part of -the nineteenth century. Its inventor was one Edward Runstall of Bishop -Auckland in the county of Durham, but it also came to be known as the -Lancaster or the Quaker’s Black Drop. A formula for it was found by a -Dr. Armstrong among the papers of a relative of the proprietor, and was -published in a treatise on fevers in the early part of the nineteenth -century. The recipe was as follows:--Opium, ½ lb.; good verjuice (the -juice of the wild crab), 4 pints; nutmegs, 1½ oz.; saffron, ½ oz. Boil -to a proper consistence, set in a warm place, add two spoonfuls of -yeast, set in a warm place for six or eight weeks, then in the open -air until it becomes of the consistence of syrup. Decant, filter, and -bottle, putting a little sugar into each bottle. - -This preparation was three times the strength of laudanum. The acetum -opii of the Edinburgh and Dublin Pharmacopœias was intended as a -substitute, but closer approximations to the original formula were -given in the Hamburg Codex of 1845 and in the U.S. Pharmacopœia of -1851. The growing favour with which morphine was regarded gradually -destroyed the popularity of the Black Drop. - - - TINCTURA LAVANDULÆ COMPOSITA - -has much fallen from its earlier glories. In the P.L., 1721, it was -made with French brandy and twenty-seven other ingredients, including -besides lavender, sage, rosemary, betony, borage, lilies of the valley, -cowslips, balm, orange flowers, bay berries, cinnamon, mace, nutmegs, -cardamoms, cubebs, aloes wood, ambergris, saffron, musk roses, and -a few other less familiar flowers or cordials. The preparation was -known as Palsy Drops, but I am not sure whether the official compound -acquired this title, or whether it was an imitation of a tincture -previously known as such. - - - LENITIVE ELECTUARY. - -The formula prescribed in the first London Pharmacopœia was as -follows:--Raisins (stoned), polypody of the oak, Eastern senna, of -each 2 oz.; herb mercury, 1½ handful; jujubes and sebestens, of each -20; maidenhair, violets, and cleaned barley, of each 1 handful; prunes -(stoned), tamarinds, of each 6 drachms; liquorice, ½ oz. - -These drugs were to be boiled in 10 lb. of water to one-third of its -volume, and to the strained liquor were to be added pulp of cassia -fistula, tamarinds, prunes, sugar of violets, of each 6 oz.; sugar, 2 -lb.; and at last 1½ oz. of powdered senna was to be incorporated to -each pound of the electuary. - -In the Pharmacopœia of 1650 powdered aniseed, 2 drachms to each pound -of the electuary, was added in order to correct the action of the senna. - -In 1721 figs (20) took the place of the jujubes and sebestens; and -powdered coriander seeds were substituted for the aniseed. - -In the Pharmacopœia of 1746 the preparation was much simplified, the -raisins, polypody, herb mercury, maidenhair, violets, and barley, being -rejected. The formula then adopted was very nearly the same as the one -now prescribed, but the name of the compound was changed in 1851 to -Confection of Senna. - -As in the case of most other medicines, the dose of this compound has -been gradually reduced. There was more senna in proportion to the -finished product in the old formulas than in the modern ones; but the -dose was stated by Culpepper to be “one ounce for a man of reasonable -strength.” Later a piece the size of a walnut was recommended; now the -official dose is 1 to 2 drachms. - -For a long time this preparation was grossly adulterated. “I -understand,” says Paris, “that a considerable quantity is manufactured -in Staffordshire in which unsound or spoilt apples are an ingredient; -that jalap blackened with walnut liquor is frequently substituted for -pulp of cassia; and that the great bulk of what is sold in London is -little else than prunes, figs, and jalap.” - - - COMPOUND LIQUORICE POWDER. - -Although this popular medicine was only made official by being adopted -in the B. P. Additions, 1874, it had already acquired reputation as -a pleasant laxative in household medicine, and had been familiar in -German pharmacy for the better part of a century. It first appeared -in the Prussian Pharmacopœia in 1799, and had been devised by a noted -physician of Berlin, Dr. E. G. Kurella, who died in the year named. -He called the mixture Pectoral Powder, and he made an electuary from -similar ingredients. - -The Prussian powder looks like a modification of a compound senna -powder included in the first London Pharmacopœia, 1618. This contained -senna, liquorice, caraway, fennel, cumin, spikenard, cinnamon, -galangal, and gromwell seeds. Its “first contriver” (says Quincy) was -Isaac Hollandicus. - - - OPODELDOC. - -So far as can be traced Paracelsus first used the term opodeldoc (or -as it is generally found in his works, opodelloch or opodeltoch). If -he invented the word it is probable that he did not derive it from -any etymological elements. Various suggestions have been made from -time to time in explanation of the term, but without any sound basis. -The most ingenious one is given by Hermann Peters in his “Pictorial -History of Ancient Pharmacy.” He derives it from the first syllabic -of opoponax, the second syllable of bedellium, and the third syllable -of aristolochia root. These were the principal ingredients of the old -opodeldoc plaster as it appeared in the last Nuremburg edition of the -“Dispensatory of Valerius Cordus.” - -In some dictionaries Mindererus is credited with the invention of the -word, but incorrectly. He uses it, but expressly attributes it to -Paracelsus. In his “Medicina Militaris,” for example, he advises the -army doctor to “be provided with a good plaister for wounds made by -thrusting (spear-wounds) such as are the opodeldoc of Theophrastus.” -Schröder, another medical author of about the same date (1600) also -refers to the “oppodeldoch plaister of Paracelsus.” Paracelsus only -uses the term opodeldoc for plasters, and for these he does not give a -specific formula. One of his annotators, Felix Wurtz, however, states -that the following was the method of preparing the great opodeldoch -plaster which Paracelsus was in the habit of using. Its formula was as -follows:-- - - Galbanum, opoponax, of each 3 oz.; ammoniacum, bdellium, of each - 1 oz. Macerate for eight days in distilled vinegar and slowly - evaporate the solution to the consistence of honey. Then boil - together, litharge in fine powder, ½ lb., with 1½ lb. of oil, - stirring until the compound acquires the colour of bay. Add 1 - lb. of wax, and when melted mix with the solution the gums above - mentioned, and soon after add 3 oz. of oil of laurinus. Stir all - these diligently until they are perfectly mixed, then remove - from the fire and work in the following powders, all finely - powdered:-- - - Crocus martial, mummy, prepared magnet, magistery of white - coral, and magistery of red coral, of each ½ oz.; calamine, - myrrh, frankincense, mastich, aristolochia root, of each 2 oz. - Stir these gradually with the liquefied plaster. - - Separately mix 1 drachm of powdered amber, 1 drachm of oil of - laurinus, and ½ oz. of turpentine, and add to them 1 drachm - of camphor and ½ drachm of saffron. Add this mixture to the - plaster, and when perfectly blended form into magdaleons - (rolls). These may be slightly softened with oil of St. John’s - wort. - -The author explains that this plaster will heal all wounds and all -ordinary ulcers without the formation of pus; but for rodent ulcers -he recommends the addition of 1 drachm of the following mixture of -powders to each ½ oz. of plaster:--Crocus of antimony, vitriol of -calcined rubies, and red precipitate; equal parts worked in with a -little oil of turpentine. Other forms were given by different authors, -but this was the one which was adopted in the P.L., 1721. - -Just when the name was transferred from a plaster to the liquid soap -liniment cannot be traced; it was applied to an ointment on the way. -There is a formula for an Unguentum Opodeldoch in the first Edinburgh -Pharmacopœia, 1722, as follows:-- - - “Rad. angelicæ, aristolochiæ longæ, imperatoriæ, aa 2 oz.; - - “Fol. ocimi (basil), origani, salviæ, serpylli, - - “Flor anthos, lavandulæ, aa 1½ oz.; - - “Bacc. juniper, lauri, sem. cummini, aa 2 oz.; castorei, 1 oz. - -“Affunde Spirit. Vini Rect. congium unum. Digere frigide per triduum -in vaso clauso; tandem humitatur in B.M. tepidum per horas aliquot. -Colatura expressæ adde - - “Camphoræ 1 oz., saponis Venet. minutim incisi, lbii. - -“Digere rursus in vase circularorio juncturis lutatis, leni calore B.M. -donec coeant in unguentum.” - -Steer’s opodeldoc was similar to this compound, but with some ammonia -added. It appeared about the middle of the eighteenth century, and -foreign dispensatories state that it was the patent of an English -doctor. I have not been able to trace either the patent or the doctor. -Steer’s opodeldoc was evidently the model imitated in most of the -foreign pharmacopœias. - - - PAREGORIC. - -Paregoric Elixir originated with Le Mort, Professor of Chemistry at -the University of Leyden from 1702 till 1718, when he died and was -succeeded by Boerhaave. A modification of Le Mort’s formula was given -in the P.L., 1721, as Elixir Asthmaticum, thus:--Honey and liquorice -root, of each 4 oz.; flowers of benjamin and opium, of each 1 drachm; -camphor, 2 scruples; oil of aniseed, ½ drachm; salt of tartar, 1 oz.; -spirit of wine, 2 lb. Quincy (1724) says, “there is not any composition -of our shops to be compared to it in the intention in which it is -ordered.” He explains that opium procures a truce with the cough, -and so provides a better opportunity for the other ingredients to -rarefy and thin the viscid cohesions in the vessels, and fit them for -circulation and secretion. In the P.L., 1746, the honey, liquorice, -and salt of tartar were omitted, and the name of the preparation was -changed to Elixir Paregoricum. The Edinburgh Pharmacopœia of 1756 left -out the honey, liquorice, and salt of tartar, substituted saffron for -camphor, and ammoniated the spirit. The P.E. also adopted the name of -Paregoric. In the P.L., 1788, the official name became Tinct. Opii -Camphorata, and in 1851, Tinct. Camphoræ Co. A similar formula appears -in most foreign Pharmacopœias. In the German Pharmacopœia and in some -others it is called Tinct. Opii Benzoica. - -Paregoric, that is, soothing, remedies were frequently spoken of before -the adjective became specific. Leclerc, dealing with the later Greek -and Roman remedies, states that preparations into which poppy juice -or opium entered as an essential ingredient, whether they were pills -or liquids, were called anodyna or paregorica. Bishop Berkeley said -of his tar water that it was “both paregoric and cordial.” The word -was derived from a Greek combination originally meaning to speak in -an assembly, but it acquired the secondary sense of speaking words of -consolation. - - - PIL. COCHIA. - -Pil. Cochia originated with the Greco-Roman physicians, from Galen -onwards, and all the formulas for it associate aloes with a more -drastic purgative such as colocynth, which is the usual ingredient. -The term, however, did not come into use until about the seventh -century, and according to some authorities it was first formally -adopted by Rhazes, the Arab. The predecessors of our pills were called -“katapotia,” which meant things to be swallowed, and the earlier -prescribers directed katapotia of such a size. Celsus, for example, -orders katapotia of the size of an almond, of an Egyptian bean, and so -on. Subsequently as patients became more fastidious they were humoured -by the doctors, and katapotia of the size of a coccus, which was a -lentil berry, were prescribed. Coccion meant a diminutive coccus, and -as the pill of aloes and colocynth was frequently prescribed in this -way the term came to distinguish those pills particularly. Paul of -Ægina’s formula (sixth century) ordered aloes and colocynth pulp, and -extract of wormwood, of each one part, with scammony two parts. To be -made into pills of the size of a coccus. Eleven were to be taken for -a dose. The early London Pharmacopœias contained formulas for pilulæ -cocciæ majores, from Rhazes, and pilulæ cocciæ minores, from Galen. -Only the latter survived. In the P.L., 1746, the name of Pilulæ cocciæ -minores was changed to Pilulæ ex Colocynthide cum Aloe, and the -formula ordered Socotrine aloes and scammony, of each 2 oz.; pulp of -colocynth 1 oz.; oil of cloves, 2 drachms. - - - PLUMMER’S PILLS. - -Pil. Calomel. Co. originated from a formula devised by Dr. Andrew -Plummer, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh in the -middle of the eighteenth century. Dr. Plummer first published his -formula in the “Edinburgh Medical Essays,” 1751. It was only a slight -modification of the Pilulæ Æthiopicæ which were already official in the -Edinburgh Pharmacopœia. These were originally a combination of Ethiops -Mineral with the golden sulphide of antimony, but the Edinburgh College -had substituted calomel for the former. - - - AMMONIATED TINCTURE OF QUININE. - -Under this name Mr. Joseph Ince recorded in the _Pharm. Journ._, -June 13th, 1874, that a preparation was made and called by this name -which was a solution of 1 grain of sulphate of quinine in one drachm of -compound spirit of ammonia. This did not meet with general approval, -and in 1853 Mr. Bastick proposed an Ammoniated Solution of Quinine made -by dissolving 32 grains of sulphate of quinine in 3½ ounces of proof -spirit and ½ ounce of solution of ammonia. The present B.P. tincture -contains less ammonia, and alcohol is employed instead of proof spirit. - - - COMPOUND SOAP PILLS. - -Pil. Sapon. Co., formerly official as Pil. Sapon. c Opio, Pil. Opii, -Pil. ex Opio, and when first authorised in the P.L., 1746, Pil. -Saponacea, was adapted from a famous nostrum long sold as Matthews’s -Pills, and as Starkey’s Pills. Starkey, a qualified physician, was -understood to have devised the process, and Matthews was the vendor -in whose name they were sold. But a little before his death in 1665 -Starkey told Dr. George Wilson that the formula he had sold to -Matthews was not his genuine and best process. In both, however, the -characteristic ingredient was “soap of tartar,” which it was claimed -added an aperient quality to the opium which made it safe to give -in asthmas and other complaints when opium alone was objectionable. -The soap of tartar was made by melting together in a crucible equal -parts of cream of tartar and saltpetre, the compound being afterwards -crystallised and powdered, and with it was incorporated 4 oz. of -turpentine to each pound of the resulting salt. Matthews’s Pills -were made from 4 oz. each of extract of opium, black hellebore, soap -of tartar, and liquorice, with 1 oz. of saffron. Starkey’s deathbed -formula ordered 4 oz. of extract of opium, 2 oz. each of nutmeg and -mineral bezoar (calx of antimony), saffron and snake root, of each -1 oz., soap of tartar 8 oz., oil of sassafras ½ oz., tincture of -antimony, 2 oz. These pills were also known as pilulæ pacificæ. - - - DECOCTIONS OF SARSAPARILLA. - -Sarsaparilla, guaiacum, sassafras, and mezereon enjoyed fitful periods -of fame in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, -especially for the treatment of syphilis. From the time of their -introduction the Paracelsists denounced these remedies, and Paracelsus -himself was especially sarcastic about “the wooden doctors,” as he -called those who relied on these woods. Still they were employed to -an immense extent. A number of remedies were made from them, generally -from a combination of them. One of these called the Lisbon Diet Drink -became very popular in the eighteenth century. This was taken not only -in syphilitic cases, but as an antirheumatic and generally purifying -medicine. It was said to contain antimony, and the following was -reputed to be a correct imitation of it:--Sarsaparilla, 90, red sandal, -90, yellow sandal, 90, rose root, 30, guaiacum wood, 30, sassafras, -30, mezereon bark, 15, sulphide of antimony, 60, boiling water, 3600. -Infuse twelve hours and boil down to half, adding near the end of the -boiling fifteen parts of liquorice. An English Dr. Leake wrote a book -about this decoction in 1787, describing what he had seen of its good -effects in the cure of venereal diseases, scurvy, and other stubborn -chronic complaints. He had been to Lisbon, and intimated that he had -obtained the correct formula, but he did not give it. He had, however, -for some time made it, and would supply it in a concentrated form. - -A compound decoction of sarsaparilla was introduced into the London -Pharmacopœia of 1788, and the Liquor Sarsæ Co. Conc. of the B.P. is the -direct descendant of that preparation. - -Sirop de Cuisinier has long been a popular preparation of sarsaparilla -in France, and has been officially recognised by the Codex for a -century. A compound syrup of sarsaparilla was introduced into the -United States Pharmacopœia in 1820 expressly as an imitation of -the French syrup. The original Sirop de Cuisinier was evidently a -proprietary article, but I have not been able to trace its history. -The Codex formula prescribes sarsaparilla, with flowers of borage and -white roses, senna, and aniseed, made into a syrup with honey, sugar, -and water. The U.S.P. substituted liquorice for the borage. It has -often been employed as a vehicle for corrosive sublimate, but a number -of experiments have shown that unless this mixture is quite fresh the -sublimate will be reduced to calomel. - - - SEIDLITZ POWDERS - -are a well known misnomer. Fr. Hoffmann discovered the Seidlitz spring -in 1724, and found that it owed its medicinal effect to sulphate of -magnesia with some sulphate of soda. Seidlitz or Sedlitz is a small -town near Seidschutz in northern Bohemia. There is evidence that at one -time sulphate of magnesia was obtained commercially from this spring -as it was from the Epsom water, and in this country then, and in some -Continental countries still, Seidlitz salt was and is a synonym for -sulphate of magnesia. In Christison’s Dispensatory it was suggested -that the name as applied to the powders which have so long been known -in Great Britain was a corruption of Seignette’s powders. Other writers -suggested that the name may have resulted from a confusion between -Seidlitz and Selters. The most probable explanation, however, was -given in _The Chemist and Druggist_ of February 23 and March -2, 1901, from which it appeared that Thomas Field Savory, of Bond -Street, London, took out a patent in 1815 for “the combination of -a neutral salt or powder which possesses all the properties of the -medicinal spring in Germany under the name of the Seidlitz powders.” -The specification was for the production of three powders, namely, -(1) tartrated soda, (2) bicarbonate of soda, and (3) tartaric acid, -but these chemicals were not designated by their usual names, but -old-fashioned methods of producing them were set forth. Then it was -stated that ʒij of No. 1, ℈ij of No. 2, and ℈ij of No. 3 were to be -taken and mixed in the manner so familiar to us. In 1823 Mr. Savory -brought an action against Messrs. Price & Son, of 4, Leadenhall Street, -for alleged infringement of his patent, which, however, the Court -held to be invalid in consequence of the elaborate directions in the -specification for the production of the several ingredients, all of -which were chemicals sold in all chemists’ shops. At the same trial -it seems to have been admitted that the combination was both new and -useful. There is no record of any objection to the title. - -In 1778 Bergmann published a treatise on artificial mineral waters, -giving analyses of the most popular, and recommending the use of the -factitious waters as preferable to the natural ones. About the same -time a French pharmacien, named Vanel, introduced a powder with which -to make the favourite Eau de Seltz, or Selters water. Apparently -the salts for making mineral waters acquired a certain degree of -popularity, and it is likely that Seidlitz salt was among them. Nothing -would make this palatable, and Mr. Savory’s idea of substituting a -pleasant draught for a nauseous one was at least a commercial success. - - - TURNER’S CERATE. - -Daniel Turner, M.D., the inventor of Turner’s Cerate, which appeared -in several Pharmacopœias as Ceratum Calaminæ, was at first a surgeon -in London, but was admitted a Licentiate of the College of Physicians -in 1711, and practised in Devonshire Square, Bishopsgate. In William -Munk’s Roll of the Royal College of Physicians an opinion of him is -quoted that he was too fond of displaying his talents upon paper; the -result being that he published many volumes which are now forgotten. -(A commentary which might be made on most other authors.) It is also -said of him that his cases were not stated in the most delicate terms, -nor was politeness among his excellences. As several of his works -were about syphilis it may be that his style was merely perspicuous. -He wrote comments on Dover’s “Ancient Physician” and on Mr. Ward’s -Pill and Drop. His biographer, however, quotes from him with approval -a pious exhortation to physicians not to be ashamed to avow their -religious principles even if they kept their politics to themselves. -“It can be no disgrace,” he wrote, “for a physician who owns himself -to be no more than Nature’s minister to acknowledge himself also the -servant of Nature’s Master.” - -Turner’s original formula for his Ceratum de Lapide Calaminari was to -melt together 3½ lb. of freshly made unsalted butter, 3½ lb. of the -best yellow wax, and 4 lb. of pure and newly-prepared olive oil. These -when melted to be strained through a linen cloth, and while cooling, -3 lb. 10 oz. of the best calamine stone, “sufficiently triturated -and passed through a Sierce,” to be sprinkled into the mixture with -constant stirring till it sets. - -Turner’s comments on this cerate are worth quoting, because they -incidentally illustrate the pharmacy of the period. He says:-- - -“As I have had ample experience of this cerate, I may be allow’d, -I hope, to judge of its singular properties and good effects in -all cutaneous ulcerations and excoriations either from scalding, -burning, or fretting of the said parts by means of salt, acrid, or -sharp humours; upon which accounts, not straining a tittle beyond -its deserved euology, I am bold to affirm it will do more in all -these superficial hurts of the body than either Unguentum Tutiae, -Diapompholyx, Nutritum, Desiccativum Rubrum, Rosatum, or all the -epuletic medicines now in use; and for which cause I can, for the -public benefit, sincerely recommend it to all the professors of the -art; and do wish that the Apothecaries would keep it made up in their -shops, to deliver, at a suitable price, to indigent or poor people, -instead of their ridiculous Locatellus’s Balsam, and other improper -medicines which they call for ignorantly to heal their skin-deep -maladies. I know the medicine has been imitated by several, and I have -seen somewhat like it in some gentlemen’s salvatories; but I know not -more than two persons I ever communicated it to, as I was wont to -prepare it for my own use. The medicine thus prepared is of a good -consistence and a true cerate, serving both for pledget or plaister, -neither sticking troublesomely, nor running off or about by the heat -of the parts; but keeping its body and performing things incredible. -Whoever thinks fit to take it into practice will never repent it, -nor perhaps (when he has experienced it as I have done) think I have -said too much in its Commendation. This is the medicine I have so -often taken notice of, which, that I might contribute my mite to the -Surgeon’s Treasure of Medicine, I here have publish’d, and leave it to -take its fate.” - -The other preparations to which Dr. Turner refers as being at that -time in public demand may be briefly noted. Tutty was another impure -oxide of zinc generally containing some oxide of lead or copper. It -was obtained from the flues of smelting furnaces where zinc ores were -purified. Tutty was so called from an Arabic or Persian name given -to zinc, or to a zinc and tin bronze imported from China and used as -a gong metal by the Chinese. The tutty ointment was properly made up -with viper’s fat. Pompholyx was one of the names given to oxide of -zinc prepared by combustion. It was a Greek word meaning a bubble in -melted metal, from pomphos, a blister. Unguentum Diapompholyx contained -besides the flowers of zinc, white lead, the juice of nightshade -berries, and frankincense. Unguentum Nutritum was an acetate of lead -ointment. Unguentum Desiccativum Rubrum was compounded from litharge, -bole armeniac, calamine, and camphor. Unguentum Rosatum was similar to -cold cream. - - - - - XXI - - NOTED NOSTRUMS - - From powerful causes spring the empiric’s gains, - Man’s love of life, his weakness, and his pains; - These first induce him the vile trash to try, - Then lend his name that other men may buy. - CRABBE:--_The Borough_. - - - PATENT MEDICINES. - -In the early days of English commerce monopolies were granted by the -sovereigns at their own pleasure, and often for their personal profit. -Queen Elizabeth so largely abused her power in this direction that -towards the end of her reign the discontent of her subjects compelled -her to promise she would offend no more: and her successor, James I, -gave a similar undertaking. The abuse, however, was continued until -the Statute of Monopolies, passed in 1624, regulated all such grants, -placing the power in the hands of Parliament, and limiting the period -of privilege to fourteen years. - -For the first century or thereabout of the administration of this -Act, specifications of processes or formulas were not a condition of -the patent. The idea was the introduction into the country of new -industries, and it was supposed that the artificers who would have -to be employed in any such industries would certainly acquire such -necessary skill and knowledge about any new manufacture as would -prevent any perpetuation of the monopoly. It was during the reign of -Queen Anne that the law officers began to require that specifications -should be filed before letters patent were issued. But the condition -was not by any means uniformly or intelligently insisted upon, as will -be seen immediately in the case of certain patented medicines. - -The term “patent medicines,” as now popularly used, means generally -secret medicines, and the meaning is therefore in exact contradiction -to the expression. Truthfully to declare the composition of many -of these proprietary compounds would ruin their sale. Not that the -ingredients are often improper or injurious; this rarely occurs; but -because the success of these remedies depends in most instances rather -on the mystery with which the makers can surround them than on their -exceptional merit. - -But some old medicines which became popular, including a few the -reputation of which lives to this day, were actually patented. The -first compound medicine for which a patent was granted under the Act -of 1624 was No. 388, and was dated October 22, 1711. It was granted -to Timothy Byfield for his sal oleosum volatile, “which by abundant -experience hath been found very helpfull and beneficiall as well in -uses medicinall as others.” No particulars of the ingredients or method -of manufacture are given. - -Stoughton’s “great cordial elixir” comes next, in 1712, and there is -nothing more in the proprietary medicine line until 1722, when a patent -for Robert Eaton’s Styptick medicine appears. In that year a curious -patent was granted to George Sinclair for “raising and cultivating the -plants which are commonly called or do produce the balsam of tolu, -Peru, and capair, dragon’s blood, coloquintida, scamony, rhubarb, -jalap, ipecacuanha (and others named), and curing the insect commonly -called cochenele and cultivating the plant which they feed and live -upon.” No particulars of the inventor’s ideas are given. - -Benjamin Okell’s patent for Dr. Bateman’s pectoral drops, stated to -act by moderate sweat and urine, and to be useful in rheumatism, -afflictions of the stone, gravel, agues, and hysterics, was dated March -31, 1726, and was granted to him in recognition of the long study, -application, and great expense he had been put to in finding out this -remedy and bringing it to perfection. He furnished no particulars. -Bateman’s drops probably always depended on opium for its efficacy, and -in time various formulas for a medicine under that name for coughs came -to be adopted. In 1833 the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy published -the following formula “to represent Bateman’s Pectoral Drops because of -its general use, and to secure uniformity.” They said the preparation -was then being sold in strengths varying from 7½ to 100 grains to the -pint. The formula prescribed was: Diluted alcohol, 4 gallons; red -sanders, rasped, 2 oz. Digest for 24 hours, filter, add opium in powder -2 oz., catechu in powder 2 oz., camphor 2 oz., oil of anise ½ oz. -Digest for ten days. - -The patent for John Hooper’s Female Pills, granted in 1743 to John -Hooper, apothecary and man midwife of Reading, contains a copy of an -affidavit made by the patentee, who, being “obliged to give under -his hand and seal a particular description of his invention,” came -before the King in Chancery, and satisfied the royal representative -with a specification declaring that his medicine was “compounded -as followeth:--Of the best purging stomatick and anti-hysterick -ingredients, duly proportioned and made into a powder, and beat into -a mass for pills with sufficient quantity of a strong infusion of the -above-mentioned ingredients; and when the same is made into pills about -the bigness of a small pea, two or three are to be given to persons -from 7 years of age to 15, and three or four from 15 years of age to 70 -every other night.” Hooper must have been a humorist. - -Betton’s British oils “for the cure of rheumatic and scorbutic and -other cases” had been patented in 1742. The oil was “extracted from the -black, pitchy, flinty roch or rock lying immediately over the coal in -coal mines.” This was reduced to powder and then subjected to heat in a -closed furnace, by which means the oil was obtained. - -The patent for Dr. James’s fever powder (1747) is referred to at length -elsewhere. It is agreed that the preparation could not be produced by -the process detailed; but, according to Lord Mansfield, it was also -defective in another respect. In a judgment given by that eminent -authority in 1778 (in the case of Liardet v. Johnson) he illustrated -an argument he was using by a reference to Dr. James’s patent, “in -the specification of which,” he said, “he has mentioned the articles -only of which those powders were composed, and omitted the proportion -or quantity.” Consequently Lord Mansfield added, “Dr. James never -durst bring an action for infringement, and it was certainly wise in -him not to do so, for no patent could stand on such a specification.” -His lordship went on to enlarge on the extreme importance of exact -quantities in the exact formulas for medicines. - -Dr. James also patented his “analeptic pills” in 1774. They were to be -compounded of equal parts of pil. rufi, gum ammoniacum, and his own -fever powder. The two first named ingredients were to be “placed in -a large cave underground furnished with the conductors of electrical -fire” by which they were to be dissolved. The powder was then to be -added and the pills to be made up with gum arabic. - -In the second half of the eighteenth century the patents for compounded -medicines become more numerous, but they are generally of no present -interest. The names of a very few have come down to our day. Ann -Pike’s itch ointment (patented 1760) may be noticed. To prepare this, -pomatum and calomel were first mixed and allowed to stand several days; -another ointment was made with hogs’ lard and Jesuit’s bark, and this -was likewise set aside for a few days. These two ointments were then -blended together, mercury added to them, and the mass stirred daily -for some time. Two other ointments were also made and combined like -the others, the ingredients of these being deer suet, turbith mineral, -lard, powdered tutty, flowers of brimstone, and wood soot. - -In 1777 Robert Grubb patented a medicine called the Frier’s Drops, -“for the cure of the venereal disease, scurvy, rheumatism, stranguary -and gleets.” It contained calomel, antimony, guaiacum wood, balsam of -Peru, hemlock, sugar candy, oil of sassafras, tartaric acid, and gum -arabic, with spirit of wine. The particular interest of this is the -name which may have been the original of the Friar’s Balsam named in -the Medicine Stamp Act. The Friar’s Balsam known to us cannot be traced -as a proprietary medicine. - -Gale’s Spa Elixir, patented 1782, is notable as a specimen of -condensed information. Its composition is thus described:--“R. fer. -q.l.; cor, anima., sp.vin. esse.tinc. anima: super:aq: nat:, sp.sal: -q.s.; dissolve, digest, correct, evaporate, and extract the elixir -S.A.” The abbreviated terms and the punctuation are copied from the -specification. - -Nathaniel Godbold’s Vegetable Balsam was patented in 1785, Spilsbury’s -Anti-scorbutic Drops in 1792, Ching’s Worm Lozenges in 1796, and -Innocenza della Lena winds up the century with a formula conceived -quite on the lines of the pharmacy then departing. It was for “A -certain medicine called flogistical and fixed earth of Mars or -powder of Mars.” It is not stated what the medicine was for, but its -preparation was awe-inspiring. Mineral earth of iron, copper, crude -antimony, mineral salt, and urine were digested for a considerable -time in an unvarnished vessel, hermetically sealed, deep down in the -earth. Subsequently the mixture was exposed to the rays of the sun for -a period, more urine was added, and the interment and the exposure were -several times repeated. - -Roche’s Embrocation for whooping-cough, patented in 1803, was declared -to be compounded of oil of elder, rose leaves, chamomile flowers, oil -of caraway, oil of rosemary, cochineal, and alkanet root. This remedy -is still popular, but it is understood to have a composition very -different from that specified. - -Perkins’s Metallic Tractors were patented on March 10th, 1798. Benjamin -Douglas Perkins claimed to have discovered “an art of relieving and -curing a variety of aches, pains, and diseases in the human body, -by drawing over the parts affected or those contiguous thereto, in -certain directions, various pointed metals, which from the affinity -they have with the offending matter,” or from some other cause, -“extract, or draw out the same, and thus cure the patient.” The -metals used were combinations of copper, zinc, and gold; or of iron, -silver, and platinum. The tractors were invented by Elisha Perkins, -the father of Benjamin, who died at New York in 1799. The tractors -were united together like a pair of compasses, and one of the arms -was obtuse and the other pointed. They professed to apply galvanic -action to the relief and cure of pain and disease. Galvani’s report of -his experiments was only published about 1790, and not much earlier -Mesmer’s animal magnetism had excited marvellous interest in Paris. -Perkins’s Tractors had an enormous popularity for a time in England and -in Denmark, but nowhere else to any extent. Two Bath doctors, named -Falconer and Haygarth, professed to get as good results with tractors -made of wood, many patients of the Bath Hospital declaring that these -promptly relieved their pains. From these experiments it was argued -that the alleged cures were entirely due to the imagination of the -sufferers. - -After 1800 medicinal compounds are only rarely patented. Of those known -to the present generation, Ford’s Balsam of Horehound appears in 1816, -Savory’s Seidlitz Powders were protected in 1815, Ridge’s Food, 1862, -and Page Woodcock’s Wind Pills, 1852. A patent was taken in 1853 by Sir -James Murray for aerating cod-liver oil with carbonic acid gas, and -William Brockedon’s patent for compressing drugs and blacklead, which -has borne fruit a thousandfold in these later days, was granted in -1843. - - - ANDERSON’S SCOTS PILLS. - -These pills acquired extraordinary popularity, particularly in Scotland -and France, and to some extent in other countries, including England. -Either these pills or Singleton’s Eye Ointment is the proprietary -remedy still sold in this country with the longest history. It is -claimed that the ointment was invented some forty years earlier than -the pills, but it must be admitted that the records of the latter, -especially in their early days, are more exactly authenticated. - - [Illustration: PATRICK ANDERSON, M.D.] - -Dr. Patrick Anderson was a Scotch physician of considerable reputation -in London in the Stuart period. He is described on some of his books -as Physician to Charles I. In 1635 he published a treatise entitled as -follows:--“Grana Angelica; hoc est pilularum hujus nominis insignis -utilitas; quibus etiam accesserunt alia quaedam pancula de durioris -alvi incommodis propter materiam cognitionem, ac vice supplementi in -fine adjuncta.” He stated that he had obtained the formula for these -pills in Venice. After his death they were sold in Edinburgh by his -daughter Miss Katherine Anderson, and she by a deed registered in the -Commissary Court books of Edinburgh, the 16th December, 1686, declared -that she had communicated the secret to Thomas Weir, surgeon, in -Edinburgh, “and to no other person.” - -To Dr. Weir letters patent for the pills were granted by King James II, -1687, with letters of Certification, &c., by King William and Queen -Mary, 1694; and Testification by the Town Council of Edinburgh, 1694. -From Dr. Weir by regular succession and assignation, the secret was -conveyed to his widow, 1711; thence to their son Alex. Weir, 1715; -then to Lilias Weir, his sister, 1726; by her to Dr. Thomas Irving, -her nephew, 1770; then to his widow, Mrs. Irving, 1797; by her to her -son, James Irving, 1814, but the old lady appears to have retained an -interest in them until her death in 1837, at the age of 99. During -her life, and probably before and after, the “shop” where the pills -were made and sold was on the second floor of a house in the Lawn -Market opposite the site of the West Bow, a steep street which led -down to the Grassmarket. The house still remains, the date 1690 being -carved on the lintel. After certain assignations and trusteeships the -property came into the hands of a Mr. J. Rodger who sold his rights to -Messrs. Raimes, Blanshard & Co. in 1876. They and their successors, -Raimes, Clark & Co., Limited, have been the proprietors since the date -mentioned, and they inform me that there is still a small demand for -them. - -Formulas for “Anderson’s Scots Pills” will be found in all the -manuals of pharmacy published in Europe and America, but they differ -considerably. Paris in “Pharmacologia” said they were a compound of -aloes and jalap with oil of anise; the French Codex which adopted them, -or at least the name, compounded them of aloes and gamboge with oil -of anise; Niemann, whose formulary had a quasi-official sanction in -Holland early in the nineteenth century gave a much more complicated -recipe, adding to the aloes both jalap and gamboge, together with -sulphur, burnt ivory, liquorice powder, and soap. “Pharmaceutical -Formulas” states that they are well represented by Pil Aloes et Myrrhæ -B.P., “which (saving excipient) contains the same ingredients as those -mentioned in a copy of the original document deposited in the Rolls -House.” - - - ANODYNE NECKLACES. - -Anodyne necklaces were perhaps the most extensively advertised of the -quack remedies of the eighteenth century. The introduction of them is -generally attributed to one of the Chamberlen family, well known in -medical history as the inventors of the modern midwifery forceps. - -In a collection of quack advertisements in the British Museum, all -published in the last half of the seventeenth century, there is a -handbill issued by Major John Coke, “a licensed physician and one of -his Majesty’s Chymists” advertising miraculous necklaces for children -breeding teeth “preventing (by God’s assistance) feavers, convulsions, -ruptures, chincough, ricketts, and such attendant distempers.” These -are 5_s._ each. A number of titled people whose children have used -these necklaces are named. A correspondent of _Notes and Queries_ -(Mr. J. Elliot Hodgkin, 6th Ser., Vol. IX.) quotes a reference to -anodyne necklaces from a pamphlet published in 1717 dedicated to Dr. -Chamberlen and the Royal Society, evidently an advertisement which -it may not be too uncharitable to suppose was written by Chamberlen -himself. But another correspondent of the same journal (6th Ser., Vol. -X.) quotes from Smith’s “Book for a Rainy Day” another reference to the -necklaces in which they are alluded to as Mr. Burchell’s, and are said -to be “so strongly recommended by two eminent physicians, Dr. Tanner, -the inventor, and Dr. Chamberlain,” to whom he had communicated the -prescription. The necklaces were composed of artificially prepared -beads, small like barleycorns, and they were sold at 5_s._ each. -The beads were often made of peony wood, a substance which Oribasius -(fourth and fifth centuries) recommended to be hung round the neck for -the cure of epilepsy. They were especially recommended for children -cutting teeth, and for pregnant women. No doubt they served like any -other hard substance to help in the former trouble to open the gums, -but the idea suggested was that they gave out a certain vapour or -effluvium which reduced the feverish condition. - -“May I die by an anodyne necklace,” is an expression used by one of -the characters in “The Vicar of Wakefield” (Ch. XX.). In a comment on -this allusion by the eminent authority on the eighteenth century, Mr. -Austin Dobson, it was explained that hanging was there euphemistically -referred to. Mr. Dobson’s mistake was pointed out in _Notes and -Queries_, and he acknowledged it. - -The Collier de Morand was a neckband sold for goitre. It was made of -carded cotton on which was sprinkled a powder consisting of equal parts -of sal ammoniac, common salt, and burnt sponge. Paracelsus recommended -that coral should be worn round the necks of children to preserve them -from the effects of sorcery. - - - DAFFY’S ELIXIR. - -The Rev. Thomas Daffy, who invented the Elixir Salutis with which his -name has been associated for about 250 years, was rector of Redmile in -Leicestershire from 1660 to 1680. He had been appointed rector of Harby -in the same county in Cromwell’s time, but the Countess of Rutland, -who presumably “sat under” him, was a lady of evangelical ideas, and -the Rev. Thomas was apparently of a “high” tendency, for according -to Nichols’s “History of Leicestershire,” “he was removed from that -better living to this worse one to satisfy the spleen of the Countess -of Rutland, a puritanical lady who had conceived a feeling against -him for being a man of other principles.” Just when he invented his -elixir does not appear, but it is to be hoped that the profits from it -made up for the sacrifice he had to make in consequence of his “other -principles.” It is clear from the references to the medicine which are -found in general literature and from the fact that it was imitated in -the Pharmacopœia (under the formula for Tinctura Sennæ Co.) that it -acquired considerable popularity. The following advertisement from the -_Post Boy_ of January 1, 1707, tells most of what is known about -the elixir:-- - - Daffye’s famous Elixir Salutis, prepared by Catherine Daffye, - daughter of Mr. Thomas Daffye, late rector of Redmile in the - vale of Belvoir, who imparted it to his kinsman, Mr. Anthony - Daffye, who published the same to the benefit of the community - and to his own advantage. The original receipt is now in my - possession left to me by my father. My own brother, Mr. Daniel - Daffye, apothecary in Nottingham, made this Elixir from the - said receipt and sold it there during his life. Those who know - it will believe what I declare; and those who do not may be - convinced that I am no counterfeit by the colour, taste, smell, - and operation of my Elixir. To be had at the Hand and Pen, - Maiden Lane, Covent Garden. - -Catherine Daffy was not a clever advertiser, for her announcement seems -calculated to assist Anthony Daffy’s preparation as much as her own, -and it is likely that this was not her intention. Such little evidence -as exists goes to show that it was Anthony’s and not Catherine’s Elixir -that maintained the fame which had been won. - -Daffy’s Elixir is still made by Sutton & Co., of 76 Chiswell Street, -the successors to Dicey & Co., of Bow Church Yard, who were themselves -successors to Benjamin Okell, who was carrying on the business in -1727, but when or from whom, or for what consideration the property -was transferred to them from the Daffy family, is not known. The -old-fashioned handbills wrapped round the bottles state that the -Elixir was “much recommended to the public by Dr. King, Physician to -King Charles II, and the late learned and ingenious Dr. Radcliffe.” -Unhappily, however, “a low set of mercenary vendors” have been making -imitations of this “noble and generous Elixir,” using “foul and -ordinary spirits instead of clean and pure brandy, and base and damaged -drugs,” of which none could be guilty “but such as never feel for any -but themselves.” - - - BAUME DE FIORAVENTI. - -This medicine still figures in the French Codex and in other -continental Pharmacopœias. It is an alcoholic tincture of canella, -cloves, nutmegs, ginger, and other spices, with bay berries, to which -are added amber, galbanum, myrrh, aloes, elemi, and other resins, and -one-sixth by volume of turpentine. After digestion this mixture is -distilled to a yield of about two-thirds of the original bulk. The balm -was formerly given in doses of 5 or 6 drops in kidney disorders, but it -is now only used externally in rheumatism and for chilblains, and for -strengthening the sight. For the last-named purpose the hand is wetted -with the balm and held before the eyes. - -Fioraventi was a famous Italian quack in the latter half of the -seventeenth century. He practised in Naples, Rome, Venice, Milan, and -Florence, and was specially honoured in his native city of Bologna, -where he was made a Doctor, a Chevalier, and a Count; titles of which -he made the utmost use. He published numerous works on medicine, -devised various “Nostra,” and pretended to give the exact formulas -for these, but they were always so complicated that no doubt the rich -clients whose patronage Fioraventi cultivated would prefer to buy the -remedies ready compounded. His medical advice though crammed with -bombast was generally sensible, but in all cases he recommended one -or another of “our” remedies. These included “our Balm Artificiall” -(the compound just referred to), “our Electuaria Anglico,” “our Sirrup -Solutivo,” “our Lignum Sanctum,” “our Oleum Benedictum,” and so -forth. Above all Fioraventi made play with his “Petra Philosophale.” -Philosophers had long disputed, he says, whether it was possible to -produce a medicine which would cure all diseases. There was no longer -any occasion for dispute; the discovery of “our Petra Philosophale” -was conclusive. The directions for making this remedy were very -complicated, and of course it was essential that they should be -followed minutely. Briefly, the process was to take so much “Sal Niter, -Roche Allum, and Roman Vitrioll” (I take the names from an old English -translation), “add some Sal Gemmæ, and distil. Then mix Mercury, Sope, -Quick Lime, and Common Ashes, sublime off the Mercury, and add it to -the first distillate. To the mixture add so much steel, iron, and gold, -dry the compound to a stone, which ‘keep as a precious Jewell’ in a -closed glass vessel.” - -Why Fioraventi should have troubled to invent any other remedies after -this, or why his patients should have been called upon to buy any -others, is not explained. - - - BAUME TRANQUILLE - -was originally made by the Capucin monk, Aignan, whose religious name -was Father Tranquille. The Capucins of the Louvre were noted in the -seventeenth century for their medical skill, and Father Tranquille was -one of them. Twenty herbs were used in compounding this balsam, among -them poppy, tobacco, lavender, and rue. These were infused in oil. “The -Baume may be made still more effective,” writes Père Rousseau, who was -a fellow monk with Father Tranquille, “by adding as many large live -frogs as there are pounds of oil. These are to be boiled in the oil -until they are almost burnt. Their juice and fat combine with the oil -and greatly augment the excellence of the remedy.” Mme. de Sévigné, -writing to her daughter, December 15, 1684, says, “I am sending you the -most precious treasure I have: my half bottle of Baume Tranquille. I -could not send a full bottle; the Capucins have no more.” - - - BAUME DE VIE. - -Baume de Vie, which is represented by Decoct. Aloes Co., B.P., was -first sold by a French apothecary named Le Lievre, of the Rue de -la Seine, Paris. A second edition of his book recommending it is -dated 1760. He describes himself as “le sieur Lelievre apothicaire, -distillateur du Roi.” He says of it that it gently evacuates the -heterogeneous humours, restores and fortifies the stomach, reanimates -the system without causing any fever or other inconvenience, preserves -the humid radical (a fluid supposed to be the principle of life and -the generator of vigour), makes the blood circulate, absorbs from it -all acids and renders them balsamic, and counteracts debility. He also -advises its use for horses, cattle, and dogs. Le Lievre’s formula, as -given by Cadet de Gassicourt, was as follows:-- - -Socotrine aloes, treacle, of each 1 oz.; gentian, ½ oz.; rhubarb, 6 -drachms; saffron, agaric, zedoary, myrrh, of each 2 drachms; sugar, 4 -oz.; proof spirit, 2 lb. - - - DUTCH DROPS. - -Haarlem Oil or Dutch Drops have been made in Haarlem since the year -1672, when they were invented by one Claas Tilly, and they are -still manufactured in Haarlem by a person who claims to be a direct -descendant of the inventor. The preparation is stated in Paris’s -“Pharmacologia” to have as a base the residue left in the still after -the redistillation of turpentine; a red, thick, resinous matter, -sometimes called balsam of turpentine. But the same author adds -that a preparation often sold as Dutch Drops is a mixture of oil of -turpentine, tincture of guaiacum, and spirit of nitre, with oils of -amber and cloves. Dutch Drops are asked for all over the world and -are known to old-fashioned people as “Medicamentum.” In remote places -they are kept in the house and a few drops taken occasionally as a -preventive of disease. - - - GODFREY’S CORDIAL. - -The following advertisement which is taken from Reed’s _Weekly -Journal_, February 22, 1722, throws light on the origin of the still -popular “Godfrey.” - - To all retailers and others. The general cordial formerly sold - by Mr. Thomas Godfrey, of Hunsdon, in Hertfordshire, deceas’d, - is now prepar’d according to a receipt written by his own hand, - and by him given to my wife, his relation, is now sold by me - Tho. Humphreys of Ware, in the said county, Surgeon, or at - John Humphreys, at the Head and Sheers in Jewin Street, near - Cripplegate, London. Also may be furnished with Arcanums and - Vomits, and will be allowed the same for selling as formerly. - -Godfrey’s Cordial was named in the Medicine Stamp Act of 1812, and was -no doubt a proprietary medicine at that time. It now appears to be made -by anyone who chooses to make it. In Paris’s “Pharmacologia,” (8th -edition, 1833) the following receipt which he says was obtained from a -“wholesale druggist who makes and sells many hundred dozens a year,” -was printed:-- - -“Infuse 9 oz. of sassafras; 1 oz. each of carraway, coriander, and -anise seeds, in 6 pints of water. Simmer down to 4 pints. When cold add -3 oz. of tincture of opium.” - -In 1833 the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy adopted the subjoined -formula for Godfrey’s Cordial in order to ensure uniformity:-- - -“Tinct. Opii, 1½ pint; molasses, from the sugar refiners, 16 pints; -alcohol, 2 pints; water, 26 pints; carbonate of potash, 2½ oz.; oil of -sassafras, 4 drachms.” - - - EAU DES CARMES. - -Eau de Melisse des Carmes, an aromatic spirit, recommended as a -cordial for internal administration, and to bathe the temples, was -first compounded in the pharmacy of the Barefooted Carmelites, near -the Palace of the Luxembourg in the Faubourg St. Germain in 1611. In -the course of the century the preparation became a valuable property, -and though its composition was kept secret by the monks, formulas -innumerable were published. Richelieu, Elizabeth of Bavaria, mother -of the Regent during Louis XIV’s minority, and later, Voltaire, -“reclaimed” it. Patents authorising the monks to carry on the -manufacture and sale were granted by Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis -XVI, but when the last was applied for in 1780, the College of Pharmacy -opposed it, but withdrew their opposition for the consideration of £40 -a year which the monks agreed to pay them. In 1791 when the monastic -orders were suppressed and their property confiscated, forty-five -Carmelites of the Monastery of the Vaugirard formed themselves into a -commercial company to manufacture and sell the Eau des Carmes. Their -deed of association provided that the property should remain in the -hands of the forty-five down to the last survivor. This one was a -certain Brother Paradise, who took as a partner a M. Royer and died -in 1831 on the premises in the Rue Taranne where the company had been -constituted. M. Royer died a few years later, and his widow married -a M. Boyer in 1840 who wrote a “Monographie Historique,” which it is -believed was edited for him by Alexander Dumas. - -The following formula for a preparation resembling the Eau des Carmes -was published by Baumé after many experiments, and was adopted by the -compilers of the Codex:-- - -“Balm, in flower, freshly gathered, and freed from the stalks, 2 lbs.; -lemon peel, fresh, 4 oz.; coriander seeds, 8 oz.; nutmegs, cloves, -cinnamon, each bruised, 2 oz.; angelica roots, dried, 1 oz.; spirit of -wine, highly rectified, 10 pints.” - - - GODDARD’S DROPS. - -The original formula for these is given as follows by Dr. William -Salmon in his edition of “Bate’s Dispensatory”:-- - - R. Humane Bones or rather scales, well dryed, break them into - bits, and put them into a retort, and join thereto a large - Receiver which lute well; and distil first with a gentle Fire, - then with a stronger, increasing the fire gradatim; so will you - have in the Recipient a Flegm, Spirit, Oyl, and Volatile Salt. - Shake the Receiver to loosen the Volatile Salt from the sides, - then close your Receiver and set it in the earth to digest for - three months, after that digest it in a gentle heat fourteen - days, then separate the Oyl which keep for use. - -Salmon says they that please may make it according to the prescription, -but he gives an alternative formula which was “to rectify the Oyl from -the Flegm, then to grind the Volatile Salt with the Oyl, and so by a -long digestion to join them together.” Salmon also tells us that if -these drops are distilled from the bones of the skull they are good for -apoplexy, vertigo, megrims, &c., but “if you want it for gout of any -particular limb it is better to make it from the bones of that limb. -The dose is 6 to 12 drops, but it has an evil scent.” You can, however, -correct that, and “Elixirate” the preparation, bringing it “even to a -Fragrancy” if you add so much Spirit of Nitre as will dissolve the oil, -and then mix it with four times its weight of spirit of wine. Then you -should give 20 to 60 drops in a glass of Canary. “So you will have a -medicine beyond all comparison ten times exceeding the other in worth -and efficacy.” - -Who was the inventor of this medicine? Salmon says, “The author of -this Recipe was not that Goddard whose Recipes and Prescriptions are -scattered up and down in several places of this book, but the famous -W. Goddard, a great Philosopher and Physician who deserved well of the -World in his Day and Time, and who has even in this Remedy left himself -an Immortal name. And this is the true Medicine which was purchased of -the Doctor by King Charles the Second, so much famed through the whole -kingdom, and for which he gave him, as it is reported, fifteen hundred -pounds sterling.” Other statements say that Charles bought the formula -for £5,000 or £6,000. - -Salmon had lived in the reign of Charles II, and may be expected to -have been correct in regard to such a recent event. But in the Roll -of the Royal College of Physicians by William Munk, M.D., published -by the College in 1878 I find the invention of these drops attributed -to Jonathan Goddard, M.D., a person of some historical fame, due -to a large extent to his association with Oliver Cromwell, whom he -accompanied as first physician to his army through his Irish and Scotch -campaigns. Cromwell made him Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and in -other ways showed his confidence in him. In the Little Parliament which -succeeded the Long Parliament Dr. Goddard was the sole representative -of the University of Oxford, and became a member of the Council of -State. With this record it is not surprising that the doctor did not -become a favourite with Charles II. when that monarch returned to -London. Dr. Goddard was removed from his Wardenship, but subsequently -became Professor of Physic at Gresham College, London, and it was -there that he and a few other scientific associates founded the Royal -Society. It is difficult to believe that he was the inventor of the -drops of which Salmon writes; and it is impossible to accept the -statement that he offered, or that the King agreed to purchase, the -secret of their composition from him. - -Dr. Munk, however, states that “Dr. Goddard was a good practical -chemist and the inventor of certain volatile drops, the Guttæ -Goddardianæ vel Anglicanæ, as they were termed on the Continent, long -in great repute and commended by Sydenham, who gave them a preference -over all other volatile spirits whatsoever for ‘energetically and -efficaciously attaining the end for which they are applied.’” - -There was a Dr. William Goddard admitted a Fellow of the College in -1634 of whom Dr. Munk records that “on the 23rd of November, 1649, -having been contumacious and refusing to attend at his place in the -College, though repeatedly summoned by the President, he was, by a vote -of his colleagues, dismissed from his fellowship: _Decrete Collegii, -in Collegii societale locum amisit._” Dr. Goddard carried the matter -into the Court of King’s Bench, but was defeated. - -This was most likely Salmon’s W. Goddard, and seems more like the -genuine Goddard of the Drops fame. Contumaciousness was sometimes a -synonym for exploiting a quack remedy. - -In Dr. Martin Lister’s “Journey to Paris,” 1698, that rather garrulous -York doctor states that while he was in Paris (in company with some -members of a diplomatic party) he was sent for by the Prince de Conti -to see his son, and was requested to bring with him some of the late -King Charles’s drops. The doctor replied that he had nothing with him, -and could only prescribe such medicines as would be found in any of -their shops. It was the drops, however, that the Prince wanted and not -the extempore invention of this comparatively unknown practitioner. For -apparently the attendance of Dr. Lister was excused, and he makes the -reflection, after intimating that the young prince died, “It is evident -that there is as false a notion of physic in this country as with -us, and that it is here also thought a knack more than a science or -method; accordingly little toys, the bijoux of quacks are mightily in -request.” Dr. George Henning who edited Dr. Lister’s narrative states -that these drops were made from raw silk which “yields an incredible -quantity of volatile salt and the finest spirit I ever tasted.” He adds -that raw silk is indeed nothing but a dry jelly of the insect kind, and -therefore it must be very cordial and stomachic. - - - EAU MEDICINALE D’HUSSON.--COLCHICUM. - -The medicinal use of colchicum preparations for gout is comparatively -recent and the knowledge of its value for that purpose is undoubtedly -due to its success in a secret proprietary remedy. The authors -of “Pharmacographia” give some interesting historical notes on -_Colchicum autumnale_, L., or meadow saffron, which show how -general was the belief in its deleterious qualities in both classical -and mediæval times. Dioscorides alludes to the poisonous properties of -Kolchikon, which he says grew in Messenia and Kolchis. Pliny and Galen -likewise allude to colchicum as a poison. Pliny recommends milk as an -antidote. - -Hermodactylus is recommended for gout in the writings of Alexander of -Tralles, and Paul Egineta (sixth and seventh centuries), and the Arab -doctors, Avicenna, Serapion, and Mesué, describe a similar remedy under -the name of Surengian. It is also recommended by Ambrose Paré, Sylvius -(de la Boe), and other authorities in the sixteenth and seventeenth -centuries; but Tragus (1552) warns his readers against its use for -gout, for which he says it is recommended in Arab writings. Grevin -(1568) observes “ce poison est ennemy de l’homme en tout et par tout.” -Lyte, translating Dodoens (1578), says “Medow or wilde saffron is -corrupt and venomous, therefore not used in medicine.” Gerard declares -the roots of “Mede Saffron” to be “very hurtfull to the stomacke.” - -Evidently some species of colchicum (Planchon thinks _C. -variegatum_, L., but Hanbury does not agree) was used in ancient -medicine under the name of Hermodactylus. Linnæus knew hermodactyls -brought from India and attributed them to _Iris tuberosa_. Royle -says they are sold in the bazaars of northern India under the name of -Surinjan, but he thought they were brought from the shores of the Red -Sea via Bombay. And notwithstanding the unfavourable opinions just -quoted, Radix Colchici and Hermodactylus appear among the simples of -the London Pharmacopœias of 1618 and 1639. They are then omitted, but -Colchicum reappears in the edition of 1788. This was in consequence -of the strong recommendation of Stoerck of Vienna, a practitioner and -medical teacher who had a passion for experimenting with discredited -remedies. Stoerck’s report, published in 1763, showed that the medicine -was a powerful and a dangerous one; but it was a most potent diuretic, -and he had administered it with success in dropsical cases in the -Vienna Hospital. He recommended particularly a colchitic oxymel. He -reports favourably on it as a remedy for asthma and in mucous catarrh, -but does not suggest it as a remedy for gout. - -In the early part of the eighteenth century the bulbs of colchicum were -frequently recommended by physicians of repute to be carried in the -pocket or worn round the neck as an amulet. - -In the latter part of the eighteenth century a French proprietary -article called D’Husson’s Eau Medicinale became popular. Its inventor -was an army officer, and it is not known how he acquired his medical -knowledge. I have no information as to the price at which the Eau -Medicinale was sold in France; but from some interesting communications -to the _Pharmaceutical Journal_ published in 1852 from medical -men, Thomas Bushell, of 117, Crawford Street, Portman Square, and -George Wallis, M.D., many details have been collected, among them -being the statement made by Mr. Bushell that the proprietors of the -Eau Medicinale were a firm of foreign perfumers in Bond Street; that -they told him the sale had at that time (1852) quite died out; that -four or five years previously they had sold a few bottles at 9_s._ -6_d._ each, but that when it was in demand the price was -22_s._ a bottle. The bottles each contained 2 fluid drachms, and -the dose was 1 drachm, to be repeated if necessary in four to six hours. - -According to Pereira, Cadet and Parmentier had endeavoured to ascertain -the composition of this medicine in 1782; but they only arrived at the -conclusion that it contained no metallic or mineral substance, and -that it was a vinous infusion of some bitter plant. Alyon, another -French inquirer, had guessed gratiola; an English doctor (Moore) had -diagnosed that it was a vinous infusion of white hellebore with -laudanum. Mr. Bushell, quoting from some references to the medicine -in the _Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal_ of 1810, relates -the experience of a Dr. Edwin Godden Jones, who had come to know of -D’Husson’s remedy while on the Continent with a gentleman who was -a great sufferer from gout, and who had derived much benefit from -the nostrum. The Edinburgh journal also mentioned that Sir Joseph -Banks, the President of the Royal Society, having experienced the -most extraordinary deliverance from his arch-enemy, made D’Husson’s -preparation his pocket companion. Attempts to discover the secret -of the mixture still resulted unsatisfactorily. Rhododendron, -chrysanthemum, digitalis, tobacco, and elaterium were among the new -guesses made. In 1814, however, a Mr. Want published a statement in -the _Medical and Physical Journal_ indicating that colchicum -was the basis of D’Husson’s remedy. Mr. Bushell states that Want had -previously made known his discovery in a popular journal entitled -_The Monthly_. There are three stories of the means by which -he came by his information. He himself said he got the first hint -from Alexander of Tralles, who recommended a remedy “Hermodactylon” -for the cure of gout, and that the Hermodactylus from which that -was compounded corresponded with colchicum. Dr. Wallis, of Bristol, -however, “in justice to a departed friend,” wrote that Want had derived -his knowledge entirely from Mr. C. T. Haden, when the latter was a -medical officer of the Brompton Dispensary. Dr. Wallis says that in -1811 Mr. Haden was practising in Derby with his father, an eminent -surgeon of that town. They had a patient who was anxious to try the -Eau Medicinale. The younger Haden examined the stuff and came to the -conclusion that it was made from colchicum, with which he had some -acquaintance through having made the oxymel. After many experiments -he was convinced of the accuracy of his opinion. Soon after Mr. Haden -left Derby and settled in Sloane Street, where he commenced the -publication of the _Medical Intelligencer_, the predecessor of -the _Lancet_. At the Brompton Dispensary he introduced colchicum -in the treatment of gout. Dr. Wallis alludes to the annoyance caused -to his friend by what he characterises as literary petty larceny, -forestalling his own communication on the subject. - -The third story told by Mr. Bushell is the most curious of the three. -He was apprenticed near Covent Garden two or three years after Mr. -Want had published his discovery, and frequently went to Mr. Grimley, -a herbalist, in the Garden, to buy medicinal herbs. Mr. Grimley, he -said, told him that Want had “discovered” the colchicum secret in this -wise:--His wife’s father having a bad attack of gout, a nursemaid in -Mrs. Want’s service told them that she once lived with a little French -gentleman who made a famous medicine for gout called “Eau Medicinale.” -He kept his materials very secret, but this promising young detective -had managed to secure a piece of the principal ingredient used, which -she then gave to Want. Want took it to Grimley, and between them they -made out what it was. Grimley further said that he had been in the -habit of selling quantities of colchicum to a little Frenchman who used -to come in a hackney coach and take with him 1 to 1½ cwt. at a time. - -Want’s tincture was made from 1 part of the fresh bulb of the -colchicum autumnale and 2 parts of alcohol 36°; dose 5 or 6 drops in -a tablespoonful of water. Sir Everard Home, who studied colchicum -preparations with much care, preferred a wine made from the corms; -and he believed that he had succeeded in removing the deleterious -constituents of the medicine by filtering out a deposit which formed -after a few days of maceration. Williams and Haden advocated the -employment of the seeds. Copland, Bushell, and Frost advised the -flowers. - -Drying the corms was found to reduce considerably their medicinal -and poisonous effects. Prosper Alpin states that the Egyptian women -of his time were in the habit of taking as many as ten bulbs of some -hermodactyl after roasting them like chestnuts at bedtime. They -believed they produced the embonpoint which was regarded as a female -attraction. - - - JAMES’S POWDER. - -The antimonial preparation which attained the most permanent popularity -was Dr. James’s Fever Powders. The inventor, Dr. Robert James, was -a life-long friend of Dr. Johnson. The two went to school together -at Lichfield, in which town James at one time practised. He was also -in practice in Sheffield and Birmingham before he came to London. He -first settled in Southampton Street, Covent Garden, but removed later -to Craven Street, Strand. He was a man of considerable attainments, -and is described as cordial, impetuous, improvident, but thoroughly -loved by his associates. He was the author of a massive Dictionary of -Medicine, and Dr. Johnson said of him: “No man brought more mind to -his profession.” Dr. Munk, in his “Roll of the College of Physicians,” -adds to this, however: “But he tarnished the fair fame he might -otherwise have attained by patenting his powder and falsifying the -specification.” Dr. James died in 1776 at the age of 73. - - [Illustration: DR. JAMES.] - -The patent for his fever powder was taken out in 1747. It is on record -that Johnson introduced him to John Newbery, a noted bookseller of the -time, who had a shop at the corner of St. Paul’s Churchyard and Ludgate -Hill. Newbery became the agent and part proprietor of the medicine. It -is still owned and prepared by the direct descendants of John Newbery, -who carry on business in Charterhouse Square. - -The specification of the patent directs to “Take antimony, calcine it -with a continual protracted heat in a flat unglazed earthen vessel, -adding to it from time to time a sufficient quantity of any animal -oil and salt well dephlegmated; then boil it in melted nitre for a -considerable time, and separate the powder from the nitre by dissolving -it in water.” The doctor adds to his specification a process for a -mercurial pill with antimony, made by amalgamating equal parts of -martial regulus of antimony with “pure silver” (_sic_), adding -a proportionable quantity of sal ammoniac, then distilling off the -mercury and using it again. This performance was to be repeated nine -or ten times, the mercury being at last dissolved in spirits of nitre -(nitric acid), distilled to dryness, the caput mortuum calcined till -it was of a golden colour, and this powder, after spirits of wine had -been burnt upon it, was ready to be made into pills. Dr. James gave the -moderate dose of the antimonial powder at 30 grains, and that of the -mercurial at 1 grain. - -Paris says that James “usually combined his antimonial powder with -some mercurial, and always followed it up with large doses of bark.” -He suggests that the adjuncts largely accounted for the success of the -medicine. - -The fever powder acquired great fame in James’s lifetime, and after -his death imitations were numerous. One of these is of interest -because of an advertisement against it written by Dr. Johnson. The -man who ventured to imitate the genuine product was named Hawes, and -he had once been in the employment of Dr. James. He professed that he -had learned how to make the powder during his service, but Dr. James -signed an affidavit against his pretensions a short time before his -death. Later Hawes asserted that when the doctor made that affidavit -he was not in the possession of his mental faculties. To this Francis -Newbery replied by an advertisement quoting affidavits by many of -James’s patients and acquaintances. A paragraph was appended which -Newbery himself stated was written by Dr. Johnson, and as a section -of literature rather foreign to the famous author, it seems worthy of -reproduction. It ran thus:-- - - “The public will now be fully enabled to judge of Mr. Hawes’s - pretensions to the knowledge of this medicine; and they will - determine what degree of credit they ought to pay to the - assertions of a man who has made so daring an attempt to impose - upon their understanding; who in contradiction to Dr. James’s - deposition has represented himself as possessing a secret with - which he was never entrusted, and as having performed operations - at which he was never present; and who, to invalidate the - Doctor’s testimony, has declared him to be reduced to fatuity at - a time when the vigour of his mind was known and acknowledged by - the physician and surgeon who attended him, and by patients of - the highest rank who continued to entrust him with health and - life.” - -In 1774 Dr. James patented an “analeptic pill.” It was composed of -his own fever powder with pil. rufi and gum ammoniacum, the last two -ingredients to be dissolved in an underground cave furnished with the -conductors of electric fire. - -The first official substitute for James’s powder was introduced into -the London Pharmacopœia of 1787. The formula was devised by a Dr. -Higgins, and the experiments were made in the laboratory of the Society -of Apothecaries. It was composed of equal parts of tersulphuret of -antimony and hartshorn shavings. This was found to be stronger than -the original, and further experiments were made for the College by Dr. -Pearson, who reported in 1791 that James’s powder consisted of about -equal parts of oxide of antimony and phosphate of lime. The formulas -in the London Pharmacopœias of 1809 and 1824 were consequently reduced -in strength, one part of the antimonial salt with two parts of horn -shavings being substituted. The ingredients were heated to redness -in a crucible and afterwards powdered. For the Pharmacopœia of 1851, -Mr. Richard Phillips experimented, and mainly confirmed Dr. Pearson’s -results. The formula remained as in 1824. Meanwhile the Edinburgh -Pharmacopœia continued to adopt the stronger combination, while the -Dublin Pharmacopœia prescribed a different preparation altogether, -tartarised antimony and phosphate of soda solutions being mixed, and -a precipitate consisting of teroxide of antimony and phosphate of -lime being produced by precipitation by the addition of a solution of -chloride of calcium and ammonia. This was a modification of a process -advocated by Chevenix in a paper published in _Phil. Trans._, -1801. His process was recommended by Abernethy and many other of the -leading practitioners of his time. In the British Pharmacopœias the -simple formula of one part of antimonious oxide and two parts of -calcium phosphate has been adopted. The name of Dr. James’s Powder as -a synonym has now been dropped. - -It has been suspected that Dr. James did not actually invent the -powder, but adopted it from an Italian recipe which was certainly -popular when he introduced it. In Colborne’s “English Dispensatory,” -published in 1756, directions are given for making Mr. Lisle’s Powder -for Fevers, sent to the author, he says, by a friend in Italy. -Hartshorn shavings are to be boiled in a large quantity of water for -six hours; the water is then to be strained off, the hartshorn to be -dried by a slow fire, and finely powdered. Equal weights of this and of -diaphoretic antimony are to be heated in a crucible, stirring all the -time with a long iron, for eight hours or as long as it smokes. This -powder is said to have been in great reputation for some years, having -been successful in cases when hardly any hope seemed left. Twenty -grains is indicated as a moderate dose at not less than six hours’ -interval, and it is noted that the first and second doses often cause -vomiting. - -Whether this was the original of James’s invention or not it may be -presumed that the formula was a guide to those doctors and chemists who -were busying themselves with the analysis of his powder. Another claim -of precedence was made by a patent medicine dealer of London named -William Baker, who alleged that Dr. James’s process was an infringement -of a patent or at least a copy of a formula invented by a German named -Schwanberg. - -Medical opinion has varied concerning the relative merits of the -proprietary medicine and its official imitation. Christison in his -Dispensatory (1842) expresses an opinion which was very generally -held at least in his time when he says, “No one can deny that the -antimonial powder of the Pharmacopœias is an irregular preparation -inferior in activity as well as certainty to the nostrum sold by Dr. -James’s representatives.” Some dispensers will recollect that up to -recent years it was not at all unusual for prescribers specially to -order “Pulvis Jacobi Vera.” - -That Dr. James was a man of great ability and industry is testified -by his great Dictionary and also by his “Pharmacopœia Universalis or -New English Dispensatory.” The latter is a most valuable guide to -the Pharmacy of the eighteenth century, and is not only full in its -information but particularly advanced in much of its criticism. - -It may be of interest to add that the famous novelist G. P. R. James -was a grandson of the Doctor. - - - ST. JOHN LONG’S LINIMENT. - -John St. John Long after he became famous was always reticent about his -origin; but it was believed that he was the son of a basket maker, some -said of the name of Driscoll, that he was born in or near Doneraile, -and in his youth assisted his father: that later, being possessed of -some artistic talent, he practised as a portrait painter in Dublin and -afterwards in Limerick. An advertisement appeared in a Limerick paper -of Feb. 10, 1821, which was as follows:-- - - “Mr. John St. John Long, Historical and Portrait Painter; the - only pupil of Daniel Richardson, Esq., late of Dublin, proposes - during his stay in Limerick to take portraits from Italian Head - to whole length; any person desirous of getting theirs done in - historical, hunting, shooting, fishing, or any other character; - or their family grouped in one or two paintings from life-size - to miniature, so as to make an historical subject, choosing one - from history,” &c. - -The advertisement went on to announce that specimens might be seen at -his (the artist’s) residence, 116, George’s St. He was also willing to -take views in the country, and would give instructions “to a limited -number of pupils of respectability.” He succeeded fairly well in -Limerick, but evidently not well enough to satisfy his ambition. - - [Illustration: JOHN ST. JOHN LONG. - - (From a print in the British Museum.)] - -He is next found in London, where he got some employment from Sir -Thomas Lawrence, assisting him in his studio; was elected a member of -the Royal Society of Literature, also of the Royal Asiatic Society. -One of his occupations was to colour anatomical drawings for the -professors and pupils of one of the minor surgical schools of London. -This perhaps suggested the opening of his brilliant career as an -unqualified doctor. - -His treatment consisted of the application of a liniment, and the -inhalation of a vapour. The liniment had the extraordinary virtue of -selecting between sound and unsound tissues. If the part to which it -was applied was healthy no effect would be produced; but if there were -seeds of disease beneath the surface the liniment might be relied -upon to draw out the virus which could then be easily disposed of; -thus tubercles on the lungs were extracted and the disease cured. -Consumption was the principal disease which Long professed to treat; -but gout, rheumatism, palsy, liver disorders, and other frequent -complaints were dealt with by him. He was a handsome Irishman with -fascinating manners, and the gift of inducing confidence. His -consulting rooms in Harley Street were crowded, chiefly by ladies, from -8 a.m. to 4 p.m., and all the day patients were seated round a piece of -furniture which looked like a piano but from which a number of tubes -extruded supplied with mouth pieces from which they were inhaling or -smoking the medicated vapour. Hopeless cases he declined; those which -he preferred were those which were in the imaginary stage. - -At the height of his popularity St. John Long was making an income -of over £13,000 a year (_Gent. Mag._ 1843). That was in 1829. -The next year, 1830, he was tried for manslaughter, a young Irish -lady, Miss Catherine Cushin, having died after, and it was alleged -in consequence of, his treatment. A number of aristocratic patients -gave evidence in his favour, and Mr. Justice Park, who tried him, -summed up strongly on his behalf. But the jury found him guilty, and -he was sentenced to pay a fine of £250 or to be imprisoned until the -money was paid. Long ostentatiously produced a roll of notes, counted -out the amount, and then drove off from the court in the Marquis of -Sligo’s carriage. Next year a coroner’s jury returned another verdict -of manslaughter against him in connection with the death of a Mrs. -Lloyd. He was again tried but on this occasion was acquitted. Strong -articles against him appeared in many of the principal newspapers, -but his aristocratic clients as a rule remained faithful to him. He -published a book in defence of his system and included in it a number -of extraordinary testimonials, together with a series of smart attacks -on the medical profession. He retained his popularity to the last; but -it was not to be for long. He was attacked by the disease over which he -had claimed to exercise so much power, and he died from consumption in -1837 in the 37th year of his age. A graceful monument was erected in -Kensal Green Cemetery to his memory by his patients and admirers “to -show how much its inhabitant was respected by those who knew his worth, -and the benefits derived from his remedial discovery.” His estate -became the subject of a lengthy litigation, the principal claimant -being an elderly woman of evidently humble surroundings, who, it was -proved, was his lawful wife. He had married her when a lad, but had -afterwards induced her to agree to an amicable separation. It was then -remembered how steadfastly the charlatan had resisted the blandishments -of his society friends, many of whom in very high circles had shown -their infatuation with the attractive Irishman. - -The formula and good will in the liniment were ultimately sold for ten -thousand pounds, but it does not seem to have retained its popularity -after the personality of its inventor had been removed. Nevertheless it -possessed certain properties which were thought by some of its users -to be little short of miraculous. For example, when applied to the -skin the particular part where the pain was most severe would develop -redness quicker than the other parts. In the course of a little time, -the rubbing being continued, a fluid varying in colour according, as -was believed, to the nature of the illness, would ooze from the skin, -though the cuticle remained unbroken. Lastly, the treatment being -still continued, the part affected would gradually resume its healthy -appearance. In the _Lancet_ of June 23, 1838, may be found the -report of a meeting of the “Medico-Botanic Society,” held on the -13th of that month, at which Dr. Macreight communicated the result -of an investigation into the composition of this famous liniment, -an imitation of which had been made by himself and Mr. Fownes, the -well-known chemist. The explanation of the analysis was accompanied by -a good many disparaging comments on Long, and suggestions that there -was nothing very wonderful about his liniment after all. The formula -which Dr. Macreight and Mr. Fownes devised for a liniment which they -said corresponded exactly with the quack compound was as follows:-- - -Yolk of one egg; pure oil of turpentine, 1½ oz.; strong acetic acid, 1 -oz.; distilled water, 3 oz. - -Dr. Macreight notices one of St. John Long’s recommendations to apply -a cabbage leaf to the skin when the discharge had been obtained, and -remarks “this in many respects is superior to a common cataplasm, which -is clumsy and dries up rapidly; but of course no regular practitioner -would employ cabbage leaves while the simple and elegant contrivance, -lint covered with oiled silk, was within his reach.” Perhaps if a -medical man had constructed the cabbage leaf, it might have been also -regarded as “a simple and elegant contrivance.” - - - SEIGNETTE’S SALTS. - -(Soda Tartarata, Sodii potassio-tartras, Rochelle salts, Sel de -Seignette, Sal polychrestum Seignette.) - -Peter Seignette was an apothecary at Rochelle in the later half of the -seventeenth century. He had at least a local scientific reputation, and -a paper of his describing certain remarkable natural products of his -locality was printed in the “Transactions” of the Academy of Sciences -of Paris. A little before 1672 Seignette was making some soluble tartar -(tartrate of potash), and inadvertently used carbonate of soda with -the cream of tartar instead of carbonate of potash. At that time the -distinction between the fixed alkalies had not been discovered. The -product was a salt different from that which he had expected, and -Seignette was ready to believe that he had made a valuable discovery. -He ascertained that his new salt had laxative properties, he called -it Sal Polychrestum, and advertised it by means of prospectuses, or -handbills. From one of these it appears that he sold it at “20 sols la -prise,” say 10_d._ for a dose. Each dose was sold in an envelope -on which appeared the design of a goose. One of the prospectuses states -that Seignette’s salt was sold in Paris by Lemery, but another refers -customers to the “Messieurs Seignette, at present at Paris, lodging on -the Quay de le Megisserie.” - -Peter Seignette died in 1716, and his son continued to sell the powder. -Many attempts to analyse it were made by pharmacists, but it remained -a secret until 1731 in which year both Boulduc and Geoffroi, both -noted pharmaciens of Paris, solved the problem. Boulduc’s paper on the -subject was published in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, Paris, -and Geoffroi sent his account to Sir Hans Sloane of London and it was -published in the “Philosophical Transactions,” (436, p. 37). - -Sal Polychrestum (salt of many virtues) was a name which had been -adopted a few years before Seignette made his, by Christopher Glaser, -apothecary to Louis XIV. and the Duke of Orleans. Seignette’s salt -pushed Glaser’s out of popularity to some extent, so that the latter is -generally designated Sal Polychrestum Glaseri in the old books. Glaser -made his preparation by mixing nitre and sulphur in equal proportions, -then putting the mixture, a spoonful at a time, into a red-hot -crucible. The powder would deflagrate, and the next spoonful was not -to be added until the flame of the first had gone out. The mixture was -kept in fusion for four or five hours, and after cooling was dissolved, -the solution filtered and evaporated to dryness. Sulphate of potash -with perhaps a little free sulphur was produced, and this has long -represented Glaser’s Sal Polychrestum or Sal de Duobus, as it was also -called. - -Seignette’s salt was first admitted into the London Pharmacopœia of -1788 under the name of Natron Tartarizatum which was altered in 1809 to -Soda Tartarizata. - - - SINGLETON’S GOLDEN EYE OINTMENT. - -An allusion to this renowned proprietary preparation will be found -under Citrine Ointment, this Vol., page 126, in connection with the -several discordant guesses as to its composition which have been -published by eminent authorities. The ointment is mentioned in this -section also because of its long history. According to the statement -published by its present proprietor it is the oldest proprietary remedy -still sold in this country. The present proprietor, Mr. Stephen Green, -inherited it from his grandfather of the same name who died in 1874. -He acquired the property by marrying (in 1825) Selina Folgham, who -brought to him one-fifth share in the rights as a part of her marriage -settlement, and after her death in 1831 the elder Stephen Green bought -up the shares of other relatives. This Selina Folgham was a daughter of -another Selina Folgham, _née_ Singleton, granddaughter of Thomas -Singleton who died in 1779, and whose tomb, I understand, may still be -seen in Lambeth churchyard. This Thomas Singleton was the first of the -Singletons. Before his time the ointment appears to have been known as -“Dr. Johnson’s Golden Ointment,” and the present owners claim that it -was first made by a “Dr. Johnson” in 1596, and that it was left by him -to a certain George Hind whose great-granddaughter married the Thomas -Singleton already mentioned. - - - MRS. STEPHENS’S CURE FOR STONE. - -Perhaps the most notable recognition of a nostrum in English history -was the Act of Parliament passed in 1739 entitled “An Act for providing -a reward to Joanna Stephens upon a proper discovery to be made by her -for the use of the publick of the Medicines prepared by her for the -Cure of the Stone.” - -Mrs. Stephens was a widow and professed to have received the recipe -from her late husband. A number of persons in the higher classes of -society had been cured, or believed they had been, by taking her -remedy, and in the year 1738 a movement was started to buy the formula -from her for the benefit of the public. This was specially advocated -in the _Gentleman’s Magazine_, and the lady being approached -expressed her willingness to sell the recipe for £5,000. An account was -opened at Drummond’s Bank, and £500 was subscribed in the first few -days. Dr. David Hartley, of Bath, was the chief organiser of the fund, -and the Bishop of Bath and Wells, the Principal of Brasenose College, -Oxford, and other responsible persons wrote letters testifying their -knowledge of the good effects produced by Mrs. Stephens’s treatment. -Hartley published an account of “Ten Cases of Persons who have taken -Mrs. Stephens’s Medicines for Stone.” When Hartley died Warburton in -his letters referred to him as “a philanthropic visionary, a martyr -to Mrs. Stephens’s medicine.” It is said in some accounts that Horace -Walpole was one of Mrs. Stephens’s cures. - -The subscription list was kept going until the end of the year, and -though it included dukes, earls, bishops, and several doctors of -medicine, only a total of £1,356 3_s._ was promised. Evidently -some strong influence was therefore brought to bear on the Government, -for early in the next year the Act referred to was passed and the -trustees named in the Act being satisfied that Mrs. Stephens had made -the full discovery required, the £5,000 was duly paid to her. - -Mrs. Stephens’s “full discovery” was published in the _London -Gazette_ of June 19, 1739. It was very full indeed. Omitting -superfluous details it ran as follows:-- - -“My medicines consist of a powder, decoction and pills. The powder -is made by first taking hens’ egg-shells, cleaning and drying them, -crushing them up in the hands, and putting them into a three-pint -crucible, lightly, so that they will fill about three-fourths of its -capacity. Cover the crucible with a tile and place it in the midst of -a strong, clear fire, above and below. Keep the crucible in the fire -until the egg-shells are calcined to a greyish-white, and have acquired -an acrid, salt taste. This will need eight hours at least. The calcined -shells are to be kept in a dry, clean, open earthenware pan, about -three parts filled, in a dry room for two months exactly. They will -then have become of a milder taste and the part which is sufficiently -calcined will be in a powder of such fineness that it will pass through -a hair sieve, which has to be done. - -“In like manner take garden snails with their shells, cleaned from -dirt, put them in a crucible whole, put the crucible in the fire as -before, and keep it there until the snails have done smoaking, which -will be about one hour. They are then to be rubbed to a fine powder in -a mortar, the two powders are to be mixed, sifted through a cypress -sieve, bottled in close-stopped bottles, and kept in a dry place for -use.” - -“I have generally added a small quantity of Swines-Cresses, burnt to a -blackness and rubbed fine, but this was only with a view to disguise -it,” adds the lady, conscientiously. - -“The egg-shells may be prepared at any time of the year, but it is best -to do them in summer. The snails ought only to be prepared in May, -June, July, or August, and I esteem those best which are done in the -first of those months.” - -The decoction was made by beating 4½ oz. of best alicant soap in a -mortar with a large spoonful of Swines-Cresses burnt to blackness, and -as much honey as would make the whole of the consistence of a paste. -Make this into a ball. This ball was to be sliced and boiled for half -an hour in two quarts of soft water, with 1 oz. each of chamomile -flowers, sweet fennel, parsley, and burdock leaves. The boiled liquid -to be strained and sweetened with honey. - -The pills were to be made of equal quantities by measure of snails -calcined as before, wild carrot seeds, burdock seeds, ashen-keys, hips -and haws, all burnt to blackness, “or which is the same thing, till -they have done smoaking.” The mixed powders to be passed through a -cypress sieve, and a large spoonful or 4 oz. of best alicant soap, and -a sufficiency of honey added to make pills; each ounce of the mass to -be divided into sixty pills. - -One dram (avoirdupois) of the powder was to be taken three times a day -in a large teacupful of white wine, cyder, or small punch, and half a -pint of the decoction had to be drunk after each dose. If the medicine -caused much pain an opiate was to be given. The bowels were to be kept -regular with lenitive electuary or some other laxative. The pills were -to be given in fits of gravel or suppression of urine, five every hour; -or ten or fifteen might be taken daily to prevent formation of gravel -stones in constitutions subject to breed them. - -Salt meats, red wine, and milk were to be avoided. The patient was -to take as few liquids as possible, and to have but little exercise. -The object aimed at was that the urine might be impregnated with the -medicine, which would then dissolve the calcareous deposits. - -Mrs. Stephens died in 1774. The publication of her formula undoubtedly -stimulated investigation into the employment of alkaline medicines in -the treatment of stone, but her “cases” were not substantiated by later -evidence. One in particular was that of a man who was experimented on -while the proposal to buy the recipe was under consideration. He was -unquestionably suffering from stone, and he soon improved and in time -seemed to be quite cured after taking the remedies. After his death -examination showed that the stone was still in his bladder; but it had -made for itself a little sac in which it was so tightly embedded that -it never caused any inconvenience. - -Pereira, summing up the evidence in regard to the Stephens’ treatment, -says it cannot be doubted that many patients obtained relief from -the remedies, “but no cure was effected; that is, no calculus was -dissolved. For in the bladder of each of the four persons whose cure -was certified by the trustees the stone was found after their death.” I -have not traced the report of the four cases; only of the one referred -to above. - - - EARL OF ROCHESTER AS QUACK. - -The witty but profligate Earl of Rochester, well known in history as -the boon companion of Charles II, especially in his debaucheries, -frequently gave offence to that monarch by his impudence or his -sarcasms. His best known epigram is that referring to - - Our Sovereign Lord the King - Whose word no man relies on - Who never said a foolish thing - And never did a wise one. - -On several occasions Rochester was ordered to leave the Court, but -Charles always sent for him to come back again. In one of these -absences it is recorded that he took lodgings in Tower Street under the -name of Alexander Bindo and practised for a time as a quack doctor. -It is believed that he had a stall on Tower Hill on which he spread an -assortment of remedies and cosmetics, and that he especially cultivated -the patronage of women, to whom he gave advice. This must have been -about the year 1677. In a book published in 1710, giving the poetical -works and speeches of Sir Charles Sedley by Captain Ayloff, is printed -a copy of what purports to be one of Rochester’s harangues on Tower -Hill. No evidence of its authenticity is offered, and as the Earl was -undoubtedly gifted with a glib tongue and plenty of talent it would -seem unlikely that he would trouble himself to write out, or if he -did write it, to preserve such rubbish. The “Dictionary of National -Biography,” however, alludes to it without questioning its genuineness, -but does not quote any part of it. The following specimens of the -Earl’s alleged patter are quoted from an old part of _Notes and -Queries_:-- - -“I am the famed Paracelsus of the age, by name Segnior Doloso -Euprontorio, son of that wonder-working Chymist lately deceased in -Alsatia and famed through all Europe, Asia, Africa, and America; from -the oriental exaltation of Titan to his occidental declination, who -in pity to his own dear self and other mortals has by the prayers and -solicitations of divers Kings, Emperors, Princes, Lords, Gentlemen, and -other Personages been prevailed with to oblige the world with notice -to all persons, young and old, lame and blind, that they may know -where to repair for their speedy cure in all Cephalgies, Orantalgies, -Paralitical Paroxysms, Rheumatisms, Gout, Fevers, Fractures, -Dislocations, and all other Distempers incident to the human Body, -external or internal, acute or chronic, curable or incurable. - -“My medicines are the Quintessence of Pharmaceutical Energy; the Cures -I have done are beyond the art of the whole World. - -“I have an excellent hypontical, captical, odoriferous, carminative, -renovative, stiptical, corroboratory Balsam of Balsams, made of dead -men’s fat, rosin, and goose grease. It is the true Pharmacopœia of -Hermes Trismegistus, the true Pentemagogon of the triple kingdom, -which works seven several ways, and is seven years preparing, which -being exactly completed secundem artem by Fermentations, Solutions, -Sublimations, Putrefactions, Rectifications, and Quidlibelifications -in Balnea Mariæ in the Crucible, becomes Nature’s Palladium, Health’s -Magazine. One drachm of which is worth a Bushel of March dust. For if -any of you chance to have your heads cut off or your brains beat out, -ten drops of this seasonably applied will recall the fleeting spirits -reigning through the deposed Archeus, and in six minutes will restore -the departed Life to its pristine vigour with all its functions, vital, -rational and animal.” - -The quack goes on to recount some of his cures. Among them were the -god-mother of Prester John of a stupendous Dolor in her Os Sacrum; the -Empress of Boolampoo of a Cramp she got in her tongue by eating Pork -and buttered parsnips; an Alderman of Grand Cairo of a scarlet burning -raging fever of which he died; the Emperor of Morocco, who lay seven -years sick of the plague and was cured in 42 minutes so that he danced -the Saraband, Flip-flap, and Somerset. - -The orator announced that he was to be found at the Golden Ball in Fop -Alley whenever he was not on Tower Hill; for he had devoted himself -wholly to serve the Public. - - - WARBURG’S TINCTURE. - -Dr. Carl Warburg, an Austrian doctor, compounded a tincture some -seventy years ago which soon acquired an extraordinary reputation in -the treatment of agues and malarial fevers. Although its formula was -not disclosed, the Austrian Ministry of Health about 1848 put it on -the list of medicines which had to be stocked by all pharmacists, -fixed the maximum price at which it should be sold to the public at -2 fl. 30 kr. (about 5s.), and established a central depot in Vienna -for its manufacture, paying Dr. Warburg a salary for overseeing its -preparation. A little later a medical commission was appointed to -examine the tincture and draw up a formula for it. The commissioners -formed themselves into three sections, and each section made an -independent analysis. All agreed that the tincture was an alcoholic -preparation of quinine, aloes, camphor, and saffron; zedoary root -and angelica were guessed at by two of the sections, and rhubarb by -one. The formula adopted was Hepatic aloes, and zedoary root, of each -1 drachm; Angelica root, and camphor, of each 2 grains; Saffron, 3 -grains, spirit of wine, 3 ounces. Dissolve, filter, and add 30 grains -of sulphate of quinine. - -The publication of this formula did not apparently interfere with the -sale of the proprietary article, which might have continued if the -inventor had not been persuaded to surrender his secret. - -About the middle of the century Warburg’s Tincture had acquired great -reputation in India. Lt.-General Sir Mark Cubbon K.C.B., Commissioner -of the Mysore province, seems to have first made it known. At his -own expense he supplied 1,500 bottles to the medical officers of his -commission. Subsequently remarkable evidence was given before a Royal -Commission, appointed to inquire into the health of the Indian Army, -by Major-General Cottin R.E., who stated that many great engineering -works carried on in “deadly jungles” had been brought to a successful -issue mainly through the protection afforded to the workmen by this -tincture. In an article published in the _Lancet_, November -15, 1875, Professor W. C. Maclean, Inspector General of the Army, -gave still more striking testimony. He said he had treated remittent -fevers of every degree of severity contracted in India, China, and the -Gold Coast, and had never known quinine when given alone act in the -characteristic manner of this tincture. A dose of 9½ grains of quinine -in Warburg’s Tincture would often not only arrest the exacerbation of -the fever but would frequently prevent its recurrence. He had never -known quinine have that effect. In the same article Professor Maclean -published the formula for the tincture which Dr. Warburg had confided -to him on the advice of his friends. It was as follows:--Socotrine -aloes 1 lb.; East India rhubarb, angelica seeds, confectio Damocratis, -of each, 4 oz.; elecampane, fennel seed, saffron, prepared chalk, of -each 2 oz.; gentian root, zedoary root, cubebs, picked myrrh, camphor, -larch agaric, of each 1 oz. Digest these ingredients in 500 ounces of -proof spirit in a water bath for 12 hours, express, and add 10 oz. of -sulphate of quinine. Replace the mixture in the water bath till the -quinine is dissolved, and filter. - -The tincture was supplied in 1 oz. bottles, and ½ oz. was given for a -dose after the bowels had been evacuated. The other ½ oz. was given 3 -hours after. - -Three years later Professor Maclean wrote to the _Times_ stating -that Dr. Carl Warburg was living in England in poverty. The large -fortune he had made from his tincture at one time had disappeared, and -the publication of his formula had resulted in the loss of his income. -He asked that the Indian Government would make some provision for him -in return for the publication of his valuable secret. The India Office -made a grant of £200 to Dr. Warburg in 1882, but in June, 1890, the -Hon. Sydney Holland wrote to _The Chemist and Druggist_ appealing -for further assistance. The old man was then 86 and Mr. Holland and -Professor Maclean had collected enough to provide him with 15s. a week -for the rest of his life. This was the last heard of the old gentleman, -and his case may be remembered as a caution to over-scrupulous -inventors of remedies. - - - WARD’S REMEDIES. - -Joshua Ward, who was born in 1685 and died in 1761, was one of the most -notorious and successful of English quacks. In Gray’s “Supplement” -and in Paris’s “Pharmacologia” he is said to have been a footman -and to have obtained his recipes from some monks while travelling -on the Continent with his master. This story is not corroborated by -contemporary accounts, nor is it adopted by the “Dictionary of National -Biography.”[3] From these sources it appears that Ward came of a good -family, and in early life was associated with his brother William in -the business of a drysalter in Thames Street, London. - -In 1717 he was returned to Parliament as member for Marlborough; but -there was either fraud or mistake about this return, for a Committee -appointed to investigate it reported that not a single vote had been -given for Ward. He was consequently unseated and the other candidate -for whom a few votes had been cast got the seat. - - [Illustration: JOSHUA WARD, ORIGINATOR OF WARD’S PASTE. - - (From a print in the British Museum.)] - -Apparently Ward had got into some political trouble; the “Dictionary -of National Biography” suggests that it was in connection with -the Jacobite rising in 1715. He had escaped to France before the -Parliamentary inquiry, and in Paris he commenced the sale of the pills -and drops which he afterwards made so famous in London. Ward had -evidently not finished sowing his political wild oats, for he somehow -became obnoxious to the French Government, and was only saved from a -sojourn in the Bastille through the intervention of his friend, John -Page, M.P. In 1733 he obtained a pardon from George II. and returned to -England. - -Wards pharmacopœia became a rather extensive one. His pills and -drops were the principal medicines he concocted; both were strong -antimonial preparations. The pills were composed of glass of antimony -(an oxysulphide of the metal), 4 parts, mixed with 1 part of dragon’s -blood. This combination was made into 1½ grain pills. The combination -of antimony with a resinous substance had been adopted in several -earlier preparations, mastic being generally preferred. The resin was -supposed to “blunt” the action of the antimony. The drops were made by -dissolving ½ oz. of glass of antimony in 1 quart of Malaga wine. These -powerful medicines were no doubt effective in many cases. Both cures -and casualties were likely enough to result from them. These were the -medicines which Ward first made famous in Paris, and with which he -started his career in London. - -Ward made besides a “white drop” which was an ammoniated solution of -nitrate of mercury; two sweating powders, one of which was simply -“Dover’s,” but with some liquorice powder added; the other was the same -with the addition of white hellebore. His paste for fistula and piles -was the original of our Conf. Piper. Nig. His “liquid sweat” was a -wine of opium with saffron, cinnamon, and salt of tartar; his “dropsy -purging powder” was jalap, cream of tartar and orris powder in equal -proportions; later the orris was dropped and a small quantity of bole -armeniac was substituted, and his essence for the headache appeared -later in the Pharmacopœia as compound camphor liniment. - -By advertisements of various kinds, and by a number of startling cures, -Ward attained astonishing success. George II. had unbounded faith in -him. At his first interview with the King the latter had a dislocated -thumb. Ward gave it a sharp wrench which incited some strong German -from the monarch, but which put the thumb right. Subsequently George -provided the quack with a room in his almonry at Whitehall, and paid -him to treat poor people there. Ward bought besides three houses at -Pimlico and converted them into a hospital where his remedies were -administered, highborn ladies assisting in the conduct of this charity. -His patients included Lord Chesterfield, Gibbon the historian, and -Fielding the novelist, as well as a large number of titled persons of -less permanent fame, and when he brought an action for libel against -the _Grub Street Journal_ (which, however, he failed in) Reynolds, -the Lord Chief Baron, and Horace Walpole were among his witnesses. In -1748 a Bill was introduced into Parliament to restrict the practice of -medicine, and it contained a clause specially exempting Ward by name -from its penalties. - -Naturally the qualified members of the medical profession were -irritated at the amazing prosperity of this charlatan. Queen Caroline, -it was said, once asked General Churchill if it was true that Ward’s -medicines had made a man mad. “Yes, Madam,” Churchill replied, “Mead.” -Dr. Richard Mead was the King’s physician. - -Ward retained his fame to the end of his life, and the King’s -liberality made it possible to publish a collection of his recipes -which his old friend John Page compiled after his death. But George’s -tenderness to the memory of the great physic-monger did not go to the -extent of fulfilling the desire expressed in his will, that he should -be buried in Westminster Abbey, in front of the altar, or as near -thereto as possible. - -The story of Ward’s treatment of George II.’s thumb is thus told by -Dr. George Henning in a note to Dr. Martin Listers “Journey to Paris” -(this Vol., page 181): “George II being afflicted with a violent -pain of the thumb which had baffled the skill of the faculty, sent -for the noted Dr. Joshua Ward; who, having ascertained the nature -of the complaint before he was admitted, provided himself with a -suitable nostrum which he concealed in the hollow of his hand. On -being introduced he requested permission to examine the affected part, -and gave it so sudden a wrench that the King cursed him and kicked -his shins. Ward bore this very patiently and when the King was cool -respectfully asked him to move his thumb, which he did easily and found -the pain gone.” In reply to the King’s offer to do something for him -Ward diplomatically replied that the pleasure of serving his Majesty -was quite sufficient reward, but he would be grateful if the King would -do something for a nephew. The nephew was made an ensign in the Guards -and Ward himself was presented with a carriage and pair of horses. - -In the _Daily Advertiser_ of June 10th, 1736, a report is -published of an attendance at the court at Kensington by the Queen’s -appointment of Joshua Ward, Esq., with eight or ten persons who in -extraordinary cases had received great benefit by taking his remedies. -Her Majesty was accompanied by three surgeons and several persons of -quality, the patients were examined, money was distributed to them, and -Mr. Ward was congratulated on his success. - -In Lord John Hervey’s “Memoirs of the Reign of George II” that eminent -courtier (Pope’s “Lord Fanny”) relates that he gave Ward’s Pills to -the Princess Caroline for rheumatic pains, and he remarks of them “an -excellent medicine not only in rheumatics, but in several cases, which -for being so all the physicians and surgeons endeavoured to decry.” - -Ward is referred to in the newspapers of the day as “Spot Ward.” The -nickname was acquired in consequence of a claret mark on one side of -his face. Pope refers to him in the lines: - - Of late, without the least pretence to skill, - Ward’s grown a famed physician by a pill. - -Ward bequeathed his book of secret formulas to his faithful friend and -helper in his earlier troubles, John Page, M.P. Mr. Page was a wealthy -man, and he decided to publish the recipes of those remedies which were -most esteemed for “the noblest of all purposes, the common good of -mankind.” So he states in introducing the pamphlet. But a difficulty -occurred in respect of these formulas. They did not in all cases -represent the medicines which the public had become accustomed to. They -had been made for Ward by a Mr. John White, a manufacturing chemist of -Twickenham, and a Mr. F. J. D’Osterman, who was probably an apothecary, -and those two manufacturers alone knew the exact modifications which -had been made in the preparations. In these circumstances the King -(George II) consented in his “most benevolent disposition and extensive -bounty” to make ample provision for these chemists. Whereupon the “Book -of Secrets” was published. A depot for selling them was established, -and a moderate tariff fixed at which those compounded by the chemists -already named could be obtained, though, of course, anybody was at -liberty to make similar preparations. Mr. Page provided that profits -after paying expenses should be divided between an Orphan Asylum and a -Magdalen Institution. - -The following are the recipes for the fistula or pile paste and for the -headache essence, both of which, being adopted in the Pharmacopœia, -have some historic interest:-- - -Paste for the Fistula: Elecampane root, 1 lb.; fennel seeds, 3 lb.; -black pepper, 1 lb. All in fine powder, mixed and sifted. Melt together -2 lb. each of honey and white sugar, and when this mixture is cool -knead into it the prescribed powders. The dose was a piece the size of -a nutmeg, to be taken morning, noon, and night, followed by a glass of -water or white wine. - -Essence for the Headache, etc.: French spirit of wine, 2 lb.; Roch alum -in fine powder, 2 oz.; camphor, cut small, 4 oz.; essence of lemon, ½ -oz.; strongest volatile spirit of sal ammoniac, 4 oz. A little of this -essence was to be rubbed on the hand, and the hand was to be held hard -to the part affected until it was dry. Ward told Mr. Page that it was -this application which had cured George II’s thumb. - -In a lecture on Hæmorrhoids delivered by Sir Benjamin Brodie at St. -Georges Hospital, and reported in the _London Medical Gazette_, -February 3, 1835, that eminent practitioner stated that he had often -found the Confectio Piperis Co. (“similar to what was once very -celebrated as Ward’s Paste”) successful when other simple expedients -failed. He said it was rather disagreeable to take, tasted like a -coarse gingerbread, and must be persevered in for a considerable time. -He stated that one of the worst cases he ever knew was that of a lady -who had consulted him, and he did not think it possible to cure her -without an operation. She, however, was obliged to go into the country -at the time, and as the operation must be delayed for a month at least, -he recommended her to try Ward’s Paste meanwhile. She came back to him -six or eight weeks later quite cured. He thought the remedy acted by -passing into the colon and, becoming blended with the faeces, served as -a local application. - - - THE WHITWORTH DOCTORS - -are almost forgotten now, but a century ago they were famous all over -England. The Whitworth red bottle and the Whitworth drops are still -more or less popular reminiscences of their pharmacy. The former was an -embrocation, and the second an antispasmodic tincture. Both contained -oil of thyme. Formulas are given in “Pharmaceutical Formulas,” -published at 42, Cannon Street. - -The founder of the family of the Whitworth Doctors was John Taylor, -originally a farrier, of Whitworth, then a village about three miles -from Rochdale. He died in 1802 at the age of sixty-two. John Taylor had -a younger brother and two sons, and the younger brother also had sons, -all of whom practised surgery. A third and even a fourth generation -of surgeons, some of whom were fully qualified, likewise practised at -Whitworth, and the last of the race died in 1876. - -The original brothers Taylor were both farriers, but they became famous -for their treatment of human patients. Their methods were of the most -vigorous character. They were in the habit of buying a ton of Glauber’s -salts from their wholesale druggists, Ewbank and Wallis, of York, and -they dispensed it to those who sought their medical advice with no -niggard hands, and without any formality of weighing. The two brothers -provided free bleeding for poor patients every Sunday morning, and -something like a hundred victims attended for this operation. - -John Taylor (the original “Doctor”) never discontinued his treatment -of horse complaints, and was believed to have taken more pride and -pleasure in his veterinary work than in his dealings with humans. But -the latter flocked to him from all parts of the country. Cancers, -improperly set fractures, and deformities were his specialities, but -his practice gradually extended to all kinds of ills. A crowd of rich -and poor patients had to find lodgings somehow in the village, for -they sometimes had to stay for weeks there. Fifty at a time could be -seated in the long room where John treated them. They came in at one -end of the room and went out at the other, and no one, no matter what -his rank, was allowed to have the slightest preference. Eighteen-pence -a week for medicine and treatment was the charge to all, and those who -could not afford that fee were never asked for it. A lord drove up in -his carriage one day, and the powdered footman was sent to ask John -Taylor to “wait upon his lordship.” “Tell the man he must come in here -and take his turn like the rest, if he wants me to wait on him,” said -John; and “the man” had to do so. It is recorded that he left Whitworth -cured. - -The other doctors used to tell of Taylor’s failures; but as his cases -were mostly those which they had pronounced incurable, it is not -astonishing if he did not always succeed. But he effected many notable -cures. A lady with a cancer in the breast who had been given up by her -own doctors came from a hundred miles away to Whitworth. John examined -the breast, and then said, “What art thou come here for, woman?” “To -be cured, of course,” she answered. “Not all the doctors in England -can cure thee,” he said sternly; “thou must go home and die.” “I shall -not go home,” said the lady, “till you have tried your hand on me. I -can bear any pain you inflict, and I can only die at last.” “Thou art -a brave lass,” said John; “I will try, and God prosper us.” The lady -stayed at Whitworth six months, and went home cured. She lived thirty -years longer. - -This lady was well known to William Howitt, a Quaker and popular -writer in the first half of the nineteenth century. In an article he -wrote in Tait’s _Edinburgh Magazine_, 1839, Mr. Howitt relates -recollections of a visit he had paid to Whitworth some twenty years -previously, and from that visit, and from the conversations he had had -with the lady just referred to, he had gathered the particulars which -he gave in his article. - -While under the care of Doctor John at Whitworth the lady told Mr. -Howitt how she occupied herself in assisting “Mrs. George,” old -John’s daughter-in-law, to prepare the medicines. Glauber’s salts -were principally relied upon for internal administration. A caustic -known as “keen” was used for eradicating cancers; a black salve made -up into sticks; a snuff made from asarabacca leaves which he grew -in his garden; blisters; and the Red Bottle, made up the medicinal -armoury. The last is made still in Lancashire, thus: Camphor, 6; oil of -origanum, 6; Anchusa root, 1; methylated spirit, 80. - -The lady’s account of the preparation of the salve was that they used -to boil a kettleful of ingredients, and then they would mop the kitchen -floor. While it was wet they would pour the salve on it, and then -scraping it up they would roll it into sticks with their fingers, and -cut it into little pieces. - -Howitt also describes seeing James Taylor, the head of the family, when -he visited Whitworth, making his pills. In an old hat slung in front of -him by a cord round his neck was his pill mass. Thus armed, he would -walk up and down in front of his house nipping off bits of the mass and -rolling them into pills with his fingers as he walked. - -In his later years John Taylor sometimes visited patients in distant -places. Once he went to attend a duchess at Cheltenham. She had an -abscess which he opened and so relieved her at once. George III was -staying at Cheltenham at the time, and heard of this skilful man. Later -he sent for him to come to London to treat the Princess Elizabeth, who -had pains in her head with fits of stupor. John is said to have cured -her with his snuff. Having prescribed this and provided the patient -with some, John Taylor turned to Queen Charlotte, who with her other -daughters was in the room, and patting her on the back, said: “Well, -thou art a farrantly (good-looking) woman to be the mother of all these -straight-backed lasses.” “Ah, Mr. Taylor,” said the Queen, “I was -once as straight-backed as any of them.” John’s son James was fond of -telling this story. - -Thurlow, Bishop of Durham, brother of Lord Chancellor Thurlow, was one -of his patients, and John was once sent for to London to attend him. -More than one eminent physician was in the room when Taylor arrived. -“I won’t say a word till Jack Hunter is here,” said Dr. John; “he is -the only man among you who knows anything.” Jack Hunter was the famous -anatomist. When he was present, Taylor proceeded to examine the Bishop, -and was applying some ointment from a box he had with him. “What’s that -made of?” asked Hunter. “No, Jack, that’s not a fair question,” was -Taylor’s reply. “I’ll send you as much of it as you like, but I won’t -tell you what it’s made of.” - - - - - XXII - - POISONS IN HISTORY - - “To give an exact and particular account of the Nature and - Manner of acting of Poisons is no easy matter; but to Discourse - more intelligibly of them than authors have hitherto done, not - very difficult.” - (From Dr. Richard Mead’s Preface to his “Essays on Poisons,” - 1702.) - - -It has been shown elsewhere (Vol. I., page 52) how intimate was the -connection between ancient pharmacy and poisoning. In Greek the -terms came to be almost synonymous, and there is an echo of the same -association of ideas in the words Poison and Potion, which a few -centuries ago were used in English without much distinction. - -The priests of Egypt, the Æsculapians of Greece, and perhaps still -more the herbalists of that country and of Italy, necessarily learnt -many things from their studies of medicinal plants. They found herbs -which would cause sleep, furnish dreams, and confuse the brain. They -professed and perhaps believed in their ability to accomplish far more -with their philtres than the vegetable world was capable of, but the -common people had no means of checking their claims, and such science -as there was tended to support them. In the palaces of kings, in -the tents of generals, and in all the high places where intrigues, -jealousies, and enmities found their fullest scope, pharmaceutical -skill was much sought after; in some cases to dispose of rivals, but -more usually to counteract the murderous schemes which in those times -constituted so large a portion of statecraft. There was nothing the -brave men of old dreaded so much as secret poisoning. It is impossible -to say how far this crime was practised. Suspicion and terror may have -exaggerated its records, but on the other hand it is equally possible -that thousands of deaths may have occurred from poisons which were not -attributed to that cause. - -Hecate and her daughters Medea and Circe figured prominently in Greek -legends as inventors and discoverers of poisons. The magic arts for -which they were all famous were closely associated with deadly drugs. -They were supposed to live in the island of Colchis, the name of -which still recalls a vegetable which for many centuries retained the -reputation of possessing the most venomous properties. Colchicum was -discovered by Medea, but to Hecate is attributed the earliest use of -aconite. - -Kings studied pharmacy and invented antidotes. Orpheus, the physician -and poet, who preceded Æsculapius, wrote a poem on precious stones, -in which he relates that Theodomas, son of Priam, King of Troy, had -learned how to administer these as antidotes to poisons. The marvellous -properties of the antidote invented by Mithridates, King of Pontus, is -one of the commonplaces of medical history. Down to the seventeenth -century theriaca, emeralds, and bezoar stones were the antidotes to all -poisons recognised by the faculty. - - - BIBLICAL POISONS. - -No case of poisoning either suicidal, murderous, or accidental, is -alluded to in the Bible, unless we regard the story of the wild gourds -(2 Kings, ch. iv, v. 39) as coming within the last description. The -suicide by poison of Ptolemeus Macron is mentioned in 2 Maccabees, -ch. x, v. 13, but though this was a frequent practice among the -Greeks and Romans when the New Testament was written, no allusion to -it is found in the sacred writings. It may be that the apostles who -include “pharmakeia” among the crimes of the heathen had in mind the -degradation of the art to homicidal purposes, but it is more likely -that they only intended to denounce its application to the service of -lust or its consequences. - -The word Rosh occurs eleven times in the Old Testament, and is usually -rendered gall, often in association with wormwood. In two instances, -however (Hosea, ch. x, v. 4, and Amos, ch. vi. v. 12), it is translated -hemlock in the authorised version, and this is retained in the revised -version for the passage in Hosea. Apparently the word was a generic -one for pernicious or nauseous weeds; but as Rosh also means head some -commentators have thought that the poppy was intended. - -The word translated poison in Deut. ch. xxxii, v. 24, Job, ch. vi, v. -4, Psalms, lviii, v. 4, and cxl, v. 3, is Chemah, and always means -something burning. It is often used to indicate fierce anger. The verse -mentioned in Job is obviously a reference to the very ancient practice -of dipping arrows into some poison, an application of pharmacy from -which we derive our term toxicology. - - - POISONING IN ROME. - -Livy tells the story of the earliest of the poison leagues. He is -dependent on older historians for his facts, as the alleged events -happened some three centuries before he wrote; about the year 330 -B.C. in fact. A number of patricians died one after the other, their -illnesses presenting similar symptoms, but the causes of these could -not be traced. At last, however, a female slave gave information to the -Ediles of a group of twenty Roman ladies of the highest position who, -she said, occupied themselves in concocting poisons, and administering -them to their husbands or others who had become inconvenient to them. -The confederacy was directed by two women named Cornelia and Sergia, -and although Livy says 20, some accounts give the number of the -conspiratresses as 170, while others total it at 366. Cornelia and -Sergia were brought before the magistrates, and indignantly denied that -they had done more than prepare wholesome beverages and medicines. On -this the slave, whose own life was in jeopardy, demanded that they -should themselves be required to take some of these compounds. They -were granted permission to consult with their associates before doing -this, and in the interval they all poisoned themselves. Livy states -that this story is not told by all the contemporary narrators. - -Later Roman history leaves little doubt that poisoning became a -profession, or rather was frequently associated with the pharmacy of -the period, as it had been in Greece. Theophrastus, who wrote about -300 B.C., alludes to a poison prepared from aconite which -could be so administered as to take effect at a defined future time, -three months, six months, a year, or longer after it was taken, the -victim gradually growing weaker. It was perhaps in consequence of this -belief that the possession or cultivation of aconite was made a capital -offence. Pliny states that Calpurnia Bastia, one of the Catiline -conspirators, was poisoned by aconite. - -Locusta was one of the noted poison compounders of the Roman empire. -She had been condemned to death in the reign of Claudius, but probably -by the influence of the Empress Agrippina, she was pardoned and was -employed by that infamous woman. Claudius was getting on in years, and -was showing more affection for his own son Britannicus than for his -stepson Nero, whom at the solicitation of Agrippina he had adopted and -made his heir. The empress therefore resolved to get rid of Claudius, -but she was afraid to use a suddenly acting agent, and Locusta was -ordered to compound something which should produce a fatal effect, but -not immediately. It was to be so compounded that it would destroy the -emperor’s reason lest in the course of his proposed illness he should -take measures to supplant Nero by Britannicus. Locusta had to pretend -to be able to fulfil this commission, and the poison she prepared was -mixed in a dish of mushrooms. Claudius having eaten some of these was -soon taken ill and had to be carried from the table, but as this was -what usually occurred at his dinner not much notice was taken of the -event. His physician gave him an emetic, and he was in a fair way to -recover, but Agrippina, frightened at the possible exposure, employed -another minion to apply more of Locusta’s poison on a feather to his -throat, under the pretence of making him vomit more. He soon died. -Tacitus and Suetonius relate how Nero used Locusta later to help him -rid himself of Britannicus, and also of his old tutor Burrhus, who had -wearied him with his remonstrances. Locusta was executed in the reign -of Galba A.D. 68. - -Among other famous Romans believed to have perished by poison were -Germanicus and Drusus. Caligula ordered a deadly ointment to be given -to an impolitic gladiator named Columbus, who had unwisely worsted the -emperor with the fencing foils, to be applied to his wounds. The poor -wretch died in consequence. These are only samples of Roman poisonings. - - - POISONS IN ANCIENT TIMES. - -The poisons known to the ancients cannot be with certainty identified. -The one to which the power of philtres was principally attributed -was mandragora, which was said to produce various hallucinations -and temporary madness. It is most likely, however, that in many of -the cases where this drug is named the poison actually used was -belladonna root. Hannibal, fighting against a large army of African -rebels, simulated retreat, but left on the field of battle a quantity -of vases of wine in which “mandragora” had been infused. The savages -drank the wine, which reduced them to a condition of stupor. Then the -Carthaginian hero returned and gained an easy victory over his helpless -foes. Henbane seeds infused in wine made the head light, and gave the -impression of having travelled through the air. Stramonium, dulcamara, -hellebore, opium, Indian hemp, vervain, mezereon, and many other drugs, -were in the stock-in-trade of the philtre mongers and conjurers, and -the legends related by Pliny and others about the properties possessed -by these herbs are sometimes nonsense, but are too often based on their -real powers. - -There was a ranunculus which grew in Sardinia, which was credited -with the power of promoting gaiety. It was called the _Herba -Sardonica_. It occasioned spasmodic contraction of the muscles of -the face and so simulated a laugh. Hence our expression “sardonic -grin.” The employment of haschish by the Saracen warriors to make -themselves fierce and reckless in battle is not a mere legend. The -sect who introduced it in the armies of Islam were called hashashin, -the origin of our word “assassins.” The reputation of the myrtle as an -invigorator of the brain, and its consequent adoption by poets as a -garland round their brows, is a sample of a more innocent tradition. - -Several of the Greek and Roman medical authors, Galen among others, -profess a cautious reticence in regard to poisons. But there is -a treatise in existence in verse, by Nicandor, which gives such -toxological knowledge as was familiar to the men of science of the -second century before the Christian era. Among venomous animals were -included salamanders, leeches, toads, cantharides, and the sea-hare -(_Lepus marinus_). The blood of bulls (probably putrefied) was a -poison in use by the Athenians. The honey of Heracleus had a certain -fame, for it was alleged that the soldiers of Xenophon having regaled -themselves with this luxury were all so intoxicated with it that -the whole army lay on the field as if they were dead. Next day all -recovered. It is supposed to have been a honey extracted from narcotic -flowers. - -The vegetable poisons known to the ancients have mostly been named. -But cherry laurel, elaterium, certain fungi, and smilax, probably our -mezereon, should be added. The mineral poisons in more or less use were -arsenic, in the form of orpiment and realgar, cinnabar, and metallic -mercury, which was reputed to be poisonous. Nicandor alludes to -litharge, ceruse, and gypsum. By the last he may have meant quicklime. -Berthelot translated from Olympiodorus (sixth century) the description -of a process for making white arsenic from the sulphide. The product -was called “alum, white and compact.” The animal kingdom furnished the -Romans with at least one famous poison which they extracted from the -_Lepidus marinus_ (in the Linnean system, _Aplysia depilans_) -which they knew as the sea-horse. According to Philostratus it was by -this poison that Domitian removed Titus. - - - POISONINGS IN THE MIDDLE AGES. - -The belief in the skill of the compounders of philtres and mysterious -charms grew rather than diminished in the Middle Ages and as alchemy -developed. In Sir Walter Scott’s “Talisman,” the tale of the Crusades, -the western physician says, “The oily Saracens are curious in the -art of poisons, and can so temper them that they shall be weeks in -acting upon the party, during which time the perpetrator has leisure -to escape. They can impregnate cloth and leather, nay, even paper and -parchment, with the most vile and subtle venoms.” - -Official records of the trial of a minstrel named Wondreton in Paris, -in 1384, give a copy of instructions alleged to have been given to -the accused by Charles the Bad, King of Navarre, who had employed -this Wondreton to poison the then King of France, Charles VI, his -brother, two uncles, and several dukes. The scheme was extraordinarily -crude, although Charles the Bad was reputed to be an adept in alchemy. -The minstrel was to buy “arsenic sublimat” from the hotels of the -apothecaries in Pampeluna, Bordeaux, Bayonne, and other towns through -which he would pass. He was to powder this, and get into the kitchens -of the eminent persons who were to be his victims, and then, when he -could do it with safety, he was to sprinkle some of the powder in the -soups and meats served to the masters. Wondreton was arrested before he -had done any mischief, and was executed. - -King John of England is alleged to have caused Maud Fitzwalter to be -killed in the Tower by a poisoned egg because she would not yield to -his illicit passion. - -The sorcery practised so largely in the Middle Ages must have -frequently developed into poisoning. The philtres were to a large -extent the same as those which the Romans had used. Opium, belladonna, -datura, _Cannabis Indica_, and arsenic were capable of producing -astonishing effects, and there was but little chance of detection -except the chance which was just as likely to result in the conviction -of an innocent as a guilty person. Poisons, or at least the terror -of them, played a considerable part in the history of Italy in -the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and the country acquired -the nickname of Venenosa Italia. Even earlier the famous Venetian -“Council of Ten” was believed to have made a systematic business -of assassination by poison. It employed experts and had a regular -tariff--so much for a king, so much for a duke and downwards, which -was allowed, plus expenses. The crime having been accomplished, the -books of the Council recorded the fee, and the single word “factum” was -added. The Medicis and the Borgias, and other of the great aristocrats -of the nation are supposed to have kept skilled poisoners in their -pay. Giambaptista Porta, Mercurialis, and other scientific men wrote -treatises on toxicology as it was understood at the period, coloured -with exaggerated fancies such as would impress the common public, and -tempt the criminally inclined. Porta, for example, describes the “magic -unction” which witches were believed to employ. It was this which -gave them power to fly through the air. He attributes this virtue to -belladonna. With dulcamara they made a drugged cheese which they gave -to travellers, and which had the effect of inducing the victims to -fancy themselves beasts of burden. In this condition the adepts could -set them to any work they wanted done, and, this performed, they gave -them an antidote which restored them to their proper senses. - - - CREDULITY IN REGARD TO POISONS. - -Terror of poisons became epidemic in many countries, and eager -credulity welcomed any alleged antidote. Ambrose Paré relates an -incident in which he was an actor. He, a Protestant, was principal -physician to Charles IX, the wretched author of the Massacre of St. -Bartholomew. His story of the experiment which that king had made -with a bezoar stone is related on page 18. There was also an Archduke -Ferdinand of Austria who in the same century invented an antidote to -poisons. It was composed of sapphire, hyacinth, emerald, ruby, and -garnet. He also, according to Matthiolus, tried an experiment similar -to the one narrated by Paré. A Bohemian, condemned to be hanged, -was given 2 grains of arsenic. In four hours he had become livid, -prostrate, and apparently dying. He was given a dose of Ferdinand’s -powder in a glass of white wine, and recovered. Matthiolus also states -that Pope Clement VII made such experiments on condemned criminals. - -In the reign of Henry VIII of England in 1530 an Act was passed making -the crime of poisoning punishable by boiling alive. This was enacted -in consequence of several deaths believed to have been due to poisons -which had occurred in the household of the Bishop of Rochester. In 1542 -it is recorded in the chronicles of the time that a young woman named -Margaret Davie was “boyled alive in Smithfield” for having poisoned -persons in three houses in which she had lived. The savage punishment -was reduced to hanging in 1547 in the reign of Edward VI. In Queen -Elizabeth’s reign in 1598 two men were hanged on a charge of having -placed poison in her saddle. - -Italian poisoners are alleged to have found abundant employment in -France. Catherine de Medici took with her to Paris her astrologer, -Cosmo Ruggieri, and the people believed that he was responsible for -the death of Charles IX. The ambitious queen has found many defenders, -but the fiend capable of planning the massacre of St. Bartholomew may -support a few extra crimes. Exili went to Paris in the next century -with the reputation of having poisoned 150 persons in Rome. Michelet -says this miscreant had been in the employment of Marie Olympia, Queen -of Rome under Innocent X, and implies that it was on her account that -he exercised his chemical skill. He had also been in the service of -Queen Christina of Sweden, but this employment was apparently not a -criminal one. The latter queen had only engaged Exili to instruct her -in alchemy. It was from this teacher that the famous poisoners of -Paris were alleged to have learned their arts. It is not possible, -however, to ascertain the limits of exaggeration in the accounts which -gossiping chroniclers give of that epoch. Royal edicts were issued -forbidding “all sorts of sorcery or magic, divinations, philtres, -invocations of demons, drinks to win love, enchantments to trouble the -air or excite hail or tempests, to destroy the fruits of the earth or -the milk of beasts, mathematics [which meant astrology], auguries, and -interpretations of dreams.” But though the practice of the “diabolic -arts” was punishable by death, it flourished abundantly, but it is not -necessary to accept the estimate of a diarist named L’Estoile, who, -describing the execution of a witch named La Miraille in 1587, stated -that the number of such persons in Paris at that date exceeded thirty -thousand. - -Perfumery and the publication of almanacks were businesses which -covered many of the malfeasances struck at in the edict just quoted, -and no doubt there was a widespread belief in the miraculous -toxicological skill of the fortune tellers, who naturally wished their -predictions to be verified. “Tasters” were employed in the houses of -the wealthy, dishes of “electron” which it was believed would tarnish -if poisons were placed on them, and Venetian glass, which was warranted -to fly into atoms if the wine poured into it had been contaminated, -were in frequent use. As Rogers has written - - Brave men trembled if a hand held out - A nosegay or a letter, while the great - Drank only from the Venice glass that broke, - That shivered, scattering round it as in scorn - If aught malignant, aught of thine was there, - Cruel Tophana. - -But probably nine-tenths of the crimes suspected were the mere result -of the disordered fancies of the age. Knowing as we do on what -frivolous evidence women were condemned as witches, it is permissible -to be sceptical in regard to the testimony received by the frightened -judges when one of these notorious criminals came before them. Nor are -the alleged confessions of the women themselves necessarily conclusive. -The so-called witches often supplied details of their negotiations -with Satan, and of their Sabbatic excursions; and hysterical women in -all ages have been addicted to the relation of fictitious narratives -circumstantially describing both their vicious and their virtuous -exploits. The rapid putrefaction of a corpse was considered to be -sufficient evidence that the cause of death had been poison, though it -is likely that the poisons then in use would have tended to preserve -the body. - - - THE MARCHIONESS OF BRINVILLIERS - -was one of the most interesting of the historic poisoners. She was the -daughter of the civil lieutenant of Paris, Dreux d’Aubray, and her -career as a criminal coincides with the early years of Louis XIV’s -reign. She is described as elegant, “petite,” sweet in her disposition, -and modest in her demeanour. According to her own confessions, produced -at her trial, sometimes admitted, and sometimes denied by her (and -characterised by Michelet as confused and impossible, and probably -composed under the influence of fever), she commenced her career -of crime at the age of 7 years by incestuous intercourse with her -brother. She accused herself also of arson. She married the Marquis de -Brinvilliers when she was about 20, and after helping him to dissipate -their joint fortune, she obtained an order of separation as far as -property was concerned, but continued to live with him as well as with -his intimate friend, a sinister person who called himself Ste. Croix, -and professed to have been a cavalry officer. His real name was Godin, -and Michelet, who investigated all the court documents dealing with the -case, makes him apparently the agent, and ultimately the victim, of an -arch-fiend of the name of Penautier, a cleric who at least profited -largely by the sudden deaths of various persons. He describes Ste. -Croix as a person of austere manners and as the author of some ascetic -books. Penautier was never formally accused, and it is not easy to -disentangle the intrigues associated with the case. Whatever these may -have been, Madame’s father, disgusted with the scandal created, got -Ste. Croix placed in the Bastille. There it is alleged he met with the -notorious Italian poisoner, Exili, and learned from him a number of -poison secrets, though it is doubtful if the art was a new one to him. -Perhaps Penautier got him released; anyhow he went in to the Bastille -poor, and came out rich. He married and set up a fine establishment. -But he still continued his liaison with the marchioness. During his -imprisonment that lady had occupied herself in visiting and consoling -patients in the hospitals. Now, according to the usual story, she -made use of them by giving them poisoned confectionery, and watching -the effects, merely for practice. Then she began to dose her father. -His illness lasted eight months, his murderess nursing him tenderly -meanwhile. Two brothers were also victims, and then she planned the -death of her husband, but according to Mme. de Sévigné her accomplice, -Ste. Croix, saved him by providing an antidote. The marquis lived to -see his wife punished, but was one of those who exerted himself to -get a pardon for her. Ste. Croix next died suddenly, in consequence, -it is said, of his accidentally dropping a glass mask which he wore -when compounding his poisons. This story, says Michelet, is a fable. -A case of poisons in packets was found in his rooms, each neatly -labelled with its effects. These, it was alleged, were addressed to the -marchioness, who managed to escape to England, Penautier giving her -letters of credit, says Michelet. Michelet says the packets of poison -were addressed to Penautier. The marchioness was soon after taken at -a convent at Liège by a detective who, pretending to be an Abbé, made -love to her and induced her to go for a walk with him, when lie handed -her over to his men, who took her to Paris. She was tortured (only -formally, says Michelet), convicted, marched to Notre Dame with a rope -round her neck to make the “amende honorable,” then decapitated, and -her body burned. - -One of the witnesses at her trial declared that the marchioness once -showed her a little box containing some white stuff, and said there -were a number of successions in that little parcel. The witness said -she was the daughter of an apothecary and recognised that the substance -shown her was sublimate. - -It has been discussed by experts whether the poison on which Ste. -Croix and his mistress chiefly relied was arsenic or sublimate. Most -likely it was arsenic. A certain Guy Simon, an apothecary, was employed -to experiment with it, and to discover its composition if possible. -His report is worth quoting at some length as an illustration of the -condition of toxicological science at that period, and incidentally of -the simple faith in the almost miraculous powers of the poisoners which -evidently possessed all classes at that time. - -According to Chapuis (“Traité de Toxicologie”), Simon at first dropped -a little of the liquor in the phials on oil of tartar and sea water, -but nothing was precipitated. Then he digested some of it in a mattrass -on a sand-bath, but on distilling it no substance of acid or acrid -taste was yielded, and no fixed salts were left. Having poisoned a -pigeon, a dog, and a fowl with the liquid, he could only discover on -opening the dead bodies a little clotted blood in the ventricule of the -heart. Some of the powder deposited by the liquid was given to a cat -which vomited for half an hour and then died. - -Simon explains that poisons generally sink to the bottom of water, and -when tested by fire the innocent part is dissipated and only the acrid -and piquant principle remains. But this poison of Ste. Croix’s, floated -on water, and tried by fire, left only something sweet and innocent. -It in fact ruled the elements, and killed animals without leaving -any trace. Utterly baffled, the expert concludes: “It is a terrible, -diabolic, intangible (_insaissable_) poison.” - - - TOFANA. - -About the same time the woman Tofana was selling her Aquetta di -Napoli in Italy, but she was not brought to justice until 1709, -when she confessed to the Pope and the Emperor Charles VI that her -drops contained arsenic, and that by them she had caused the deaths -of more than six hundred persons. The Emperor repeated her story to -his physician, Garelli, by whom it was communicated to Hoffmann, who -published it in his “Rational Medicine.” She preferred to prepare her -drops by rubbing arsenic into the broken joints of a hog just killed -and then collecting the juice. Tofana took refuge in a convent and -lived for some twenty years after her condemnation. A letter from the -English Secretary of State to the Commissioners of Customs, dated July -29, 1717, is on record, cautioning them against admitting a liqueur -called Aqua Tufania from Italy, as accounts of its dangerous character -had been received from the British envoys at Naples and Genoa. - - - THE CHAMBRE ARDENTE. - -After the execution of the Marchioness of Brinvilliers, secret -poisoning, far from being suppressed, appears to have become almost -fashionable. The Government at least pretended to believe in widespread -conspiracies. It may have been a political trick, as has been alleged, -to get rid of some inconvenient opponents; but, however this may have -been, a special commission was appointed by the French Government to -inquire into the truth of certain rumours, and this commission acquired -the title of the Chambre de Poisons, or Chambre Ardente. Louis XIV -consented to the institution of this special court on learning that the -notorious Ste. Croix, the coadjutor of Mme. de Brinvilliers, had at -one time nearly secured the position of maître d’hôtel in his palace -at Versailles. It principally concerned itself with the revelations -made by two women who called themselves La Voisin and La Vigoureux, -who with an unfrocked priest, who had assumed the name of Le Sage, had -carried on a fortune-telling business of enormous extent in the city. -They claimed the power of exhibiting the devil to their clients, and -it was charged against them that they had sold a powder of succession -to those who would pay for it. Many highly connected aristocrats were -implicated, and some faced the commission while others left the country -rather than expose themselves to the shame of exposure. La Voisin had -kept records of her business, but those which were produced displayed -rather the ridiculous than the criminal side of the conspiracy. The -Duchesse de Foix had come to her for bosoms; Madame de Varsi wanted -hips. Others had paid her fancy prices for petitions written with -a special ink guaranteed to make them loved by the king. La Voisin -was extremely insolent to her judges, and apparently she and her -accomplices were all sentenced to be burned. According to Voltaire the -sentence was executed in the case of all of them; but the account given -by Madame de Sévigné, and by historians who lived nearer the period, go -to show that the death punishment was only inflicted on La Voisin. - - - NEGRO CÆSAR’S ANTIDOTE. - -In Prestwich’s “Dissertation on Poisons” (1775) an extract is given -from the “Carolina Gazette” of May 9, 1750 stating that the General -Assembly, the governing body of the colony, had authorised the -publication of “Negro Cæsar’s Cure for Poison.” The General Assembly -had purchased Negro Cæsar’s freedom, and granted him £100 a year for -life as the price of this formula. It consisted of roots of plantain -and wild horehound (? of each) 3 oz. boiled together in two quarts of -water down to 1 quart and strained. Of this the patient was to drink -one-third every morning fasting for three consecutive mornings. Certain -conditions of diet were laid down, and it was quaintly added that if -after the three days’ treatment no benefit had resulted it was “a sign -that the patient has either not been poisoned, or has been by such -poison as Cæsar’s antidote will not remedy.” - - - ARSENIC EATING. - -About the middle of the 19th century some discussion took place in -various popular and medical journals in reference to the alleged -practice of eating arsenic in Styria and the neighbouring countries. -Drs. Christison, Swaine Taylor, and Pereira were somewhat more than -sceptical, but several doctors and others wrote confirming the -statements from their personal knowledge. One of the most notable -testimonies was contributed by Dr. Craig Maclagan of Edinburgh in the -“Edinburgh Medical Journal” (1865). Dr. Maclagan had visited Styria -and had introductions to several doctors in that country who had -reported cases known to them. Two men were brought to Dr. Maclagan at -the village of Liegist in Middle Styria, and in his presence took, one -about 4½ and the other 6 grains of white arsenic. Dr. Maclagan brought -home some of the substance which the Styrian doctor had given to these -men, and on testing it found it to be genuine white arsenic. He also -brought back some samples of the urine voided by the men some time -after eating the arsenic, and found in it distinct evidence of the -presence of the poison. The arsenic was taken by the men on a piece -of bread, and in one case was washed down with a draught of water. -How extensive was the habit, Dr. Maclagan could not say. The peasants -called it Hydrach or Huttereich; the correct word was said to be -hutten-rauch, furnace smoke. One of the men took his dose about twice -a week, the other generally once a week. They had of course begun -with doses of less than a grain. It was understood to be a tonic and -stimulant, and to aid the respiration in climbing. It was also believed -to promote sexual desire. Having acquired the habit the occasional dose -was much missed if omitted for long. - - - IMMUNITY. - -The modern employment of serums in the treatment of zymotic diseases -goes a long way towards explaining the fact of the immunity of -individuals in respect to bacterial poisons. But the possibility of -immunity against such poisons as arsenic, opium, or serpent venom -appears to rest on a different basis. In 1896 Professor (now Sir) -Thomas R. Fraser, M.D., F.R.S., reported to the Royal Institution a -long investigation dealing with the alleged resistant power of certain -tribes or sects in India, Africa, &c., who can suffer the bites of -unquestionably venomous snakes without becoming seriously affected. -After quoting numerous reports from old and recent works showing that -this immunity is an actual fact, Professor Fraser described a long -series of experiments extending over many years with venom which he -had obtained from India, America, Africa, and Australia. The venom, he -stated, is a complex substance and is not a ferment. Ascertaining the -minimum lethal dose for each animal he experimented on frogs, cats, -rabbits, guinea pigs, and other animals, and beginning with one-tenth, -one-fifth, or one-half of that dose, and gradually increasing it, he -found it possible to administer four or five times, and in the case -of rabbits up to even fifty times the lethal dose. From the immunised -animal a serum was prepared which was antidotal in very minute -quantities if mixed with the venom, but if administered separately by -hypodermic injection, though at the same moment with the venom, some -twelve and a half times as much was found to be necessary, and it was -estimated for a normal bite of an average man no less than 11½ ounces -would have to be administered hypodermically soon after the bite to -prevent probably a fatal result. The most interesting observation -was that the poison taken into the stomach was almost innocuous, and -yet exercised a protective effect. In many of the narratives given -by travellers describing the feats of the snake charmers it has been -related that they will squeeze the venom from the serpent’s mouth and -swallow it. This would evidently be one of their methods of rendering -themselves proof against the poison when injected by a bite. Professor -Fraser’s paper is published in full in “Nature” April 16 and 23, 1896. -The author gives his reasons for believing that the action of the -antidote is chemical. - - - MODERN TOXICOLOGY. - -Systematic and scientific investigation of alleged poisoning was -scarcely known before the end of the eighteenth or the beginning of -the nineteenth centuries. The advance of chemical and physiological -knowledge, however, was soon applied to the more certain detection of -the criminal use of toxic agents. Orfila’s “Traité de Toxicologie,” -published in 1814, the result of a multitude of experiments, was -the work which led the way in the establishment of exact tests. Dr. -Swaine Taylor in England, Sir Robert Christison in Scotland, Casper -in Germany, and a host of other medical chemists pursued the subject, -and gradually toxicology reached an assured position. How slow was this -attainment may be gathered from the testimony of an expert in a French -murder trial in 1823 that globules of fatty mutton had been mistaken -for white arsenic. - -To Marsh’s arsenic test, made known in 1836, may be traced the -practical fall of the poison which for so many centuries had reigned -supreme among the deadly agents employed by the most cowardly but -most dreaded of the tribe of assassins. The power of proving the -presence of the metal which was afforded by the method then set forth -brought out the chemical expert, and led to angry controversies. The -skilled experimenter was apt to be very confident of his results, and -naturally others who claimed to be as skilful as himself disputed his -conclusions. Theories of the almost universal diffusion of arsenic were -vigorously maintained, and on one occasion in France, in 1839, when -Orfila had demonstrated the presence of arsenic extracted from the -organs of the person supposed to have been poisoned, Raspail undertook -to extract as much from the judge’s armchair. - -Meantime the resources of the poisoners had been vastly extended by the -discovery of the alkaloids. Many of these substances possessed extreme -toxic power, and the invention of the means of detecting them was -necessarily a gradual process. It was attained, though; and it may be -asserted that at present either by chemical or physiological tests the -recognition of the administration of any of the dangerous alkaloids is -as certain as is that of the metallic poisons. - -About the year 1870 a new complication occurred when an Italian -chemist named Dr. Selmi proved that putrefactive animal matter and -certain bacteria yielded alkaloidal products, often poisonous, to which -the name of ptomaines was given. Selmi was engaged as an expert in the -investigation of a case in which it was suspected that an individual -had been poisoned. A product was obtained, apparently an alkaloid, but -which Selmi could not identify with any known vegetable substance. -He came to the conclusion that it was of animal origin, and after -a long series of experiments he proved his theory. Several eminent -toxicologists at first asserted that ptomaines could be distinguished -from vegetable alkaloids by the property of yielding Prussian blue with -ferric salts. This test, however, proved fallacious as several series -of vegetable alkaloids, notably the pyridic and the allylic, gave the -same reaction. The distinction between animal and vegetable alkaloids -is a delicate one, and has to be established by an accumulation of -chemical evidence. - -Leucomaines, which are also alkaloidal products, are distinguished from -ptomaines by being formed in the body from living tissues, as a result -of their activity. These were first separated by Armand Gautier in -1886. Their constitution is more complex than is that of the ptomaines, -but they are not generally of a poisonous character. - - - - - XXIII - - PHARMACY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY - - “The advance in every section of chemistry during this century - (the 19th), and especially during the latter half of it, has - literally been by leaps and bounds. Although practically a - creation of our own time, no branch has been more fruitful in - result, in suggestion, or in possibility, than that of organic - analysis.” - (SIR THOMAS E. THORPE:--“Essays in Historical Chemistry,” 1894.) - - -Three great achievements characterise the pharmacy of the nineteenth -century, namely, the discovery of alkaloids in its early years, of -anæsthetics in the middle period, and of synthetic organic products in -its later years. - - - ALKALOIDS. - -The alkaloids extracted from vegetables are the ideal quintessences -which the alchemical pharmacists of the sixteenth and seventeenth -centuries sought so eagerly to obtain. Their characteristic property is -that they are basic, that is, that definite salts can be formed from -them by combination with acids. They all contain nitrogen, and have an -alkaline reaction. - -Of all the popular vegetable drugs opium was the one more than any -other tortured to yield up its essence. The early laudanums and -extracts of opium aimed at this result, and preparations, such as the -Magisterium Opii of Ludovici of Weimar (born about 1625, and author -of “Dissertations on Pharmacy”), were used in the belief that the -quintessence had been in some degree secured. Robert Boyle experimented -with opium with the object of extracting its essential principle. The -process he adopted was first to treat the drug with calcined tartar -(salt of tartar), and then extract with spirit of wine. By this means -he obtained a solution which would be principally one of morphine. - -In 1803 a French manufacturing chemist, working on an idea suggested by -Vauquelin, produced a crystallisable salt which was at first supposed -to be the active ingredient of opium. Experiments on animals seemed -to confirm this opinion, and the salt of opium, or “sel narcotique de -Derosne,” was believed to have solved the long-standing problem. The -product was described in the “Annales de Chimie” of February, 1804. -It was the substance now known as narcotine. Sertürner regarded it as -meconate of morphium, a misapprehension which was corrected by Robiquet. - -In December, 1804, Seguin, a chemist who had been a demonstrator -under Fourcroy, and who subsequently got into trouble with Napoleon’s -Government on charges of having enriched himself out of drug supplies -to the Republican armies, read a paper to the Institute in which he -described a process which would yield morphine. For some unexplained -reason that paper was not published until 1814. Meanwhile Friedrich -Wilhelm Adam Sertürner, a pharmacist of Eimbeck, in Hanover, had -been working on Derosne’s salt, and had investigated more accurately -than anyone before him the composition of opium. His first report -was published in 1806, and in that he announced the discovery of -“opium-säure” (opium acid), but in 1816 he named this product “meconic -acid,” and explained how it was combined with an alkaline base which -he called “Morphium.” He described this as analogous to ammonia, and -prepared several salts from it. He came near to losing his life in the -course of his experiments as, misled by the comparative harmlessness of -Derosne’s salt, he had ventured on dangerous doses of his own product. -Consequently he was able to determine very accurately the therapeutics -of morphine at the same time that he announced its discovery. - -“I flatter myself,” wrote Sertürner in 1816, “that chemists and -physicians will find that my observations have explained to a -considerable extent the constitution of opium, and that I have -enriched chemistry with a new acid (meconic) and with a new alkaline -base (morphium), a remarkable substance which shows much analogy with -ammonia.” - -Sertürner’s discovery excited much interest and emulation, and its -importance was fully endorsed when, in 1831, the French Institute -awarded to him a prize of 2,000 francs “for having opened the way to -important medical discoveries by his isolation of morphine and his -exposition of its character.” - -Before Sertürner had definitely established the nature of alkaloids, -Vauquelin had separated from tobacco a substance which he regarded as -its active principle, and which was undoubtedly an impure nicotine. -This was in 1809. The alkaloidal character of this extract was not, -however, recognised until 1828, when Posselt and Reimann produced it in -a pure form. - -Vauquelin had in 1812 extracted daphnine from mezereon root, and in -describing his experiments had alluded to its alkaline character. For -this reason the credit of having been the first to have discovered an -organic alkali has been attributed to him; and when in 1818 Pelletier -and Caventou discovered an alkaloid in St. Ignatius’s beans, to which -they gave the name of strychnine, they stated that it had been their -original intention to designate the substance Vauqueline in honour -of the celebrated chemist who had first established the existence -of an organic alkali. It had, however, been pointed out to them by -distinguished members of the Academy that it would have been a doubtful -compliment to associate such an honoured name as that of Vauquelin with -such an evil (_malfaisant_) substance as this new product. - -A number of chemists narrowly missed the discovery of quinine. As -early as 1746 Count Claude de la Garaye obtained from cinchona bark a -crystalline salt which he termed sel essentiel de quinquina. Two other -French chemists, Buquet and Cornette, subsequently introduced another -sel essentiel de quinquina. Both these products were simply kinate -of lime. A Swedish physician named Westerling announced in 1782 that -he had discovered the active principle of cinchona, and he gave it -the designation of vis coriaria. His product was in fact cinchotannic -acid. Seguin perhaps made the worst mistake of all the investigators -in coming to the conclusion that what was precipitated by tannin was -the essence of cinchona from a medicinal point of view, and he actually -recommended that gelatin should be substituted for cinchona in cases -when price was an object. Fourcroy made several attempts to ascertain -the true chemical constitution of the bark. In 1790 he separated a -resinous principle, mixed with some colouring matter, since called -cinchonic red. This he at first supposed was the essential medical -constituent of the bark. Vauquelin later adopted this erroneous -theory, and so missed his way. In 1792 Fourcroy got nearer to the truth -when he observed incidentally that the water in which the bark had been -macerated turned litmus paper green; and he also remarked that lime -water caused a greenish precipitate in the infusion. He did not pursue -the investigation, but his comment on what he had stated is noteworthy. -“These researches,” he said, “will no doubt lead to the discovery one -day of an anti-periodic febrifuge, which once known may be extracted -from various vegetables.” Berthollet followed on Fourcroy’s lines, -but came to the conclusion that the precipitate which lime water gave -with decoctions of cinchona was magnesia, which he believed was a -constituent of the bark in combination with hydrochloric acid. - -In 1811 Gomez, of Lisbon, described a crystalline substance which Dr. -Duncan, of Edinburgh, had obtained from certain species of cinchona, -and gave to this product the name of cinchonine. Lambert later prepared -it in a state of considerable purity. But neither of these chemists -suspected its alkaline nature. In 1820 Pelletier and Caventou studied -the whole chemistry of cinchona and succeeded in showing that the -cinchonine of Gomez was a mixture of two alkaloids, to the second of -which they gave the name of quinine. Quinidine was isolated by Henry -and Delondre in 1833, and cinchonidine by Winckler in 1844, but the -name of the latter was given by Pasteur in 1853. Pasteur also produced -the alkaloidal derivatives cinchonicine and quinicine. - -Robiquet had the idea that as the coffee plant belongs to the same -family of plants as the cinchonas it might be possible to find quinine -in coffee. In searching for it he isolated caffeine. This was in 1821. -In 1827 Oudry found an alkaloid in tea and called it theine. Jobst and -Mulder in 1838 proved that these alkaloids are identical. It is now -recognised that the alkaloids of cocoa, of guarana, and of Paraguay tea -are all the same substance, or closely related. - -Pelletier and Caventou isolated strychnine from the St. Ignatius -beans in 1818, and brucine from false angostura bark (_Brucæa -anti-dysenterica_) in 1819; in the same years they obtained -veratrine from cevadilla seeds and white hellebore root; but it would -appear that in their investigation of cevadilla seeds, which was the -first to yield the alkaloid, they were preceded by a very short time by -Meissner. Pelletier and Magendie produced emetine from ipecacuanha in -1817, and Pelletier alone is credited with narceine in 1832. Codeine -was discovered by Robiquet in 1821 when he was examining a new process -for obtaining morphine which had been suggested by Dr. William Gregory, -of Edinburgh. Belladonna had been studied by Vauquelin and many -chemists after him, but it was not until 1833 that atropine in a state -of purity was isolated from it. This was accomplished simultaneously by -Geiger and Hess, two German chemists, and by Mein, a German pharmacist. - - - ANÆSTHETICS. - -The greatest triumph achieved in any department of medicine, and -worthy, perhaps, to be described as almost, if not quite, the most -beneficent discovery in the world’s history, is that of the successful -employment of anæsthetics. This great glory belongs to the nineteenth -century. Indian hemp had been employed for centuries in the East, -mandragora had a classical reputation, and from time to time the -possibilities of hypnotism had been expounded by one or another of -its professors. But it is only within the past sixty years that the -terrible anxiety and suffering associated with surgical operations -have been so far mitigated as largely to increase the prospects of -success, and to annihilate the pain. To Sir Humphry Davy is due the -credit of first suggesting the line of advance towards this precious -goal by describing his experiences of the inhalation of nitrous oxide -gas which he found had the effect of relieving toothache and other -pains; “uneasiness swallowed up for a few minutes by pleasure,” were -his own words; and he foresaw the possibility of this agent being -employed as an inhalation “in such surgical operations as involved no -great effusion of blood.” That was in the year 1800. About 1830 Faraday -observed and noted the effect of ether on the nervous system, which he -stated was similar to that of nitrous oxide gas. - - [Illustration: HORACE WELLS.] - -The possibility of painless operations began to be imagined about -this time, but not much serious experimental work seems to have been -attempted. In 1842, Dr. Long, of Athens, Georgia, U.S.A., claimed to -have removed a tumour from a patient under the influence of ether, and -about the same time Dr. Jackson, of Boston, U.S.A., also professed to -have carried out successfully a similar operation. These experiments -have not been rigorously established, but there is no question about -the authenticity of the next. Horace Wells, a dentist of Hartford, -Connecticut, U.S.A., suffering from toothache, resolved to experiment -on himself. He induced a colleague named Rigg to draw a molar while -he was under the influence of nitrous oxide gas, and did not feel the -pain of the extraction. This was in 1844. Wells then, in association -with another dentist, named William Thomas Green Morton, started -to demonstrate the discovery publicly. The first exhibition was an -ignominious failure, and the two pioneers were derided as impostors. -Wells suffered so severely from his disappointment on this occasion -that he died insane a few years later. Morton, however, continued -his investigations, and he and the Dr. Jackson already mentioned -worked together on ether, and assured themselves of its anæsthetic -powers by experiments on animals. Morton then inhaled it himself on -September 30, 1846, and awoke from deep unconsciousness a few minutes -later, convinced of the reality of his discovery. Just then a patient -rang the bell. It was towards evening, but the visitor was shown -into the surgery. He was in agony with the toothache, and begged -the doctor to mesmerise him in the hope of getting some relief. The -nerve was so sore, he said, that he could not summon up courage -to have the tooth drawn. Morton, greatly excited, told his patient -that he could do better for him than mesmerising him. He could take -the tooth out without pain if he would consent. The sufferer agreed -eagerly, and Morton, with two assistants, proceeded to operate. A -handkerchief, saturated with ether, was applied to the mouth and -nostrils, and unconsciousness was produced almost immediately. A -tooth, a firmly-rooted bicuspid, was extracted without arousing the -patient. Then followed a minute of intense fear. The man remained -motionless, and Morton felt convinced he was dead. Seizing a glass of -water he dashed it into the face of this first subject, who at once -revived. “Are you ready to have your tooth drawn?” asked Morton. Rather -hesitating assent was given, and then the extracted tooth was shown to -the patient in the chair. His name, which ought to be recorded in the -annals of surgery, was Eben Frost. - -On October 16, 1846, a tumour was removed from a patient at the -Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Morton administered the ether, -and Dr. Collins Warren, the senior surgeon, operated. The patient made -no sound, and after he recovered consciousness declared that he had -experienced no pain. “Gentlemen, this is no humbug,” said Dr. Warren to -the other surgeons who had witnessed the operation. Morton died in 1868. - -The first operation under ether in Great Britain was performed by -Liston at University College Hospital in December, 1846. In January, -1847, James Young Simpson commenced to employ it in midwifery cases -in Edinburgh. Simpson had already acquired a high reputation as a -gynecologist, and was an enthusiast in his profession. Delighted though -he was with the results of his trials of ether, he felt sure that an -anæsthetic with more lasting effect could be found or made, and with -characteristic courage and pertinacity he and his two assistants, -Drs. Keith and Duncan, carried on personal experiments at Simpson’s -private house on such evenings as they could spare. At the same time -the scientific world was appealed to for suggestions. About this time -David Waldie, a Scotch pharmacist then settled in Liverpool, where -he was manager of the Liverpool Apothecaries Company, was visiting -Edinburgh and had a conversation with Simpson on his absorbing topic. -Waldie had had some special experience with chloric ether at Liverpool, -and had made experiments on its chemical character, which had led him -to the conclusion that the chloric ether then used was chemically only -a mixture of chloroform with some undecomposed spirit. Chloroform, it -must be remembered, was then but little known. Dr. Samuel Guthrie, -formerly an army surgeon, but later practising at Jewelsville, -Jefferson County, N.Y., published an account of a chloric ether he had -made from alcohol and chloride of lime in May, 1831. In October of the -same year Soubeiran in France, and a month later Liebig in Germany, -announced the discovery of a similar compound. None of these products -was an absolute chloroform, but all were heavy substances. Dr. Guthrie -called his chloric ether, and familiarly sweet whisky, Soubeiran’s was -a bichloric ether, and Liebig described his as a trichloride of carbon, -but Dumas showed in 1834 that the essential substance was a trichloride -of formyl, HCCl_{3} and a substitution product of marsh gas. He -invented the name chloroform. It appears too that another French -chemist, Flourens, in March, 1847, reported to the Academy of Sciences -of Paris some experiments he had made with chloroform on animals, -which indicated its anæsthetic properties; but probably neither Simpson -nor Waldie was aware of this paper. This was the chemical which -Waldie recommended to Simpson in the summer of 1847, and the chemist -promised to send some to Simpson on his return to Liverpool. A fire -in the laboratory of his establishment prevented the fulfilment of -this promise, and also, Waldie said, prevented him from experimenting -on himself with chloroform, as he had intended to do. Simpson got -chloroform from Duncan and Flockhart in Edinburgh, but did not expect -it would answer on account of its density. The sample was set aside -for some time, but on November 4, 1847, he and Duncan and Keith -resolved to test it. They all inhaled some from a tumbler, and almost -immediately became loquacious and hilarious. Then unconsciousness came -on, and Simpson, who was the first to recover, found Duncan under the -table, eyes staring, and snoring vigorously, while Keith was kicking at -the supper table. The experiment was repeated a few evenings later, and -this time a niece of Simpson was induced to take a turn. After inhaling -the vapour she fell asleep, murmuring “I’m an angel; I’m an angel.” -Simpson at once began the use of chloroform in his practice, and his -great reputation and powerful advocacy soon caused its general adoption. - - [Illustration: SIR JAMES YOUNG SIMPSON, M.D. - - (From a drawing by T. M. Pape, lent by the publishers of the _Century - Magazine_.)] - - - A MYSTERIOUS ANÆSTHETIC. - -A strange and little known story is told by Professor Franck. Van -Swieten was a Dutch physician, a pupil of Boerhaave. He did not succeed -in his native land so well as he ought to have done, for he was a -devout Catholic. He went to Vienna, where he attained the highest -medical position and the utmost esteem from his patroness, the Empress -Maria Theresa. On May 1, 1771, three young gentlemen called on Van -Swieten and were shown into his study. The professor was then an old -man, 71 years of age. - -“What do you desire, my children?” he asked, as he fingered his beads. - -“We come to teach Van Swieten what he knows not,” answered one of the -young men. - -“That is not difficult,” replied the veteran. Then they told him they -wished to show him a medicine new to the world, and as the doctor -smiled incredulously, one of his visitors added: - -“Like the philosopher of old, we will say to Pain:--Thou art but an -idle word.” - -Van Swieten was doubtful, but after further explanation he invited -them to come to his hospital the next morning and demonstrate their -secret. When they were gone he went to Maria Theresa and told her of -the interview. The Empress declared her intention of being present at -the experiment. - -The next day when the three young men appeared at the hospital they -found Van Swieten and a veiled lady awaiting them. Certain chemicals -had previously been placed in retorts by them, and a mastiff was made -to inhale the product. The animal exhibited symptoms of inebriation, -and soon fell on the floor unconscious. One of the strangers made -a deep incision into the dog’s chest and covered the wound with a -surgical dressing. The animal showed no sign of pain, and shortly -afterwards recovered consciousness, got on his feet, and walked about -as if nothing had happened. - -“This is indeed a miracle,” said the Empress. - -“Would you dare to operate thus on a patient?” asked Van Swieten. - -“Willingly, Master,” was the reply. - -“Then operate on me,” said the Professor. - -To this proposal, however, they demurred, and the Empress supported -their objection. An appointment for further experiment a few days later -was made, but when the day arrived Van Swieten was ill. He died on May -18, and Maria Theresa was at the time immersed in political troubles. -The sequel to that strange history has never been told, but some of the -old books tell of the “Holland Oil,” which is believed to have been -the mysterious medicament employed. Professor Franck thinks one of the -strangers was Gautier Van Decoren, a physician of Flemish Holland. - - - SYNTHETIC REMEDIES. - - - EARLY DISTINCTION BETWEEN INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. - -The development of organic chemistry in the course of the nineteenth -century is a subject so vast that it is mentioned in this place with -something approaching despair. The great chemists who, in the latter -part of the eighteenth and in the early years of the nineteenth -century, had rescued their science from the superstitious and fantastic -theories and conceits which had encumbered it, Lavoisier, Priestley, -Scheele, Cavendish, Dalton, Fourcroy, Berzelius, and many others -who might be named, distinguished sharply between the products of -the mineral kingdom and those which they called organic, that is, -substances of vegetable or animal origin, combined, it was agreed, -under the influence of what was described as vital force. This force, -it was considered, inherent in living bodies, could never be imitated -in the laboratory, and its achievements were beyond human skill. It was -even doubted whether the elements composing organic substances were -subject to the same laws of combination as were those of the mineral -world. - -Lavoisier, it is true, regarded organic bodies as consisting of -radical compounds, hydrocarbon radicals, as he called them, instead -of the metallic bases. His last scientific work was the investigation -of the statics of organic chemistry, and on this subject his clear -vision would probably have enabled him to anticipate many modern -conclusions. He had already recognised some of the transformations -of sugar, had analysed alcohol, and had declared that in animal and -vegetable chemistry no less than in the inorganic kingdom nothing is -ever destroyed, but that vegetation and animalisation are only inverse -phenomena of combustion and putrefaction. - - - SYNTHETIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. - -Some isolated results of the artificial productions of organic -substances are recorded which do not seem to have been recognised as -challenging the reign of vital force. Scheele, in 1786, formed oxalic -acid by oxidising sugar by nitric acid; and in 1822 Döbereiner produced -formic acid, previously known as a distillate of ants, by oxidising -tartaric acid. In both these cases, however, the transformation was -essentially one from a previous organic substance. - -The inauguration of synthetic chemistry is understood to date from -the year 1828 when Wöhler, then a professor of chemistry at Berlin, -produced a supposed cyanate of ammonium by the action of ammonium -chloride on silver cyanate. Wöhler was surprised to find the cyanate of -ammonium which he had obtained did not correspond with other ammonium -salts, but resembled, and as he afterwards proved, was identical with -the organic substance, urea, a crystalline compound which constitutes -about half of the solid matter dissolved in urine. Wöhler and Liebig -next collaborated in a study of organic substances, and one of the -early results of their investigations was the discovery of the compound -radical, benzoyl, as they termed it, C_{7}H_{5}O, which they found -could be combined with chlorine, bromine, iodine, sulphur, ammonium, -and other substances, always retaining its own individuality. It was, -in fact, a compound radical, and though it has never been isolated, -its compounds prove its character. Berzelius was so struck by this -discovery that he suggested the name of proine or orthrine, either -meaning the dawn, in substitution for benzoyl. - - [Illustration: FRIEDRICH WÖHLER. - - (From the Royal Collection of Etchings at Munich.) - - Born at Eschersheim, near Frankfort, 1800; died at Göttingen, - 1882. Wöhler’s notable discovery of the artificial production - of urea in 1828 is famous as the starting point of synthetic - chemistry. - ] - -Henceforward discoveries and theories based on them, or propounded to -explain them, so crowd the field that even in bulky volumes the story -is only told in outline. But several of the famous theories or laws or -expositions, on which modern chemistry relies, have been so fertile in -consequences that they must be very briefly mentioned. - - - SUBSTITUTION. - -Before 1840 the famous French chemist J. B. A. Dumas developed the -theory of substitution, or “metalepsy,” showing that the hydrogen atoms -in organic substances can be removed one by one from their molecules, -other atoms being substituted for them. A simple illustration of this -process is manifest in the action of potassium on water, though this -is not an example of organic substitution. The water, H_{2}O takes -up one atom of potassium, K, in place of one of its hydrogen atoms, -becoming caustic potash, KOH. It is further possible by an indirect -method to replace the remaining hydrogen atom by another of potassium, -yielding potassium oxide, K_{2}O. Changes of organic bodies are always -proceeding on these lines, and Frankland said the recognition of the -process had contributed more to the progress of the science than any -other generalisation. - - - HOMOLOGUES. - -About 1850 C. F. Gerhardt, one of Liebig’s pupils who settled in -France (and died in 1856 at the age of 40), gave the next great -impetus to the development of organic chemistry, or the chemistry of -carbon compounds, as it was coming to be termed, by showing how vast -numbers of organic compounds could be classified and grouped into -homologous series. Starting, for example, with marsh gas, CH_{4}, which -is chemically known as methane, he showed how from this type methyl -alcohol, CH_{4}O, and formic acid, CH_{2}O_{2}, are formed. Ethane, -C_{2}H_{6}, comes next in the series and ethyl alcohol and acetic acid -follow just as methyl alcohol and formic acid follow from methane. -The addition of CH_{2} to ethane gives propane; propyl alcohol and -propionic acid following; another addition of CH_{2} results in butane -with butyl alcohol and butyric acid; and the next type is pentane, with -amyl alcohol and valeric acid in its train. Thus it was perceived that -all the multitude of complex bodies included in the organic kingdom -were compounded in an orderly system. - - - VALENCY. - -The English chemist Edward Frankland next put forward the doctrine of -valency. According to this theory atoms possess one, two, three, four, -or more links each, and require that number of other atoms of minimum -combining capacity to “saturate” them in a molecule. Carbon, for -example, is usually considered to be quadrivalent, and as shown in the -instance of methane, requires four hydrogen atoms to saturate it. But -how is it then that in the case of the next type, ethane, C_{2}H_{6}, -the conditions are satisfied? The explanation is that the molecule is -arranged in this manner: - - H H - | | - H--C--C--H - | | - H H - -each carbon atom having three hydrogen atoms attached to it, the fourth -bond uniting it with the other carbon atom. This and other difficulties -led to the theory of - - - STRUCTURAL FORMULAS, - -towards which Kekulé, of Heidelberg, was the principal contributor. -“Rational formulæ” as distinguished from “empiric formulæ” were already -recognised as shown by the homologous series of Gerhardt. Let this -be illustrated by the instance of alcohol. The atomic composition -of compound bodies was ascertained by many of the earlier chemists. -Lavoisier analysed alcohol, and assigned to it almost the same -composition as we know it to be. Its empirical formula is C_{2}H_{6}O; -but that does not explain how it is built up. By deductive reasoning it -is established that alcohol is ethane with one hydrogen atom in each -molecule replaced by hydroxyl (OH). Ethane is C_{2}H_{6}; alcohol is -thus formulated--C_{2}H_{5}OH. That is its “rational formula.” Alcohol -is a comparatively simple substance; we shall deal with some formulas -of much greater complexity presently. - - [Illustration: AUGUST KEKULÉ. - - Born at Darmstadt, 1829; died at Bonn, 1896.] - -But these explanations were by no means sufficient to meet all the -cases which were coming before chemists, and now Kekulé’s brilliant -“closed ring” theory was conceived, and on this most of the wonderful -building up of the synthetic compounds has been planned. Kekulé was -puzzling over the formula C_{6}H_{6} which had been found to represent -benzene, now so famous as the starting point of the aromatic series. -He stated that the solution of the problem came to his mind on the -top of a London omnibus in 1865, when he was an assistant in the -chemical laboratory of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School. He -conceived the idea of a hexagonal structure with an atom of carbon -at each angle, each united to one atom of hydrogen, and on one side a -double link or bond, and on the other a single one, connecting it with -the next carbon atom, the quadrivalency of each atom being thereby -satisfied. - -The formula is depicted in the margin, and is generally accepted; but -it ought to be stated that it has rivals, though all are founded on -the necessity of providing for the saturation of the four links of the -carbon atoms. - - H - C - /\\ - HC CH - || | - HC CH - \ // - C - || - - - ANILINE. - -Among the events which gradually led to the production of artificial -compounds for which physiological properties and action have been -claimed, the discovery of aniline is prominent. The substance, now -so well known by that name, was first separated from indigo in 1826 -in the course of a dry distillation of that dye by a pharmacist of -Erfurt, named Unverdorben. He named his product “crystalline,” from its -character. In 1834 the same substance, as it was later known to be, was -obtained from coal-tar by Runge, who, observing the violet colour which -bleaching powder caused in its aqueous solution, designated the product -“kyanol.” Ten years subsequently Hofmann continued the investigations -which Runge had pioneered. Meanwhile Fritzsche had obtained anthranilic -acid from indigo, and from that he had produced an oily base which -he called “aniline.” This term was derived from the specific name of -the indigofera anil, which was the Sanskrit designation of the famous -blue dye. Hofmann’s researches ultimately proved that Unverdorben’s -crystalline, Runge’s kyanol, and Fritzsche’s aniline were all -chemically identical. Hofmann would have preferred to retain the first -of these names, but the more definite aniline prevailed. - -The colour producing power of aniline had been observed (as has been -already mentioned) by Runge in 1834, but it was not until 1856 that -this property became of practical importance, when W. H. Perkin, at -the time a pupil of Hofmann’s, commenced the investigation which -resulted in such a complete revolution in the dyeing industry. Perkin’s -patent for his “mauve” dye was obtained in 1858. It is an interesting -circumstance that he made his discovery as a consequence of experiments -he was conducting with the view of manufacturing an artificial quinine. -Now we may turn to the - - [Illustration: A. W. VON HOFMANN. - - Born, 1818; died, 1892. Was Director of the Royal College - of Chemistry, London, 1845–1864; subsequently Professor - of Chemistry in Berlin University. Hofmann commenced the - researches into coal-tar chemistry and established the chemical - characteristics of aniline, and was thus one of the principal - founders of modern organic chemistry. - ] - - - IMITATION OF NATURAL ALKALOIDS - -(_showing how coniine, piperine, atropine, nicotine, caffeine, -theobromine, and others, have been synthesised; and that quinine, -strychnine, morphine, and codeine await conquest_). - -Liebig, Gerhardt, and other chemists had been progressing towards -this attainment by studying the structural constitution of various -alkaloids. In 1842 Gerhardt separated a base which he called quinoline -from quinine, cinchonine, and strychnine. This base was subsequently -identified by Hofmann with the leucol which Runge had obtained from -coal-tar in 1834. In 1846 Runge also produced a substance which he -called pyridine from bone oil. Hofmann showed that this was the base -of certain other alkaloids, coniine, piperine, nicotine, and atropine -among these. Now it will be necessary to illustrate progress by means -of a few formulæ diagrams. - -Benzene is C_{6}H_{6}; aniline is a derivative of benzene in which one -atom of hydrogen has been replaced by the amino-group, NH_{2}. Its -formula is C_{6}H_{5}NH_{2}, and it is represented thus: - - CH - // \\ - HC CH - | | - HC CH - \\ // - CNH{2} - -Aniline is basic; that is, it combines with acids to form salts. -Together with aniline in coal-tar there occur other basic nitrogenous -substances; of these pyridine and quinoline have already been -mentioned, and to them must be added isoquinoline, which is also the -parent substance of a series of alkaloids. - -In pyridine one of the CH groups of the benzene ring is replaced by a -nitrogen atom, the formula of the substance being C_{5}H_{5}N. In 1886 -Ladenburg succeeded in synthesising the alkaloid coniine, starting -with pyridine. This was the first occasion on which the artificial -preparation of an alkaloid was achieved. The steps of the process were -as follows;-- - -By the action of methyl iodide (CH_{3}I), pyridinium methyl iodide -is formed, which is transformed on heating into α-methyl-pyridine -hydriodide. The free base, when treated with acetaldehyde (p. 271), -yielded a compound known as α-allyl-pyridine, which, in turn, was made -to combine with nascent hydrogen. The resulting compound (isoconiine) -becomes coniine on heating to 300° C. or boiling with solid potash. The -chemical history is shown graphically below:-- - - CH CH CH CH - // \\ // \\ // \\ // \\ - HC CH HC CH HC CH H{2}C CH{2} - | | | | | | | | - HC CH HC CCH{3} HC CC{3}H{5} H{2}C CHC{3}H{7} - \\ // \\ // \\ // \\ // - N N N NH - Pyridine. α-Methyl-pyridine. α-Allyl-pyridine. Coniine. - -Pyridine, it may be mentioned, can be built up from its elements. - -This coniine triumph of synthetic chemistry has been followed by many -others of a similar character, and now all the alkaloids mentioned -above in connection with pyridine have been produced artificially. -Piperine was synthesised by Ladenburg and Scholtz in 1894; atropine -together with other solanaceous alkaloids, and cocaine[4] by -Willstätter in 1901–2; and nicotine by Pictet in 1903. The structure of -these alkaloids is considerably more complicated than that of coniine; -atropine, for example, is represented by the formula - - H H_{2} - H_{2}C----C----C CH_{2}OH - | / \ | - | N--CH_{3} CH--O--CO--CH - | \ / | - H_{2}C----C----C C_{6}H_{5} - H H_{2} - -The molecule of quinoline contains a benzene and a pyridine nucleus -condensed thus:-- - - HC CH - \ C / - // \ / \\ - HC || CH - HC || CH - \\ / \ // - \\/ C \// - HC N - -Among the alkaloids of the quinoline group may be mentioned those of -cinchona bark and nux vomica. The constitution of these alkaloids is -very complex, and in most cases but little understood. As an example of -the cinchona group quinine may be taken. Its structure is probably - - CH - / | \ - / | \ - H_{2}C CH_{2} CH--CH==CH_{2} - | | | - H_{2}C HO·C CH_{2} - \ / | / - \/ | / - /\ | / - / \ | / - CH_{2} N - / - HC C - // \ C / \\ - CH_{3}OC| \ / |CH - HC| | | |CH - \\ C \ // - HC N - -the formula being C_{20}H_{24}N_{2}O_{2}. Quinine has not been -completely synthesised, but it has been prepared from cupreine, another -cinchona alkaloid. The strychnos alkaloids likewise have not yet been -artificially prepared, and their structure still requires elucidation. - -The derivatives of isoquinoline, which was discovered by Hoogewerff and -van Dorp in 1885, include some of the opium alkaloids, papaverine and -narcotine, for example. Morphine and codeine do not, strictly speaking, -fall into either of the three groups mentioned; our knowledge of the -chemical nature of these substances has been much advanced recently, -and it is probable that their synthesis will be effected before long. - - HC CH - // \ C / \\ - HC| \ / |CH - HC| | | |N - \\/ C \ // - HC CH - - Isoquinoline. - -One of the most beautiful pieces of work on the synthesis of vital -products during recent years was the artificial preparation by Fischer -(1895–98) of the bases caffeine and theobromine. The processes employed -are too long and complicated to be described here, but the formulas may -be given, since they demonstrate the close relationship which exists -between the two substances. - - (CH{3})N-----CO HN-----CO - | | | | - | | | | - CO C-N(CH{3}) CO C-N(CH{3}) - | || \ | || \ - | || /CH | || /CH - (CH{3})N-----C-N (CH{3})N-----C-N - - Caffeine. Theobromine. - - - OTHER SYNTHETIC PRODUCTS. - - (_Benzoic acid, camphor, adrenaline, salicylic acid._) - -Certain chemical bodies which have been used in medicine for centuries -have been analysed, their structural formulas ascertained, and then the -atoms have been put together in the laboratory so perfectly that in -many cases the artificial products cannot be distinguished from the -natural original ones. Benzoic acid, obtained by subliming gum benzoin, -has been in use since the latter part of the sixteenth century, when -under the name of fleurs de benzoin, soon anglicised into flowers of -benjamin, they were introduced by a French physician, named Blaise -de Vigenère, who was secretary to Henri III. [The name benjamin was -not a bad corruption after all, as the Arabic term from which the -European designations were derived was Luban Jawa, the incense of Java. -The Spaniards first dropped the first syllable under the mistaken -impression that it was the Arabic article. Old etymologies traced -the name to a supposed Ben-jui, or tree of the Jews.] The artificial -benzoic acid is obtained by the oxidation of toluene, a hydrocarbon -distilled from coal-tar. - -Comparatively recent achievements of synthetic chemistry are the -artificial production of camphor and of adrenaline, the active -principle of the suprarenal gland. The synthetic products can be -distinguished from the originals by their behaviour towards polarised -light. - -Salicylic acid, prepared by acting on carbolic acid by carbon dioxide -in the presence of an alkali, became a practical commercial product -in 1874, but its discoverer, Kolbe of Leipzig, had prepared it in his -laboratory since 1859. The natural product, prepared from willow bark -or oil of wintergreen, was worth twelve guineas a pound; the artificial -salicylic acid in a few years came to be sold at not so many shillings -per pound. Kolbe’s theory was that the compound he devised would -decompose within the organism into phenol and carbon dioxide, and thus -exercise an anti-putrefactive effect. - - - PHYSIOLOGICAL SPECULATIONS. - -In many other cases the physiological effect of the compound was -distinctly foreseen, and latterly the relation between chemical -constitution and physiological action has become the objective of much -research. It may be reasonably anticipated that before many years have -passed it will be possible to predict the physiological powers of a -substance from a knowledge of its structural formula, just as already -many of its more noteworthy physical properties may be so foretold. -Even at present certain trustworthy rules, affording guidance in this -respect, have been formulated. Dujardin-Beaumetz and Bardel, dealing -with compounds of the aromatic series, have laid down that (_a_) -those containing hydroxyl (OH) are antiseptic; (_b_) those -containing an amino-group (NH_{2}) or an acid amide are hypnotic; and -(_c_) those containing both an amino-group and an alkyl group -(CH_{3}, C_{2}H_{5}, etc.) are analgesic. - -In order to show how synthetic remedies have been built up from simple -products it will be convenient to take a few typical examples in the -order of increasing chemical complexity, rather than with strict regard -to chronological progression. - - - ALCOHOL, ETHER, ALDEHYDE, ACETIC ACID. - -Ethyl (that is, ordinary) alcohol forms a convenient starting point. -It has been already stated that the molecule of this substance is -represented by the formula C_{2}H_{5}OH but for centuries before its -constitution was unravelled it had been prepared in a more or less -pure condition, as it still is, by a process of fermentation followed -by distillation. Alcohol can be built up from its elements thus:--When -an electric arc burns between carbon rods in an atmosphere of hydrogen, -acetylene is formed; acetylene can be made to combine with hydrogen, -forming ethane; ethane reacts with chlorine, yielding ethyl chloride; -and this acted upon by an aqueous solution of potash gives alcohol as a -result. The steps of the process are shown below:-- - - CH CH{3} CH{2}Cl CH{2}OH - | --> | --> | --> | - CH CH{3} CH{3} CH{3} - - Acetylene. Ethane. Ethyl chloride. Ethyl alcohol. - -Alcohol is the basis of a number of substances used in medicine. On -treating it with a dehydrating agent such as strong sulphuric acid, the -elements of water are removed, and two molecules of alcohol unite into -one, the resulting product being ether (diethyl oxide). The reaction is -rather more complicated than is explained here, but the net result is -as stated. The process was described by the German physician, Valerius -Cordus, and was incorporated in the “Dispensatory” published after his -death by the Senate of Nuremberg, under the title of “Oleum vitriole -dulce verum.” As explained in the article on Ether (Vol. I. p. 347), -the chemical reaction was, until recent times, a favourite topic for -investigation. - -When alcohol (C_{2}H_{5}OH) is oxidised, a substance known as -aldehyde (CH_{3}CHO) is formed. This was first prepared and described -by Fourcroy and Döbereiner, but its constitution was explained by -Kolbe. On further oxidation acetic acid (CH_{3}COOH) is formed. The -relationship between the alcohol, aldehyde and acetic acid was traced -by Liebig. - - - CHLORAL HYDRATE AND CHLOROFORM. - -The oxidation of alcohol may be effected by the agency of chlorine, -and in that case an intermediate oily product is obtained, in which -three of the hydrogen atoms of the aldehyde are replaced by three of -chlorine. The compound resulting is chloral (CCl_{3}CHO), and this -readily combines with water and forms the familiar chloral hydrate -crystals which were first prepared by Liebig in 1832, but only got -into the “British Pharmacopœia” (Additions) in 1874. Chloral hydrate -treated with caustic potash splits into chloroform and potassium -formate. Chloroform was discovered in 1831 by Liebig and Soubeiran, and -was admitted into the “London Pharmacopœia” of 1851, four years after -Simpson had demonstrated its wonderful anæsthetic property. - - - SULPHONAL. - -Returning to acetic acid, it may be stated that by heating its calcium -salt two substances, acetone, (CH_{3})_{2}CO, and calcium carbonate -are formed. Also that when alcohol is acted upon by phosphorus -pentasulphide, mercaptan, C_{2}H_{5}SH, is obtained. By the reaction -of acetone and mercaptan, mercaptol results, and this, when oxidised, -becomes the well-known synthetic hypnotic, sulphonal. It is not -necessary to give the full formulas of these reactions, as they may -be found in the usual chemical manuals; but it may be stated that the -full descriptive name of sulphonal is dimethyl-diethylsulphone-methane. -The group of sulphones furnishes an illustration of the reasoning on -which new synthetic compounds come to be constructed. The theory was -that the physiological action of sulphonal was due to, or connected -with, its ethyl group. It was supposed, therefore, that by increasing -the number of such groups in a molecule the hypnotic effect would -be proportionately developed. It was believed that experiments on -dogs supported this deduction; but it was not maintained in clinical -experience. - - - ACETANILIDE AND PHENACETIN. - -Many of the popular synthetic remedies belong to the benzene series. -Benzene is obtained from coal-tar, but, as shown by Berthelot, it is -possible to prepare it by heating the gaseous hydrocarbon, acetylene, -C_{2}H_{2}, in a closed vessel. By this means three molecules of -acetylene are condensed into one, C_{6}H_{6}, which is benzene. Benzene -acted upon by nitric acid yields nitrobenzene, and this by the action -of nascent hydrogen is changed into aniline. Aniline may be regarded -as ammonia, NH_{3}, in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced by -the phenyl group, C_{6}H_{5}, and, like ammonia, it combines with -acids to form salts. Aniline acetate being formed, the elements of -water being eliminated in the process, the product is acetanilide, -or antifebrin. Acetanilide was first prepared by Gerhardt, in 1853, -but its physiological action was only discovered by Cahn and Hepp in -the ’eighties. By the substitution of an ethoxy-group for one of the -hydrogen atoms of acetanilide, para-ethoxy-acetanilide, commonly called -“phenacetin,” is produced. - - - SALOL. - -Phenol is another of the multitudes of substances obtainable from -coal-tar; it can be prepared from aniline by the action of nitrous -acid, and can be shown to be benzene with one hydrogen atom replaced by -hydroxyl. If one of the adjacent hydrogen atoms of phenol is replaced -by carboxyl, salicylic acid is produced; and in the presence of a -suitable dehydrating agent salicylic acid reacts with phenol and phenyl -salicylate, known as salol, is formed. - - - ANTIPYRIN. - -Many of the synthetic chemicals are much more complex than those so -far described. They are built up on similar lines, but the processes -involve a greater number of stages. Antipyrin (phenazone, or -phenyl-dimethylisopyrazolone) may be added to the examples selected for -this notice. Antipyrin is represented by the annexed formula, which is -said to be heterocyclic, - - H{3}CC-----CH - | | - H{3}CN CO - \ / - \ / - N - | - C{6}H{5} - -because its molecules, like those of pyridine, consist of rings not -made up exclusively of carbon atoms. - - * * * * * - -It must be understood that in this sketch only a very few notable -instances of modern chemical research have been given, these being -some of the more familiar products which have been introduced into -medicine. Favourite colours, odours, and flavours have likewise been -synthesised, and the manufacture of some of these artificial products -has developed into vast businesses. The object of this chapter has been -to make it clear that the marvellous activity which has been displayed -in these directions during the past half-century, has been guided by -the most profound and skilful research, one step leading to another, -and that the new products have not been hit upon by mere chance. - - - - - XXIV - - NAMES AND SYMBOLS - - “Every trade and handicraft, every art, every science, is - constantly changing its materials, its processes, and its - products; and its technical dialect is modified accordingly, - while so much of the results of this change as affects or - interests the general public finds its way into the familiar - speech of everybody.” - (W. DWIGHT WHITNEY:--“Language and its Study.” 1876.) - - -The technological vocabulary of pharmacy is very voluminous, and has -been recruited from all languages. Many of the names of vegetable drugs -literally household words in English, have been transferred direct -from savage tongues. Guaiacum, ipecacuanha, and jalap may be cited -as examples. Other names of drugs cover histories which well repay -investigation. - -Take, for example, the word hyoscyamus and its English equivalent -henbane (which I select because it does not happen to be alluded -to elsewhere in this work). The obvious and usual explanation of -these names is that hyoscyamus is the Greek genitive hyos, of a -hog, and kyamos, a bean, and in fact the name of hog’s bean is -applied to it in several languages. Henbane, too, is supposed to be -self-explanatory. But there is good reason to believe that neither -of these interpretations is correct. Dioscorides, who calls the -plant hyoscyamos, also mentions that its almost obsolete name was -dioskyamos; and henbane is well known to be a corruption of henne-bell. -The obsolete name is obviously more likely to convey the original -meaning than its corruption, and therefore hyoscyamos is more likely -to have meant the bean of the gods than the bean of the pigs. Possibly -its name was traceable to the idea that the delirium which the drug -produced was the condition induced in human beings when the gods -communicated with them, or that some priests used it to produce that -condition in which messages presumably from the higher powers could be -transmitted. Henbane, again, is not satisfactorily accounted for by -its surface meaning. There is no evidence that hens ever eat the herb -or the seeds. But the Saxon name henne-bell suggests some sort of a -musical instrument, and it is a curious fact that in mediæval Latin -henbane was sometimes known as Symphoniaca Herba; the Symphoniaca being -a rod with a number of little bells on it. This description might be -appropriately applied to the plant, and we have only to suppose a Saxon -term “hengebelle” to clear up the mystery. - -I am indebted for the foregoing notes to three very suggestive articles -in _The Chemist and Druggist_ of October and November, 1877, and -February, 1878, by Mr. W. G. Piper. - -Next we come to the fanciful and poetic names of metals and their -salts, and of all sorts of chemical compounds, invented by the -alchemists. They gave the names of aquila alba, mercurius dulcis, -panchymagogum minerale, manna metallorum, draco mitigatus, and others -to calomel; regulus, or the little king, to antimony (gold being king); -lunar caustic, ethiops martial, and salts of Saturn; vitriol, tartar, -pompholix, and scores of others, not selected without judgment, but -intended rather to mystify the public than to instruct them. - -Chemical nomenclature of the present day has gone to the -opposite extreme. The ingenious laboratory devisers of -synthetic products have developed a nomenclature which it is -impossible to use. It explains itself to the initiated, but -even for intercommunication between chemists, pharmacists, and -physicians words like tetrahydroparamethyloxyquinoline or calcium -betanaphthol-alphamonosulphonate insist on being simplified if the -substances they describe come into medicinal use; and to do them -justice it must be admitted that the inventors of the products are -always ready to meet this requirement with a more or less expressive -title which can be protected as a trade mark. This forces other -manufacturers to devise other distinct names for the same article, so -that among the new chemicals which have become popular within the past -thirty years there are sometimes a dozen designations for the same -substance. - - - A PHARMACEUTICAL VOCABULARY. - -The subjoined list of technical terms is limited to the names of -pharmaceutical processes, products, and apparatus; and only (as a -rule, with some exceptions) of such as are not dealt with in other -sections. Many of the terms are obsolete, but are to be met with in old -treatises. Occasionally rather more than a bare definition has been -thought desirable. - - * * * * * - -Acetabulum. Originally a vessel used by the Romans for holding vinegar -at the table. Then a liquid measure about 2½ oz. - -Acetum Philosophicum. Vinegar made from honey. - -Acopon. A stimulating or anodyne liniment, almost of the consistence of -an ointment. If acopa contained aromatics they were called myracopa. - -Adept. An alchemist who “had attained.” - -Adust. A dried up condition of the humours. - -Aggregatives. Pills devised by Mesué which were intended to purge all -the humours. - -Alabaster. A special kind of carbonate or sulphate of lime used by the -ancients for ointment containers which were sometimes called alabastra. -The name is supposed to have been derived from a town in Egypt. - -Album Rhasis. White lead ointment, which Rhazes was believed to have -introduced. - -Alembic. The Arabic name for a still. It was adapted by the Arabs from -the Greek ambix, a vase, to which was prefixed the particle al. The -word became corrupted in English to Limbeck. - -Alembroth. Sal Alembroth was the double chloride of mercury and -ammonium. Also called the salt of wisdom. The word has not been traced, -but has been supposed to be a Chaldaic term meaning the key of art. - -Alexipharmic (in Greek alexipharmakon). A remedy against poison. - -Alexiteria. Remedies against the bites of venomous animals. - -Alhandal. The Arabic name for colocynth which was applied to certain -lozenges or tablets of that drug. - -Alkahest. The universal solvent, or menstruum. The word has an Arabic -appearance, but cannot be traced to that language. It is believed -to have been one of Paracelsus’s many etymological inventions. The -derivation has been guessed to have been from the German al-geist, -all spirit, Paracelsus said it was a liquid to cure all kinds of -engorgements. Van Helmont’s Alkahest was capable of restoring to their -first life all the bodies of nature. Glauber’s Alkahest was nitrate -potash which had been detonated on live coals. It was carbonate of -potash. - -Alkali, in Arabic al-qaly. Qaly meant to fry, and the technical term -was applied to the ashes of plants after frying or roasting. - -Alkekengi. The Winter Cherry, formerly in much esteem as a remedy in -kidney and urinary complaints. - -Alkool. This name was given to powders of the finest tenuity. It -was also applied to spirit of wine rectified to the utmost extent. -Boerhaave employed the term to indicate the purest inflammable -principle. - -Aloedarium. A purgative medicine with aloes as the principal ingredient. - -Aludels. Pear-shaped pots constructed so that they could be fitted one -into another, a series of them being used for sublimations. The name is -supposed to have had an Arabic origin, or it may have meant “not luted.” - -Amalgam. A compound of mercury and some other metal. Believed to have -been a perversion of malagma, a soft ointment, with the Arabic article -prefixed. - -Amphora. An earthenware vessel with two handles wherewith to carry -it. Used by the Greeks and Romans for wine and oil. The Greek vessel -contained about 9 gallons; the Roman amphora was equivalent to nearly 7 -gallons. - -Analeptica. Restorative remedies. - -Anoyntment. An old term for ointment. - -Antidotary. A frequent title of books of formulas for medicines. - -Antidote. Something “given against.” Originally, perhaps, an adjective, -and in old medicine employed for various remedies; now limited to -substances which will counteract the effect of poisons. - -Apozems. Strong decoctions or infusions. A Greek word meaning “boiled -off.” - -Aqua Mirabilis. Once a popular household remedy. Water distilled from -cloves, cardamoms, cubebs, mace, ginger, and other spices. - -Aquila Alba. An old name for calomel. - -Arcana meant secrets. The original idea of the word was things shut -up and protected as the occupants of Noah’s Ark were shut up. The -alchemists used the word arcanum freely, but it came to be applied -to medicines of known composition but of mysterious action. Arcanum -tartari was acetate of potash. Arcanum duplicatum was another name for -the Sal de Duobus or sulphate of potash which was supposed to combine -the virtues of nitre and vitriol. - -Athanor was a self-supplying furnace, the coals or fuel being provided -in a reservoir above the fire and intended to be supplied to the -furnace automatically. - -Balm and Balsam, which are words with the same origin, have always -been suggestive of medicinal and healing virtues. Probably balsam -has descended through the Greek and Latin from Semitic terms meaning -spices. The Hebrew Besem or Bosem, often translated “spices,” in one -place “cinnamon,” in another “calamus,” always meant some grateful -aromatic. But the opobalsamum or juice of the Balsam tree, the famous -Balm of Gilead, was Tsori in Hebrew. Old etymologists, supported -by Littré and other moderns, consider that Baal-schaman, prince of -oils, was the original word from which balsam was derived. The Arabic -Abu-scham, father of perfumed oils, was a name for the balsam tree. -Paracelsus taught that the human body contained a natural balsam which -tended by itself to heal wounds. - -Basilicon ointment is first met with in Celsus. It means royal ointment -but no explanation of the origin of the term is given. He compounded it -of panax, (perhaps opopanax), galbanum, pitch, resin, and oil. Mesué -made a basilicon minus, composed of wax, resin, pitch, and oil. This -he also called unguentum tetrapharmacum, because it was made from four -drugs. Both of these were black ointments. Later the pitch was omitted -and the ointment was then named yellow basilicon. A green basilicon -ointment was also formulated in the early London Pharmacopœias, -containing verdigris, and used as a detergent. It is sometimes stated -that the ointment acquired its name because it contained the plant -basil (_Ocimum basilicum_) among its ingredients; but I find no -authority for this statement. - -Baths. The most usual form of digesting substances in a gentle heat was -in a Balneum Mariæ, Bain-Marie, or as old English writers translated it -a St. Mary’s bath. It was supposed to have been derived from balneum -maris, as if sea water was used; but there is no justification for -this guess. Littré thinks it was called the bath of Mary because -of its gentleness. Sand-baths, cinder-baths, horse-dung baths, and -iron-filings baths were also ordered. - -Bezoards. Mineral bezoard was diaphoretic antimony. Silician earth was -also called mineral bezoar. - -Blisters. Freind says these were introduced into medicine in Venice and -Padua during the plague of 1576. Jerome Mercuriali wrote about them. -They superseded dropaxes and metasyncretics. - -Bolus was a medicine of the consistence of an electuary or rather -stiffer, taken in pieces about the size of a bean. The Greek word meant -a lump of earth, and it was used medically by the Romans. It was the -same as katapotia. - -Calx was the name applied to lime which had been burnt, and from this -it came to be applied to the white powdery product yielded by burning -metals. Thus came the calx Lunæ, the calx Saturni, the calx Jovis, the -calx Mercurii, and others. The ancient theory was that in burning the -metal the sulphur principle was driven out, and this was the parent of -Stahl’s phlogiston theory. - -Caput mortuum and terres damnées were names applied to residues in -retorts after operations. - -Carminative. A medicine which expels winds. One theory traces it -to carmen, a charm, but most authorities consider that it was an -application to medicine of the term carminare, to card wool, and -suggested that the remedy acted by combing through the humours. - -Cataplasm. From Greek kata-plassein, to apply over. Used originally -for both poultices and plasters. Cataplasmata were perfumed powders -sprinkled over the clothes, or sometimes depilatories. - -Catholica. Electuaries which purged all the humours. - -Cerates were ointments made solid by wax, but not so hard as plasters. - -Cerevisiæ (Beers). Medicinal preparations made by adding medicines -to malt wort and letting them ferment together were popular in the -early part of the 18th century. It was believed that the process -of fermentation extracted the properties of drugs more effectively -than mere digestion. Quincy (1739) names thirty cerevisiæ, aperient, -antiscorbutic, diuretic, hysteric, stomachic, &c. Many of these were -compounded with numerous drugs. - -Ceruse. Old Latin name for white lead. Flowers of antimony were called -ceruse of antimony. The name is supposed to have had some association -with wax, but the connection is not clear. - -Cochleare. The usual prescription term for a spoonful, was in Latin -the twenty-fourth of a cyathus or wineglassful. It was an egg-spoon, -but owed its name to a pointed tip used to extract winkles from their -shells as we use pins, and, the cochlear being a small snail, the name -was transferred to the instrument. From it has descended the French -cuillier, a spoon. - -Cohobation came to mean only the repetition of distillation, the -distillate being poured on the material from which it had already been -distilled, and again distilled. Paracelsus uses the term cohob to -signify a repetition of the same medicine. - -Colcothar. The name was applied to the prepared rust of iron now called -rouge, but originally to the residue left in the retort after oil of -vitriol had been distilled from sulphate of iron. Paracelsus used, and -some say invented, the word; but Murray traces it through the Spanish -to an Arabic origin, qolqotar, which Doxy believes to have been a -corruption of the Greek Chalcanthos, a solution of blue vitriol (from -chalkos, copper, and anthos, flower). Colcothar was the same as crocus -Martis. - -Collutories. Medicines of the consistence of honey for applying to the -gums and mouth. Honey and borax is an example. A fluid mouth-wash was -called a collution. - -Collyrium. Collyria were “dry,” or powders such as alum, sulphate -of zinc, or calomel, which were insufflated into the eye; soft, or -pomades applied to the eyelids; and liquid, or eye lotions. The term -kollyrion was used in Greek medicine with the same meaning; it was -originally derived from kollyra, a roll of bread. - -Conserves properly consisted of only one medicament and sugar. - -Crocus (Saffron). The term was applied to certain metallic combinations -of a saffron colour, such as crocus Martis (rust of iron), crocus -Veneris (a copper oxide), and crocus Metallorum (liver of antimony). -Damocrates left a formula for Crocomagma, tonic cakes or trochiscs, of -which saffron was the principal ingredient. - -Crucible. A vessel in which metals are melted. The word is generally -attributed to a supposed association with crux, crucis, a cross; but -this is not proved. It was originally the name of a night-lamp, and -several authorities consider it owes its name to the crossing of the -wicks. - -Cucupha. A cap to be worn on the head in which certain aromatic drugs -were fixed with the idea of curing headaches. - -Cucurbit. A gourd-shaped vessel of glass or earthenware used as a -retort. - -Cyathus, translated wineglassful when the word appears in -prescriptions, was the ladle with which the wine was scooped out from -the cratera into the poculum. It was also a Roman measure, about the -twelfth part of a pint. - -Decocta have been attributed to Nero as the inventor. At least they -appear to have originated in his household. They were simply boiled -water refreshed by ice, and often flavoured by fruits. These were -employed as beverages. “Et hæc est Neronis decocta” exclaimed the -fallen tyrant as he fled from Rome and allayed his thirst by scooping -some dirty water from a pond. - -Deliquium. Deliquescence; as when salt of tartar was resolved into “oil -of tartar” by mere exposure to the air. This was called “deliquium per -se.” - -Despumation. The removal of the froth from boiling honey or syrup. - -Dia in the “Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman” written by -Langland in 1377 occur the lines: - - Lyf leuede that lechecraft lette shulde elde - And dryuen away deth with dyas and dragges. - -Translated into modern English these lines would read “Life believed -that leechcraft should let (hinder) age, and drive away death with -dyas and dragges.” The dyas and dragges were evidently the means which -leechcraft employed. At that time and for long afterwards a large -number of compounded medicines bore titles with the prefix dia-. -Diachylon, diagrydium, diabolanum diakodion, diasulphuris are examples -of scores. Dia was the Greek preposition, meaning through or from, -which appears in a multitude of English words. In medicine it always -implies a compound, and in old English it is occasionally found alone -as in the instance quoted from “Piers Plowman.” Another given in the -Historical English Dictionary is from Lydgate (1430) “Drug nor dya -was none in Bury towne.”[5] In combination a few survivals remain in -the language as Diachylon, Diapente, and Diacodion, but in the old -medical formularies its use is very frequent. Generally it meant an -electuary or confection. Thus for example the P.L. of 1746 changed the -old Diascordium into Electuarium e Scordio. Apparently the dia- was then -going out of fashion. - -Diagredium or Diagrydium. This term was often applied to scammony but -it was correctly reserved to a prepared scammony (see Dia); the object -being to modify the purgative action. One method was to place some -scammony in the hollow of a quince and keep it for some time in hot -ashes. This gave Diagredium cydoniatum. Or sulphur was burned under -a porous paper on which scammony was spread, and the preparation was -known as Diagredium sulphuratum. It was also combined with liquorice -and called Diagredium glycyrrhisatum. - -Dropax was the name of a plaster employed as a depilatory. It was -applied warm and pulled off, with the hairs, when cold. It was the -Greek term for a pitch plaster. - -Drug. The word “dragges” in the “Vision of Piers Plowman” (refer -to “Dia”) has been generally supposed to have been an earlier form -of drugs; but Skeat contended on philological grounds that the two -terms could hardly be the same. Dragges occurs also in Chaucer in the -description of the Doctour of Phisike:-- - - Ful redy had he his apothecaries - To send him dragges and his lettuaries. - -and Skeat presumed that the dragges were a kind of medicinal sweetmeat -corresponding with the French dragées. But Murray has shown that in -most of the texts of Chaucer the word is droggis or drugges. So that -it is probable that the poet was using the term which we now almost -invariably confine to the raw materials of pharmacy. It might easily be -shown that in the past it was more generally applied. The etymology of -drug is doubtful. The majority of philologists trace it to Anglo-Saxon -dryg, and Dutch droog, both meaning dry, the sense originating from -dried herbs. There is, however, a Celtic word, drwg, in Irish, droch, -which has the meaning of something bad. But Littré suggests that the -primary signification of that word is that of an ingredient, and -therefore might have been the derivation of our drug. Most likely it -is the original of the word when employed as indicating something -worthless, as “a drug in the market.” It may well be therefore that -the word used in different senses has distinct derivations. (Two -interesting articles on this subject will be found in _The Chemist -and Druggist_ for February and March, 1882.) - -Eclegma. Thick syrups given on a piece of liquorice root to suck with -the object of relieving coughs. (See Electuary for Derivation.) - -Ecussons. Compounds of theriaca with some added opium used as plasters. - -Edulcorate. To deprive substances of their acrid taste. Generally by -the addition of syrup. - -Electuary. Old dictionaries give the origin of this word as from the -Latin electus, on the theory that an electuary was a composition -of selected drugs. It is, in fact, a Latin corruption of the Greek -ekleikton, which meant something that could be licked. See Eclegma. - -Elixir. An Arabic word, al-iksir, which Littré says signified the -essence or the quintessence. Murray suggests that it may have had a -Greek origin. Xerion, a late Greek medical term, meaning a desiccative -powder for wounds, is the word which he supposes the Arabs may have -adopted. It is probable that elixir was from the first used to denote -a medicine; perhaps _the_ medicine, the great panacea which Arab -chemists sought for. For although alchemy, the name at least, may be -traced to their laboratories, it is certain that their early efforts -were rather in the direction of the discovery of remedies than in that -of the production of gold. By the alchemists of Europe and England, -however, elixir was understood in both senses. It meant both the -philosopher’s stone and the elixir of life. In “The Alchemist,” Ben -Jonson (1610) alludes to an old superstition thus: - - He that has once the “flower of the sun” - The perfect ruby which we call elixir - ... by its virtue - Can confer honour, love, respect, long life, - Give safety, valour, yea, and victory - To whom he will. In eight and twenty days - He’ll make an old man of fourscore a child. - -The word has been a useful one for empirics many times since. - -Emplastra are noted by Celsus, many of his formulæ being made with a -lead plaster basis as ours are to this day, litharge (spuma argenti) -and olive oil being boiled together. - -Emulsion, from emulsus the past participle of emulgere, to milk out, -was originally applied to the milky liquid extracted from almonds. -Subsequently extended to other milky fluids. - -Enchrista. Liquids, Celsus says, “quæ illinuntur,” but the word -linimentum had not been formed in his time. He uses the word -Linamentum for a sort of lint. Acopa were a kind of liniment. - -Enema or clyster or glyster are all used to signify either the -injection or the instrument by which the injection is applied. Enema -(properly pronounced with the accent on the first syllable) means -something sent; clyster was the Greek word for the instrument. - -Ens. A favourite term with old metaphysicians and alchemists with the -same meaning as essence. Supposed to have been derived from Esse, to be. - -Epithema. An alcoholic fomentation or liquid medicine applied to the -heart and stomach as a stupe. - -Epithemation was the name of an application described by Galen as of a -consistence between that of a cerate and that of a plaster. - -Errhines, called Nasalia in Latin, are substances snuffed up the -nostrils to excite sneezing. - -Gas was a word invented by Van Helmont. Several guesses have been -hazarded as to the idea which suggested the term. The Dutch geest, -spirit or ghost, seemed the most likely. The German gäschen, to -ferment, has also been proposed. But in 1897 Dr. F. Hurder discovered a -paragraph in Van Helmont’s writings which stated definitely that he had -derived the word from chaos. - -Gilla Vitriola. The name first given to white vitriol. Gilla meant -simply salt. - -Gutteta. A term for epilepsy. Pulvis de Gutteta was a remedy against -epilepsy. - -Hepars were chemicals of a liver colour, as hepar antimonii, hepar -sulphuris. - -Infusions first appeared in the London Pharmacopœia of 1720. In the -revised edition of that issue (1724), however, the three infusions of -1720 appear as Decocti, the title of Infusum being abandoned, but the -directions for the three preparations referred to still give “infunde” -and not “coque.” In the edition of 1746 Infusa re-appear as such, -and “Macera” appears in the directions for the first time. In the -1788 edition Inf. Amarum Simplex becomes Infusum Gentianæ Compositum, -and aqua bulliens gives place to aqua fervens. In 1809 the number of -Infusions is raised from four to eighteen. - -Julep, a term made popular in medicine by the Arabs. It was used by -them exclusively for clear, sweet, liquids. Nothing oily or with a -sediment could be a julep. The name is said to be a Persian compound -from gul, rose, and ap, water; applied to rose tinted waters. It has -lingered in modern pharmacy as camphor or mint julep, but in neither of -these cases is it correctly applied, as they are not sweetened. The old -way of making camphor julep was to hold a piece of camphor by pincers, -inflame it, and plunge it in water, repeating this operation frequently -until the water acquired a strong flavour of camphor. - -Katapotia. The most usual form of medicine among the Greek pharmacists -was the confection or electuary, a composition of drugs made to a -proper consistence generally with honey. Frequently these electuaries -were called “antidotes,” things given against this or that disease. -There were antidotes against gout, against stone, against colics, -against phthisis, etc. The taste of these antidotes was always -unpleasant, so it became the custom to order them to be made up into -little balls of such or such size. The Greeks called these little balls -“katapotia,” that is, things to be swallowed. “Take a katapotium the -size of a bean” would be an ordinary Greek direction. Galen describes a -composition of 1 part of colocynth, 2 parts of aloes, 2 of scammony, -1 of absinth juice, and a little mastic and bdellium, which was to -be formed into katapotia, each of the size of a dried pea. Trallien -refers to this same pill, but names the size as that of a kokkion, a -seed. This was the origin of our pil. cochiæ or cocciæ as they came to -be known. By this time the names globulus, glomeramus, and pilula had -taken the place in Latin of katapotium. Actuarius says expressly that -what the Greeks called katapotia the Romans knew as pilulæ. Trochisci -were katapotia made very hard. - -Lac Virginale. The name was applied to a dilute solution of acetate of -lead (Goulard’s water) and also to water made milky by the addition of -a little tincture of benzoin. Both were used by young girls for their -complexions. - -Lapis Infernalis. Nitrate of silver. - -Lapis Medicamentosus. An astringent stone of which oxide of iron was -the principal ingredient. - -Lapis Mirabilis. An application for wounds, of which green vitriol was -the essential ingredient. - -Looch--sometimes loch, lohoch, lohoth--was a thick liquid, between -a syrup and an electuary, almond emulsion being frequently the -basis, which formerly patients were ordered to suck on a stick of -liquorice cut in the form of a pencil for throat and lung irritation. -Sometimes stronger medicines, like kermes mineral and ipecacuanha, -were administered in this way. The word was of Arabic origin, and was -derived from the verb la’aka, to lick. - -Maceration is the digestion of a solid body in a liquid for the purpose -of dissolving its active principles. - -Magdaleon. Originally a mass or paste such as crumb of bread (Greek, -magdalia), or it may have been used for pill masses made up with crumb -of bread. The term became limited to plasters in cylindrical form. - -Magistery. A word much in favour with the alchemists and old -pharmacists. It had not a very definite meaning, but was understood -to be a substance so converted as to present the virtues of the -material from which it had been made in their most effective form. -Boyle mentions that Paracelsus uses the word to signify many different -things, and Boyle himself has not a clear idea of what he understands -by it, for, he says, “the best notion I know of it is that it is a -preparation whereby there is not an analysis made of the body assigned, -nor an extraction of this or that principle, but the whole or very -near the whole body, by the help of some additament, greater or less, -is turned into a body of another kind.” Boerhaave, however, takes -the pretensions of the makers of magisteries to be that they change -a body into another form, as, for instance, solid gold into liquid, -without any addition. According to Littré, precipitates generally were -considered to possess the properties of the bodies from which they were -obtained, and thus became magisteries. The magistery of bismuth is the -one which has survived the longest with us. Resin of jalap was also -regarded as a magistery. - -Magma was the residuum left in the press after pressing out the -menstruum. It was also used to describe other substances of a soft -consistence. - -Magnes Arsenicalis was a compound of sulphur, arsenic, and antimony, -which, either in the form of powder or made into a plaster, was applied -to syphilitic sores to draw out the virus. Angelo Sala was the inventor -of the plaster. - -Malagmata were substances applied to the skin to soften it, such as -poultices. - -Malaxation was the process of making a pill mass or a plaster soft -enough to be worked. - -Manica Hypocratis (Sleeve of Hippocrates) was a long linen bag used to -filter pharmaceutical preparations. - -Manipulus, a handful, often prescribed as an approximate measure of the -quantity of herbs or flowers to be used in a pharmaceutical process. - -Manus Christi was the name of a tablet made of sugar and flavoured with -rose into which some prepared pearl entered. - -Manus Dei was the name of an old plaster containing myrrh, -frankincense, ammoniac, and galbanum. - -Marmalades were conserves of various fruits, the pulp of which was -preserved in sugar. Said to have been originally the pulp of the quince -(in Portuguese marmelo). Some old medical books say the pharmaceutical -preparations known by this name, which often contained manna, were -derived from the French marc mêlé. - -Masticatories. Substances chewed with the object of exciting the -saliva. Sage, betony, pyrethrum, and tobacco have been employed for -this purpose. - -Matrass. A round or oval glass vessel used in chemical operations to -digest or evaporate liquids. It was provided with a long straight neck, -and is supposed to owe its name to this, matras or matrat being an old -word for an arrow or javelin. - -Mellites were syrups made with honey instead of sugar. - -Mensis Philosophicus, a philosophic month, or forty days. - -Menstruum. The alchemists used this term much as the word solvent is -now used, and some etymologists think it was adopted to indicate that -a month was necessary for a solvent to exercise its full power. Dr. -Johnson says the idea originated “in some notion of the old chemists -about the influence of the moon in the preparation of dissolvents.” -Sir J. Murray says “Menstruum was a mediæval term used in alchemy to -express belief that the base metal undergoing transmutation into gold -corresponded with the seed within the womb which was being acted upon -by the agency of the menstrual fluid.” It is possible, however, that -the old belief in the extraordinary solvent power of the menstrual -fluid may have better accounted for the adoption of the term in -pharmacy. Dr. C. S. Carrington, of Brooklyn, has quoted from a French -narrative of the conquest and conversion of the natives of the Canary -Islands, published in one of the Hakluyt volumes, a passage written by -two monks giving an account of the Flood. Describing the Ark, they say -it was so perfectly joined by “Betun,” a glue so strong that the pieces -united by it could not be separated by any art “sinon par sang naturel -de fleurs de femmes.” - -Moxa. In the middle of the seventeenth century Ten Rhyn and afterwards -Kaempfer, both surgeons in the service of the Dutch East India Company, -described a process of cauterisation largely adopted in China and Japan -in the treatment of various maladies. They used the hairy leaves of the -Chinese artemisia and made it up into a cylindrical shape which they -placed on any part on which they wished to act, and then set fire to -it, allowing it to smoulder slowly down to the skin. It was adopted by -many European surgeons, especially by Van Swieten in gout, rheumatism, -and paralysis, but carded cotton, lint, hemp, or other substances were -employed in the same way. Sydenham mentions this as a cure for gout, -and Larrey designed a little instrument to facilitate the application. -Sometimes chemicals were combined, and the stem of the sunflower cut -into inch lengths, the pith being burnt, was also used. The operation -of course gave great pain, and after a time it was doubted if it did -any good. - -Nasalia. See Errhines. - -Noctiluca. The name given by Boyle to the phosphorus which he made -before the latter word became general. - -Nutrition. A term used in old pharmacy to signify the act of combining -substances in a mortar or by agitation until they acquired the proper -consistence. Unguentum nutritum, for example, was an ointment made by -stirring together in a mortar some lead plaster with oil and vinegar -and generally some belladonna juice. - -Nychthemeron meant maceration for a day and night, that is for 24 -hours. It appears sometimes in directions for treating herbs and -flowers previous to distillation. - -Obolos, a Greek weight equal to half a scruple. - -Œnclaion, a mixture of wine and oil. - -Œnogala, a mixture of wine and milk. - -Œnomeli, a mixture of wine and honey. - -Œsypus, the name given by Dioscorides to wool fat. - -Ointments among the Greeks and Romans were generally liquids. Anything -used to anoint with, not being oil simply, was an ointment (miron in -Greek, unguentum in Latin). From the Greek word was derived Myrepsus, -which meant an ointment maker. - -Opiates were originally electuaries containing opium or some other -narcotic. Gradually, however, the word lost its significance and was -used to indicate any medicinal substance of the same character. It is -sometimes used for tooth pastes. - -Oxycroceum was the name of a plaster among the ingredients of which -were vinegar and saffron. - -Panchrest. A remedy for all complaints. - -Panchymagogon. A medicine to purify all the humours. Pulp of colocynth, -black hellebore, diagrydium, of each 2½ ounces; senna, rhubarb, of each -4 ounces; species of diarrhodon abattis, hermodactils, turbith, agaric, -aloes, of each 1 ounce. Make an extract with cinnamon water, adding the -salt from the fæces. Dose, 20 to 30 grains. Calomel was called “mineral -panchymagogon.” - -Pedilavium. A decoction of herbs intended to bathe the feet with to -induce sleep. - -Pelican. A glass vessel with a tubular neck and provided with two -beaks, one opposite the other, which conducted the vapour back to the -lower part of the vessel, so that cohobation or redistillation was -continually being carried on. - -Periapt. An amulet hung round the neck, or applied to some other part -of the body, to preserve the wearer from contagion, or to drive away -evil spirits. - -Pessary, from Greek “pessos,” a little round stone used in a game. -Pessaries were in very common use by the Greek women for every kind of -vaginal complaint. They were little balls of wool or lint which were -medicated in various ways. - -Pill. The word “pilula” is first found in Pliny, who says “Pharmaca -illa in globulos conformata vulgo pilulæ nominamus.” See “Katapotia.” - -Poison is the same word as “potion.” Both originally meant a draught. - -Polychrest. A medicine of many virtues, - -Pomatum. Originally an ointment made from the pulp of apples, lard and -rose water, and used as an application for beautifying the face. - -Populeum. An ointment made from the buds of the black poplar. It -was prescribed by Nicolas of Salermo as a narcotic and resolvent -application. - -Poultice, from the Latin “puls (pult-)” through the Italian “polta,” -meaning pap, pottage, pulse. “Poltos” was the Greek term for pottage. -The intrinsic purport of the word was something beaten. The Latin -“pulsare,” to beat, represents the idea, and it is found in our word -“pulse,” which indicates the heart-beats, and also in such words as -impulse, compulsory, and the like. In old medical books, “poultice” is -generally spelt “pultesse” or “pultass,” and this form was retained -until the eighteenth century. In the first quarto of “Romeo and Juliet” -(Act II., Sc. 5) the Nurse asks Juliet, “Is this the poultesse for my -aking boanes?” - -Propomata were drinks made of wine and honey in the proportion of four -to one according to Galen. - -Psilothrum. A depilatory. - -Salamanders’ Blood. The red vapours of nitrous acid. - -Salia. Salt was a term very vaguely applied in old chemistry. Anything -soluble and possessing a marked taste was called a salt. Thus grew the -practice of describing substances as salia acida, salia alkalina, and -salia salsa. Sal fixum was a salt not affected by heat. - -Scutum. See Ecusson. - -Sinapisms were a form of poultices or cataplasms used by the Romans -as counter irritants. They were generally made with crushed mustard, -sometimes with cantharides and crumb of bread, and often with dried -figs wetted and reduced to a pulp. - -Smegma was an application to the skin composed of some active remedy -such as verdigris, alum, sulphur, pepper, hellebore, or stavesacre. - -Sparadrap. An adhesive plaster on linen or paper. - -Suffumenta or Suffumigia. Gums, aromatics, or other substances burned -and inhaled to fortify the brain. - -Supplantalia. Remedies applied to the soles of the feet, believed to -attract the vicious humours. Live pigeons cut in two, and other animals -were sometimes thus applied. - -Suppositories are at least as old as Hippocrates, who called them -Prosdita or Balanoi. Suppository is from the Latin sub-ponere, and -is stated by modern etymologists to mean to place under; but older -writers say the meaning was to substitute. That is, the suppository was -employed instead of an enema. - -Syrup. An Arabic introduction. The Arabic word is Sharab or Shurab, and -our words sherbet and shrub as well as syrup are derived from it. - -Tisanes, formerly Ptisans, are mentioned as favourite forms of -administering the simpler kinds of remedies by Celsus. The word was -derived from “ptissein,” to crush, and was applied first to barley -water, made from crushed barley. In French pharmacy Tisanes, mostly -infusions of herbs, are still very familiar. Celsus uses the term -“sorbitio” for gruel. Apozems were stronger than Tisanes. - -Troches, from the Greek trochiscos, a cone. Medicines in a hard form. -Subsequently called in Latin, pastilli, and in English, lozenges. They -were first made in the shape of cones. Trochisci plumbi were compounds -of white lead, camphor, gum, etc., like oat grains, invented by Rhazes -for application to the eyes. Named also trochisci Rhasis, and Arab -soap. - - - APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHTS AND MEASURES SIGNS. - -It is not possible to ascertain with certainty the origin of the -familiar signs ℈, ʒ, ℥, used in formulas and prescriptions to represent -the scruple, drachm, and ounce respectively. A few guesses may be -quoted, but actual historic evidence is not available. - -Dr. C. Rice, New York, an accomplished scholar and pharmaceutical -authority, supposed that the scruple sign was a slightly modified -form of the Greek gamma, γ, the first letter of “gramma,” the nearest -Greek equivalent weight, and the original of the modern gramme. The -same author associated the ounce sign with the Greek x, ξ, which was -certainly used in ancient times, often with a tiny ° against it, thus, -ξ°, to represent the “oxybaphon,” or vinegar vessel, which became a -fluid measure equal to about 15 fluid drachms. There is some evidence -that the same sign was used for the later Greek (or Sicilian) ungia, -Latin uncia, the original of our ounce. The oxybaphon, it may be added, -was translated into Latin “acetabulum,” which was also a vinegar vessel -and a measure. - -It has been guessed that the scruple sign may have been a slurred Greek -ς, written thus, [symbol] (see Dr. Wall’s “Prescription,” published -at St. Louis, 1888). Apuleius, who wrote in the second century, gives -[symbol] as a sign for an obolus which was equal to about 14 grains. -That symbol could easily have drifted into our ℈. Hermann Schelenz -(“Geschichte der Pharmacie,” 1904, page 153) makes up a table of -medicinal weights and measures from Celsus, Pliny, and Galen, and -quotes the following signs as being then used: ~, sextans or obolus; -℈, gramma or scruple = about 20 grains; <, drachme or Holea = 3 -scruples; γο, oungia or uncia = ounce; λι, libra = pound. - -The drachm sign in Dr. Wall’s opinion is a reminiscence of an Egyptian -symbol for half, somewhat similar to our figure 3, ʒ. He supposes that -the Greeks adopted this sign to represent the half of the Egyptian -medicinal weight unit, which according to the best authorities was -equivalent to a double drachm. In a treatise by Ebers on the Weights -and Measures of the Ebers Papyrus, he estimates the weight unit at -6·064 grammes (say 103 grains). He explains, however, that the name -of the weight is nowhere given in the Papyrus. I cannot say whether -there is any evidence of the transfer of the Egyptian weights to Greek -pharmacy, but the usual course of the travels of such characters was -from the Egyptian hieratic or demotic writing to the Coptic, and thence -to the Arabic. It appears certain, however, that the Arabic “dirhem” -was adopted from the Greek “drachma.” - -The sign [symbol], which frequently occurs in the Ebers Papyrus, -might quite easily and almost inevitably come to be written something -like our ʒ; but Ebers values it at two-thirds of a litre, where it is -named as a fluid measure. He deduces this from the hypothesis that the -[symbol] is the hieratic equivalent of the hieroglyphic [symbol], -dnat, or tenat. - -Scribonius Largus, in the first century, and Apuleius in the second, -both give Ζ as the Greek sign for a drachm in medical formulas. -The former says this was equivalent to the Roman denarius, or one -eighty-fourth of a pound. - -A writer in the _Lancet_ of August 18, 1906, very confidently -attributed these signs to the abbreviations made by the copyists of -ancient manuscripts in the Middle Ages. One of the old abbreviation -marks is still familiar in the z, which appears in “oz.” and “viz.” -The z was formerly a ʒ, which was largely used to indicate that the -word had been abbreviated; in the cases quoted from onza and videlicet. -Palæontologists say that the ʒ was itself a modification of the mark -“;” which was a common contraction at the end of words ending in bus or -que. Thus, for instance, omnibus and quaque would be written omni; and -qua;. It is alleged that in writing; without removing the pen from the -paper, something like ʒ will result. This is interesting, but it does -not explain how the abbreviation came to signify drachm. - -The _Lancet_ writer further stated that the ℥ was a slurred form -of writing oz., and that the scruple sign was a ligature representing -the letters sr. - -It may be added that among the old manuscript signs ℈ is often used for -ejus. I am not, however, prepared to suggest any connection between -this word and a scruple. - - - ℞ - -Paris, in “Pharmacologia,” pages 13 and 14, makes the statement -that “such was the supposed importance of planetary influence that -it was usual to prefix a symbol of the planet under whose reign the -ingredients were to be collected; and it is not perhaps generally -known that the character which we at this day place at the head of our -prescriptions, and which is understood and supposed to mean Recipe, is -a relict of the astrological symbol of Jupiter.” - -I have not met with that statement in any earlier writer, but it has -been quoted by scores of compilers since. It is very confidently -asserted, but I think its accuracy is questionable. As an excuse for my -temerity in challenging such an eminent authority it may be mentioned -that on the same page the author informs us that the word “crucible” -was derived from the circumstance that the alchemists were in the habit -of stamping the figure of a cross on the vessel from which they were -to obtain their long sought prize. No modern philologist would endorse -that etymology. - -Paris quotes, in support of the Jupiter theory, a few instances of -directions for gathering specific plants “at the rising of the moon,” -“when the dog-star is in the ascendant,” and so on. But these have no -reference to a compound of several ingredients. It would have been of -no use to invoke Jupiter alone for any of the ancient prescriptions. -Every plant, said Paracelsus, has its special star. It would have -stirred up discord in Olympus if any had been neglected. - -Pereira adopts Paris’s theory, but makes it almost impossible to -accept it. In “Selecta et Prescriptis,” he says it was usual in old -prescriptions to prefix to the formula a pious invocation such as “D. -J.” (Deo Juvante), “J. J.” (Jesu Juvante), the figure of a cross, or -some similar Christian sign. The suggestion is that we have progressed -from Christian to heathen symbols. It would be particularly interesting -to know when the physicians of Christendom substituted the appeal to -Jupiter for that which their own religion had pressed upon them. - -Greek and Roman physicians wrote prescriptions, no doubt; but I am not -aware that any of these have been preserved to us. Our prescriptions -are the direct descendants of the “bills” which the physicians of -the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries scribbled in coffee houses -when they met their apothecaries. “Physitians bylles not Patients but -Apothecaries know” (Warner, 1612, quoted in “Murray’s Dictionary”). It -is too much to ask us to imagine that these scribes were in the habit -of sketching the symbol of Jupiter at the head of these documents. - - - PLANETS AND METALS. - -There are no historic records of the origin of the association of the -seven metals with the seven planets nor of the connection of either -with the deities of antiquity. - -That Greece transmitted the mythological connection to Rome is clear -enough, but it is not so certain whence Greece obtained the idea. -Traces of it can be discovered in both Persia and Egypt, and it is not -unreasonable to suppose that the circle of imagery may have developed -from the worship of the sun. Allowing that heavenly body to have been -the supreme divinity, or at least the residence of such a being, it -would be natural to assign to the moon and the five principal planets -apparently in attendance on the earth similar though lower dignities. -The tendency to group gods and planets and metals into sevens would be -an obvious link between the last two, and the characters of the deities -named would naturally be extended to the materials named after them. - -Berthelot considers that Babylon and Chaldea were the localities where -imagination was first most abundantly applied to the elucidation of -science. There and elsewhere in the East the mystic relations of -the number seven came to be recognised. Perhaps it was the regular -appearance of the seven planets, visible to the naked eye, from which -those early notions were based. Then the moon’s phases consisted of -four equal periods of seven days each. The seven stars in the Great -Bear, the seven colours, the seven tones in music, the seven vowels in -the Greek alphabet, the seven sages, and, naturally also, the seven -known metals, were all evidences of this order of the universe. Out -of this correspondence grew the Chaldean and Persian ideas of seven -heavens, each with its gate of a different metal; the first of lead, -the second of tin, the third of brass, the fourth of iron, the fifth of -a copper alloy, the sixth of silver, and the seventh of gold. - -The philosophers of Chaldea attributed to the heavenly bodies, or -rather to the deities who had made these their homes, extensive control -over the products of the earth. The sun-god produced gold, the moon-god -silver, and so forth; and this view was prevalent certainly until the -sixteenth century. Naturally all the early investigators had to picture -their fancies more or less crudely, and thus alphabets originated. -The Egyptian ideograms are the most familiar of this ancient poetry -to us, and among these are some which are intelligible to us to-day. -The sun and gold, ☉, are still represented by that sign; water, -[symbol], was so indicated in the papyri and in the alchemical books of -three or four hundred years ago; and the sign still used for the planet -and the metal mercury, ☿, differs but little from the hieroglyph -of Thoth, whom the Greeks called Hermes and the Romans Mercury. Greek -students have imagined that this sign was derived from the caduceus or -winged staff of the god, but some Egyptologists have claimed it as a -picture of the “sacred ibis.” - -It need not be supposed that any definite table of the planetary -symbols was ever drawn up and agreed to. These only very gradually -became uniform. Even the association of the planets and the metals -was by no means invariable in different nations. Among the Persians, -for example, copper was assigned to Jupiter; but the Egyptians -dedicated a compound of gold and silver called electron to him, while -in more recent systems Jupiter and tin are allied. Venus controlled -tin according to Persian lore; but the Egyptian attribution of brass -or copper to her has prevailed. Iron belonged to Mercury before -quicksilver was recognised as a metal and at that time Mars was the -god-father of an alloy similar to bronze. The oldest table known is one -given by Olympiodorus in the fifth century, and in that electron is -still associated with Jupiter and tin with Hermes (Mercury). - -Berthelot’s laborious researches into the origin of alchemy, and his -reproductions of ancient manuscripts show that while signs were used -by the ancient Greek writers of about the first century of our era, -they were not used by the Latin authors, but seem to have been in full -adoption in the Middle Ages. The manuscript of St. Mark at Venice, -which Berthelot believed was written about the year A.D. 1000, probably -for some prince, contains a multitude of these symbols. A regular -system is followed. Gold, for example, is represented by [symbol]; -gold filings by [symbol]; gold leaf, thus [symbol]; and a combination -of gold and silver by [symbol]. A similar modification of the original -symbols is found in connection with the other metals. - -There is scarcely any allusion to the symbols in the Arabic -manuscripts, for that race had a holy horror of all forms of Greek -paganism, though it may be noted that their physicians made a -superstition of the practice of bleeding on Tuesdays and Wednesdays -only, unconscious perhaps of the origin of this ritual, which depended -on the fact that Mars, the god of blood and iron, superintended -Tuesday’s operations, and Mercury, who had the management of the -humours, was in charge on Wednesdays. It was really not until the -fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, when the European -alchemists were trying to find a way to transmute the baser metals into -gold, that the code became “conventionalised.” - -As already stated, the signs for the seven metals have not been -invariable, but for many centuries they have been distributed thus:-- - - ☉ Sol, the Sun, Gold. - ☽ Luna, the Moon, Silver. - ♃ Jupiter, Tin. - ♀ Venus, Copper. - ♂ Mars, Iron. - ☿ Mercury, Quicksilver. - [astrological symbol] Saturn, Lead. - -It may be noted in passing how these old-time fictions have influenced -our language, our literature, and especially our medicine. Lunatic, -jovial, saturnine, martial, venereal, and mercurial, are etymological -reminiscences of the time when temperaments and diseases were -associated with the heavenly bodies, and the extent to which metallic -compounds acquired their medical reputations from their artificial -relationship with the powers which were assumed to have adopted them, -is curious. Nitrate of silver was given in brain disorders originally -because of the belief in the control of the mental faculties by the -moon. The administration of iron for the purpose of invigorating the -constitution was largely due to its connection with Mars, whose fame -for virility assured the possession of similar virtue in his metallic -god-son. - - [Illustration: - - These symbols are a few of those used in alchemical treatises - of the fifteenth century. They are collected in “The Follies of - Science at the Court of Rudolph II.,” by H. C. Bolton, published - by the Pharmaceutical Review Publishing Co. of Milwaukee, U.S.A. - Reproduced by permission. - ] - -To the ancient planetary symbols the alchemists added a number of other -signs to represent chemicals of later discovery, and to make their -jargon even more incomprehensible than it would have been without them. -Thus they indicated earth, air, fire, and water by the signs - - [Illustration] - -These were a few of their other characters: - - [Illustration] - -The introduction of any kind of mysticism was dear to the alchemical -fraternity, some of whom, perhaps, really believed there was some -hidden meaning in the symbols, for there were among the adepts clever -men, true discoverers, who cannot be accused of fraudulent intentions, -and yet can hardly have accepted literally the poetry they devised. -Glauber, contemporary with our James I. and Charles I., was one of -these. According to him the symbols were invested with a special -mysterious meaning. He showed them in squares, thus: - - [Illustration] - -and explained that the extent to which the symbol touches the four -sides of the square indicates how near it approaches perfection. Gold, -it will be observed, touches all four sides, silver three, and the -other metals only two each. - - - INTERPRETING THE SIGNS. - -Interpretations of these symbols have often been attempted, but they -are for the most part mere guesses. Those representing the sun and -moon are easy, but the others may generally be read in various ways. -The sign for Jupiter is alleged to represent one of his thunderbolts; -that for copper is supposed to illustrate the looking-glass of Venus; -the iron sign is the shield and spear of Mars; the caduceus of Mercury -and the scythe of Saturn are likewise traced in their respective -signatures. It has also been fancied that the three signs of which -a circle forms part--namely, those for quicksilver, copper, and -iron--were intended to suggest that gold could be formed from them, the -cross or spear attached being in fact the Egyptian phallus, or organ of -generative vigour. In tin and lead there are evidences of the presence -of silver. Perhaps more probable is the idea that these signs were -originally combinations of letters--monograms, in fact, indicating the -name which the planet bore in the country where the symbol was first -adopted. Thus, in the sign for Jupiter, [symbol], the Greek initial -for Zeus, has been traced; in that of Venus, [symbol], we have the -initial of phosphorus; ♂, has been supposed to be [symbol], and -[symbol], the first and last letters of Thouros, one of the names of -Mars; while [symbol] represents the first and second letters of Chronos -(Saturn) welded together. But the interpretation depends largely on the -period when the signs were first used. Pictures preceded alphabets; -they were in fact the originals of the phonetic sounds which ultimately -the letters indicated. - -The mysteries which made up so large a part of the science of alchemy -passed from its votaries to the practitioners of physic and pharmacy, -and are hardly dead in those professions yet. Pretended solutions of -gold, vaunted as universal cures, were sold under the title of solar -elixirs; the popular name of nitrate of silver to this day is lunar -caustic; a black oxide of iron is called Ethiops martial; a solution of -sugar of lead is extract of Saturn; sulphate of copper was once known -as vitriol of Venus; muriate of tin was famous for the expulsion of -worms under the name of Salt of Jove; and ointment of quicksilver is -still universally labelled mercurial ointment. - - - - - INDEX - - - A - - Ablathanabla, 166 - - Abracadabra mystery, 164 - - Abraxas, mystic word, 165 - - Absorbent ethiops, 351 - - Abtinas, incense makers, 57 - - Acetabulum, ii, 278 - - Acetanilide, discovery, ii, 273 - - Acetic acid, synthetic, ii, 271. - _See also_ Pyroligneous acid - - Acetum Philosophicum, ii, 279 - - Achillea milfoil, virtues discovered, 16 - - Achilles, medical discoveries, 16 - - Acids, how first made, 323 - - Acidum causticum, 325 - - Acidum Pingue, 325 - (_For other acids see specific names._) - - Aconite, discovery, ii, 221; - as poison, ii, 223 - - Acopa, 91; ii, 279; ii, 290 - - Adders. _See_ Vipers - - Adept, ii, 279 - - Adrenaline, synthetic, ii, 269 - - Adrian’s antidote, 288; - dropsy cure, 299 - - Adulteration, early methods of detecting, 210 - - Adust, ii, 279 - - Advertisement, early, 141 - - Ægyptiacum 16; ii, 52 - - Aërated cod-liver oil, ii, 167 - - Æsculapius, Greek physician, 7; - portraits, 8; - death, 8; - descendants, 10; - temples, 11, 79 - - Æthiops. _See_ Ethiops - - Aetius, medical writer, 215 - - Aggregatives, ii, 279 - - Ague, cures, 50; ii, 133 - - Agyrtoi, 93 - - Alabaster, ii, 279 - - Albucasis of Cordova, 110, 329 - - Album Græcum, ii, 10 - - Album Rhasis, ii, 279 - - Alchemy, invention, 4. - _See also_ Chemistry - - Alcohol, constitution, 330; - formula, ii, 270; - etymology, 103, 326; - early references, 328, 329; - synthesis, 330; ii, 271 - - Alcohol of Mars, 327 - - Alcohol of sulphur, 327 - - Aldehyde, preparation, ii, 271 - - Alembic, etymology, ii, 279 - - Alembroth salt, 243, 417; - etymology, ii, 279 - - Alexander of Tralles, 216; - Hiera, ii, 141 - - Alexandria library, 88, 98 - - Alexandrinus, Nicolas, 219 - - Alexipharmic, ii, 279 - - Alexiteria, ii, 279 - - Alfred the Great, letter to, 114, 131 - - Alga nostoch, 375 - - Algaroth’s powder, 381 - - Algarotti, note on, 381 - - Alhandal, ii, 279 - - Alkahest, Glauber’s 264; ii, 279 - - Alkali, etymology, ii, 280 - - Alkalies, early knowledge of, 324; - Black on, 324 - - Alkalised ethiops, 351 - - Alkaloids, discovery of, 274; ii, 243; - synthesis, ii, 265 - - Alkekengi, ii, 280 - - Alkermes, Arabic derivation, 103 - - Al-Koh’l, 326 - - Alkool, ii, 280 - - Allicola, 360 - - All-flower-water, ii, 8 - - Almond tree, Biblical reference, 75 - - Alœdarium, ii, 280 - - Aloes, as pigment, 95; - tincture, ii, 37; - elixir, ii, 57; - notes on, ii, 86; - picture of, ii, 87; ii, 88; - books on, ii, 88; - decoction, ii, 176 - - Aloes wood, Biblical references, 63 - - Alquimesci oil, 110 - - Aludels, ii, 280 - - Aluka, 70 - - Alum, early uses, 331; - first factories, 332; - discovered in Yorkshire, 333; - composition investigated, 333; - symbol, ii, 309 - - Aluminium, first made, 333 - - Amalgam, ii, 280 - - Amalgama Jovis, 425 - - Amaranth, meaning of, 22 - - Ambix, 328 - - Ambrosia, identity of, 22 - - Ambrosial elixir, 26 - - Amen, 6 - - Ammon, 6 - - Ammonia, made from bones, 263; - history, 334; - etymology, 334; - composition, 337 - - Ammoniacum, etymology, 334 - - Ammoniated Tincture of Quinine, origin of, ii, 153 - - Ammonium acetate solution, 132 - - Amphide salts, 326 - - Amphora, ii, 280 - - Amulets for preventing disease, 162. - _See also_ Charms - - Anæsthetic, mysterious, ii, 254 - - Anæsthetics, discovery, ii, 248 - - Analeptica, ii, 280 - - Anderson, Dr. P., portrait, ii, 168; - publication, ii, 168; - invents pills, ii, 169 - - Anderson’s Scots Pills, origin of, ii, 168; - formulæ, ii, 169 - - Andreas, author, 182 - - Andromachus’s theriakon, 90; ii, 20; ii, 42 - - Anethon in Bible, 71 - - Anglicanus’s “Compendium of Medicine,” 132 - - Aniline, discovery of, ii, 263 - - Animal magnetism, 199 - medicines, 89, 127; ii, 1; ii, 2 - oil, ii, 25 - - Animals, mythical, 26 - - Aniseed, magical plant, 18 - oil, use of, 247 - - Anne, Queen, cures by touch, 301 - - Anodyne necklaces, ii, 170 - - Anointing oil, 38, 50, 55; - formula, 59 - - Anointment, ii, 280 - - Antidotary, meaning, ii, 280 - of Nicolas Prepositus, 116 - of Nicolas Myrepsus, 219 - - Antidote, meaning, ii, 281 - - Antidotos ex duobus, 215, 310 - - Antidotum Acharistos, 220 - - Antidotum Adrianum, 288 - Andromachus, 292 - Mithridatum, 289; - absurdities of, 290; - Galen on, 292 - Podagrica, 310 - Pythagoras, 18 - - Anthony, Francis, panacea of, 391; - epitaph, 393 - - Anthropomorphon, 20 - - Antifebrin, discovery, ii, 273 - - Anti-hecticum poterii, 425 - - Antimony, introduction, 224, 226, 227; - used by Paracelsus, 243; - early use in medicine, 376; - etymology, 377; - alchemists, researches on, 379; - compounds of, 227, 378, 380; - controversy, 383; - symbol, ii, 309 - - Antimony cups, 385 - sulphide, 326, 378, 382 - - Antipyrin, discovery, ii, 274 - - Antiseptic vinegar, ii, 56 - - Apollo, god of medicine, 6; - portrait, 7; - banished from Olympia, 8; - Apollo and Daphne myth, 9, 33 - - Apotheca, meaning, 117 - - Apothecary, Biblical mention, 50 - - Apothecary’s duty defined, 155 - - Apothecary, picture of, ii, 81 - in “Romeo and Juliet,” ii, 77 - versions, ii, 78; ii, 79; ii, 80 - - Apothecaries’ Jewish Guild, 51 - become physicians, 152 - charges, 149, 150 - curriculum, 122 - during the Plague, 149 - early references, 142 - oath, 122 - Shakespearian references, ii, 70; ii, 71; ii, 77 - Society, arms, 9, 31; - motto, 10; - incorporation, 144, 256; - drug-inspection, ii, 17; - weights as metaphor, ii, 71. - _See also_ Chemists _and_ Pharmacists - - Apothek, derivation, 95 - - Apoplexy, remedy, 133 - - Apozem of Epsom Salts, 345 - - Apozems, meaning, ii, 281; ii, 299 - - Aqua aluminosa, 346 - ardens, 223, 328 - arthritica, ii, 8 - kali Puri, 325 - Luccana, 339 - Lulliana, 348 - mirabilis, ii, 281 - Omnium Florum, ii, 8 - Phagadænica, 414 - - Aqua Sancti Luciæ, 339 - Temperata, 348 - Tufania, ii, 235 - Vitæ, early use, 223, 329; - Rhazes on, 107; - Shakespearian reference, ii, 75; - symbol, ii, 309; - Hibernorum, ii, 65. - _See also_ alcohol - vini, 329 - - Aquetta di Napoli, ii, 235 - - Aquila Alba, 419; ii, 281 - - Arab pharmacy, 97 - - Arabic names in pharmacy, 103 - - Arcanum Corallinum, 249 - duplicatum, 355, 371; ii, 281 - meaning of, 249; ii, 281 - Tartari, ii, 281 - Vitrioli, 398 - - Arcœus invents elemi ointment, ii, 133 - - Areometer, invention, 281 - - Arfwedson discovers lithium, 353 - - Argentum vivum, 408 - - Argile, 333 - - Archidoxa Medicinæ of Paracelsus, 390 - - Archigenes’s Hiera, ii, 139 - - Aristes, medical discoveries, 16 - - Arithmetic, invention, 4 - - Armoniac, 334 - - Arnold of Villa Nova, 329 - - Arquebusade water, ii, 56 - - Arrow-poisoning, antiquity of, ii, 222 - - Arsenic, early use, 108; - eaten in Styria, ii, 238; - Marsh’s test, ii, 241; - symbol, ii, 309 - - Assassin, origin of word, ii, 226 - - Asclepiades, 79 - - Asparagin, isolation of, 275 - - Asphalt used in embalming, 359 - - Astronomy. _See_ Starcraft - - Athanasia, identity of, 22 - - Athanor, ii, 281 - - Atropa, sister of the Fates, 24 - - Atropine, discovery, ii, 248; - synthetic, ii, 266 - - Attalus cultivates medicinal plants, 288 - - Aurum fulminans, 396 - musivum, 424 - Potabile, Anthony’s formula, 392; - Glauber’s formula, 389, 390, 393; - other recipes, 394, 395, 396; - Shakespearian reference, ii, 74 - vitæ, 414 - - Avenzoar of Seville, 110 - - Averrhoes of Cordova, 110 - - Avicenna’s doctrines, 102; - formulas, 103; - biography, 108; - writings, 109; - portrait, 108; - influence of, 117; - introduces silvering pills, 423 - - - B - - Baaras, identity of, 21 - - Bacchus, ancient god, 5 - - Bacon, Roger, writings, 132; - on aurum potabile, 390 - - Bagdad, foundation of, 100 - - Bain-Marie, ii, 282 - - Baktischwah, Persian physician, 104 - - Balanites Egyptiaca gum, 53 - - Balanoi, ii, 299 - - Balard, discovers bromine, 273, 339 - - Balm, etymology, ii, 281 - - Balm of Gilead, 49, 53; - Galen on, 213; - in mithridatum, 293; ii, 281 - - Balneum Mariæ, ii, 282 - - Balsam Arcœi, ii, 133 - - Balsam of bats, 257 - etymology, ii, 281 - of sulphur, 360; ii, 58 - - Barbadoes tar, 360 - - Barbarossa’s mercurial pills, 411 - - Barley water, Hippocrates recommends, 87 - - Barytes, discovery, 269 - - Basilic powder, 420 - - Basilicon ointment, origin, ii, 282 - - Basilides, note on, 165 - - Bateman’s pectoral drops, ii, 163 - - Baths, varieties, ii, 282 - - Baume du Chevalier de Saint Victor, ii, 136 - du Commandeur de Permes, ii, 136 - de Fioraventi, ii, 173 - Tranquille, ii, 175 - de Vie, ii, 176 - - Baumé, French chemist, 281 - - Bayen, French pharmacist, 276 - - Bdellium, identity of, 62 - - Bears’ grease, use of, ii, 12 - - Beer, medicinal, ii, 283 - - Bell’s “Historical Sketch of the Progress of Pharmacy,” 150, 156 - - Belladonna, etymology, 24; - old names, 25; - uses, 25 - - Belloste’s mercurial pills, 412 - - Benjamin, etymology, ii, 269 - - Benzoic acid, synthetic, ii, 268 - - Benzoyl, discovery, ii, 257 - - Berkeley, Bishop, portrait, 315; - devises tar water, 316; - publications, 316 - - Bernard, Claude, 285 - of Gordon, 135 - - Berthelot’s “History of Alchemy,” 114 - - Berthollet, French Chemist, 281 - - Besen, meaning of, ii, 281 - - Bestucheff’s Tincture, 321; - secret purchased, 322; - formula, 404 - - Betton’s British Oils, 359; ii, 164 - - Bezoar Germanosum, ii, 15 - stones, first mention, 111; - use in medicine, ii, 15; - source, ii, 15; - price, ii, 16; ii, 18; - as charms, ii, 16; - fallacy of, ii, 18; - as antidote, ii, 221 - - Bezoardic powder, ii, 19 - - Bezoards, ii, 282 - - Bible, pharmacy in, 46 - drugs mentioned in, 53 - poisons in, ii, 222 - - Biblical references, 27, 29, 33, 46, 53; ii, 222 - - Biliousness remedies, 161, 167 - - Bindo, A., Earl of Rochester’s pseudonym, ii, 204 - - Birthwort as remedy, 184 - - Bismuth, first mention, 386; - regarded as poisonous, 387; - liquor, 388; - lozenges, 388; - oxychloride, 387 - - Bitter flavours, Jewish objection to, 48, 64 - - Bitter Purging Salts, 345 - - Bitumen of Judæa, in embalming, 359 - - Black, Joseph, on alkalies, 324; - portrait, 357; - on alkaline earths, 356 - - Black draught, origin of, ii, 121 - drop, invention of, ii, 145 - precipitate, 418 - wash, introduction, 146, 257 - - Bladder wort as remedy, 184 - - Blanc de fard, 386 - - Blatta Byzantina, 57 - - Blaud, Dr., French physician, ii, 122 - - Blaud’s pills, original formula, ii, 122 - - Bleeding, old cure for, 172 - - Blindness, cures, 81, 82, 298 - - Blisters, introduced, ii, 282 - - Blood root as remedy, 184 - - Blue vitriol, 373 - - Bodega, derivation, 95 - - Boils, Biblical remedy, 46, 73; - cure for, 170 - - Bole armeniæ, medical uses, 216 - - Bologna sun-stone, 361 - - Bolus, meaning of, ii, 282 - - Bombast _See_ Paracelsus - - Borax, early use, 108 - - Borith, 324 - - Botanologoi, 95 - - Boulduc, French apothecary, 281 - - Boules de Mars, 402 - de Nancy, 402 - - Boutique, derivation, 95 - - Bovins’s remedy, 374 - - Boyle investigates phosphorus, 365 - - Boyle’s “Hell,” 417 - - Boyveau-Laffecteur’s rob, 415 - - Brandt discovers phosphorus, 363 - - Brass, 426 - - Brass-alum, 427 - - “Breviarium Bartholomei,” 135 - - Brinvilliers, poisoner, ii, 232 - - British oils, 359; ii, 164 - - British Pharmacopœia, animal substances in, ii, 4; - editions, ii, 69 - - Brockenden’s compressed drugs, ii, 167 - - Bromine, discoverer, 273; - isolation, 339 - - Brongniart, French pharmacist, 276 - - Broom, Biblical plant, 65 - - Brugnatelli’s Poudre Vermifuge, 426 - - Bucklersbury, drug trade centre, 140 - - Burchell’s necklaces, ii, 171 - - Burghley’s gout preventive, 172 - - Bulleyn’s electuarium de Gemmis, ii, 35 - - Burnt sponge for scrofula, 353 - - Burt’s “Heartburn Tablets,” 388 - - Butter of antimony, 380 - - Byfield’s sal oleosum volatile, ii, 162 - - - C - - Caffeine, discovery, ii, 247; - synthesis, ii, 268 - - Caius, Dr., ii, 71 - - Calamus draconis fruit, 31 - - Calatippe, ii, 17 - - Calomel, introduction, 146, 257, 418; - etymology, 419 - - Calx Jovis, 425; ii, 283 - Lunæ, ii, 283 - meaning of, ii, 283 - Mercurii, ii, 283 - Saturnii, ii, 283 - - Camphor, use in medicine, 109; - synthetic, ii, 269 - - Canterbury bells as remedy, 184 - - Cantharides as gout remedy, 216 - - Capers, use in East, 74 - - Caput mortuum, ii, 283 - - Carbonic acid gas, discovered, 259 - - Cardinal’s powder, ii, 97 - - Carduus Benedictus, Shakespearian reference, ii, 73 - - Carminative, etymology, ii, 283 - Spirit of Sylvius, 337 - - Cassia, introduction of, 105 - - Castor oil, used by Dioscorides, 210; - notes on, ii, 89; - picture of plant, ii, 90; - early uses, ii, 90; - treatise on, ii, 92; - etymology, ii, 93. - _See also_ Ricinus. - - Castorum, early use, 217 - - Cat, medicinal use, ii, 13 - - Cataplasm, etymology, ii, 283 - - Catholica, meaning of, ii, 283 - - Caustic potash formulæ, 325 - - Caventou discovers quinine, 274. - _See also_ Pelletier - - Celsus, on Egyptian medicine, 35; - writings, 90 - - Centaurs, fable, 15 - - Centaury, etymology, 14; - figure of, 25 - - Ceratum, ii, 127 - de Lapide calaminari, ii, 158 - lithargyri, 400 - - Cerates, meaning of, ii, 283 - - Cereirsiæ, ii, 283 - - Ceruse, ii, 284. _See also_ White lead. - of antimony, ii, 284 - - Chamberlain’s restorative pills, 421 - - Chamberlen’s necklaces, ii, 170 - - Chamomile, use in medicine, 125 - - Chambre ardente enquiry, ii, 236 - - Chaptal, French chemist, 281 - - Charas, French chemist, 279 - - Charms, dragon’s blood as, 32; - use of, 157, 171. - _See also_ Talismans - - Charles II, prescription for, ii, 6; ii, 182 - - Chaucer on physicians, 133 - - Chelbanah, 56 - - Chelsea Pensioner, origin, ii, 123; - formula, ii, 124 - - Chemistry, Patin on, 243; - Boerhaave’s definition, 323; - debt of pharmacy to, 323 - - Chemists and Druggists origin, 154. - _See also_ Apothecaries _and_ Pharmacists - - Chenopodium Botrys, old name, 22 - - Chloral hydrate, preparation, ii, 272 - - Chloric ether, ii, 252 - - Chlorine, discovery, 269 - - Chloroform anæsthesia, discovery of, ii, 251; ii, 272 - - Cholera, Heraclides’s remedy, 89 - - Chinchon, Countess of, ii, 94; ii, 102 - - Ching’s Worm Lozenges, ii, 166 - - Chin-Nong herbal, 287 - - Chiron, knowledge of simples, 14 - - Christ, meaning of, 60 - - Chromium, discovery, 271 - - Churchill, Dr., introduces hypophosphites, 307 - - Cibus Celestus, ii, 31 - - Cinchona, discovery of, ii, 93; - how its virtues were discovered, ii, 94; - first used in Europe, ii, 95; - opposition to using, ii, 95; - Talbor employs, ii, 97; - tincture of, ii, 100; - derivation of word, ii, 102; - introduction, ii, 104 - - Cinchonidine, discovery, ii, 247 - - Cinchonine, discovery, ii, 247 - - Cinnabar as panacea, 421; - confused with minium, 408 - - Circe, invention of poisons, ii, 221 - - Circulatores, 93 - - Circumforanei, 93 - - Citrine ointment, origin, ii, 125 - - Clement of Alexandria, writings, 37 - - “Closed ring” theory, ii, 261 - - Clyster, ii, 290 - - Cobwebs, for bleeding, ii, 73 - - Cocaine, synthetic, ii, 266 - - Cochineal insects, patent, ii, 162 - - Cochleare, meaning of, ii, 284 - - Codeine, discovery, 276; ii, 248 - - Coffee, introduction, 284 - - Cohal, 327 - - Cohobation, meaning of, ii, 284 - - Colcothar, ii, 284 - - Colchicum, virtues discovered, 17; - introduction, ii, 182; ii, 221 - wine, ii, 67 - - Cold cream, ii, 65; ii, 127 - - Collier de Morand, ii, 171 - - Collodion, discovery, 340 - - Collutories, ii, 284 - - Collyrium, ii, 284 - - Colical antidote of Nicostratus, 215 - - Colocynth, Biblical reference, 69 - - Comfrey, used by Saxons, 126 - - Commander’s Balsam, ii, 135 - - Compound liquorice powder, origin, ii, 148 - soap pills, origin of, ii, 153 - - Confectio Anti-Epileptica, 248 - piperis, origin of, ii, 210; ii, 214 - Raleighana, 312, 313, 314 - - Confection of Alkermes, ii, 51 - of Mithridates, 290 - of opium, origin of, ii, 40 - - Confectionarii, 117 - - Coniine, synthetic, ii, 266 - - Conserves, ii, 285 - - Copper, Valentine’s method of preparing, 228; - symbol, ii, 307; ii, 310 - - Copper sulphate, early use, 108 - - Coral, use in medicine, 247; ii, 32 - - Cordova, 98; - view of, 99 - - Cornachino’s powder, 420 - - Corrosive sublimate, introduction, 105; - for itch, 108; - concession, 148; - as syphilis remedy, 414; - medical use, 421 - - Cos, temple of, 11 - - Cosmas, patron saint of pharmacy, 19 - - “Cotta contra Antonium,” 391 - - Cough, old remedies, 90, 128 - - “Council of Ten” as poisoners, ii, 228 - - Coursus de Gangeland, 142 - - Courtois discovers iodine, 351 - - Cow-dung as a medicine, ii, 8 - - Crabs’-claws’ powder, ii, 19 - - Crabs’ eyes, 356 - - Cramp rings, 172, 294; - antiquity of, 305; - origin, 306; - consecration, 306 - - Cream of tartar, investigated, 268, 371 - - Cress, use in medicine, 125 - - Crocomagma, ii, 285 - - Crocus Martis, 350, 398, ii, 284, ii, 285 - meaning of, ii, 285 - metallorum, ii, 285 - veneris, ii, 285 - - Crollius, medical writer, 183, 185 - - Crucible, meaning, ii, 285 - - Cubebs, history, ii, 108; - medicinal uses, ii, 108; - ingredient in Mithridate, ii, 108; - re-introduced, ii, 108 - - Cucupha, ii, 285 - - Cucurbit, ii, 285 - - Culpepper, Nicholas, 251; - criticises P.L., 251; - portrait, 252; - house, 253; - career, 253 - - Cusinier’s syrup, ii, 155 - - Cyathus, meaning, ii, 285 - - D - - Daffy, Rev. T., invents elixir, ii, 172 - - Damien, patron saint of pharmacy, 19 - - Damocrates, 91; - Mithridatum, ii, 38; ii, 39 - - Dante, connection with pharmacy, 279 - - Daphnine, discovery of, ii, 245 - - Darsini, 219 - - David, King, electuary, 220 - - Davy, Sir Humphry, portrait, 284 - - Decocta, invention, ii, 285 - - Decoctum Aloes Co., origin, ii, 176 - - “Degrees” in diagnosis, 179 - - Deliquium, ii, 286 - - Demons as cause of disease, 158 - - Danaus’s Collyrium, 215 - - Dephlogisticated air, 269 - - Derosne’s salt, ii, 244 - - Despumation, ii, 286 - - Devil’s claw, 57 - - D’Husson’s Eau Medicinale, ii, 182; - price, ii, 184; - composition, ii, 184 - - Dia, meaning, ii, 286 - - Diabetes, papyrus remedy, 43 - - Diachylon plaster, invention, 91; ii, 127; - first formula, ii, 128; - etymology, ii, 128; ii, 286, 406 - - Diacodium, inventor, 90; - etymology, ii, 287 - - Dia-kodion, origin, ii, 116 - - Diapente, etymology, ii, 287 - - Diaphoretic vitriol, 374 - - Diarrhœa, old remedies, 43, 294 - - Diascordium, 223; - formula, ii, 41; ii, 287 - - Diatesseron, 310 - - Diet, Hippocrates on, 87; - Aetius on, 215; - Alexander of Trailles on, 217 - - Digby, Sir Kenelm, toothache cure, 168; - biography, 193; - portrait, 194; - tincture of gold, 395 - - Digitalis, origin of name, ii, 109; - medical history, ii, 109; - book on, ii, 110 - - Dill, Biblical reference, 71; - used by Saxons, 126 - - Dioscorides, 90; - biography, 206; - writings, 208, 209 - - Dippel’s oil, ii, 25; - uses, ii, 26 - - Diseases, transferring, 170 - - Distillation, antiquity of, 327 - - Distilled waters, 328 - - Distillers’ Company, 148 - - Dittany, uses, 26 - - Dover, T., biography, ii, 129; - “Ancient Physician’s Legacy,” ii, 131 - - Dover’s powder, first official, ii, 67; ii, 115; - origin, ii, 129; - original formula, ii, 132 - - Drachm sign, origin, ii, 300 - - Draco Mitigatus, 419, 420 - - Dragon’s blood, origin, 31 - - Dragon tree, figure of, 32 - - Dragons, Biblical references, 33 - - Drink cures, old, 130; ii, 12 - - Dropaxes, ii, 282; ii, 287 - - Dropsy cured by touch, 299 - - Drug, etymology, ii, 287 - - Drug-inspection, 138; ii, 17 - - Drug-trade, development, 138 - - Drugs as charms, ii, 75; - in Ebers’s papyrus, 40; - in Bible, 53; - mentioned by Hippocrates, 77 - - Dschondisabour, medical college at, 101, 103 - - Dublin Pharmacopœias, ii, 69 - - Dudaim, identity of, 20, 49 - - Duke of Portland’s powder, 215, 309; ii, 125 - - Dumas, French chemist, 286; - theory of substitution, ii, 259 - - Dumeril, French physician, 276 - - Duncan and Flockhart’s chloroform, ii, 253 - - Dutch Drops, origin of, ii, 176 - - Dysentery, ipecacuanha as remedy, ii, 114 - - E - - Ear-ache, early remedies, 45, 130 - - Earl of Warwick’s powder, 308, 383, 420 - - Earthworms as remedy, ii, 11, ii, 12 - - Eaton’s styptick, ii, 163 - - Eau des Carmes, origin, ii, 178; - formula, ii, 179 - Divine de Fernel, 414 - de Luce, 338; - inventor, 339 - de Lusse, 339 - Medicinale d’Husson, ii, 67, ii, 182 - de la Reine d’Hongrie, 297 - - Ebers’ papyrus, 36; - described, 37; - photograph, 41; - date, 48 - - Ebn-Izak, translator of Greek works, 105 - - Ecclesiasticus, author, 47; - medical aphorisms, 47 - - Eclegma, ii, 288 - - Ecussons, ii, 288 - - Edinburgh Pharmacopœias, ii, 69 - - Edulcorate, ii, 288 - - Edward the Confessor treats scrofula, 299, 300 - - Elements, old theories, 174 - - Elemi ointment, origin, ii, 133 - - Egrea, daughter of Æsculapius, 11 - - Egypt, medicine in, 34, 46; - conquest, 98 - - Egyptiacum. _See_ Ægyptiacum - - Egyptian papyri, medical, 36 - - Electron, as poison test, ii, 231 - - Electrum, 40 - - Electuarium de Gemmis, ii, 35 - - Electuary, etymology, ii, 288 - of Alexander of Tralles, 216 - - Elemi ointment, invention, ii, 133 - - Elixir of Alves, origin, ii, 57 - etymology, ii, 288 - of Garus, ii, 57 - of Long Life, 390 - Proprietatis, ii, 57 - of vitriol, 375 - - Elizabeth, Queen, medical knowledge, 295 - - Emeralds, used in medicine, ii, 34 - - Emetic cups, 385 - - Emetic tartar, preparation, 380; - invention, 382; - uses, 383 - - Emetine, discovery of, ii, 248 - - Empedocles, theory of elements, 174 - - Empirics, old sect, 89; - leader of, 217 - - Emplastra, ii, 289 - - Emplastrum Commune, ii, 129 - vigonium, 410 - - Empyreal gas, 269 - - Emulsion, etymology, ii, 289 - - Enchrista, ii, 289 - - Enema, ii, 290 - - Enoch, book of, 4 - - Ens, ii, 290 - - Epidaurus, temple of, 11 - - Epilepsy, remedies, 134, 166, 200, 214 - charm, 247, 294, 307 - - Epithema, ii, 290 - - Epithemation, ii, 290 - - Epsom, medicinal springs, 340 - salts, introduction, 340 - - Erfurt discovers aniline, ii, 263 - - Errhines, ii, 290 - - Erythræa Centaurium, 25 - - Erzalaum, 427 - - Essenes practise medicine, 50 - - Essential oils, prepared by Paracelsus, 246 - - Ether, early references, 347; - first made, 347; - investigated, 347; - old names, 348; - chemical nature, 348; - as anæsthetic, ii, 249; - preparation, ii, 271 - - Ethiops Antimoniale, 351 - gommeux, 350 - magnesium, 350 - Martial, 350, 398; ii, 311 - Mineral, 350 - origin of, 350 - saccharine, 350 - - Ethiopic pills, 351 - - Everlasting pills, 381 - - Excreta, used in medicine, 40; ii, 5, ii, 7, ii, 8, ii, 9 - - Exili, poisoner, ii, 230, ii, 233 - - Extract of Saturn, 265; ii, 311 - - Eyes, remedies for, 185 - - F - - Face wrinkles, papyrus prescription, 44 - - Fæx vini, 371 - - “Fakhiliteh,” Arab treatise, 112 - - Fat, human, medical uses, ii, 7 - - Ferdinand of Austria, plague powder, ii, 35; - invents antidote, ii, 229 - - Fennel, used by Saxons, 126 - - Fernel, Paris physician, 415 - - Ferruginous waters, effect of, 403 - - Fever, Rhazes’s treatment, 106; - charm for, 107; - cinchona for, ii, 95 - - Fig poultice, 46, 73 - - Fig tree in Bible, 73 - - Flies in ointment, quotation, 51 - - Fioraventi’s Balsam, ii, 173 - - “Fire-air,” 269 - - Fire-stone, 360 - - Fistula paste, Ward’s, ii, 214 - - “Fixed air,” 357 - - Flake’s anti-hæmorrhoidal ointment, 425 - - Flores martis, 398 - zinci, 427 - - Flos cœlorum, 375 - - Flückiger and Hanbury’s “Pharmacographia,” ii, 86 - - Fluoric acid, discovery, 268 - - Folk-lore, superstitious, 168 - - Ford’s Balsam of Horehound, ii, 167 - - Forget-me-not, old name, 185 - - Formic acid, synthetic, ii, 257 - - Fourcroy, French chemist, 285 - - Four officinal capitals, ii, 37 - - Four Thieves’ Vinegar, ii, 56 - - Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic, ii, 133; - original recipe, ii, 134 - - Fowler, T., biography, ii, 133; - publication, ii, 134 - - Fox, medical uses, 127 - - Foxes’ lungs, as remedy, ii, 1; ii, 11 - - Fox-glove. _See_ Digitalis - - France, pharmacy ordinances, 121 - - Frankincense, source, 56 - - Frankland’s theory of valency, ii, 260 - - Frascator, Jerome, biography, 223 - - Frederick II, pharmacy edict, 117 - - French disease, 413. - _See also_ syphilis - - Friar’s Balsam, origin of, ii, 135 - - Frier’s Drops, ii, 136; ii, 165 - - Fritzsche’s aniline, ii, 263 - - Furies, propitiating, 167 - - G - - Galbanum, Biblical reference, 56 - - Gallitzenstein, 427 - - Galvani’s experiments, ii, 167 - - Gale’s Spa Elixir, ii, 165 - - Galen, theory of humours, 178; - biography, 210; - infallibility, 210; - bust, 211; - portrait, 211; - influenced by dreams, 212; - medical fame, 214; - works, 214; - criticised, 216 - - Galen’s ceratum lithargyri, 406 - cold cream, ii, 65; ii, 127 - confection, ii, 42 - Hiera, ii, 139 - pil. cochia, ii, 152 - - Garth’s “Dispensary,” 151 - - Garus’s elixir, ii, 57 - - Gas, invention of word, 260; ii, 290 - - “Gas sylvestre,” 260, 357 - - Gascoyne’s powder, ii, 19 - - Gay-Lussac, French chemist, 284 - - Geber, chemical discoveries, 102, 105 - - Gentian, discovery of, 288 - - Gentius, King of Illyria, 288 - - Geoffrey, French physician, 278 - - Gerard’s Herbal quoted, 67 - - Gerhardt, French chemist, 283 - - Germany, pharmacy ordinances, 120 - - Gilead, Balm of. _See_ Balm of Gilead - - Gilead, where situated, 54 - - Gilla vitrioli, 374; ii, 290 - - Girandeau, syphilis remedy, 415; - prosecuted, 416 - - Glaser’s sal Polychrest, 371; - makes silver nitrate sticks, 424 - - Glauber, biography, 260; - chemical discoveries, 261; - bust, 262; - invents Kermes mineral, 381; - Kermes, secret purchased, 319; - discovers spirit of salt, 369 - - Glauber’s salts, discovery, 261 - - Glaucus, restored to life, 13 - - Glucinium, discovery, 271 - - Glycerin, discovery, 270 - - Glyster, ii, 290 - - Godbold’s Vegetable Balsam, ii, 166 - - Goddard, Dr. J., note on, ii, 180 - - Goddard’s Drops, secret purchased, 319, 337; - origin, ii, 179; - uses, ii, 179 - - Godfrey’s Cordial, ii, 177 - - Gold, medicinal uses, 388; - for covering pills, 389; - cure for syphilis, 395; - symbol, ii, 306; ii, 307; ii, 310. - _See also_ Aurum - - Gold leaf, use of, 388 - - Golden Drops, 321 - - “Golden Water,” 329 - - Goose grease as remedy, ii, 12 - - Gout, remedies for, 129, 136, 167, 172, 215, 216, 217, 353; ii, 183 - powder, Mayerne’s, 257; - Duke of Portland’s, 215, 309 - - Gourd, Biblical plant, 66, 69 - - Goulard, biography, 264; - discoveries, 265 - - Goulard’s extract, 265 - - Greeks, drugs used by, 77 - - Green precipitate, 417 - - Green vitriol, 372, 427 - - Gregory, Dr. Jas., portrait, ii, 137; - publication, ii, 138 - - Gregory’s Powder, origin of, ii, 137; - prescription for, ii, 138 - - Grew, Nehemiah, on Epsom salts, 342; - portrait, 343 - - Griffith’s mixture, 403 - - Grocers’ Guild, 139, 147 - - Grubourt, French pharmacist, 282 - - Guaiacum, syphilis cure, 414; - history, ii, 111; - medical uses, ii, 112; - preparation, ii, 113 - - Gutteta, ii, 290 - - Gwynne’s “Aurum non aurum,” 391 - - H - - Haarlem oil, origin, ii, 176 - - Hair oil, papyrus formula, 42 - - Hall, Dr., Shakespeare’s son-in-law, ii, 76 - - Haloid salts, 326 - - Ham, originator of medicine, 6 - - Hamech, a purgative, 203 - - Hammon, 6 - - Hammoniacus salt, 334 - - Hanckwitz advertisement, 141; - makes phosphorus, 365 - - Hartman’s “Book of Chymicall Secrets,” 196 - - Headache Essence, Ward’s, ii, 214 - - Headache, early remedies, 41, 42, 44, 129 - - Heartburn tablets, 388 - - Hebenon, Shakespearian reference, ii, 83 - - Heberden, Dr. W., portrait, 291 - - Helbanah, 56 - - Helias’s letter to Alfred the Great, 114, 131 - - “Hell-stone,” 424 - - Hellebore as medicine, 12; - used by Paracelsus, 246 - - Helvetius’s pills, 32; - ipecacuanha secret, 319 - - Helvetius employs alum, 331; - French physician, ii, 114 - - Hemlock, Biblical reference, 64 - - Henbane, etymology, ii, 276; - toothache remedy, 168, 185. - _See also_ Hyoscyamus. - - Henry VIII, medical knowledge, 294; - plaster for ulcers, 295; - Halford on, 295 - - Henry’s patent, 345 - - Heracleus honey as poison, ii, 226 - - Heraclides, 89 - - Herbalists earliest doctors, 1 - - Herbs, symbolical names, 35; - used by Saxons, 124 - - Hermes, Greek god, 4; - works of, 5, 162; - Egyptian, 157; ii, 305 - - Hermodactyls, gout remedy, 217; ii, 183 - - Hezekiah’s boil, treatment, 46, 73 - - Hezob, 64 - - Hhawi, Rhazes’s book, 106 - - Hiera Diacolocynthidis, ii, 141 - - Hiera Picra, origin, ii, 138; - antiquity, ii, 139; - first formula, ii, 139; - other recipes, ii, 140, 141 - - Hin, ancient measure, 59 - - Hippocrates, drugs mentioned by, 77; - biography, 84; - portrait, 85; - as pharmacist, 91; - doctrines, 100, 101, 178; - theory of cures, 183; - theories attacked, 217 - - Hippocrates’s sleeve, ii, 294 - - Hoffmann’s anodyne, 348; ii, 67 - - Hofmann, A. W. von, researches, ii, 263; - portrait, ii, 264 - - “Holland oil,” ii, 255 - - Homberg’s weather figures, 364; - narcotic salt, 374 - - Homologues, discovery, ii, 259 - - Honey, medical uses, 245; ii, 30; - preparations, ii, 31 - - Hooper’s Female Pills, ii, 163 - - Horehound, early use, 210 - - Horse leech, Biblical mention, 70 - - Horus, discoverer of medicine, 3 - - Houel, founder of Paris School of Pharmacy, 285 - - Hoy’s salt, 345 - - Humours, doctrine of, 178 - - Hungary Powder, ii, 35 - - Hungary, Queen of, invents rosemary water, 296; - origin of formula, 298 - - Huxham, J., biography, ii, 100; - portrait, ii, 101; - “Essay on Fevers,” ii, 101 - - Huxham’s tincture, ii, 67; ii, 100, 102 - - Hyacinth confection, ii, 34 - - Hydrargyrum, derivation, 408 - - Hydrochloric acid. _See_ Spirit of salt - - Hydrocyanic acid. _See_ Prussic acid - - Hydrophobia, poem on, 224 - - Hygeia, daughter of Æsculapius, 11 - - Hyoscyamus, etymology, ii, 276. - _See also_ Henbane - - Hypnotic Powder of Jacobi, 350 - - Hypophosphites, medical use, 367 - - Hyssop, Biblical reference, 64; - Dioscorides on, 209 - - I - - Icy Noctiluca, 365 - - Incense, 38, 50; - etymology, 55; - Biblical formula, 55, 57; - Catholic formula, 58 - - Infant’s skin as a charm, 173 - - Infusions, introduction of, ii, 290 - - Infusum Gentianæ Co., origin, ii, 291 - - Insane root, 21; - Shakespearian reference, ii, 72 - - Iodine discovery, 351 - - Iodoform, first prepared, 353 - - Ipecacuanha, history, ii, 114; - medical use, ii, 114; - dose, ii, 115 - - Iron citrate, introduction, 405 - iodide, 405 - perchloride as secret remedy, 322 - phosphate, 405 - reduced by hydrogen, 404 - - Iron, as remedy, 12, 187, 217, 397; - varieties, 398; - in the blood, 398; - Sydenham and Willis on, 399; - pharmaceutical preparations, 402, 403, 404, 405; - symbol, ii, 307; ii, 310 - sulphate, medical use, 108 - syrups, various, 405 - tincture, 404 - - Isis founder of medicine, 2, 34; - invocation to, 38 - tears, name for Vervain, 35 - - Isotheos, ancient nostrum, 215 - - Israelite medicine, 46 - - Itch, treatment, 130, 201 - history, 202 - theories, 203 - cause, 204 - van Helmont contracts, 258, 420 - - Ivy, called Osiris, 35 - - J - - Jacobi’s powder, 350 - - Jamblicus, writings of, 5 - - James Dr., portrait, ii, 187 - - James’s analeptic pills, ii, 165; ii, 189 - - James’s powder, first official, ii, 67; - patent, ii, 164; - origin, ii, 187; ii, 191; - patent, ii, 188; - imitations, ii, 190 - - Jaso, daughter of Æsculapius, 11 - - Jesuits’ bark, ii, 97. - _See also_ Cinchona drops, ii, 135 - - Jews, belief in charms, 160; - medicines of, 48; - object to bitter flavours, 48, 64 - - John of Gaddesden, 134; - small-pox cure, 169, 186 - - John xxi, medical author, 294 - - Johnson, Dr., touched for scrofula, 301 - - Johnson’s Golden Ointment, ii, 199 - - Jonah’s gourd, 66 - - Julep, etymology, 103; ii, 291 - - Juniper, Biblical reference, 65 - - Jussieu, French botanist, 284 - - K - - Kadolikoi, 95 - - Kakhal, 327 - - Katapotia, 86; ii, 283, ii, 291 - - Kekulé’s structural formulas, ii, 261; - portrait, ii, 262 - - Kermes, etymology, ii, 50; - what it is, ii, 50; - uses, ii, 51 - Mineral, invention, 381; - medicinal uses, 381 - - Kesebt, identity of, 42 - - Ketorah, meaning of, 55 - - Kik, Gerard’s reference, 67 - - Kiki, ii, 90 - - King’s Evil, cured by touch, 298; - Shakespearian reference, ii, 72. - _See also_ Scrofula - - Kohol, 378 - - Kopopoloi, 95 - - Koran as Arab literature, 98 - - Kousso, introduction, ii, 115; - tapeworm, remedy, ii, 115 - - Krabadin, earliest pharmacopœia, 103 - - Kunckel’s, portrait, 362; - Bologna stone, 363; - luminous pills, 365 - - Kurella, Dr., note on, ii, 148 - - Kyanol, ii, 263 - - Kyphi, sacred perfume, 45 - - L - - La Mère Thecle’s ointment, 407 - - La Mothe’s Golden Drops, 321, 404 - - La Voisin, poisoner, ii, 236 - - Lac Virginis, ii, 136; ii, 292 - - Ladanum, Biblical reference, 64 - - Lana philosophica, 427 - - Lancaster Black Drop, ii, 145 - - Lang, Andrew on mythology, 33 - - Lapis Bezoar Occidentale, ii, 15; - Infernalis, 424; ii, 292; - Medicamentosus, ii, 292; - Mirabilis, ii, 292 - - Laser. _See_ Silphion - - Laudanum, Paracelsus’s, 243; - Shakespearian reference, ii, 75; - invention, ii, 142; - recipes, ii, 142; - etymology, ii, 143; - various kinds, ii, 144 - - Laugier, French chemist, 282 - - Laune, Gideon de, 144; - biography, 146; - pills, 147 - - Lavoisier, French chemist, 281 - - Lavoisier defines salts, 326 - - Le Febre’s “great cordial,” 312; - Baume de Vie, ii, 176 - - Lead, medical use, 406; - preparations, 406; - Goulard uses, 407; - symbol, ii, 307, ii, 310 - - Lead plaster. _See_ Diachylon - - Lead solution, discovery, 265 - - Lebonah, meaning of, 55 - - Ledger, C., obtains cinchona seeds, ii, 105; - annuity, ii, 107; - portrait, ii, 107 - - Leechdoms, Saxon, 124 - - Leeches, Biblical mention, 70; - first use of, ii, 139 - - Lemery, French pharmacist, 280; - works, 281; - Crocus Martis, 350; - tincture of gold, 395 - - Lemnian earth, ii, 53; - source, ii, 53; - uses, ii, 54 - - Lenitive electuary, origin, ii, 146 - - Lepidus marinus, poison, ii, 226, ii, 227 - - Leucomaines, discovery, ii, 242 - - Levingstern, Epsom apothecary, 341 - - Libanos, meaning, 55 - - Liebig, portrait, 283; - mistake of, 339 - - Lign aloes, Biblical reference, 63 - - Lilium, Paracelsus’s, 244 - - Limbeck, 328; - etymology, ii, 279 - - Lime water, efficacy, 356 - - Linamentum, ii, 290 - - Linimentum camphoræ compositæ, origin, ii, 210, ii, 214 - - Lion, medical, use, ii, 12 - - Liquor Bismuthi, introduction, 387 - Cranii Humani, ii, 5 - - Lisbon Diet Drink, ii, 155 - - Lisle’s Powder for Fevers, ii, 191 - - Litharge, 406 - - Lithargyrum Argenti, 406 - Auri, 406 - - Lithium discovery, 353; - uses, 353 - - Liver complaint, ancient diagnosis, 39; - old remedy, 288 - - Lixivium, 324 - Saponarium, 325 - Tartari, 372 - - Lizards’ blood, 39 - - Locatelli’s balsam, 32; ii, 159 - - Locusta, poisoner, ii, 224 - - Lohn’s writing board, 163 - - London Pharmacopœia, the first, 103, 133; - compiler, 146, 218, 256; - criticised, 290, 418; - formulæ, ii, 38, ii, 39, ii, 40, ii, 41; - how prepared, ii, 60; - contents, ii, 61; - title-page, ii, 63; - translation, ii, 67; - formulæ, ii, 146 - - Long, Dr., ether anæsthetist, ii, 249 - - Long, St. John, biography, ii, 192; - portrait, ii, 193; - income, ii, 194; - death, ii, 195 - - Long’s Liniment, ii, 192, ii, 196 - - Looch, origin of word, ii, 292 - - Lozenges, ii, 299 - - Luban, meaning of, 56 - - Luce, Lille, pharmacist, 339 - - Lully, Raymond, biography, 221; - portrait, 222; - on aqua vitæ, 329 - - Luminous pills, 365 - - Lunar caustic, ii, 311 - - Luna fixata, 428 - - Lupus Metallorum, 379 - - Lydgate, note on, ii, 286 - - M - - Maceration, ii, 292 - - Machaon, son of Æsculapius, 11 - - Macquer, French chemist, 277; - arsenical salt, 277 - - Madder, used by Saxons, 126 - - Magdaleo, meaning of, ii, 292 - - Magic and medicine, 2, 157 - - Magistery of Bismuth, ii, 293 - of Human skull, ii, 6 - meaning of, ii, 293 - of Saturn, 407 - - Magma, ii, 293 - - Magnes Arsenicalis, ii, 293 - - Magnesia, medical use, 354; - preparation, 354; - etymology, 354; - confused with manganese, 355; - in mineral springs, 355; - Black, on, 356 - of Gold, 355 - - Magnesian stone, 354 - - Magnesium, preparation, 357 - - Magnets as cures, 199 - - Magnus, Albertus, describes caustic potash, 325 - - Magog identified with Prometheus, 12 - - Maimonides, Jewish scholar, 111; - remedies for poison, ii, 34 - - Malagmata, 91; ii, 294 - - Malascation, meaning of, ii, 294 - - Male fern, tapeworm remedy, 320, 321 - - Mallows, Biblical plant, 65 - - Man, parts of, used in medicine, ii, 4 - - Mandrake, legends, 19; - as sterility remedy, 20, 48; - ancient uses of, 21 - - Mandragora, legends of, 19; - Shakespearian reference, ii, 75; - on battle-field, ii, 225 - - Manhu, derivation of manna, 60 - - Manica Hypocratis, ii, 294 - - Manipulus, ii, 294 - - Manna, Biblical, 60; - sources, 61; - Avicenna, uses, 109 - - Manna metallorum, 419 - - Manus Christi, meaning of, ii, 294 - - Manus Dei, meaning of, ii, 294 - - Marcquis’s “Aloe Morbifuga,” ii, 89 - - Markham, Sir C., introduces cinchona into India, ii, 102; - on derivation of cinchona, ii, 103; - “Peruvian Bark,” ii, 105 - - Marmalades, origin of, ii, 294 - - Marsh’s arsenic test, ii, 241 - - Martial Regulus of Antimony, 379 - - Masticatories, meaning of, ii, 294 - - Matrass, ii, 294 - - Matthews’s Pills, origin of, ii, 154 - - Mauve, discovery, ii, 263 - - May dew for the complexion, 173 - - Mayerne, Sir Theodore de, 144; - portrait, 145; - biography, 146, 255; - impeached, 384; - introduces calomel, 418; - anti-epileptic powder, ii, 6; - writes preface to P. L., ii, 61; - burlesqued, ii, 71 - - Maythe, use in medicine, 125 - - Measures, signs for, ii, 300 - - Meat, putrid, in medicine, 39 - - Meconic acid, discovery, ii, 245 - - Medea, medical discoveries, 17; - inventor of poisons, ii, 221 - - Medea oil, 359 - - Medical aphorisms in Talmud, 50 - treatises in verse, 137 - - Medicamentarii, 92 - - Medicamentum ad annum, 310; ii, 177 - - Medicina, 95 - - Medicine, origin of, 2; - associated with magic, 2; - traditional founder, 2; - god of, 6; - as a science, 88; - separation from pharmacy, 91; - and magic, 157 - - Medicines, charges for, 149, 150 - from metals, 376 - - Megillat-Sammanin, treatise on pharmacology, 49 - - Megrims diagnosis, 128; - early remedy, 129 - - Mel Egyptiacum, ii, 52 - Helleboratum, Culpepper, on, 251 - - Melampus, medicinal discoveries, 12, 13; - uses iron as remedy, 397 - - Mellites, ii, 294 - - Menecrates, 91; - originator of diachylon, ii, 127; ii, 129 - - Mensis Philosophicus, ii, 294 - - Menstruum, meaning of, ii, 294 - - Mentha, legend of, 26 - - Mercury, ancient god, 4; - medical use, 243; - origin of name, 408; - used by Arabs, 409; - medical uses, 409; - as syphilis cure, 409, 410; - “killing,” 421; - symbol for, ii, 305, ii, 306, ii, 310. - _See also_ Corrosive Sublimate, Red Precipitate, Calomel, - _and_ Quicksilver - - Mercurial ointment, 132, 410, 421 - pills, early formulæ, 411, 412, 421 - - Mesué, the elder, 101, 105, 217, 218 - - Mesué, the younger, 110, 217, 218 - - Mesué’s unguentum tripharmacum, 406 - - Mesmer, note on, 201; - animal magnetism, ii, 167 - - Messiah, meaning of, 60 - - Metalepsy, ii, 259 - - Metallic Tractors, 201; ii, 166 - - Metals in Ebers’s papyrus, 40; - as remedies, 186; - symbols, ii, 304 - - Metasyncretics, ii, 282 - - Methel nut, ii, 119 - - Midas, punishment of, 7 - - Midwifery, anæsthetics in, ii, 251 - - Migmatopoloi, 95 - - Mindererus’s spirit, invention, 338; - first official, ii, 67 - - Mindererus, old physician, 338; - biography, ii, 88; - “Aloedarium,” ii, 88 - - Mineral bezoar, 380 - - “Mineral Solution,” ii, 135 - - Mint, origin of, 26 - - Mirfield’s “Breviarium Bartholomei,” 135 - - Mistura Ferri Composita, 403 - - Mithridates the Great, biography, 289; - medical discoveries, 289; - death, 290 - - Mithridatum, 91; - inventor, 289; - absurdities, 290; - Galen on, 292; - number of ingredients, 293; - formulæ, ii, 20, 38, 39 - - Mohammed, influence of, 97; - death, 104 - - Monoceros, mythical animal, 28 - - Monopolies abolished, ii, 161 - - Moore’s “History of the Study of Medicine,” 135 - - Morbus Gallicus, 413. - _See also_ Syphilis - - Morella furiosum lethale, 25 - - Morgan, Hugo, Queen Elizabeth’s apothecary, 298; - makes theriaca, ii, 44 - - Morpheus, how represented, 17 - - Morphine, discovery, ii, 244 - - Morphium, etymology, 18 - - Morton, W. T. G., uses ether in dentistry, ii, 250 - - Mosaic gold, 396, 424 - - Moses identified with Hermes, 4 - - Moss from skull, as remedy, 191 - - Mother’s ointment, 407 - - Moult, London chemist, 345 - - Moxa, meaning of, ii, 295 - - Mullein, used by Saxons, 126 - - Mummies, medical use, ii, 23; - opinions on, ii, 24 - - Murray’s aërated cod-liver oil, ii, 167 - - Mustard for scorpion bites, 18 - seeds, Biblical reference, 71 - - Mynsicht’s publications, 375; - elixir of vitriol, 375; - invents emetic tartar, 382; - powder of Saturn, 407 - - Myrepsus, Nicolas, 219; - ointment, 427 - - Myrepsus, 95; ii, 296 - - Myrophecia, 95 - - Myropolia, 95 - - Myrrh, origin, 23; - Biblical references, 63 - - Myrrha, legend of, 22 - - Mythology, science of, 33 - - N - - Naphtha, legend, 359 - - Narceine, discovery, ii, 248 - - Narcotine, discovery, ii, 244 - - Nardos pitike, meaning, 73 - - Nardostachys, 74 - - Narwhal horn, 28 - - Nasalia, ii, 290 - - Nataph, meaning of, 56 - - Necklaces, medical uses, 214 - - Nectarion, identity of, 24 - - “Negro Cæsar’s Cure for Poison,” ii, 237 - - Nepenthe, etymology, 23; - identity, 24 - - Nettleton, Dr. T., originates citrine ointment, ii, 126 - - Newbery, maker of James’s Powder, ii, 188 - - Newton, Sir Isaac, connection with pharmacy, 279 - - Nicandor’s treatise on poisons, ii, 226 - - Nicotine, discovery, ii, 245; - synthetic, ii, 266 - - Nihil album, 427 - - Nitre, Biblical reference, 70; - medical use, 108; - manufacture in France, 352, 353, 359; - early references, 358; - symbol, ii, 309 - - Nitric acid, first use in medicine, 105 - - Nitrous oxide gas, discovery, ii, 249 - - Nitrum fixum, 371 - - Noctiluca, ii, 296 - - Nostrums, ancient, 215 - - Nouffer’s Tapeworm Cure, secret purchased, 319; - origin, 320 - - Nuremberg ordinance, 120; - old pharmacy, 120 - - Nychthemeron, ii, 296 - - O - - Obolos, ii, 296 - - Oenelaion, ii, 296 - - Oenogala, ii, 296 - - Oenomeli, ii, 296 - - Oesypus, ii, 296 - - Oil of Ants, ii, 14 - Bricks, how prepared, ii, 55; - medical uses, ii, 55 - Eggs, prepared by Paracelsus, 247 - Harts’ horns, ii, 25 - Peter, 360 - Puppies, ii, 11 - Tartar, preparing, 132; - uses of, 247, 372; ii, 286 - Vitriol, 373 - Wax, ii, 31 - Wine, discovery, 263 - - Ointments, ii, 296. - _See also_ Unguentum - - Old age, Ecclesiastes symbolism, 76 - - Oleum Benedictum, ii, 55 - Divinum, ii, 55 - Dulce Paracelsi, 348 - Philosophorum, ii, 55 - Sanctum, ii, 55 - Vitrioli Dulce, 347; ii, 271. - _See also_ Oil of Wine - - Olibanum, source, 56 - - Olive oil, uses, 58 - - Onguent de la Mère, 407 - - Onions as remedy, 49, 50 - - Onycha in Bible, 57 - - Opiates, ii, 296 - - Opium used by Paracelsus, 243; - history, ii, 116; - medical uses, ii, 117; - active principle, ii, 243 - - Opobalsamum, 53 - - Opodeldoc, origin, ii, 148; - derivation, ii, 148; - originally a plaster, ii, 149 - - Oribasius, medical author, 214 - - Origanum Dictamnus, 26 - - Orthrine, ii, 258 - - Osiris, illustration, 3; - name for ivy, 35 - - Ounce sign, origin, ii, 300 - - Oxalic acid, synthetic, ii, 257 - - Oxycroceum, ii, 297 - - Oxygen, discovery, 269; - why so called, 324 - - Oxymels, ii, 31 - - P - - Pachius’s Hiera, ii, 140 - - Palma Christi, 68; ii, 89, ii, 92 - - Palsy Drops, ii, 146 - - Panacea, daughter of Æsculapius, 11 - Holsatica, 371 - Mercurialis, 419 - - Panchrest, ii, 297 - - Panchymagogon, 419; ii, 297 - - Pandects of Physic, 104 - - Pantopoloi, 95 - - Papyri, medical and pharmaceutical, 36 - - Papyrus Ebers, 36; - described, 37; - photograph, 40; - prescriptions in, 41, 42; - date, 48 - - Paracelsus, theory of elements, 174; - “sympathetic ointment,” 188, 190; - biography, 230; - education, 232; - boastfulness, 233; - epitaph, 236; - character, 237; - Browning’s poem on, 239; - Butler on, 240; - mysticism, 240; - chemical observations, 241; - drugs used by, 243; - portraits, 247, 248, 249, 250; - “Archidoxa Medicinæ,” 390; - “Catholicon,” 414; - “Zebethum Occidentale,” ii, 9 - - Paré’s experiment, ii, 229 - - Paregoric Elixir, origin, ii, 151; - formula for, ii, 151; - etymology, ii, 151 - - Paris, apothecary edicts, 122 - - Paris School of Pharmacy, 270, 285 - - Parmentier, biography, 272 - - Pastilli, ii, 299 - - Patent Medicines, origin of, ii, 161 - - Patents, why granted, ii, 161 - - Pearls, use of, in medicine, ii, 33 - - Pectoral Powder, ii, 148 - - Pedilavium, ii, 297 - - Pelican, ii, 297 - - Pelletier, discovers quinine, 274; ii, 247; - portrait, 275; - discovers other alkaloids, ii, 248 - - Pelouze, French pharmacist, 283 - - Peon, identified with Apollo, 7 - - Peony, use by Saxons, 126; - promotes dentition, ii, 171 - - Pepperers’ Guild, 139 - - Perfume, sacred, 45 - - Perfumer, Biblical reference, 50 - - Percapt, ii, 297 - - Periodeutes, 93, 94 - - Perkins’s Metallic Tractors, 201; ii, 166 - - Perkin, W. H. discovers mauve, ii, 263 - - Peroxide of hydrogen, inventor, 282 - - Peruvian bark. _See_ Cinchona - - Pessary, ii, 297 - - Peter of Spain, medical author, 294 - - Petra Philosophale, ii, 174 - - Petroleum, medical uses, 131; - early use, 359; - synonyms, 360; - medical use, 360; - Barbadense, 360 - - Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, foundation, 156 - - Pharmacies, State controlled, 103, 104 - - Pharmacist, the first, 12 - - Pharmacists, royal and noble, 287. - _See also_ Apothecaries _and_ Chemists - - Pharmacopeus, 93 - - Pharmacopœia, the earliest, 103; - history of, ii, 59 - - Pharmacopolis, 92 - - Pharmacopoloi, 93 - - Pharmacotribæ, 95 - - Pharmacy Acts, various, 156 - - Pharmacy, myths, 1; - origin, 1; - patron saints, 19; - in Pharaoh’s time, 34; - in the Bible, 46; - old use of word, 52; - identity with sorcery, 52; - Hippocrates on, 86; - separation from medicine, 91; - Arabian, 97; - in East, 100; - in Northern Europe, 115; - edict to regulate, 117; - Beckmann on, 118; - concessions, origin, 119; - in Saxon England, 124; - animal substances in, ii, 1; - Shakespearian reference, ii, 70; - progress in 19th century, ii, 243 - - Pharmaka, use by Homer, 52 - - Pharmakeia, 52, 92 - - Pharmakeuein, 93 - - Pharmakoi, use of, 52 - - Pharmakon, 93 - - Phenacetin, discovery, ii, 273 - - Phillips, P. L., critic, ii, 68 - - Philon, 91 - - Philonium, inventor, 91; - formulæ, ii, 39, ii, 40, ii, 41 - - Philosopher’s stone, 106, 363 - - Philosophic egg, 379 - - Phlogiston theory, 176 - - Phœnix, as alchemists sign, 26; - legends of, 27; - Biblical references, 27; - longevity, 27 - - Phosphor paste, 368 - - Phosphorus, Hanckwitz’s advertisement, 142; - etymology, 360; - discovery, 363; - made in London, 365; - medical use, 365; - prepared from bones, 365; - dose, 367; - solubility, 368; - symbol, ii, 309 - - Phthisis, Rhazes’s treatment, 106 - - Phylacteries, protect from evil, 161 - - Physicians, as priests, 35; - Biblical references, 46; - Pope on, 148; - fees, 151; - Valentine on, 227 - - Pigmentarii, 94 - - Pike’s itch ointment, ii, 165 - - Pil cocciæ, origin, ii, 292 - - Pil cochiæ, origin, ii, 152, ii, 292 - - Pil Rufi, origin, ii, 140 - - Pills, gilding introduced, 109; - origin, ii, 292, ii, 297; - silvering introduced, 109, 423 - - Pilula saponis composita, origin, ii, 153 - - Pilulæ Communes, ii, 140 - Ethiopicæ, ii, 153 - Lunares, 423 - Pacificæ, ii, 154 - Perpetuæ, 381 - Pestilentiales, ii, 140 - - Piperine, synthetic, ii, 266 - - Pissaeleum, 328 - - Pitt’s “Crafts and Frauds of Physic Exposed,” 149 - - Plague remedy, 224 - - Planets, as aids to prescribing, 187 - - Plantain, Shakespearian reference, ii, 74 - - Plasters, Aetius on, 215 - - Pleurisy, old remedy, 81 - - Pliny, death, 90 - - Plough, inventor, 288 - - Plummer, Dr. A., note on, ii, 153 - Æthiops Medicinalis, 382 - pills, 351; - origin, ii, 153 - powder, 382 - - Pocula Emetica, 385 - - Podalirus, son of Æsculapius, 11 - - Poisoners, famous, ii, 230 - - Poison, antidotes, ii, 34, ii, 49, ii, 221, ii, 237, ii, 289 - origin of word, ii, 297 - register introduced, 123 - - Poisoning, delayed, ii, 223 - detecting. _See_ Toxicology - punishment, ii, 230 - - Poisons, in Bible, ii, 222; - history of, ii, 220; - used in Rome, ii, 223; - in ancient times, ii, 225; - in Middle Ages, ii, 227 - - Polychrest, 369, 371; ii, 198, ii, 297 - - Polyidus, magician, 13 - - Pomatum, ii, 298 - - Pomegranates, Biblical reference, 72 - - Pompholyx, 209, 407, 427 - - Poppy, in Saxon times, 126; - as remedy, 184; - Shakespearian reference, ii, 75 - - Poppies, syrup, origin, ii, 116 - - Populeum, ii, 298 - - Porta, medical author, 183 - - Portland powder, 215, 309; ii, 125 - - Posca, 71 - - Potassium nitrate. _See_ Nitre sulphate, synonyms, 371 - - Potato, popularising, 273 - - Potio Laxativa Viennensis, ii, 121 - - Potion Noire Anglaise, ii, 122 - - Poudre des Chartres, secret purchased, 319, 381 - - Poultice, papyrus formula, 40; - etymology, ii, 298 - - Powder de Gutteta, ii, 6 - of Projection, 379 - Saturn, 407 - - Precious stones, medical use, ii, 32 - - Precipitatus per se, 416 - - Prepositus’s Antidotary, 116 - - Prescribing by chemists, limitation, 155 - - Prescriptions on papyri, 36, 41; - from “Don Juan,” ii, 59; - origin, ii, 304 - - Priestley discovers oxygen, 270 - - Primum Ens Sanguinis, ii, 7 - - Proine, ii, 258 - - Prometheus, the first pharmacist, 12 - - Propomata, ii, 298 - - Prosdita, ii, 299 - - Prussian blue, discovery, ii, 27, ii, 28 - - Prussic acid, discovery, 270 - - Psilothrum, ii, 298 - - Ptisans, ii, 299 - - Ptomaines, discovery, ii, 242 - - Pulvis Cornacchini, 309 - Principis Mirandolæ, 310 - Scammoniæ co., origin, 308 - - Pyroligneous acid, made by Glauber, 263 - - Pyroxylin, discovery, 340 - - Pythagoras antidote, 18 - - Q - - Quack doctor’s harangue, ii, 204 - - Quackery in ninth century, 107 - - Quakers’ Black Drop, ii, 145 - - Quassia, introduction, ii, 117; - etymology, ii, 118 - - Quevenne’s iron, 404 - - Quicksilver, first mention, 408; - bottles for, 408; - girdles, 420. - _See also_ Mercury - - Quinodine, discovery, ii, 247 - - Quinine, discovery, 274; ii, 246; - synthetic, ii, 264, ii, 265 - - Quinsy, Hippocrates’s treatment, 86 - - Quintessences, prepared by Paracelsus, 246; ii, 243 - - R - - Ra’s ointment, 43 - - Rakach, meaning of, 52 - - Raleigh’s Great Cordial, 310, 312 - - Raleigh, Sir Walter, portrait, 311; - medical knowledge, 311; - confection, 312 - - “Rational” formulæ, ii, 261 - - Read, Queen Anne’s oculist, ii, 14 - - “Receptarium Antidotarii,” 218 - - Recipe sign, origin, ii, 302 - - Red bottle, ii, 217 - cloth as small-pox cure, 169, 186 - precipitate, introduction, 105; - used by Paracelsus, 243, 249; - early references, 416; - preparation, 416 - - Reduced iron, 404 - - Re’em, identity of, 29 - - Regenerated tartar, 371 - - Regulus of Antimony, 379 - - Renandot’s mercurial pills, 412 - - Rhazes, chemical writer, 105, 106; - ointment, 407; - pil cochiæ, ii, 152 - - Rheumatism, early treatment, 136 - - Rhizotomoi, 95 - - Rhubarb, first mention, 216 - - Ricinus, Biblical plant, 67; - origin, ii, 92; - in papyrus, 41. - _See also_ Castor oil - - Ridge’s Food, patent, ii, 167 - - Rocha alum, 331 - - Roche’s Embrocation, patent, ii, 166 - - Rochelle salt, 372; - first official, ii, 67; ii, 197 - - Rochester, Earl, as quack, ii, 203 - - Rock oil, 360. - _See also_ Petroleum - - “Romeo and Juliet,” origin, ii, 77 - - “Rosa Anglicana,” 134 - - Rose water, Arabic origin, 103; - early mention, 328 - - Rosemary, derivation, 296; - properties, 296; - Queen of Hungary uses, 297 - - Rosencreutz, 181 - - Rosetta stone, 35 - - Rosh, meaning, ii, 222 - - Rosicrucians, 181 - - Rouelle, French chemist, 277 - - Rousseau’s laudanum, ii, 144 - - Royal College of Physicians, incorporation, 143; - dispensaries, 151, 156; - prosecute an apothecary, 154; - origin, ii, 60 - - Royal touch cures disease, 298; - ceremony described, 304 - - Rufus pill, invention, ii, 140 - - Runge’s researches, ii, 263 - - Runstall’s Black Drop, ii, 145 - - S - - Sabor-Ebn-Sahel’s Pharmacopœia, 103 - - Saffron, called blood of Throth, 35; - derivation, 72; - Biblical reference, 72 - - St. John’s Wort, charm, 172 - - “Sal Admirabile,” 261 - - Sal Alembroth, 243, 417; - etymology, ii, 279; - ammoniac, discovery, 6; - Glauber makes, 263; - early reference, 334 - - Sal ammoniacum factitium, 336 - de Duobus, 371; ii, 198; ii, 281 - Enixon, 261 - fixum, 335; ii, 298 - Fossile, 369 - Gemmæ, 369 - Jovis, 425; ii, 311 - Polychrestum, 369; - Glaser’s, 371; ii, 198; - Seignette’s, ii, 197; ii, 297 - Prunella, how prepared, 368; - why so-called, 369 - Purgatorius, 220 - sacerdotale, 220 - sapientiæ, 417; ii, 279 - viperum, 208 - volatile oleosum, 336. - _See also_ Salt _and_ Sel - - Salamanders’ Blood, ii, 298 - - Salerno Medical School, 115; - dissolved, 117 - - Salia, ii, 298 - - Salicylic acid, synthetic, ii, 269 - - Salmon, W., note on, ii, 179; ii, 180 - - Salol, discovery, ii, 274 - - Salsa, ii, 119 - - Salt, etymology of, 325 - of the Holy Apostles, 220 - of many virtues, 369 - of Mars, 398 - of St. Luke, 220 - of tartar, 326, 371, 372 - of wisdom, 417; ii, 279 - of wormwood, 326. - _See also_ Sal _and_ Sel - - Saltpetre, _See_ nitre - - Salpêtrière Asylum, why so-called, 359 - - “Sardonic grin,” origin of expression, ii, 226 - - Sarsaparilla, introduction, ii, 118; - medical use, ii, 118; - etymology, ii, 119; - decoctions, ii, 154 - - Savory’s Seidlitz Powders, ii, 156; ii, 167 - - Saxifrage as remedy, 184 - - Saxon pharmacy, 124 - - Scammony powder, 308 - - Schacht’s liquor bismuthi, 387 - - Scheele, biography, 266; - statue, 267; - investigations, 268; - pharmacy, 269; - medallion, 276 - - Schönbein discovers pyroxylin, 340 - - Schwalbach mineral springs, 403 - - Schwanberg’s fever powder, ii, 191 - - Scorpion grass, 184 - - Scrofula, etymology, 299; - cramprings for, 303; - burnt sponge for, 353. - _See also_ King’s Evil - - Scruple sign, origin, ii, 300 - - Scutum, ii, 298 - - Sea-sickness, early remedy, 126 - - Seba, naturalist, 278 - - Seed of gold, 389 - - Seguin discovers morphine, ii, 244 - - Seidlitz powders, origin, ii, 156; - patent, ii, 167 - - Seignette’s salt, 372; ii, 197 - - Sel de Duobus, 371; ii, 198 - Essentiel de quinquina, ii, 246 - Narcotique de Derosne, ii, 244 - de Seignette, 372; ii, 197 - - Seneca oil, 359 - - Senna, introduction, 105, 218 - - Seplasia, 94 - - Seplasiarii, 94 - - Serapion of Alexandria (or The Elder), 109; - epilepsy remedy, 166, 217 - The Younger, 110 - - Serenus, Roman physician, 164 - - Sertürner discovers morphine, ii, 244 - - Serullas, French chemist, 282 - - “Seven metals,” ii, 304 - - Sévigné, Marquise de, portrait, 192 - - Shakespearian references, 20, 30; ii, 70 - - Sheba, Queen of, 54 - - Sheben, identity, 42 - - Shekel, ancient weight, 59 - - Signatures, doctrine of, 183 - - “Signet star of philosophy,” 225 - - Silphion, introduction, 16 - - Silver, medical uses, 422; - symbol, ii, 306, 307, 310 - nitrate, first use, 105, 423; - made into sticks, 424 - - Simpson, J. G., uses anæsthetics, ii, 251; - portrait, ii, 253 - - Sinapisms, ii, 298 - - Singleton’s eye ointment, ii, 126, 199 - - Skin, as a charm, 173 - - Skull oil, 247 - - Skulls, medical uses, 248; ii, 5, 6 - - Sleep promoting, 128, 138 - - Sloane, Sir Hans, edits P.L. 1721, ii, 65 - - Small-pox, first mention, 104; - early treatment, 130, 169, 186; ii, 130 - - Smegma, ii, 298 - - Snails as remedy, ii, 11 - - Snake-venom antidotes, 112; - immunity, ii, 239 - - Soap, Biblical reference, 70, 324 - - Soap liniment, origin of, ii, 150 - - Society of apothecaries. _See_ Apothecaries’ Society - - Soda tartarata, ii, 197 - - Sodium carbonate, Biblical reference, 70 - - Solar elixir, ii, 311 - - Solecism, derivation, 207 - - Solomon’s treatise on medicine, 49; - magical secrets, 159 - The Hebrew, 157 - - Soluble mercury, 418 - - “Solvent mineral,” ii, 135 - - Somnus, god of sleep, 17 - - “Sons of God” legend, 3 - - Sorbito, ii, 299 - - Sorcery, identified with pharmacy, 52; - held in esteem, 160 - - Sparadrap, ii, 299 - de Vigo, 411 - - Specificum purgans, 244, 371 - - Spermaceti, medical use, ii, 28; - derivation, ii, 29; - Shakespearian reference, ii, 74 - - Spicerers’ Guild, 139 - - Spiders, medical use, ii, 14 - - Spielman’s Vermifuge Electuary, 426 - - Spikenard, value, 73; - Biblical reference, 73; - ointment, 73, 74 - - Spirit of nitrous ether, origin, 349; - early formulæ, 349 - of salt, Valentine describes, 228; - discovery, 263, 369; - medical uses, 369; - properties, 370 - of tartar, 372 - of vitriol, 373, 374 - of wine. _See_ Alcohol. - - Spiritus Ætheris Co., origin, 348 - Ætheris Nitrosi. _See_ Spirit of Nitrous Ether - Ammoniæ Succinatus, 338 - Ammoniæ Aromaticus, 335, 337 - Mundi, 361 - Nitri Dulcis. _See_ Spirit of Nitrous Ether - Salis Marini Glauberi. _See_ Spirit of Salt - Volatilis Oleosus, 335, 337 - Vini Ethereus. _See_ Ether - Vitrioli Antepilepticus Paracelsi, 347 - - Spilsbury’s Anti-scorbutic Drops, ii, 166 - - “Spot Ward,” ii, 213 - - Spruce Dr., obtains cinchona seeds, ii, 105 - - Squill called Eye of Typhon, 35; - vinegar, 18 - - Stacte, identity, 56, 63 - - Stahl’s theory of the elements, 175; - portrait, 176 - - Starcraft, Saxon, 124 - - Starkey’s Pills, origin, ii, 154 - - Stationarii, 118 - - Steer’s opodeldoc, ii, 150 - - Stephens’s Cure for stone, 319; ii, 199; - recipe, ii, 200 - - Sterling, derivation, 138 - - Stibium, _See_ Antimony - - Stimmi, 378 - - Stoughton’s Cordial Elixir, ii, 162 - - Stramonium, history, ii, 119; - introduction, ii, 120 - - Structural formulæ, ii, 261 - - Strychnine, discovery, ii, 248 - - Strychnos manikon, 25 - - Sublimation dulce, 419 - - Suffumenta, ii, 299 - - Suffumigia, ii, 299 - - Substitution theory, ii, 259 - - Sugar, arabic derivation, 103; - a rarity, ii, 30 - - Sulphonal, preparation, ii, 272 - - Sulphur, symbol, ii, 309 - - Sulphuric acid, 373 - - Sun-stone, 361 - - Supplantalia, ii, 299 - - Suppositories, ii, 299 - - Swammerdam, Dutch anatomist, 285 - - Swediaur’s pilula ferri, 351 - - Sweet spirit of nitre, _See_ Spirit of Nitrous Ether - - Sydenham, on iron, 399; - portrait, 400; - laudanum, ii, 143 - - Sylvius’s Carminative Spirit, 337 - salt, 336 - - Sympathetic egg, 190 - ointment, 188, 189, 190; ii, 6 - powder, 191 - remedies, 187 - - Symbols, alchemical, ii, 304, ii, 308, ii, 309 - - Synthetic Remedies, ii, 256 - - Syphilis, book on, 224; - Valentine’s reference, 229; - treatment, 243; - mercury as cure, 409; - origin, 413; - early treatment, 413; - guaiacum as cure, 414, ii, 112 - - Syrup, derivation, 103; ii, 299 - - T - - Takkum gum, 53 - - Talbor’s Tincture of Bark, 319 - - Talbor R., employs cinchona, 319; ii, 97 - process, ii, 99 - - Talismans worn by Arabs, 163; - universality, 171. - _See also_ Charms - - Talmud, medicine in, 49 - - Tamarinds, introduction, 105, 218 - - Tansy, origin, 22 - - Tapeworm remedy, Nouffer’s, 320; - Kousso, ii, 115 - - Tar water, invention, 316; - opinions, 318 - - Tartar etymology, 370 - preparations, 371, 372 - - Tartaric acid, discovery, 268 - - Tartarised iron, 402 - - Tartarum tartarisatus, 373 - - Tartarus, mythical hell, 370 - - Tartre Stibié, 384 - - Tartre Stygié, 384 - - “Tasteless Ague Drops,” ii, 133 - - Temperature, doctrine of, 180 - - Terra Germanica, ii, 54 - Livonica, ii, 55 - Mellitea, ii, 54 - Portugallica, ii, 54 - Samia, ii, 54 - Sicula, ii, 54 - Sigillata, Galen on, 213; ii, 53; - how prepared, ii, 54; - uses, ii, 54 - Strigensis, ii, 54 - - Terres damnées, ii, 283 - - Tetragonon, 87, 376 - - Tetrapharmacum, 310 - - Theine, discovery, ii, 248 - - Themison, Roman physician, 90; - uses leeches, ii, 139; - Hiera, ii, 139 - - Thénard, French chemist, 282 - - Theriaca, medical uses, 131; - absurdities, 290; - origin, 292; - formulæ, ii, 38, 39; - invention, ii, 42; - virtues, ii, 43; - history, ii, 48; - ceremony, ii, 44, ii, 45, ii, 46, ii, 46; - esteemed, ii, 47; - as poison antidote, ii, 221 - - Theriakon, Andromachus’s, 90 - - Thistles as remedy, 184 - - Thoth, inventor of medicine, 4, 38; ii, 305 - blood, 35 - - Thurneyssen’s “Magistery of the Sun,” 390 - - Thus, derivation, 56 - - Thuti, _See_ Thoth - - Thymiana, meaning, 55 - - Tilly’s Dutch Drops, ii, 176 - - Tin as vermifuge, 424; - medical compounds, 424; - symbol, ii, 307, ii, 310 - oxide as nail polish, 426 - salts, used by Paracelsus, 245 - - Tinctura Aloes Co., origin, ii, 57 - Benzoin Co., origin, ii, 135 - Lavandulæ Co., origin, ii, 146 - Lunæ, 423 - - Tinctura Metallorum, 244 - solis, etc., 390 - - Tonica Nervina Bestucheffi, 321, 322, 404 - - Tisanes, ii, 299 - - Tofano, poisoner, ii, 235 - - Tooth-ache, early remedy, 130 - cause, 168 - charms, 161, 168 - - Tooth-extraction, anæsthetics in, ii, 249 - - Toxicology, rise of, ii, 240 - - Tranquille, note on, ii, 175 - - Traumatic Balsam, ii, 135 - - Trefoil as remedy, 184 - - Trismegistus, Hermes’s surname, 5 - - “Triumphal Chariot of Antimony,” 224 - - Troches, etymology, ii, 299 - - Trochiscus trigonus, 87 - - Tsora, meaning, 53 - - Turbith mineral, Paracelsus uses, 243; - why so called, 417 - - Turlington’s Drops, ii, 135 - - Turner’s Cerate, origin, ii, 157; - formula, ii, 158 - - Turner, Dr., note on, ii, 157; - publications, ii, 158 - - Turpentine as remedy, 50 - - Tutty, ii, 159 - - Typhon’s eye, 35 - - U - - Uisage-beatha, old Irish drink, 329 - - Unguentum Ægyptiacum, ii, 52 - Arcœi, ii, 133 - Desiccativum Rubrum, ii, 160 - Diapomphologos, 407, 427; ii, 160 - Nutritum, 407; ii, 160; ii, 296 - Refrigerans, ii, 65; ii, 127 - Rosatum, ii, 160 - Saturninum, 407 - Sympatheticum, 188, 189, 190 - Tetrapharmacum, ii, 282 - Tripharmacum, 406 - - Ungius odorata, 57 - - Unicorn, Biblical references, 29; - in Royal Arms, 30; - Shakespearian references, 30; - Scottish pound, 30; - Apothecary’s sign, 31 - - Unicorn’s horn, 29, 30 - - “Universal medicine,” Geber’s claim, 106 - - “Universal panacea,” 414 - - “Universal remedy,” 132, 374 - - “Universal solvent,” Glauber’s, 264 - - Urus, identity, 29 - - Usquebagh, ii, 65 - - V - - Valenciennes, naturalist, 282 - - Valency, theory, ii, 260 - - Valentine, Basil, 181, 224; - portrait, 225; - identity, 228; - works, 228 - - Valangin’s solution, ii, 135 - - Van Helmont on weapon salve, 191; - biography, 257; - portrait, 258; - contracts itch, 258; - discovers carbonic acid, 259; - physiology, 260; - employs alum, 331 - - Van Swieten’s solution, 421; - anæsthetic story, ii, 254 - - Vauquelin, biography, 271; - portrait, 272; - discovers narcotine, ii, 244; - discovers daphnine and nicotine, ii, 245 - - Vegetable ethiops, 351 - vitriol, 375 - - “Vegeto-Mineral Water,” Goulard’s 265 - - Venice treacle. _See_ Theriaca - - Venom antidotes, Arabian, 112; ii, 239 - - Venus uses dittany, 26 - - Veratrine, discovery, ii, 248 - - Vervain, 35; - used by Saxons, 126 - - Verdigris ointment, 16; ii, 52 - - Vigo, John de, biography, 410; - plaster, 411 - - Vinegar, Biblical references, 64, 65, 71 - - Vinum Millepedarum, ii, 11 - - Vipers, medicinal uses, 90; ii, 19; - Charas on, 280; ii, 20; - de Sévigné on, ii, 21; - Quincy on, ii, 22; - preparations, ii, 22 - - Vis Coriaria, ii, 246 - - Vitriol, early use, 372; - kinds, 373; - etymology, 373; - medical uses, 373, 398; - preparations, 374; - symbols, ii, 309. - _See also_ Oil of Vitriol _and_ Spirit of Vitriol - - Vitriol of Mars, 373 - Venus, 373; ii, 311 - - Vitriolated tartar, 371 - - Vitriolum Camphoratum, 374 - - Vocabulary, pharmaceutical, ii, 278 - - “Volatile gold,” 396 - - Vulnerarii, 92 - - W - - Walnuts as remedy, 185 - - Want’s Tincture of Colchicum, ii, 186 - - Warburg, Dr. Carl, biography, ii, 206; - poverty, ii, 207 - - Warburg’s Tincture, history, ii, 206; - formula, ii, 207 - - Ward, Joshua, biography, ii, 208; - portrait, ii, 209; - recipes, ii, 211, 213 - - Ward’s paste, ii, 67 - - Warts, remedies, 169 - transferring, 170, 172. - _See also_ Wort-cunning - - Watercress, medical use, 125 - - Weapon salve. _See_ Sympathetic Ointment - - Weights, ancient, 44, 59 - signs for, ii, 300 - - Wellcome Research Laboratory (Khartoum), 162 - - Wells, H., uses nitrous oxide gas, ii, 249; - portrait, ii, 250 - - Whisky, early use, 329 - - White lead ointment, 288, 406 - - White vitriol, 373, 426 - - Whitworth doctors, ii, 215; - cures, ii, 216 - - Whooping-cough, transferring, 170 - - Wiener, Frank, ii, 121 - - Willis, Dr., portrait, 401 - - Willis’s Preparation of Steel, 400, 401 - - Witches’ powers, 171 - - Withering, Dr. W., biography, ii, 110; - on digitalis, ii, 110 - - Wohler’s discovery, ii, 257; - portrait, ii, 258 - - “Wolf of Metals,” 379 - - Wondreton, poisoner, ii, 227 - - Woodcock’s Wind Pills, ii, 167 - - Wool fat used by Dioscorides, 210 - - Words, origin of, 33 - - Worms, early remedy, 42, 43, 245 - - Wormwood, Biblical reference, 64 - - Wort-cunning, Saxon, 124 - - Wound Balsam, ii, 135 - - Writing, invention, 4 - - Z - - Zebethum Occidentale, ii, 9 - - Zinc, early references, 426; - alloys, 426; - composition, 427; - preparations, 427; - symbol, ii, 309 - oxide, synonyms, 427 - sulphate. _See_ White Vitriol - - Zoroaster, inventor of medicine, 6, 157 - - - R. CLAY AND SONS, LTD., BREAD ST. HILL, E.C., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] The historical part of Dr. Tschirch’s great work on Pharmakognosie -is in course of publication while the proofs of this book are being -read. It promises to be very thorough and modern in regard to drugs. - -[2] Labdanum or ladanum is a resinous substance which exudes from the -leaves and branches of a shrub found in the Isle of Candy--_Cistus -creticus_ of Linnæus. It was formerly collected by combing the beards -of goats which fed on these leaves. A commoner kind was brought from -Spain. It was an ingredient in an anti-hysteric nerve cordial called -Theriaque Cœleste. It was also combined in a plaster designed to cure -rupture. - -[3] The footman story is also told of the owner of Murray’s Specific -for Gout, of whom it was probably true. - -[4] Synthetic cocaine and other artificial alkaloids differ from the -natural products only in being without action on polarised light. - -[5] John Lydgate, a monk of Bury, born 1370, left some amusing poems, -very valuable on account of the insight they give into the customs of -his period. One of them is an application to the Duke of Gloucester for -money. Lydgate says he is dressed in black “’cause my purs was falle in -grete rerage”; while his “guttes were out shake, Only for lak of plate -and coyngnage.” So he “sought lechis for a restauratif, In whom I fonde -no consolacione, To a poticary for confortatyf, Drugge nor dya was none -in Bury towne.” - - -Transcriber’s Note: - -1. Obvious printers’, spelling and punctuation errors have been silently - corrected. - -2. Errata have been silently corrected. - -3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have - been retained as in the original. - -4. Italics are shown as _xxx_. - -5. Subscripts are represented with underscore and brackets, e.g. CH_{4} - for methane. - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF PHARMACY, VOL. 2 -(OF 2) *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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C Wootton</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Chronicles of Pharmacy, Vol. 2 (of 2)</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: A. C Wootton</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: February 17, 2022 [eBook #67414]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Karin Spence, Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF PHARMACY, VOL. 2 (OF 2) ***</div> - - -<p id="half-title" class="p6">CHRONICLES OF PHARMACY</p> - - -<div class="chapter"> - - <div class="figcenter" id="pm" > - <img - class="p2" - src="images/pm.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> -</div> - -<p class="center p-left">MACMILLAN AND CO., <span class="smcap">Limited</span></p> - -<p class="center p-left xs">LONDON . BOMBAY . CALCUTTA</p> -<p class="center p-left xs">MELBOURNE</p> - -<p class="center p-left">THE MACMILLAN COMPANY</p> - -<p class="center p-left xs">NEW YORK . BOSTON . CHICAGO</p> -<p class="center p-left xs">ATLANTA . SAN FRANCISCO</p> - -<p class="center p-left">THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA. <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span></p> - -<p class="center p-left xs">TORONTO</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h1>CHRONICLES OF<br /> -PHARMACY</h1></div> - -<p class="xs center p-left p4">BY</p> - -<p class="center p-left">A. C. WOOTTON</p> - -<p class="sm center p-left p4">VOL. II</p> - -<p class="center p-left p4">MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED</p> - -<p class="center p-left">ST. MARTIN’S STREET, LONDON</p> - -<p class="center p-left">1910</p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p class="smcap center p-left p4">Richard Clay and Sons, Limited,<br /> -bread street hill, e.c., and<br /> -bungay, suffolk.</p></div> - -<p class="smcap center p-left p6">Printed in Great Britain</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2>CONTENTS</h2></div> - -<p class="center p-left lg p2">VOL. II</p> - -<table summary="contents"> - <tr> - <th class="chap">CHAPTER</th> - <th></th> - <th class="pag">PAGE</th> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn">XV.</td> - <td class="cht smcap">Animals in Pharmacy</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chn">XVI.</td> - <td class="cht smcap">Reminiscences of Ancient Pharmacy</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chn">XVII.</td> - <td class="cht smcap">Pharmacopœias</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chn">XVIII.</td> - <td class="cht smcap">Shakespeare’s Pharmacy</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chn">XIX.</td> - <td class="cht smcap">Some Noted Drugs</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chn">XX.</td> - <td class="cht smcap">Familiar Medicines and Some Notes of their Histories</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chn">XXI.</td> - <td class="cht smcap">Noted Nostrums</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chn">XXII.</td> - <td class="cht smcap">Poisons in History</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chn">XXIII.</td> - <td class="cht smcap">Pharmacy in the Nineteenth Century</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chn">XXIV.</td> - <td class="cht smcap">Names and Symbols</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="chn"></td> - <td class="cht">INDEX</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center p-left">VOL. II</p> - -<table summary="illos"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th class="pag">PAGE</th> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Preparation of Theriaca</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p045">45</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Lemnian earth seals</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p054">54</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Title-page of London Pharmacopœia</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p063">63</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">The Apothecary</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p081">81</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Aloe in Flower</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p087">87</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Aloe at Chelsea</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p088">88</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Castor oil plant</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p090">90</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Dr. Huxham</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p101">101</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Charles Ledger</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p107">107</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">William Withering, M.D.</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p110">110</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Preparation of Guaiacum Remedies</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p113">113</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Dr. James Gregory</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p137">137</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Dr. Gregory’s Prescription</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p138">138</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Patrick Anderson, M.D.</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p168">168</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Dr. James</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p187">187</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">John St. John Long</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p193">193</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Joshua Ward</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p209">209</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Horace Wells</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p250">250</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Sir James Young Simpson, M.D.</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p253">253</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Friedrich Wöhler</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p258">258</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">August Kekulé</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p262">262</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">A. W. von Hofmann</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p264">264</a></td> - </tr> - -<tr> - <td class="cht">Alchemical symbols</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#i_p308">308</a>, - <a href="#i_p309a">309</a>, - <a href="#i_p310">310</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2>ERRATA</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center p-left">VOL. II</p> - -<table summary="errata"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">Page</td> - <td class="tdr">31.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Ninth line from top, for</i> Clestis <i>read</i> Celestis.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">„</td> - <td class="tdr">46.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Bottom line, additional reference</i>: Vol. I., 124.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">„</td> - <td class="tdr">166.</td> - <td class="tdl"><i>Seventh line from bottom, for</i> Magnetic <i>read</i> Metallic.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>ERRATUM.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The acknowledgment at the foot of page 308, of the source of the -symbols illustrated on that page, is incorrect. The symbols in question -are reproduced from Mr. C. J. S. Thompson’s book, <i>The Mystery and -Romance of Alchemy and Pharmacy</i>, published by the Scientific Press, -Ltd.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p> - -<p class="center p-left xxl">CHRONICLES OF PHARMACY</p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2>XV<br /> - -<span class="subhed">ANIMALS IN PHARMACY</span></h2></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Their next business is, from herbs, minerals, gums, oils, -shells, salts, juices, sea-weed, excrements, barks of trees, -serpents, toads, frogs, spiders, dead men’s flesh and bones, -birds, beasts, and fishes, to form a composition for smell -and taste the most abominable, nauseous, and detestable they -can possibly contrive.—<span class="smcap">Swift</span>, <i>A Voyage to the -Houyhnhms</i>, Chap. VI.</p> -</div> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Animal Substances in Pharmacy.</h3> - -<p>The inclination to find medicinal virtues in parts of animals is not -altogether unreasonable in its origin. Savages eat the hearts of lions -and tigers to acquire some of the courage and fierceness of those -beasts; and a similar instinct would suggest various organs of animals -for use in medicine. The employment of foxes’ lungs in asthmatic -and bronchial complaints, for example, seems a most natural remedy -to try, and as the lohoch, in which form these lungs were generally -administered, was made up with other demulcents, it is not surprising -that it should have been often found efficacious. In this section -illustrations of the extravagant extent to which faith in medicines of -this character has been carried will be given.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Officially Recognised Animal Medicines.</h3> - -<p>Remedies obtained from the animal kingdom were employed by the -Egyptian, the Greek, and the Roman physicians. The Arabs, though they -introduced musk, kermes, and bezoar into medicine, were not largely -interested in animal products in their materia medica. The adoption of -revolting preparations of this class developed rapidly in the sixteenth -and seventeenth centuries, curiously enough alongside the introduction -of the new chemical remedies. The appended list of animals and animal -products which were made official in the London Pharmacopœias of the -seventeenth century, namely, those of 1618, 1650, and 1677, will -serve to demonstrate the diligence which had been exercised by the -practitioners of that period in ransacking the world of animal life for -possible means of alleviating human ills.</p> - -<p>Ambergris, ants.</p> - -<p>Bee-glue from entrances and cracks of hives, bezoar stones, blood of -badger, bat, bull, cat, dog, frog, goat (he- and she-), goose, hare, -man, partridge, pig, pigeon, stag, tortoise; bones of hare (heel-bone), -oxen (leg), pigs (ankle), stags (heart and heel; the latter called the -astragalus), and the triangular bone of the human skull; brains of -hares and sparrows; butter, fresh and salt; buttermilk.</p> - -<p>Cantharides, castor, caviare, cheese (old and new), civet, cochineal, -cock’s-comb, coral (white and red), crabs’ claws, crabs’ eyes, -crayfish, cuttlefish, cygnets.</p> - -<p>Eggs of ants, hens, and ostriches; egg-shells; earthworms; excrements -of the cow, dog, he-goat, goose, hen, horse, horse (not castrated), -man, mouse, peacock, pigeon, sheep, swallow, wolf.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span></p> - -<p>Fat, lard, or grease from the badger, bear, beaver, boar, bull, bull -calf, camel, capon, dog, duck, eel, fox, goat, goose, hare, hedgehog, -hen, heron, horse, leopard, lion, man, mountain-mouse, pike, pig, -rabbit, ram, snake, stork, thymallos (grayling), vulture, wild cat, -wolf, and from cut wool; feathers of partridges, fur of the hare, -frog’s spawn, and hairs of the silkworm, are among the curious animal -products named. Green frogs are specially ordered.</p> - -<p>Gall of the bear, bull, cow, he-goat, she-goat, hare, hawk, kite, ox, -and pig; grasshoppers.</p> - -<p>Ham of pig; heart of bullock, pig, stag, wether; honey and virgin -honey; hoof of ass, elk, she-goat, pig; horns of elk, goat, rhinoceros, -stag, unicorn.</p> - -<p>Isinglass; intestines of wolf and fox; jaw of pike.</p> - -<p>Larks, leeches, lynx claws; liver of ass, duck, frog, otter, wild boar, -wolf; lungs of bear, fox, lamb, pig.</p> - -<p>Marrow from leg of bull, bull calf, calf, cow, dog, she-goat, lamb, ox, -sheep, stag; milk of ass, cow, ewe, goat, woman; mole, mummy, musk.</p> - -<p>Omentum (bowel membrane) of the calf, lamb, ram, and wether.</p> - -<p>Pearls and mother of pearl, perspiration, pickle or sauce from the -tunny fish, puppies.</p> - -<p>Rennet of calf, hare, horse, kid, lamb.</p> - -<p>Saliva of a fasting man; scorpions (land); secundines (afterbirth) -of a woman; sexual parts of bull, cock, horse, and stag; silk (raw); -silkworms’ cocoons. Inner skin of a hen’s stomach; skinks; skull of -a man who has met with a violent death, and moss from that skull; -sparrows (house and hedge); spermaceti; spleen of ox; sponge; spiders’ -webs; cast-off snake’s skin; sea-shells (various kinds named); -swallows’ nests; stone from the heads of carp and perch, from ox-gall, -from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span> human bladders (see also bezoar stones and crabs’ eyes); suet of -badger, calf, cow, goat, ox, sheep, stag.</p> - -<p>Teeth of elephants (ivory), wild boar, sea-horse, tench, toads.</p> - -<p>Urine of boar, bull, dog, he-goat, man. In the last-named case the -urine of a child not arrived at the age of puberty, and of an adult -man, are separately indicated.</p> - -<p>Vipers’ flesh.</p> - -<p>Wagtails; wax (white, red, and yellow); whelks; whey; woodlice.</p> - -<p>In contrast with the list quoted above, representing the animal -pharmacy of the seventeenth century may be placed the following -fifteen articles which cover the zoology of the British Pharmacopœia -of 1898:—Cantharides, cod-liver oil, cochineal, honey, lard, leeches, -musk, ox-bile, pepsin, spermaceti, mutton, suet, sugar of milk, thyroid -gland, wax, wool fat.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Homo: Man as a Medicine.</h3> - -<p>Man being the microcosm of the universe (the macrocosm) medicines of -human origin figured very prominently in old pharmacopœias. In Lemery’s -“Dictionnaire Universelle des Drogues Simples,” which was a standard -authority all over Europe, at least until the end of the eighteenth -century, the author presents a summary of the medicinal uses to which -the various parts of “Homo” were applied. I quote (but slightly -abbreviate) from the edition of Lemery’s Dictionary of 1759:—</p> - -<p>“All parts of man, his excrescences and excrements, contain oil and -sal volatile, combined with phlegm and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span> earth. Skull, brain, and -calculus are employed in medicine, and are referred to in their proper -places. Burning hair, smelt by patients, will counteract the vapours. -Moss of the human skull, human blood, and human urine all have their -uses in medicine. The saliva of a robust young man, taken fasting, is -an antidote against the bites of serpents and mad dogs. Wax from the -ears is good against whitlows. Nails from the fingers and toes, given -internally either in substance or infused in wine, make a good emetic. -Women’s milk is pectoral, good in phthisis, and useful to apply to -inflamed eyes. Fresh urine, two or three glasses drunk in the morning -fasting, is good against gout, hysterical vapours, and obstructions. -It may also be applied externally in gout and in skin complaints. -Excrement of man can be applied to anthrax, plague bubos, and quinsies. -Dried and powdered, it is recommended in epilepsy and intermittent -fevers. Dose, one scruple to one drachm.”</p> - -<p>Bechler, in “Parnassus Medicinalis,” 1663, quoted in Peter’s “History -of Pharmacy,” says:—</p> - -<p>“Powdered human bone, in red wine, will cure dysentery. The marrow -and oil distilled from bone is good for rheumatism. Prepared human -skull is a sure cure for the falling sickness (epilepsy). Moss grown -on a skull is a hæmostatic. Mummy dissolves coagulated blood, relieves -cough and pain in the spleen, and is very beneficial in flatulency and -delayed menstruation. Human fat properly rubbed into the skin restores -weak limbs. The wearing of a belt of human skin facilitates labour and -mitigates its pain. Water distilled from human hair and mixed with -honey promotes the growth of hair.”</p> - -<p>The Liquor Cranii Humani was a highly-prized remedy. It was prepared -from unburied skulls, those<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span> of criminals for preference. Pomet (1694) -says he had been informed by Moses Charas, who had lived for some time -in England, that “The London druggists sell skulls of the dead upon -which there has grown a little greenish moss called Usnea, because it -resembles the moss which grows on the oak. These skulls mostly come -from Ireland, where they frequently let the bodies of criminals hang -on the gibbet till they fall to pieces.” The market price of skulls at -that time varied in London from 8s. to 11s. each, according to size, -but those with plenty of moss made fancy prices. They were largely used -for compounding the “Sympathetic Ointment,” described by Crollius in -his “Royal Chemist,” and were recommended in epilepsy. Germany was the -principal market. The pharmaceutical authorities of that day were very -decided about the superior virtue of the skulls of persons who had died -violent deaths. Lemery (1738) orders: “To make the Magistry of human -skull. Calcine the skull and powder finely.” But he adds the useful -comment, “This Magistry is only a dead-head of no virtue unless you -employ the skull of a young man who died a violent death.”</p> - -<p>In a paper “On the Deaths of some Eminent Persons,” printed by -Sir H. Halford in 1835, it is stated that in the last illness of -Charles II, when he was suffering from a stroke of apoplexy, one of -the prescriptions, signed by four physicians, ordered among other -ingredients 25 drops of the spirit drawn from human skulls.</p> - -<p>Sir Theodor Mayerne’s famous Powder de Gutteta (anti-epileptic powder) -contained amber, crystal, and hartshorn vitriolated, various roots and -seeds, and flowers, “human skull, both crude and vitriolated, secundine -of a woman,” gold and silver leaf, ambergris,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span> etc. Fifty years later -valerian alone was thought to be as effective.</p> - -<p>Human fat was regarded as an excellent remedy in rheumatism. Pomet -(1694) complains that at that time the business of the apothecaries -in this luxury was seriously crippled by the competition of the -public executioners. But he points out that the article provided in -the pharmacies was incomparably superior to that which came from the -scaffolds, because it was prepared with aromatic herbs.</p> - -<p>Human excrement and human urine were strongly recommended by many of -the chief authorities. Mme. de Sévigné, writing to her daughter on June -13, 1685, says:—“For my vapours I take 8 drops of essence of urine, -and contrary to its usual action it has prevented me from sleeping.” -There are other references to this delicate remedy in some other of her -letters. Apparently she took a special combination of the essence with -the Baume Tranquille.</p> - -<p>Culpepper says: “That small triangular bone in the skull of a man -called Os Triquetum, so absolutely cures the Falling Sickness that it -will never come again, saith Paracelsus.” Culpepper also states that -“the fat of a man is exceeding good to anoint such limbs as fall away -in the flesh.” Lemery explains how to make a plaster from the blood of -a healthy young man, after drying it, which was useful in old ulcers.</p> - -<p>Paracelsus had a “Primum Ens Sanguinis,” which was fresh blood from a -healthy young person. Crollius gives a recipe for an eye salve, which -was to divide a human brain into half; mix one half with honey and -apply it at night; dry and powder the other half and apply it in the -morning.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Cow-Dung as a Medicine.</h3> - -<p>A female pharmacist is mentioned in Salmon’s “Bate’s Dispensatory” -(1694), who, he says, made a fortune of £20,000 by selling a tincture -made from cow-dung. Her formula was, cow-dung, fresh gathered in the -morning, 12 lbs.; spring or rain water, 30 lb. Digest for twenty-four -hours, let it settle, and decant the clear brown tincture. Salmon says -it is no doubt a good medicine, and has been much used with success. -“It has a pretty kind of sweet scent as if it was perfumed with musk -or some other odoriferous thing.” An essence of cow-dung was an old -English household remedy for gout, rheumatism, stone, etc. It was from -cow-dung gathered in May; digested with a third of its weight in white -wine, and distilled. In another old formula cow-dung and snails with -their shells, equal parts, are prescribed. The resulting distillate was -known as all-flower water, aqua omnium florum, and aqua arthritica. -Dr. Rutherford, of Edinburgh, in the eighteenth century strongly -recommended cow-dung poultice in rheumatic fever, and asserted that -he had known of many cures from its use. It has been for centuries a -popular article in the Hindu materia medica. The phosphate of soda and -benzoic acid (which are the medicinal constituents of cow-dung) are -better suited to modern fastidious patients in the form of laboratory -products.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Excrements as Medicines.</h3> - -<p>It will be observed from the list of the excrements used in medicine -officially recognised in the early London Pharmacopœias already given -that those from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span> various animals were specified. Excrements as remedies -are at least as old as Dioscorides, whose work contains a special -chapter devoted to an appreciation of the distinguishing virtues of the -various sorts of dungs. Pliny likewise names many sorts, and states -what are their particular properties.</p> - -<p>It is evident that these substances became very popular as household -remedies among the peasantry of European countries. In his treatise “On -Salts,” Glauber (about 1650) explains how satisfactorily certain of -these chemical products can take the place of the unpleasant remedies -in use among the peasantry of his time. He says: “They purge the bodies -of boys and girls with mouse dung, horse dung, and goose dung; these -dissolved in wine or beer, and strained through linen cloths, they use -to cure falling sickness by sweat. In the cure of erysipelas or burns -and scalds, they use hogs’ dung; in all kinds of swelling, sheep’s -dung; in a quinsy, dogs’ turd or human dung.”</p> - -<p>Glauber states that he had known of wonderful cures effected by these -remedies. But the reason was simple. Human dung, for example, is -nothing but bread and flesh reduced into their first matters, all -their bonds being loosened and rendered fit for the exercise of their -virtues. The essential constituent is a salt not unlike the sal enixon -of Paracelsus.</p> - -<p>The mention of this great teacher leads Glauber to relate that once -some physicians and noblemen asked Paracelsus to tell them some great -secret of medicine. In reply he told them that incredible virtues were -hidden in human dung. Whereupon they were very angry and departed, -considering that he was mocking them. Paracelsus made a remedy which -he called Zebethum Occidentale from human dung, dried and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span> powdered. -He also recommended a child’s excrement to be distilled twice, and to -use the oily distillate for fistulas, canker, and as an application for -premature baldness.</p> - -<p>Album Græcum, which was dried white dogs’ turds, was regularly stocked -by the apothecaries of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and was -given in colic and dysentery, but more generally applied externally -to abscesses, ulcers, and quinsies. In Robert Boyle’s “Collection -of Medicines,” 1696, “a homely but experienced medicine for a sore -throat,” is said to be one drachm of album græcum made into a linctus -with honey of roses.</p> - -<p>Pigeons’ dung was reputed to be so violently heating that it was -almost a caustic. Applied to the soles of the feet it would draw the -humours down, but Quincy remarks there was no reason for believing that -it attracted the peccant humours only. Fuller prescribes a poultice -containing Venice turpentine, pigeons’ dung, and spiders’ webs to be -fastened to the wrists two hours before a fit of ague is expected, to -ward it off. Pectoral drinks were much improved medicinally, especially -for pleurisies, if some dung of stallions had been steeped in them.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Miscellaneous Animal Remedies.</h3> - -<p>It is not possible in a short space to exhaust this unsavory topic, but -a few of the more notable applications of animals or animal derivatives -may be briefly mentioned.</p> - -<p>Pigeons were cut in half while they were alive and applied to the feet -of patients. Pepys alludes two or three times to this and always as an -indication that the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span> case is nearly hopeless. The Queen of Charles II -was one of the instances.</p> - -<p>Oil of Puppies was made by cutting up two newly born ones and boiling -them in a varnished pot for twelve hours with one pound of live -earthworms. Very good for strengthening the nerves, for sciatica, and -for paralysis, says Lemery. The gall of a black puppy, says Schroder, -cures epilepsy to a wonder. It had to be prepared with vinegar. Ambrose -Paré says he got a recipe from a famous surgeon at Turin for a balm -with which he treated gun-shot wounds with extraordinary success. It -was to boil young whelps just born with earthworms, Venice turpentine, -and oil of lilies.</p> - -<p>Fox lungs were prepared for medicines by first separating them from -the blood-vessels, then washing them in white wine in which hyssop and -scabious had been boiled. After drying gently the lungs were kept wrapt -up in hyssop, wormwood, or horehound.</p> - -<p>Swallows, hedgehogs, toads, and frogs were prepared by cutting their -throats and leaving the blood to dry on them. They were then baked in a -close vessel well covered.</p> - -<p>Snails were made into a cough syrup by hanging them in a bag with sugar -and catching the droppings.</p> - -<p>Earthworms had a great reputation for the relief of lung complaints. -They were also administered with great confidence, dried and powdered, -to children to drive away internal worms. Woodlice, bruised and -digested in Rhine wine, made the Vinum Millepedarum given in dropsy -and jaundice. Lice and bugs were also honoured remedies. The latter -digested in wine or vinegar had the singular power of expelling leeches -which might have been accidentally swallowed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span></p> - -<p>Culpepper quotes from Mizaldus, perhaps sarcastically, a very wonderful -property of earthworms, which is that the powder of them put in a -hollow tooth makes it drop out. He gives another way of making a tooth -drop out, which was to “fill an earthenware crucible full of emmets, -ants, or pismires, call them by which name you will, eggs and all, and -when you have burnt them keep the ashes, with which if you touch the -tooth it will drop out.”</p> - -<p>The same authority offers a drink cure which looks as if it might be -effectual. “Eels being put into wine or beer and suffered to die in -it, he that drinks it will never endure that sort of liquor again.” He -recommends the brain of a hare roasted to help children to breed their -teeth; a dead mouse, dried and powdered, one whole one to be taken each -morning for three consecutive days, for diabetes; grasshoppers for -colic; and hedge-sparrows salted for stone.</p> - -<p>Deers’ fat strengthened the nerves, and relieved rheumatism and gout. -Hares’ grease applied outwardly ripened swellings. Rabbits’ fat had -a dispersing power. The fat of cocks and hens would soften hard -swellings. Goose grease was specially good against piles, deafness, -and to prevent pitting after the small-pox. Bears’ grease, still sold -nominally, could be had in genuine form in this country a hundred years -ago. Bears were at that time fattened and killed in this country for -their grease, and until even more recent times they were imported from -Russia. The principal use of bears’ grease was always to make the hair -grow, but it was also used as an emollient for many purposes.</p> - -<p>The lion had a high reputation among the Romans for its medicinal -value. The fat was used as an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span> ointment in affections of the joints, -and combined with oil of roses as the best cosmetic for preserving -the delicacy of the complexion. An aqueous tincture of the gall was -used for weak eyes, and a mixture of the gall with the fat of the lion -taken in small doses was esteemed an excellent remedy for epilepsy. -Roasted lion’s heart was given in fevers. It was believed that no wild -beast would attack anyone anointed with lions’ fat, and that this same -treatment would prevent human treachery. These statements are found in -Pliny. The lion rather fell out of use in more modern times. Its fat -was prescribed in the P.L. 1618, and in James’s “Dispensatory,” 1747, -is said to be successful in anointing limbs numbed with cold, and also -to put in the ears for the relief of earache.</p> - -<p>The flesh of the tiger is still eaten by the Malays to impart courage -and sagacity. Marcellus quotes a prescription by Democritus of Abderos -(contemporary with Hippocrates) for nervous diseases. It consisted of -the spinal marrow of a hyena mixed with his gall, all boiled together -in old oil.</p> - -<p>The cat has been largely used in medicine. Galen recommends the head -of a black cat to be burned in a glazed vessel, and the ashes to be -used in diseases of the eye, including cataract. Pliny says that the -fæces of this animal mixed with mustard cured ulcers in the head. -Sylvius prescribed cats’ flesh for hæmorrhoids and lumbago. In Lemery’s -“Pharmacopœia” a cat ointment is ordered. It was to be made from a -newly born kitten cut up into small pieces in a pot varnished with -crushed earthworms. Cats’ fæces were employed in the eighteenth century -as an application for baldness, and cat’s skin was recommended to be -worn over the stomach for strengthening the digestion.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span></p> - -<p>Montaigne states that in his time physicians prescribed as choice -remedies the left foot of a tortoise, the liver of a mole, and blood -drawn from under the wing of a white pigeon.</p> - -<p>Queen Anne’s “Oculist and Operator on the Eyes in Ordinary,” a quack -named Read whom she knighted, comments in his writings on the practice -of putting a louse in the eye when it is dull and obscure and wanteth -humours and spirits. This, he says, “tickleth and pricketh so that it -maketh the eye moist and rheumatick and quickeneth the spirits.”</p> - -<p>Oil of ants made by pounding two ounces of live ants and macerating -them in eight ounces of olive oil for forty days was used as a -stimulating liniment. Oil of spiders and earthworms was prescribed by -Mindererus for anointing in small-pox and plague. He recommended it -as being equal to the oil of scorpions, which was a very complicated -combination of drugs devised by Matthiolus. Spiders have been often -employed in medicine. A live spider rolled up in butter and swallowed -as a pill was a seventeenth century cure for jaundice. Spiders taste -like nuts, says Lalande. Galen recommended spiders’ eggs mixed with oil -of nard for toothache. Elias Ashmole in his “Diary” (1681) writes: “I -took early in the morning a good dose of elixir and hung three spiders -about my neck, and they drove my ague away. Deo gratias.” Spiders’ webs -were frequently used as a febrifuge, and are well-known to be excellent -to stop bleeding. Oil of lizards, twelve of them cooked alive in three -pounds of nut oil, was esteemed a good application against hernia. -Oil of frogs prepared in a similar way was applied to the temples to -promote sleep.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Bezoar Stones.</h3> - -<p>Bezoar stones acquired their fame in the East, and were introduced -to European medicine by the Arabs. The name is of Persian origin, -Pad-zahr, meaning an expeller of poisons. The earliest reference known -to Bezoar stones in Europe is by Avenzoar, an Arab physician who -practised in Seville about the year 1000. They were included in the -London Pharmacopœias from 1618 to 1746.</p> - -<p>There were many kinds of bezoar stones sold. The most esteemed was -the lapis bezoar orientale. This came from Persia and was supposed to -be obtained from the intestines of the Persian wild goat. It was a -calculus which had formed itself by deposits of phosphate of lime round -some nucleus, such as hair, or the stone of a fruit. One in the museum -of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital has a date stone for nucleus. It was -believed that the special virtues of the stone were due to some unknown -plant on which the animal fed.</p> - -<p>A certain kind of ape also yielded bezoar stones. These were obtained -by giving the ape an emetic. There were, besides, the lapis bezoar -occidentale, procured from the llamas of Peru; and the bezoar -Germanorum got from the chamois of the Swiss mountains. These never -commanded the same confidence as those from the East. The latter are -stated by Paris and Redwood and other writers to have sold for ten -times their weight in gold. No authority, however, is given for that -assertion.</p> - -<p>In a paper read before the Royal Society of London, in 1714, by -Frederick Slare, F.R.C.S., the claims of the bezoar stone to the -possession of medical virtues are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span> boldly challenged; and in the -course of the paper the author states that the price varied from about -£3 to £5 per ounce in London. He mentions that he had asked a London -druggist, one “of the upper Size,” how many ounces of bezoar stones he -sold yearly. He said about 500 ounces. I presume he was a wholesale -druggist. Perhaps this is implied by the expression “of the upper -Size.” Mr. Slare uses this fact in support of his suggestion that a -large proportion of the imports of these precious commodities, though -they came from India or Persia right enough, had never been inside any -wild goat, antelope, or ape. He records experiments which go to show -this, and also gave letters from medical officers in India, men quite -competent to judge, who manifested in this particular a surprising -degree of innocence. It would have been strange if the wily oriental -had refrained from practising his skill on his confiding Western -customers.</p> - -<p>Mr. Slare tells us that the stone was only found in about one goat out -of seven killed, and that it took some twelve stones to make an ounce, -which worked out to nearly 50,000 goats to be slain annually to keep -this one London druggist supplied.</p> - -<p>The original use of the bezoar was as an antidote to poisons. It came -to be the valued remedy for all kinds of fevers, was applied externally -in many skin diseases, and had the reputation of being able to cure -even leprosy. The dose of the oriental bezoar was from 4 to 16 grains; -of the occidental 6 to 30 grains. They were also carried about in gold -or silver boxes as amulets. In Portugal in time of plague the stones -were let out at about the equivalent of ten shillings a day. Some -designed for this use may still be seen in museums. Bezoar stones were -required to be of an olive-greenish<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span> tint, to be striated, and to yield -a musky odour. They were further expected to strike a green colour when -rubbed on white paper which had previously been prepared with chalk.</p> - -<p>The alchemists prepared a mineral bezoar, by treating butter of -antimony with nitric acid. They got antimonious acid. The livers and -hearts of vipers dried in the sun furnished the animal bezoar; and a -stony concretion sometimes found in cocoa-nuts, and in high repute -among the Malays as a medicine was called vegetable bezoar or calatippe.</p> - -<p>The importance attached to bezoar stones in the seventeenth century, -and, incidentally, their liability to falsification, are illustrated by -a minute in the records of the Society of Apothecaries, dated May 25th, -1630, as follows:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Pretended bezar stones sent by the Lord Mayor to be viewed were -found to be false and counterfiet and fitt to be destroyed and -the whole table [or as we should say, the Court] certified the -same to the Lord Mayor.</p> -</div> - -<p>A little later, it appears that the case of these stones was tried -at the Guildhall, a jury composed partly of druggists and partly of -apothecaries being empannelled. This jury confirmed the verdict of the -table of apothecaries and the bezoar stones were duly burnt.</p> - -<p>Three bezoar stones were sent by the Shah of Persia as a royal gift for -his brother the Emperor Napoleon, only a hundred years ago.</p> - -<p>Ambrose Paré, who wrote in the later half of the sixteenth century, was -one of the few eminent doctors who discredited the alleged medicinal -virtue of the bezoards. He was surgeon to Charles IX, and relates -that one day, the king being at Clermont, a Spanish nobleman brought -him a bezoar stone which he assured<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span> him was an antidote against all -poisons. The king sent for Paré and asked him if he knew any substance -which would annul the effects of any poison. Paré said that could not -be, for there were many sorts of poisons which acted in very different -ways. The Spanish nobleman, however, maintained that this stone was a -universal antidote, and the king was eager to test the question. So the -Provost of the Palace was sent for and asked if he had any criminal in -his charge condemned to death. He said he had a cook who had stolen -two silver dishes, and who was to be hanged the next day. The offer -was thereupon made to the cook that he should take a poison, and an -alleged antidote immediately afterwards, and if he escaped with his -life he should go free. The cook gladly consented, and an apothecary -was ordered to prepare a deadly draught and give it, and to follow -this with a dose of the bezoar. This was done. The poor wretch lived -for about seven hours in terrible agony, which Paré tried in vain to -relieve. After his death Paré opened him and showed that the antidote -had no effect at all. It was sublimate which had been given. “And the -king commanded that the stone should be thrown into the fire; which was -done.”</p> - -<p>Paré’s authority was considerable, but it was by no means strong enough -to destroy public faith in the bezoar. According to Pomet and Lemery -the demand for the stones was so great in France more than a century -later that it was difficult to get them genuine except at fancy prices. -A stone of 4¼ oz. was sold for 2,000 livres (say £75). In Savary’s -“Dictionnaire de Commerce” (1741) it is stated that when bezoars -arrived at Amsterdam they fetched from 300 to 400 livres apiece. They -were bought by rich citizens<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span> either to serve as presents, or to be -kept in their families.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Gascoyne’s or Gascoign’s Powder.</h3> - -<p>In the paper by Mr. Slare read before the Royal Society already -referred to the author comments with similar severity on the then -popular Gascoign’s Powder. As evidence of the fame it possessed he -says he had been told that a certain “grandee of the faculty” had got -above £50,000 by prescribing this compound. I suppose this meant he had -received that amount in fees for prescriptions ordering that medicine. -Taking advantage of the reverence in which bezoar was held by that -generation, Gascoign’s Powder had assumed as a second title the name -of bezoardic powder. It was also known as the Powder of the Black Tops -of Crab-claws, from the ingredient in largest quantity. The professed -composition of Gascoign’s Powder as given by Mr. Slare was oriental -bezoar, white amber, hartshorn in powder, pearls, crabs’ eyes, coral, -and black tops of crabs’ claws. Naturally a powder of such costly -ingredients was sold at a very high price. Mr. Slare recommends chalk -and salt of wormwood as being in all respects as good. The former was -cheap enough then; and of the salt he says two pounds could be got for -the price of half an ounce of the compound.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Vipers.</h3> - -<p>Both in ancient and comparatively modern times vipers have been held -in the highest esteem for their medicinal virtues, and viper fat, -viper broth, and viper wine are used to this day in some remote parts -of Britain, and to a still greater extent on the Continent.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span> In some -districts of France heads of vipers enclosed in little silk bags are -worn by children to preserve them from croup and convulsions.</p> - -<p>It was the addition of vipers to the confection of Mithridates that -constituted the principal improvement effected by Andromachus in his -composition of the electuary which came to be known as theriakon, and -subsequently as theriaca. Therion was Greek for a wild beast, but -came to mean specially a venomous serpent, and the compound may have -been called theriaca either to indicate that vipers were an important -ingredient, or that it would cure their bites.</p> - -<p>According to Dr. Mead, Antonius Musa, physician to Octavius Cæsar, was -one of the first physicians who recommended the flesh of vipers for -medicinal use. Pliny states that he quickly cured inveterate ulcers by -this remedy. It is possible, however, that Musa acquired his knowledge -of this remedy from a Greek physician named Craterus, who had advised -that in certain wasting diseases vipers should be eaten, dressed as -fish. In Galen’s time vipers had become common medicines, and were -probably taken to some extent as a nourishing food.</p> - -<p>Moses Charas studied vipers very closely, and wrote a treatise on -their use in medicine (1669) which had a great reputation. He adopted -the curious view of Van Helmont that the poison of the viper, which -was supposed to be contained in the animal’s saliva, was not there -normally, but was created as the effect of rage and terror. According -to Charas, the head of the viper, grilled and eaten, would cure its -bite, or hung to the neck would cure quinsy. The brain similarly hung -on the neck of an infant would greatly assist in cutting the teeth. The -skin fastened round<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span> the right thigh of a woman was an excellent aid -to delivery in childbirth; if given to dogs, cooked or raw, it would -cure mange. The fat was a valuable application in gout, or for tumours. -Those treatments he had verified by his own experience. Other virtues -attributed to vipers were mentioned, but he had not proved them, and -could not conscientiously guarantee their existence. One was that the -person who swallowed the liver of a viper could not be bitten by any -kind of serpent during the ensuing six months.</p> - -<p>Madame de Sévigné, was a firm believer in the medicinal value of -vipers. Writing to her daughter in 1679 she says: “Madame de Lafayette -is taking viper broth, which much strengthens her eyesight.” In 1685 -she informs her son: “It is to vipers I am indebted for the abundant -health I now enjoy. They temper, purify, and refresh the blood. But -it is essential to have the vipers themselves, and not the powder, -which is heating unless taken in broth, boiled cream, or something -refreshing.” Then she goes on to advise him to get M. de Boissy to send -him ten dozen vipers from Poitou in a case divided into three or four -compartments lined with hay and moss, so that they can be kept at their -ease. He is to take two every morning. The heads are to be cut off, the -bodies to be scalded and cut into small pieces, and used to stuff a -fowl. He is to continue this treatment for a month.</p> - -<p>The early London Pharmacopœias gave the following form for the -Trochisci Viperum required in the preparation of Theriaca: Remove the -skin, entrails, head, fat and tail, and boil the flesh of vipers in -8 oz. of water with dill and a little salt, add 2 oz. of white bread -twice toasted, ground and sifted, and make into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span> troches, your hands -being anointed with opobalsamum or expressed oil of nutmeg. Dry them on -a sieve turned bottom upwards in an open place. Turn them frequently -until they are quite dry, and keep them in a well-stopped glass or -glazed vessel. They will keep good for a year, but it is better to make -the treacle with them as soon after they are made as possible.</p> - -<p>Quincy (1724) had great confidence in their virtues. He writes, -“That they are Balsamic and greatly Restorative is confirm’d by long -Experience; for we have many instances in Physical Histories of Persons -arriving at a healthful old age by their frequent use, as well as -others who recover’d from deplorable Decays and Weaknesses.” Then -he proceeds at considerable length to compare the juices of these -animals with those of terebinthous plants, which are mostly evergreens. -“Moreover they have been experienc’d to do wonders in cutaneous cases; -the Force and Activity of their parts breaking thro’ the little -obstructions in the Miliary Glands, which turn into Ichor, Scabs, and -Blotches” (those old practitioners knew exactly how their remedies -acted); “and by restoring a free perspiration render the skin smooth -and beautiful”; and much more on cures of itch, leprosy, and the worst -skin eruptions.</p> - -<p>Viper wine was a very popular tonic. It was believed to cure barrenness -in women. An essence of vipers was believed in as an aphrodisiac, but -Dr. James (1747) tells us that what was then advertised and sold in -London under that name was tincture of cantharides. This author is -sceptical about vipers altogether. He had given the flesh, broth, and -salt of vipers in large quantities, but had come to the conclusion that -the broths and flesh were no better than the broths and flesh of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span> fowl, -veal, or mutton, prepared in the same way, and as to the salt, he was -sure that the salt of hartshorn or any other animal salt would answer -just as well.</p> - -<p>The vipers employed for medicine were the common vipers, which in this -country are usually called adders (Vipera communis).</p> - -<p>A common recipe for viper broth was to boil together a chicken with a -middling-sized viper from which the head, skin, and entrails had been -removed. These made a quart of good broth.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Mummies.</h3> - -<p>The employment of mummies in medicine does not seem to have been very -ancient, nor did it become permanent. Who introduced it is not known. -Ephraim Chambers in his Cyclopœdia (1738) says, “Mummy is said to have -been first brought into use in medicine by the malice of a Jewish -physician, who wrote that flesh thus embalmed was good for the cure -of divers diseases, and particularly bruises, to prevent the blood’s -gathering and coagulating.” Pomet also says that a Jewish physician had -written about the medicinal value of mummy, but he does not suggest -that he had recommended it out of malice.</p> - -<p>The trade in mummies was evidently in the hands of the Jews and -Armenians at the time when Pomet wrote, and, according to him, the -fading popularity of mummy as a medicine was the result of the -rogueries practised by these Jews. He tells of a Guy de la Fontaine, -the King’s physician, who, when visiting in Egypt, went to see a Jew -in Alexandria who traded in mummies, and after some difficulty was -admitted into the Jew’s warehouse, where he saw several bodies piled -one upon another. “After a reflection of a quarter of an hour he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span> asked -him what druggs he made use of, and what sort of bodies were fit for -his service. The Jew answered that as to the dead he took such bodies -as he could get, whether they died of a common disease or of some -contagion. As to the druggs, they were nothing but a heap of some old -druggs mixed together which he applied to the bodies, which after he -had dried in an oven he sent into Europe, and was amazed to see the -Christians were lovers of such filthiness.” This very frank Jew must -have been on the point of retiring from business.</p> - -<p>Pomet regrets that he is not able to stop the abuses of the dealers -in this commodity, so he has to content himself with advising those -who buy mummy to choose what is of a fine shining black, not full of -bones and dirt, and of a good smell. He also tells us it is good for -contusions, and to prevent the blood from coagulating in the body -(1694).</p> - -<p>Ambrose Paré, who wrote before Pomet, was even more suspicious. He -mentions that it was held by some that the mummies then in use were -made and fashioned in France; that they were bodies stolen at night -from the gibbets, the brains and entrails removed, and the bodies dried -in a furnace, and then dipped in pitch. Paré states that he never -prescribes mummy.</p> - -<p>Oswald Crollius seems to have had no objection to artificial mummies. -In his “Royal Chemist” he gives a process for preparing one. The -carcase of a young man (some say a red-haired young man) who had been -killed, that is, did not die of disease, and, it is to be presumed, had -not been buried, was to lie in cold water in the air for twenty-four -hours. The flesh was to be cut in pieces and sprinkled with myrrh -and a little aloes. This was then to be soaked in spirit of wine and -turpentine for twenty-four hours, hung up for twelve hours, again<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span> -soaked in the spirit mixture for twenty-four hours, and finally hung up -in a dry place to dry.</p> - -<p>Mummies were principally recommended for consumption, wasting of flesh, -ulcers, and various corruptions.</p> - -<p>Nicasius Le Febre, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry to Charles II, in his -“Compleat Body of Chymistry,” 1670, says the best mummies for medical -use were those of bodies dried up in the hot sands of Lybia, where -sometimes whole caravans were overwhelmed by simooms and suffocated. -“This sudden suffocation doth concentrate the spirits in all the -parts by reason of the fear and sudden surprisal which seizes on the -travellers.” Next to these Lybian mummies Le Febre recommends the dried -corpse of a young lusty man of about 25 to 30 years of age who has been -suffocated or hanged. He gives directions for drying the flesh, smoking -it for a philosophical month, and then it is to be given in doses of -1 to 3 grains with some old treacle (theriaca) and vipers’ flesh made -into an electuary with spirit of wine. It was specially good against -pestilential diseases.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Dippel’s Animal Oil.</h3> - -<p>Animal oil, oil of harts’ horns, or empyreumatic oil, as it was -variously called, or Dippel’s animal oil, which was the original, was -highly prized as a medicine in the eighteenth century, and disputed -the palm for nastiness with the balsam of sulphur. Dippel made it from -harts’ horns, but later formulas directed it to be made from any bones, -from blood, or indeed from any animal substance. In distilling the horn -some water first came over, and this was rejected. At the end of the -operation the distillate consisted of carbonate of ammonia in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span> solution -and an empyreumatic oil, very dark and fœtid. The spirit was drawn off -by filtration, and the oil which remained in the filter was rectified -by as many as twenty distillations, the residue increasing at each -operation and the rectified oil becoming paler. As it became brown by -exposure to light it was the practice to put it up in 1 drachm bottles, -which were buried in sand.</p> - -<p>The virtues of this preparation were highly vaunted. Frederick Hoffmann -strongly recommended it, especially when fever threatened. Twenty to -thirty drops on a lump of sugar, followed by a glass of wine, were said -to procure a calm and refreshing sleep, often continuing for twenty -hours. It would be almost shorter to enumerate the complaints it was -not recommended for than those which its advocates alleged it would -cure. Epilepsy, apoplexy, palsy, plague, pleurisy, leprosy, and all -skin diseases down to ringworm, fevers, colds, and headaches of all -sorts were said to yield to its virtues.</p> - -<p>Johann Conrad Dippel, its inventor and medical sponsor, was a -strange, shifty, but clever adventurer. Born in 1673, near Darmstadt, -his father, a Lutheran minister, hoped to train his son to his own -profession. He was sent when quite a youth to Giessen University, where -he distinguished himself and soon became an ardent controversialist. -At that time the Protestants in Germany were divided into Orthodox and -Pietists, the latter seeking to restore the personal spirituality which -they considered the orthodox Lutherans were burying in formalities. -Young Dippel argued vigorously on the orthodox side, and went to -Strasburg to preach his views. There he also practised alchemy and -cheiromancy and, besides, got mixed up in broils and disturbances. His -inconsistent life compelled him to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span> leave Strasburg, and having spent -some time at Landau, Neustadt, and Worms, he returned to Giessen, where -he became as ardent a Pietist as he had previously been an Orthodox. He -took his degree, and then, having exhausted his father’s funds, took to -travelling, and practised medicine and alchemy, occasionally reverting -to theology, but now denouncing Protestantism in all its diversities.</p> - -<p>Getting to Berlin, and securing the confidence of some wealthy -believers, he established a laboratory where he produced this animal -oil and, more important still, in trying to imitate a Florentine lake -from cochineal, accidentally produced Prussian blue, but did not -realise the value of this discovery. He claimed to have succeeded in -making gold, and on the strength of his representations was able to get -deeply into debt, purchasing, among other luxuries, a castle and estate -for fifty thousand florins. In 1707 he was imprisoned for a short time -in Berlin, and when he regained his freedom made his way to Amsterdam. -He took a medical degree at Leyden, and was acquiring a good medical -practice at Amsterdam when his creditors and religious antagonists -compelled him to escape from Holland. He went to Altona and then to -Hamburg, but was ordered to leave both these cities. Copenhagen was -his next home, and there again he suffered imprisonment. He was sent -to the Island of Bornholm, where he practised as a physician until he -was freed on the instructions of the Queen of Denmark. His medical -reputation must have been both wide and high, for in 1727 the King -of Sweden who could not get cured of a malady by his own physicians -sent for Dippel, who completely succeeded. His troubled life seemed -likely now to be exchanged for peace and prosperity, but this was not -to be. The king would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span> willingly have kept Dippel near him, but Sweden -was a Protestant nation, and the clergy and people did not forget his -scoffing attacks on their cherished faith. They would not have him -among them, and Dippel had to return to Germany. After residing for a -short time at Lauenburg and Celle, he at last found a refuge at the -Castle of Wittgenstein, the owner of which, Count Wittgenstein, was -one of his adherents. There he lived from 1729 to 1734. The last event -recorded of him was characteristic. It had been announced that he was -dead. Dippel published an indignant denial, and declared his assurance -that he would not die until the year 1808. The prophecy failed, for the -next year, 1734, he was found dead in bed at the castle of Wittgenstein.</p> - -<p>The story of his discovery of Prussian blue is curious. When he was -in Berlin, an artist, named Diesbach, was preparing some Florentine -lake from a combination of alum and cochineal, acted on by sulphate -of iron and fixed alkali. He asked Dippel for some of the alkali left -over in his retort after he had distilled some of his animal oil. This -seemed to spoil the product, for it yielded a blue instead of a crimson -lake. Dippel tried it himself and got the same result. But he did not -appreciate the value of this product, and it was left for Scheele to -trace its chemical history.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Spermaceti.</h3> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“The sovereign’st thing on earth was parmceti for an inward -bruise.”—<i>Henry IV.</i> Part I, Act I, Sc. 3.</p> -</div> - -<p>Woodall (1639) writing of spermaceti, says, “It is good also against -bruises inwardly taken with Mummia.”</p> - -<p>Culpepper (1695) says, “Sperma Cœti is well applied outwardly to eating -ulcers, and the marks which the small-pox leaves behind; it clears the -sight, provokes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span> sweat. Inwardly, it troubles the stomach and belly, -helps bruising and stretching the nerves, and therefore is good for -women newly delivered.”</p> - -<p>Dr. James (1747) describes it as a noble medicine and refers to its -chief use for outward application in small-pox to prevent the pitting. -It was melted with oil of almonds, and with this mixture the pustules -were kept moist when they began to harden. He says, “Although this is -but a modern practice in this distemper, yet Schroder takes notice -of its use in his time in smoothing and filling up the fissures or -cavities made by blotches and scabs.”</p> - -<p>Schroder was much puzzled by this substance and was doubtful whether -to class it among animal or mineral substances. He decided to include -it among minerals. Subsequently it was believed to be the spawn of the -whale, and from this belief it acquired its name. Still its origin -continued to be discussed. Gesner said it was a milk shed by the whale. -Borrichius believed it to be the spinal marrow. Pomet affirms with -certainty that spermaceti is the brain of the whale (cachalot). He had -not only seen it prepared, but had prepared it himself. He described -the process. The brain was melted over a gentle fire, then cast into -moulds, cooled, and when the oil had drained off, remelted, moulded -again and again until it was very white. Then, with a knife made for -the purpose, it was cut into scales or flakes. Lemery says the ancients -gave it the name, believing it to be the seed of the whale, which was -found floating on the sea. But in (his) modern times this opinion had -been rejected, and it was held to be a kind of sea froth driven by the -waves to and fro. Quite recently (when he wrote) it had been learnt -that it was drawn from the head of the whale.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span></p> - -<p>Our spermaceti ointment was known in earlier pharmacopœias as unguentum -album, and at first contained white lead.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Honey</h3> - -<p class="p-left">is one of the oldest of food products, and was the only sweetening -substance in popular use until quite modern times. Sugar was known in -India and was imported into Greece and Rome at very early periods. -The name saccharum is of Sanskrit origin, and therefore testifies -to its ancient lineage, and allusions to it, likening it to honey, -are to be found in the writings of many of the classic naturalists -from Herodotus onwards. The Arabs, who had long brought sugar from -India to the wealthy West, made great use of it in medicine, and the -early apothecaries in England, France, and Germany were the makers -of sweetmeats from sugar to royal and aristocratic gourmets. Queen -Elizabeth’s apothecaries were in the habit of presenting her with boxes -of sweetmeats on her birthdays.</p> - -<p>But sugar was a rarity and a luxury for the rich, while honey was -always in use. Palestine was a land flowing with milk and honey, and -the records of its employment as a food, a fermented beverage, and as -a medicine, are traceable in almost all histories. The ancients had -curious notions concerning it. They knew that the bees obtained it -from flowers, but they thought the flowers had only caught it as it -descended from the heavens. Pliny says it is engendered in the air, -mostly at the rising of the constellations, and especially when Sirius -is shining. He is not sure whether it is the sweat of the heavens, -saliva from the stars, or a juice exuding from the air while purifying -itself. He admits that its flavour affords an exquisite<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span> pleasure, but -he wonders what that flavour would be if we could get the pure ethereal -substance uncontaminated by the corruption of the air, its absorption -by the herbs, and afterwards in the stomachs of the bees. Pliny and -Galen both affirm that it was sometimes found where no bees had been, -and Galen says in such cases the peasantry exclaimed that Jupiter -was raining honey. The honey which came in this way was called Cibus -Celestis.</p> - -<p>Honey was used in the preparation of all the famous confections and -electuaries of old pharmacy, and when these began to lose their -reputation there were authorities who attributed their decline in -efficacy to the substitution of sugar for honey. Dioscorides had -stated that honey counteracted the evil effects of the juice of the -poppy. In the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries honey was credited -with many medicinal virtues. Applied to the scalp it was a remedy for -baldness; better if some dead and dried bees were ground up with it. -It wonderfully promoted expectoration. It was also claimed that it -would destroy worms if drunk in milk, because the worms took to it -so greedily that they killed themselves by excess. Oxymels, too, had -at one time a high repute. A compound oxymel, containing a number of -aromatic herbs, was handed down from Mesué to the early pharmacopœias, -and was esteemed as a stimulant of the liver and kidneys.</p> - -<p>An oil of wax was known as the Celestial Medicine. It was made by -melting bees’ wax, then wringing it out by hand pressure seven times in -sweet wine, and finally distilling it twice. It would kill worms, cure -palsy, and greatly assist in childbirth.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span></p> - -<h2>XVI<br /> -<span class="subhed">REMINISCENCES OF ANCIENT PHARMACY</span></h2></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>At the Renaissance of letters at first everything had to give -place to the books of the ancients; nothing was good or true -except what was found in Aristotle or Galen. Instead of studying -plants as they grew, they were only studied in the works of -Pliny and Dioscorides; and nothing is so frequent in the -writings of those times than to find the existence of a plant -doubted for the simple reason that Dioscorides has not spoken of -it.</p> - -<p class="r1 p0"><span class="smcap">J. J. Rousseau</span>: <i>Dictionary of Botany</i>. -</p></div> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Precious Stones.</h3> - -<p>Marvellous virtues were attributed by the ancients to the precious -stones known to them, but rather perhaps in their character of amulets -than as medicines. One of the so-called hymns of Orpheus, composed -probably about 500 <span class="sm">B.C.</span>, is “On Stones,” and describes the -properties of many of these highly esteemed minerals. Four lines -(taken from a translation in the Rev. C. W. King’s “Natural History of -Precious Stones”) will serve as a sample:—</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div>With its complexion of a lovely boy</div> - <div>The opal fills the hearts of gods with joy;</div> - <div>Whilst by the mild effulgence of its light</div> - <div>Its healing power restores the fading sight.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>Coral, according to the same authority, acquired its special properties -from Minerva. This substance was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span> much valued by the Romans, who -attached pieces of it by ribbons to their children’s necks, in the -belief that it would protect them against the designs of sorcerers; and -Paracelsus adopted the same view, recommending necklaces of coral to be -worn as a preventive of epilepsy, “but such impostures,” says Quincy -(1724), “are now deservedly laughed out of the world.” Some old writers -insisted that coral worn on the person changed colour, becoming dull -and pale when the wearer’s health failed.</p> - -<p>In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries coral and pearls were -considerably used in medicine in the form of magisteries, tinctures, -syrups, and arcana. Lemery says coral was given to infants in their -mothers’ milk as soon as they were born (he does not explain how) to -prevent epilepsy, and he names a multitude of other disorders for which -it was good. Boyle, too, in his “Collection of Remedies,” recommends it -in drachm doses to “sweeten the blood and cure acidity.” The largest -and reddest obtainable was to be chosen.</p> - -<p>Pearls were used in medicine until the eighteenth century, when it -began to be suspected that chalk had the same effect. The tiniest -pearls, known as pearl seeds, ground to a fine powder, were prescribed -as an absorbent, antacid, and cordial. This powder was also used, says -Pomet, “by ladies of quality to give a lustre and beauty to the face.” -It was superseded before long by Lemery’s magistery of bismuth, which, -however, retained the name of pearl white. Pomet further states that -a magistery of pearl was made (apparently by quacks) by combining the -ground pearl with acids; an arcanum, spirits, flowers, and tinctures -were also prepared and credited with marvellous virtues, “to pick -fools’ pockets.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span></p> - -<p>Pearls, writes Jean de Renou (1607), “are greatly cordial and rejoice -the heart. The alchemists consequently make a liquor of pearls, which -they pretend is a marvellous cure for many maladies. More often than -not, however, their pretended liquor is nothing but smoke, vanity, and -quackery. I knew a barber in this city of Paris who was sent for by -a patient to apply two leeches, and who had the impudence to demand -six crowns of gold for his service. He declared that he had fed those -leeches for an entire month on the liquor of pearls.”</p> - -<p>It is on record that Pope Clement VII took 40,000 ducats’ worth of -pearls and other precious stones with unicorn’s horn within fourteen -days. (See Mrs. Henry Cust’s “Gentlemen Errant.”)</p> - -<p>Emeralds had a great reputation, especially on account of their moral -attributes. They were cold in an extra first degree, so cold that -they became emblems of chastity, and curious tales of their powers in -controlling the passions were told. Moses Maimonides, a famous Jew -who lived in Egypt in the twelfth century, in a treatise he wrote by -command of the Caliph as a concise guide in cases of venomous bites or -poisons generally, declared that emeralds were the supreme cure. They -might be laid on the stomach or held in the mouth or 9 grains of the -powdered stone might be taken in wine. But recognising that emeralds -were not always handy when the need arose, Moses names a number of more -ordinary remedies.</p> - -<p>Confection of Hyacinth was a noted compound formulated in all the old -pharmacopœias, and regarded as a sovereign cordial, fortifying the -heart, the stomach, and the brain; resisting the corruption of the -humours and the malignity of the air; and serving for many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span> other -medicinal purposes. The original formula ordered besides hyacinths -(which were probably amethysts), sapphires, emeralds, topazes, and -pearls; silk; gold and silver leaves; musk, ambergris, myrrh, and -camphor; sealed earth, coral, and a few vegetable drugs; all made into -an electuary with syrup of carnations. A similar compound, but in -powder form, was known as “Hungary Powder” and was believed to have -been the most esteemed remedy in the Hungary Fever, to which some -reference is made in the sketch of Glauber (Vol. I, pp. 260–264). The -Emperor Ferdinand’s Plague Powder was another variation of the same -compound. The formula given in Lemery’s Pharmacopœia orders about -twenty vegetable drugs with bole, hartshorn, ivory, and one scruple -each of sapphires, hyacinths, emeralds, rubies, and garnets, in a total -bulk of about 4½ ounces. The dose was from ½ scruple to 2 scruples.</p> - -<p>Sir William Bulleyn, a famous physician in the reign of Henry VIII, -and said to have been of the same family as the Queen, Anne Boleyn, in -his “Book of Simples,” which was a work of great renown in its day, -gives the following recipe for Electuarium de Gemmis. “Take 2 drachms -of white perles; two little peeces of saphyre; jacinthe, corneline, -emerauldes, granettes, of each an ounce; setwal, the sweate roote -doronike, the rind of pomecitron, mace, basel seede, of each 2 drachms; -redde corall, amber, shaving of ivory, of each 2 drachms; rootes both -of white and red behen, ginger, long pepper, spicknard, folium indicum, -saffron cardamon, of each one drachm; troch diarodon, lignum aloes, of -each half a small handful; cinnamon, galinga, zurubeth, which is a kind -of setwal, of each 1½ drachm; thin pieces of gold and sylver, of each -half a scruple; musk, half a drachm.” The electuary was to be made<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span> -with “honey emblici, which is the fourth kind of mirobalans with roses, -strained, in equall parts, as much as will suffice.” What that may mean -I do not know. The medicine, it was said, would heal cold, disease of -the brain, heart, and stomach, and Bulleyn adds, “Kings and noble men -have used this for their comfort. It causeth them to be bold-spirited, -the body to smell well, and ingendreth to the face good colour.”</p> - -<p>There was a theory that the engraving of a design or a monogram on a -gem increased its medicinal virtues. Galen doubts this, however. He -states that the jasper benefits the chest and the mouth of the stomach -if laid thereupon, and for complaints of these parts he recommends -a necklace of jaspers hung round the neck and reaching down to the -affected part. That he knew would do good. But some recommended that a -serpent should be engraved on the stones, and Galen had tried this, but -could not discover that the engraved stones were any better than the -plain ones (Simp. Med., ix).</p> - -<p>The idea did not die, however. Mr. King quotes the opinion of Camillo -Lionhardo, physician to Cæsar Borgia, to the effect that if precious -stones were engraved by a skilful person under a particular influence, -that influence would be transmitted to the stone; and if the figure -engraved corresponded with the virtue of the stone itself or its -natural quality, the virtue of the figure and of the stone would be -doubled.</p> - -<p>Jerome Cardan and other mystic writers of the sixteenth century gave -great prominence to precious stones as remedies; and Culpepper after -quoting from several of them intimates that he expects some of his -readers may consider the accounts given incredible. They declared that -the diamond rendered men fearless,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span> that the ruby took away idle and -foolish fancies, that the emerald resisted lust, that the amethyst kept -men from drunkenness and too much sleep, and so on. Culpepper’s reply -to prospective sceptics is that he has named his authorities, and that -he knows nothing to the contrary why it may not be as possible for -these stones to have the effects attributed to them as for the sound of -a trumpet to incite a man to valour, or a fiddle to dancing. Moreover, -said Garcius, if the stones applied externally were so efficacious, how -much more so would they be if taken internally.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">The Four Officinal Capitals.</h3> - -<p>This description was applied in old medical books to Mithridatium, -Venice Treacle, Philonium, and Diascordium. There were writers who -ventured to criticise some of the details of composition, or some of -the uses frequently made of these compounds, but the possibility of -medicine existing without them was hardly contemplated previous to the -eighteenth century. Of the two confections first named much has been -said in other chapters; but it may be of interest to present here a -conspectus of the ingredients of each, comparing the last formulas -prescribed in the London Pharmacopœia with what may be regarded as -the original compositions. The first pair of formulas are quoted from -Galen, who gives the Mithridatium from Damocrates and the Theriaca from -Andromachus. Both were in Greek verses. It is not known whether the -prescription of Andromachus was versified by Nero’s physician or by his -son.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span></p> - - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<h4 class="smcap">Antidotus Mithridatica Damocratis.</h4> - -<p>Root of round birthwort; of valerian; of each 4½ oz.; of sweet -flag, 5 oz. 3 drm.; of gentian, 7½ oz.; of Ligusticum meum, 3 -oz. 6 drms.; of ginger, 15 oz.; herb of dittany of Crete, 7½ -oz.; of pennyroyal, and of scordium, of each 10½ oz.; leaves of -laurus cassia, 12 oz.; flowers of St. John’s wort, 3½ oz., of -French lavender, 12 oz.; of red lavender, and of roses, of each, -7½ oz.; Celtic nard, 7½ oz.; spikenard, 15 oz.; lemon grass, 13 -oz.; seeds of thlaspi, 15 oz.; of seseli, 12 oz.; of carrot, -10½ oz.; of parsley, and fennel, of each, 7½ oz.; of anise, -4½ oz.; juniper berries, 1 oz.; long pepper, 12 oz.; white -pepper, and fruit of amyris opobalsamum, of each 10½ oz.; lesser -cardamoms, 7½ oz.; saffron, 15 oz.; cinnamon, 15½ oz.; Arabian -costus, 12 oz.; cassia lignea, 10½ oz.; trochiscs of agaric, 15 -oz.; castor, 12 oz.; scincus marinus, 3½ oz.; myrrh, 16 oz.; -olibanum, 15 oz.; bdellium, 10½ oz.; gum Arabic, 7½ oz.</p> - -<p>Pulverise, mix, and sift the above. Then dissolve in 8 lb. of -wine galbanum and opoponax, of each 12 oz.; sagapenum, 4½ oz.; -juice of hypocist, 12 oz.; juice of acacia, 4 oz.; opium, 7½ oz.</p> - -<p>Mix this solution with 106 lb. despumated honey, and gradually -incorporate the powder. Then pour into the mixture 12 oz. of -storax dissolved in 14 oz. of turpentine, and finally add 12 oz. -of opobalsamum. Stir for several hours and leave the mixture to -ferment in a large vessel.</p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Electuarium Theriacale Magnum.</h4> - -<p>Root of Florentine iris, licorice, of each, 12 oz.; of Arabian -costus, Pontic rhubarb, cinquefoil, of each 6 oz.; of Ligusticum -meum, rhubarb, gentian, of each, 4 oz.; of birthwort, 2 oz.; -herb of scordium, 12 oz.; of lemon grass, horehound, dittany of -Crete, calamint, of each, 6 oz.; of pennyroyal, ground pine, -germander, of each, 4 oz.; leaves of laurus cassia, 4 oz.; -flowers of red roses, 12 oz.; of lavender, 6 oz.; of St. John’s -wort, 4 oz.; of lesser centaury, 2 oz.; saffron, 6 oz.; fruit -of amyris opobalsamum, 4 oz.; cinnamon, 12 oz.; cassia lignea, -spikenard, of each, 6 oz.; Celtic nard, 4 oz.; long pepper, 24 -oz.; black pepper, ginger, of each 6 oz.; cardamoms, 4 oz.; rape -seeds, agaric, of each 12 oz.; seeds of Macedonian parsley, 6 -oz.; of anise, fennel, cress, seseli, thlaspi, amomum, sandwort, -of each 4 oz.; of carrot, 2 oz.; opium, 24 oz.; opobalsamum, 12 -oz.; myrrh, olibanum, turpentine, of each 6 oz.; storax, gum -Arabic, sagapenum, of each 4 oz.; asphaltum, opoponax, galbanum, -of each 2 oz.; juice of acacia, and of hypocist, of each, 4 oz.; -castor, 2 oz.; Lemnian bole, calcined vitriol, of each, 4 oz.; -trochiscs of squill, 48 oz.; of vipers, of sweet flag, of each -24 oz.</p> - -<p>Triturate the balsams, resins, and gums in a sufficient quantity -of wine, to form a thin paste, and incorporate the whole with -960 oz. of honey.</p> -</div> - -<p>Appended are the formulas for these two confections as given in the -P.L. 1746. The drugs named in parentheses are those which the College -officially authorised as substitutes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span></p> - - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<h4 class="smcap">Confectio Damocratis (Mithridatium).</h4> - -<p>Cinnamon, 14 drachms, myrrh, 11 drachms; agaric, spikenard, -ginger, saffron, thlaspi seeds, frankincense, Chio turpentine, -of each, 10 drachms.</p> - -<p>Camel’s hay, Arabian costus (zedoary), Indian leaf (mace), -French lavender, long pepper, hartwort seeds, juice of rape of -cistus, strained storax, opoponax, strained galbanum, balm of -Gilead (expressed oil of nutmeg), Russian castor, of each, 1 oz.</p> - -<p>Poley mountain, water germander, fruit of balsam tree (cubebs), -white pepper, Cretan carrot seeds, strained bdellium, of each 7 -drachms.</p> - -<p>Celtic nard, gentian root, Cretan dittany leaves, red roses, -Macedonian parsley seeds, lesser cardamum seeds, sweet fennel -seeds, gum Arabic, strained opium, of each 5 drachms.</p> - -<p>Sweet flag root, wild valerian root, aniseed, strained -sagapenum, of each 3 drachms.</p> - -<p>Spignel, St. John’s wort, juice of acacia (catechu), bellies of -seines, of each 2½ drachms.</p> - -<p>Clarified honey, three times the weight of all the rest.</p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Theriaca Andromachi.</h4> - -<p>Troches of squills, ½ lb.</p> - -<p>Long pepper, strained opium, dried vipers, of each, 3 oz.</p> - -<p>Cinnamon, balm of Gilead (expressed oil of nutmeg), of each, 2 -oz.</p> - -<p>Agaric, orris root, scordium, red roses, navew seeds, extract of -licorice, of each 1½ ounces.</p> - -<p>Spikenard, saffron, greater cardmoms, myrrh, costus (zedoary), -camel’s hay, of each 1 oz.</p> - -<p>Cinquefoil root, rhubarb, ginger, Indian leaf (mace), Cretan -dittany leaves, horehound, calamint, French lavender, black -pepper, parsley seeds, olibanum, Chio turpentine, valerian root, -of each, 6 drachms.</p> - -<p>Gentian root, Celtic nard, spignel, poley mountain, St. John’s -wort, ground pine, creeping germander, fruit of balsam tree -(cubebs), aniseed, fennel seed, lesser cardamoms, bishop’s weed, -hartwort, treacle mustard, juice of rape of cistus, catechu, -gum Arabic, storax, sagapenum, Lemnian earth (Armenian bole), -calcined green vitriol, of each, ½ oz.</p> - -<p>Creeping birthwort, lesser centaury, Cretan carrot seeds, -opoponax, strained galbanum, Russian castor, Jews’ pitch (white -amber), sweet flag root, of each, 2 drachms.</p> - -<p>Clarified honey, three times the weight of all the rest.</p> -</div> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Philonium,</h3> - -<p class="p-left">a famous antidote invented by Philon of Tarsus, who is supposed to -have lived in the early part of the first century (a contemporary -probably of Saul of Tarsus). Galen says of it that it had been in -great reputation for a long time, and was one of the earliest of the -compounds of the kind. Philon gives his formula in Greek verses and in -such enigmatic language that it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span> would be impossible to interpret it if -Galen himself had not come to the rescue. Philon writes:—</p> - -<p>Take of the red and odorous hairs of the young lad whose blood is -shed on the fields of Mercury (saffron), as many drachms as we have -senses; of the Nauplium Euboic (pyrethrum), 1 drachm; the same quantity -of the murderer of the son of Menetius, preserved in sheeps’ bellies -(euphorbium); add 20 drachms of white fire (white pepper); the same -quantity of the beans of the pigs of Arcadia (henbane); one drachm -of the plant which is falsely called a root, and which comes from a -country renowned because of Jupiter Pissean (spikenard); write pium, -and place at the head of the word the masculine article of the Greeks -(opium) 10 drachms; and mix the whole with the work of the daughters of -the bull of Athens (Attic honey).</p> - -<p>The words in parentheses are the explanations of this rather unwieldy -joke as they are provided by Galen. It is conjectured from an obscure -passage in Pliny that this antidote was prescribed against a peculiar -form of colic which became epidemic at Rome about the time when Philon -was practising there.</p> - -<p>Philonium was the original of the confection of opium which remained -in our pharmacopœias until 1867. In the first London Pharmacopœia -the formula was more similar to that which Galen gives; later, a -modification by Nicolas Myrepsus was adopted, the most important -change being the omission of the euphorbium. Until 1746 it was called -Philonium Romanum. In the P.L. 1746, the ingredients were white pepper, -ginger, caraway seeds, strained opium, and syrup of poppies (or of -meconium, as it was called). This had been substituted for honey in all -the English formulas. The name was also changed in 1746 to Philonium<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span> -Londinense. The proportion of opium in Philonium was 1 grain in 36 -grains.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Diascordium,</h3> - -<p class="p-left">the last of the four officinal capitals, was a medicinal compilation -by Hieronymus Frascatorius, and is given in his book “De Contagio -et Morbis Contagiosis.” It was devised as a preventive of plague, -but it acquired such popularity that Dr. James in the introduction -to his Dispensatory (1747) writing of the conventional esteem in -which so many compounds are held, says, “Thus the Venice Treacle -invented by Andromachus under the reign of Nero, and the Diascordium -of Frascatorius, have been used by almost every physician who has -practised since their publication.” The original formula, which was -adopted in its integrity in the first P.L., was as follows:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Cinnamon, Cassia wood, aa ½ oz.; true scordium (water germander) -1 oz.; Cretan dittany, bistort galbanum, gum Arabic, aa ½ oz.; -storax, 4½ drachms; opium, seeds of sorrel, aa 1½ drachm; -gentian, ½ oz.; Armenian bole, 1½ oz.; sealed earth (Lemnian), ½ -oz.; long pepper, ginger, aa 2 drachms; clarified honey, 2½ lb.; -generous canary, 8 oz. Make into an electuary, S.A.</p> -</div> - -<p>In the eighteenth century this compound became a popular household -opiate, and was frequently given to children for soothing purposes, -especially as the Pharmacopœia had substituted syrup of meconium -(poppies) for the honey. As the preparation was rather a strong -astringent it was doubly harmful as a frequently taken remedy. In the -P.L. 1746 two species of diascordium were prescribed, one with and -one without opium; at the same time a “pulvis e bolo compositus” was -introduced in which the scordium, the dittany, the sorrel seeds, the -storax, the sealed earth,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span> the bistort, and the galbanum, as well as -the wine, were omitted. Edinburgh likewise omitted the scordium and -other ingredients, and made the preparation still more astringent by -the addition of catechu and kino. This was called Confectio Japonica. -The mangled remains of the various formulas are represented in the -British Pharmacopœia by Pulvis Catechu Compositus.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Theriaca.</h3> - -<p>Theriaca was invented by Nero’s physician, Andromachus, and was devised -as an improvement on Mithridatium which until then was the great -antidote in Roman pharmacy. The most important addition which appeared -in the new formula was the introduction of vipers. Andromachus named -his electuary “Galene,” which meant tranquil, probably to suggest that -it was a soothing, anodyne medicine. It soon, however, acquired its -permanent name, for it is referred to as Theriaca by Pliny, who would -have been a contemporary with Andromachus. Pliny, it may be remarked, -was rather contemptuous of the polypharmaceutic compounds which were -then becoming so popular. They were devised, he says, “ad ostentationem -artis;” just to “show off,” as we should say.</p> - -<p>Andromachus (or it may have been his son, a physician of the same -name) wrote his formula, and described the virtues of his compound -in Greek elegiac verses which he dedicated to Nero, and which Galen -has preserved. The object of giving the formula in verse was that it -should be less easy to modify it. The enumeration of the medicinal -properties of the antidote left very little room for any other remedy. -First it would counteract all poisons and bites of venomous<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span> animals. -Besides, it would relieve all pains, weaknesses of the stomach, asthma, -difficulty of breathing, phthisis, colic, jaundice, dropsy, weakness of -sight, inflammation of the bladder and of the kidneys, and plague.</p> - -<p>Galen, after describing its alexipharmic properties, states that he -tested it by causing a number of fowls to be dosed with it. To these -he brought others to which no theriaca had been given. The poison was -administered to all. The fowls to which the theriaca had been given all -survived, and all the others died. Galen’s encomiums on this compound -were no doubt largely responsible for the marvellous reputation it -enjoyed all through the centuries in which his authority was accepted. -He declares that it resists poison and venomous bites, cures inveterate -headache, vertigo, deafness, epilepsy, apoplexy, dimness of sight, loss -of voice, asthma, coughs of all kinds, spitting of blood, tightness of -the breath, colic, the iliac passion, jaundice, hardness of the spleen, -stone, urinary complaints, fevers, dropsies, leprosies, the troubles to -which women are subject, melancholy, and all pestilences.</p> - -<p>Down to the seventeenth century these virtues were almost universally -accepted, and many were the learned treatises written to explain its -action; how one drug toned down the effect of others, and how the whole -formed a sort of harmony in medicine. At the same time most of the old -masters in pharmacy fancied they could suggest some improvement, and -the original formula was modified in scores of ways.</p> - -<p>In addition there arose new electuaries, modelled more or less closely -on theriaca, but perhaps devised for some special complaints, and -bearing the names of their authors. Many of these also attained to -considerable fame.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span></p> - -<p>For some centuries the theriaca made in turn at Constantinople, Cairo, -Genoa, and Venice was in such reputation that customers would have it -so branded. Ultimately the last-named city secured almost the monopoly -of the manufacture. A reference to its production there occurs in -Evelyn’s Diary, dated March 23, 1646. Evelyn writes: “Having packed up -my purchases of books, pictures, casts, treacle, &c. (the making and -extraordinary ceremony whereof I had been curious to observe, for it is -extremely pompous and worth seeing), I departed from Venice.”</p> - -<p>In the reign of Queen Elizabeth English apothecaries began to -claim that they could make the confection as well as their Italian -contemporaries. Some curious documents illustrating their confidence -were given in an interesting research by Mr. W. G. Piper, published -in <i>The Chemist and Druggist</i>, March 15, 1880. He quotes from -William Turner, “the learned divine, daring Protestant, and first -English botanist,” the title of a work on the virtues and properties -of the great Triacle (published in 1568 but not now known), and also -a few paragraphs from a later volume on the same subject in which, -after describing the method of making the remedy, he says: “Wherefore -if there be any Apothecaries in London that dare take in hande to make -these noble compositions they may know where to haue them.” It appears -that Hugh Morgan, the Queen’s apothecary, accepted the challenge, -for in a pamphlet by him (1585) he insists that his product has been -compared with other “theriacle” brought from Constantinople and Venice, -and has been better commended. “It is very lamentable to consider,” -he writes, “that straungers doe dayly send into England a false and -naughty kinde of Mithridatium and Threacle<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span> in great barrelles more -than a thousand weight in a year, and vtter ye same at a lowe price for -3d. and 4d. a pound, to ye great hurt of Her Maiesties subjects and no -small game to straungers purses.”</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p045"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p045.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center p-left smcap">Preparation of Theriaca.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">(From Brunschwick’s “Destillir,” Strassburg, 1500.)</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm"><i>Reproduced (by permission) from “The Follies of Science,” by H. -Carrington Bolton (Pharmaceutical Review Publishing Co., Milwaukee, -U.S.A.)</i></p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">Mr. Piper also quoted at length from another pamphlet published in -1612 by R. Band (in a subsequent edition, R. Browne), who relates how -the Master and Wardens of the Grocers’ Company, having marked that “a -filthy and unwholesome baggage composition” was being brought into this -Realm as Tryacle of Genoa,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span> “made only of the rotten garble and refuse -outcast of all kinds of spices and drugs, hand over head with a little -filthy molasses and tarre to worke it up withal,” communicated with -the College of Physicians, and induced them to prescribe the proper -formula and to superintend the manufacture, which was then entrusted to -Mr. William Besse, apothecary in the Poultry. Mr. Besse had to take “a -corporall oath” before the Lord Mayor, and every year when he made the -confection had to show the ingredients and the product to the College -of Physicians. His triacle was sold at not above 2<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i> -per lb. or 2<i>d.</i> per ounce. It appears from the same pamphlet -that nothing was alleged against Venice Treacle except its “excessive -dearness.”</p> - -<p>Prosper Alpinus, a Paduan physician, wrote an account of his three -years’ residence at Cairo (“De Medicina Ægyptorum”) in 1591, and has -much to say of the manufacture of Theriaca in that city. It was only -allowed to be made in public, and the ceremony was performed once -a year in the month of May in the Mosque of Morestan by the chief -pharmacist of the city in the presence of all the physicians. The -operator would give no information to Albinus, a Christian, about the -composition; but he got what he wanted from a famous herbalist who -collected all the materials for the compound. Albinus states that at -that time Italians, Germans, Poles, Flemings, Englishmen, and Frenchmen -came to Cairo to purchase this true Theriaca.</p> - -<p>Theriaca (Tyriaca, as he calls it), was among the drugs recommended to -Alfred the Great by Helias, the Patriarch of Jerusalem. The manuscript -is quoted in “Anglo-Saxon Leechdoms” by the Rev. Oswald Cockayne. (See -Vol. I, p. - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span></p> - -<p>Many allusions in old records show how highly the confection was -esteemed by those who could afford to take it. According to Buckle -(“Miscell. Works,” Vol. II, p. 303) it is first mentioned in English -literature by Foucher de Chartres (1124). He had come to know of it in -the first crusade. A “Pixis argenti ad Tyriacum” is named in the Close -Roll of King John, 1208; in the old romance of Sir Tristrem (about -1250) a man is slain by a dragon; and “His mouth opened thai And pelt -treacle in that man”; the “triacle box du pere apelle une Hakette -garniz d’or” is mentioned among the precious effects of Henry V; in the -Paston letters written in the reign of Edward IV we find allusions to -“treacle pottes of Geane (Genoa) as my potecarie swerytht on to me, and -moerovyr that they were never undoo syns that they came from Geane.”</p> - -<p>In early English books treacle was a term used metaphorically for the -divinest blessings. Nothing could better prove the high appreciation -in which it was held. Piers Ploughman (about 1370) writes, “Treuthe -telleth that love ys tryacle for synne”; Chaucer (1340–1400) has -“Crist, which is to every harm triacle”; in Coverdale’s Bible (1535) -the sentence in Jeremiah viii, 22 is rendered “Is there no triacle -in Gilead?”; Sir Thomas More (1573) writes of “laying up a store of -cumfort in your hart as a triacle against the poyson of desperate -dread”; and later Milton speaks of “the treacle of sound doctrine”; -Jeremy Taylor says, “We kill the Viper and make treacle of him; that -is, we not only escape from but get advantage by temptations.”</p> - -<p>Laurens Catelan, Master Apothecary of Montpellier, and Apothecary in -Ordinary to Monseigneur the Prince de Condé, has left a full report of -his discourse on the occasion of his dispensing a batch of Theriaca<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span> at -Montpellier on September 23, 1628. It is a most interesting lecture, -full of curious old facts chiefly about poisonings, and inspired with -an unshakable faith in the importance of the operation in which he was -engaged. The exordium is explanatory of the ceremony:</p> - -<p>“The regulations and statutes under which we live in this city,” says -Master Catelan, “require that whenever we prepare either Theriaca, -Mithridatium, Confection of Hyacinth, or Confection Alkermes, the -compounding shall be done in public, and in the presence of the -very illustrious professors of this famous University of Medicine, -so that they may have the opportunity of censuring or approving the -ingredients, and the public may therefore be assured of the fidelity of -these important medicines.</p> - -<p>“This is why I have here spread out before you all these drugs which -are used in the composition of the great and famous Theriaca.</p> - -<p>“But as I am honoured with the attendance of such an august assembly, I -ought not, I think, to omit to lay before you some of the singularities -associated with the history and composition of this remedy, and I -will divide what I have to say on these subjects into three sections, -namely—</p> - -<p>“(1) The discoverer of this compound; (2) the purpose of the invention; -and (3) the reasons why these drugs and no others of the multitude -known to us have been chosen for this purpose.”</p> - -<p>The lecturer then entered upon a history of Mithridates and his -wonderful immunity against poisons; of his defeat by Pompey, of the -recovery of his formula, of the additions made to it a hundred years -later by Andromachus, and of the preservation of directions<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span> for making -it which Galen wrote some fifty years after Andromachus had completed -his invention.</p> - -<p>At this point the book tells us there was an interval, and some music -was performed. When the lecturer resumed he proceeded to tell of -the risks which princes and nobles ran of being poisoned in those -old times, and of the precautions taken against such crimes. Of the -rings and amulets they wore, of the tasters they employed, and of the -treatment such as Mithridates went through of accustoming his system to -poisons to such an extent that they took no effect on him. He quotes -in support of the belief in this method of ensuring immunity against -poisons two or three stories from the classics which one would have -thought would have been too strong even for a professional eulogist of -Theriaca.</p> - -<p>One case was that of a girl who ate spiders from her childhood, and was -so fortified against poisons as not to be afraid to take any of them. -A man is alluded to by Galen who would drink a cup of wine in which a -live viper had been drowned. We have also the account of a girl whose -system had been so saturated with aconite that an Indian king had sent -her as a present to Alexander the Great in the hope that he would kiss -her, and thus imbibe the poison with which her lips would be charged; -but, fortunately, Aristotle saw her first, and recognised by her -flaming eyes that she was filled with some sort of poison, and thus the -Indian’s purpose was frustrated.</p> - -<p>After another interval and some more music, the lecturer came to the -third part of his subject, in which he expounded the special virtues -of the drugs before him. These were grouped, and it was shown that -some were good for the brain, others for the chest, for the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span> stomach, -for the kidneys, the heart, and other organs. Others, like the viper’s -flesh, were directly sympathetic with poisons, and would go straight -for them if they were inside the body, or would lie in wait for them, -as it were, if they were only expected. When the subject was exhausted, -it was announced that in consequence of the lateness of the hour the -weighing of the ingredients would be postponed till the next day. That -ceremony was duly performed on the 24th of September, and the drugs -were passed on to a “pulveriser.” It was not until the 16th of November -that the final mixing was undertaken.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Kermes.</h3> - -<p>Kermes as a pharmaceutical term reaches us through the Arabic, qirmis, -red. But it was not a native Arabic word. It was adopted into that -language from the Persian, and was of Sanskrit origin. The word -Krimija in Sanskrit meant produced by a worm, and was itself from -krimi, a worm; worm is the direct English descendant of krimi. Kermes -is responsible in modern English for carmine and crimson, but it need -hardly be said that it has no connection with the Flemish kermess -though it looks so like it. Kermess is kerkmess, or, in English, -church-mass.</p> - -<p>The kermes of the Arabs was the kokkos of the Greeks, coccus of the -Romans. It was found on a species of oak, now called the Quercus ilex, -a low, shrubby, evergreen bush with prickly leaves like the holly. -The tree, however, bears acorns. The ancients generally regarded -these insects as the fruit of the trees, though they were aware that -worms came from them. But these they thought were produced from the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span> -corruption of the fruit. The principal use they made of them was in -dyeing, and for this purpose they were employed until the superior -coccus cacti from Mexico superseded the coccus ilicis. In the middle -ages kermes was retained as the medicinal name, but for dyeing the -insects were called vermiculi, and the cloth dyed by them was known -as vermiculata. From this came the French word vermeil, and from that -vermilion was derived.</p> - -<p>Medicinally the coccus was principally employed by the Greek and Latin -physicians as an application to wounds and for inflamed eyes. It -acquired a very high reputation among the Arab doctors as a cordial -for internal administration, and the famous Confection of Alkermes, -invented by Mesué the younger, who was contemporary with Avicenna, -continued in popular favour up to the eighteenth century. Meanwhile, -the external application of kermes lingered in the use of scarlet cloth -in measles, erysipelas, and other red diseases.</p> - -<p>The original Confection of Alkermes contained juice of rennet apples, -rose water, silk, kermes, sugar, ambergris, amber, yellow santal, lapis -lazuli, pearls, musk, and leaf gold. In the sixteenth and seventeenth -centuries this compound was prepared publicly at Montpellier, and -was supplied from that city to all Europe. It was described as good -for all maladies proceeding from the melancholic humour, faintings, -palpitations, heart weakness, and in slow convalescence. It fortified -the stomach, rejoiced the heart, and engendered good spirits. The dose -was 1 drachm, or it might be applied externally on a piece of scarlet -cloth.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Mel Ægyptiacum</h3> - -<p class="p-left">is a very ancient compound used chiefly by veterinarians as an -escharotic. Its name suggests Egyptian origin, but it has not been -traced further back than to the “Grabadin” of John Mesué, the Arabian -author, about the year 800. Scribonius Largus before him gives a -similar formula under the name of Hygra. Mesué’s formula was to boil -1 oz. of vinegar with 1 oz. of honey to the consistence of honey and -to add 2 drachms of verdigris. This formula was modified in various -ways in the different pharmacopœias in which it was adopted; alum was -added in some cases, cream of tartar in others. The chemical action -varied with the process, but generally the result was to reduce a part -of the verdigris to an oxide of copper, metallic copper, and a little -basic acetate in different proportions. The compound appeared in the -London Pharmacopœia of 1721 as Unguentum Ægyptiacum; in that of 1746 as -Mel Ægyptiacum; as Oxymel Æruginis in that of 1788; and as Linimentum -Æruginis in the P.L. 1851. In this last edition the formula given was -to dissolve 1 oz. of verdigris in 7 oz. of vinegar, and boil this with -14 oz. of honey to a proper consistence. It was not adopted in the -British Pharmacopœia. In old veterinary recipes it was often combined -with tincture of myrrh to form a detergent liniment, and occasionally -in a very diluted form was administered internally as a tonic. On the -Continent, where its employment lingered longer than in this country, -an Egyptiac of Solleysel, from which the vinegar was omitted, but -litharge, sulphate of zinc, and arsenic in small proportions added, was -frequently preferred to the original.</p> - -<p>An Unguentum Ægyptiacum magis compositum, containing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span> rock alum and sal -ammoniac, in addition to the other ingredients mentioned, was included -in the London Pharmacopœia 1721. In some foreign pharmacopœias camphor -was prescribed as an ingredient, and in one old one theriaca is ordered.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Terra Sigillata.</h3> - -<p>Various earths were celebrated as medicines in old times, that from -the Island of Lemnos especially having been esteemed from the days of -Herodotus among the Greeks, and this product retained its reputation -in Western Europe down to the seventeenth century. It is still used -by the Turks and neighbouring nations. The Lemnian earth is a greasy -clay which is dug from a desolate hill in the island and consists of -silica, alumina, chalk, and magnesia, with a little oxide of iron -which gives it a red tint. It acquired the fame of being an antidote -to all poisons, and was given in dysenteries, internal ulcers, and -hæmorrhages; also in gonorrhœa, and in pestilential fevers. Externally -it was applied to festering wounds. The characteristic of the best -Lemnian earth was its greasy feel and freedom from grit.</p> - -<p>A sufficient supply of this Lemnian earth is still, and has been -certainly from the time of Galen, dug out of the hill only on one day -of the year, with considerable ceremony and in the presence of the -principal inhabitants of the island. At present the ceremony is largely -a religious one, and the day fixed for it is the 6th of August, which -in the Greek church calendar is the Fête of the Saviour. Formerly the -ceremony was originally associated with the worship of Diana, and the -date of the performance was the 6th of May. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span> particular earth may -not be dug by any one on any other day of the year except that formally -set apart for the operation. According to Dioscorides the earth was -made up into a paste in his time with goats’ blood, but when Galen -visited the place 150 years later he could find no evidence of this -addition.</p> - -<p>Lemnian earth was, and I presume still is, a monopoly of the Sultan -of Turkey. Most of the produce of the day’s digging was sent to -Constantinople and was made up into round tablets of about half an -ounce in weight, which were stamped with designs similar to those shown -in the accompanying sketches. At one time it is said the figure of -Artemis (Diana) or the goat, which was one of her symbols appeared on -the tablets, and it may be from this that the story of the goat’s blood -originated.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p054" > - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p054.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p class="p2">Many other sealed earths were also more or less used in medicine, and -were credited with similar virtues. The Terra Mellitea came from Malta -and was alleged to have a special power against the bites of serpents, -Malta, vipers, and St. Paul thus associating themselves in the public -mind. These cakes bore the effigy of St. Paul, and a popular legend -attributed their efficacy to a blessing on the earth of the island -when the apostle landed there. There were besides Terra Samia, from -the Isle of Samos; Terra Sicula or Fossil Bezoar from Sicily; Terra -Portugallica, stamped with the figure of a rose, from Portugal; Terra -Strigensis or Germanica from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span> Strigonium in Hungary, stamped with a -design, suggesting mountain peaks and cross-keys on them; and Terra -Livonica. Naturally the temptation of selling soil at fabulous prices -per shovelful appealed to all nations.</p> - -<p>The appended formulas from Geoffroy’s Materia Medica (written before -1731) will show how this sealed earth was used. Both are for dysentery.</p> - -<p>Lemnian earth, ʒi, syrup of quinces, 1 oz., plantain water, and knot -grass water, of each 3 oz. Spoonful doses.</p> - -<p>Lemnian earth, conserve of red roses, conserve of hips, of each ½ oz.; -syrup of bearberries sufficient to make a soft electuary. Take ʒi -morning and evening.</p> - -<p>Several so-called “alexipharmic powders” or mixtures much more -complex than the preceding were prescribed in small-pox, fevers, and -pestilential diseases.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Oil of Bricks.</h3> - -<p>Oil of Bricks appeared in the earlier London and Edinburgh -pharmacopœias and in many foreign formularies. It was long held to be -a specially valuable application in gouty and rheumatic pains, and was -especially in repute as a cure for deafness. It was also sometimes -given as an internal remedy. Among its synonyms were those of oleum -philosophorum, oleum sanctum, oleum divinum, and oleum benedictum; -but as these names were adopted for selling purposes they may not -have meant much. The process given in the P.L. 1746 was to heat -bricks red-hot and quench them in olive oil until they had soaked up -all the oil. They were then broken into small pieces and put into a -retort, and by means of a sand-bath with a gradually<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span> increasing heat -a distillate of oil and so-called spirit was obtained. The spirit was -water impregnated with empyreumatic oil. The oil was nothing but an -empyreumatic olive oil.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Arquebusade Water</h3> - -<p class="p-left">was the original of many vulnerary waters invented for application -to wounds, bruises, and ulcers. It was a weak, spirituous distillate -from a large number of herbs and aromatic plants, such as angelica, -rosemary balm, hyssop, mint, rue, sage, and wormwood. These would -furnish an antiseptic lotion. As the arquebus was displaced by the -musket about the end of the sixteenth century it may be supposed that -the lotion acquired its name and popularity at that same period; but -these evidently lasted for a long time, as we find that a certain John -Thomson took out a patent for “a concentrated balsam of arquebusade” in -1786.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Four Thieves Vinegar</h3> - -<p class="p-left">is the sub-title of the Antiseptic Vinegar of the French Codex. It is a -strong vinegar in which a number of aromatics with camphor and garlic -have been macerated. The story of its origin is that in the year 1720 a -plague was raging in the city of Toulouse, and that during the period -of panic four thieves went about the city plundering the dead and -dying. People wondered why they never took the disease, and when they -were ultimately brought to justice and convicted, they were offered -pardon if they would reveal the secret of their prophylactic. This is -the legend<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span> as given by Littré, who quotes it from Abbé Lemontey. Other -authors make Marseilles the scene of the exploit.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Elixir Proprietatis.</h3> - -<p>This medicine was very celebrated in all countries for several -centuries, and, though not in the British Pharmacopœia, was official -under the name which Paracelsus gave it in the P.L. 1724, as Elixir of -Aloes in the P.L. 1746, and later as Tinct. Aloes Co. In the Ph. Ed. -it was called Tinct. Aloes et Myrrhæ, and this was the most usual name -for it until quite recent times, and probably is still. Paracelsus -wrote about it and extolled it as a compound which would prolong life -to its utmost limits. That he used the same ingredients mainly as -his successors is certain, but he never gave any clear formula. His -disciple, Oswald Crollius, however, deduced from his writings that -it was a tincture of aloes, myrrh, and saffron, with sulphuric acid. -Boerhaave substituted vinegar for the sulphuric acid and left most of -that behind by distillation. Van Helmont had previously made an Elixir -Proprietatis without any acid; and in many continental pharmacopœias -the elixir was made alkaline by the addition of carbonate of potash. -This also originated with Boerhaave. Other authors added a few spices. -The Elixir of Garus which still appears in the French Codex was the -same sort of preparation but with cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and other -ingredients, diluted with syrup of maidenhair. Garus was a grocer, -who acquired great popularity under the Regency with his Elixir. St. -Simon says he cured the Maréchal de Villars with it, and that he would -probably have saved the life of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span> Duchesse de Berry if the physician -Chirac, jealous of his fame, had not administered to her a purgative -which killed her (“Mem. de St. Simon,” cxi, pp. 140–228).</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Balsam of Sulphur</h3> - -<p class="p-left">was a famous medicine up to our own days. It appears now to have -dropped out of use. It was highly commended by Van Helmont, Rulandos, -Boyle, and indeed by most of the medical experts of the seventeenth -century, and was compounded from many different formulæ. The simple -balsam was made by boiling one pound of flowers of sulphur with four -times its weight of olive oil until the sulphur was dissolved and a -thick dark balsamic substance was obtained. This was the formula of -the P.L. 1746. But linseed oil and walnut oil were often prescribed -in preference to olive oil, and oil of anise, oil of amber, oil of -juniper, white wine, Barbadoes tar, turpentine, myrrh, aloes, and -saffron; one or more of these substances were combined with the balsam -in other receipts. The use of the balsam was generally for coughs, -asthmas, and lung diseases. Salmon says, “It is of good use to digest -crude humours and undigested matter in any part of the body, being -often anointed upon the same.” The terebinthinated balsam was given -in stone; a combination with iron, Balsamum Sulphuris Martis, was -prescribed in gravel. These balsams were applied externally to ulcers, -or taken in doses of from five to forty drops.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span></p> - - -<h2>XVII<br /> -<span class="subhed">PHARMACOPŒIAS</span></h2></div> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div>But here is one prescription out of many:—</div> - <div>Sodæ sulphat. ʒvi, ʒss Mannæ optim.,</div> - <div>Aq. fervent, f℥iss, ʒii Tinct. Sennæ</div> - <div>Haustus (and here the Surgeon came and cupp’d him),</div> - <div>R. Pulv. Com. gr. iii Ipecacuanhæ</div> - <div>(With more besides if Juan had not stopp’d ’em).</div> - <div>Bolus Potassæ Sulphuret sumendus,</div> - <div>Et haustus ter in die capiendus.</div> - <div class="right"><span class="smcap">Byron</span>: <i>Don Juan</i>, Canto x (41).</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - -<h3 class="smcap">The London Pharmacopœia.</h3> - -<p>The collection of medicinal formulas was a favourite occupation of -ancient medical writers. Galen and Avicenna, Mesué and Serapion, -Nicholas Prepositus and Nicolas of Salerno were the authors of the -dispensatories most esteemed up to the sixteenth century in Europe. -The College of Medicine of Florence adopted an Antidotarium in the -early part of that century, and in 1524 the Senate of Nuremberg -made the Dispensatory of Valerius Cordus official in that city. -Augsburg followed the example of Nuremberg, and the Pharmacopea -Augustana of 1601 was probably the first work of the kind designated a -Pharmacopœia and issued under authoritative sanction. A quasi-official -Dispensatorium for the State of Brandenburg,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span> forerunner of the -Prussian Pharmacopœia, came next in 1608, and the London Pharmacopœia, -which appeared in 1618, was the first really national publication of -that character. The first French Codex was published in 1639, and no -other work of similar standing was issued until the next century.</p> - -<p>The College of Physicians was incorporated by Charter in the reign -of Henry VIII, in the year 1518. The idea of preparing an official -pharmacopœia was first considered by the College on June 25th, 1585, -“but as the matter seemed weighty” (<i>sed quoniam res videbatur -operosa</i>), the deliberation on it was postponed and was only resumed -on October 10th, 1589. On this occasion ten committees were appointed -and to these were assigned the work of selection and compilation -distributed thus:—Committee 1 was charged with Syrups, Juleps, and -Decoctions; 2 took Oils; 3, Waters; 4, Liniments, Ointments, Cerates, -and Plasters; 5, Juices, Conserves, Candies, and Confections; 6, -Extracts, Salts, Chemicals, and Metallic Preparations; 7, Powders and -Dragees; 8, Pills; 9, Electuaries, Opiates, and Eclegmas (looches); 10, -Lozenges and Eye-salves.</p> - -<p>The work must have been carried on leisurely, for it is not mentioned -in the minutes again until 1614, when eight fellows were appointed to -examine certain foreign Antidotarii. In 1616, an editing committee was -appointed, and all the collaborators were called upon to send their -papers to this body. It then appeared that many which had been prepared -had been lost, a misfortune attributed to the carelessness of the -recently deceased President, Dr. Forster. His successor, Dr. Atkins, -put more energy into the business and consequently the manuscript was -completed and in type<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span> by the day after Palm Sunday, 1618. Sir Theodore -Mayerne was commissioned to write a dedication of the work to King -James I, and his Majesty’s proclamation requiring all the apothecaries -in the realm to obey this Pharmacopœia and this only, was dated April -26th, 1618. It will be observed that exactly a century intervened -between the incorporation of the College and the production of the -Pharmacopœia.</p> - -<p>The President was evidently a smart man, but the printer was still -smarter, for while the former was out of town for a few days the -printer rushed the publication through, “surreptitiously and -prematurely,” as the College officially declared, with a number of -errors and imperfections, on May 7th, 1618. This presumptuous printer -was one John Marriot, at the inappropriate sign of the White Lily “in -platea vulgo dicta Fleet Street.” On December 7th in the same year the -College brought out a corrected edition, to which they appended an -epilogue, expressing their opinion of their offending “typographus” in -terms which left no excuse for not appreciating their dissatisfaction -with him.</p> - -<p>The first London Pharmacopœia did not err on the side of condensation. -It comprised 1028 simples and 932 preparations and compounds. Among -the simples were 31 animals and 60 parts of animals or derivatives -from them. The herbs named numbered 271, and there were 138 roots and -138 seeds. Among the preparations were 178 simple and 35 compound -waters, 3 medicated wines, 10 medicated vinegars, 1 vulnerary potion, -8 decoctions, 90 syrups, 18 mels and oxymels, 18 juices and linctuses, -115 candies and conserves, 43 species or powders, 58 electuaries, -36 pills, 45 lozenges, 151 oils of various kinds, 53 ointments, 51 -plasters and cerates, and 17 chemicals.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span></p> - -<p>The names of the inventors of many of the compounds were duly attached -to the formulas, some of which were very elaborate and complicated. -Rufus of Ephesus, physician to the Emperor Trajan, the Arabian doctors, -Nicolas, Rivierus, Fracastor, Fallopius, and many others are thus -quoted. There were 211 preparations with more than ten ingredients -in each, and one, the Antidotus Magnus Matthioli, called for 130 -substances in its composition, among the 130 being Mithridatium and -Theriaca which would have contributed another hundred between them. -Medicated waters which had been invented by Arnold de Villa Nova in the -13th century still commanded respect, over 200 different kinds being -provided. Worms, swallows, frogs’ spawn, and other animal remedies as -well as the whole range of the vegetable kingdom were requisitioned -to surrender their virtues to these waters by distillation. Syrups, -honeys, oxymels, and lohochs were numerous and included syrups of white -and red poppies, rhubarb, violets, marshmallow, coltsfoot, liquorice, -oxymel of squills, and mel Egyptiaca. Powders of hot precious stones -and of cold precious stones, powders of pearls and spices, and a -compound senna powder; troches of various drugs; basilicon ointment -and a multitude of plasters are formulated. Neapolitan ointment was -our blue ointment, the mercury being killed by fasting spittle. An -itch ointment was made with corrosive sublimate. May butter was a -favourite ingredient in ointments. It was butter made in May, melted in -the sun, strained and kept the year through. Oils was a term of wide -significance. Not only were expressed and distilled oils included in -the reference, but oils in which things had been infused, as oil of -ants, of bricks, of earthworms, of wolves, and oil of vitriol was also -in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span> the same classification. Vipers in lozenges were there, lohoch -of foxes’ lungs was the great remedy for asthmatic complaints, and -a modification of Vigo’s plaster with its live frogs and worms and -vipers’ flesh was not omitted. The full list of the animal substances -recognised as medicinal in this Pharmacopœia and its two successors has -been given in the Section on Animal Medicines.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p063"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p063.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center p-left smcap">Title-page of the London Pharmacopœia.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">(From the reprint of the First Edition, 1627.)</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">Chemicals included calomel, turpeth mineral, flowers of sulphur, the -mineral acids, preparations of steel and antimony, sugar of lead, -and caustic potash. The inclusion of some of these may no doubt be -attributed to the influence of Sir Theodore Mayerne.</p> - -<p>After the first Pharmacopœia had been several times reprinted a new one -appeared in 1650. Notable features of this issue were that the gallon -hitherto 9 lb. of water was now fixed at 8 lb.; corrosive sublimate and -red and white precipitate were among the additions, but it has to be -remarked that the white precipitate of that day was not what we know -by name but really a precipitated proto-chloride of mercury. Its true -chemical composition was not recognised until some fifty years later -by Deidier in his “Chimie Raisonné.” Tinctures formed a new class of -preparations, seven of them being formulated, castor, saffron, and -strawberries being among these. Syrup of buckthorn was added to the -syrups, and Gascoin powder to the powders. Mercury was now killed by -turpentine. Mezereon, Winter’s bark, and cochineal were among the new -drugs; antimonial wine made from the regulus of antimony was adopted; -and the skull of a man killed by violence, and moss from that skull -were admitted.</p> - -<p>The third Pharmacopœia (1677) did not present many remarkable features, -and was apparently rather<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span> hastily produced. The most striking new -formula it contained was one for “Aqua Vitæ Hibernorum sive Usquebagh.” -Burnt alum, flowers of benzoin, balsams of capivi and tolu, contrayerva -root, Jesuits’ bark, and resin of jalap were among the new drugs. Steel -wine was added.</p> - -<p>Sir Hans Sloane presided over the compilation of the P.L. of 1721, -the fourth of the series. The preface to this edition claimed that -all remedies owing their use to superstition and false philosophy had -been thrown out, but perhaps the far-reaching effects of the false -philosophy were not fully appreciated. Many of the absurd old formulas -were retained, but an approach to greater simplicity is apparent. The -transition from the old to the new pharmacy can be traced very easily -in this volume. The names of the plants, we are told in the preface, -are “not only distinguished by the names known in shops, but also by -such as are sometimes used by the more eminent writers in botany.” -Tinctures are growing in favour, their number being increased to 18. -The number of waters and syrups is largely diminished, and puppies, -hedgehogs, wagtails, bread-crust plaster, lapis lazuli pills, and -Galen’s unguentum refrigerans are dismissed. The last-named has, -however, refused to die to this day. Among new chemical preparations -Hepar Sulphuris (pot. sulphuret.), Flores Salis Ammoniaci Martiales -(ammonio-chloride of iron), Tinctura Martis cum Spiritu Salis (tinct. -ferri perchlor.), Sal Martis (ferri sulphas), Aqua Sapphirina (solution -of ammonio-sulphate of copper), Lunar Caustic, Tartar Emetic, Ens -Veneris, Aurum Mosaicum, Ethiops Mineral, Spirit of Sal Volatile, -Mynsicht’s tincture of steel, Elixir of Vitriol, and Lime Water may be -mentioned.</p> - -<p>The P.L. 1746 (the fifth) was very different from its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span> predecessors. -Among those who took an active part in its preparation were the -President of the College, Dr. Plumptre, and Drs. Crowe, Mead, Heberden, -and Freind. In the preface to this work the old “inartistic and -irregular mixtures” and “the antidotes superstitiously and doatingly -derived from oracles, dreams, and astrological fancies” are severely -condemned, and the College declares its intention of freeing the -book as much as possible from whatever remains of former pedantry. -Notwithstanding these good intentions the old pharmacy is still -abundantly represented. Crabs’ eyes, coral, bezoar stones, harts’ -horns, woodlice, pearls, vipers, and skinks’ bellies continue to figure -among the simples, and formulas for Mithridatium with 45 ingredients, -and for theriaca with 61 are likewise retained. On the other hand, -human fat, unicorn’s horn, mummy, spiders’ webs, moss from the human -skull, bone from the stag’s heart, and lac virginale disappear. There -are now 34 tinctures, while the medicated waters have been reduced to -about 30 and the syrups to about 20. Tinctures of cummin, valerian, -and cardamoms, syrup scilliticus, and pilula saponacea (soporific) are -new; and lixivium saponarium (liquor potassæ), sal diureticus (potassæ -acetas), causticum commune fortius (potassa cum calce), sal catharticus -Glauberi, pilulæ mercuriales, and spiritus nitri dulcis make their -first appearance.</p> - -<p>The sixth P.L. (1788) proceeds on the same lines. The College claims -to have paid special attention to the application of the advances of -chemistry to pharmacy, and to have provided that very few traces of -former superstition should remain. Mithridatium, theriaca, bezoar -stones, vipers, and oil of bricks are dismissed, but woodlice remain. -Materia medica synonyms are now<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span> according to Linnæus. Among the new -drugs admitted we find aconite, arnica, cascarilla, calumba, kino, -quassia, simarouba, castor oil, senega, and magnesia; and among -the new preparations may be named Dover’s powder, James’s powder, -Mindererus’s spirit, Rochelle salts, tartrate of iron, oxide of zinc, -Huxham’s tincture of bark, ether, Hoffmann’s anodyne, the decoctions -of sarsaparilla, tincture of calumba, compound tinctures of benzoin, -cardamoms, and lavender, and extract of chamomile. Tincture of opium -made with proof spirit deposes the Tinctura Thebaica made with wine, -and elixir paregoricum assumes the name of tinct. opii camphorata. A -number of other names are changed. It is significant of the declining -familiarity of doctors with Latin that for the first time an English -translation of the Pharmacopœia is authorised.</p> - -<p>The seventh P.L. is dated 1809. The new chemical nomenclature is -introduced, and the minim substituted for the drop. Acidum vitriolicum -becomes acidum sulphuricum, and ferrum vitriolatum is changed to ferri -sulphas. More than a hundred articles are omitted, and nearly that -number substituted. Among the new drugs and preparations are arsenic, -belladonna, cajeput, cusparia, digitalis, infusions of calumba, -rhubarb, and digitalis, compound decoction of aloes, acetum colchici, -confections of roses, rue, and almonds, pulv. kino co, pil. cambogiæ -co, emp. opii, ung. zinci, Griffiths’ mixture and pills, Plummer’s -pills, lin. hydrargyri, cataplasm of yeast. Prepared woodlice, crabs’ -claws, tutty ointment, and the electuaries fall out.</p> - -<p>The eighth P.L. (1824) recognised bismuth, cubebs, croton oil, and -stramonium, and admitted confection of black pepper as a substitute for -Ward’s paste, and colchicum wine in imitation of the Eau Medicinale<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span> -d’Husson. But the conservative College lacked the courage to endorse -the claims of morphine, iodine, and quinine, though these were pretty -generally established in medical practice at the time.</p> - -<p>The Pharmacopœia of 1836 was largely the work of Richard Phillips, a -very competent pharmacist, who had mercilessly criticised the edition -of 1824. This, the ninth P.L., was brought well up to date with notes -indicating the methods of ascertaining the purity of medicines, better -methods of preparing chemicals, and the introduction of the most -important of the new products. The alkaloids aconitine, morphine, -quinine, strychnine, and veratrine found admission. Iodine and bromine -and their compounds, hydrocyanic and phosphoric acids, creosote, ergot, -and lobelia were also among the novelties. Acetum cantharidum, aqua -flor. aurant., aqua sambuci, cataplasma lini, decoct. cinchonæ (2), -extract. colchici corm., extract. colchici acet., hydrarg. iodid. -and biniodid., inf. krameriæ and inf. lupuli. lin. opii, liquor sodæ -chlorinatæ, mist. spt. vini Gall., pil. rhei co. and tinct. colchici -were the principal new compounds. Muriatic acid now became hydrochloric -acid, subcarbonate of magnesia was advanced to be a carbonate, and -tartarised antimony assumed the title of antimonii potassio-tartras.</p> - -<p>The tenth and last of the London Pharmacopœias appeared in 1851. -Henbane seeds, spigelia, oyster shells, and extract of digitalis were -removed after longer or shorter periods of service, together with soda -and potash waters, and biniodide of mercury and veratrine ointments, -which had only found admission in the preceding edition. Cod-liver oil, -chloroform, atropine, gallic and tannic acids, extract of nux vomica, -tincture of aconite, tincture and ointment of belladonna, iodide<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span> -of sulphur, chloride of zinc, and ammonio-citrate of iron, were the -principal novelties now made official.</p> - -<p>The first Edinburgh Pharmacopœia appeared in 1699 and the last in -1841, while the first Dublin Pharmacopœia was published in 1807 and -the last in 1850. The Medical Act of 1858 authorised the fusion of the -Pharmacopœias of the three kingdoms, and assigned the task of carrying -out this work to the General Medical Council created by that statute. -The first British Pharmacopœia was issued in 1864, but it failed to -give satisfaction, and was superseded by a second dated 1867. The third -and fourth editions were published in 1884 and 1898.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span></p> - -<h2>XVIII<br /> -<span class="subhed">SHAKESPEARE’S PHARMACY.</span></h2></div> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div>But law and the gospel in Shakespeare we find,</div> - <div>And he gives the best physic for body and mind.</div> - <div class="right"><span class="smcap">Garrick</span>: <i>Shakespeare’s Mulberry Tree</i>.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>The two most familiar pharmaceutical allusions in Shakespeare’s -writings are the apothecary and his shop in “Romeo and Juliet” (Act V., -Sc. 1), and the juice of cursed hebenon which Hamlet’s uncle poured -into the ear of his father (“Hamlet,” Act I., Sc. 5). Some remarks on -both these noted allusions are given separately. The medical knowledge -of Shakespeare has been discussed by several eminent doctors, notably -by Dr. J. C. Bucknill, of Exeter, who published a very interesting -work under that title in 1860, in which the writer almost went so far -as to hint at the possibility that the great dramatist must have had -some training in the medical science of the day before he took to the -theatre business. A similar suggestion was made by Lord Campbell in -regard to the poet’s legal knowledge.</p> - -<p>Great interest in drugs and poisons was taken by the people generally -in Queen Elizabeth’s reign, and the medical controversies of the period -filled a good many books. It is certain that Shakespeare at least -skimmed a good many of these. “Galen and Paracelsus” are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span> mentioned in -“All’s Well that Ends Well” (Act II., Sc. 3). In “Coriolanus” (Act II., -Sc. 1) Menenius says of a letter from Coriolanus that it gives him an -estate of seven years’ health, adding “the most sovereign prescription -in Galen is but empiricutick, and,” compared with this letter, “of no -better report than a horse-drench.”</p> - -<p>Apothecaries are mentioned in “Henry VI” (Part II., Act III., Sc. -3), when Cardinal Beaufort, delirious on his deathbed, cries, “Bid -the apothecary bring the strong poison that I bought of him.” Also -in “Pericles” (Act III., Sc. 2), the amateur physician Cerimon, a -Lord of Ephesus, who had studied medicine, and “by turning o’er -authorities” had made himself familiar with “the blest infusions that -dwell in vegetives, in metals, stones,” gives a prescription to his -servant, saying, “Give this to the ’pothecary, and tell me how it -works.” Apothecaries’ weights are used as metaphors in “All’s Well -that Ends Well” (Act II., Sc. 3) when Lafeu, who has given Parolles -“most egregious indignity,” which the latter says he has not deserved, -replies “Yes, good faith, every dram of it; and I will not bate thee -a scruple,” and by Falstaff, who, in his interview with the Chief -Justice, refers rather enigmatically to drams and scruples. Falstaff -again, in “Merry Wives of Windsor,” is responsible for the simile of -those who “smell like Bucklersbury in simple time.” The Dr. Caius in -the same play, with his “by gar” and comical English, is assumed by -some interpreters to have been a burlesque on Sir Theodore Mayerne, -but except that Mayerne was French and certainly spoke English with -a foreign accent, there is no reason for associating him with the -character. Mayerne never acquired English. In one of his later letters -he writes of Lady Cherosbury, for Shrewsbury. There was a very famous -Dr. Caius, who had been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span> physician to Queen Elizabeth, who founded -Caius College, Cambridge, and who died in 1573, not so very long before -this play was written. But it is agreed that he could not have been the -original of the caricature.</p> - -<p>Of the drugs and pharmaceutical preparations named by Shakespeare most -would be familiar to anyone acquainted with the literature of the -day. “Throw physick to the dogs,” says Macbeth to the physician who -is telling him of the mental illness of Lady Macbeth. Then, his mind -recurring to the war in which he was engaged, he demands of the doctor -“What rhubarb, senna, or what purgative drug would scour these English -hence?” (Act V., Sc. 3). In the same play (Act I., Sc. 3), Banquo asks -when the witches vanish, “Have we eaten of the insane root That takes -the reason prisoner?” There are many allusions in classical literature -to herbs which destroyed the reason. In Plutarch’s life of Antony, for -example, there is an account of some Roman soldiers in the Parthian -war eating a root which deprived them of all memory, and it is said -they occupied themselves in digging, and in hurling stones from one -place to another. Among the ingredients of the witches’ cauldron (Act -IV., Sc. 1), the animal substances named recall much of the pharmacy -of the period, but only one vegetable drug, “root of hemlock, digg’d -i’ the dark,” is named. Lady Macbeth (Act II., Sc. 2) tells how she -has drugg’d the possets of Duncan’s grooms, so that “death and nature -do contend about them Whether they live or die.” In Act V., Sc. 1, she -complains that “all the perfumes of Arabia” will not sweeten her hand -from the smell of blood. It is also in this play that the description -of Edward the Confessor curing the King’s Evil (see Vol. I, p. 299) -occurs.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span></p> - -<p>In the “Comedy of Errors” (Act IV., Sc. 1) Dromio of Syracuse -tells Antipholus of Ephesus that he has found a bark for him, put -the freightage on board, and bought “the oil, the balsamum, and -aqua-vitae.” In Act V., Sc. 1, the Abbess declares that Antipholus -having taken sanctuary in the Priory she will not let him stir, “Till I -have used the approved means I have, with wholesome syrups, drugs, and -holy prayers, To make of him a formal man again.”</p> - -<p>In “Much Ado about Nothing” (Act III., Sc. 4) Margaret recommends -the love-sick Beatrice to “get you some of this distilled Carduus -Benedictus, and lay it to your heart; it is the only thing for a -qualm.” This drug was in great repute in Shakespeare’s time and was -used for a multitude of complaints. Woodall says the distilled water -of it “doth ease the pain of the head, conformeth the memory, cureth -a quartane, provoketh sweat, and comforteth the vital spirits.” The -Physician in “King Lear” (Act IV., Sc. 4), tells Cordelia there are -“many simples operative whose power will close the eye of anguish.”</p> - -<p>The story of “All’s Well that Ends Well” is based on a secret remedy -for fistula which Helena had acquired from her deceased father, and -with which she heals the King. The Queen in “Cymbeline” is an amateur -pharmacist. In Act I., Sc. 6, she tells the doctor that he has taught -her how “to make perfumes, distil, preserve”; and in Act V., Sc. 5, the -doctor tells the King that on her deathbed she confessed she had “a -mortal mineral” which would “by inches waste you.”</p> - -<p>In the “Midsummer Night’s Dream” (Act III., Sc. 1), a fairy named -Cobweb gives Bottom the opportunity of alluding to the usefulness of -cobwebs for cut fingers. “In Twelfth Night” Sir Toby Belch jocularly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span> -addresses Maria as “My nettle of India” (Act II., Sc. 5), probably -Indian hemp. We read of “parmaceti,” “the sovereign’st thing on earth -for an inward bruise,” and also of the “villainous saltpetre” in Act -I., Sc. 3, of “Henry IV.” Part I.; in the second part (Act I., Sc. 2) -there is an allusion to the fashion of diagnosis by the examination of -a person’s water; and in Act IV., Sc. 4, we find mention of the deadly -character of aconitum, and in the same scene of gold “preserving life -in medicine potable.” In “Antony and Cleopatra,” the Queen greets -Antony’s messenger with the remark that though so much unlike him yet -that “coming from him, that great medicine hath with his tinct gilded -thee” (Act I., Sc. 5), evidently an allusion to the tincture of gold. -Another reference to potable gold is found in “All’s Well that Ends -Well.”</p> - -<p>The plantain for a broken shin is called for by Costard in “Love’s -Labour’s Lost” (“plantain, a plain plantain; no salve, sir, but a -plantain,” Act III., Sc. 1); plantain leaf for a broken shin is also -recommended by Romeo (Act I., Sc. 2). In the same scene occur the words -so dear to homeopaths: “One fire burns out another’s burning.” In “King -John” (Act V., Sc. 2,) revolt is likened to a plaster which will heal -“inveterate canker of the wound by making many.”</p> - -<p>In “Henry VI.,” part II. (Act V., Sc. 1) York quotes the legend of -Achilles’ spear “able to kill or cure”; while in “Hamlet” (Act IV., Sc. -7) Laertes declares that he will anoint his sword with unction bought -of a mountebank;</p> - - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="ileft">“No mortal that but dips a knife in it,</div> - <div>Where it draws blood, no cataplasm so rare,</div> - <div>Collected from all simples that have virtue</div> - <div>Under the moon, can save the thing from death</div> - <div>That is but scratched withal.”</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span></p> - -<p>The action of drugs as charms is much in evidence in “Othello.” The -father of Desdemona accuses the Moor of having</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="ileft">“Practised on her with foul charms,</div> - <div>Abused her delicate youth with drugs or minerals</div> - <div>That awaken motion.”</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>And again Brabantio tells the Duke that Desdemona has been stolen from -him</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i5h">“And corrupted</div> - <div>By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks.”</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>These allusions all occur in scenes 2 and 3 of the first Act; in the -latter also Iago promises Roderigo that Desdemona shall soon be to -Othello “bitter as coloquintida.” At the end of this play Othello -describes his “subdued eyes dropping tears as fast as the Arabian trees -their medicinal gum.”</p> - -<p>Autolycus refers to aqua vitæ as a restorative in the “Winter’s Tale” -(Act IV., Sc. 3), as does the nurse in “Romeo and Juliet” when she -finds her mistress dead (Act IV., Sc. 5). The “popinjay” takes snuff in -“Henry IV.” (part I., Act I., Sc. 3), Cleopatra calls for mandragora to -drink “that I might sleep out this great gap of time my Antony is away” -(“Ant. and Cleop.,” Act I., Sc. 5). “Not poppy nor mandragora, nor all -the drowsy syrups of the world,” said Iago, shall medicine Othello -against the poison he has given him (“Othello,” Act III., Sc. 3). -“Sleepy drinks” are mentioned in the “Winter’s Tale,” (Act I., Sc. 1), -and in the same play (“Winter’s Tale,” Act II., Sc. 1) Shakespeare uses -the word “land-damn,” which some of his commentators have been disposed -to identify with laudanum. The King of Sicily grossly insults his wife, -Hermione, declaring her to be an adultress,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span> Antigonus warmly defends -her and assures the King that he has been “abused by some putters-on -who will be damn’d for’t,” and he adds,</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i3">“Would I knew the villain,</div> - <div>I would land-damn him.”</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>The idea is that this may be a misprint for laudanum, meaning, “I would -poison him.” It must be added that this explanation does not find -much favour, and perhaps it is rather far-fetched. It is mentioned -by Stevens as having been proposed by Dr. Farmer, but Furness thinks -that Stevens was poking fun at the solemn nonsense of his learned -friend. But the other interpretations are not much better. There is, -it appears, an old dialect word “lan-dan” which meant following a man -with kettles and other rough music. Another suggested meaning is an -association with an old Saxon word (hland) for urine, conveying the -notion that the villain is to be made ill by a suppression of urine. -Both these explanations seem ludicrously insufficient to express the -anger of the speaker. Damn him up with land, that is, bury him alive, -is gruesome enough, but this is an obscure way of expressing the -proposal. Johnson disposes of the term by the theory that it was “a -word which caprice brought into fashion, and reason and grammar drove -irrevocably away. It has also been assumed, and this looks likely, that -the punctuation has got misplaced and that the sentence should read “I -would—Lord damn him.”</p> - -<p>Shakespeare’s favourite daughter Susannah was married to Dr. John -Hall, and it is possible that the doctor and his wife lived with the -poet in his later years at Stratford. Dr. Hall was a practitioner of -some eminence, and wrote a book in Latin (translated into English in -1657 by James Cook) entitled “Select<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span> Observations ... Cures Empirical -and Historical on Very Eminent Persons in Desperate Disorders.” The -following, which is Observation 60, is worth quoting for the picture it -gives of pharmacy in the Elizabethan age.</p> - -<p>“Talbot, the first born of the Countess of Salisbury, aged about one -year, being miserably afflicted with a fever and worms, so that death -was only expected, was thus cured. There was first injected a clyster -of milk and sugar. This gave two stools and brought away four worms. By -the mouth was given hartshorn burnt, prepared in the form of a julep. -To the pulse was applied Ung Populeon ʒii mixed with spiders’ webs, and -a little powder of nutshells. It was put to one pulse of one wrist one -day, to the other the next. To the stomach was applied mithridate; to -the bowel the emplaster against worms. And thus he became well in three -days, for which the Countess returned me many thanks and gave me great -reward.”</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">The Apothecary in “Romeo and Juliet”</h3> - -<p class="p-left">is a favourite illustration of the scrupulous care which Shakespeare -bestowed on the revision of his dramas. The story on which the play -is founded is well known to students. It was written by an Italian -novelist, Luigi da Porto, of Vicenza, and was entitled “La Giuletta.” -This author died in 1529. In Girolamo de la Corte’s “History of -Verona,” published at Venice in 1549, it is given and stated to be a -true story. An English translation of it in rhyme by Arthur Brooke -appeared in 1562, and a prose translation by Painter some time later. -The version by Brooke is entitled “The Tragicall Historie of Romeus -and Juliet,” and it is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span> from this that Shakespeare took not only the -incidents, but, as will be seen, some of his expressions. Brooke -describes Romeus in Mantua, resolved to die, and looking for a shop -where he may buy poison.</p> - - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <h3 class="poetry"><i>Brooke’s Version, 1562.</i></h3> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div>And then from street to street he wand’reth up and down</div> - <div>To see if he in any place may find in all the town</div> - <div>A salve meet for his sore, an oil fit for his wound,</div> - <div class="hangingindent">And seeking long, alas, too soon, the thing he sought he found,</div> - <div>An apothecary sat unbusied at his door,</div> - <div>Whom by his heavy countenance he guessed to be poor;</div> - <div>And in his shop he saw his boxes were but few,</div> - <div>And in his window of his wares there was so small a shew.</div> - <div>Wherefore our Romeus assuredly hath thought</div> - <div class="hangingindent">What by no friendship could be got with money should be bought.</div> - <div>For needy lack is like the poor man to compel</div> - <div>To sell that which the city’s law forbiddeth him to sell.</div> - <div>Then by the hand he drew the needy man apart</div> - <div>And with the sight of glittering gold inflamed well his heart.</div> - <div>“Take fifty crowns of gold (quoth he) I give them thee</div> - <div>So that before I part from hence thou shalt deliver me</div> - <div>Some poison strong that may in less than half an hour</div> - <div>Kill him whose wretched hap shall be the poison to devour.”</div> - <div>The wretch by covetisse is won and doth assent</div> - <div>To sell the thing whose sale ere long too late he doth repent.</div> - <div>In haste he poison sought and closely he it bound</div> - <div>And then began in whisp’ring voice thus in his ear to round:</div> - <div>“Fair Sir (quoth he), be sure this is the speeding gear,</div> - <div class="hangingindent">And more there is than you shall need; for half of that is there</div> - <div>Will serve, I undertake, in less than half an hour</div> - <div>To kill the strongest man alive. Such is the poison’s power.”</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - <h3><i>Shakespeare’s First Rendering.</i></h3> - -<p>This is the rendering of the scene from Shakespeare’s first quarto -edition, 1597:</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i10">As I do remember</div> - <div class="i2h">Here dwells a pothecarie whom oft I noted</div> - <div class="i2h">As I past by, whose needie shop is stuft</div> - <div class="i2h">With beggarly accounts of empty boxes.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span></div> - <div class="i2h">And on the same an Aligarta hangs,</div> - <div class="i2h">Olde ends of packthred, and cakes of roses</div> - <div class="i2h">Are thinly strewed to make up a show.</div> - <div class="i2h">Here as I noted thus with myselfe I thought:</div> - <div class="i2h">Ah, if a man should need a poison now,</div> - <div class="i2h">(Whose present sale is death in Mantua),</div> - <div class="i2h">Here he might buy it. This thought of mine</div> - <div class="i2h">Did but forerune my need; and hereabout he dwells.</div> - <div class="i2h">Being holiday the beggar’s shop is shut.</div> - <div class="i2h">What ho! Apothecary! Come forth I say.</div> - <div class="ih"><i>Ap.</i> Who calls? What would you, Sir?</div> - <div><i>Rom.</i> Here’s twenty ducats.</div> - <div class="i2h">Give me a dram of some such speeding gere</div> - <div class="i2h">As will despatch the weary taker’s life</div> - <div class="i2h">As suddenly as powder being fired</div> - <div class="i2h">From forth a cannon’s mouth.</div> - <div class="ih"><i>Ap.</i> Such drugs I have, I must of force confesse,</div> - <div class="i2h">But yet the law is death to those that sell them.</div> - <div><i>Rom.</i> Art though so bare and full of poverty,</div> - <div class="i2h">And dost thou fear to violate the law?</div> - <div class="i2h">The law is not thy friend nor the law’s friend,</div> - <div class="i2h">And therefore make no conscience of the law.</div> - <div class="i2h">Upon thy back hangs ragged misery</div> - <div class="i2h">And starved famine dwelleth in thy cheeks.</div> - <div class="ih"><i>Ap.</i> My poverty but not my will consents.</div> - <div><i>Rom.</i> I pay thy poverty but not thy will.</div> - <div class="ih"><i>Ap.</i> Hold, take you this and put it</div> - <div class="i2h">In any liquid thing you will, and it will serve,</div> - <div class="i2h">Had you the lives of twenty men.</div> - <div><i>Rom.</i> Hold, take this gold, worse poison to men’s souls</div> - <div class="i2h">Than this which thou hast given me. Go hie thee hence,</div> - <div class="i2h">Go, buy thee cloathes, and get thee into flesh:</div> - <div class="i2h">Come cordial and not poison, go with me</div> - <div class="i2h">To Juliet’s grave, for there must I use thee.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>Shakespeare was a busy man in 1597, and in the years before as well as -about that date he was preparing novelties for his theatre. Later he -had more leisure, and it is interesting to notice how artistically he -fills out his original sketch with only just such details as make the -ideas more vivid. In the revised version of this scene, published in -1609, there are no new ideas, but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span> scarcely a line is left untouched. -A comparison of title-pages in the two editions is amusing and at -the same time instructive. In 1597 it reads: “An Excellent Conceited -Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet as it hath been often (with great -applause) plaid publiquely.” In 1609 this is toned down to “The most -Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet as it hath been -sundri times publiquely Acted.” The omission of the parenthetic (“with -great applause”) is significant. The poet knows he no longer needs -meretricious advertisement. The scene as we have it in our modern books -is very similar to</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <h3 class="poetry"><i>Shakespeare’s Revised Version (Third Quarto, 1609).</i></h3> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div><i>Rom.</i> I do remember an apothecary</div> - <div class="i2h">And hereabouts he dwells—whom late I noted</div> - <div class="i2h">In tatter’d weeds, with overwhelming brows,</div> - <div class="i2h">Culling of simples; meager were his looks,</div> - <div class="i2h">Sharp misery had worn him to the bones;</div> - <div class="i2h">And in his needy shop a tortoise hung,</div> - <div class="i2h">An alligator stuff’d, and other skins,</div> - <div class="i2h">Of ill-shap’d fishes; and about his shelves</div> - <div class="i2h">A beggarly account of empty boxes,</div> - <div class="i2h">Green earthen pots, bladders, and musty seeds,</div> - <div class="i2h">Remnants of packthread, and old cakes of roses,</div> - <div class="i2h">Were thinly scatter’d to make up a show.</div> - <div class="i2h">Noting this penury, to myself I said—</div> - <div class="i2h">And if a man did need a poison now,</div> - <div class="i2h">Whose sale is present death in Mantua,</div> - <div class="i2h">Here lives a caitiff wretch would sell it him.</div> - <div class="i2h">O, this same thought did but fore-run my need;</div> - <div class="i2h">And this same needy man must sell it me.</div> - <div class="i2h">As I remember this should be the house;</div> - <div class="i2h">Being holiday, the beggar’s shop is shut—</div> - <div class="i2h">What ho! Apothecary!</div> - <div class="ih"><i>Ap.</i><span style="margin-left:10em">Who calls so loud?</span></div> - <div><i>Rom.</i> Come hither, man. I see that thou art poor;</div> - <div class="i2h">Hold, there is forty ducats; let me have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span></div> - <div class="i2h">A dram of poison; such soon speeding gear<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span></div> - <div class="i2h">As will disperse itself through all the veins,</div> - <div class="i2h">That the life-weary taker may fall dead;</div> - <div class="i2h">And that the trunk may be discharg’d of breath</div> - <div class="i2h">As violently as hasty powder fired</div> - <div class="i2h">Doth hurry from the fatal cannon’s womb.</div> - <div class="ih"><i>Ap.</i> Such mortal drugs I have; but Mantua’s law</div> - <div class="i2h">Is death to any he that utters them.</div> - <div><i>Rom.</i> Art thou so bare, and full of wretchedness,</div> - <div class="i2h">And fear’st to die? famine is in thy cheeks.</div> - <div class="i2h">Need and oppression starveth in thy eyes,</div> - <div class="i2h">Contempt and beggary hangs upon thy back,</div> - <div class="i2h">The world is not thy friend, nor the world’s law;</div> - <div class="i2h">The world affords no law to make thee rich;</div> - <div class="i2h">Then be not poor, but break it, and take this.</div> - <div class="ih"><i>Ap.</i> My poverty but not my will consents.</div> - <div><i>Rom.</i> I pray thy poverty and not thy will.</div> - <div class="ih"><i>Ap.</i> Put this in any liquid thing you will</div> - <div class="i2h">And drink it off; and if you had the strength</div> - <div class="i2h">Of twenty men, it would despatch you straight.</div> - <div><i>Rom.</i> There is thy gold, worse poison to men’s souls</div> - <div class="i2h">Doing more murders in this loathsome world</div> - <div class="i2h">Than these poor compounds that thou may’st not sell.</div> - <div class="i2h">I sell thee poison, thou hast sold me none.</div> - <div class="i2h">Farewell; buy food, and get thyself in flesh.</div> - <div class="i2h">Come cordial, and not poison; go with me</div> - <div class="i2h">To Juliet’s grave, for there I must use thee.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p081"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p081.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center p-left smcap">The Apothecary.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">(Drawn by Miss K. Righton.)</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">Two lines in the accepted version have been the subject of much -controversy, sometimes of an acrimonious character among critics. Both -sides quote one or other of the early editions in support of their -contentions. One of the lines is “Need and oppression starveth in thy -eyes.” It is fiercely held that “starveth” in this expression should -be “stareth.” And in the famous line “I pray thy poverty and not thy -will” ordinary readers naturally think “pay” should be substituted -for “pray.” The defenders of the quoted versions contemptuously reply -that it is because we are only commonsense people and not poets that -we cannot rise to the height of appreciating the meaning of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span> more -recondite phrases that makes us suggest the emendations.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Hebenon.</h3> - -<p>The “juice of cursed Hebenon,” which according to the Ghost, was the -poison chosen by Hamlet’s wicked uncle to kill his father by dropping -some of it into his ears during his afternoon nap, has been much -discussed by commentators. Authorities generally favour either henbane -or ebony (hebenus). Some occasional opinions may be found suggesting -other poisons, but they do not carry much weight. Dr. Paris, for -example, in “Pharmacologia” proposes the essential oil of tobacco, -quoting in support of his opinion the authority of Gerard, who says -it was “commonly called the henbane of Peru.” Dr. Bucknill remarks -that the poet could not have meant henbane because that herb is not a -virulent poison, and would not have had the effect attributed to it. -But no dramatist would care to have his fancies subjected to the test -of science in this way. Possibly Shakespeare would hardly have cared to -justify the introduction of the ghost by strict evidence. Dr. Bucknill -decides that as no poison will fit the description the term was used -as a generic one for a drug producing “hebetudo animi.” In Beisley’s -“Shakespeare’s Garden” it is suggested that hebenon may have been a -misprint for eneron, nightshade, which Dyce, a prominent authority, -politely dismisses as a “villainous conjecture.”</p> - -<p>A plausible German interpretation of hebenon is that it is derived -from <i>Eibenbaum</i>, the yew-tree. Eibe was the Saxon name for the -yew, and its poisonous properties were recognised from very ancient -times. It is probable that some of the quotations which have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span> been -credited to ebony may have been really due to the yew. Spenser, for -example, writes: “Lay now thy Heben bow aside”; “A speare of Heben -wood” and “trees of bitter gall and Heben sad.” These references are -more likely to be to the yew than to the ebony: and certainly could not -have been applied to the henbane weeds. Gower (1390) has “Of hebanus -the sleepy tree.” In Marlowe’s “Jew of Malta” (1592, contemporary with -Shakespeare), several deadly things are grouped thus:—</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="ileft">“The blood of Hydra, Lerna’s bane,</div> - <div>The juice of Hebon, and Cocytus’ breath.”</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>There is no tradition of poisonous properties associated with ebony, -as there is with both henbane and yew, but in regard to henbane, a -remarkable passage has been found in Holland’s translation of Pliny -which was published in London just about the time when Shakespeare -was writing “Hamlet.” Pliny, dealing with henbane, says (in this -translation): “An oile is made of the seed thereof which if it be but -dropped into the eares is ynough to trouble the braine.” Shakespeare -must have been a voracious reader, he probably got Holland’s book as -soon as it came out, and finding this passage, adopted the suggestion. -He was no doubt familiar with the word hebon or hebonus, and chose -that for his verse, perhaps without caring very much whether it was a -correct interpretation of henbane or not. As a matter of fact, in the -earlier editions of “Hamlet” the word appears as hebona. In the folios, -which came later, hebonon is substituted, no doubt out of consideration -for euphony.</p> - -<p>It is notable that the player who enacts the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span> murder of the King (Act -III., Sc. 2) describes the poison as a</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="ileft">“Mixture rank of midnight weeds collected,</div> - <div>With Hecat’s ban thrice blasted, thrice infected.”</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>This of course does not correspond with the suggestion that the juice -of hebenon was the product of some one poisonous plant.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span></p> - -<h2>XIX<br /> -<span class="subhed">SOME NOTED DRUGS.</span></h2></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Who was the first cultivator of corn? Who first tamed and -domesticated the animals whose strength we use, and whom we make -our food? Or who first discovered the medicinal herbs which from -the earliest times have been our resource against disease?</p> - -<p class="r1 p0"><span class="smcap">Cardinal Newman</span>: Sermon on <i>The World’s -Benefactors</i>.</p> -</div> - - - -<p>The most valuable and original records of the history of drugs are -to be found in “Pharmacographia” by F. A. Flückiger of Strasburg and -Daniel Hanbury of London (published by Macmillan & Co.). I have as a -rule avoided copying details from that work, although I have dealt with -no subject without referring to it. In this section, however, the drugs -named are of course treated in “Pharmacographia,” and necessarily the -facts given must to some extent correspond. But comparison would show -that I have only selected subjects which were capable of discussion -from a somewhat different point of view from that which guided Messrs. -Flückiger and Hanbury.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Aloes.</h3> - -<p>Dioscorides is the earliest medical writer to mention aloes as a -medicine. According to him it should be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span> given in doses of from half a -drachm to one drachm as a gentle purge, or of three drachms if its full -cathartic effect were required. The drug is not named by Hippocrates -nor by Theophrastus.</p> - -<p>Celsus describes it as specially valuable for city men and men of -letters (urbani et literarum cupidi); he says it is an ingredient in -all purgatives, and it is clear from the later Greek and Roman writers -how highly this remedy was esteemed. In “Pharmacographia” Hanbury -refers to the legend of Alexander the Great visiting the Island of -Socotra at the instance of Aristotle particularly on account of the -aloes grown there. It is said that Alexander left a colony of Ionians -on the island in order to ensure a sufficient supply of the drug. -Undoubtedly there were Greek Christians there in Mohammedan times and -it is probable that the Arabs invented the Alexandrian origin of them.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p087"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p087.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center p-left smcap">The Aloe in Flower.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p088" style="width: 647px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p088.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 center p-left smcap">A Medicinal Aloe growing under glass in the Chelsea -Physic Garden.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">[This photograph was published in “London Botanic Gardens” by -P. E. F. Perrédès, B.Sc., F.L.S., published by the Wellcome -Chemical Research Laboratories, and is kindly lent for this book -by the Director of those Laboratories, Dr. Frederick B. Power].</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">The fame of aloes was well maintained by the Arabian physicians, and -the old Greek and Roman formulas for aloetic compounds were passed -on to the Middle Ages by Mesué of Damascus, together with some new -ones. It was one of the drugs recommended to Alfred the Great by the -Patriarch of Jerusalem.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span></p> - -<p>In 1622 Mindererus published a treatise on a special compound of aloes -which he had devised. Raymond Minderer was the most famous physician -of his time. He lived at Augsburg, and was the appointed medical -adviser to the Duke of Bavaria and the great house of the Fuggers, the -Rothschilds of the period. Minderer’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span> book was entitled “Aloedarium,” -and it described in loving detail each of the nine ingredients of what -is supposed to have been the lineal ancestor of our modern compound -rhubarb pill. The components were:—</p> - -<p>Aloes 3 ounces, Marum (herb mastic), and Saffron, of each 3 scruples, -Agaric, Costus, and Myrrh, of each 3 half-drachms, Ammoniacum, 3 -drachms, Rhubarb, 3 two-drachms (ʒvi), and Lign Aloes, 3 half-scruples. -These drugs were each separately macerated in appropriate liquids, the -aloes in rose water, the myrrh in rue vinegar, and so forth. Mindererus -recommended these pills not so much as a purgative, but as a general -tonic, especially useful to strong, fair, well-fed persons.</p> - -<p>Following Minderer’s book, and indeed slavishly copying it, came a -treatise by Dr. William Marcquis of Antwerp, entitled “Aloe Morbifuga.” -The only notable feature of this work is that its author is clear about -the importance of that part of the aloes which is soluble in water as -the constituent of the drug in which the purgative properties reside. -He was, in fact, the originator of our aqueous extract of aloes.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Castor Oil.</h3> - -<p>The supposed identity of the Palma Christi tree, from the seeds of -which castor oil is obtained, with the Hebrew “kikaion” is mentioned in -the note on Jonah’s “gourd” in the section “Pharmacy in the Bible.” It -is not doubtful that the plant was the same as the “kiki” of Herodotus, -and the “kiki” or “kroton” of Dioscorides. Avicenna quotes a reference -to the seeds from Dioscorides, from which, he says, is pressed the oil -of kiki “which is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span> the oil of Alkeroa.” Other Arab authors use the term -“al-keroa” for the Greek “kiki.” A frequent Latin name for the Palma -Christi was “kikinum,” or “cicinum.”</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p090"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p090.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">Castor Oil Plant.</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">The earliest allusion to the oil is found in Herodotus (“Hist. -Euterpe,” sec. 94), where we read “The inhabitants of the marshy -grounds in Egypt make use of an oil which they term the ‘kiki,’ -expressed from the Sillicyprian plant. In Greece this plant springs -spontaneously without any cultivation; but the Egyptians sow it on the -banks of the river and the canals; it there produces fruit in great -abundance, but of a very strong odour. When gathered they obtain from -it, either by friction or pressure, an unctuous liquid which diffuses -an offensive smell, but for burning it is equal in quality to the oil -of olives.”</p> - -<p>From this and other references it is clear that the Egyptians held -the Palma Christi plant in high esteem, and this would hardly have -been the case if it was only used for the extraction of an inferior -burning oil. As is stated in another section, Ebers guesses that an -aperient medicine made from the fruit of the kesebt tree may<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span> have -meant the ricinus seeds. The seeds of the Palma Christi, too, have been -frequently found in sarcophagi; evidence that they had acquired a high -reputation of some kind.</p> - -<p>Hippocrates apparently tried to reduce the acridity of the seeds so as -to make them more useful as purgatives. Dioscorides alludes to their -purgative properties, but only contemplates the external employment of -the oil in medicine. Pliny, however, is more explicit. Chapter xli., of -Book 23 begins with the sentence: “Oleum cicinum bibitur ad purgationes -ventris cum pari calidæ mensura.” The whole passage is of interest. -The following is the translation of it given in Bohn’s “Classical -Library” (Dr. Bostock): “Castor oil taken with an equal quantity of -warm water acts as a purgative upon the bowels. It is said, too, that -as a purgative it acts particularly upon the regions of the diaphragm -(precordia). It is useful for diseases of the joints, all kinds of -indurations, affections of the uterus and ears, and for burns, employed -with the ashes of the murex; it heals itch, scabs, and inflammations of -the fundament. It improves the complexion also, and by its fertilising -tendencies promotes the growth of the hair. The cicus or seed from -which this oil is made no animal will touch, and from these grape-like -seeds wicks are made which burn with a peculiar brilliancy. The light, -however, that is produced by the oil is very dim, in consequence of its -extreme thickness. The leaves are applied topically with vinegar for -erysipelas. Fresh gathered they are used by themselves for diseases of -the mamillæ and defluxions. A decoction of them in wine with polenta -and saffron is good for inflammations of various kinds. Boiled by -themselves and applied to the face for three successive days they -improve the complexion.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span></p> - -<p>In Egypt and Rome, therefore, Ricinus was evidently esteemed; and -though as a medicine they dropped largely out of use, it is clear from -old English physic books that a traditional reputation was always -associated with both the seeds and the oil. Gerard, in his “Herbal,” -and Piso, in an account of the natural history of the West Indies, -both recommend them, the former in broth, the latter in the form of a -tincture made with brandy for colic and constipation. Gerard states -that the Palma Christi “of America” grew in his garden (in Holborn) and -in many other gardens likewise. The seeds, however, came to be regarded -as dangerous, and were clearly but little used in orthodox medicine. -Quincy (1724) refers to them as “hardly ever met with in practice, -unless amongst empirics and persons of no credit.”</p> - -<p>In 1764, however, Dr. Peter Canvane, of Bath, who had practised for -seven years in the West Indies, published a treatise entitled “A -Dissertation on the Oleum Palmæ Christi, sive Oleum Ricini, or (as it -is commonly call’d) Castor Oil,” in which he warmly recommended the oil -as a gentle purgative, particularly in cases of “dry belly ache.” His -advocacy soon took effect, for in the second edition of his treatise -published in 1769, he says it had become officinal, by which he meant -was sold in the shops, “at Apothecaries Hall and several other shops in -London and Bath.” Dr. Odier, of Geneva, who visited England in 1776, -became then acquainted with the medicine, and subsequently brought -it to the notice of Continental physicians. It was admitted into the -London Pharmacopœia in 1788.</p> - -<p>The name “Ricinus” was in Latin the name of the parasite known as the -dog-tick, <i>Ixodes ricinus</i>, and was transferred to the Palma -Christi seeds because of their resemblance to the insect. In Greek the -same insect<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span> was called the kroton, and Theophrastus and Dioscorides -describe the Palma Christi seeds as kroton seeds. Curiously the name -kroton has been applied in America to the cockroach, not from any -association with ticks, but from a belief that the insects came from -the Croton River when the water from that source was brought to New -York in 1842. The name of castor oil is supposed to have been given -to the oil in consequence of a mistaken idea in the Western Indies -that the plant which yielded the seeds was <i>Agnus Castus</i>. There -was, however, a castor oil and compound castor oil in medicinal use in -England and other countries until the eighteenth century. The simple -oil was made by digesting castorum in oil and boiling it with wine -until the latter had all evaporated. The compound oil contained besides -a number of aromatic gums and spices. Possibly the taste of the oil -from the Palma Christi seeds recalled that from the old oil of castor, -and the name may thus have been transferred.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Cinchona.</h3> - -<p>It is not possible to determine from the legends and reports collected -by the many competent naturalists who visited Peru in the seventeenth -and eighteenth centuries with the special object of investigating -the history of the cinchona trees whether it was known or used as -a medicine by the natives before its virtues were ascertained by -Europeans.</p> - -<p>Peru was discovered in 1513, and became subject to Spain about the -middle of the sixteenth century. But Hanbury points out that no -reference to the bark as a febrifuge has been found earlier than the -beginning of the seventeenth century. It was reported by La<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span> Condamine, -and others who acquired their knowledge on the spot, that the Indians -had long used the bark as a dye. The Countess Ana of Chinchon, wife of -the Spanish Viceroy of Peru, was cured of a fever by the bark in 1638, -but there is evidence that its medicinal value had been experienced -by some of the conquering race before that date. One story is that -when the Countess was ill and all the usual remedies had been found -ineffective, the Corregidor of Loxa, Don Juan Lopez Canizares, who -had himself been cured by the bark of a similar illness, brought some -of the remedy from Loxa to Lima and staked his reputation on its -infallibility. After her cure the Countess became an enthusiastic -advocate of the medicine, administering it with uniform success to her -dependents and others in Lima, and on her return to Spain in 1640, -exerting herself to make it known there.</p> - -<p>Another story is to the effect that a native maid in the employment -of the Countess had made known the virtues of the bark to the Viceroy -out of affection for her mistress, though until then the Indians had -concealed the secret from their cruel rulers. The most likely account -is that the bark had become known as a valuable medicine to the Jesuit -missionaries who had been in the country for fully fifty years when the -Countess of Chinchon was cured.</p> - -<p>Le Condamine stated, in 1738, that the Indians had a legend that they -had become acquainted with the properties of the bark in consequence of -an earthquake in the neighbourhood of Loxa which had caused a number of -the trees surrounding a lake near the city to be thrown into the water. -An Indian violently ill with a fever and consumed with thirst had drunk -water from this lake and had been rapidly cured. Another tradition<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span> was -that the pumas of the country had been observed to eat the bark when -they were ill, and that the Indians had learned its value from this -circumstance.</p> - -<p>The Count and Countess of Chinchon returned to Spain, as has been said, -in 1640. They went to live on their estate at Chinchon Castle, about -forty miles from Madrid, and their physician, Juan del Vego, followed -them and resided at Seville. Vego brought with him a considerable -quantity of the bark from Peru, and sold it at 100 reals per pound. -Sprengel queries whether the real of Plata or the real of Vellon is to -be understood; the latter was worth about 2d., the Plata or silver real -being worth about 8d. It is not at all certain that Vego’s bark was the -first importation of the medicine into Spain. A Spanish physician named -Villerobel, quoted by Badus in 1663 in a work on the Peruvian bark, -states that a quantity was received in 1632, but was not tried until -1639 (a year after the cure of the Countess, it will be noted). The -patient was an ecclesiastic of Alcala de Henarez, near Madrid. However -this may be, Vego’s reports and the experiments with his bark excited -lively interest all through Spain, and from then began a controversy -almost as bitter as that between the Galenists and Paracelsists. There -were a large number of practitioners who could not bring themselves -to believe in any medicine which Galen had not described. It was also -alleged by some contemporary writers that a prompt cure of intermittent -fevers was not by any means desired by a large number of medical men -and apothecaries, who consequently allied themselves in opposition -to this very effective bark. This statement is no doubt due to the -usual uncharitableness of controversy; but it is possible that the -adversaries of the new remedy might at least cling<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span> to their old -prejudices with not less firmness when these and their interests ran on -parallel lines.</p> - -<p>Fevers were at that time regarded as caused by some morbific principle -in the humours which occasioned effervescence, and which it was -essential first of all to expel. The patient was, therefore, treated -with evacuants and debilitating medicines while the fever continued, -and the vital spirits were afterwards restored by a course of cordials -and bitters, such as wormwood, chamomile flowers, mace, carduus -benedictus, angelica, and valerian. The opponents of the bark insisted -that if it palliated the fever it “fixed the humour” and ensured a -relapse or some other more dangerous disease. In 1652 Leopold William, -Archduke of Austria, and Governor of the Low Countries, who had -interested himself in popularising the bark, fell ill with a quaternian -fever. He took bark and recovered. A relapse occurred, but the -complaint again yielded to the remedy. Some time after he had another -attack. This time, perhaps influenced by the views already quoted, he -refused to take bark and died. This event was regarded, illogically -enough, as evidence of the dangerous character of the medicine.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, the Jesuits had been busy propagating the new remedy and -proving its virtues. The provincial father brought a large supply to -Rome, and explained the method of using it to a congress of Jesuits -then assembled in that city. The fathers administered it all over -Europe, giving it gratuitously to the poor and to their own order, -but charging its weight in gold to the rich. It is said that they -endeavoured to keep it as a secret medicine, and would only supply -it in powder so that it might be more difficult to identify. The -Procurator-General of the order, Father (afterwards Cardinal)<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span> de Lugo, -making a journey to Paris in 1649, found the king, Louis XIV, himself -suffering at the time from an intermittent fever. He recommended to -him the use of the bark, and Louis took it and quickly recovered. -The powder of the Cardinal, the Powder of the Fathers, the Jesuits’ -Powder, by which names among others it was known, consequently came -into strong demand. But these titles were largely responsible for the -reaction which almost drove cinchona out of practice. Protestant fears -and prejudices were added to the orthodox opposition of the Galenists, -and besides, many practitioners administered the bark ignorantly, in -too small or too large doses, while the high prices at which it was -sold led to fraudulent substitution, which more than anything else -discredited the bark as a medicine. Sprengel quotes complaints from the -Cardinal de Lugo, the apothecary of the College of Medicine at Rome, -and Vincent Protospatario, a physician at Naples, who alleged that the -Spanish merchants were sending into Italy instead of the true Peruvian -bark various other astringent barks devoid of any aromatic taste, but -flavoured up to the necessary bitterness by aloes.</p> - -<p>Although Sydenham in England, and a number of eminent physicians on -the Continent, studied the proper methods of administration and the -suitable doses of bark, it fell to a practitioner whose methods went a -long way to justify charges of charlatanry firmly to establish cinchona -in professional and popular favour.</p> - -<p>Robert Talbor was assistant with an apothecary at Cambridge named Dear. -It has been ascertained that in 1663 he had been entered as a sizar at -St. John’s College for five years, but there is no indication that he -took a degree. In his writings he states that he was largely indebted -to a member of the University of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span> name of Nott for suggestions -relative to the administration of bark. The next heard of him is that -he was practising in Essex. This was about 1671. He wrote a book in -1672, which he called “Pyretologia,” a rational account of the cause -and cure of agues. In this he refers to his own secret remedy, which, -he says, consists of four ingredients, two indigenous and two exotic. -He mentions Peruvian bark and intimates that it is an excellent remedy, -but one that should be employed with prudence, as in the hands of -inexperienced doctors it might occasion serious evils. He does not say -that it was contained in his specific.</p> - -<p>Talbor moved to London and set up his sign next door to Gray’s Inn -Gate, in Holborn. His treatment brought him into fame, the climax -of which was that having cured the daughter of Lady Mordaunt he was -sent for when Charles II was ill with an ague and cured him. He was -knighted, appointed a royal physician with a salary of £100 a year, and -the king caused a letter to be written to the College of Physicians -asking them not to interfere with his practice in London.</p> - -<p>Talbor next figures in Paris, and there leaped into eminence. For -French convenience he assumed the name of Talbot, an English name with -which they were historically familiar. He soon became a favourite -in high circles. Mme. de Sévigné refers to him several times in her -letters of 1679. In one she says, “Nothing is talked of here but -the Englishman and his cures.” In November, 1780, the Dauphin was -dangerously ill with a fever. Talbor had plenty of friends at court who -wanted him to be sent for. Mme. de Sévigné is again the chronicler. She -writes:—“The Englishman has promised on his head to cure monseigneur -in four<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span> days.” If he fails she believes he will be thrown out of the -window. She further states that the King (Louis XIV) insisted on seeing -Talbor prepare his wine; and when she reports the fulfilment of his -promise and the cure of the Dauphin she notes with malicious glee the -discomfiture of the king’s head physician, Antoine d’Aquin.</p> - -<p>D’Aquin wrote bitterly against Talbor, insisted that his treatment -of the Dauphin and of other persons had been founded on a mistaken -diagnosis, and that in the Dauphin’s case he had made a bilious fever -into a dangerous disorder. Another critic suggested that his remedy -given to the Duke of Rochefoucauld in an arthritic asthma had had fatal -consequences.</p> - -<p>Louis agreed to buy Talbor’s formula, but nothing was published until -after the death of the latter. Two thousand guineas and an annual -pension of £100 were granted to the English doctor, and he was made a -Chevalier. Shortly afterwards he went to Spain and cured the queen of -that country of a fever. Then he returned to London and died in 1781, -at the early age of forty.</p> - -<p>His official formula, published after his death, directed 6 drachms -of rose leaves to be infused in 6 ounces of water with 2 ounces of -lemon juice for four hours. A strong infusion of cinchona was added to -the above, together with some juice of persil or ache. He also made -alcoholic tinctures and wines of cinchona. The French doctors were sure -that he was in the habit of adding some opium to his speciality. If he -did he invented a valuable combination.</p> - -<p>Another contemporary writer, John Jones, gives the following as -Talbor’s process. He digested finely-powdered bark in juice of persil -and decoction of anise<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span> separately. The mixture was placed in an -earthen vessel, and having been stirred frequently he added red wine -and macerated for a week. He also made a tincture of cinchona by adding -8 ounces of alcohol to 2 ounces of powdered bark.</p> - -<p>From a handbill in a collection of quack advertisements in the British -Museum Library, dated “1675, &c.,” it appears that Dr. Charles Goodal, -who gave his address “at the Coach and Horses, near Physician’s -Colledge, Warwick Lane,” offers “for the public good a very superior -sort of Jesuit’s Bark, ready powdered, and papered into doses” at -4<i>s.</i> per ounce, or in quantity £3 per lb., and as evidence that -this is a reasonable price he refers to Mr. Thain, druggist, of Newgate -Street, to whom he had paid 9<i>s.</i> per lb. for a considerable -quantity. Possibly it was Mr. Thain who was advertising.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Tinct. Cinchonæ Co.</h3> - -<p>The official formula for this tincture is slightly modified from that -devised by John Huxham, M.D., and published in his Essay on Fevers, -1755. It first appeared in the P.L. 1788 as a College preparation.</p> - -<p>John Huxham was born as Totnes in 1692, and was the son of a butcher. -He studied medicine under Boerhaave at Leyden, but graduated M.D. -at Rheims. Then he returned to England and after a time settled -at Plymouth. He was a Nonconformist, and at first depended on the -dissenting portion of the population for his practice, but it did not -expand as fast as he wished and it is alleged that he was not above -some of the tricks satirised by novelists; as, for example, being -called out of chapel, riding at full speed through the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span> streets, -walking about with a gold-headed cane, wearing a red coat and -followed by a footman who carried his gloves. He, however, acquired -a considerable reputation both locally and nationally; was elected -F.R.S. in 1739, and was awarded the Copley medal in 1755 for a treatise -on antimony in which he strongly recommended an Essentia or Vinum -Antimonii made by infusing 1 oz. of glass of antimony in 24 oz. of -sound Madeira wine for 10 or 12 days, then decanting and filtering. He -advised doses of 30 to 80 drops of this in tea, wine, beer, or other -liquid, as an alterant, attenuant, and diaphoretic. The treatise though -verbose does not seem to have had any special merit.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p101"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p101.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">Dr. Huxham.</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">His Essay on Fevers was much more important and has been highly -esteemed by competent critics. He<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span> also wrote a valuable note on -scurvy in seamen, recommending a more abundant supply of vegetables -on voyages, and was the first to describe the malignant ulcerous sore -throat now called diphtheria.</p> - -<p>Huxham’s formula for Tinct. Cinchonæ Co. as given by himself was as -follows:</p> - -<p>Cort. Peruv. opt. pulv. ℥ ii, Flav. Aurant. Hispan. ℥ iss, Rad. -serpent. Virgin. ℥ iii, Croci Anglic. ℈ iv, Coccinel. ℈ ii, Sp. Vini -Gallici, (Brandy), ℥ xx. F. Infusio clausa per dies aliquot (tres -saltern quatuerve) deinde coletur. The dose was ʒ i to ℥ ss every 4, -6, or 8 hours with 10, 15, or 20 drops of elixir of vitriol in diluted -wine. Huxham says of this tincture “it tends to strengthen the Solids, -to prevent the further Dissolution and Corruption of the blood and in -the event to restore its Crassis.” He has previously stated that it is -a very useful remedy “not only in slow, nervous fevers, but also in the -putrid, pestilential, and petechial, especially in the Decline.” But he -adds, “if the patient is costive or hath a tense and humid abdomen, I -always premise a dose of rhubarb, manna, or the like.”</p> - -<p>According to Dr. Paris, Huxham believed in complicated prescribing. -“There are several prescriptions of Huxham extant,” we read in -“Pharmacologia,” “which contain more than four hundred ingredients.”</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Cinchona or Chinchona.</h3> - -<p>Sir Clements Markham, whose services in introducing cinchona culture -into India and Ceylon are well known, has earnestly insisted on the -adoption of the name chinchona instead of cinchona in justice to the -lady after whom the generic title was chosen. In a Memoir of the Lady -Ana de Osorio, Countess of Chinchon,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span> Sir Clements Markham somewhat -extravagantly exalts that “illustrious and beautiful lady,” whom he -describes as “one of the most noble benefactors of the human race.” She -may have been an excellent woman, but her advocate does not furnish -sufficient evidence of her virtues to justify such lavish praise. The -Countess was cured of a fever by the bark, and on her return to Spain -she distributed the remedy to such of her vassals as needed it. Perhaps -her physician, who brought a quantity of the bark home with him and -sold it, did more to make it generally known than she did by her gifts.</p> - -<p>Still there is no doubt that Linnæus intended by the name he gave to -the genus to perpetuate her memory; and it is likewise true that her -name was Chinchon and not Cinchon. The latter term, Sir Clements says, -means a broad girdle or a policeman’s belt, and makes the intended -honour ridiculous. His opinion was that Linnæus had erred in ignorance, -having been misled by several French writers. Daniel Hanbury, however, -who contested some of Markham’s assertions, gave good reasons for -believing that Linnæus had adopted the term cinchona deliberately -for the sake of euphony. Anyway he shows that Mutis, the disciple of -Linnæus, who sent him the plant from which he wrote his description, -while at first writing of chinchona soon followed the spelling of the -master and continued to do so.</p> - -<p>The name cinchona and derivatives from it are too well established to -be dislodged now for a sentimental reason, even if it were not that the -adopted name is undoubtedly easier to pronounce than the more strictly -correct one would be.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Cultivation of Cinchona in the East.</h3> - -<p>Many botanists and travellers remarked upon the reckless manner in -which the natives of Peru collected the bark. They felled the trees and -stripped them of bark without planting new ones to take the place of -those destroyed. Humboldt says that 25,000 trees were thus destroyed in -a single year.</p> - -<p>The first attempt to transport any plants to Europe was made by La -Condamine in 1743. He had obtained some young plants and was conveying -them down the Amazon River to Cayenne, intending to transport them to -the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. At the mouth of the river a wave swept -over his little vessel and washed away his whole collection. Joseph -de Jussieu, who had accompanied La Condamine on his expedition, and -remained in the country after him for fifteen years, was robbed of his -collection at Buenos Ayres, and lost his reason as a consequence of his -misfortune.</p> - -<p>Royle in 1839 strongly advocated the introduction of cinchona into -India, and suggested the Nilgiri Hills as a suitable position for -the experiment. His suggestions were taken into consideration by the -Government, but no immediate steps were taken. The Dutch Government -first moved in the matter, sending a botanist named Hasskarl to South -America in 1852. Their object was to establish cinchona gardens in -Java. All through the fifties they were carrying on their experiments, -but with very slow success. The English Government were meanwhile -instructing their Consuls in South America to obtain seeds, but it -was not until 1859 that the collection was seriously undertaken for -India. In that year Mr. (now Sir) Clements Markham was commissioned -to go to South America to collect<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span> seeds of the best species. Markham -has told the full story of his mission in his work on “Peruvian Bark,” -and has incidentally in that narrative exposed the parsimony of the -authorities in their treatment of those associated in the important and -profitable enterprise successfully carried through after some years of -hard and often perilous labour. His principal coadjutor, Dr. Spruce, -whose health was utterly ruined by his efforts, was paid a salary of -£30 a month while the work lasted, and a special grant of £27 for an -exhaustive report which he prepared. A pension of £50 a year was given -him by the British Government for his botanical services, and after -thirteen years of persistent importunity, the Indian Government granted -him another £50 a year. Mr. Pritchett, who collected plants and seeds -in the forests of Huanuco, was paid his salary and nothing more. To Mr. -Cross, who assisted Dr. Spruce in the collection of the red bark, two -grants of £300 each were made. Mr. Weir, “a most conscientious, active, -and skilful worker, and, so far as his own labours were concerned, -completely successful,” crippled and disabled for life, got nothing -from the Government, though the Horticultural Society collected some -funds which yielded £27 a year.</p> - -<p>The monumental instance of official ingratitude was, however, -manifested in the case of Charles Ledger, to whom, more than to -any other man, the world is indebted for cheap quinine, and out of -whose adventurous services the Dutch nation have made millions in -their Java dependency. Between the years 1841 and 1858 Ledger was -travelling in South America in the employment of the New South Wales -Government buying alpacas. He had a faithful servant, Manuel Manami, -who had often told him how jealously the natives,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span> especially those -of Bolivia, guarded the knowledge of their best seeds. Manami had -himself been a cascarillero or bark cutter. On Ledger’s return to -Australia in 1858 he found that Holland and England were eagerly -seeking to plant cinchona in their Eastern possessions. The mission -of Hasskarl had been practically a failure. He had not been able to -enter Bolivia, and the species he brought to Java were comparatively -valueless. Ledger was in South America when Markham went there on his -official journey. He endeavoured to open communication with the British -Government’s envoy but failed. He, however, pressed his faithful Manami -to secure some of the precious “rojo” (<i>Cinchona Calisaya</i>, var. -<i>Ledgeriana</i>) seeds from Bolivia. Manami fulfilled this service, -somewhat reluctantly, sent the seeds to his master, but was himself -thrown into prison, beaten, and died soon after in consequence of the -cruel treatment he underwent.</p> - -<p>Ledger sent the seeds to his brother in England authorising him to -dispose of them as he best could. They were at first offered to the -British Government, but as Markham was then in India superintending -the planting of the seeds he had brought from Peru, the offer was not -entertained. Half of them were sold to a Ceylon planter, and the rest -were taken, after some discussion, by the Dutch Government for about -£33, with a promise of a further payment if the plants flourished. A -year later on a report that 20,000 plants had been raised from these -seeds the Dutch Government paid Ledger a further £100 and got from him -a letter expressing his satisfaction. That was in 1866.</p> - -<p>For many years Ledger was lost sight of, and it was stated in several -books that he was dead. In 1895, however, a letter from him was -published in <i>The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span> Chemist and Druggist</i>, of London, dated from -Goulburne, N.S.W. He wrote simply in reference to a paper which had -been printed in that journal referring to the admixture of some white -flowers with coca as imported. The addition of the “inga flowers,” Mr. -Ledger explained, was made by the natives in the belief that they kept -the coca leaves fresh and green. Later it was found that Mr. Ledger -was living in comparative poverty in consequence of the failure of -Australian banks and the slump in land values. Efforts were made to -induce the Dutch Government to make some compensation to the man who -had done them such grand service, but at first a blank refusal was -returned. In May, 1807, however, on his seventy-ninth birthday, Mr. -Ledger received the announcement from Amsterdam that an annuity of £100 -would be conferred upon him. He lived nine years after this.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p107"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p107.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">Charles Ledger, Cinchona Pioneer.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">(From <i>The Chemist and Druggist</i>.)</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">The Ledger cinchona had also been introduced into India, and as it -was found to be yielding such rich<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span> bark Mr. Markham appealed in 1880 -to the Indian Government to grant Mr. Ledger at least the sum of £200 -to compensate him for the expenses he had been put to, which far -exceeded what he was paid for the seeds. “The reply, after four months’ -delay, was a curt refusal,” wrote Mr. Markham to <i>The Chemist and -Druggist</i>, in April, 1895.</p> - -<p>Mr. Ledger, who was born in Bucklersbury, London, on May 4, 1818, -wrote a very pleasant and modest autobiographical sketch of his varied -experiences for <i>The Chemist and Druggist</i>, which was published in -that journal of July 27, 1895.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Cubebs</h3> - -<p class="p-left">have had a rather chequered medical history. The Arab physicians used -them apparently for the same medicinal purposes, that is, for checking -urethral discharges, as they are generally prescribed for by our own -physicians; but in the middle ages we hear of them as a popular but -costly condiment. Curious particulars of this use of cubebs are given -in “Pharmacographia.” They were an ingredient in the P.L. formulas for -Mithridate and Theriaca, probably as a stimulant. Then they seem to -have dropped out of use. They were omitted from the P.L. 1809. Their -re-introduction into medical practice is due to an article by Dr. -Crawfurd in the <i>Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal</i>, 1818, -but it appears that the knowledge of the anti-blennorrhagic properties -of cubebs came from an English officer in Java, whose Hindoo servant -had recommended to him the use of them as a medicine. The employment of -cubebs in hoarseness and bronchial complaints was popularised by some -American Troches,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span> a proprietary medicine, but this use of the medicine -was familiar a hundred and fifty years ago. In James’s Dispensatory it -is stated that cubebs are “recommended in hoarseness and loss of voice, -especially when the tonsils are stuffed and obstructed.”</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Digitalis.</h3> - -<p>Foxglove, the common and ancient name of this handsome plant, is -believed to be a corruption of a still older name, Foxes’ glew, or -Foxes’ music, in allusion to an instrument consisting of a series of -bells hanging from one support. The Norwegian name of the plant is -Rev-bjelda, fox-bells. A pretty fancy, but one which is not supported -by evidence, is that the original name was folks’ glew, or fairy bells. -In Scotland the flower is called bloody fingers, and sometimes dead -men’s bells; in France, gants de notre Dame, and doigts de la Vierge. -The German popular name is finger-hut, finger hood or thimble, and the -Latin term, digitalis, coined by Fuchs of Tubingen about 1550, was -intended to be the equivalent of that designation.</p> - -<p>The medical history of the foxglove is somewhat varied. It appears -to have been used as an ingredient in external applications by old -herbalists, principally for scrofulous complaints. Gerard, Parkinson, -and Salmon, who wrote in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, extol -its virtues and mention also its employment internally for the falling -sickness or epilepsy. Parkinson quotes an Italian saying concerning -it that it is a salve for all sores. It found a place in the London -Pharmacopœia of 1650 and in several subsequent issues.</p> - -<p>But foxglove was always a medicine with a popular rather than a -professional reputation until Dr. William<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span> Withering, of Birmingham, -published “An Account of the Foxglove, and some of its Medical Uses,” -in 1785. Withering was a scientific pioneer of European fame, an -intimate associate of Priestley, Watt, and Boulton, a painstaking -botanist in whose honour a genus of the Solanaceæ was named -Witheringia, and a mineralogist whose name is similarly commemorated by -the name Witherite, given to barium carbonate.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p110"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p110.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">William Withering, M.D.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">(From a print in the British Museum.)</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">In Dr. Withering’s “Account of the Fox-glove,” he narrated that ten -years previously his opinion had been asked about a family recipe for -the cure of dropsy which had long been the secret of an old woman -in Shropshire, and which he was told had cured cases after regular -treatment had failed. The medicine was composed of some twenty -different herbs, but it was not difficult, he says, for one conversant -with such matters to perceive that foxglove was the active ingredient.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span></p> - -<p>Dr. Withering details his experience as well as that of others with -the drug in some hundreds of cases. He noted its action on the heart -and as a diuretic. He had also ascertained that it was prescribed -in family recipes in Yorkshire. An article in Parkinson’s “Herbal,” -written he believed by Mr. Saunders, “an apothecary of great reputation -at Worcester,” declared it to be of great value in consumptive cases. -It had been admitted into the Edinburgh Pharmacopœia 1783, but many -practitioners were giving it in such dangerous doses that he feared its -reputation would not last long.</p> - -<p>Dr. Withering died in 1799 at the age of fifty-eight. A foxglove is -carved on his monument in Edgbaston Old Church.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Guaiacum</h3> - -<p>Came into fame in Europe in the early years of syphilis. The story told -about it (perhaps it was only a clever advertisement, though it is -related without any question by Leclerc) was that a certain Spaniard -named Gonsalvo Ferrand having taken the disease and finding no cure -for it resolved to go into the countries from which the infection had -come, confident that he would there find the remedy which the natives -themselves employed. He went to St. Domingo, discovered that the wood -there called Huaiacon was regarded as a specific, took it himself, -and was cured. This was in 1508. Whatever may be the truth of this -history it seems that Ferrand was subsequently a seller of guaiacum -wood (according to Freind), at seven gold crowns per pound (say -35s.), and accumulated a great fortune. Enormous popularity accrued -to guaiacum by the book which Ulrich von Hutten, the German poet and -reformer,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span> wrote on the “Morbus Gallicus” in 1519. Therein he narrated -his own experience; what he had suffered from this disease; how he had -undergone salivation with mercury eleven times to no purpose; and how -at last he had been cured completely in thirty days by a course of -treatment by guaiacum. This early treatment as it was developed in the -sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries deserves to be recorded. First -a decoction was made by boiling 1 lb. of the wood raspings in 8 or 10 -pints of water down to 5 or 6 pints. After straining this off another -weaker decoction was made from the same wood. The syphilitic patient -was prepared for his course of treatment by a few days’ spare diet, and -by a few aperient doses. Then he went to bed in a well-warmed room, and -early every morning took half a pint of the first decoction warm. He -was then covered with blankets and allowed to sweat for two or three -hours. After being dried he was given a few biscuits with some almonds -and raisins. The process was repeated in the latter part of the day, -and so on for fifteen days, only enough food being given to prevent -the patient from fainting. In the middle of the month a day or two’s -interval was granted, and during that time the bowels were evacuated by -an enema. Then the treatment was renewed as before, but a rather more -liberal diet was permitted. All the time the second decoction was taken -for drink as freely as the patient could be induced to swallow it. -Gradually the usual habits of eating and drinking were resumed.</p> - -<p>It is not surprising to learn that the treatment just described was -soon accused of so reducing the strength of many patients that they -never recovered from it, and it was being abandoned when Boerhaave -revived it for a time as a remedy in syphilitic cases.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p113" style="width:750px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p113.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">Preparation of Guaiacum Remedies and their -Administration.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">(Etching by Stradanus, 1570.)</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm"><i>Reproduced (by permission) from “The Follies of Science at the -Court of Rudolph II.” by H. Carrington Bolton, Pharmaceutical Review -Publishing Co., Milwaukee, U.S.A.</i></p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Ipecacuanha.</h3> - -<p>Although several earlier allusions to ipecacuanha have been found, -the first being in an account of Brazil by a Portuguese friar given -in Purchas’s “Pilgrimes” (1625), where the medicine is named Igpecaya -and is described as a remedy for the bloody flux, its effective -introduction to European medicine was in the year 1686, when Louis XIV -bought from Jean Adrien Helvetius the secret of a medicine with which -he had performed a number of remarkable cures of diarrhœa and dysentery.</p> - -<p>Helvetius, whose original name was Schweitzer, was the son of a Dutch -quack, and had gone to Paris to try to sell his father’s compounds -there. Apparently he had also enrolled himself as a student of -medicine, for he is reported to have accompanied a physician of note at -the period, named Afforty, in his attendance on a merchant variously -called Grenier and Garnier. The merchant, having recovered from his -illness, wished to present to Afforty a parcel of a new drug which -he had received from Brazil. Afforty was not tempted by the offer, -but his companion was more open to be influenced by something new. He -experimented with the medicine and found it of remarkable efficacy in -dysentery. Thereupon he placarded the corners of the streets with his -announcements of a new remedy but without stating what the drug was. -Colbert, having heard of the success of Helvetius, mentioned the remedy -to Louis XIV when the dauphin was ill with dysentery, and the young -Dutch quack was sent for. With the consent of the court physician, -D’Aquin, Helvetius treated the Dauphin and cured him. As a result the -king authorised D’Aquin and his confessor, the Père de la Chaise, to -negotiate with Helvetius for the publication<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span> of his secret, which -he sold for a thousand louis d’or, for a share in which the merchant -Garnier unsuccessfully sued. This was the beginning of a successful -career which was continued by his son and his grandson. The last became -France’s fashionable poet and philosopher in the generation before -the Revolution. The discoverer of ipecacuanha was appointed Inspector -General of the Hospitals of Flanders, and became physician to the Duke -of Orleans.</p> - -<p>It appears from a treatise which Helvetius wrote that at first -ipecacuanha was given in doses of two drachms, sometimes in decoctions -and sometimes in enemas. Hans Sloane in England and Leibnitz in Germany -wrote warmly in favour of the new remedy, but it was not till thirty -years after it had been introduced that the dose was popularly reduced -to some four to ten grains. Dover’s lucky combination of ipecacuanha -with opium had a great effect in ensuring its permanent adoption.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Kousso.</h3> - -<p>Although Bruce, the African traveller and others had described the tree -which bears the kousso flowers in Abyssinia (Hagena Abyssinica) and had -noted that the natives used these as worm medicine, the first knowledge -of them actually made use of came through a French physician named -Brayer residing in Constantinople about the year 1820. Brayer was one -day in a café where was a waiter extremely emaciated and who suffered -cruel pains from tapeworm. An old Armenian came into the café and told -this waiter that he possessed a remedy which his son had brought from -Abyssinia, and which he was sure would cure him. Brayer ascertained the -successful result of the experiment<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span> and subsequently tested the remedy -himself on other patients with similar results. He sent some of the -flowers to the German botanist Kunth, to whom they were new, and who -named the tree <i>Brayera anthelmintica</i>. Still it does not appear -that much notice was taken of the reports until about the year 1850, -when a Frenchman offered the flowers in London for 35s. per ounce. The -fancy price attracted attention to the remedy, which proved effectual.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Opium.</h3> - -<p>The ancients recognised two kinds of opium. The superior kind was -called opion, and was the juice which exuded from the poppy head while -it was growing; and the second quality, which was named meconion, was -an extract made from the crushed heads and leaves of the poppy.</p> - -<p>It is doubtful whether Hippocrates was acquainted with the juice of the -poppy at all. He refers to mecon but he attributes to it a purgative -as well as a narcotic power; it is therefore probable that he alludes -to some other plant. In any case, he made but very little use of -poppy or opium if he used either. Theophrastus certainly knew opium, -and Dioscorides distinguishes opion and meconion as explained above. -Dioscorides also gives the receipt for the famous Dia-kodion (made from -the poppy head), the original of our syrup of poppies. His process was -to macerate 120 poppy heads for two days in three sextarii (a sextarius -was nearly equal to our Imperial pint) of rain-water. This was boiled, -strained, mixed with honey, and boiled down to a suitable consistence.</p> - -<p>Probably the shopkeepers and travelling quacks made<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span> more use of opium -in Rome than the regular physicians. Galen expressly says that he never -used the drug except in very urgent cases; but he enthusiastically -commends several confections such as theriaca which owed their -efficiency to opium more than to any other ingredient. Indeed it may -be said that the fame of those compounds was due to opium, and that by -them the medicinal employment of the drug was maintained during many -centuries.</p> - -<p>We know that Paracelsus owed much of his success to the bold way -in which he administered opium to his patients; evidence that his -contemporaries did not use it to any great extent. His followers were -as enthusiastic as himself over the virtues of opium, and before -long the most serious practitioners were advocating it, and devising -formulas for its suitable administration. Platerus of Basle about 1600 -strongly recommended it, and Sylvius (de la Boe) a Dutch physician said -that without opium he would not practise. Van Helmont about 1640 used -opium so frequently that he was called the Doctor Opiatus. Sydenham -about 1680 says, “Among the remedies which it has pleased Almighty -God to give to man to relieve his sufferings, none is so universal -and so efficacious as opium.” Many other eminent physicians might be -cited to the same effect, and some who took an opposite view. Stahl, -for instance, wrote a treatise entitled De Imposturis Opii. Hoffmann -considered that the use of opium was greatly abused, and he believed -his ether would fulfil its purpose in almost all cases.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Quassia</h3> - -<p class="p-left">was sent to Linnæus from Surinam in 1763 by C. D. Dallberg, one of -his pupils, with the statement that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span> it formed the basis of a secret -remedy employed there by a negro slave in endemic malignant fevers. The -negro’s name was reported as Quassi, and from this Linnæus invented the -name of quassia. This bitter wood was obtained from a shrub growing in -Dutch Guiana, but for the English market it was subsequently superseded -by the wood of a large tree growing in Jamaica, belonging to the same -genus. The earlier product is, however, still used in France and -Germany. Ritman, who was in Surinam in 1756, said he had met with the -old negro, Quassi, there, and reported that he was almost worshipped by -some, while others suspected him of magic. Ritman, however, found him a -simple old man skilled in old women’s medicines.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Sarsaparilla.</h3> - -<p>Sarsaparilla was introduced to Europe early in the sixteenth century, -and soon leaped into fame. The great Emperor Charles V, was cured -of gout by it, or fancied he was, and this gave it an enormous -advertisement. It appeared afterwards that it was really China root, -another smilax, that was given to the Emperor, but it was called -sarsaparilla, and the western medicine got the glory. Sarsaparilla -was vaunted as a cure for syphilis, but physicians were not long in -discovering that it was much more effectual whenever it was combined -with mercurials. Its advocates insisted that it was a wonderful -sudorific, and for many years a “sweating cure” was practised in -Denmark and Sweden with apparent success. As a matter of fact -sarsaparilla has no sudorific properties whatever; but it was given in -long draughts, other more effective medicines were associated with it, -and vigorous exercise and heavy<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span> blankets were adjuncts of the cure. It -is not surprising that a sudorific result ensued.</p> - -<p>Other confusions have distinguished the history of this so-called -remedy. The species which Linnæus selected as the medicinal -sarsaparilla and which he named <i>Smilax sarsaparilla</i>, happens to -be about the only one of some two hundred species which has never been -employed in medicine at all. It is only found in North America and not -further south than Virginia. Jamaica sarsaparilla has the reputation of -being the best, and that comes from Central America. The sarsaparilla -which actually grows in Jamaica is not valued in European markets. The -origin of the name of sarsaparilla is not agreed upon. Some authorities -attribute it to sarsa—red, and parilla—a little vine. Littré derives -it from zarza—a bramble, and Parilla—a hypothetical Spaniard who -helped to introduce it. The native Indians call it salsa, and the -French follow this origin and call it salsepareille.</p> - -<h3 class="smcap">Stramonium</h3> - -<p class="p-left">may have been known to the ancients as a poison. Dioscorides included -it among the henbanes, and Avicenna is supposed to have described -it under the name of the Methel nut. Some species of Datura were -frequently used in Eastern countries by thieves and sorcerers to -induce delirium and subsequent coma, and the herb had the worst of -reputations when Störck, of Vienna, experimented with it first on -himself about 1765. In consequence of its action on the brain he gave -it in cases of mania and epilepsy, and he and some practitioners who -followed him claimed to have administered it in such diseases with much -success. Its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span> action as an asthma remedy was, however, a popular Indian -tradition which was made known to Europeans through a General Gent -about 1802. It had been recommended to him by a native, and he found -so much relief from it that he introduced it to Dr. Anderson who was -practising at Madras. It was stated that General Gent used it so freely -and so frequently that it caused his death.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span></p> - - -<h2>XX<br /> -<span class="subhed">FAMILIAR MEDICINES AND SOME NOTES OF THEIR HISTORIES.</span></h2></div> - - -<p class="center p-left smaller">Morbi, non eloquentia sed remediis, curantur.</p> - -<p class="r1 p0 smaller"><span class="smcap">Celsus</span>: <i>De Re Medica</i>.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Black Draught.</h3> - -<p>Laxative or cathartic potions have been prescribed in all modern -pharmacopœias, most of them being preparations of senna. The original -one was devised by Mannagetta, an Italian physician at the court of the -Emperor Rudolph II, about 1600. His prescription became popular under -the title of Aqua, or Potio Laxativa Viennensis, and was popularly -known all over Germany as “Wiener Trank.” The formula was 1 oz. of -senna, 6 drachms of currants, 2 drachms of coriander seeds, and 2½ -drachms of cream of tartar. These ingredients were packed in a bag -and suspended in hot water for a night. In the morning the liquor was -strained after the bag had been pressed, and 5 oz. of manna and 3 -drachms of cream of tartar added. The dose was 3 to 4 oz. In the London -Pharmacopœia the alkaline salt of tartar was at first prescribed with -the senna, but later the acid tartrate of potash was preferred. In the -Edinburgh Pharmacopœias of the eighteenth century a formula for “Infusi -Sennæ Unciæ<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span> Quatuor” was included, while the London Pharmacopœias of -the same period provided an alkaline infusion, and an “Infusum Sennæ -Limoniatum,” containing lemon peel and lemon juice with the object of -making the draught less nauseous.</p> - -<p>The modern combination of sulphate of magnesia with an infusion or -tincture of senna, and sometimes with manna, sometimes with ammonia, -and always with some aromatic ingredient, began to be used about the -beginning of the nineteenth century. The earliest mention of the term -“black draught” that I have met with is in Paris’s “Pharmacologia,” -1824. It was dropped out from later editions. The mixture was called -“black dose” in Brande’s “Materia Medica and Pharmacy,” 1839. The -phrases “black draught” and “blue pills” were not given as synonyms in -the Pharmacopœia until 1885. They are essentially English. Dorvault -gives a formula (practically the Mist. Sennæ Co.) entitled “Potion -Noire Anglaise,” and Hager has “Pilulæ Hydrargyrosæ seu pilulæ ceruleæ -Anglorum.”</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Blaud’s Pills.</h3> - -<p>These pills are probably taken in larger numbers than any other pills -sold in Great Britain. If in proper condition they present iron in the -form of the protocarbonate, either formed in the pills, or perhaps -partially or entirely in the stomach. They are similar to Griffiths’ -pills, which were the popular Mist. Ferri Co. in pilular form. Dr. J. -Blaud, a French provincial practitioner, in an article published in the -<i>Revue Medicale</i>, in 1831, entitled “Memoires sur les Maladies -Chlorotiques,” gave the following formula:—</p> - -<p>“Gummi Arabici, 5 grammes; solve calore baln.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span> vapor in aquæ -distillatæ, 30·5; syrupi simplicis 15 grammes; ferri sulfuric. sicci, -30; quibus caute mixtis adde kalii carbonici, 30; et inter agitatione -ope spatula ferreæ in balneo vaporis evaporando ad massam pilularum -redige; e qua forma pilulas 120; obducantur argento foliato.”</p> - -<p>There has been much discussion concerning the best method of making -these pills so as to keep them from oxidation. Honey was for a long -time generally used as the excipient, but glycerin and sugar are -generally preferred with gum acacia or tragacanth. Pilula Ferri, B.P., -is a substitute for Blaud’s pills.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">The Chelsea Pensioner.</h3> - -<p>An electuary for rheumatism bearing this title was evidently popular -under the above name in the early part of the nineteenth century, -but I have not been able to discover where or when or with whom it -originated. The compilers of books of formulas naturally copy from -each other, and consequently a legend once started is likely to become -crystallised.</p> - -<p>In <i>The Chemist and Druggist</i>, of June 13th, 20th, and 27th, 1896, -an attempt was made to track this medicine to its origin, and a number -of old formulas were sent in by correspondents. The statement is made -in many books that the compound acquired its name from the circumstance -that the recipe for it was given by a Chelsea Pensioner to Lord Amherst -for gout and proved so successful that Lord Amherst gave him £300 and -an annuity of £20. Sometimes this story associated Lord Anson with -the pensioner and the amounts given in gratitude varied from £300 to -500 guineas, with an annuity sometimes of £20, sometimes of £30, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span> -occasionally of £100. The then living descendants of Lords Amherst and -Anson were written to by <i>The Chemist and Druggist</i>, but neither -could give any information. It rather looks as if the fiction were -concocted as an advertisement in the days when the electuary was a -proprietary medicine, if it ever was.</p> - -<p>The earliest formula traced in the correspondence referred to was given -in Gray’s Supplement, 1821. This ran:—Pulv. gum. guaiaci, ʒi; pulv. -rhei, ʒij; pulv. pot. bitart., 1 oz.; flor. sulph., 2 oz.; one nutmeg, -and 1 lb. of honey. Of this, the dose was two tablespoonfuls night and -morning. Sometimes pulv. pot. nit. is substituted for pulv. pot. bit.; -probably a mistake of a copyist. In other formulas mustard appears -instead of nutmeg; perhaps a similar slip for myristica. Treacle -occasionally takes the place of honey, and the proportions of the -ingredients vary considerably.</p> - -<p>The Secretary of the Chelsea Hospital was good enough to take some -trouble in reply to my inquiry to endeavour to trace this compound, -but only negative results were attained. Dr. Thomas Ligertwood, the -oldest living medical officer of the Royal Hospital, was appealed to, -but he only knew of the remedy as “a very useful combination,” and had -never heard the story of Lord Amherst’s purchase of the secret. He -thought some information might be found in a work on the “Diseases and -Infirmities of Old Age” by Dr. Daniel Maclachlan, a former Principal -Medical Officer of Chelsea Hospital. That work (dated 1863) contains -two allusions to the Chelsea Pensioner, but nothing about its history. -Writing of Chronic Rheumatism the author says:—“ ... The more -stimulating diaphoretics and diuretics prove serviceable. Among these -the preparations of guaiacum deserve the confidence<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span> they have long -enjoyed. The virtue of the powder (<i>sic</i>) known as the Chelsea -Pensioner is chiefly due to the guaiacum and sulphur it contains.” In -the section on gout he writes:—“The once famous Portland Powder has -for long been abandoned, as has also the almost equally noted Chelsea -Pensioner gout powder. One formula for the latter consisted of rhubarb, -sulphur, nitre, and gum guaiacum, in equal parts. Fifteen or twenty -grains of the powder were taken morning and evening in treacle. Another -was powdered bark, ginger, guaiacum, aa ʒi, cream of tartar 1 oz., -flowers of sulphur ½ oz., to be made into an electuary with simple -syrup. One teaspoonful to be taken three times a day. This is certainly -not a bad combination though a nauseous one.”</p> - -<p>The following formula is given in the “Pharmacopœia Batava recusa -cum notis et additamentis Medico-Pharmaceuticis,” published by J. F. -Niemann, in 1824:—Resin of guaiacum, rhubarb, aa ʒij; supertartrate of -potash, 1 oz.; sublimed sulphur, 2 oz.; one nutmeg; despumated honey, 1 -lb. It is evident that this “Anti-Rheumatismal Electuary,” as Niemann -calls it, and the Chelsea Pensioner had a common origin, and as the -formula is not to be found in Niemann’s previous edition, 1811, it -would appear to have come into popularity between that date and 1824. -So far it remains doubtful whether its composition is due to an English -or a Dutch author.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Citrine Ointment.</h3> - -<p>An ointment thus named appeared first in the P. L. 1650. It was a -compound of coral, limpet shells, quartz, white marble, white lead, and -tragacanth incorporated<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span> into a basis of hogs’ lard, suet, and hens’ -grease. It was reputed useful for certain skin complaints, freckles, -etc. In the P.L. 1678 some of the old ingredients were omitted, -sugar of lead was substituted for the white lead and rose water, and -frankincense and citron bark were added.</p> - -<p>Nitrate of mercury ointment appeared first in the Edinburgh -Pharmacopœia of 1722. It was made by dissolving mercury in a sufficient -quantity of nitric acid, and adding the solution to melted lard -gradually. This was not a satisfactory formula, and it was not until -1787 that anything similar was introduced into the P.L., when 1 oz. -of mercury, 2 oz. of nitrous acid, and 1 lb. of lard were combined. -This was intended, according to Christison, as an imitation of the -well-known golden eye salve, which, however, was, as we know it, -an ointment of the red oxide of mercury. Other authorities, Paris -Dorvault, Gray, etc., have stated that Singleton’s golden eye ointment -was an ointment of sulphuret of arsenic, orpiment some say, realgar -others. Pliny refers to the use of sandrach (probably realgar) as an -application in ophthalmic affections.</p> - -<p>Apparently the originator of the P.L. nitrate of mercury ointment was -a Dr. Thomas Nettleton of Halifax, Yorkshire. In a pamphlet entitled -“On a Safe and Efficacious Medicine in Sore Eyes and Eyelids,” by -Thomas Dawson, M.D., of Hackney, printed in 1782, the writer relates -that he had heard of a yellow ointment specially good for sore eyes, -which fifty years previously had been in the possession of Dr. Thomas -Nettleton of Halifax, “whose merit as a man and a physician exceeds all -encomium.” One day one of Dr. Dawson’s patients told him of a yellow -ointment she had had from a Dr. Key, of Manchester, who had been a -pupil of Dr.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span> Nettleton’s. Dr. Dawson wrote to Dr. Key, who at once -sent him the recipe, which was as follows:—</p> - -<p>Take 1 oz. each of aqua fortis and mercury; dissolve and add the -solution to 8 oz. of butter melted. To this add 2 drachms of camphor -dissolved in 2 oz. of olive oil.</p> - -<p>About the end of the eighteenth century, a citrine ointment, made -with an ounce of mercury dissolved in nitric acid and incorporated -with a pound of lard, was introduced into the Hotel Dieu Hospital of -Paris, and used to cure itch. The formula was adopted in the Dublin -Pharmacopœia, 1807.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Cold Cream.</h3> - -<p>The Unguentum Refrigerans, also called “Ceratum,” appeared in the first -P.L., the formula being attributed to Galen. Four ounces of white wax -were melted in 1 lb. of rose oil (ol. rosarum omphacinum, that is, -olive oil in which rose buds 4 oz. to the lb. had been macerated, the -maceration being carried out three times, each time with a fresh lot of -roses). The melted oil and wax were to be poured frequently from one -vessel to another, stirring in a little cold water meanwhile, until the -mixture became white. Lastly, it was to be washed with rose water, and -a little rose water and rose vinegar were to be added.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Diachylon Plaster.</h3> - -<p>The original formula for this plaster was compiled by Tiberius Claudius -Menecrates, who lived in the reign of the Emperor Tiberius, and was -probably his physician. In a Greek inscription discovered at Rome he -is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span> described as Physician of the Cæsars, probably Tiberius, Caligula, -and Claudius, for he died in the reign of the last named. He wrote a -great work on remedies entitled “Autocrator Hologrammatos,” literally, -“The Emperor, whose words are written in full.” Probably the book was -dedicated to one of the Emperors, and thus got its first title. The -second intimates that the recipes are written out in full so that any -reader could understand them; suggesting that the other physicians who -wrote such books were in the habit of employing abbreviations.</p> - -<p>The formula for diachylon and the directions for compounding it were -put into iambic verses by Servilius Damocrates, who lived a little -later than Menecrates, and it is in this form that they have been -preserved by Galen. Briefly the composition was to incorporate 1 lb. -each of the mucilages of fœnugreek, of linseed, and of marshmallow root -with 3 lb. of old oil, and 1½ lb. of golden litharge. The mucilages -were made by boiling the seeds and root in water. Damocrates concludes -his poem with the line (I quote from the Latin translation): “Vocabat -ipsum non absurde Dia Chylon.”</p> - -<p>Mesué wrote at length about this plaster, and devised a much more -complicated formula which was named Diachylum Magnum. It contained, -besides the mucilages already named, others made from raisins and figs, -juices of orris, squill, and dill, œsypus (sheep wool fat), turpentine, -rosin, and wax. Subsequent authors also devoted their talents to the -further improvement of this famous preparation.</p> - -<p>Diachylon meant a preparation of juices, and this plaster received the -name of plaster of the mucilages in many pharmacopœias. In 1746 the -London College,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span> having dismissed the adjuncts, altered the name of -the simple plaster to Emplastrum Commune, but the old term has refused -to die. An Emplastrum Commune cum Gummi was also prescribed. This -contained galbanum, thus, and turpentine combined with the Emplastrum -Commune.</p> - -<p>The Menecrates to whom we owe Diachylon is alleged to have written 155 -works, and Galen gives a number of his formulas, but no other than -Diachylon has survived. He must not be confounded with the perhaps -more celebrated Menecrates who was physician to Philip of Macedon. -This one was particularly noted for his vanity, which amused the king. -Once he wrote a letter to Philip commencing “Menecrates-Jupiter to -King Philip, greeting.” The king replied, heading his letter, “Philip -to Menecrates, Health and Common Sense.” Menecrates got himself up -to look like Jupiter, and had attendants who were made to figure as -Apollo, Æsculapius, and Mercury. Philip gave a banquet in his honour. A -separate table was reserved for him, and instead of viands only incense -was served to him, while the other guests were gloriously feasted. -Menecrates was offended at the joke and left the table in anger. He is -credited with having written a Book of Remedies, but it has been lost.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Dover’s Powder.</h3> - -<p>Thomas Dover, to whom we owe “Dover’s Powder,” practised as a doctor -in London in the first half of the eighteenth century. He was born -and buried at Barton on the Heath in Warwickshire in 1660. How he got -his medical training is not on record, but some time in his youth he -lived in the house of Thomas<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span> Sydenham, the famous physician, from -whom probably he acquired his independent ideas of medical treatment, -and possibly the germ of his lack of reverence for the College of -Physicians. While living with Sydenham he had small-pox, and forty or -fifty years later he described how the doctor treated him. First he was -bled to the extent of 22 oz.; then he took an emetic. He only took to -his bed when he became blind with the disease. In his bedroom he had -no fire, the windows were always kept open, and the bedclothes were -only allowed up to his waist. This was in the middle of January. For -medicine, Dover says, “he made me take twelve bottles of small beer -acidulated with spirit of vitriol every twenty-four hours,” and he -concludes, “I never lost my senses one moment.”</p> - -<p>Having resisted both the disease and the treatment, Dover is first -heard of in practice in Bristol in 1684. He plodded along there until -1708, when at the age of forty-eight he set out with a privateering -party on a voyage round the world. The expedition consisted of two -ships, the <i>Duke</i> and the <i>Duchess</i>. Captain Woodes-Rogers, -who has left an account of the voyage, was in chief command, and Dover -on the <i>Duke</i> was his lieutenant. He must have had previous -experience of seafaring life or he would never have been entrusted with -the command of a vessel.</p> - -<p>The buccaneers were away from England three years, and when they -returned they brought with them a Spanish frigate of twenty-one -guns, and a quantity of loot. One event of their voyage proved to -be of world-famous importance. On February 2, 1709, Dover, on the -<i>Duke</i>, touched at the island of Juan Fernandez and took on board -Alexander Selkirk who had lived alone on the island four years and four -months, and whose story<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span> was to develop in the skilful hands of Defoe -into that of the immortal Robinson Crusoe.</p> - -<p>A few months after leaving Juan Fernandez the expedition arrived at -Guayaquil in Peru. Having duly sacked the city and stored their plunder -in the ships, the sailors slept in the churches, and Dover quaintly -relates how annoyed they were by the smell of the Spanish corpses; -for plague was raging in the place at the time, and the victims were -buried just under the floors with only a plank or two over them. Two -days later, at sea, the disease broke out among the crews. They had -180 cases all at the same time, and Dover had four surgeons with him. -He ordered them to go round and start bleeding all the patients, and -to stop the bleeding when the round had been completely made. About -100 oz. of blood, he says, was taken from each man. Then he gave them -spirit of vitriol, and only seven or eight died.</p> - -<p>The next we know of Dover is that from 1721 to 1728 he was in practice -in Cecil Street, Strand; he returned to Gloucestershire for a few -years, then came back to London and practised in Lombard Street, -removing in 1736 to Arundel Street, Strand.</p> - -<p>He is supposed to have died about 1742. It was in these latter years -that he wrote his “Ancient Physician’s Legacy to his Country.” He -describes himself on the title-page as Thomas Dover, M.B., and his book -as “Being what he has collected in forty-nine years’ Practice, or an -account of the several diseases incident to mankind, described in so -plain a manner that any person may know the nature of his own disease. -Together with the several remedies for each distemper faithfully set -down.”</p> - -<p>In this work Dover relates a number of wonderful<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span> cures he had -effected, gives names and addresses of many of his patients, often -adding grateful letters from them. He had but limited confidence in the -“clan of prejudiced gentlemen,” as he calls the College of Physicians, -and he complains vigorously of the extortions of the Apothecaries. -Metallic quicksilver was his panacea, and he prescribed it so lavishly -that he acquired the title of “the quicksilver doctor.” It forms balsam -with the blood, he says. That is why it cures venereal diseases. Other -doctors gave it, but in disguise, in the form of Ethiops Mineral -generally; which was like using the sword in the scabbard.</p> - -<p>His formula for “Diaphoretic Powder” is given in a chapter on gout. It -was as follows:—</p> - -<p>“Take opium 1 oz.; saltpetre and tartar vitriolated, each 4 oz.; -liquorish 1 oz.; ipecacuanha, 1 oz. Put the saltpetre and tartar into a -red-hot mortar, stirring till they have done flaming. Then powder them -very fine. After that slice in your opium; grind these to a powder, -and then mix the other powders with them. Dose, from 40 to 60 or 70 -grains in a glass of white wine posset going to bed, covering up warm, -and drinking a quart or three pints of the posset while sweating. In -two or three hours at furthest the patient will be free from pain, and -though before not able to put his foot to the ground, ’tis very much if -he cannot walk next day. The remedy may be taken once a week or once a -month.”</p> - -<p>The dose appears to us in these degenerate days a large one, and Dover -states that “some apothecaries have desired their patients to make -their wills before they venture upon so large a dose.” But he declares -he has given up to 100 grains, and the patient has appeared abroad the -next day. The notion of danger,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span> he adds, proceeds entirely from their -ignorance, and from the want of knowing those ingredients that are -mixed up with it, for they naturally weaken the power of the opium.</p> - -<p>Dover’s powder first appeared in the London Pharmacopœia for 1788. -Probably it was adopted after the quack Ward had made it famous as a -“sweating powder.” Ward died in 1761 and the formulæ for his remedies -were published soon after his death.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Unguentum Elemi.</h3> - -<p>Ointment of elemi was in all the London Pharmacopœias, and was only -dropped from the B.P. 1898. In the earlier issues it was called -“unguentum or linimentum Arcœi,” because it had been introduced and -recommended by Arcœus of Amsterdam in 1574, for healing wounds. -A similar ointment was called “Balsamum Arcœi” in the Prussian -Pharmacopœia of 1847. The inventor’s formula was to melt together six -parts each of gum elemi and turpentine, and add six parts of melted -stag’s suet, and two parts of oil of St. John’s wort. Arcœus was a -Spaniard by birth, and an eminent authority on the treatment of wounds.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic.</h3> - -<p>Thomas Fowler kept an apothecary’s shop in York from 1760 to 1774. In -the latter year he relinquished trade, and went to Edinburgh to study -medicine. Graduating as M.D. in 1778, he settled at Stafford, and was -appointed physician to the Infirmary of that town. Later, he returned -to York, where he acquired a large practice, and where he died in 1801.</p> - -<p>It was in 1786, during his residence at Stafford, that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span> Dr. Fowler -published his treatise, entitled “Medical Reports of the Effects -of Arsenic in the Cure of Agues, Remitting Fevers, and Periodic -Headaches.” It was only a small work, but it made Fowler’s reputation, -and introduced arsenic into the list of recognised remedies. The -doctor stated that a certain Patent Ague Drops known as Tasteless Ague -and Fever Drops, which had acquired some reputation in this country, -had been occasionally tried in the Stafford Infirmary, and had been -found efficacious. With the assistance of the apothecary to the -Infirmary, a Mr. Hughes (“whose industry, attention, and abilities in -his professional line justly merit applause”) he had ascertained that -these drops were a preparation of arsenic, and he goes on to detail -the experiments which led him and Mr. Hughes to devise the following -formula as representative of the patent medicine:—</p> - -<p>“Recipe arsenici albi in pulverem subtilissimum triti.</p> - -<p>“Salis alkalini fixi vegetabilis purificati, singulorum grana sexaginta -quatuor.</p> - -<p>“Aquæ fontanæ destillatæ, libram dimidiam.</p> - -<p>“Immitantur in Ampullam florentinam qua in Balneo Arenæ posita, -Aqua lente ebulliat donec Arsenicum perfecte Solutum fierit. Deinde -Solutioni frigidæ adde.</p> - -<p>“Spiritus Lavendulæ compositum, unciam dimidiam.</p> - -<p>“Aquæ fontanæ destillatæ, libram dimidiam, plus vel minus, adeo ut -solutionis mensura libra una accurata fiat, vel potius Pondere unciæ -quindecim cum dimidia.”</p> - -<p>Fowler reminds his readers that of course troy weights are intended, -and he explains that the spirit of lavender is added merely to give the -mixture a medicinal appearance, lest patients entrusted to drop it for -themselves might be tempted to use a water-white solution too freely. -He also suggests that as arsenic conveys rather<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span> alarming ideas, this -medicine should be described as “mineral solution.”</p> - -<p>It is universally recognised that Fowler introduced the modern -medicinal employment of arsenic, but it should in fairness be -remembered that he was guided to his discovery by a quack remedy, as -lie himself fully acknowledged.</p> - -<p>The Liquor Arsenici Chloridi, P.L., was adopted from a formula of Dr. -F. de Valangin, a Swiss doctor who qualified in England in 1765. He -made a quantity and presented it to the Apothecaries’ Hall, where it -was sold for some time under the name of Solvent Mineral.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Friar’s Balsam.</h3> - -<p>Tinct. Benzoin Co., was a copy of Ward’s Balsam, which itself was -only the adaptation of compounds which had been for a long time sold -under the names of Friar’s Balsam, Commander’s Balsam, Jesuit’s Drops, -Turlington’s Drops, and Traumatic Balsam. It was under the last name -that it first appeared in the P.L. of 1746. This was only the Latinised -name of Wound Balsam, another old designation of a similar preparation.</p> - -<p>It is not known how the still popular name for this preparation, -Friar’s Balsam, originated. It is included in the Schedule to the -Medicine Stamp Act of 1812, suggesting that at that time it was -regarded as a proprietary medicine.</p> - -<p>A correspondent of <i>The Chemist and Druggist</i> (P. F. R., April 15, -1885) quoted from the <i>Western Antiquary</i>, 1884, page 136, the -curious item that a Portuguese merchant named Peter de Frias obtained -from the Viceroy of Peru, about the year 1581, the fruit of a balm -or balsam. It is not an impossible<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span> suggestion that Peter de Frias -may have been the originator of our Friar’s Balsam. The substitution -of benzoin for the balsam of Peru, which was probably the basis of -his “wound balsam,” is easily accounted for. Perhaps a more likely -explanation of the introduction of Friar’s Balsam into the Medicine -Stamp Act is that there was a patent medicine “called the Frier’s -Drops,” patented by Robert Grubb on June 13, 1777. It was intended -for the cure of the venereal disease, scurvy, rheumatism, and other -complaints. It contained calomel, antimony, guaiacum, and balsam of -Peru in spirit.</p> - -<p>The Baume de Commandeur, which was also called Baume du Commandeur de -Permes, and Baume du Chevalier de Saint Victor, seems to have been the -original of these benzoinated tinctures, and acquired considerable -reputation in France. It was evidently at first a proprietary -preparation, but Pomet in 1694 gave a formula for an imitation of it, -with the remark that it would cure in eight days any wound by iron or -fire, if it were not a mortal one. His formula prescribes benzoin, -3 oz.; dry Peruvian balsam, 1 oz.; storax, 2 oz.; Socotrine aloes, -myrrh, olibanum, angelica root, and St. John’s wort flowers, of each ½ -oz. digested in 2½ lb. of spirit, and strained. The Traumatic Balsam -introduced into the P.L. substituted Balsam of Tolu for the Balsam of -Peru, and omitted the myrrh, olibanum, angelica, and St. John’s wort. -This was almost identical with the Tinct. Benzoin Co. of the present -B.P.</p> - -<p>The simple tincture of benzoin was already popular in this country when -the Traumatic Balsam was introduced. It was taken in doses of 20 to 60 -drops in asthma, but its more usual employment was as Lac Virginis (1 -drachm of the tincture in 4 ounces of water) as an application for the -skin.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Gregory’s Powder.</h3> - -<p>The original of the Pulv. Rhei Co. of the British Pharmacopœia was a -prescription very frequently given by Dr. James Gregory, of Edinburgh, -in his time the most famous physician of that city. He died in 1822. -This Dr. Gregory was Professor of Medicine in Edinburgh University, -as his father was before him. His son<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span> became Professor of Chemistry -in the same university. Direct ancestors of these Gregorys had been -professors of history, astronomy, and mathematics at Edinburgh, Oxford, -and St. Andrews. Within a century and a half the family furnished -sixteen professors to British universities, and it is a curious -coincidence that the Church of Rome likewise counts sixteen Gregorys -among its Popes.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p137" style="width:485px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p137.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">Dr. James Gregory.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">Professor of Medicine in Edinburgh University, 1790–1821. Author of -<i>Conspectus Medicinæ Theoreticæ</i> and inventor of Gregory’s Powder.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">(From a mezzotint, “after Raeburn,” in the British Museum.)</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">It does not appear that the Gregory of powder fame ever published any -special recommendation of his compound. He wrote a “Conspectus Medicinæ -Theoreticæ” (1788) but the formula for his powder does not appear in -that book. Annexed is a facsimile of one of Dr. Gregory’s prescriptions -for his powder. He gave this prescription very frequently, but -occasionally varied the proportion of the ingredients.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p138"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p138.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">Facsimile of Dr. Gregory’s Prescription.</p> - </div> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Hiera Picra.</h3> - -<p>A medicine with this familiar name can be bought in any chemist’s shop -in Europe or America to-day,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span> just as it could in Damascus a thousand, -or in Rome and Alexandria two thousand years ago. Probably it is the -oldest pharmaceutical compound still in existence. Through all the -centuries the hiera picra known to the public has been a preparation of -aloes. The adjuncts have varied but aloes has always been the essential -ingredient, with one celebrated exception.</p> - -<p>The origin of this medicine is variously stated by medical historians. -The common theory is that it first acquired fame as a remedy employed -in one or other of the Æsculapian Temples. This may have been the case, -but there is no evidence in support of the suggestion. It is possible -that the name may have suggested the notion, and the drug vendors of -Rome would certainly not discourage the fancy.</p> - -<p>Before the time of Julius Cæsar there were no physicians in Rome. Greek -practitioners of the minor arts of medicine, such as bath-keepers, -corn-cutters, tooth-drawers, and herbalists crowded into the great city -as it became rich, and opened shops which were known as “medicinas,” -and it is likely that most of these brought with them a more or less -famous “hiera,” claiming that it had been compounded from a genuine -Temple formula.</p> - -<p>Leclerc, an excellent authority on all matters concerning ancient -medicine, attributes the first Hiera to Themison of Laodicea, who -practised in Rome about 50 <span class="sm">B.C.</span>, and who is reputed to have -been the first physician to make use of leeches. The Hiera of Themison -was composed of 100 drachms of aloes, with 1 oz. each of mastic, -saffron, Indian nard, carpobalsamum, and asarum.</p> - -<p>The Hiera of Galen, which was modified from that of Archigenes, was -originally in the following form:—</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span></p> - -<p>Socotrine aloes, 100; cinnamon, spikenard, xylobalsamum, mastic, -asarum, and saffron, of each 6; honey to make an electuary. In the P.L. -this was ordered to be kept in the form of species, and was principally -used to make a tincture which was called tinctura sacra. In the 1721 -edition the mastic and the spikenard were omitted, cardamom seeds being -substituted for the latter, and some cochineal was added with a view to -colouring the tincture. In 1746 hiera picra became simply a mixture of -aloes and canella, and as such it was retained in the following edition -(1788), but under the title of Pulv. Aloeticus, which in the Index is -given as “olim Hiera Picra.” This was the latest reference to Hiera -Picra as such in the London Pharmacopœia. The P.L. of 1788 gave also -a Pulv. Aloeticus c. Guaiaco, which consisted of 1½ oz. of Socotrine -aloes, 1 oz. of powdered guaiacum, and ½ oz. of aromatic powder -(afterwards called Pulv. Cinnamomi Co., and compounded of cinnamon, -cardamoms, ginger, and long pepper). The canella mixture did not appear -again, but that with guaiacum was repeated in all the subsequent London -Pharmacopœias including the last in 1851, but was dropped from the -British Pharmacopœias.</p> - -<p>Pil. Rufi, our Myrrh and Aloes pill, was originally a Hiera invented -by Rufus of Ephesus, who lived in the reign of the Emperor Trajan. The -Hiera was made into pills by the Arabs, and were for a long time known -as Pilulæ Pestilentiales, which was the name Avicenna gave them. In the -early Edinburgh Pharmacopœias they were called Pilulæ Communes.</p> - -<p>Scribonius Largus, physician to the Emperor Tiberius, relates -(<span class="sm">A.D.</span> 52) that one of these noted hieras, the Hiera Pachii, -was much sought after, and that large sums had been offered for the -formula. When Pachius<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span> died at Antioch the Emperor had his library -searched, and the true recipe for the famous medicine was there found -in a book which Pachius had prepared and had dedicated to the Emperor. -Tiberius handed the formula to Scribonius with instructions for its -publication. The formula given by Scribonius, which it will be noted -contained no aloes, was as follows:—Colocynth, agaric, germander, -white horehound, Arabian stœches (a sort of lavender), of each ℥x; -opoponax, sagapenum, parsley seeds, round birthwort root, white pepper, -of each ℥v; spikenard, cinnamon, myrrh, and saffron, of each ℥iv; -despumated honey, 3 lb. 3 oz. 5 drachms, to make an electuary.</p> - -<p>It is not necessary to describe the other hieras devised by later -authorities, but it may be noted that the Hiera Tralliani compounded -by Alexander of Tralles (about 550 <span class="sm">A.D.</span>) contained scammony, -and that he advises concerning it that the quantity of scammony -shall not be increased, as it appears some were inclined to do, not -knowing that thereby they make it useless. For he says it is not the -intention that the medicine should be carried immediately through the -system. It should be detained in the body and conveyed to the remote -parts so as to correct the various humours, open the passages, remove -the obstructions of the nerves, and make way for the motion of the -spirits. This was the formula given in the P.L. 1721 under the name of -Hiera Diacolocynthidis, but our present-day hiera picra has descended -from the Hiera Simplex of Galen. The old dispensatories up to the -eighteenth century give a liberal choice of Hieras, among which were -the Hiera Simplex Galeni cum Agarice, Hiera Logadii, Hiera Antiochi, -Hiera Archigenes, Hiera Tralliani, Hiera Rufi, Hiera Justi, Hiera -Constantini, and others. Originally<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span> these were all electuaries made -with honey. It became the practice, however, to keep them in the form -of “species,” and ultimately electuaries went out of fashion altogether.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Laudanum.</h3> - -<p>Paracelsus probably invented the name of laudanum, and seems to have -called several medicines by that term. In one place he expressly states -that his laudanum was made from gold leaf and unperforated pearls; in -other places he seems to mean red precipitate, and undoubtedly opium -or a compound of it was sometimes intended. Crollius gives a formula -for a pill mass, which he designates the laudanum of Paracelsus, which -contained one-fourth of its weight of opium, to which were added -henbane juice, mummy, salts of pearls and corals, the bone of the heart -of a stag, bezoar stone, amber, musk, unicorn, and some species, with -a few drops of many of the essential oils. The Anodynum Specificum of -Paracelsus was a product obtained by first digesting opium, 4, in a -mixture of orange and lemon juices, 180, with distilled frogs’ sperm -water, to which cinnamon, 4, cloves, 45, ambergris, 4, and saffron, 45, -were added. This mixture was digested for a month, and after pressing -and straining, coral, magistery of pearl, and quintessence of gold, of -each 2, were added, together with the salt extracted from the marc.</p> - -<p>The laudanum of the early London Pharmacopœias was a pill mass made -as follows:—Thebaic opium extracted by spirit of wine, ℥i.; saffron, -similarly extracted, ℥iss; castorum, ℥i; combined with ℥ss. of species -of diambræ made into a tincture with spirit of wine; to these might be -added, ex-gratia, ambergris and musk, of each 6 gr., and oil of nutmeg -10 drops. Evaporate the moisture and leave the mass.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span></p> - -<p>One would think that the name laudanum was an echo of laudandum, and -that has been the usual opinion. But Professor Skeat is confident that -it is a variation of ladanum, which, he says, was a stomachic cordial -made and named from gum labdanum, which had been in medical use for -centuries. This, of course, is possible, but it must be remembered that -Paracelsus was untrammelled by any etymological rules in his invented -words, and that the one unlikely thing for him to do would have been -to adopt with a slight modification the name of a remedy then in use, -if, indeed, a preparation of labdanum was at that time popular, or -even known at all in Germany in his time.<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Adam of Bodenstein, son -of the theologian Carolstadt, who wrote both for and against Luther’s -doctrines, wrote a treatise in which he professed to explain all the -mysterious terms used by Paracelsus. Laudanum, he says, is from <i>a -laude</i>, and was a quintessence of mercury and not an opiate.</p> - -<p>Sydenham’s Laudanum is the preparation of opium which attained the -highest popularity. It has always been the principal liquid preparation -of the drug in continental practice, and formulas for it more or less -corresponding with the original are in all the principal Pharmacopœias -except the British. It was omitted from the P.L. in 1746, or rather a -very similar preparation named Tinctura Thebaiaca was substituted for -it. Sydenham’s formula, which was given incidentally in his description -of the dysentery of 1669–72, prescribed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span> strained opium, 2 oz., saffron -1 oz., cinnamon and cloves of each 1 drachm, and Canary wine, 1 pint.</p> - -<p>“I do not think this preparation has more virtue than the solid -laudanum of the shops,” he wrote; “but I prefer it before that for its -more commodious form, and by reason of the greater certainty of the -dose, for it may be dropped into wine or any distilled water, or into -any other liquor.”</p> - -<p>This passage is quoted from Pechey’s translation of Sydenham’s works. -The allusion to “the solid laudanum of the shops” confirms the opinion -that Sydenham’s was the first liquid preparation generally designated -laudanum. Among the Sloane manuscripts in the British Museum is -included what is described as “The Commonplace Book of an Apothecary -at Great Dunmow,” which contains several more or less similar recipes -for laudanum. The book is dated 1644–5. The most elaborate formula is -headed “Laudanum Josephi Michælis,” and lengthy directions for making -this are given. The ingredients were opium, extract of henbane, species -diambræ (a compound of most of the known spices), pearls, coral, -amber, musk, mummy, cloves, and oil of cloves. Some of these were to -be extracted with spirit of wine, and the spirituous extracts were to -be distilled. Ultimately the whole was to be set aside to ferment for -three months. The dose was stated to be 4 or 5 grains at bedtime.</p> - -<p>Rousseau’s laudanum, which also became famous among opium preparations, -differed from others in being a fermented compound. It was made by -dissolving 12 oz. of honey in 3 lb. of warm water, and setting the -mixture in a warm place. When it began to ferment, 4 oz. of opium mixed -with 12 oz. of water were added, and the fermentation was allowed to -continue at a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span> moderate temperature for a month. After straining, the -liquid was evaporated to 10 oz., and 4½ oz. of alcohol were added.</p> - -<p>Rousseau was a Capuchin monk and was destined for mission work in Asia. -Sent from Rome to Paris to study medicine so that he might be better -fitted for his life’s work, he carried a letter of introduction to -Colbert, the first minister of Louis XIV. Rooms were provided for him -in the Louvre, and there before long he set up a laboratory and began -to prepare and sell medicines. The Capucin of the Louvre became the -fashionable quack, and Louis ordered the Faculty of Medicine to confer -on him a degree. The life was so agreeable that, when orders came from -Rome that he was to proceed on his mission, Rousseau refused, and, -having transferred his allegiance to the order of Cluny, he continued -his medical practice in Paris. Falling ill he refused medical aid, -treated himself with his own compounds, and died. After his death his -brother published his “Remédes et Secréts Eprouvés” (1697).</p> - -<p>Black Drop was the name of a celebrated proprietary medicine very -popular from the first half of the eighteenth, until the early part of -the nineteenth century. Its inventor was one Edward Runstall of Bishop -Auckland in the county of Durham, but it also came to be known as the -Lancaster or the Quaker’s Black Drop. A formula for it was found by a -Dr. Armstrong among the papers of a relative of the proprietor, and was -published in a treatise on fevers in the early part of the nineteenth -century. The recipe was as follows:—Opium, ½ lb.; good verjuice (the -juice of the wild crab), 4 pints; nutmegs, 1½ oz.; saffron, ½ oz. Boil -to a proper consistence, set in a warm place, add two spoonfuls of -yeast, set in a warm place for six or eight weeks, then in the open -air until<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span> it becomes of the consistence of syrup. Decant, filter, and -bottle, putting a little sugar into each bottle.</p> - -<p>This preparation was three times the strength of laudanum. The acetum -opii of the Edinburgh and Dublin Pharmacopœias was intended as a -substitute, but closer approximations to the original formula were -given in the Hamburg Codex of 1845 and in the U.S. Pharmacopœia of -1851. The growing favour with which morphine was regarded gradually -destroyed the popularity of the Black Drop.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Tinctura Lavandulæ Composita</h3> - -<p class="p-left">has much fallen from its earlier glories. In the P.L., 1721, it was -made with French brandy and twenty-seven other ingredients, including -besides lavender, sage, rosemary, betony, borage, lilies of the valley, -cowslips, balm, orange flowers, bay berries, cinnamon, mace, nutmegs, -cardamoms, cubebs, aloes wood, ambergris, saffron, musk roses, and -a few other less familiar flowers or cordials. The preparation was -known as Palsy Drops, but I am not sure whether the official compound -acquired this title, or whether it was an imitation of a tincture -previously known as such.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Lenitive Electuary.</h3> - -<p>The formula prescribed in the first London Pharmacopœia was as -follows:—Raisins (stoned), polypody of the oak, Eastern senna, of -each 2 oz.; herb mercury, 1½ handful; jujubes and sebestens, of each -20; maidenhair, violets, and cleaned barley, of each 1 handful; prunes -(stoned), tamarinds, of each 6 drachms; liquorice, ½ oz.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span></p> - -<p>These drugs were to be boiled in 10 lb. of water to one-third of its -volume, and to the strained liquor were to be added pulp of cassia -fistula, tamarinds, prunes, sugar of violets, of each 6 oz.; sugar, 2 -lb.; and at last 1½ oz. of powdered senna was to be incorporated to -each pound of the electuary.</p> - -<p>In the Pharmacopœia of 1650 powdered aniseed, 2 drachms to each pound -of the electuary, was added in order to correct the action of the senna.</p> - -<p>In 1721 figs (20) took the place of the jujubes and sebestens; and -powdered coriander seeds were substituted for the aniseed.</p> - -<p>In the Pharmacopœia of 1746 the preparation was much simplified, the -raisins, polypody, herb mercury, maidenhair, violets, and barley, being -rejected. The formula then adopted was very nearly the same as the one -now prescribed, but the name of the compound was changed in 1851 to -Confection of Senna.</p> - -<p>As in the case of most other medicines, the dose of this compound has -been gradually reduced. There was more senna in proportion to the -finished product in the old formulas than in the modern ones; but the -dose was stated by Culpepper to be “one ounce for a man of reasonable -strength.” Later a piece the size of a walnut was recommended; now the -official dose is 1 to 2 drachms.</p> - -<p>For a long time this preparation was grossly adulterated. “I -understand,” says Paris, “that a considerable quantity is manufactured -in Staffordshire in which unsound or spoilt apples are an ingredient; -that jalap blackened with walnut liquor is frequently substituted for -pulp of cassia; and that the great bulk of what is sold in London is -little else than prunes, figs, and jalap.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Compound Liquorice Powder.</h3> - -<p>Although this popular medicine was only made official by being adopted -in the B. P. Additions, 1874, it had already acquired reputation as -a pleasant laxative in household medicine, and had been familiar in -German pharmacy for the better part of a century. It first appeared -in the Prussian Pharmacopœia in 1799, and had been devised by a noted -physician of Berlin, Dr. E. G. Kurella, who died in the year named. -He called the mixture Pectoral Powder, and he made an electuary from -similar ingredients.</p> - -<p>The Prussian powder looks like a modification of a compound senna -powder included in the first London Pharmacopœia, 1618. This contained -senna, liquorice, caraway, fennel, cumin, spikenard, cinnamon, -galangal, and gromwell seeds. Its “first contriver” (says Quincy) was -Isaac Hollandicus.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Opodeldoc.</h3> - -<p>So far as can be traced Paracelsus first used the term opodeldoc (or -as it is generally found in his works, opodelloch or opodeltoch). If -he invented the word it is probable that he did not derive it from -any etymological elements. Various suggestions have been made from -time to time in explanation of the term, but without any sound basis. -The most ingenious one is given by Hermann Peters in his “Pictorial -History of Ancient Pharmacy.” He derives it from the first syllabic -of opoponax, the second syllable of bedellium, and the third syllable -of aristolochia root. These were the principal ingredients of the old -opodeldoc plaster as it appeared in the last Nuremburg edition of the -“Dispensatory of Valerius Cordus.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span></p> - -<p>In some dictionaries Mindererus is credited with the invention of the -word, but incorrectly. He uses it, but expressly attributes it to -Paracelsus. In his “Medicina Militaris,” for example, he advises the -army doctor to “be provided with a good plaister for wounds made by -thrusting (spear-wounds) such as are the opodeldoc of Theophrastus.” -Schröder, another medical author of about the same date (1600) also -refers to the “oppodeldoch plaister of Paracelsus.” Paracelsus only -uses the term opodeldoc for plasters, and for these he does not give a -specific formula. One of his annotators, Felix Wurtz, however, states -that the following was the method of preparing the great opodeldoch -plaster which Paracelsus was in the habit of using. Its formula was as -follows:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Galbanum, opoponax, of each 3 oz.; ammoniacum, bdellium, of each -1 oz. Macerate for eight days in distilled vinegar and slowly -evaporate the solution to the consistence of honey. Then boil -together, litharge in fine powder, ½ lb., with 1½ lb. of oil, -stirring until the compound acquires the colour of bay. Add 1 -lb. of wax, and when melted mix with the solution the gums above -mentioned, and soon after add 3 oz. of oil of laurinus. Stir all -these diligently until they are perfectly mixed, then remove -from the fire and work in the following powders, all finely -powdered:—</p> - -<p>Crocus martial, mummy, prepared magnet, magistery of white -coral, and magistery of red coral, of each ½ oz.; calamine, -myrrh, frankincense, mastich, aristolochia root, of each 2 oz. -Stir these gradually with the liquefied plaster.</p> - -<p>Separately mix 1 drachm of powdered amber, 1 drachm of oil of -laurinus, and ½ oz. of turpentine, and add to them 1 drachm -of camphor and ½ drachm of saffron. Add this mixture to the -plaster, and when perfectly blended form into magdaleons -(rolls). These may be slightly softened with oil of St. John’s -wort.</p> -</div> - -<p>The author explains that this plaster will heal all wounds and all -ordinary ulcers without the formation of pus; but for rodent ulcers -he recommends the addition<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span> of 1 drachm of the following mixture of -powders to each ½ oz. of plaster:—Crocus of antimony, vitriol of -calcined rubies, and red precipitate; equal parts worked in with a -little oil of turpentine. Other forms were given by different authors, -but this was the one which was adopted in the P.L., 1721.</p> - -<p>Just when the name was transferred from a plaster to the liquid soap -liniment cannot be traced; it was applied to an ointment on the way. -There is a formula for an Unguentum Opodeldoch in the first Edinburgh -Pharmacopœia, 1722, as follows:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“Rad. angelicæ, aristolochiæ longæ, imperatoriæ, aa 2 oz.;</p> - -<p>“Fol. ocimi (basil), origani, salviæ, serpylli,</p> - -<p>“Flor anthos, lavandulæ, aa 1½ oz.;</p> - -<p>“Bacc. juniper, lauri, sem. cummini, aa 2 oz.; castorei, 1 oz.</p> -</div> - -<p>“Affunde Spirit. Vini Rect. congium unum. Digere frigide per triduum -in vaso clauso; tandem humitatur in B.M. tepidum per horas aliquot. -Colatura expressæ adde</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“Camphoræ 1 oz., saponis Venet. minutim incisi, lbii.</p> -</div> - -<p>“Digere rursus in vase circularorio juncturis lutatis, leni calore B.M. -donec coeant in unguentum.”</p> - -<p>Steer’s opodeldoc was similar to this compound, but with some ammonia -added. It appeared about the middle of the eighteenth century, and -foreign dispensatories state that it was the patent of an English -doctor. I have not been able to trace either the patent or the doctor. -Steer’s opodeldoc was evidently the model imitated in most of the -foreign pharmacopœias.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Paregoric.</h3> - -<p>Paregoric Elixir originated with Le Mort, Professor of Chemistry at -the University of Leyden from 1702 till 1718, when he died and was -succeeded by Boerhaave. A modification of Le Mort’s formula was given -in the P.L., 1721, as Elixir Asthmaticum, thus:—Honey and liquorice -root, of each 4 oz.; flowers of benjamin and opium, of each 1 drachm; -camphor, 2 scruples; oil of aniseed, ½ drachm; salt of tartar, 1 oz.; -spirit of wine, 2 lb. Quincy (1724) says, “there is not any composition -of our shops to be compared to it in the intention in which it is -ordered.” He explains that opium procures a truce with the cough, -and so provides a better opportunity for the other ingredients to -rarefy and thin the viscid cohesions in the vessels, and fit them for -circulation and secretion. In the P.L., 1746, the honey, liquorice, -and salt of tartar were omitted, and the name of the preparation was -changed to Elixir Paregoricum. The Edinburgh Pharmacopœia of 1756 left -out the honey, liquorice, and salt of tartar, substituted saffron for -camphor, and ammoniated the spirit. The P.E. also adopted the name of -Paregoric. In the P.L., 1788, the official name became Tinct. Opii -Camphorata, and in 1851, Tinct. Camphoræ Co. A similar formula appears -in most foreign Pharmacopœias. In the German Pharmacopœia and in some -others it is called Tinct. Opii Benzoica.</p> - -<p>Paregoric, that is, soothing, remedies were frequently spoken of before -the adjective became specific. Leclerc, dealing with the later Greek -and Roman remedies, states that preparations into which poppy juice -or opium entered as an essential ingredient, whether they were pills -or liquids, were called anodyna or paregorica.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span> Bishop Berkeley said -of his tar water that it was “both paregoric and cordial.” The word -was derived from a Greek combination originally meaning to speak in -an assembly, but it acquired the secondary sense of speaking words of -consolation.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Pil. Cochia.</h3> - -<p>Pil. Cochia originated with the Greco-Roman physicians, from Galen -onwards, and all the formulas for it associate aloes with a more -drastic purgative such as colocynth, which is the usual ingredient. -The term, however, did not come into use until about the seventh -century, and according to some authorities it was first formally -adopted by Rhazes, the Arab. The predecessors of our pills were called -“katapotia,” which meant things to be swallowed, and the earlier -prescribers directed katapotia of such a size. Celsus, for example, -orders katapotia of the size of an almond, of an Egyptian bean, and so -on. Subsequently as patients became more fastidious they were humoured -by the doctors, and katapotia of the size of a coccus, which was a -lentil berry, were prescribed. Coccion meant a diminutive coccus, and -as the pill of aloes and colocynth was frequently prescribed in this -way the term came to distinguish those pills particularly. Paul of -Ægina’s formula (sixth century) ordered aloes and colocynth pulp, and -extract of wormwood, of each one part, with scammony two parts. To be -made into pills of the size of a coccus. Eleven were to be taken for -a dose. The early London Pharmacopœias contained formulas for pilulæ -cocciæ majores, from Rhazes, and pilulæ cocciæ minores, from Galen. -Only the latter survived. In the P.L., 1746, the name of Pilulæ cocciæ -minores was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span> changed to Pilulæ ex Colocynthide cum Aloe, and the -formula ordered Socotrine aloes and scammony, of each 2 oz.; pulp of -colocynth 1 oz.; oil of cloves, 2 drachms.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Plummer’s Pills.</h3> - -<p>Pil. Calomel. Co. originated from a formula devised by Dr. Andrew -Plummer, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh in the -middle of the eighteenth century. Dr. Plummer first published his -formula in the “Edinburgh Medical Essays,” 1751. It was only a slight -modification of the Pilulæ Æthiopicæ which were already official in the -Edinburgh Pharmacopœia. These were originally a combination of Ethiops -Mineral with the golden sulphide of antimony, but the Edinburgh College -had substituted calomel for the former.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Ammoniated Tincture of Quinine.</h3> - -<p>Under this name Mr. Joseph Ince recorded in the <i>Pharm. Journ.</i>, -June 13th, 1874, that a preparation was made and called by this name -which was a solution of 1 grain of sulphate of quinine in one drachm of -compound spirit of ammonia. This did not meet with general approval, -and in 1853 Mr. Bastick proposed an Ammoniated Solution of Quinine made -by dissolving 32 grains of sulphate of quinine in 3½ ounces of proof -spirit and ½ ounce of solution of ammonia. The present B.P. tincture -contains less ammonia, and alcohol is employed instead of proof spirit.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Compound Soap Pills.</h3> - -<p>Pil. Sapon. Co., formerly official as Pil. Sapon. c Opio, Pil. Opii, -Pil. ex Opio, and when first authorised in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span> P.L., 1746, Pil. -Saponacea, was adapted from a famous nostrum long sold as Matthews’s -Pills, and as Starkey’s Pills. Starkey, a qualified physician, was -understood to have devised the process, and Matthews was the vendor -in whose name they were sold. But a little before his death in 1665 -Starkey told Dr. George Wilson that the formula he had sold to -Matthews was not his genuine and best process. In both, however, the -characteristic ingredient was “soap of tartar,” which it was claimed -added an aperient quality to the opium which made it safe to give -in asthmas and other complaints when opium alone was objectionable. -The soap of tartar was made by melting together in a crucible equal -parts of cream of tartar and saltpetre, the compound being afterwards -crystallised and powdered, and with it was incorporated 4 oz. of -turpentine to each pound of the resulting salt. Matthews’s Pills -were made from 4 oz. each of extract of opium, black hellebore, soap -of tartar, and liquorice, with 1 oz. of saffron. Starkey’s deathbed -formula ordered 4 oz. of extract of opium, 2 oz. each of nutmeg and -mineral bezoar (calx of antimony), saffron and snake root, of each -1 oz., soap of tartar 8 oz., oil of sassafras ½ oz., tincture of -antimony, 2 oz. These pills were also known as pilulæ pacificæ.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Decoctions of Sarsaparilla.</h3> - -<p>Sarsaparilla, guaiacum, sassafras, and mezereon enjoyed fitful periods -of fame in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, -especially for the treatment of syphilis. From the time of their -introduction the Paracelsists denounced these remedies, and Paracelsus -himself was especially sarcastic about “the wooden doctors,” as he -called those who relied on these woods. Still they were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span> employed to -an immense extent. A number of remedies were made from them, generally -from a combination of them. One of these called the Lisbon Diet Drink -became very popular in the eighteenth century. This was taken not only -in syphilitic cases, but as an antirheumatic and generally purifying -medicine. It was said to contain antimony, and the following was -reputed to be a correct imitation of it:—Sarsaparilla, 90, red sandal, -90, yellow sandal, 90, rose root, 30, guaiacum wood, 30, sassafras, -30, mezereon bark, 15, sulphide of antimony, 60, boiling water, 3600. -Infuse twelve hours and boil down to half, adding near the end of the -boiling fifteen parts of liquorice. An English Dr. Leake wrote a book -about this decoction in 1787, describing what he had seen of its good -effects in the cure of venereal diseases, scurvy, and other stubborn -chronic complaints. He had been to Lisbon, and intimated that he had -obtained the correct formula, but he did not give it. He had, however, -for some time made it, and would supply it in a concentrated form.</p> - -<p>A compound decoction of sarsaparilla was introduced into the London -Pharmacopœia of 1788, and the Liquor Sarsæ Co. Conc. of the B.P. is the -direct descendant of that preparation.</p> - -<p>Sirop de Cuisinier has long been a popular preparation of sarsaparilla -in France, and has been officially recognised by the Codex for a -century. A compound syrup of sarsaparilla was introduced into the -United States Pharmacopœia in 1820 expressly as an imitation of -the French syrup. The original Sirop de Cuisinier was evidently a -proprietary article, but I have not been able to trace its history. -The Codex formula prescribes sarsaparilla, with flowers of borage and -white roses,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span> senna, and aniseed, made into a syrup with honey, sugar, -and water. The U.S.P. substituted liquorice for the borage. It has -often been employed as a vehicle for corrosive sublimate, but a number -of experiments have shown that unless this mixture is quite fresh the -sublimate will be reduced to calomel.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Seidlitz Powders</h3> - -<p class="p-left">are a well known misnomer. Fr. Hoffmann discovered the Seidlitz spring -in 1724, and found that it owed its medicinal effect to sulphate of -magnesia with some sulphate of soda. Seidlitz or Sedlitz is a small -town near Seidschutz in northern Bohemia. There is evidence that at one -time sulphate of magnesia was obtained commercially from this spring -as it was from the Epsom water, and in this country then, and in some -Continental countries still, Seidlitz salt was and is a synonym for -sulphate of magnesia. In Christison’s Dispensatory it was suggested -that the name as applied to the powders which have so long been known -in Great Britain was a corruption of Seignette’s powders. Other writers -suggested that the name may have resulted from a confusion between -Seidlitz and Selters. The most probable explanation, however, was -given in <i>The Chemist and Druggist</i> of February 23 and March -2, 1901, from which it appeared that Thomas Field Savory, of Bond -Street, London, took out a patent in 1815 for “the combination of -a neutral salt or powder which possesses all the properties of the -medicinal spring in Germany under the name of the Seidlitz powders.” -The specification was for the production of three powders, namely, -(1) tartrated soda, (2) bicarbonate of soda, and (3) tartaric acid, -but these chemicals were not designated by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span> their usual names, but -old-fashioned methods of producing them were set forth. Then it was -stated that ʒij of No. 1, ℈ij of No. 2, and ℈ij of No. 3 were to be -taken and mixed in the manner so familiar to us. In 1823 Mr. Savory -brought an action against Messrs. Price & Son, of 4, Leadenhall Street, -for alleged infringement of his patent, which, however, the Court -held to be invalid in consequence of the elaborate directions in the -specification for the production of the several ingredients, all of -which were chemicals sold in all chemists’ shops. At the same trial -it seems to have been admitted that the combination was both new and -useful. There is no record of any objection to the title.</p> - -<p>In 1778 Bergmann published a treatise on artificial mineral waters, -giving analyses of the most popular, and recommending the use of the -factitious waters as preferable to the natural ones. About the same -time a French pharmacien, named Vanel, introduced a powder with which -to make the favourite Eau de Seltz, or Selters water. Apparently -the salts for making mineral waters acquired a certain degree of -popularity, and it is likely that Seidlitz salt was among them. Nothing -would make this palatable, and Mr. Savory’s idea of substituting a -pleasant draught for a nauseous one was at least a commercial success.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Turner’s Cerate.</h3> - -<p>Daniel Turner, M.D., the inventor of Turner’s Cerate, which appeared -in several Pharmacopœias as Ceratum Calaminæ, was at first a surgeon -in London, but was admitted a Licentiate of the College of Physicians -in 1711, and practised in Devonshire Square, Bishopsgate. In William -Munk’s Roll of the Royal College of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span> Physicians an opinion of him is -quoted that he was too fond of displaying his talents upon paper; the -result being that he published many volumes which are now forgotten. -(A commentary which might be made on most other authors.) It is also -said of him that his cases were not stated in the most delicate terms, -nor was politeness among his excellences. As several of his works -were about syphilis it may be that his style was merely perspicuous. -He wrote comments on Dover’s “Ancient Physician” and on Mr. Ward’s -Pill and Drop. His biographer, however, quotes from him with approval -a pious exhortation to physicians not to be ashamed to avow their -religious principles even if they kept their politics to themselves. -“It can be no disgrace,” he wrote, “for a physician who owns himself -to be no more than Nature’s minister to acknowledge himself also the -servant of Nature’s Master.”</p> - -<p>Turner’s original formula for his Ceratum de Lapide Calaminari was to -melt together 3½ lb. of freshly made unsalted butter, 3½ lb. of the -best yellow wax, and 4 lb. of pure and newly-prepared olive oil. These -when melted to be strained through a linen cloth, and while cooling, -3 lb. 10 oz. of the best calamine stone, “sufficiently triturated -and passed through a Sierce,” to be sprinkled into the mixture with -constant stirring till it sets.</p> - -<p>Turner’s comments on this cerate are worth quoting, because they -incidentally illustrate the pharmacy of the period. He says:—</p> - -<p>“As I have had ample experience of this cerate, I may be allow’d, -I hope, to judge of its singular properties and good effects in -all cutaneous ulcerations and excoriations either from scalding, -burning, or fretting of the said parts by means of salt, acrid, or -sharp humours; upon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span> which accounts, not straining a tittle beyond -its deserved euology, I am bold to affirm it will do more in all -these superficial hurts of the body than either Unguentum Tutiae, -Diapompholyx, Nutritum, Desiccativum Rubrum, Rosatum, or all the -epuletic medicines now in use; and for which cause I can, for the -public benefit, sincerely recommend it to all the professors of the -art; and do wish that the Apothecaries would keep it made up in their -shops, to deliver, at a suitable price, to indigent or poor people, -instead of their ridiculous Locatellus’s Balsam, and other improper -medicines which they call for ignorantly to heal their skin-deep -maladies. I know the medicine has been imitated by several, and I have -seen somewhat like it in some gentlemen’s salvatories; but I know not -more than two persons I ever communicated it to, as I was wont to -prepare it for my own use. The medicine thus prepared is of a good -consistence and a true cerate, serving both for pledget or plaister, -neither sticking troublesomely, nor running off or about by the heat -of the parts; but keeping its body and performing things incredible. -Whoever thinks fit to take it into practice will never repent it, -nor perhaps (when he has experienced it as I have done) think I have -said too much in its Commendation. This is the medicine I have so -often taken notice of, which, that I might contribute my mite to the -Surgeon’s Treasure of Medicine, I here have publish’d, and leave it to -take its fate.”</p> - -<p>The other preparations to which Dr. Turner refers as being at that -time in public demand may be briefly noted. Tutty was another impure -oxide of zinc generally containing some oxide of lead or copper. It -was obtained from the flues of smelting furnaces where zinc ores were -purified. Tutty was so called from an Arabic or Persian<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span> name given -to zinc, or to a zinc and tin bronze imported from China and used as -a gong metal by the Chinese. The tutty ointment was properly made up -with viper’s fat. Pompholyx was one of the names given to oxide of -zinc prepared by combustion. It was a Greek word meaning a bubble in -melted metal, from pomphos, a blister. Unguentum Diapompholyx contained -besides the flowers of zinc, white lead, the juice of nightshade -berries, and frankincense. Unguentum Nutritum was an acetate of lead -ointment. Unguentum Desiccativum Rubrum was compounded from litharge, -bole armeniac, calamine, and camphor. Unguentum Rosatum was similar to -cold cream.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span></p> - - -<h2>XXI<br /> -<span class="subhed">NOTED NOSTRUMS</span></h2></div> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div>From powerful causes spring the empiric’s gains,</div> - <div>Man’s love of life, his weakness, and his pains;</div> - <div>These first induce him the vile trash to try,</div> - <div>Then lend his name that other men may buy.</div> - <div class="right"><span class="smcap">Crabbe</span>:—<i>The Borough</i>.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Patent Medicines.</h3> - -<p>In the early days of English commerce monopolies were granted by the -sovereigns at their own pleasure, and often for their personal profit. -Queen Elizabeth so largely abused her power in this direction that -towards the end of her reign the discontent of her subjects compelled -her to promise she would offend no more: and her successor, James I, -gave a similar undertaking. The abuse, however, was continued until -the Statute of Monopolies, passed in 1624, regulated all such grants, -placing the power in the hands of Parliament, and limiting the period -of privilege to fourteen years.</p> - -<p>For the first century or thereabout of the administration of this -Act, specifications of processes or formulas were not a condition of -the patent. The idea was the introduction into the country of new -industries, and it was supposed that the artificers who would have -to be employed in any such industries would certainly acquire<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span> such -necessary skill and knowledge about any new manufacture as would -prevent any perpetuation of the monopoly. It was during the reign of -Queen Anne that the law officers began to require that specifications -should be filed before letters patent were issued. But the condition -was not by any means uniformly or intelligently insisted upon, as will -be seen immediately in the case of certain patented medicines.</p> - -<p>The term “patent medicines,” as now popularly used, means generally -secret medicines, and the meaning is therefore in exact contradiction -to the expression. Truthfully to declare the composition of many -of these proprietary compounds would ruin their sale. Not that the -ingredients are often improper or injurious; this rarely occurs; but -because the success of these remedies depends in most instances rather -on the mystery with which the makers can surround them than on their -exceptional merit.</p> - -<p>But some old medicines which became popular, including a few the -reputation of which lives to this day, were actually patented. The -first compound medicine for which a patent was granted under the Act -of 1624 was No. 388, and was dated October 22, 1711. It was granted -to Timothy Byfield for his sal oleosum volatile, “which by abundant -experience hath been found very helpfull and beneficiall as well in -uses medicinall as others.” No particulars of the ingredients or method -of manufacture are given.</p> - -<p>Stoughton’s “great cordial elixir” comes next, in 1712, and there is -nothing more in the proprietary medicine line until 1722, when a patent -for Robert Eaton’s Styptick medicine appears. In that year a curious -patent was granted to George Sinclair for “raising and cultivating the -plants which are commonly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span> called or do produce the balsam of tolu, -Peru, and capair, dragon’s blood, coloquintida, scamony, rhubarb, -jalap, ipecacuanha (and others named), and curing the insect commonly -called cochenele and cultivating the plant which they feed and live -upon.” No particulars of the inventor’s ideas are given.</p> - -<p>Benjamin Okell’s patent for Dr. Bateman’s pectoral drops, stated to -act by moderate sweat and urine, and to be useful in rheumatism, -afflictions of the stone, gravel, agues, and hysterics, was dated March -31, 1726, and was granted to him in recognition of the long study, -application, and great expense he had been put to in finding out this -remedy and bringing it to perfection. He furnished no particulars. -Bateman’s drops probably always depended on opium for its efficacy, and -in time various formulas for a medicine under that name for coughs came -to be adopted. In 1833 the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy published -the following formula “to represent Bateman’s Pectoral Drops because of -its general use, and to secure uniformity.” They said the preparation -was then being sold in strengths varying from 7½ to 100 grains to the -pint. The formula prescribed was: Diluted alcohol, 4 gallons; red -sanders, rasped, 2 oz. Digest for 24 hours, filter, add opium in powder -2 oz., catechu in powder 2 oz., camphor 2 oz., oil of anise ½ oz. -Digest for ten days.</p> - -<p>The patent for John Hooper’s Female Pills, granted in 1743 to John -Hooper, apothecary and man midwife of Reading, contains a copy of an -affidavit made by the patentee, who, being “obliged to give under -his hand and seal a particular description of his invention,” came -before the King in Chancery, and satisfied the royal representative -with a specification declaring that his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span> medicine was “compounded -as followeth:—Of the best purging stomatick and anti-hysterick -ingredients, duly proportioned and made into a powder, and beat into -a mass for pills with sufficient quantity of a strong infusion of the -above-mentioned ingredients; and when the same is made into pills about -the bigness of a small pea, two or three are to be given to persons -from 7 years of age to 15, and three or four from 15 years of age to 70 -every other night.” Hooper must have been a humorist.</p> - -<p>Betton’s British oils “for the cure of rheumatic and scorbutic and -other cases” had been patented in 1742. The oil was “extracted from the -black, pitchy, flinty roch or rock lying immediately over the coal in -coal mines.” This was reduced to powder and then subjected to heat in a -closed furnace, by which means the oil was obtained.</p> - -<p>The patent for Dr. James’s fever powder (1747) is referred to at length -elsewhere. It is agreed that the preparation could not be produced by -the process detailed; but, according to Lord Mansfield, it was also -defective in another respect. In a judgment given by that eminent -authority in 1778 (in the case of Liardet v. Johnson) he illustrated -an argument he was using by a reference to Dr. James’s patent, “in -the specification of which,” he said, “he has mentioned the articles -only of which those powders were composed, and omitted the proportion -or quantity.” Consequently Lord Mansfield added, “Dr. James never -durst bring an action for infringement, and it was certainly wise in -him not to do so, for no patent could stand on such a specification.” -His lordship went on to enlarge on the extreme importance of exact -quantities in the exact formulas for medicines.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span></p> - -<p>Dr. James also patented his “analeptic pills” in 1774. They were to be -compounded of equal parts of pil. rufi, gum ammoniacum, and his own -fever powder. The two first named ingredients were to be “placed in -a large cave underground furnished with the conductors of electrical -fire” by which they were to be dissolved. The powder was then to be -added and the pills to be made up with gum arabic.</p> - -<p>In the second half of the eighteenth century the patents for compounded -medicines become more numerous, but they are generally of no present -interest. The names of a very few have come down to our day. Ann -Pike’s itch ointment (patented 1760) may be noticed. To prepare this, -pomatum and calomel were first mixed and allowed to stand several days; -another ointment was made with hogs’ lard and Jesuit’s bark, and this -was likewise set aside for a few days. These two ointments were then -blended together, mercury added to them, and the mass stirred daily -for some time. Two other ointments were also made and combined like -the others, the ingredients of these being deer suet, turbith mineral, -lard, powdered tutty, flowers of brimstone, and wood soot.</p> - -<p>In 1777 Robert Grubb patented a medicine called the Frier’s Drops, -“for the cure of the venereal disease, scurvy, rheumatism, stranguary -and gleets.” It contained calomel, antimony, guaiacum wood, balsam of -Peru, hemlock, sugar candy, oil of sassafras, tartaric acid, and gum -arabic, with spirit of wine. The particular interest of this is the -name which may have been the original of the Friar’s Balsam named in -the Medicine Stamp Act. The Friar’s Balsam known to us cannot be traced -as a proprietary medicine.</p> - -<p>Gale’s Spa Elixir, patented 1782, is notable as a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span> specimen of -condensed information. Its composition is thus described:—“R. fer. -q.l.; cor, anima., sp.vin. esse.tinc. anima: super:aq: nat:, sp.sal: -q.s.; dissolve, digest, correct, evaporate, and extract the elixir -S.A.” The abbreviated terms and the punctuation are copied from the -specification.</p> - -<p>Nathaniel Godbold’s Vegetable Balsam was patented in 1785, Spilsbury’s -Anti-scorbutic Drops in 1792, Ching’s Worm Lozenges in 1796, and -Innocenza della Lena winds up the century with a formula conceived -quite on the lines of the pharmacy then departing. It was for “A -certain medicine called flogistical and fixed earth of Mars or -powder of Mars.” It is not stated what the medicine was for, but its -preparation was awe-inspiring. Mineral earth of iron, copper, crude -antimony, mineral salt, and urine were digested for a considerable -time in an unvarnished vessel, hermetically sealed, deep down in the -earth. Subsequently the mixture was exposed to the rays of the sun for -a period, more urine was added, and the interment and the exposure were -several times repeated.</p> - -<p>Roche’s Embrocation for whooping-cough, patented in 1803, was declared -to be compounded of oil of elder, rose leaves, chamomile flowers, oil -of caraway, oil of rosemary, cochineal, and alkanet root. This remedy -is still popular, but it is understood to have a composition very -different from that specified.</p> - -<p>Perkins’s Metallic Tractors were patented on March 10th, 1798. Benjamin -Douglas Perkins claimed to have discovered “an art of relieving and -curing a variety of aches, pains, and diseases in the human body, -by drawing over the parts affected or those contiguous thereto, in -certain directions, various pointed metals, which from the affinity -they have with the offending matter,” or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span> from some other cause, -“extract, or draw out the same, and thus cure the patient.” The -metals used were combinations of copper, zinc, and gold; or of iron, -silver, and platinum. The tractors were invented by Elisha Perkins, -the father of Benjamin, who died at New York in 1799. The tractors -were united together like a pair of compasses, and one of the arms -was obtuse and the other pointed. They professed to apply galvanic -action to the relief and cure of pain and disease. Galvani’s report of -his experiments was only published about 1790, and not much earlier -Mesmer’s animal magnetism had excited marvellous interest in Paris. -Perkins’s Tractors had an enormous popularity for a time in England and -in Denmark, but nowhere else to any extent. Two Bath doctors, named -Falconer and Haygarth, professed to get as good results with tractors -made of wood, many patients of the Bath Hospital declaring that these -promptly relieved their pains. From these experiments it was argued -that the alleged cures were entirely due to the imagination of the -sufferers.</p> - -<p>After 1800 medicinal compounds are only rarely patented. Of those known -to the present generation, Ford’s Balsam of Horehound appears in 1816, -Savory’s Seidlitz Powders were protected in 1815, Ridge’s Food, 1862, -and Page Woodcock’s Wind Pills, 1852. A patent was taken in 1853 by Sir -James Murray for aerating cod-liver oil with carbonic acid gas, and -William Brockedon’s patent for compressing drugs and blacklead, which -has borne fruit a thousandfold in these later days, was granted in -1843.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Anderson’s Scots Pills.</h3> - -<p>These pills acquired extraordinary popularity, particularly in Scotland -and France, and to some extent in other countries, including England. -Either these pills or Singleton’s Eye Ointment is the proprietary -remedy still sold in this country with the longest history. It is -claimed that the ointment was invented some forty years earlier than -the pills, but it must be admitted that the records of the latter, -especially in their early days, are more exactly authenticated.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p168"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p168.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">Patrick Anderson, M.D.</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">Dr. Patrick Anderson was a Scotch physician of considerable reputation -in London in the Stuart period. He is described on some of his books -as Physician to Charles I. In 1635 he published a treatise entitled as -follows:—“Grana Angelica; hoc est pilularum hujus nominis insignis -utilitas; quibus etiam accesserunt alia quaedam pancula de durioris -alvi incommodis propter materiam cognitionem, ac vice supplementi in -fine<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span> adjuncta.” He stated that he had obtained the formula for these -pills in Venice. After his death they were sold in Edinburgh by his -daughter Miss Katherine Anderson, and she by a deed registered in the -Commissary Court books of Edinburgh, the 16th December, 1686, declared -that she had communicated the secret to Thomas Weir, surgeon, in -Edinburgh, “and to no other person.”</p> - -<p>To Dr. Weir letters patent for the pills were granted by King James II, -1687, with letters of Certification, &c., by King William and Queen -Mary, 1694; and Testification by the Town Council of Edinburgh, 1694. -From Dr. Weir by regular succession and assignation, the secret was -conveyed to his widow, 1711; thence to their son Alex. Weir, 1715; -then to Lilias Weir, his sister, 1726; by her to Dr. Thomas Irving, -her nephew, 1770; then to his widow, Mrs. Irving, 1797; by her to her -son, James Irving, 1814, but the old lady appears to have retained an -interest in them until her death in 1837, at the age of 99. During -her life, and probably before and after, the “shop” where the pills -were made and sold was on the second floor of a house in the Lawn -Market opposite the site of the West Bow, a steep street which led -down to the Grassmarket. The house still remains, the date 1690 being -carved on the lintel. After certain assignations and trusteeships the -property came into the hands of a Mr. J. Rodger who sold his rights to -Messrs. Raimes, Blanshard & Co. in 1876. They and their successors, -Raimes, Clark & Co., Limited, have been the proprietors since the date -mentioned, and they inform me that there is still a small demand for -them.</p> - -<p>Formulas for “Anderson’s Scots Pills” will be found in all the -manuals of pharmacy published in Europe and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span> America, but they differ -considerably. Paris in “Pharmacologia” said they were a compound of -aloes and jalap with oil of anise; the French Codex which adopted them, -or at least the name, compounded them of aloes and gamboge with oil -of anise; Niemann, whose formulary had a quasi-official sanction in -Holland early in the nineteenth century gave a much more complicated -recipe, adding to the aloes both jalap and gamboge, together with -sulphur, burnt ivory, liquorice powder, and soap. “Pharmaceutical -Formulas” states that they are well represented by Pil Aloes et Myrrhæ -B.P., “which (saving excipient) contains the same ingredients as those -mentioned in a copy of the original document deposited in the Rolls -House.”</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Anodyne Necklaces.</h3> - -<p>Anodyne necklaces were perhaps the most extensively advertised of the -quack remedies of the eighteenth century. The introduction of them is -generally attributed to one of the Chamberlen family, well known in -medical history as the inventors of the modern midwifery forceps.</p> - -<p>In a collection of quack advertisements in the British Museum, all -published in the last half of the seventeenth century, there is a -handbill issued by Major John Coke, “a licensed physician and one of -his Majesty’s Chymists” advertising miraculous necklaces for children -breeding teeth “preventing (by God’s assistance) feavers, convulsions, -ruptures, chincough, ricketts, and such attendant distempers.” These -are 5<i>s.</i> each. A number of titled people whose children have used -these necklaces are named. A correspondent of <i>Notes and Queries</i> -(Mr. J. Elliot Hodgkin, 6th Ser.,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span> Vol. IX.) quotes a reference to -anodyne necklaces from a pamphlet published in 1717 dedicated to Dr. -Chamberlen and the Royal Society, evidently an advertisement which -it may not be too uncharitable to suppose was written by Chamberlen -himself. But another correspondent of the same journal (6th Ser., Vol. -X.) quotes from Smith’s “Book for a Rainy Day” another reference to the -necklaces in which they are alluded to as Mr. Burchell’s, and are said -to be “so strongly recommended by two eminent physicians, Dr. Tanner, -the inventor, and Dr. Chamberlain,” to whom he had communicated the -prescription. The necklaces were composed of artificially prepared -beads, small like barleycorns, and they were sold at 5<i>s.</i> each. -The beads were often made of peony wood, a substance which Oribasius -(fourth and fifth centuries) recommended to be hung round the neck for -the cure of epilepsy. They were especially recommended for children -cutting teeth, and for pregnant women. No doubt they served like any -other hard substance to help in the former trouble to open the gums, -but the idea suggested was that they gave out a certain vapour or -effluvium which reduced the feverish condition.</p> - -<p>“May I die by an anodyne necklace,” is an expression used by one of -the characters in “The Vicar of Wakefield” (Ch. XX.). In a comment on -this allusion by the eminent authority on the eighteenth century, Mr. -Austin Dobson, it was explained that hanging was there euphemistically -referred to. Mr. Dobson’s mistake was pointed out in <i>Notes and -Queries</i>, and he acknowledged it.</p> - -<p>The Collier de Morand was a neckband sold for goitre. It was made of -carded cotton on which was sprinkled a powder consisting of equal parts -of sal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span> ammoniac, common salt, and burnt sponge. Paracelsus recommended -that coral should be worn round the necks of children to preserve them -from the effects of sorcery.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Daffy’s Elixir.</h3> - -<p>The Rev. Thomas Daffy, who invented the Elixir Salutis with which his -name has been associated for about 250 years, was rector of Redmile in -Leicestershire from 1660 to 1680. He had been appointed rector of Harby -in the same county in Cromwell’s time, but the Countess of Rutland, -who presumably “sat under” him, was a lady of evangelical ideas, and -the Rev. Thomas was apparently of a “high” tendency, for according -to Nichols’s “History of Leicestershire,” “he was removed from that -better living to this worse one to satisfy the spleen of the Countess -of Rutland, a puritanical lady who had conceived a feeling against -him for being a man of other principles.” Just when he invented his -elixir does not appear, but it is to be hoped that the profits from it -made up for the sacrifice he had to make in consequence of his “other -principles.” It is clear from the references to the medicine which are -found in general literature and from the fact that it was imitated in -the Pharmacopœia (under the formula for Tinctura Sennæ Co.) that it -acquired considerable popularity. The following advertisement from the -<i>Post Boy</i> of January 1, 1707, tells most of what is known about -the elixir:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Daffye’s famous Elixir Salutis, prepared by Catherine Daffye, -daughter of Mr. Thomas Daffye, late rector of Redmile in the -vale of Belvoir, who imparted it to his kinsman, Mr. Anthony -Daffye, who published the same to the benefit of the community -and to his own advantage. The original receipt is now in my -possession left<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span> to me by my father. My own brother, Mr. Daniel -Daffye, apothecary in Nottingham, made this Elixir from the -said receipt and sold it there during his life. Those who know -it will believe what I declare; and those who do not may be -convinced that I am no counterfeit by the colour, taste, smell, -and operation of my Elixir. To be had at the Hand and Pen, -Maiden Lane, Covent Garden.</p> -</div> - -<p>Catherine Daffy was not a clever advertiser, for her announcement seems -calculated to assist Anthony Daffy’s preparation as much as her own, -and it is likely that this was not her intention. Such little evidence -as exists goes to show that it was Anthony’s and not Catherine’s Elixir -that maintained the fame which had been won.</p> - -<p>Daffy’s Elixir is still made by Sutton & Co., of 76 Chiswell Street, -the successors to Dicey & Co., of Bow Church Yard, who were themselves -successors to Benjamin Okell, who was carrying on the business in -1727, but when or from whom, or for what consideration the property -was transferred to them from the Daffy family, is not known. The -old-fashioned handbills wrapped round the bottles state that the -Elixir was “much recommended to the public by Dr. King, Physician to -King Charles II, and the late learned and ingenious Dr. Radcliffe.” -Unhappily, however, “a low set of mercenary vendors” have been making -imitations of this “noble and generous Elixir,” using “foul and -ordinary spirits instead of clean and pure brandy, and base and damaged -drugs,” of which none could be guilty “but such as never feel for any -but themselves.”</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Baume de Fioraventi.</h3> - -<p>This medicine still figures in the French Codex and in other -continental Pharmacopœias. It is an alcoholic<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span> tincture of canella, -cloves, nutmegs, ginger, and other spices, with bay berries, to which -are added amber, galbanum, myrrh, aloes, elemi, and other resins, and -one-sixth by volume of turpentine. After digestion this mixture is -distilled to a yield of about two-thirds of the original bulk. The balm -was formerly given in doses of 5 or 6 drops in kidney disorders, but it -is now only used externally in rheumatism and for chilblains, and for -strengthening the sight. For the last-named purpose the hand is wetted -with the balm and held before the eyes.</p> - -<p>Fioraventi was a famous Italian quack in the latter half of the -seventeenth century. He practised in Naples, Rome, Venice, Milan, and -Florence, and was specially honoured in his native city of Bologna, -where he was made a Doctor, a Chevalier, and a Count; titles of which -he made the utmost use. He published numerous works on medicine, -devised various “Nostra,” and pretended to give the exact formulas -for these, but they were always so complicated that no doubt the rich -clients whose patronage Fioraventi cultivated would prefer to buy the -remedies ready compounded. His medical advice though crammed with -bombast was generally sensible, but in all cases he recommended one -or another of “our” remedies. These included “our Balm Artificiall” -(the compound just referred to), “our Electuaria Anglico,” “our Sirrup -Solutivo,” “our Lignum Sanctum,” “our Oleum Benedictum,” and so -forth. Above all Fioraventi made play with his “Petra Philosophale.” -Philosophers had long disputed, he says, whether it was possible to -produce a medicine which would cure all diseases. There was no longer -any occasion for dispute; the discovery of “our Petra Philosophale” -was conclusive. The directions for making<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span> this remedy were very -complicated, and of course it was essential that they should be -followed minutely. Briefly, the process was to take so much “Sal Niter, -Roche Allum, and Roman Vitrioll” (I take the names from an old English -translation), “add some Sal Gemmæ, and distil. Then mix Mercury, Sope, -Quick Lime, and Common Ashes, sublime off the Mercury, and add it to -the first distillate. To the mixture add so much steel, iron, and gold, -dry the compound to a stone, which ‘keep as a precious Jewell’ in a -closed glass vessel.”</p> - -<p>Why Fioraventi should have troubled to invent any other remedies after -this, or why his patients should have been called upon to buy any -others, is not explained.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Baume Tranquille</h3> - -<p class="p-left">was originally made by the Capucin monk, Aignan, whose religious name -was Father Tranquille. The Capucins of the Louvre were noted in the -seventeenth century for their medical skill, and Father Tranquille was -one of them. Twenty herbs were used in compounding this balsam, among -them poppy, tobacco, lavender, and rue. These were infused in oil. “The -Baume may be made still more effective,” writes Père Rousseau, who was -a fellow monk with Father Tranquille, “by adding as many large live -frogs as there are pounds of oil. These are to be boiled in the oil -until they are almost burnt. Their juice and fat combine with the oil -and greatly augment the excellence of the remedy.” Mme. de Sévigné, -writing to her daughter, December 15, 1684, says, “I am sending you the -most precious treasure I have: my half bottle of Baume Tranquille. I -could not send a full bottle; the Capucins have no more.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Baume de Vie.</h3> - -<p>Baume de Vie, which is represented by Decoct. Aloes Co., B.P., was -first sold by a French apothecary named Le Lievre, of the Rue de -la Seine, Paris. A second edition of his book recommending it is -dated 1760. He describes himself as “le sieur Lelievre apothicaire, -distillateur du Roi.” He says of it that it gently evacuates the -heterogeneous humours, restores and fortifies the stomach, reanimates -the system without causing any fever or other inconvenience, preserves -the humid radical (a fluid supposed to be the principle of life and -the generator of vigour), makes the blood circulate, absorbs from it -all acids and renders them balsamic, and counteracts debility. He also -advises its use for horses, cattle, and dogs. Le Lievre’s formula, as -given by Cadet de Gassicourt, was as follows:—</p> - -<p>Socotrine aloes, treacle, of each 1 oz.; gentian, ½ oz.; rhubarb, 6 -drachms; saffron, agaric, zedoary, myrrh, of each 2 drachms; sugar, 4 -oz.; proof spirit, 2 lb.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Dutch Drops.</h3> - -<p>Haarlem Oil or Dutch Drops have been made in Haarlem since the year -1672, when they were invented by one Claas Tilly, and they are -still manufactured in Haarlem by a person who claims to be a direct -descendant of the inventor. The preparation is stated in Paris’s -“Pharmacologia” to have as a base the residue left in the still after -the redistillation of turpentine; a red, thick, resinous matter, -sometimes called balsam of turpentine. But the same author adds -that a preparation often sold as Dutch Drops is a mixture of oil of -turpentine, tincture of guaiacum, and spirit of nitre,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span> with oils of -amber and cloves. Dutch Drops are asked for all over the world and -are known to old-fashioned people as “Medicamentum.” In remote places -they are kept in the house and a few drops taken occasionally as a -preventive of disease.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Godfrey’s Cordial.</h3> - -<p>The following advertisement which is taken from Reed’s <i>Weekly -Journal</i>, February 22, 1722, throws light on the origin of the still -popular “Godfrey.”</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>To all retailers and others. The general cordial formerly sold -by Mr. Thomas Godfrey, of Hunsdon, in Hertfordshire, deceas’d, -is now prepar’d according to a receipt written by his own hand, -and by him given to my wife, his relation, is now sold by me -Tho. Humphreys of Ware, in the said county, Surgeon, or at -John Humphreys, at the Head and Sheers in Jewin Street, near -Cripplegate, London. Also may be furnished with Arcanums and -Vomits, and will be allowed the same for selling as formerly.</p> -</div> - -<p>Godfrey’s Cordial was named in the Medicine Stamp Act of 1812, and was -no doubt a proprietary medicine at that time. It now appears to be made -by anyone who chooses to make it. In Paris’s “Pharmacologia,” (8th -edition, 1833) the following receipt which he says was obtained from a -“wholesale druggist who makes and sells many hundred dozens a year,” -was printed:—</p> - -<p>“Infuse 9 oz. of sassafras; 1 oz. each of carraway, coriander, and -anise seeds, in 6 pints of water. Simmer down to 4 pints. When cold add -3 oz. of tincture of opium.”</p> - -<p>In 1833 the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy adopted the subjoined -formula for Godfrey’s Cordial in order to ensure uniformity:—</p> - -<p>“Tinct. Opii, 1½ pint; molasses, from the sugar refiners, 16 pints; -alcohol, 2 pints; water, 26 pints;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span> carbonate of potash, 2½ oz.; oil of -sassafras, 4 drachms.”</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Eau des Carmes.</h3> - -<p>Eau de Melisse des Carmes, an aromatic spirit, recommended as a -cordial for internal administration, and to bathe the temples, was -first compounded in the pharmacy of the Barefooted Carmelites, near -the Palace of the Luxembourg in the Faubourg St. Germain in 1611. In -the course of the century the preparation became a valuable property, -and though its composition was kept secret by the monks, formulas -innumerable were published. Richelieu, Elizabeth of Bavaria, mother -of the Regent during Louis XIV’s minority, and later, Voltaire, -“reclaimed” it. Patents authorising the monks to carry on the -manufacture and sale were granted by Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis -XVI, but when the last was applied for in 1780, the College of Pharmacy -opposed it, but withdrew their opposition for the consideration of £40 -a year which the monks agreed to pay them. In 1791 when the monastic -orders were suppressed and their property confiscated, forty-five -Carmelites of the Monastery of the Vaugirard formed themselves into a -commercial company to manufacture and sell the Eau des Carmes. Their -deed of association provided that the property should remain in the -hands of the forty-five down to the last survivor. This one was a -certain Brother Paradise, who took as a partner a M. Royer and died -in 1831 on the premises in the Rue Taranne where the company had been -constituted. M. Royer died a few years later, and his widow married -a M. Boyer in 1840 who wrote a “Monographie Historique,” which it is -believed was edited for him by Alexander Dumas.</p> - -<p>The following formula for a preparation resembling<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span> the Eau des Carmes -was published by Baumé after many experiments, and was adopted by the -compilers of the Codex:—</p> - -<p>“Balm, in flower, freshly gathered, and freed from the stalks, 2 lbs.; -lemon peel, fresh, 4 oz.; coriander seeds, 8 oz.; nutmegs, cloves, -cinnamon, each bruised, 2 oz.; angelica roots, dried, 1 oz.; spirit of -wine, highly rectified, 10 pints.”</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Goddard’s Drops.</h3> - -<p>The original formula for these is given as follows by Dr. William -Salmon in his edition of “Bate’s Dispensatory”:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>R. Humane Bones or rather scales, well dryed, break them into -bits, and put them into a retort, and join thereto a large -Receiver which lute well; and distil first with a gentle Fire, -then with a stronger, increasing the fire gradatim; so will you -have in the Recipient a Flegm, Spirit, Oyl, and Volatile Salt. -Shake the Receiver to loosen the Volatile Salt from the sides, -then close your Receiver and set it in the earth to digest for -three months, after that digest it in a gentle heat fourteen -days, then separate the Oyl which keep for use.</p> -</div> - -<p>Salmon says they that please may make it according to the prescription, -but he gives an alternative formula which was “to rectify the Oyl from -the Flegm, then to grind the Volatile Salt with the Oyl, and so by a -long digestion to join them together.” Salmon also tells us that if -these drops are distilled from the bones of the skull they are good for -apoplexy, vertigo, megrims, &c., but “if you want it for gout of any -particular limb it is better to make it from the bones of that limb. -The dose is 6 to 12 drops, but it has an evil scent.” You can, however, -correct that, and “Elixirate” the preparation, bringing it “even to a -Fragrancy” if you add so much Spirit of Nitre as will dissolve the oil, -and then mix it with four times its weight of spirit of wine.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span> Then you -should give 20 to 60 drops in a glass of Canary. “So you will have a -medicine beyond all comparison ten times exceeding the other in worth -and efficacy.”</p> - -<p>Who was the inventor of this medicine? Salmon says, “The author of -this Recipe was not that Goddard whose Recipes and Prescriptions are -scattered up and down in several places of this book, but the famous -W. Goddard, a great Philosopher and Physician who deserved well of the -World in his Day and Time, and who has even in this Remedy left himself -an Immortal name. And this is the true Medicine which was purchased of -the Doctor by King Charles the Second, so much famed through the whole -kingdom, and for which he gave him, as it is reported, fifteen hundred -pounds sterling.” Other statements say that Charles bought the formula -for £5,000 or £6,000.</p> - -<p>Salmon had lived in the reign of Charles II, and may be expected to -have been correct in regard to such a recent event. But in the Roll -of the Royal College of Physicians by William Munk, M.D., published -by the College in 1878 I find the invention of these drops attributed -to Jonathan Goddard, M.D., a person of some historical fame, due -to a large extent to his association with Oliver Cromwell, whom he -accompanied as first physician to his army through his Irish and Scotch -campaigns. Cromwell made him Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and in -other ways showed his confidence in him. In the Little Parliament which -succeeded the Long Parliament Dr. Goddard was the sole representative -of the University of Oxford, and became a member of the Council of -State. With this record it is not surprising that the doctor did not -become a favourite with Charles II. when that monarch returned to -London.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span> Dr. Goddard was removed from his Wardenship, but subsequently -became Professor of Physic at Gresham College, London, and it was -there that he and a few other scientific associates founded the Royal -Society. It is difficult to believe that he was the inventor of the -drops of which Salmon writes; and it is impossible to accept the -statement that he offered, or that the King agreed to purchase, the -secret of their composition from him.</p> - -<p>Dr. Munk, however, states that “Dr. Goddard was a good practical -chemist and the inventor of certain volatile drops, the Guttæ -Goddardianæ vel Anglicanæ, as they were termed on the Continent, long -in great repute and commended by Sydenham, who gave them a preference -over all other volatile spirits whatsoever for ‘energetically and -efficaciously attaining the end for which they are applied.’”</p> - -<p>There was a Dr. William Goddard admitted a Fellow of the College in -1634 of whom Dr. Munk records that “on the 23rd of November, 1649, -having been contumacious and refusing to attend at his place in the -College, though repeatedly summoned by the President, he was, by a vote -of his colleagues, dismissed from his fellowship: <i>Decrete Collegii, -in Collegii societale locum amisit.</i>” Dr. Goddard carried the matter -into the Court of King’s Bench, but was defeated.</p> - -<p>This was most likely Salmon’s W. Goddard, and seems more like the -genuine Goddard of the Drops fame. Contumaciousness was sometimes a -synonym for exploiting a quack remedy.</p> - -<p>In Dr. Martin Lister’s “Journey to Paris,” 1698, that rather garrulous -York doctor states that while he was in Paris (in company with some -members of a diplomatic party) he was sent for by the Prince de Conti -to see his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span> son, and was requested to bring with him some of the late -King Charles’s drops. The doctor replied that he had nothing with him, -and could only prescribe such medicines as would be found in any of -their shops. It was the drops, however, that the Prince wanted and not -the extempore invention of this comparatively unknown practitioner. For -apparently the attendance of Dr. Lister was excused, and he makes the -reflection, after intimating that the young prince died, “It is evident -that there is as false a notion of physic in this country as with -us, and that it is here also thought a knack more than a science or -method; accordingly little toys, the bijoux of quacks are mightily in -request.” Dr. George Henning who edited Dr. Lister’s narrative states -that these drops were made from raw silk which “yields an incredible -quantity of volatile salt and the finest spirit I ever tasted.” He adds -that raw silk is indeed nothing but a dry jelly of the insect kind, and -therefore it must be very cordial and stomachic.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Eau Medicinale D’Husson.—Colchicum.</h3> - -<p>The medicinal use of colchicum preparations for gout is comparatively -recent and the knowledge of its value for that purpose is undoubtedly -due to its success in a secret proprietary remedy. The authors -of “Pharmacographia” give some interesting historical notes on -<i>Colchicum autumnale</i>, L., or meadow saffron, which show how -general was the belief in its deleterious qualities in both classical -and mediæval times. Dioscorides alludes to the poisonous properties of -Kolchikon, which he says grew in Messenia and Kolchis. Pliny and Galen -likewise allude to colchicum as a poison. Pliny recommends milk as an -antidote.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span></p> - -<p>Hermodactylus is recommended for gout in the writings of Alexander of -Tralles, and Paul Egineta (sixth and seventh centuries), and the Arab -doctors, Avicenna, Serapion, and Mesué, describe a similar remedy under -the name of Surengian. It is also recommended by Ambrose Paré, Sylvius -(de la Boe), and other authorities in the sixteenth and seventeenth -centuries; but Tragus (1552) warns his readers against its use for -gout, for which he says it is recommended in Arab writings. Grevin -(1568) observes “ce poison est ennemy de l’homme en tout et par tout.” -Lyte, translating Dodoens (1578), says “Medow or wilde saffron is -corrupt and venomous, therefore not used in medicine.” Gerard declares -the roots of “Mede Saffron” to be “very hurtfull to the stomacke.”</p> - -<p>Evidently some species of colchicum (Planchon thinks <i>C. -variegatum</i>, L., but Hanbury does not agree) was used in ancient -medicine under the name of Hermodactylus. Linnæus knew hermodactyls -brought from India and attributed them to <i>Iris tuberosa</i>. Royle -says they are sold in the bazaars of northern India under the name of -Surinjan, but he thought they were brought from the shores of the Red -Sea via Bombay. And notwithstanding the unfavourable opinions just -quoted, Radix Colchici and Hermodactylus appear among the simples of -the London Pharmacopœias of 1618 and 1639. They are then omitted, but -Colchicum reappears in the edition of 1788. This was in consequence -of the strong recommendation of Stoerck of Vienna, a practitioner and -medical teacher who had a passion for experimenting with discredited -remedies. Stoerck’s report, published in 1763, showed that the medicine -was a powerful and a dangerous one; but it was a most potent diuretic, -and he had administered it with success in dropsical cases in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span> the -Vienna Hospital. He recommended particularly a colchitic oxymel. He -reports favourably on it as a remedy for asthma and in mucous catarrh, -but does not suggest it as a remedy for gout.</p> - -<p>In the early part of the eighteenth century the bulbs of colchicum were -frequently recommended by physicians of repute to be carried in the -pocket or worn round the neck as an amulet.</p> - -<p>In the latter part of the eighteenth century a French proprietary -article called D’Husson’s Eau Medicinale became popular. Its inventor -was an army officer, and it is not known how he acquired his medical -knowledge. I have no information as to the price at which the Eau -Medicinale was sold in France; but from some interesting communications -to the <i>Pharmaceutical Journal</i> published in 1852 from medical -men, Thomas Bushell, of 117, Crawford Street, Portman Square, and -George Wallis, M.D., many details have been collected, among them -being the statement made by Mr. Bushell that the proprietors of the -Eau Medicinale were a firm of foreign perfumers in Bond Street; that -they told him the sale had at that time (1852) quite died out; that -four or five years previously they had sold a few bottles at 9<i>s.</i> -6<i>d.</i> each, but that when it was in demand the price was -22<i>s.</i> a bottle. The bottles each contained 2 fluid drachms, and -the dose was 1 drachm, to be repeated if necessary in four to six hours.</p> - -<p>According to Pereira, Cadet and Parmentier had endeavoured to ascertain -the composition of this medicine in 1782; but they only arrived at the -conclusion that it contained no metallic or mineral substance, and -that it was a vinous infusion of some bitter plant. Alyon, another -French inquirer, had guessed gratiola; an English doctor (Moore) had -diagnosed that it was a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span> vinous infusion of white hellebore with -laudanum. Mr. Bushell, quoting from some references to the medicine -in the <i>Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal</i> of 1810, relates -the experience of a Dr. Edwin Godden Jones, who had come to know of -D’Husson’s remedy while on the Continent with a gentleman who was -a great sufferer from gout, and who had derived much benefit from -the nostrum. The Edinburgh journal also mentioned that Sir Joseph -Banks, the President of the Royal Society, having experienced the -most extraordinary deliverance from his arch-enemy, made D’Husson’s -preparation his pocket companion. Attempts to discover the secret -of the mixture still resulted unsatisfactorily. Rhododendron, -chrysanthemum, digitalis, tobacco, and elaterium were among the new -guesses made. In 1814, however, a Mr. Want published a statement in -the <i>Medical and Physical Journal</i> indicating that colchicum -was the basis of D’Husson’s remedy. Mr. Bushell states that Want had -previously made known his discovery in a popular journal entitled -<i>The Monthly</i>. There are three stories of the means by which -he came by his information. He himself said he got the first hint -from Alexander of Tralles, who recommended a remedy “Hermodactylon” -for the cure of gout, and that the Hermodactylus from which that -was compounded corresponded with colchicum. Dr. Wallis, of Bristol, -however, “in justice to a departed friend,” wrote that Want had derived -his knowledge entirely from Mr. C. T. Haden, when the latter was a -medical officer of the Brompton Dispensary. Dr. Wallis says that in -1811 Mr. Haden was practising in Derby with his father, an eminent -surgeon of that town. They had a patient who was anxious to try the -Eau Medicinale. The younger Haden examined the stuff and came to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span> -conclusion that it was made from colchicum, with which he had some -acquaintance through having made the oxymel. After many experiments -he was convinced of the accuracy of his opinion. Soon after Mr. Haden -left Derby and settled in Sloane Street, where he commenced the -publication of the <i>Medical Intelligencer</i>, the predecessor of -the <i>Lancet</i>. At the Brompton Dispensary he introduced colchicum -in the treatment of gout. Dr. Wallis alludes to the annoyance caused -to his friend by what he characterises as literary petty larceny, -forestalling his own communication on the subject.</p> - -<p>The third story told by Mr. Bushell is the most curious of the three. -He was apprenticed near Covent Garden two or three years after Mr. -Want had published his discovery, and frequently went to Mr. Grimley, -a herbalist, in the Garden, to buy medicinal herbs. Mr. Grimley, he -said, told him that Want had “discovered” the colchicum secret in this -wise:—His wife’s father having a bad attack of gout, a nursemaid in -Mrs. Want’s service told them that she once lived with a little French -gentleman who made a famous medicine for gout called “Eau Medicinale.” -He kept his materials very secret, but this promising young detective -had managed to secure a piece of the principal ingredient used, which -she then gave to Want. Want took it to Grimley, and between them they -made out what it was. Grimley further said that he had been in the -habit of selling quantities of colchicum to a little Frenchman who used -to come in a hackney coach and take with him 1 to 1½ cwt. at a time.</p> - -<p>Want’s tincture was made from 1 part of the fresh bulb of the -colchicum autumnale and 2 parts of alcohol 36°; dose 5 or 6 drops in -a tablespoonful of water. Sir Everard Home, who studied colchicum -preparations with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span> much care, preferred a wine made from the corms; -and he believed that he had succeeded in removing the deleterious -constituents of the medicine by filtering out a deposit which formed -after a few days of maceration. Williams and Haden advocated the -employment of the seeds. Copland, Bushell, and Frost advised the -flowers.</p> - -<p>Drying the corms was found to reduce considerably their medicinal -and poisonous effects. Prosper Alpin states that the Egyptian women -of his time were in the habit of taking as many as ten bulbs of some -hermodactyl after roasting them like chestnuts at bedtime. They -believed they produced the embonpoint which was regarded as a female -attraction.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">James’s Powder.</h3> - -<p>The antimonial preparation which attained the most permanent popularity -was Dr. James’s Fever Powders. The inventor, Dr. Robert James, was -a life-long friend of Dr. Johnson. The two went to school together -at Lichfield, in which town James at one time practised. He was also -in practice in Sheffield and Birmingham before he came to London. He -first settled in Southampton Street, Covent Garden, but removed later -to Craven Street, Strand. He was a man of considerable attainments, -and is described as cordial, impetuous, improvident, but thoroughly -loved by his associates. He was the author of a massive Dictionary of -Medicine,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span> and Dr. Johnson said of him: “No man brought more mind to -his profession.” Dr. Munk, in his “Roll of the College of Physicians,” -adds to this, however: “But he tarnished the fair fame he might -otherwise have attained by patenting his powder and falsifying the -specification.” Dr. James died in 1776 at the age of 73.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p187"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p187.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">Dr. James.</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">The patent for his fever powder was taken out in 1747. It is on record -that Johnson introduced him to John Newbery, a noted bookseller of the -time, who had a shop at the corner of St. Paul’s Churchyard and Ludgate -Hill. Newbery became the agent and part proprietor of the medicine. It -is still owned and prepared by the direct descendants of John Newbery, -who carry on business in Charterhouse Square.</p> - -<p>The specification of the patent directs to “Take antimony, calcine it -with a continual protracted heat in a flat unglazed earthen vessel, -adding to it from time to time a sufficient quantity of any animal -oil and salt well dephlegmated; then boil it in melted nitre for a -considerable time, and separate the powder from the nitre by dissolving -it in water.” The doctor adds to his specification a process for a -mercurial pill with antimony, made by amalgamating equal parts of -martial regulus of antimony with “pure silver” (<i>sic</i>), adding -a proportionable quantity of sal ammoniac, then distilling off the -mercury and using it again. This performance was to be repeated nine -or ten times, the mercury being at last dissolved in spirits of nitre -(nitric acid), distilled to dryness, the caput mortuum calcined till -it was of a golden colour, and this powder, after spirits of wine had -been burnt upon it, was ready to be made into pills. Dr. James gave the -moderate dose of the antimonial powder at 30 grains, and that of the -mercurial at 1 grain.</p> - -<p>Paris says that James “usually combined his antimonial<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span> powder with -some mercurial, and always followed it up with large doses of bark.” -He suggests that the adjuncts largely accounted for the success of the -medicine.</p> - -<p>The fever powder acquired great fame in James’s lifetime, and after -his death imitations were numerous. One of these is of interest -because of an advertisement against it written by Dr. Johnson. The -man who ventured to imitate the genuine product was named Hawes, and -he had once been in the employment of Dr. James. He professed that he -had learned how to make the powder during his service, but Dr. James -signed an affidavit against his pretensions a short time before his -death. Later Hawes asserted that when the doctor made that affidavit -he was not in the possession of his mental faculties. To this Francis -Newbery replied by an advertisement quoting affidavits by many of -James’s patients and acquaintances. A paragraph was appended which -Newbery himself stated was written by Dr. Johnson, and as a section -of literature rather foreign to the famous author, it seems worthy of -reproduction. It ran thus:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“The public will now be fully enabled to judge of Mr. Hawes’s -pretensions to the knowledge of this medicine; and they will -determine what degree of credit they ought to pay to the -assertions of a man who has made so daring an attempt to impose -upon their understanding; who in contradiction to Dr. James’s -deposition has represented himself as possessing a secret with -which he was never entrusted, and as having performed operations -at which he was never present; and who, to invalidate the -Doctor’s testimony, has declared him to be reduced to fatuity at -a time when the vigour of his mind was known and acknowledged by -the physician and surgeon who attended him, and by patients of -the highest rank who continued to entrust him with health and -life.”</p> -</div> - -<p>In 1774 Dr. James patented an “analeptic pill.” It was composed of -his own fever powder with pil. rufi and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span> gum ammoniacum, the last two -ingredients to be dissolved in an underground cave furnished with the -conductors of electric fire.</p> - -<p>The first official substitute for James’s powder was introduced into -the London Pharmacopœia of 1787. The formula was devised by a Dr. -Higgins, and the experiments were made in the laboratory of the Society -of Apothecaries. It was composed of equal parts of tersulphuret of -antimony and hartshorn shavings. This was found to be stronger than -the original, and further experiments were made for the College by Dr. -Pearson, who reported in 1791 that James’s powder consisted of about -equal parts of oxide of antimony and phosphate of lime. The formulas -in the London Pharmacopœias of 1809 and 1824 were consequently reduced -in strength, one part of the antimonial salt with two parts of horn -shavings being substituted. The ingredients were heated to redness -in a crucible and afterwards powdered. For the Pharmacopœia of 1851, -Mr. Richard Phillips experimented, and mainly confirmed Dr. Pearson’s -results. The formula remained as in 1824. Meanwhile the Edinburgh -Pharmacopœia continued to adopt the stronger combination, while the -Dublin Pharmacopœia prescribed a different preparation altogether, -tartarised antimony and phosphate of soda solutions being mixed, and -a precipitate consisting of teroxide of antimony and phosphate of -lime being produced by precipitation by the addition of a solution of -chloride of calcium and ammonia. This was a modification of a process -advocated by Chevenix in a paper published in <i>Phil. Trans.</i>, -1801. His process was recommended by Abernethy and many other of the -leading practitioners of his time. In the British Pharmacopœias the -simple formula of one part of antimonious oxide and two parts of -calcium<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span> phosphate has been adopted. The name of Dr. James’s Powder as -a synonym has now been dropped.</p> - -<p>It has been suspected that Dr. James did not actually invent the -powder, but adopted it from an Italian recipe which was certainly -popular when he introduced it. In Colborne’s “English Dispensatory,” -published in 1756, directions are given for making Mr. Lisle’s Powder -for Fevers, sent to the author, he says, by a friend in Italy. -Hartshorn shavings are to be boiled in a large quantity of water for -six hours; the water is then to be strained off, the hartshorn to be -dried by a slow fire, and finely powdered. Equal weights of this and of -diaphoretic antimony are to be heated in a crucible, stirring all the -time with a long iron, for eight hours or as long as it smokes. This -powder is said to have been in great reputation for some years, having -been successful in cases when hardly any hope seemed left. Twenty -grains is indicated as a moderate dose at not less than six hours’ -interval, and it is noted that the first and second doses often cause -vomiting.</p> - -<p>Whether this was the original of James’s invention or not it may be -presumed that the formula was a guide to those doctors and chemists who -were busying themselves with the analysis of his powder. Another claim -of precedence was made by a patent medicine dealer of London named -William Baker, who alleged that Dr. James’s process was an infringement -of a patent or at least a copy of a formula invented by a German named -Schwanberg.</p> - -<p>Medical opinion has varied concerning the relative merits of the -proprietary medicine and its official imitation. Christison in his -Dispensatory (1842) expresses an opinion which was very generally -held at least in his time when he says, “No one can deny that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span> the -antimonial powder of the Pharmacopœias is an irregular preparation -inferior in activity as well as certainty to the nostrum sold by Dr. -James’s representatives.” Some dispensers will recollect that up to -recent years it was not at all unusual for prescribers specially to -order “Pulvis Jacobi Vera.”</p> - -<p>That Dr. James was a man of great ability and industry is testified -by his great Dictionary and also by his “Pharmacopœia Universalis or -New English Dispensatory.” The latter is a most valuable guide to -the Pharmacy of the eighteenth century, and is not only full in its -information but particularly advanced in much of its criticism.</p> - -<p>It may be of interest to add that the famous novelist G. P. R. James -was a grandson of the Doctor.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">St. John Long’s Liniment.</h3> - -<p>John St. John Long after he became famous was always reticent about his -origin; but it was believed that he was the son of a basket maker, some -said of the name of Driscoll, that he was born in or near Doneraile, -and in his youth assisted his father: that later, being possessed of -some artistic talent, he practised as a portrait painter in Dublin and -afterwards in Limerick. An advertisement appeared in a Limerick paper -of Feb. 10, 1821, which was as follows:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“Mr. John St. John Long, Historical and Portrait Painter; the -only pupil of Daniel Richardson, Esq., late of Dublin, proposes -during his stay in Limerick to take portraits from Italian Head -to whole length; any person desirous of getting theirs done in -historical, hunting, shooting, fishing, or any other character; -or their family grouped in one or two paintings from life-size -to miniature, so as to make an historical subject, choosing one -from history,” &c.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span></p> - -<p>The advertisement went on to announce that specimens might be seen at -his (the artist’s) residence, 116, George’s St. He was also willing to -take views in the country, and would give instructions “to a limited -number of pupils of respectability.” He succeeded fairly well in -Limerick, but evidently not well enough to satisfy his ambition.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p193"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p193.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">John St. John Long.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">(From a print in the British Museum.)</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">He is next found in London, where he got some employment from Sir -Thomas Lawrence, assisting him in his studio; was elected a member of -the Royal Society of Literature, also of the Royal Asiatic Society. -One of his occupations was to colour anatomical drawings<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span> for the -professors and pupils of one of the minor surgical schools of London. -This perhaps suggested the opening of his brilliant career as an -unqualified doctor.</p> - -<p>His treatment consisted of the application of a liniment, and the -inhalation of a vapour. The liniment had the extraordinary virtue of -selecting between sound and unsound tissues. If the part to which it -was applied was healthy no effect would be produced; but if there were -seeds of disease beneath the surface the liniment might be relied -upon to draw out the virus which could then be easily disposed of; -thus tubercles on the lungs were extracted and the disease cured. -Consumption was the principal disease which Long professed to treat; -but gout, rheumatism, palsy, liver disorders, and other frequent -complaints were dealt with by him. He was a handsome Irishman with -fascinating manners, and the gift of inducing confidence. His -consulting rooms in Harley Street were crowded, chiefly by ladies, from -8 a.m. to 4 p.m., and all the day patients were seated round a piece of -furniture which looked like a piano but from which a number of tubes -extruded supplied with mouth pieces from which they were inhaling or -smoking the medicated vapour. Hopeless cases he declined; those which -he preferred were those which were in the imaginary stage.</p> - -<p>At the height of his popularity St. John Long was making an income -of over £13,000 a year (<i>Gent. Mag.</i> 1843). That was in 1829. -The next year, 1830, he was tried for manslaughter, a young Irish -lady, Miss Catherine Cushin, having died after, and it was alleged -in consequence of, his treatment. A number of aristocratic patients -gave evidence in his favour, and Mr. Justice Park, who tried him, -summed up strongly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span> on his behalf. But the jury found him guilty, and -he was sentenced to pay a fine of £250 or to be imprisoned until the -money was paid. Long ostentatiously produced a roll of notes, counted -out the amount, and then drove off from the court in the Marquis of -Sligo’s carriage. Next year a coroner’s jury returned another verdict -of manslaughter against him in connection with the death of a Mrs. -Lloyd. He was again tried but on this occasion was acquitted. Strong -articles against him appeared in many of the principal newspapers, -but his aristocratic clients as a rule remained faithful to him. He -published a book in defence of his system and included in it a number -of extraordinary testimonials, together with a series of smart attacks -on the medical profession. He retained his popularity to the last; but -it was not to be for long. He was attacked by the disease over which he -had claimed to exercise so much power, and he died from consumption in -1837 in the 37th year of his age. A graceful monument was erected in -Kensal Green Cemetery to his memory by his patients and admirers “to -show how much its inhabitant was respected by those who knew his worth, -and the benefits derived from his remedial discovery.” His estate -became the subject of a lengthy litigation, the principal claimant -being an elderly woman of evidently humble surroundings, who, it was -proved, was his lawful wife. He had married her when a lad, but had -afterwards induced her to agree to an amicable separation. It was then -remembered how steadfastly the charlatan had resisted the blandishments -of his society friends, many of whom in very high circles had shown -their infatuation with the attractive Irishman.</p> - -<p>The formula and good will in the liniment were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span> ultimately sold for ten -thousand pounds, but it does not seem to have retained its popularity -after the personality of its inventor had been removed. Nevertheless it -possessed certain properties which were thought by some of its users -to be little short of miraculous. For example, when applied to the -skin the particular part where the pain was most severe would develop -redness quicker than the other parts. In the course of a little time, -the rubbing being continued, a fluid varying in colour according, as -was believed, to the nature of the illness, would ooze from the skin, -though the cuticle remained unbroken. Lastly, the treatment being -still continued, the part affected would gradually resume its healthy -appearance. In the <i>Lancet</i> of June 23, 1838, may be found the -report of a meeting of the “Medico-Botanic Society,” held on the -13th of that month, at which Dr. Macreight communicated the result -of an investigation into the composition of this famous liniment, -an imitation of which had been made by himself and Mr. Fownes, the -well-known chemist. The explanation of the analysis was accompanied by -a good many disparaging comments on Long, and suggestions that there -was nothing very wonderful about his liniment after all. The formula -which Dr. Macreight and Mr. Fownes devised for a liniment which they -said corresponded exactly with the quack compound was as follows:—</p> - -<p>Yolk of one egg; pure oil of turpentine, 1½ oz.; strong acetic acid, 1 -oz.; distilled water, 3 oz.</p> - -<p>Dr. Macreight notices one of St. John Long’s recommendations to apply -a cabbage leaf to the skin when the discharge had been obtained, and -remarks “this in many respects is superior to a common cataplasm, which -is clumsy and dries up rapidly; but of course no regular<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span> practitioner -would employ cabbage leaves while the simple and elegant contrivance, -lint covered with oiled silk, was within his reach.” Perhaps if a -medical man had constructed the cabbage leaf, it might have been also -regarded as “a simple and elegant contrivance.”</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Seignette’s Salts.</h3> - -<p>(Soda Tartarata, Sodii potassio-tartras, Rochelle salts, Sel de -Seignette, Sal polychrestum Seignette.)</p> - -<p>Peter Seignette was an apothecary at Rochelle in the later half of the -seventeenth century. He had at least a local scientific reputation, and -a paper of his describing certain remarkable natural products of his -locality was printed in the “Transactions” of the Academy of Sciences -of Paris. A little before 1672 Seignette was making some soluble tartar -(tartrate of potash), and inadvertently used carbonate of soda with -the cream of tartar instead of carbonate of potash. At that time the -distinction between the fixed alkalies had not been discovered. The -product was a salt different from that which he had expected, and -Seignette was ready to believe that he had made a valuable discovery. -He ascertained that his new salt had laxative properties, he called -it Sal Polychrestum, and advertised it by means of prospectuses, or -handbills. From one of these it appears that he sold it at “20 sols la -prise,” say 10<i>d.</i> for a dose. Each dose was sold in an envelope -on which appeared the design of a goose. One of the prospectuses states -that Seignette’s salt was sold in Paris by Lemery, but another refers -customers to the “Messieurs Seignette, at present at Paris, lodging on -the Quay de le Megisserie.”</p> - -<p>Peter Seignette died in 1716, and his son continued to sell the powder. -Many attempts to analyse it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span> were made by pharmacists, but it remained -a secret until 1731 in which year both Boulduc and Geoffroi, both -noted pharmaciens of Paris, solved the problem. Boulduc’s paper on the -subject was published in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, Paris, -and Geoffroi sent his account to Sir Hans Sloane of London and it was -published in the “Philosophical Transactions,” (436, p. 37).</p> - -<p>Sal Polychrestum (salt of many virtues) was a name which had been -adopted a few years before Seignette made his, by Christopher Glaser, -apothecary to Louis XIV. and the Duke of Orleans. Seignette’s salt -pushed Glaser’s out of popularity to some extent, so that the latter is -generally designated Sal Polychrestum Glaseri in the old books. Glaser -made his preparation by mixing nitre and sulphur in equal proportions, -then putting the mixture, a spoonful at a time, into a red-hot -crucible. The powder would deflagrate, and the next spoonful was not -to be added until the flame of the first had gone out. The mixture was -kept in fusion for four or five hours, and after cooling was dissolved, -the solution filtered and evaporated to dryness. Sulphate of potash -with perhaps a little free sulphur was produced, and this has long -represented Glaser’s Sal Polychrestum or Sal de Duobus, as it was also -called.</p> - -<p>Seignette’s salt was first admitted into the London Pharmacopœia of -1788 under the name of Natron Tartarizatum which was altered in 1809 to -Soda Tartarizata.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Singleton’s Golden Eye Ointment.</h3> - -<p>An allusion to this renowned proprietary preparation will be found -under Citrine Ointment, this Vol., page <a href="#Page_126">126</a>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span> in connection with the -several discordant guesses as to its composition which have been -published by eminent authorities. The ointment is mentioned in this -section also because of its long history. According to the statement -published by its present proprietor it is the oldest proprietary remedy -still sold in this country. The present proprietor, Mr. Stephen Green, -inherited it from his grandfather of the same name who died in 1874. -He acquired the property by marrying (in 1825) Selina Folgham, who -brought to him one-fifth share in the rights as a part of her marriage -settlement, and after her death in 1831 the elder Stephen Green bought -up the shares of other relatives. This Selina Folgham was a daughter of -another Selina Folgham, <i>née</i> Singleton, granddaughter of Thomas -Singleton who died in 1779, and whose tomb, I understand, may still be -seen in Lambeth churchyard. This Thomas Singleton was the first of the -Singletons. Before his time the ointment appears to have been known as -“Dr. Johnson’s Golden Ointment,” and the present owners claim that it -was first made by a “Dr. Johnson” in 1596, and that it was left by him -to a certain George Hind whose great-granddaughter married the Thomas -Singleton already mentioned.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Mrs. Stephens’s Cure for Stone.</h3> - -<p>Perhaps the most notable recognition of a nostrum in English history -was the Act of Parliament passed in 1739 entitled “An Act for providing -a reward to Joanna Stephens upon a proper discovery to be made by her -for the use of the publick of the Medicines prepared by her for the -Cure of the Stone.”</p> - -<p>Mrs. Stephens was a widow and professed to have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span> received the recipe -from her late husband. A number of persons in the higher classes of -society had been cured, or believed they had been, by taking her -remedy, and in the year 1738 a movement was started to buy the formula -from her for the benefit of the public. This was specially advocated -in the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i>, and the lady being approached -expressed her willingness to sell the recipe for £5,000. An account was -opened at Drummond’s Bank, and £500 was subscribed in the first few -days. Dr. David Hartley, of Bath, was the chief organiser of the fund, -and the Bishop of Bath and Wells, the Principal of Brasenose College, -Oxford, and other responsible persons wrote letters testifying their -knowledge of the good effects produced by Mrs. Stephens’s treatment. -Hartley published an account of “Ten Cases of Persons who have taken -Mrs. Stephens’s Medicines for Stone.” When Hartley died Warburton in -his letters referred to him as “a philanthropic visionary, a martyr -to Mrs. Stephens’s medicine.” It is said in some accounts that Horace -Walpole was one of Mrs. Stephens’s cures.</p> - -<p>The subscription list was kept going until the end of the year, and -though it included dukes, earls, bishops, and several doctors of -medicine, only a total of £1,356 3<i>s.</i> was promised. Evidently -some strong influence was therefore brought to bear on the Government, -for early in the next year the Act referred to was passed and the -trustees named in the Act being satisfied that Mrs. Stephens had made -the full discovery required, the £5,000 was duly paid to her.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Stephens’s “full discovery” was published in the <i>London -Gazette</i> of June 19, 1739. It was very full indeed. Omitting -superfluous details it ran as follows:—</p> - -<p>“My medicines consist of a powder, decoction and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span> pills. The powder -is made by first taking hens’ egg-shells, cleaning and drying them, -crushing them up in the hands, and putting them into a three-pint -crucible, lightly, so that they will fill about three-fourths of its -capacity. Cover the crucible with a tile and place it in the midst of -a strong, clear fire, above and below. Keep the crucible in the fire -until the egg-shells are calcined to a greyish-white, and have acquired -an acrid, salt taste. This will need eight hours at least. The calcined -shells are to be kept in a dry, clean, open earthenware pan, about -three parts filled, in a dry room for two months exactly. They will -then have become of a milder taste and the part which is sufficiently -calcined will be in a powder of such fineness that it will pass through -a hair sieve, which has to be done.</p> - -<p>“In like manner take garden snails with their shells, cleaned from -dirt, put them in a crucible whole, put the crucible in the fire as -before, and keep it there until the snails have done smoaking, which -will be about one hour. They are then to be rubbed to a fine powder in -a mortar, the two powders are to be mixed, sifted through a cypress -sieve, bottled in close-stopped bottles, and kept in a dry place for -use.”</p> - -<p>“I have generally added a small quantity of Swines-Cresses, burnt to a -blackness and rubbed fine, but this was only with a view to disguise -it,” adds the lady, conscientiously.</p> - -<p>“The egg-shells may be prepared at any time of the year, but it is best -to do them in summer. The snails ought only to be prepared in May, -June, July, or August, and I esteem those best which are done in the -first of those months.”</p> - -<p>The decoction was made by beating 4½ oz. of best alicant soap in a -mortar with a large spoonful of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span> Swines-Cresses burnt to blackness, and -as much honey as would make the whole of the consistence of a paste. -Make this into a ball. This ball was to be sliced and boiled for half -an hour in two quarts of soft water, with 1 oz. each of chamomile -flowers, sweet fennel, parsley, and burdock leaves. The boiled liquid -to be strained and sweetened with honey.</p> - -<p>The pills were to be made of equal quantities by measure of snails -calcined as before, wild carrot seeds, burdock seeds, ashen-keys, hips -and haws, all burnt to blackness, “or which is the same thing, till -they have done smoaking.” The mixed powders to be passed through a -cypress sieve, and a large spoonful or 4 oz. of best alicant soap, and -a sufficiency of honey added to make pills; each ounce of the mass to -be divided into sixty pills.</p> - -<p>One dram (avoirdupois) of the powder was to be taken three times a day -in a large teacupful of white wine, cyder, or small punch, and half a -pint of the decoction had to be drunk after each dose. If the medicine -caused much pain an opiate was to be given. The bowels were to be kept -regular with lenitive electuary or some other laxative. The pills were -to be given in fits of gravel or suppression of urine, five every hour; -or ten or fifteen might be taken daily to prevent formation of gravel -stones in constitutions subject to breed them.</p> - -<p>Salt meats, red wine, and milk were to be avoided. The patient was -to take as few liquids as possible, and to have but little exercise. -The object aimed at was that the urine might be impregnated with the -medicine, which would then dissolve the calcareous deposits.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Stephens died in 1774. The publication of her formula undoubtedly -stimulated investigation into the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span> employment of alkaline medicines in -the treatment of stone, but her “cases” were not substantiated by later -evidence. One in particular was that of a man who was experimented on -while the proposal to buy the recipe was under consideration. He was -unquestionably suffering from stone, and he soon improved and in time -seemed to be quite cured after taking the remedies. After his death -examination showed that the stone was still in his bladder; but it had -made for itself a little sac in which it was so tightly embedded that -it never caused any inconvenience.</p> - -<p>Pereira, summing up the evidence in regard to the Stephens’ treatment, -says it cannot be doubted that many patients obtained relief from -the remedies, “but no cure was effected; that is, no calculus was -dissolved. For in the bladder of each of the four persons whose cure -was certified by the trustees the stone was found after their death.” I -have not traced the report of the four cases; only of the one referred -to above.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Earl of Rochester as Quack.</h3> - -<p>The witty but profligate Earl of Rochester, well known in history as -the boon companion of Charles II, especially in his debaucheries, -frequently gave offence to that monarch by his impudence or his -sarcasms. His best known epigram is that referring to</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i3">Our Sovereign Lord the King</div> - <div>Whose word no man relies on</div> - <div>Who never said a foolish thing</div> - <div>And never did a wise one.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>On several occasions Rochester was ordered to leave the Court, but -Charles always sent for him to come back again. In one of these -absences it is recorded that he took lodgings in Tower Street under the -name of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span> Alexander Bindo and practised for a time as a quack doctor. -It is believed that he had a stall on Tower Hill on which he spread an -assortment of remedies and cosmetics, and that he especially cultivated -the patronage of women, to whom he gave advice. This must have been -about the year 1677. In a book published in 1710, giving the poetical -works and speeches of Sir Charles Sedley by Captain Ayloff, is printed -a copy of what purports to be one of Rochester’s harangues on Tower -Hill. No evidence of its authenticity is offered, and as the Earl was -undoubtedly gifted with a glib tongue and plenty of talent it would -seem unlikely that he would trouble himself to write out, or if he -did write it, to preserve such rubbish. The “Dictionary of National -Biography,” however, alludes to it without questioning its genuineness, -but does not quote any part of it. The following specimens of the -Earl’s alleged patter are quoted from an old part of <i>Notes and -Queries</i>:—</p> - -<p>“I am the famed Paracelsus of the age, by name Segnior Doloso -Euprontorio, son of that wonder-working Chymist lately deceased in -Alsatia and famed through all Europe, Asia, Africa, and America; from -the oriental exaltation of Titan to his occidental declination, who -in pity to his own dear self and other mortals has by the prayers and -solicitations of divers Kings, Emperors, Princes, Lords, Gentlemen, and -other Personages been prevailed with to oblige the world with notice -to all persons, young and old, lame and blind, that they may know -where to repair for their speedy cure in all Cephalgies, Orantalgies, -Paralitical Paroxysms, Rheumatisms, Gout, Fevers, Fractures, -Dislocations, and all other Distempers incident to the human Body, -external or internal, acute or chronic, curable or incurable.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span></p> - -<p>“My medicines are the Quintessence of Pharmaceutical Energy; the Cures -I have done are beyond the art of the whole World.</p> - -<p>“I have an excellent hypontical, captical, odoriferous, carminative, -renovative, stiptical, corroboratory Balsam of Balsams, made of dead -men’s fat, rosin, and goose grease. It is the true Pharmacopœia of -Hermes Trismegistus, the true Pentemagogon of the triple kingdom, -which works seven several ways, and is seven years preparing, which -being exactly completed secundem artem by Fermentations, Solutions, -Sublimations, Putrefactions, Rectifications, and Quidlibelifications -in Balnea Mariæ in the Crucible, becomes Nature’s Palladium, Health’s -Magazine. One drachm of which is worth a Bushel of March dust. For if -any of you chance to have your heads cut off or your brains beat out, -ten drops of this seasonably applied will recall the fleeting spirits -reigning through the deposed Archeus, and in six minutes will restore -the departed Life to its pristine vigour with all its functions, vital, -rational and animal.”</p> - -<p>The quack goes on to recount some of his cures. Among them were the -god-mother of Prester John of a stupendous Dolor in her Os Sacrum; the -Empress of Boolampoo of a Cramp she got in her tongue by eating Pork -and buttered parsnips; an Alderman of Grand Cairo of a scarlet burning -raging fever of which he died; the Emperor of Morocco, who lay seven -years sick of the plague and was cured in 42 minutes so that he danced -the Saraband, Flip-flap, and Somerset.</p> - -<p>The orator announced that he was to be found at the Golden Ball in Fop -Alley whenever he was not on Tower Hill; for he had devoted himself -wholly to serve the Public.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Warburg’s Tincture.</h3> - -<p>Dr. Carl Warburg, an Austrian doctor, compounded a tincture some -seventy years ago which soon acquired an extraordinary reputation in -the treatment of agues and malarial fevers. Although its formula was -not disclosed, the Austrian Ministry of Health about 1848 put it on -the list of medicines which had to be stocked by all pharmacists, -fixed the maximum price at which it should be sold to the public at -2 fl. 30 kr. (about 5s.), and established a central depot in Vienna -for its manufacture, paying Dr. Warburg a salary for overseeing its -preparation. A little later a medical commission was appointed to -examine the tincture and draw up a formula for it. The commissioners -formed themselves into three sections, and each section made an -independent analysis. All agreed that the tincture was an alcoholic -preparation of quinine, aloes, camphor, and saffron; zedoary root -and angelica were guessed at by two of the sections, and rhubarb by -one. The formula adopted was Hepatic aloes, and zedoary root, of each -1 drachm; Angelica root, and camphor, of each 2 grains; Saffron, 3 -grains, spirit of wine, 3 ounces. Dissolve, filter, and add 30 grains -of sulphate of quinine.</p> - -<p>The publication of this formula did not apparently interfere with the -sale of the proprietary article, which might have continued if the -inventor had not been persuaded to surrender his secret.</p> - -<p>About the middle of the century Warburg’s Tincture had acquired great -reputation in India. Lt.-General Sir Mark Cubbon K.C.B., Commissioner -of the Mysore province, seems to have first made it known. At his -own expense he supplied 1,500 bottles to the medical officers of his -commission. Subsequently remarkable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span> evidence was given before a Royal -Commission, appointed to inquire into the health of the Indian Army, -by Major-General Cottin R.E., who stated that many great engineering -works carried on in “deadly jungles” had been brought to a successful -issue mainly through the protection afforded to the workmen by this -tincture. In an article published in the <i>Lancet</i>, November -15, 1875, Professor W. C. Maclean, Inspector General of the Army, -gave still more striking testimony. He said he had treated remittent -fevers of every degree of severity contracted in India, China, and the -Gold Coast, and had never known quinine when given alone act in the -characteristic manner of this tincture. A dose of 9½ grains of quinine -in Warburg’s Tincture would often not only arrest the exacerbation of -the fever but would frequently prevent its recurrence. He had never -known quinine have that effect. In the same article Professor Maclean -published the formula for the tincture which Dr. Warburg had confided -to him on the advice of his friends. It was as follows:—Socotrine -aloes 1 lb.; East India rhubarb, angelica seeds, confectio Damocratis, -of each, 4 oz.; elecampane, fennel seed, saffron, prepared chalk, of -each 2 oz.; gentian root, zedoary root, cubebs, picked myrrh, camphor, -larch agaric, of each 1 oz. Digest these ingredients in 500 ounces of -proof spirit in a water bath for 12 hours, express, and add 10 oz. of -sulphate of quinine. Replace the mixture in the water bath till the -quinine is dissolved, and filter.</p> - -<p>The tincture was supplied in 1 oz. bottles, and ½ oz. was given for a -dose after the bowels had been evacuated. The other ½ oz. was given 3 -hours after.</p> - -<p>Three years later Professor Maclean wrote to the <i>Times</i> stating -that Dr. Carl Warburg was living in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span> England in poverty. The large -fortune he had made from his tincture at one time had disappeared, and -the publication of his formula had resulted in the loss of his income. -He asked that the Indian Government would make some provision for him -in return for the publication of his valuable secret. The India Office -made a grant of £200 to Dr. Warburg in 1882, but in June, 1890, the -Hon. Sydney Holland wrote to <i>The Chemist and Druggist</i> appealing -for further assistance. The old man was then 86 and Mr. Holland and -Professor Maclean had collected enough to provide him with 15s. a week -for the rest of his life. This was the last heard of the old gentleman, -and his case may be remembered as a caution to over-scrupulous -inventors of remedies.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Ward’s Remedies.</h3> - -<p>Joshua Ward, who was born in 1685 and died in 1761, was one of the most -notorious and successful of English quacks. In Gray’s “Supplement” -and in Paris’s “Pharmacologia” he is said to have been a footman -and to have obtained his recipes from some monks while travelling -on the Continent with his master. This story is not corroborated by -contemporary accounts, nor is it adopted by the “Dictionary of National -Biography.”<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> From these sources it appears that Ward came of a good -family, and in early life was associated with his brother William in -the business of a drysalter in Thames Street, London.</p> - -<p>In 1717 he was returned to Parliament as member for Marlborough; but -there was either fraud or mistake about this return, for a Committee -appointed to investigate it reported that not a single vote had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span> been -given for Ward. He was consequently unseated and the other candidate -for whom a few votes had been cast got the seat.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p209"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p209.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">Joshua Ward, Originator of Ward’s Paste.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">(From a print in the British Museum.)</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">Apparently Ward had got into some political trouble; the “Dictionary -of National Biography” suggests that it was in connection with -the Jacobite rising in 1715. He had escaped to France before the -Parliamentary inquiry, and in Paris he commenced the sale of the pills -and drops which he afterwards made so famous in London. Ward had -evidently not finished sowing his political wild oats, for he somehow -became obnoxious to the French Government, and was only saved from a -sojourn in the Bastille through the intervention of his friend, John -Page, M.P. In 1733 he obtained a pardon from George II. and returned to -England.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span></p> - -<p>Wards pharmacopœia became a rather extensive one. His pills and -drops were the principal medicines he concocted; both were strong -antimonial preparations. The pills were composed of glass of antimony -(an oxysulphide of the metal), 4 parts, mixed with 1 part of dragon’s -blood. This combination was made into 1½ grain pills. The combination -of antimony with a resinous substance had been adopted in several -earlier preparations, mastic being generally preferred. The resin was -supposed to “blunt” the action of the antimony. The drops were made by -dissolving ½ oz. of glass of antimony in 1 quart of Malaga wine. These -powerful medicines were no doubt effective in many cases. Both cures -and casualties were likely enough to result from them. These were the -medicines which Ward first made famous in Paris, and with which he -started his career in London.</p> - -<p>Ward made besides a “white drop” which was an ammoniated solution of -nitrate of mercury; two sweating powders, one of which was simply -“Dover’s,” but with some liquorice powder added; the other was the same -with the addition of white hellebore. His paste for fistula and piles -was the original of our Conf. Piper. Nig. His “liquid sweat” was a -wine of opium with saffron, cinnamon, and salt of tartar; his “dropsy -purging powder” was jalap, cream of tartar and orris powder in equal -proportions; later the orris was dropped and a small quantity of bole -armeniac was substituted, and his essence for the headache appeared -later in the Pharmacopœia as compound camphor liniment.</p> - -<p>By advertisements of various kinds, and by a number of startling cures, -Ward attained astonishing success. George II. had unbounded faith in -him. At his first interview with the King the latter had a dislocated<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span> -thumb. Ward gave it a sharp wrench which incited some strong German -from the monarch, but which put the thumb right. Subsequently George -provided the quack with a room in his almonry at Whitehall, and paid -him to treat poor people there. Ward bought besides three houses at -Pimlico and converted them into a hospital where his remedies were -administered, highborn ladies assisting in the conduct of this charity. -His patients included Lord Chesterfield, Gibbon the historian, and -Fielding the novelist, as well as a large number of titled persons of -less permanent fame, and when he brought an action for libel against -the <i>Grub Street Journal</i> (which, however, he failed in) Reynolds, -the Lord Chief Baron, and Horace Walpole were among his witnesses. In -1748 a Bill was introduced into Parliament to restrict the practice of -medicine, and it contained a clause specially exempting Ward by name -from its penalties.</p> - -<p>Naturally the qualified members of the medical profession were -irritated at the amazing prosperity of this charlatan. Queen Caroline, -it was said, once asked General Churchill if it was true that Ward’s -medicines had made a man mad. “Yes, Madam,” Churchill replied, “Mead.” -Dr. Richard Mead was the King’s physician.</p> - -<p>Ward retained his fame to the end of his life, and the King’s -liberality made it possible to publish a collection of his recipes -which his old friend John Page compiled after his death. But George’s -tenderness to the memory of the great physic-monger did not go to the -extent of fulfilling the desire expressed in his will, that he should -be buried in Westminster Abbey, in front of the altar, or as near -thereto as possible.</p> - -<p>The story of Ward’s treatment of George II.’s thumb<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span> is thus told by -Dr. George Henning in a note to Dr. Martin Listers “Journey to Paris” -(this Vol., page 181): “George II being afflicted with a violent -pain of the thumb which had baffled the skill of the faculty, sent -for the noted Dr. Joshua Ward; who, having ascertained the nature -of the complaint before he was admitted, provided himself with a -suitable nostrum which he concealed in the hollow of his hand. On -being introduced he requested permission to examine the affected part, -and gave it so sudden a wrench that the King cursed him and kicked -his shins. Ward bore this very patiently and when the King was cool -respectfully asked him to move his thumb, which he did easily and found -the pain gone.” In reply to the King’s offer to do something for him -Ward diplomatically replied that the pleasure of serving his Majesty -was quite sufficient reward, but he would be grateful if the King would -do something for a nephew. The nephew was made an ensign in the Guards -and Ward himself was presented with a carriage and pair of horses.</p> - -<p>In the <i>Daily Advertiser</i> of June 10th, 1736, a report is -published of an attendance at the court at Kensington by the Queen’s -appointment of Joshua Ward, Esq., with eight or ten persons who in -extraordinary cases had received great benefit by taking his remedies. -Her Majesty was accompanied by three surgeons and several persons of -quality, the patients were examined, money was distributed to them, and -Mr. Ward was congratulated on his success.</p> - -<p>In Lord John Hervey’s “Memoirs of the Reign of George II” that eminent -courtier (Pope’s “Lord Fanny”) relates that he gave Ward’s Pills to -the Princess Caroline for rheumatic pains, and he remarks of them “an -excellent medicine not only in rheumatics,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span> but in several cases, which -for being so all the physicians and surgeons endeavoured to decry.”</p> - -<p>Ward is referred to in the newspapers of the day as “Spot Ward.” -The nickname was acquired in consequence of a claret mark on one side -of his face. Pope refers to him in the lines:</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div>Of late, without the least pretence to skill,</div> - <div>Ward’s grown a famed physician by a pill.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>Ward bequeathed his book of secret formulas to his faithful friend and -helper in his earlier troubles, John Page, M.P. Mr. Page was a wealthy -man, and he decided to publish the recipes of those remedies which were -most esteemed for “the noblest of all purposes, the common good of -mankind.” So he states in introducing the pamphlet. But a difficulty -occurred in respect of these formulas. They did not in all cases -represent the medicines which the public had become accustomed to. They -had been made for Ward by a Mr. John White, a manufacturing chemist of -Twickenham, and a Mr. F. J. D’Osterman, who was probably an apothecary, -and those two manufacturers alone knew the exact modifications which -had been made in the preparations. In these circumstances the King -(George II) consented in his “most benevolent disposition and extensive -bounty” to make ample provision for these chemists. Whereupon the “Book -of Secrets” was published. A depot for selling them was established, -and a moderate tariff fixed at which those compounded by the chemists -already named could be obtained, though, of course, anybody was at -liberty to make similar preparations. Mr. Page provided that profits -after paying expenses should be divided between an Orphan Asylum and a -Magdalen Institution.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span></p> - -<p>The following are the recipes for the fistula or pile paste and for the -headache essence, both of which, being adopted in the Pharmacopœia, -have some historic interest:—</p> - -<p>Paste for the Fistula: Elecampane root, 1 lb.; fennel seeds, 3 lb.; -black pepper, 1 lb. All in fine powder, mixed and sifted. Melt together -2 lb. each of honey and white sugar, and when this mixture is cool -knead into it the prescribed powders. The dose was a piece the size of -a nutmeg, to be taken morning, noon, and night, followed by a glass of -water or white wine.</p> - -<p>Essence for the Headache, etc.: French spirit of wine, 2 lb.; Roch alum -in fine powder, 2 oz.; camphor, cut small, 4 oz.; essence of lemon, ½ -oz.; strongest volatile spirit of sal ammoniac, 4 oz. A little of this -essence was to be rubbed on the hand, and the hand was to be held hard -to the part affected until it was dry. Ward told Mr. Page that it was -this application which had cured George II’s thumb.</p> - -<p>In a lecture on Hæmorrhoids delivered by Sir Benjamin Brodie at St. -Georges Hospital, and reported in the <i>London Medical Gazette</i>, -February 3, 1835, that eminent practitioner stated that he had often -found the Confectio Piperis Co. (“similar to what was once very -celebrated as Ward’s Paste”) successful when other simple expedients -failed. He said it was rather disagreeable to take, tasted like a -coarse gingerbread, and must be persevered in for a considerable time. -He stated that one of the worst cases he ever knew was that of a lady -who had consulted him, and he did not think it possible to cure her -without an operation. She, however, was obliged to go into the country -at the time, and as the operation must be delayed for a month at least, -he recommended her to try Ward’s Paste meanwhile.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span> She came back to him -six or eight weeks later quite cured. He thought the remedy acted by -passing into the colon and, becoming blended with the faeces, served as -a local application.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">The Whitworth Doctors</h3> - -<p class="p-left">are almost forgotten now, but a century ago they were famous all over -England. The Whitworth red bottle and the Whitworth drops are still -more or less popular reminiscences of their pharmacy. The former was an -embrocation, and the second an antispasmodic tincture. Both contained -oil of thyme. Formulas are given in “Pharmaceutical Formulas,” -published at 42, Cannon Street.</p> - -<p>The founder of the family of the Whitworth Doctors was John Taylor, -originally a farrier, of Whitworth, then a village about three miles -from Rochdale. He died in 1802 at the age of sixty-two. John Taylor had -a younger brother and two sons, and the younger brother also had sons, -all of whom practised surgery. A third and even a fourth generation -of surgeons, some of whom were fully qualified, likewise practised at -Whitworth, and the last of the race died in 1876.</p> - -<p>The original brothers Taylor were both farriers, but they became famous -for their treatment of human patients. Their methods were of the most -vigorous character. They were in the habit of buying a ton of Glauber’s -salts from their wholesale druggists, Ewbank and Wallis, of York, and -they dispensed it to those who sought their medical advice with no -niggard hands, and without any formality of weighing. The two brothers -provided free bleeding for poor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span> patients every Sunday morning, and -something like a hundred victims attended for this operation.</p> - -<p>John Taylor (the original “Doctor”) never discontinued his treatment -of horse complaints, and was believed to have taken more pride and -pleasure in his veterinary work than in his dealings with humans. But -the latter flocked to him from all parts of the country. Cancers, -improperly set fractures, and deformities were his specialities, but -his practice gradually extended to all kinds of ills. A crowd of rich -and poor patients had to find lodgings somehow in the village, for -they sometimes had to stay for weeks there. Fifty at a time could be -seated in the long room where John treated them. They came in at one -end of the room and went out at the other, and no one, no matter what -his rank, was allowed to have the slightest preference. Eighteen-pence -a week for medicine and treatment was the charge to all, and those who -could not afford that fee were never asked for it. A lord drove up in -his carriage one day, and the powdered footman was sent to ask John -Taylor to “wait upon his lordship.” “Tell the man he must come in here -and take his turn like the rest, if he wants me to wait on him,” said -John; and “the man” had to do so. It is recorded that he left Whitworth -cured.</p> - -<p>The other doctors used to tell of Taylor’s failures; but as his cases -were mostly those which they had pronounced incurable, it is not -astonishing if he did not always succeed. But he effected many notable -cures. A lady with a cancer in the breast who had been given up by her -own doctors came from a hundred miles away to Whitworth. John examined -the breast, and then said, “What art thou come here for, woman?” “To<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span> -be cured, of course,” she answered. “Not all the doctors in England -can cure thee,” he said sternly; “thou must go home and die.” “I shall -not go home,” said the lady, “till you have tried your hand on me. I -can bear any pain you inflict, and I can only die at last.” “Thou art -a brave lass,” said John; “I will try, and God prosper us.” The lady -stayed at Whitworth six months, and went home cured. She lived thirty -years longer.</p> - -<p>This lady was well known to William Howitt, a Quaker and popular -writer in the first half of the nineteenth century. In an article he -wrote in Tait’s <i>Edinburgh Magazine</i>, 1839, Mr. Howitt relates -recollections of a visit he had paid to Whitworth some twenty years -previously, and from that visit, and from the conversations he had had -with the lady just referred to, he had gathered the particulars which -he gave in his article.</p> - -<p>While under the care of Doctor John at Whitworth the lady told Mr. -Howitt how she occupied herself in assisting “Mrs. George,” old -John’s daughter-in-law, to prepare the medicines. Glauber’s salts -were principally relied upon for internal administration. A caustic -known as “keen” was used for eradicating cancers; a black salve made -up into sticks; a snuff made from asarabacca leaves which he grew -in his garden; blisters; and the Red Bottle, made up the medicinal -armoury. The last is made still in Lancashire, thus: Camphor, 6; oil of -origanum, 6; Anchusa root, 1; methylated spirit, 80.</p> - -<p>The lady’s account of the preparation of the salve was that they used -to boil a kettleful of ingredients, and then they would mop the kitchen -floor. While<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span> it was wet they would pour the salve on it, and then -scraping it up they would roll it into sticks with their fingers, and -cut it into little pieces.</p> - -<p>Howitt also describes seeing James Taylor, the head of the family, when -he visited Whitworth, making his pills. In an old hat slung in front of -him by a cord round his neck was his pill mass. Thus armed, he would -walk up and down in front of his house nipping off bits of the mass and -rolling them into pills with his fingers as he walked.</p> - -<p>In his later years John Taylor sometimes visited patients in distant -places. Once he went to attend a duchess at Cheltenham. She had an -abscess which he opened and so relieved her at once. George III was -staying at Cheltenham at the time, and heard of this skilful man. Later -he sent for him to come to London to treat the Princess Elizabeth, who -had pains in her head with fits of stupor. John is said to have cured -her with his snuff. Having prescribed this and provided the patient -with some, John Taylor turned to Queen Charlotte, who with her other -daughters was in the room, and patting her on the back, said: “Well, -thou art a farrantly (good-looking) woman to be the mother of all these -straight-backed lasses.” “Ah, Mr. Taylor,” said the Queen, “I was -once as straight-backed as any of them.” John’s son James was fond of -telling this story.</p> - -<p>Thurlow, Bishop of Durham, brother of Lord Chancellor Thurlow, was one -of his patients, and John was once sent for to London to attend him. -More than one eminent physician was in the room when Taylor arrived. -“I won’t say a word till Jack Hunter is here,” said Dr. John; “he is -the only man among you who knows<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span> anything.” Jack Hunter was the famous -anatomist. When he was present, Taylor proceeded to examine the Bishop, -and was applying some ointment from a box he had with him. “What’s that -made of?” asked Hunter. “No, Jack, that’s not a fair question,” was -Taylor’s reply. “I’ll send you as much of it as you like, but I won’t -tell you what it’s made of.”</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span></p> - - -<h2>XXII<br /> -<span class="subhed">POISONS IN HISTORY</span></h2></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“To give an exact and particular account of the Nature and -Manner of acting of Poisons is no easy matter; but to Discourse -more intelligibly of them than authors have hitherto done, not -very difficult.”</p> - -<p class="p0">(From Dr. Richard Mead’s Preface to his “Essays on Poisons,” -1702.)</p> -</div> - - -<p>It has been shown elsewhere (Vol. I., page 52) how intimate was the -connection between ancient pharmacy and poisoning. In Greek the -terms came to be almost synonymous, and there is an echo of the same -association of ideas in the words Poison and Potion, which a few -centuries ago were used in English without much distinction.</p> - -<p>The priests of Egypt, the Æsculapians of Greece, and perhaps still -more the herbalists of that country and of Italy, necessarily learnt -many things from their studies of medicinal plants. They found herbs -which would cause sleep, furnish dreams, and confuse the brain. They -professed and perhaps believed in their ability to accomplish far more -with their philtres than the vegetable world was capable of, but the -common people had no means of checking their claims, and such science -as there was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span> tended to support them. In the palaces of kings, in -the tents of generals, and in all the high places where intrigues, -jealousies, and enmities found their fullest scope, pharmaceutical -skill was much sought after; in some cases to dispose of rivals, but -more usually to counteract the murderous schemes which in those times -constituted so large a portion of statecraft. There was nothing the -brave men of old dreaded so much as secret poisoning. It is impossible -to say how far this crime was practised. Suspicion and terror may have -exaggerated its records, but on the other hand it is equally possible -that thousands of deaths may have occurred from poisons which were not -attributed to that cause.</p> - -<p>Hecate and her daughters Medea and Circe figured prominently in Greek -legends as inventors and discoverers of poisons. The magic arts for -which they were all famous were closely associated with deadly drugs. -They were supposed to live in the island of Colchis, the name of -which still recalls a vegetable which for many centuries retained the -reputation of possessing the most venomous properties. Colchicum was -discovered by Medea, but to Hecate is attributed the earliest use of -aconite.</p> - -<p>Kings studied pharmacy and invented antidotes. Orpheus, the physician -and poet, who preceded Æsculapius, wrote a poem on precious stones, -in which he relates that Theodomas, son of Priam, King of Troy, had -learned how to administer these as antidotes to poisons. The marvellous -properties of the antidote invented by Mithridates, King of Pontus, is -one of the commonplaces of medical history. Down to the seventeenth -century theriaca, emeralds, and bezoar stones were the antidotes to all -poisons recognised by the faculty.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Biblical Poisons.</h3> - -<p>No case of poisoning either suicidal, murderous, or accidental, is -alluded to in the Bible, unless we regard the story of the wild gourds -(2 Kings, ch. iv, v. 39) as coming within the last description. The -suicide by poison of Ptolemeus Macron is mentioned in 2 Maccabees, -ch. x, v. 13, but though this was a frequent practice among the -Greeks and Romans when the New Testament was written, no allusion to -it is found in the sacred writings. It may be that the apostles who -include “pharmakeia” among the crimes of the heathen had in mind the -degradation of the art to homicidal purposes, but it is more likely -that they only intended to denounce its application to the service of -lust or its consequences.</p> - -<p>The word Rosh occurs eleven times in the Old Testament, and is usually -rendered gall, often in association with wormwood. In two instances, -however (Hosea, ch. x, v. 4, and Amos, ch. vi. v. 12), it is translated -hemlock in the authorised version, and this is retained in the revised -version for the passage in Hosea. Apparently the word was a generic -one for pernicious or nauseous weeds; but as Rosh also means head some -commentators have thought that the poppy was intended.</p> - -<p>The word translated poison in Deut. ch. xxxii, v. 24, Job, ch. vi, v. -4, Psalms, lviii, v. 4, and cxl, v. 3, is Chemah, and always means -something burning. It is often used to indicate fierce anger. The verse -mentioned in Job is obviously a reference to the very ancient practice -of dipping arrows into some poison, an application of pharmacy from -which we derive our term toxicology.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Poisoning in Rome.</h3> - -<p>Livy tells the story of the earliest of the poison leagues. He is -dependent on older historians for his facts, as the alleged events -happened some three centuries before he wrote; about the year 330 -<span class="sm">B.C.</span> in fact. A number of patricians died one after the -other, their illnesses presenting similar symptoms, but the causes -of these could not be traced. At last, however, a female slave gave -information to the Ediles of a group of twenty Roman ladies of the -highest position who, she said, occupied themselves in concocting -poisons, and administering them to their husbands or others who had -become inconvenient to them. The confederacy was directed by two women -named Cornelia and Sergia, and although Livy says 20, some accounts -give the number of the conspiratresses as 170, while others total it -at 366. Cornelia and Sergia were brought before the magistrates, and -indignantly denied that they had done more than prepare wholesome -beverages and medicines. On this the slave, whose own life was in -jeopardy, demanded that they should themselves be required to take -some of these compounds. They were granted permission to consult with -their associates before doing this, and in the interval they all -poisoned themselves. Livy states that this story is not told by all the -contemporary narrators.</p> - -<p>Later Roman history leaves little doubt that poisoning became a -profession, or rather was frequently associated with the pharmacy of -the period, as it had been in Greece. Theophrastus, who wrote about -300 <span class="sm">B.C.</span>, alludes to a poison prepared from aconite which -could be so administered as to take effect at a defined future time, -three months, six months, a year, or longer after<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span> it was taken, the -victim gradually growing weaker. It was perhaps in consequence of this -belief that the possession or cultivation of aconite was made a capital -offence. Pliny states that Calpurnia Bastia, one of the Catiline -conspirators, was poisoned by aconite.</p> - -<p>Locusta was one of the noted poison compounders of the Roman empire. -She had been condemned to death in the reign of Claudius, but probably -by the influence of the Empress Agrippina, she was pardoned and was -employed by that infamous woman. Claudius was getting on in years, and -was showing more affection for his own son Britannicus than for his -stepson Nero, whom at the solicitation of Agrippina he had adopted and -made his heir. The empress therefore resolved to get rid of Claudius, -but she was afraid to use a suddenly acting agent, and Locusta was -ordered to compound something which should produce a fatal effect, but -not immediately. It was to be so compounded that it would destroy the -emperor’s reason lest in the course of his proposed illness he should -take measures to supplant Nero by Britannicus. Locusta had to pretend -to be able to fulfil this commission, and the poison she prepared was -mixed in a dish of mushrooms. Claudius having eaten some of these was -soon taken ill and had to be carried from the table, but as this was -what usually occurred at his dinner not much notice was taken of the -event. His physician gave him an emetic, and he was in a fair way to -recover, but Agrippina, frightened at the possible exposure, employed -another minion to apply more of Locusta’s poison on a feather to his -throat, under the pretence of making him vomit more. He soon died. -Tacitus and Suetonius relate how Nero used Locusta later to help him -rid himself of Britannicus, and also of his old tutor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span> Burrhus, who had -wearied him with his remonstrances. Locusta was executed in the reign -of Galba <span class="sm">A.D.</span> 68.</p> - -<p>Among other famous Romans believed to have perished by poison were -Germanicus and Drusus. Caligula ordered a deadly ointment to be given -to an impolitic gladiator named Columbus, who had unwisely worsted the -emperor with the fencing foils, to be applied to his wounds. The poor -wretch died in consequence. These are only samples of Roman poisonings.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Poisons in Ancient Times.</h3> - -<p>The poisons known to the ancients cannot be with certainty identified. -The one to which the power of philtres was principally attributed -was mandragora, which was said to produce various hallucinations -and temporary madness. It is most likely, however, that in many of -the cases where this drug is named the poison actually used was -belladonna root. Hannibal, fighting against a large army of African -rebels, simulated retreat, but left on the field of battle a quantity -of vases of wine in which “mandragora” had been infused. The savages -drank the wine, which reduced them to a condition of stupor. Then the -Carthaginian hero returned and gained an easy victory over his helpless -foes. Henbane seeds infused in wine made the head light, and gave the -impression of having travelled through the air. Stramonium, dulcamara, -hellebore, opium, Indian hemp, vervain, mezereon, and many other drugs, -were in the stock-in-trade of the philtre mongers and conjurers, and -the legends related by Pliny and others about the properties possessed -by these herbs are sometimes nonsense, but are too often based on their -real powers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span></p> - -<p>There was a ranunculus which grew in Sardinia, which was credited -with the power of promoting gaiety. It was called the <i>Herba -Sardonica</i>. It occasioned spasmodic contraction of the muscles of -the face and so simulated a laugh. Hence our expression “sardonic -grin.” The employment of haschish by the Saracen warriors to make -themselves fierce and reckless in battle is not a mere legend. The -sect who introduced it in the armies of Islam were called hashashin, -the origin of our word “assassins.” The reputation of the myrtle as an -invigorator of the brain, and its consequent adoption by poets as a -garland round their brows, is a sample of a more innocent tradition.</p> - -<p>Several of the Greek and Roman medical authors, Galen among others, -profess a cautious reticence in regard to poisons. But there is -a treatise in existence in verse, by Nicandor, which gives such -toxological knowledge as was familiar to the men of science of the -second century before the Christian era. Among venomous animals were -included salamanders, leeches, toads, cantharides, and the sea-hare -(<i>Lepus marinus</i>). The blood of bulls (probably putrefied) was a -poison in use by the Athenians. The honey of Heracleus had a certain -fame, for it was alleged that the soldiers of Xenophon having regaled -themselves with this luxury were all so intoxicated with it that -the whole army lay on the field as if they were dead. Next day all -recovered. It is supposed to have been a honey extracted from narcotic -flowers.</p> - -<p>The vegetable poisons known to the ancients have mostly been named. -But cherry laurel, elaterium, certain fungi, and smilax, probably our -mezereon, should be added. The mineral poisons in more or less use were -arsenic, in the form of orpiment and realgar, cinnabar,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[227]</span> and metallic -mercury, which was reputed to be poisonous. Nicandor alludes to -litharge, ceruse, and gypsum. By the last he may have meant quicklime. -Berthelot translated from Olympiodorus (sixth century) the description -of a process for making white arsenic from the sulphide. The product -was called “alum, white and compact.” The animal kingdom furnished the -Romans with at least one famous poison which they extracted from the -<i>Lepidus marinus</i> (in the Linnean system, <i>Aplysia depilans</i>) -which they knew as the sea-horse. According to Philostratus it was by -this poison that Domitian removed Titus.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Poisonings in the Middle Ages.</h3> - -<p>The belief in the skill of the compounders of philtres and mysterious -charms grew rather than diminished in the Middle Ages and as alchemy -developed. In Sir Walter Scott’s “Talisman,” the tale of the Crusades, -the western physician says, “The oily Saracens are curious in the -art of poisons, and can so temper them that they shall be weeks in -acting upon the party, during which time the perpetrator has leisure -to escape. They can impregnate cloth and leather, nay, even paper and -parchment, with the most vile and subtle venoms.”</p> - -<p>Official records of the trial of a minstrel named Wondreton in Paris, -in 1384, give a copy of instructions alleged to have been given to -the accused by Charles the Bad, King of Navarre, who had employed -this Wondreton to poison the then King of France, Charles VI, his -brother, two uncles, and several dukes. The scheme was extraordinarily -crude, although Charles the Bad was reputed to be an adept in alchemy. -The minstrel was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span> to buy “arsenic sublimat” from the hotels of the -apothecaries in Pampeluna, Bordeaux, Bayonne, and other towns through -which he would pass. He was to powder this, and get into the kitchens -of the eminent persons who were to be his victims, and then, when he -could do it with safety, he was to sprinkle some of the powder in the -soups and meats served to the masters. Wondreton was arrested before he -had done any mischief, and was executed.</p> - -<p>King John of England is alleged to have caused Maud Fitzwalter to be -killed in the Tower by a poisoned egg because she would not yield to -his illicit passion.</p> - -<p>The sorcery practised so largely in the Middle Ages must have -frequently developed into poisoning. The philtres were to a large -extent the same as those which the Romans had used. Opium, belladonna, -datura, <i>Cannabis Indica</i>, and arsenic were capable of producing -astonishing effects, and there was but little chance of detection -except the chance which was just as likely to result in the conviction -of an innocent as a guilty person. Poisons, or at least the terror -of them, played a considerable part in the history of Italy in -the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and the country acquired -the nickname of Venenosa Italia. Even earlier the famous Venetian -“Council of Ten” was believed to have made a systematic business -of assassination by poison. It employed experts and had a regular -tariff—so much for a king, so much for a duke and downwards, which -was allowed, plus expenses. The crime having been accomplished, the -books of the Council recorded the fee, and the single word “factum” was -added. The Medicis and the Borgias, and other of the great aristocrats -of the nation are supposed to have kept skilled poisoners in their -pay. Giambaptista Porta, Mercurialis, and other scientific<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span> men wrote -treatises on toxicology as it was understood at the period, coloured -with exaggerated fancies such as would impress the common public, and -tempt the criminally inclined. Porta, for example, describes the “magic -unction” which witches were believed to employ. It was this which -gave them power to fly through the air. He attributes this virtue to -belladonna. With dulcamara they made a drugged cheese which they gave -to travellers, and which had the effect of inducing the victims to -fancy themselves beasts of burden. In this condition the adepts could -set them to any work they wanted done, and, this performed, they gave -them an antidote which restored them to their proper senses.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Credulity in regard to Poisons.</h3> - -<p>Terror of poisons became epidemic in many countries, and eager -credulity welcomed any alleged antidote. Ambrose Paré relates an -incident in which he was an actor. He, a Protestant, was principal -physician to Charles IX, the wretched author of the Massacre of St. -Bartholomew. His story of the experiment which that king had made -with a bezoar stone is related on page 18. There was also an Archduke -Ferdinand of Austria who in the same century invented an antidote to -poisons. It was composed of sapphire, hyacinth, emerald, ruby, and -garnet. He also, according to Matthiolus, tried an experiment similar -to the one narrated by Paré. A Bohemian, condemned to be hanged, -was given 2 grains of arsenic. In four hours he had become livid, -prostrate, and apparently dying. He was given a dose of Ferdinand’s -powder in a glass of white wine, and recovered. Matthiolus also states -that Pope<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span> Clement VII made such experiments on condemned criminals.</p> - -<p>In the reign of Henry VIII of England in 1530 an Act was passed making -the crime of poisoning punishable by boiling alive. This was enacted -in consequence of several deaths believed to have been due to poisons -which had occurred in the household of the Bishop of Rochester. In 1542 -it is recorded in the chronicles of the time that a young woman named -Margaret Davie was “boyled alive in Smithfield” for having poisoned -persons in three houses in which she had lived. The savage punishment -was reduced to hanging in 1547 in the reign of Edward VI. In Queen -Elizabeth’s reign in 1598 two men were hanged on a charge of having -placed poison in her saddle.</p> - -<p>Italian poisoners are alleged to have found abundant employment in -France. Catherine de Medici took with her to Paris her astrologer, -Cosmo Ruggieri, and the people believed that he was responsible for -the death of Charles IX. The ambitious queen has found many defenders, -but the fiend capable of planning the massacre of St. Bartholomew may -support a few extra crimes. Exili went to Paris in the next century -with the reputation of having poisoned 150 persons in Rome. Michelet -says this miscreant had been in the employment of Marie Olympia, Queen -of Rome under Innocent X, and implies that it was on her account that -he exercised his chemical skill. He had also been in the service of -Queen Christina of Sweden, but this employment was apparently not a -criminal one. The latter queen had only engaged Exili to instruct her -in alchemy. It was from this teacher that the famous poisoners of -Paris were alleged to have learned their arts. It is not possible, -however, to ascertain the limits of exaggeration<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span> in the accounts which -gossiping chroniclers give of that epoch. Royal edicts were issued -forbidding “all sorts of sorcery or magic, divinations, philtres, -invocations of demons, drinks to win love, enchantments to trouble the -air or excite hail or tempests, to destroy the fruits of the earth or -the milk of beasts, mathematics [which meant astrology], auguries, and -interpretations of dreams.” But though the practice of the “diabolic -arts” was punishable by death, it flourished abundantly, but it is not -necessary to accept the estimate of a diarist named L’Estoile, who, -describing the execution of a witch named La Miraille in 1587, stated -that the number of such persons in Paris at that date exceeded thirty -thousand.</p> - -<p>Perfumery and the publication of almanacks were businesses which -covered many of the malfeasances struck at in the edict just quoted, -and no doubt there was a widespread belief in the miraculous -toxicological skill of the fortune tellers, who naturally wished their -predictions to be verified. “Tasters” were employed in the houses of -the wealthy, dishes of “electron” which it was believed would tarnish -if poisons were placed on them, and Venetian glass, which was warranted -to fly into atoms if the wine poured into it had been contaminated, -were in frequent use. As Rogers has written</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="i2">Brave men trembled if a hand held out</div> - <div>A nosegay or a letter, while the great</div> - <div>Drank only from the Venice glass that broke,</div> - <div>That shivered, scattering round it as in scorn</div> - <div>If aught malignant, aught of thine was there,</div> - <div>Cruel Tophana.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>But probably nine-tenths of the crimes suspected were the mere result -of the disordered fancies of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span> age. Knowing as we do on what -frivolous evidence women were condemned as witches, it is permissible -to be sceptical in regard to the testimony received by the frightened -judges when one of these notorious criminals came before them. Nor are -the alleged confessions of the women themselves necessarily conclusive. -The so-called witches often supplied details of their negotiations -with Satan, and of their Sabbatic excursions; and hysterical women in -all ages have been addicted to the relation of fictitious narratives -circumstantially describing both their vicious and their virtuous -exploits. The rapid putrefaction of a corpse was considered to be -sufficient evidence that the cause of death had been poison, though it -is likely that the poisons then in use would have tended to preserve -the body.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">The Marchioness of Brinvilliers</h3> - -<p class="p-left">was one of the most interesting of the historic poisoners. She was the -daughter of the civil lieutenant of Paris, Dreux d’Aubray, and her -career as a criminal coincides with the early years of Louis XIV’s -reign. She is described as elegant, “petite,” sweet in her disposition, -and modest in her demeanour. According to her own confessions, produced -at her trial, sometimes admitted, and sometimes denied by her (and -characterised by Michelet as confused and impossible, and probably -composed under the influence of fever), she commenced her career -of crime at the age of 7 years by incestuous intercourse with her -brother. She accused herself also of arson. She married the Marquis de -Brinvilliers when she was about 20, and after helping him to dissipate -their joint fortune, she obtained an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span> order of separation as far as -property was concerned, but continued to live with him as well as with -his intimate friend, a sinister person who called himself Ste. Croix, -and professed to have been a cavalry officer. His real name was Godin, -and Michelet, who investigated all the court documents dealing with the -case, makes him apparently the agent, and ultimately the victim, of an -arch-fiend of the name of Penautier, a cleric who at least profited -largely by the sudden deaths of various persons. He describes Ste. -Croix as a person of austere manners and as the author of some ascetic -books. Penautier was never formally accused, and it is not easy to -disentangle the intrigues associated with the case. Whatever these may -have been, Madame’s father, disgusted with the scandal created, got -Ste. Croix placed in the Bastille. There it is alleged he met with the -notorious Italian poisoner, Exili, and learned from him a number of -poison secrets, though it is doubtful if the art was a new one to him. -Perhaps Penautier got him released; anyhow he went in to the Bastille -poor, and came out rich. He married and set up a fine establishment. -But he still continued his liaison with the marchioness. During his -imprisonment that lady had occupied herself in visiting and consoling -patients in the hospitals. Now, according to the usual story, she -made use of them by giving them poisoned confectionery, and watching -the effects, merely for practice. Then she began to dose her father. -His illness lasted eight months, his murderess nursing him tenderly -meanwhile. Two brothers were also victims, and then she planned the -death of her husband, but according to Mme. de Sévigné her accomplice, -Ste. Croix, saved him by providing an antidote. The marquis lived to -see his wife punished, but was one of those who exerted himself to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[234]</span> -get a pardon for her. Ste. Croix next died suddenly, in consequence, -it is said, of his accidentally dropping a glass mask which he wore -when compounding his poisons. This story, says Michelet, is a fable. -A case of poisons in packets was found in his rooms, each neatly -labelled with its effects. These, it was alleged, were addressed to the -marchioness, who managed to escape to England, Penautier giving her -letters of credit, says Michelet. Michelet says the packets of poison -were addressed to Penautier. The marchioness was soon after taken at -a convent at Liège by a detective who, pretending to be an Abbé, made -love to her and induced her to go for a walk with him, when lie handed -her over to his men, who took her to Paris. She was tortured (only -formally, says Michelet), convicted, marched to Notre Dame with a rope -round her neck to make the “amende honorable,” then decapitated, and -her body burned.</p> - -<p>One of the witnesses at her trial declared that the marchioness once -showed her a little box containing some white stuff, and said there -were a number of successions in that little parcel. The witness said -she was the daughter of an apothecary and recognised that the substance -shown her was sublimate.</p> - -<p>It has been discussed by experts whether the poison on which Ste. -Croix and his mistress chiefly relied was arsenic or sublimate. Most -likely it was arsenic. A certain Guy Simon, an apothecary, was employed -to experiment with it, and to discover its composition if possible. -His report is worth quoting at some length as an illustration of the -condition of toxicological science at that period, and incidentally of -the simple faith in the almost miraculous powers of the poisoners which -evidently possessed all classes at that time.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[235]</span></p> - -<p>According to Chapuis (“Traité de Toxicologie”), Simon at first dropped -a little of the liquor in the phials on oil of tartar and sea water, -but nothing was precipitated. Then he digested some of it in a mattrass -on a sand-bath, but on distilling it no substance of acid or acrid -taste was yielded, and no fixed salts were left. Having poisoned a -pigeon, a dog, and a fowl with the liquid, he could only discover on -opening the dead bodies a little clotted blood in the ventricule of the -heart. Some of the powder deposited by the liquid was given to a cat -which vomited for half an hour and then died.</p> - -<p>Simon explains that poisons generally sink to the bottom of water, and -when tested by fire the innocent part is dissipated and only the acrid -and piquant principle remains. But this poison of Ste. Croix’s, floated -on water, and tried by fire, left only something sweet and innocent. -It in fact ruled the elements, and killed animals without leaving -any trace. Utterly baffled, the expert concludes: “It is a terrible, -diabolic, intangible (<i>insaissable</i>) poison.”</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Tofana.</h3> - -<p>About the same time the woman Tofana was selling her Aquetta di -Napoli in Italy, but she was not brought to justice until 1709, -when she confessed to the Pope and the Emperor Charles VI that her -drops contained arsenic, and that by them she had caused the deaths -of more than six hundred persons. The Emperor repeated her story to -his physician, Garelli, by whom it was communicated to Hoffmann, who -published it in his “Rational Medicine.” She preferred to prepare her<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[236]</span> -drops by rubbing arsenic into the broken joints of a hog just killed -and then collecting the juice. Tofana took refuge in a convent and -lived for some twenty years after her condemnation. A letter from the -English Secretary of State to the Commissioners of Customs, dated July -29, 1717, is on record, cautioning them against admitting a liqueur -called Aqua Tufania from Italy, as accounts of its dangerous character -had been received from the British envoys at Naples and Genoa.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">The Chambre Ardente.</h3> - -<p>After the execution of the Marchioness of Brinvilliers, secret -poisoning, far from being suppressed, appears to have become almost -fashionable. The Government at least pretended to believe in widespread -conspiracies. It may have been a political trick, as has been alleged, -to get rid of some inconvenient opponents; but, however this may have -been, a special commission was appointed by the French Government to -inquire into the truth of certain rumours, and this commission acquired -the title of the Chambre de Poisons, or Chambre Ardente. Louis XIV -consented to the institution of this special court on learning that the -notorious Ste. Croix, the coadjutor of Mme. de Brinvilliers, had at -one time nearly secured the position of maître d’hôtel in his palace -at Versailles. It principally concerned itself with the revelations -made by two women who called themselves La Voisin and La Vigoureux, -who with an unfrocked priest, who had assumed the name of Le Sage, had -carried on a fortune-telling business of enormous extent in the city. -They claimed the power of exhibiting the devil to their clients, and -it was charged against them<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[237]</span> that they had sold a powder of succession -to those who would pay for it. Many highly connected aristocrats were -implicated, and some faced the commission while others left the country -rather than expose themselves to the shame of exposure. La Voisin had -kept records of her business, but those which were produced displayed -rather the ridiculous than the criminal side of the conspiracy. The -Duchesse de Foix had come to her for bosoms; Madame de Varsi wanted -hips. Others had paid her fancy prices for petitions written with -a special ink guaranteed to make them loved by the king. La Voisin -was extremely insolent to her judges, and apparently she and her -accomplices were all sentenced to be burned. According to Voltaire the -sentence was executed in the case of all of them; but the account given -by Madame de Sévigné, and by historians who lived nearer the period, go -to show that the death punishment was only inflicted on La Voisin.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Negro Cæsar’s Antidote.</h3> - -<p>In Prestwich’s “Dissertation on Poisons” (1775) an extract is given -from the “Carolina Gazette” of May 9, 1750 stating that the General -Assembly, the governing body of the colony, had authorised the -publication of “Negro Cæsar’s Cure for Poison.” The General Assembly -had purchased Negro Cæsar’s freedom, and granted him £100 a year for -life as the price of this formula. It consisted of roots of plantain -and wild horehound (? of each) 3 oz. boiled together in two quarts of -water down to 1 quart and strained. Of this the patient was to drink -one-third every morning fasting for three consecutive mornings. Certain -conditions of diet were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[238]</span> laid down, and it was quaintly added that if -after the three days’ treatment no benefit had resulted it was “a sign -that the patient has either not been poisoned, or has been by such -poison as Cæsar’s antidote will not remedy.”</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Arsenic Eating.</h3> - -<p>About the middle of the 19th century some discussion took place in -various popular and medical journals in reference to the alleged -practice of eating arsenic in Styria and the neighbouring countries. -Drs. Christison, Swaine Taylor, and Pereira were somewhat more than -sceptical, but several doctors and others wrote confirming the -statements from their personal knowledge. One of the most notable -testimonies was contributed by Dr. Craig Maclagan of Edinburgh in the -“Edinburgh Medical Journal” (1865). Dr. Maclagan had visited Styria -and had introductions to several doctors in that country who had -reported cases known to them. Two men were brought to Dr. Maclagan at -the village of Liegist in Middle Styria, and in his presence took, one -about 4½ and the other 6 grains of white arsenic. Dr. Maclagan brought -home some of the substance which the Styrian doctor had given to these -men, and on testing it found it to be genuine white arsenic. He also -brought back some samples of the urine voided by the men some time -after eating the arsenic, and found in it distinct evidence of the -presence of the poison. The arsenic was taken by the men on a piece -of bread, and in one case was washed down with a draught of water. -How extensive was the habit, Dr. Maclagan could not say. The peasants -called it Hydrach or Huttereich; the correct word was said to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[239]</span> be -hutten-rauch, furnace smoke. One of the men took his dose about twice -a week, the other generally once a week. They had of course begun -with doses of less than a grain. It was understood to be a tonic and -stimulant, and to aid the respiration in climbing. It was also believed -to promote sexual desire. Having acquired the habit the occasional dose -was much missed if omitted for long.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Immunity.</h3> - -<p>The modern employment of serums in the treatment of zymotic diseases -goes a long way towards explaining the fact of the immunity of -individuals in respect to bacterial poisons. But the possibility of -immunity against such poisons as arsenic, opium, or serpent venom -appears to rest on a different basis. In 1896 Professor (now Sir) -Thomas R. Fraser, M.D., F.R.S., reported to the Royal Institution a -long investigation dealing with the alleged resistant power of certain -tribes or sects in India, Africa, &c., who can suffer the bites of -unquestionably venomous snakes without becoming seriously affected. -After quoting numerous reports from old and recent works showing that -this immunity is an actual fact, Professor Fraser described a long -series of experiments extending over many years with venom which he -had obtained from India, America, Africa, and Australia. The venom, he -stated, is a complex substance and is not a ferment. Ascertaining the -minimum lethal dose for each animal he experimented on frogs, cats, -rabbits, guinea pigs, and other animals, and beginning with one-tenth, -one-fifth, or one-half of that dose, and gradually increasing it, he -found it possible to administer four or five times, and in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[240]</span> the case -of rabbits up to even fifty times the lethal dose. From the immunised -animal a serum was prepared which was antidotal in very minute -quantities if mixed with the venom, but if administered separately by -hypodermic injection, though at the same moment with the venom, some -twelve and a half times as much was found to be necessary, and it was -estimated for a normal bite of an average man no less than 11½ ounces -would have to be administered hypodermically soon after the bite to -prevent probably a fatal result. The most interesting observation -was that the poison taken into the stomach was almost innocuous, and -yet exercised a protective effect. In many of the narratives given -by travellers describing the feats of the snake charmers it has been -related that they will squeeze the venom from the serpent’s mouth and -swallow it. This would evidently be one of their methods of rendering -themselves proof against the poison when injected by a bite. Professor -Fraser’s paper is published in full in “Nature” April 16 and 23, 1896. -The author gives his reasons for believing that the action of the -antidote is chemical.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Modern Toxicology.</h3> - -<p>Systematic and scientific investigation of alleged poisoning was -scarcely known before the end of the eighteenth or the beginning of -the nineteenth centuries. The advance of chemical and physiological -knowledge, however, was soon applied to the more certain detection of -the criminal use of toxic agents. Orfila’s “Traité de Toxicologie,” -published in 1814, the result of a multitude of experiments, was -the work which led the way in the establishment of exact tests. Dr. -Swaine<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[241]</span> Taylor in England, Sir Robert Christison in Scotland, Casper -in Germany, and a host of other medical chemists pursued the subject, -and gradually toxicology reached an assured position. How slow was this -attainment may be gathered from the testimony of an expert in a French -murder trial in 1823 that globules of fatty mutton had been mistaken -for white arsenic.</p> - -<p>To Marsh’s arsenic test, made known in 1836, may be traced the -practical fall of the poison which for so many centuries had reigned -supreme among the deadly agents employed by the most cowardly but -most dreaded of the tribe of assassins. The power of proving the -presence of the metal which was afforded by the method then set forth -brought out the chemical expert, and led to angry controversies. The -skilled experimenter was apt to be very confident of his results, and -naturally others who claimed to be as skilful as himself disputed his -conclusions. Theories of the almost universal diffusion of arsenic were -vigorously maintained, and on one occasion in France, in 1839, when -Orfila had demonstrated the presence of arsenic extracted from the -organs of the person supposed to have been poisoned, Raspail undertook -to extract as much from the judge’s armchair.</p> - -<p>Meantime the resources of the poisoners had been vastly extended by the -discovery of the alkaloids. Many of these substances possessed extreme -toxic power, and the invention of the means of detecting them was -necessarily a gradual process. It was attained, though; and it may be -asserted that at present either by chemical or physiological tests the -recognition of the administration of any of the dangerous alkaloids is -as certain as is that of the metallic poisons.</p> - -<p>About the year 1870 a new complication occurred when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[242]</span> an Italian -chemist named Dr. Selmi proved that putrefactive animal matter and -certain bacteria yielded alkaloidal products, often poisonous, to which -the name of ptomaines was given. Selmi was engaged as an expert in the -investigation of a case in which it was suspected that an individual -had been poisoned. A product was obtained, apparently an alkaloid, but -which Selmi could not identify with any known vegetable substance. -He came to the conclusion that it was of animal origin, and after -a long series of experiments he proved his theory. Several eminent -toxicologists at first asserted that ptomaines could be distinguished -from vegetable alkaloids by the property of yielding Prussian blue with -ferric salts. This test, however, proved fallacious as several series -of vegetable alkaloids, notably the pyridic and the allylic, gave the -same reaction. The distinction between animal and vegetable alkaloids -is a delicate one, and has to be established by an accumulation of -chemical evidence.</p> - -<p>Leucomaines, which are also alkaloidal products, are distinguished from -ptomaines by being formed in the body from living tissues, as a result -of their activity. These were first separated by Armand Gautier in -1886. Their constitution is more complex than is that of the ptomaines, -but they are not generally of a poisonous character.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[243]</span></p> - - -<h2>XXIII<br /> -<span class="subhed">PHARMACY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY</span></h2></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“The advance in every section of chemistry during this century -(the 19th), and especially during the latter half of it, has -literally been by leaps and bounds. Although practically a -creation of our own time, no branch has been more fruitful in -result, in suggestion, or in possibility, than that of organic -analysis.”</p> - -<p class="p0">(<span class="smcap">Sir Thomas E. Thorpe</span>:—“Essays in Historical -Chemistry,” 1894.)</p> -</div> - - -<p>Three great achievements characterise the pharmacy of the nineteenth -century, namely, the discovery of alkaloids in its early years, of -anæsthetics in the middle period, and of synthetic organic products in -its later years.</p> - - -<h3>ALKALOIDS.</h3> - -<p>The alkaloids extracted from vegetables are the ideal quintessences -which the alchemical pharmacists of the sixteenth and seventeenth -centuries sought so eagerly to obtain. Their characteristic property is -that they are basic, that is, that definite salts can be formed from -them by combination with acids. They all contain nitrogen, and have an -alkaline reaction.</p> - -<p>Of all the popular vegetable drugs opium was the one more than any -other tortured to yield up its essence.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[244]</span> The early laudanums and -extracts of opium aimed at this result, and preparations, such as the -Magisterium Opii of Ludovici of Weimar (born about 1625, and author -of “Dissertations on Pharmacy”), were used in the belief that the -quintessence had been in some degree secured. Robert Boyle experimented -with opium with the object of extracting its essential principle. The -process he adopted was first to treat the drug with calcined tartar -(salt of tartar), and then extract with spirit of wine. By this means -he obtained a solution which would be principally one of morphine.</p> - -<p>In 1803 a French manufacturing chemist, working on an idea suggested by -Vauquelin, produced a crystallisable salt which was at first supposed -to be the active ingredient of opium. Experiments on animals seemed -to confirm this opinion, and the salt of opium, or “sel narcotique de -Derosne,” was believed to have solved the long-standing problem. The -product was described in the “Annales de Chimie” of February, 1804. -It was the substance now known as narcotine. Sertürner regarded it as -meconate of morphium, a misapprehension which was corrected by Robiquet.</p> - -<p>In December, 1804, Seguin, a chemist who had been a demonstrator -under Fourcroy, and who subsequently got into trouble with Napoleon’s -Government on charges of having enriched himself out of drug supplies -to the Republican armies, read a paper to the Institute in which he -described a process which would yield morphine. For some unexplained -reason that paper was not published until 1814. Meanwhile Friedrich -Wilhelm Adam Sertürner, a pharmacist of Eimbeck, in Hanover, had -been working on Derosne’s salt, and had investigated more accurately -than anyone before him the composition of opium. His first report -was published in 1806, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[245]</span> in that he announced the discovery of -“opium-säure” (opium acid), but in 1816 he named this product “meconic -acid,” and explained how it was combined with an alkaline base which -he called “Morphium.” He described this as analogous to ammonia, and -prepared several salts from it. He came near to losing his life in the -course of his experiments as, misled by the comparative harmlessness of -Derosne’s salt, he had ventured on dangerous doses of his own product. -Consequently he was able to determine very accurately the therapeutics -of morphine at the same time that he announced its discovery.</p> - -<p>“I flatter myself,” wrote Sertürner in 1816, “that chemists and -physicians will find that my observations have explained to a -considerable extent the constitution of opium, and that I have -enriched chemistry with a new acid (meconic) and with a new alkaline -base (morphium), a remarkable substance which shows much analogy with -ammonia.”</p> - -<p>Sertürner’s discovery excited much interest and emulation, and its -importance was fully endorsed when, in 1831, the French Institute -awarded to him a prize of 2,000 francs “for having opened the way to -important medical discoveries by his isolation of morphine and his -exposition of its character.”</p> - -<p>Before Sertürner had definitely established the nature of alkaloids, -Vauquelin had separated from tobacco a substance which he regarded as -its active principle, and which was undoubtedly an impure nicotine. -This was in 1809. The alkaloidal character of this extract was not, -however, recognised until 1828, when Posselt and Reimann produced it in -a pure form.</p> - -<p>Vauquelin had in 1812 extracted daphnine from mezereon root, and in -describing his experiments had alluded to its alkaline character. For -this reason the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[246]</span> credit of having been the first to have discovered an -organic alkali has been attributed to him; and when in 1818 Pelletier -and Caventou discovered an alkaloid in St. Ignatius’s beans, to which -they gave the name of strychnine, they stated that it had been their -original intention to designate the substance Vauqueline in honour -of the celebrated chemist who had first established the existence -of an organic alkali. It had, however, been pointed out to them by -distinguished members of the Academy that it would have been a doubtful -compliment to associate such an honoured name as that of Vauquelin with -such an evil (<i>malfaisant</i>) substance as this new product.</p> - -<p>A number of chemists narrowly missed the discovery of quinine. As -early as 1746 Count Claude de la Garaye obtained from cinchona bark a -crystalline salt which he termed sel essentiel de quinquina. Two other -French chemists, Buquet and Cornette, subsequently introduced another -sel essentiel de quinquina. Both these products were simply kinate -of lime. A Swedish physician named Westerling announced in 1782 that -he had discovered the active principle of cinchona, and he gave it -the designation of vis coriaria. His product was in fact cinchotannic -acid. Seguin perhaps made the worst mistake of all the investigators -in coming to the conclusion that what was precipitated by tannin was -the essence of cinchona from a medicinal point of view, and he actually -recommended that gelatin should be substituted for cinchona in cases -when price was an object. Fourcroy made several attempts to ascertain -the true chemical constitution of the bark. In 1790 he separated a -resinous principle, mixed with some colouring matter, since called -cinchonic red. This he at first supposed was the essential medical -constituent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[247]</span> of the bark. Vauquelin later adopted this erroneous -theory, and so missed his way. In 1792 Fourcroy got nearer to the truth -when he observed incidentally that the water in which the bark had been -macerated turned litmus paper green; and he also remarked that lime -water caused a greenish precipitate in the infusion. He did not pursue -the investigation, but his comment on what he had stated is noteworthy. -“These researches,” he said, “will no doubt lead to the discovery one -day of an anti-periodic febrifuge, which once known may be extracted -from various vegetables.” Berthollet followed on Fourcroy’s lines, -but came to the conclusion that the precipitate which lime water gave -with decoctions of cinchona was magnesia, which he believed was a -constituent of the bark in combination with hydrochloric acid.</p> - -<p>In 1811 Gomez, of Lisbon, described a crystalline substance which Dr. -Duncan, of Edinburgh, had obtained from certain species of cinchona, -and gave to this product the name of cinchonine. Lambert later prepared -it in a state of considerable purity. But neither of these chemists -suspected its alkaline nature. In 1820 Pelletier and Caventou studied -the whole chemistry of cinchona and succeeded in showing that the -cinchonine of Gomez was a mixture of two alkaloids, to the second of -which they gave the name of quinine. Quinidine was isolated by Henry -and Delondre in 1833, and cinchonidine by Winckler in 1844, but the -name of the latter was given by Pasteur in 1853. Pasteur also produced -the alkaloidal derivatives cinchonicine and quinicine.</p> - -<p>Robiquet had the idea that as the coffee plant belongs to the same -family of plants as the cinchonas it might be possible to find quinine -in coffee. In searching for it he isolated caffeine. This was in 1821. -In 1827 Oudry<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[248]</span> found an alkaloid in tea and called it theine. Jobst and -Mulder in 1838 proved that these alkaloids are identical. It is now -recognised that the alkaloids of cocoa, of guarana, and of Paraguay tea -are all the same substance, or closely related.</p> - -<p>Pelletier and Caventou isolated strychnine from the St. Ignatius -beans in 1818, and brucine from false angostura bark (<i>Brucæa -anti-dysenterica</i>) in 1819; in the same years they obtained -veratrine from cevadilla seeds and white hellebore root; but it would -appear that in their investigation of cevadilla seeds, which was the -first to yield the alkaloid, they were preceded by a very short time by -Meissner. Pelletier and Magendie produced emetine from ipecacuanha in -1817, and Pelletier alone is credited with narceine in 1832. Codeine -was discovered by Robiquet in 1821 when he was examining a new process -for obtaining morphine which had been suggested by Dr. William Gregory, -of Edinburgh. Belladonna had been studied by Vauquelin and many -chemists after him, but it was not until 1833 that atropine in a state -of purity was isolated from it. This was accomplished simultaneously by -Geiger and Hess, two German chemists, and by Mein, a German pharmacist.</p> - - -<h3>ANÆSTHETICS.</h3> - -<p>The greatest triumph achieved in any department of medicine, and -worthy, perhaps, to be described as almost, if not quite, the most -beneficent discovery in the world’s history, is that of the successful -employment of anæsthetics. This great glory belongs to the nineteenth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[249]</span> -century. Indian hemp had been employed for centuries in the East, -mandragora had a classical reputation, and from time to time the -possibilities of hypnotism had been expounded by one or another of -its professors. But it is only within the past sixty years that the -terrible anxiety and suffering associated with surgical operations -have been so far mitigated as largely to increase the prospects of -success, and to annihilate the pain. To Sir Humphry Davy is due the -credit of first suggesting the line of advance towards this precious -goal by describing his experiences of the inhalation of nitrous oxide -gas which he found had the effect of relieving toothache and other -pains; “uneasiness swallowed up for a few minutes by pleasure,” were -his own words; and he foresaw the possibility of this agent being -employed as an inhalation “in such surgical operations as involved no -great effusion of blood.” That was in the year 1800. About 1830 Faraday -observed and noted the effect of ether on the nervous system, which he -stated was similar to that of nitrous oxide gas.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p250"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p250.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">Horace Wells.</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">The possibility of painless operations began to be imagined about -this time, but not much serious experimental work seems to have been -attempted. In 1842, Dr. Long, of Athens, Georgia, U.S.A., claimed to -have removed a tumour from a patient under the influence of ether, and -about the same time Dr. Jackson, of Boston, U.S.A., also professed to -have carried out successfully a similar operation. These experiments -have not been rigorously established, but there is no question about -the authenticity of the next. Horace Wells, a dentist of Hartford, -Connecticut, U.S.A., suffering from toothache, resolved to experiment -on himself. He induced a colleague named Rigg to draw a molar while -he was under the influence of nitrous oxide gas, and did not feel the -pain of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[250]</span> the extraction. This was in 1844. Wells then, in association -with another dentist, named William Thomas Green Morton, started -to demonstrate the discovery publicly. The first exhibition was an -ignominious failure, and the two pioneers were derided as impostors. -Wells suffered so severely from his disappointment on this occasion -that he died insane a few years later. Morton, however, continued -his investigations, and he and the Dr. Jackson already mentioned -worked together on ether, and assured themselves of its anæsthetic -powers by experiments on animals. Morton then inhaled it himself on -September 30, 1846, and awoke from deep unconsciousness a few minutes -later, convinced of the reality of his discovery. Just then a patient -rang the bell. It was towards evening, but the visitor was shown -into the surgery. He was in agony with the toothache, and begged -the doctor to mesmerise him in the hope of getting some relief. The -nerve was so sore, he said, that he could not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[251]</span> summon up courage -to have the tooth drawn. Morton, greatly excited, told his patient -that he could do better for him than mesmerising him. He could take -the tooth out without pain if he would consent. The sufferer agreed -eagerly, and Morton, with two assistants, proceeded to operate. A -handkerchief, saturated with ether, was applied to the mouth and -nostrils, and unconsciousness was produced almost immediately. A -tooth, a firmly-rooted bicuspid, was extracted without arousing the -patient. Then followed a minute of intense fear. The man remained -motionless, and Morton felt convinced he was dead. Seizing a glass of -water he dashed it into the face of this first subject, who at once -revived. “Are you ready to have your tooth drawn?” asked Morton. Rather -hesitating assent was given, and then the extracted tooth was shown to -the patient in the chair. His name, which ought to be recorded in the -annals of surgery, was Eben Frost.</p> - -<p>On October 16, 1846, a tumour was removed from a patient at the -Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Morton administered the ether, -and Dr. Collins Warren, the senior surgeon, operated. The patient made -no sound, and after he recovered consciousness declared that he had -experienced no pain. “Gentlemen, this is no humbug,” said Dr. Warren to -the other surgeons who had witnessed the operation. Morton died in 1868.</p> - -<p>The first operation under ether in Great Britain was performed by -Liston at University College Hospital in December, 1846. In January, -1847, James Young Simpson commenced to employ it in midwifery cases -in Edinburgh. Simpson had already acquired a high reputation as a -gynecologist, and was an enthusiast in his profession. Delighted though -he was with the results of his trials of ether, he felt sure that an -anæsthetic with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[252]</span> more lasting effect could be found or made, and with -characteristic courage and pertinacity he and his two assistants, -Drs. Keith and Duncan, carried on personal experiments at Simpson’s -private house on such evenings as they could spare. At the same time -the scientific world was appealed to for suggestions. About this time -David Waldie, a Scotch pharmacist then settled in Liverpool, where -he was manager of the Liverpool Apothecaries Company, was visiting -Edinburgh and had a conversation with Simpson on his absorbing topic. -Waldie had had some special experience with chloric ether at Liverpool, -and had made experiments on its chemical character, which had led him -to the conclusion that the chloric ether then used was chemically only -a mixture of chloroform with some undecomposed spirit. Chloroform, it -must be remembered, was then but little known. Dr. Samuel Guthrie, -formerly an army surgeon, but later practising at Jewelsville, -Jefferson County, N.Y., published an account of a chloric ether he had -made from alcohol and chloride of lime in May, 1831. In October of the -same year Soubeiran in France, and a month later Liebig in Germany, -announced the discovery of a similar compound. None of these products -was an absolute chloroform, but all were heavy substances. Dr. Guthrie -called his chloric ether, and familiarly sweet whisky, Soubeiran’s was -a bichloric ether, and Liebig described his as a trichloride of carbon, -but Dumas showed in 1834 that the essential substance was a trichloride -of formyl, HCCl<sub>3</sub> and a substitution product of marsh gas. He -invented the name chloroform. It appears too that another French -chemist, Flourens, in March, 1847, reported to the Academy of Sciences -of Paris some experiments he had made with chloroform on animals,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[253]</span> -which indicated its anæsthetic properties; but probably neither Simpson -nor Waldie was aware of this paper. This was the chemical which -Waldie recommended to Simpson in the summer of 1847, and the chemist -promised to send some to Simpson on his return to Liverpool. A fire -in the laboratory of his establishment prevented the fulfilment of -this promise, and also, Waldie said, prevented him from experimenting -on himself with chloroform, as he had intended to do. Simpson got -chloroform from Duncan and Flockhart in Edinburgh, but did not expect -it would answer on account of its density. The sample was set aside -for some time,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[254]</span> but on November 4, 1847, he and Duncan and Keith -resolved to test it. They all inhaled some from a tumbler, and almost -immediately became loquacious and hilarious. Then unconsciousness came -on, and Simpson, who was the first to recover, found Duncan under the -table, eyes staring, and snoring vigorously, while Keith was kicking at -the supper table. The experiment was repeated a few evenings later, and -this time a niece of Simpson was induced to take a turn. After inhaling -the vapour she fell asleep, murmuring “I’m an angel; I’m an angel.” -Simpson at once began the use of chloroform in his practice, and his -great reputation and powerful advocacy soon caused its general adoption.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p253"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p253.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">Sir James Young Simpson, M.D.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">(From a drawing by T. M. Pape, lent by the publishers of the <i>Century -Magazine</i>.)</p> - </div> - - -<h3 class="smcap">A Mysterious Anæsthetic.</h3> - -<p>A strange and little known story is told by Professor Franck. Van -Swieten was a Dutch physician, a pupil of Boerhaave. He did not succeed -in his native land so well as he ought to have done, for he was a -devout Catholic. He went to Vienna, where he attained the highest -medical position and the utmost esteem from his patroness, the Empress -Maria Theresa. On May 1, 1771, three young gentlemen called on Van -Swieten and were shown into his study. The professor was then an old -man, 71 years of age.</p> - -<p>“What do you desire, my children?” he asked, as he fingered his beads.</p> - -<p>“We come to teach Van Swieten what he knows not,” answered one of the -young men.</p> - -<p>“That is not difficult,” replied the veteran. Then they told him they -wished to show him a medicine new<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[255]</span> to the world, and as the doctor -smiled incredulously, one of his visitors added:</p> - -<p>“Like the philosopher of old, we will say to Pain:—Thou art but an -idle word.”</p> - -<p>Van Swieten was doubtful, but after further explanation he invited -them to come to his hospital the next morning and demonstrate their -secret. When they were gone he went to Maria Theresa and told her of -the interview. The Empress declared her intention of being present at -the experiment.</p> - -<p>The next day when the three young men appeared at the hospital they -found Van Swieten and a veiled lady awaiting them. Certain chemicals -had previously been placed in retorts by them, and a mastiff was made -to inhale the product. The animal exhibited symptoms of inebriation, -and soon fell on the floor unconscious. One of the strangers made -a deep incision into the dog’s chest and covered the wound with a -surgical dressing. The animal showed no sign of pain, and shortly -afterwards recovered consciousness, got on his feet, and walked about -as if nothing had happened.</p> - -<p>“This is indeed a miracle,” said the Empress.</p> - -<p>“Would you dare to operate thus on a patient?” asked Van Swieten.</p> - -<p>“Willingly, Master,” was the reply.</p> - -<p>“Then operate on me,” said the Professor.</p> - -<p>To this proposal, however, they demurred, and the Empress supported -their objection. An appointment for further experiment a few days later -was made, but when the day arrived Van Swieten was ill. He died on May -18, and Maria Theresa was at the time immersed in political troubles. -The sequel to that strange history has never been told, but some of the -old books tell of the “Holland Oil,” which is believed to have been -the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[256]</span> mysterious medicament employed. Professor Franck thinks one of the -strangers was Gautier Van Decoren, a physician of Flemish Holland.</p> - - -<h3>SYNTHETIC REMEDIES.</h3> - -<h4 class="smcap">Early Distinction between Inorganic and Organic Chemistry.</h4> - -<p>The development of organic chemistry in the course of the nineteenth -century is a subject so vast that it is mentioned in this place with -something approaching despair. The great chemists who, in the latter -part of the eighteenth and in the early years of the nineteenth -century, had rescued their science from the superstitious and fantastic -theories and conceits which had encumbered it, Lavoisier, Priestley, -Scheele, Cavendish, Dalton, Fourcroy, Berzelius, and many others -who might be named, distinguished sharply between the products of -the mineral kingdom and those which they called organic, that is, -substances of vegetable or animal origin, combined, it was agreed, -under the influence of what was described as vital force. This force, -it was considered, inherent in living bodies, could never be imitated -in the laboratory, and its achievements were beyond human skill. It was -even doubted whether the elements composing organic substances were -subject to the same laws of combination as were those of the mineral -world.</p> - -<p>Lavoisier, it is true, regarded organic bodies as consisting of -radical compounds, hydrocarbon radicals, as he called them, instead -of the metallic bases. His last scientific work was the investigation -of the statics of organic chemistry, and on this subject his clear -vision<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[257]</span> would probably have enabled him to anticipate many modern -conclusions. He had already recognised some of the transformations -of sugar, had analysed alcohol, and had declared that in animal and -vegetable chemistry no less than in the inorganic kingdom nothing is -ever destroyed, but that vegetation and animalisation are only inverse -phenomena of combustion and putrefaction.</p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Synthetic Organic Compounds.</h4> - -<p>Some isolated results of the artificial productions of organic -substances are recorded which do not seem to have been recognised as -challenging the reign of vital force. Scheele, in 1786, formed oxalic -acid by oxidising sugar by nitric acid; and in 1822 Döbereiner produced -formic acid, previously known as a distillate of ants, by oxidising -tartaric acid. In both these cases, however, the transformation was -essentially one from a previous organic substance.</p> - -<p>The inauguration of synthetic chemistry is understood to date from -the year 1828 when Wöhler, then a professor of chemistry at Berlin, -produced a supposed cyanate of ammonium by the action of ammonium -chloride on silver cyanate. Wöhler was surprised to find the cyanate of -ammonium which he had obtained did not correspond with other ammonium -salts, but resembled, and as he afterwards proved, was identical with -the organic substance, urea, a crystalline compound which constitutes -about half of the solid matter dissolved in urine. Wöhler and Liebig -next collaborated in a study of organic substances, and one of the -early results of their investigations was the discovery of the compound -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[258]</span>radical, benzoyl, as they termed it, C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O, which they found -could be combined with chlorine, bromine, iodine, sulphur, ammonium, -and other substances, always retaining its own individuality. It was, -in fact, a compound radical, and though it has never been isolated, -its compounds prove its character. Berzelius was so struck by this -discovery that he suggested the name of proine or orthrine, either -meaning the dawn, in substitution for benzoyl.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p258" style="width:416px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p258.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">Friedrich Wöhler.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">(From the Royal Collection of Etchings at Munich.)</p> - <p class=" sm">Born at Eschersheim, near Frankfort, 1800; died at Göttingen, -1882. Wöhler’s notable discovery of the artificial production -of urea in 1828 is famous as the starting point of synthetic -chemistry.</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">Henceforward discoveries and theories based on them,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[259]</span> or propounded to -explain them, so crowd the field that even in bulky volumes the story -is only told in outline. But several of the famous theories or laws or -expositions, on which modern chemistry relies, have been so fertile in -consequences that they must be very briefly mentioned.</p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Substitution.</h4> - -<p>Before 1840 the famous French chemist J. B. A. Dumas developed the -theory of substitution, or “metalepsy,” showing that the hydrogen atoms -in organic substances can be removed one by one from their molecules, -other atoms being substituted for them. A simple illustration of this -process is manifest in the action of potassium on water, though this -is not an example of organic substitution. The water, H<sub>2</sub>O takes -up one atom of potassium, K, in place of one of its hydrogen atoms, -becoming caustic potash, KOH. It is further possible by an indirect -method to replace the remaining hydrogen atom by another of potassium, -yielding potassium oxide, K<sub>2</sub>O. Changes of organic bodies are always -proceeding on these lines, and Frankland said the recognition of the -process had contributed more to the progress of the science than any -other generalisation.</p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Homologues.</h4> - -<p>About 1850 C. F. Gerhardt, one of Liebig’s pupils who settled in -France (and died in 1856 at the age of 40), gave the next great -impetus to the development of organic chemistry, or the chemistry of -carbon compounds,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[260]</span> as it was coming to be termed, by showing how vast -numbers of organic compounds could be classified and grouped into -homologous series. Starting, for example, with marsh gas, CH<sub>4</sub>, which -is chemically known as methane, he showed how from this type methyl -alcohol, CH<sub>4</sub>O, and formic acid, CH<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, are formed. Ethane, -C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, comes next in the series and ethyl alcohol and acetic acid -follow just as methyl alcohol and formic acid follow from methane. -The addition of CH<sub>2</sub> to ethane gives propane; propyl alcohol and -propionic acid following; another addition of CH<sub>2</sub> results in butane -with butyl alcohol and butyric acid; and the next type is pentane, with -amyl alcohol and valeric acid in its train. Thus it was perceived that -all the multitude of complex bodies included in the organic kingdom -were compounded in an orderly system.</p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Valency.</h4> - -<p>The English chemist Edward Frankland next put forward the doctrine of -valency. According to this theory atoms possess one, two, three, four, -or more links each, and require that number of other atoms of minimum -combining capacity to “saturate” them in a molecule. Carbon, for -example, is usually considered to be quadrivalent, and as shown in the -instance of methane, requires four hydrogen atoms to saturate it. But -how is it then that in the case of the next type, ethane, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, -the conditions are satisfied? The explanation is that the molecule is -arranged in this manner:</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p260" > - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p260.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[261]</span></p> - -<p class="p-left">each carbon atom having three hydrogen atoms attached to it, the fourth -bond uniting it with the other carbon atom. This and other difficulties -led to the theory of</p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Structural Formulas,</h4> - -<p class="p-left">towards which Kekulé, of Heidelberg, was the principal contributor. -“Rational formulæ” as distinguished from “empiric formulæ” were already -recognised as shown by the homologous series of Gerhardt. Let this -be illustrated by the instance of alcohol. The atomic composition -of compound bodies was ascertained by many of the earlier chemists. -Lavoisier analysed alcohol, and assigned to it almost the same -composition as we know it to be. Its empirical formula is C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O; -but that does not explain how it is built up. By deductive reasoning it -is established that alcohol is ethane with one hydrogen atom in each -molecule replaced by hydroxyl (OH). Ethane is C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>; alcohol is -thus formulated—C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH. That is its “rational formula.” Alcohol -is a comparatively simple substance; we shall deal with some formulas -of much greater complexity presently.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p262"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p262.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">August Kekulé.</p> - <p class="p0 center p-left sm">Born at Darmstadt, 1829; died at Bonn, 1896.</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">But these explanations were by no means sufficient to meet all the -cases which were coming before chemists, and now Kekulé’s brilliant -“closed ring” theory was conceived, and on this most of the wonderful -building up of the synthetic compounds has been planned. Kekulé was -puzzling over the formula C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> which had been found to represent -benzene, now so famous as the starting point of the aromatic series. -He stated that the solution of the problem came to his mind on the -top of a London omnibus in 1865, when he was an assistant in the -chemical laboratory of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School. He -conceived the idea of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[262]</span> a hexagonal structure with an atom of carbon -at each angle, each united to one atom of hydrogen, and on one side a -double link or bond, and on the other a single one, connecting it with -the next carbon atom, the quadrivalency of each atom being thereby -satisfied.</p> - -<p>The formula is depicted in the margin, and is generally accepted; but -it ought to be stated that it has rivals, though all are founded on -the necessity of providing for the saturation of the four links of the -carbon atoms.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p262a" > - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p262a.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[263]</span></p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Aniline.</h4> - -<p>Among the events which gradually led to the production of artificial -compounds for which physiological properties and action have been -claimed, the discovery of aniline is prominent. The substance, now -so well known by that name, was first separated from indigo in 1826 -in the course of a dry distillation of that dye by a pharmacist of -Erfurt, named Unverdorben. He named his product “crystalline,” from its -character. In 1834 the same substance, as it was later known to be, was -obtained from coal-tar by Runge, who, observing the violet colour which -bleaching powder caused in its aqueous solution, designated the product -“kyanol.” Ten years subsequently Hofmann continued the investigations -which Runge had pioneered. Meanwhile Fritzsche had obtained anthranilic -acid from indigo, and from that he had produced an oily base which -he called “aniline.” This term was derived from the specific name of -the indigofera anil, which was the Sanskrit designation of the famous -blue dye. Hofmann’s researches ultimately proved that Unverdorben’s -crystalline, Runge’s kyanol, and Fritzsche’s aniline were all -chemically identical. Hofmann would have preferred to retain the first -of these names, but the more definite aniline prevailed.</p> - -<p>The colour producing power of aniline had been observed (as has been -already mentioned) by Runge in 1834, but it was not until 1856 that -this property became of practical importance, when W. H. Perkin, at -the time a pupil of Hofmann’s, commenced the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[264]</span> investigation which -resulted in such a complete revolution in the dyeing industry. Perkin’s -patent for his “mauve” dye was obtained in 1858. It is an interesting -circumstance that he made his discovery as a consequence of experiments -he was conducting with the view of manufacturing an artificial quinine. -Now we may turn to the</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p264" style="width:429px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p264.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left smcap">A. W. von Hofmann.</p> - <p class="p0 sm">Born, 1818; died, 1892. Was Director of the Royal College -of Chemistry, London, 1845–1864; subsequently Professor -of Chemistry in Berlin University. Hofmann commenced the -researches into coal-tar chemistry and established the chemical -characteristics of aniline, and was thus one of the principal -founders of modern organic chemistry.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[265]</span></p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Imitation of Natural Alkaloids</h4> - -<p class="p-left">(<i>showing how coniine, piperine, atropine, nicotine, caffeine, -theobromine, and others, have been synthesised; and that quinine, -strychnine, morphine, and codeine await conquest</i>).</p> - -<p>Liebig, Gerhardt, and other chemists had been progressing towards -this attainment by studying the structural constitution of various -alkaloids. In 1842 Gerhardt separated a base which he called quinoline -from quinine, cinchonine, and strychnine. This base was subsequently -identified by Hofmann with the leucol which Runge had obtained from -coal-tar in 1834. In 1846 Runge also produced a substance which he -called pyridine from bone oil. Hofmann showed that this was the base -of certain other alkaloids, coniine, piperine, nicotine, and atropine -among these. Now it will be necessary to illustrate progress by means -of a few formulæ diagrams.</p> - -<p>Benzene is C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>; aniline is a derivative of benzene in which one -atom of hydrogen has been replaced by the amino-group, NH<sub>2</sub>. Its -formula is C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>, and it is represented thus:</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p265" > - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p265.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p>Aniline is basic; that is, it combines with acids to form salts. -Together with aniline in coal-tar there occur other basic nitrogenous -substances; of these pyridine and quinoline have already been -mentioned, and to them must be added isoquinoline, which is also the -parent substance of a series of alkaloids.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[266]</span></p> - -<p>In pyridine one of the CH groups of the benzene ring is replaced by a -nitrogen atom, the formula of the substance being C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>N. In 1886 -Ladenburg succeeded in synthesising the alkaloid coniine, starting -with pyridine. This was the first occasion on which the artificial -preparation of an alkaloid was achieved. The steps of the process were -as follows;—</p> - -<p>By the action of methyl iodide (CH<sub>3</sub>I), pyridinium methyl iodide -is formed, which is transformed on heating into α-methyl-pyridine -hydriodide. The free base, when treated with acetaldehyde (p. 271), -yielded a compound known as α-allyl-pyridine, which, in turn, was made -to combine with nascent hydrogen. The resulting compound (isoconiine) -becomes coniine on heating to 300° C. or boiling with solid potash. The -chemical history is shown graphically below:—</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p266"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p266.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left">Pyridine. α-Methyl-pyridine. α-Allyl-pyridine. Coniine.</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">Pyridine, it may be mentioned, can be built up from its elements.</p> - -<p>This coniine triumph of synthetic chemistry has been followed by many -others of a similar character, and now all the alkaloids mentioned -above in connection with pyridine have been produced artificially. -Piperine was synthesised by Ladenburg and Scholtz in 1894; atropine -together with other solanaceous alkaloids, and cocaine<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> by -Willstätter in 1901–2; and nicotine by Pictet in 1903. The structure of -these alkaloids is considerably<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[267]</span> more complicated than that of coniine; -atropine, for example, is represented by the formula</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p267a" > - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p267a.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p>The molecule of quinoline contains a benzene and a pyridine nucleus -condensed thus:—</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p267b" > - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p267b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p>Among the alkaloids of the quinoline group may be mentioned those of -cinchona bark and nux vomica. The constitution of these alkaloids is -very complex, and in most cases but little understood. As an example of -the cinchona group quinine may be taken. Its structure is probably</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p267c" > - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p267c.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p class="p-left">the formula being C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>24</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Quinine has not been -completely synthesised, but it has been prepared from cupreine, another -cinchona alkaloid. The strychnos<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[268]</span> alkaloids likewise have not yet been -artificially prepared, and their structure still requires elucidation.</p> - -<p>The derivatives of isoquinoline, which was discovered by Hoogewerff and -van Dorp in 1885, include some of the opium alkaloids, papaverine and -narcotine, for example. Morphine and codeine do not, strictly speaking, -fall into either of the three groups mentioned; our knowledge of the -chemical nature of these substances has been much advanced recently, -and it is probable that their synthesis will be effected before long.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p268a" > - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p268a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left">Isoquinoline.</p> - </div> - -<p>One of the most beautiful pieces of work on the synthesis of vital -products during recent years was the artificial preparation by Fischer -(1895–98) of the bases caffeine and theobromine. The processes employed -are too long and complicated to be described here, but the formulas may -be given, since they demonstrate the close relationship which exists -between the two substances.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p268b"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p268b.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left">Caffeine.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p268c"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p268c.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left">Theobromine.</p> - </div> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Other Synthetic Products.</h4> - -<p>(<i>Benzoic acid, camphor, adrenaline, salicylic acid.</i>)</p> - -<p>Certain chemical bodies which have been used in medicine for centuries -have been analysed, their structural formulas ascertained, and then the -atoms have been put together in the laboratory so perfectly that in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[269]</span> -many cases the artificial products cannot be distinguished from the -natural original ones. Benzoic acid, obtained by subliming gum benzoin, -has been in use since the latter part of the sixteenth century, when -under the name of fleurs de benzoin, soon anglicised into flowers of -benjamin, they were introduced by a French physician, named Blaise -de Vigenère, who was secretary to Henri III. [The name benjamin was -not a bad corruption after all, as the Arabic term from which the -European designations were derived was Luban Jawa, the incense of Java. -The Spaniards first dropped the first syllable under the mistaken -impression that it was the Arabic article. Old etymologies traced -the name to a supposed Ben-jui, or tree of the Jews.] The artificial -benzoic acid is obtained by the oxidation of toluene, a hydrocarbon -distilled from coal-tar.</p> - -<p>Comparatively recent achievements of synthetic chemistry are the -artificial production of camphor and of adrenaline, the active -principle of the suprarenal gland. The synthetic products can be -distinguished from the originals by their behaviour towards polarised -light.</p> - -<p>Salicylic acid, prepared by acting on carbolic acid by carbon dioxide -in the presence of an alkali, became a practical commercial product -in 1874, but its discoverer, Kolbe of Leipzig, had prepared it in his -laboratory since 1859. The natural product, prepared from willow bark -or oil of wintergreen, was worth twelve guineas a pound; the artificial -salicylic acid in a few years came to be sold at not so many shillings -per pound. Kolbe’s theory was that the compound he devised would -decompose within the organism into phenol and carbon dioxide, and thus -exercise an anti-putrefactive effect.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[270]</span></p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Physiological Speculations.</h4> - -<p>In many other cases the physiological effect of the compound was -distinctly foreseen, and latterly the relation between chemical -constitution and physiological action has become the objective of much -research. It may be reasonably anticipated that before many years have -passed it will be possible to predict the physiological powers of a -substance from a knowledge of its structural formula, just as already -many of its more noteworthy physical properties may be so foretold. -Even at present certain trustworthy rules, affording guidance in this -respect, have been formulated. Dujardin-Beaumetz and Bardel, dealing -with compounds of the aromatic series, have laid down that (<i>a</i>) -those containing hydroxyl (OH) are antiseptic; (<i>b</i>) those -containing an amino-group (NH<sub>2</sub>) or an acid amide are hypnotic; and -(<i>c</i>) those containing both an amino-group and an alkyl group -(CH<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>, etc.) are analgesic.</p> - -<p>In order to show how synthetic remedies have been built up from simple -products it will be convenient to take a few typical examples in the -order of increasing chemical complexity, rather than with strict regard -to chronological progression.</p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Alcohol, Ether, Aldehyde, Acetic Acid.</h4> - -<p>Ethyl (that is, ordinary) alcohol forms a convenient starting point. -It has been already stated that the molecule of this substance is -represented by the formula C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH but for centuries before its -constitution was unravelled it had been prepared in a more or less -pure<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[271]</span> condition, as it still is, by a process of fermentation followed -by distillation. Alcohol can be built up from its elements thus:—When -an electric arc burns between carbon rods in an atmosphere of hydrogen, -acetylene is formed; acetylene can be made to combine with hydrogen, -forming ethane; ethane reacts with chlorine, yielding ethyl chloride; -and this acted upon by an aqueous solution of potash gives alcohol as a -result. The steps of the process are shown below:—</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p271"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p271.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="center p-left">Acetylene.  Ethane. Ethyl chloride.  Ethyl alcohol.</p> - </div> - -<p>Alcohol is the basis of a number of substances used in medicine. On -treating it with a dehydrating agent such as strong sulphuric acid, the -elements of water are removed, and two molecules of alcohol unite into -one, the resulting product being ether (diethyl oxide). The reaction is -rather more complicated than is explained here, but the net result is -as stated. The process was described by the German physician, Valerius -Cordus, and was incorporated in the “Dispensatory” published after his -death by the Senate of Nuremberg, under the title of “Oleum vitriole -dulce verum.” As explained in the article on Ether (Vol. I. p. 347), -the chemical reaction was, until recent times, a favourite topic for -investigation.</p> - -<p>When alcohol (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH) is oxidised, a substance known as -aldehyde (CH<sub>3</sub>CHO) is formed. This was first prepared and described -by Fourcroy and Döbereiner, but its constitution was explained by -Kolbe. On further oxidation acetic acid (CH<sub>3</sub>COOH) is formed. The -relationship between the alcohol, aldehyde and acetic acid was traced -by Liebig.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[272]</span></p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Chloral Hydrate and Chloroform.</h4> - -<p>The oxidation of alcohol may be effected by the agency of chlorine, -and in that case an intermediate oily product is obtained, in which -three of the hydrogen atoms of the aldehyde are replaced by three of -chlorine. The compound resulting is chloral (CCl<sub>3</sub>CHO), and this -readily combines with water and forms the familiar chloral hydrate -crystals which were first prepared by Liebig in 1832, but only got -into the “British Pharmacopœia” (Additions) in 1874. Chloral hydrate -treated with caustic potash splits into chloroform and potassium -formate. Chloroform was discovered in 1831 by Liebig and Soubeiran, and -was admitted into the “London Pharmacopœia” of 1851, four years after -Simpson had demonstrated its wonderful anæsthetic property.</p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Sulphonal.</h4> - -<p>Returning to acetic acid, it may be stated that by heating its calcium -salt two substances, acetone, (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO, and calcium carbonate -are formed. Also that when alcohol is acted upon by phosphorus -pentasulphide, mercaptan, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>SH, is obtained. By the reaction -of acetone and mercaptan, mercaptol results, and this, when oxidised, -becomes the well-known synthetic hypnotic, sulphonal. It is not -necessary to give the full formulas of these reactions, as they may -be found in the usual chemical manuals; but it may be stated that the -full descriptive name of sulphonal is dimethyl-diethylsulphone-methane. -The group of sulphones furnishes an illustration of the reasoning on -which new<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[273]</span> synthetic compounds come to be constructed. The theory was -that the physiological action of sulphonal was due to, or connected -with, its ethyl group. It was supposed, therefore, that by increasing -the number of such groups in a molecule the hypnotic effect would -be proportionately developed. It was believed that experiments on -dogs supported this deduction; but it was not maintained in clinical -experience.</p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Acetanilide and Phenacetin.</h4> - -<p>Many of the popular synthetic remedies belong to the benzene series. -Benzene is obtained from coal-tar, but, as shown by Berthelot, it is -possible to prepare it by heating the gaseous hydrocarbon, acetylene, -C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, in a closed vessel. By this means three molecules of -acetylene are condensed into one, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, which is benzene. Benzene -acted upon by nitric acid yields nitrobenzene, and this by the action -of nascent hydrogen is changed into aniline. Aniline may be regarded -as ammonia, NH<sub>3</sub>, in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced by -the phenyl group, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>, and, like ammonia, it combines with -acids to form salts. Aniline acetate being formed, the elements of -water being eliminated in the process, the product is acetanilide, -or antifebrin. Acetanilide was first prepared by Gerhardt, in 1853, -but its physiological action was only discovered by Cahn and Hepp in -the ’eighties. By the substitution of an ethoxy-group for one of the -hydrogen atoms of acetanilide, para-ethoxy-acetanilide, commonly called -“phenacetin,” is produced.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[274]</span></p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Salol.</h4> - -<p>Phenol is another of the multitudes of substances obtainable from -coal-tar; it can be prepared from aniline by the action of nitrous -acid, and can be shown to be benzene with one hydrogen atom replaced by -hydroxyl. If one of the adjacent hydrogen atoms of phenol is replaced -by carboxyl, salicylic acid is produced; and in the presence of a -suitable dehydrating agent salicylic acid reacts with phenol and phenyl -salicylate, known as salol, is formed.</p> - - -<h4 class="smcap">Antipyrin.</h4> - -<p>Many of the synthetic chemicals are much more complex than those so -far described. They are built up on similar lines, but the processes -involve a greater number of stages. Antipyrin (phenazone, or -phenyl-dimethylisopyrazolone) may be added to the examples selected for -this notice. Antipyrin is represented by the annexed formula, which is -said to be heterocyclic, because its molecules, like those of pyridine, -consist of rings not made up exclusively of carbon atoms.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p274" > - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p274.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>It must be understood that in this sketch only a very few notable -instances of modern chemical research have been given, these being -some of the more familiar products which have been introduced into -medicine.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[275]</span> Favourite colours, odours, and flavours have likewise been -synthesised, and the manufacture of some of these artificial products -has developed into vast businesses. The object of this chapter has been -to make it clear that the marvellous activity which has been displayed -in these directions during the past half-century, has been guided by -the most profound and skilful research, one step leading to another, -and that the new products have not been hit upon by mere chance.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[276]</span></p> - - -<h2>XXIV<br /> -<span class="subhed">NAMES AND SYMBOLS</span></h2></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>“Every trade and handicraft, every art, every science, is -constantly changing its materials, its processes, and its -products; and its technical dialect is modified accordingly, -while so much of the results of this change as affects or -interests the general public finds its way into the familiar -speech of everybody.”</p> - -<p class="p0"><span class="smcap">(W. Dwight Whitney</span>:—“Language and its Study.” 1876.)</p> -</div> - -<p>The technological vocabulary of pharmacy is very voluminous, and has -been recruited from all languages. Many of the names of vegetable drugs -literally household words in English, have been transferred direct -from savage tongues. Guaiacum, ipecacuanha, and jalap may be cited -as examples. Other names of drugs cover histories which well repay -investigation.</p> - -<p>Take, for example, the word hyoscyamus and its English equivalent -henbane (which I select because it does not happen to be alluded -to elsewhere in this work). The obvious and usual explanation of -these names is that hyoscyamus is the Greek genitive hyos, of a -hog, and kyamos, a bean, and in fact the name of hog’s bean is -applied to it in several languages. Henbane, too, is supposed to be -self-explanatory. But there is good reason to believe that neither -of these interpretations is correct. Dioscorides, who calls the -plant hyoscyamos,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[277]</span> also mentions that its almost obsolete name was -dioskyamos; and henbane is well known to be a corruption of henne-bell. -The obsolete name is obviously more likely to convey the original -meaning than its corruption, and therefore hyoscyamos is more likely -to have meant the bean of the gods than the bean of the pigs. Possibly -its name was traceable to the idea that the delirium which the drug -produced was the condition induced in human beings when the gods -communicated with them, or that some priests used it to produce that -condition in which messages presumably from the higher powers could be -transmitted. Henbane, again, is not satisfactorily accounted for by -its surface meaning. There is no evidence that hens ever eat the herb -or the seeds. But the Saxon name henne-bell suggests some sort of a -musical instrument, and it is a curious fact that in mediæval Latin -henbane was sometimes known as Symphoniaca Herba; the Symphoniaca being -a rod with a number of little bells on it. This description might be -appropriately applied to the plant, and we have only to suppose a Saxon -term “hengebelle” to clear up the mystery.</p> - -<p>I am indebted for the foregoing notes to three very suggestive articles -in <i>The Chemist and Druggist</i> of October and November, 1877, and -February, 1878, by Mr. W. G. Piper.</p> - -<p>Next we come to the fanciful and poetic names of metals and their -salts, and of all sorts of chemical compounds, invented by the -alchemists. They gave the names of aquila alba, mercurius dulcis, -panchymagogum minerale, manna metallorum, draco mitigatus, and others -to calomel; regulus, or the little king, to antimony (gold being king); -lunar caustic, ethiops martial, and salts of Saturn; vitriol, tartar, -pompholix, and scores of others, not selected without judgment,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[278]</span> but -intended rather to mystify the public than to instruct them.</p> - -<p>Chemical nomenclature of the present day has gone to the -opposite extreme. The ingenious laboratory devisers of -synthetic products have developed a nomenclature which it is -impossible to use. It explains itself to the initiated, but -even for intercommunication between chemists, pharmacists, and -physicians words like tetrahydroparamethyloxyquinoline or calcium -betanaphthol-alphamonosulphonate insist on being simplified if the -substances they describe come into medicinal use; and to do them -justice it must be admitted that the inventors of the products are -always ready to meet this requirement with a more or less expressive -title which can be protected as a trade mark. This forces other -manufacturers to devise other distinct names for the same article, so -that among the new chemicals which have become popular within the past -thirty years there are sometimes a dozen designations for the same -substance.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">A Pharmaceutical Vocabulary.</h3> - -<p>The subjoined list of technical terms is limited to the names of -pharmaceutical processes, products, and apparatus; and only (as a -rule, with some exceptions) of such as are not dealt with in other -sections. Many of the terms are obsolete, but are to be met with in old -treatises. Occasionally rather more than a bare definition has been -thought desirable.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Acetabulum. Originally a vessel used by the Romans for holding vinegar -at the table. Then a liquid measure about 2½ oz.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[279]</span></p> - -<p>Acetum Philosophicum. Vinegar made from honey.</p> - -<p>Acopon. A stimulating or anodyne liniment, almost of the consistence of -an ointment. If acopa contained aromatics they were called myracopa.</p> - -<p>Adept. An alchemist who “had attained.”</p> - -<p>Adust. A dried up condition of the humours.</p> - -<p>Aggregatives. Pills devised by Mesué which were intended to purge all -the humours.</p> - -<p>Alabaster. A special kind of carbonate or sulphate of lime used by the -ancients for ointment containers which were sometimes called alabastra. -The name is supposed to have been derived from a town in Egypt.</p> - -<p>Album Rhasis. White lead ointment, which Rhazes was believed to have -introduced.</p> - -<p>Alembic. The Arabic name for a still. It was adapted by the Arabs from -the Greek ambix, a vase, to which was prefixed the particle al. The -word became corrupted in English to Limbeck.</p> - -<p>Alembroth. Sal Alembroth was the double chloride of mercury and -ammonium. Also called the salt of wisdom. The word has not been traced, -but has been supposed to be a Chaldaic term meaning the key of art.</p> - -<p>Alexipharmic (in Greek alexipharmakon). A remedy against poison.</p> - -<p>Alexiteria. Remedies against the bites of venomous animals.</p> - -<p>Alhandal. The Arabic name for colocynth which was applied to certain -lozenges or tablets of that drug.</p> - -<p>Alkahest. The universal solvent, or menstruum. The word has an Arabic -appearance, but cannot be traced to that language. It is believed -to have been one of Paracelsus’s many etymological inventions. The -derivation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[280]</span> has been guessed to have been from the German al-geist, -all spirit, Paracelsus said it was a liquid to cure all kinds of -engorgements. Van Helmont’s Alkahest was capable of restoring to their -first life all the bodies of nature. Glauber’s Alkahest was nitrate -potash which had been detonated on live coals. It was carbonate of -potash.</p> - -<p>Alkali, in Arabic al-qaly. Qaly meant to fry, and the technical term -was applied to the ashes of plants after frying or roasting.</p> - -<p>Alkekengi. The Winter Cherry, formerly in much esteem as a remedy in -kidney and urinary complaints.</p> - -<p>Alkool. This name was given to powders of the finest tenuity. It -was also applied to spirit of wine rectified to the utmost extent. -Boerhaave employed the term to indicate the purest inflammable -principle.</p> - -<p>Aloedarium. A purgative medicine with aloes as the principal ingredient.</p> - -<p>Aludels. Pear-shaped pots constructed so that they could be fitted one -into another, a series of them being used for sublimations. The name is -supposed to have had an Arabic origin, or it may have meant “not luted.”</p> - -<p>Amalgam. A compound of mercury and some other metal. Believed to have -been a perversion of malagma, a soft ointment, with the Arabic article -prefixed.</p> - -<p>Amphora. An earthenware vessel with two handles wherewith to carry -it. Used by the Greeks and Romans for wine and oil. The Greek vessel -contained about 9 gallons; the Roman amphora was equivalent to nearly 7 -gallons.</p> - -<p>Analeptica. Restorative remedies.</p> - -<p>Anoyntment. An old term for ointment.</p> - -<p>Antidotary. A frequent title of books of formulas for medicines.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[281]</span></p> - -<p>Antidote. Something “given against.” Originally, perhaps, an adjective, -and in old medicine employed for various remedies; now limited to -substances which will counteract the effect of poisons.</p> - -<p>Apozems. Strong decoctions or infusions. A Greek word meaning “boiled -off.”</p> - -<p>Aqua Mirabilis. Once a popular household remedy. Water distilled from -cloves, cardamoms, cubebs, mace, ginger, and other spices.</p> - -<p>Aquila Alba. An old name for calomel.</p> - -<p>Arcana meant secrets. The original idea of the word was things shut -up and protected as the occupants of Noah’s Ark were shut up. The -alchemists used the word arcanum freely, but it came to be applied -to medicines of known composition but of mysterious action. Arcanum -tartari was acetate of potash. Arcanum duplicatum was another name for -the Sal de Duobus or sulphate of potash which was supposed to combine -the virtues of nitre and vitriol.</p> - -<p>Athanor was a self-supplying furnace, the coals or fuel being provided -in a reservoir above the fire and intended to be supplied to the -furnace automatically.</p> - -<p>Balm and Balsam, which are words with the same origin, have always -been suggestive of medicinal and healing virtues. Probably balsam -has descended through the Greek and Latin from Semitic terms meaning -spices. The Hebrew Besem or Bosem, often translated “spices,” in one -place “cinnamon,” in another “calamus,” always meant some grateful -aromatic. But the opobalsamum or juice of the Balsam tree, the famous -Balm of Gilead, was Tsori in Hebrew. Old etymologists, supported -by Littré and other moderns, consider that Baal-schaman, prince of -oils, was the original word from which balsam was derived. The Arabic -Abu-scham, father of perfumed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[282]</span> oils, was a name for the balsam tree. -Paracelsus taught that the human body contained a natural balsam which -tended by itself to heal wounds.</p> - -<p>Basilicon ointment is first met with in Celsus. It means royal ointment -but no explanation of the origin of the term is given. He compounded it -of panax, (perhaps opopanax), galbanum, pitch, resin, and oil. Mesué -made a basilicon minus, composed of wax, resin, pitch, and oil. This -he also called unguentum tetrapharmacum, because it was made from four -drugs. Both of these were black ointments. Later the pitch was omitted -and the ointment was then named yellow basilicon. A green basilicon -ointment was also formulated in the early London Pharmacopœias, -containing verdigris, and used as a detergent. It is sometimes stated -that the ointment acquired its name because it contained the plant -basil (<i>Ocimum basilicum</i>) among its ingredients; but I find no -authority for this statement.</p> - -<p>Baths. The most usual form of digesting substances in a gentle heat was -in a Balneum Mariæ, Bain-Marie, or as old English writers translated it -a St. Mary’s bath. It was supposed to have been derived from balneum -maris, as if sea water was used; but there is no justification for -this guess. Littré thinks it was called the bath of Mary because -of its gentleness. Sand-baths, cinder-baths, horse-dung baths, and -iron-filings baths were also ordered.</p> - -<p>Bezoards. Mineral bezoard was diaphoretic antimony. Silician earth was -also called mineral bezoar.</p> - -<p>Blisters. Freind says these were introduced into medicine in Venice and -Padua during the plague of 1576. Jerome Mercuriali wrote about them. -They superseded dropaxes and metasyncretics.</p> - -<p>Bolus was a medicine of the consistence of an electuary<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[283]</span> or rather -stiffer, taken in pieces about the size of a bean. The Greek word meant -a lump of earth, and it was used medically by the Romans. It was the -same as katapotia.</p> - -<p>Calx was the name applied to lime which had been burnt, and from this -it came to be applied to the white powdery product yielded by burning -metals. Thus came the calx Lunæ, the calx Saturni, the calx Jovis, the -calx Mercurii, and others. The ancient theory was that in burning the -metal the sulphur principle was driven out, and this was the parent of -Stahl’s phlogiston theory.</p> - -<p>Caput mortuum and terres damnées were names applied to residues in -retorts after operations.</p> - -<p>Carminative. A medicine which expels winds. One theory traces it -to carmen, a charm, but most authorities consider that it was an -application to medicine of the term carminare, to card wool, and -suggested that the remedy acted by combing through the humours.</p> - -<p>Cataplasm. From Greek kata-plassein, to apply over. Used originally -for both poultices and plasters. Cataplasmata were perfumed powders -sprinkled over the clothes, or sometimes depilatories.</p> - -<p>Catholica. Electuaries which purged all the humours.</p> - -<p>Cerates were ointments made solid by wax, but not so hard as plasters.</p> - -<p>Cerevisiæ (Beers). Medicinal preparations made by adding medicines -to malt wort and letting them ferment together were popular in the -early part of the 18th century. It was believed that the process -of fermentation extracted the properties of drugs more effectively -than mere digestion. Quincy (1739) names thirty cerevisiæ, aperient, -antiscorbutic, diuretic,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[284]</span> hysteric, stomachic, &c. Many of these were -compounded with numerous drugs.</p> - -<p>Ceruse. Old Latin name for white lead. Flowers of antimony were called -ceruse of antimony. The name is supposed to have had some association -with wax, but the connection is not clear.</p> - -<p>Cochleare. The usual prescription term for a spoonful, was in Latin -the twenty-fourth of a cyathus or wineglassful. It was an egg-spoon, -but owed its name to a pointed tip used to extract winkles from their -shells as we use pins, and, the cochlear being a small snail, the name -was transferred to the instrument. From it has descended the French -cuillier, a spoon.</p> - -<p>Cohobation came to mean only the repetition of distillation, the -distillate being poured on the material from which it had already been -distilled, and again distilled. Paracelsus uses the term cohob to -signify a repetition of the same medicine.</p> - -<p>Colcothar. The name was applied to the prepared rust of iron now called -rouge, but originally to the residue left in the retort after oil of -vitriol had been distilled from sulphate of iron. Paracelsus used, and -some say invented, the word; but Murray traces it through the Spanish -to an Arabic origin, qolqotar, which Doxy believes to have been a -corruption of the Greek Chalcanthos, a solution of blue vitriol (from -chalkos, copper, and anthos, flower). Colcothar was the same as crocus -Martis.</p> - -<p>Collutories. Medicines of the consistence of honey for applying to the -gums and mouth. Honey and borax is an example. A fluid mouth-wash was -called a collution.</p> - -<p>Collyrium. Collyria were “dry,” or powders such as alum, sulphate -of zinc, or calomel, which were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[285]</span> insufflated into the eye; soft, or -pomades applied to the eyelids; and liquid, or eye lotions. The term -kollyrion was used in Greek medicine with the same meaning; it was -originally derived from kollyra, a roll of bread.</p> - -<p>Conserves properly consisted of only one medicament and sugar.</p> - -<p>Crocus (Saffron). The term was applied to certain metallic combinations -of a saffron colour, such as crocus Martis (rust of iron), crocus -Veneris (a copper oxide), and crocus Metallorum (liver of antimony). -Damocrates left a formula for Crocomagma, tonic cakes or trochiscs, of -which saffron was the principal ingredient.</p> - -<p>Crucible. A vessel in which metals are melted. The word is generally -attributed to a supposed association with crux, crucis, a cross; but -this is not proved. It was originally the name of a night-lamp, and -several authorities consider it owes its name to the crossing of the -wicks.</p> - -<p>Cucupha. A cap to be worn on the head in which certain aromatic drugs -were fixed with the idea of curing headaches.</p> - -<p>Cucurbit. A gourd-shaped vessel of glass or earthenware used as a -retort.</p> - -<p>Cyathus, translated wineglassful when the word appears in -prescriptions, was the ladle with which the wine was scooped out from -the cratera into the poculum. It was also a Roman measure, about the -twelfth part of a pint.</p> - -<p>Decocta have been attributed to Nero as the inventor. At least they -appear to have originated in his household. They were simply boiled -water refreshed by ice, and often flavoured by fruits. These were -employed as beverages. “Et hæc est Neronis decocta” exclaimed the -fallen tyrant as he fled from Rome and allayed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[286]</span> his thirst by scooping -some dirty water from a pond.</p> - -<p>Deliquium. Deliquescence; as when salt of tartar was resolved into “oil -of tartar” by mere exposure to the air. This was called “deliquium per -se.”</p> - -<p>Despumation. The removal of the froth from boiling honey or syrup.</p> - -<p>Dia in the “Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman” written by -Langland in 1377 occur the lines:</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div>Lyf leuede that lechecraft lette shulde elde</div> - <div>And dryuen away deth with dyas and dragges.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>Translated into modern English these lines would read “Life believed -that leechcraft should let (hinder) age, and drive away death with -dyas and dragges.” The dyas and dragges were evidently the means which -leechcraft employed. At that time and for long afterwards a large -number of compounded medicines bore titles with the prefix dia-. -Diachylon, diagrydium, diabolanum diakodion, diasulphuris are examples -of scores. Dia was the Greek preposition, meaning through or from, -which appears in a multitude of English words. In medicine it always -implies a compound, and in old English it is occasionally found alone -as in the instance quoted from “Piers Plowman.” Another given in the -Historical English Dictionary is from Lydgate (1430) “Drug nor dya -was none in Bury towne.”<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> In combination a few survivals remain in -the language<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[287]</span> as Diachylon, Diapente, and Diacodion, but in the old -medical formularies its use is very frequent. Generally it meant an -electuary or confection. Thus for example the P.L. of 1746 changed the -old Diascordium into Electuarium e Scordio. Apparently the dia- was then -going out of fashion.</p> - -<p>Diagredium or Diagrydium. This term was often applied to scammony but -it was correctly reserved to a prepared scammony (see Dia); the object -being to modify the purgative action. One method was to place some -scammony in the hollow of a quince and keep it for some time in hot -ashes. This gave Diagredium cydoniatum. Or sulphur was burned under -a porous paper on which scammony was spread, and the preparation was -known as Diagredium sulphuratum. It was also combined with liquorice -and called Diagredium glycyrrhisatum.</p> - -<p>Dropax was the name of a plaster employed as a depilatory. It was -applied warm and pulled off, with the hairs, when cold. It was the -Greek term for a pitch plaster.</p> - -<p>Drug. The word “dragges” in the “Vision of Piers Plowman” (refer -to “Dia”) has been generally supposed to have been an earlier form -of drugs; but Skeat contended on philological grounds that the two -terms could hardly be the same. Dragges occurs also in Chaucer in the -description of the Doctour of Phisike:—</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div>Ful redy had he his apothecaries</div> - <div>To send him dragges and his lettuaries.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p class="p-left">and Skeat presumed that the dragges were a kind of medicinal sweetmeat -corresponding with the French dragées. But Murray has shown that in -most of the texts of Chaucer the word is droggis or drugges. So<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[288]</span> that -it is probable that the poet was using the term which we now almost -invariably confine to the raw materials of pharmacy. It might easily be -shown that in the past it was more generally applied. The etymology of -drug is doubtful. The majority of philologists trace it to Anglo-Saxon -dryg, and Dutch droog, both meaning dry, the sense originating from -dried herbs. There is, however, a Celtic word, drwg, in Irish, droch, -which has the meaning of something bad. But Littré suggests that the -primary signification of that word is that of an ingredient, and -therefore might have been the derivation of our drug. Most likely it -is the original of the word when employed as indicating something -worthless, as “a drug in the market.” It may well be therefore that -the word used in different senses has distinct derivations. (Two -interesting articles on this subject will be found in <i>The Chemist -and Druggist</i> for February and March, 1882.)</p> - -<p>Eclegma. Thick syrups given on a piece of liquorice root to suck with -the object of relieving coughs. (See Electuary for Derivation.)</p> - -<p>Ecussons. Compounds of theriaca with some added opium used as plasters.</p> - -<p>Edulcorate. To deprive substances of their acrid taste. Generally by -the addition of syrup.</p> - -<p>Electuary. Old dictionaries give the origin of this word as from the -Latin electus, on the theory that an electuary was a composition -of selected drugs. It is, in fact, a Latin corruption of the Greek -ekleikton, which meant something that could be licked. See Eclegma.</p> - -<p>Elixir. An Arabic word, al-iksir, which Littré says signified the -essence or the quintessence. Murray<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[289]</span> suggests that it may have had a -Greek origin. Xerion, a late Greek medical term, meaning a desiccative -powder for wounds, is the word which he supposes the Arabs may have -adopted. It is probable that elixir was from the first used to denote -a medicine; perhaps <i>the</i> medicine, the great panacea which Arab -chemists sought for. For although alchemy, the name at least, may be -traced to their laboratories, it is certain that their early efforts -were rather in the direction of the discovery of remedies than in that -of the production of gold. By the alchemists of Europe and England, -however, elixir was understood in both senses. It meant both the -philosopher’s stone and the elixir of life. In “The Alchemist,” Ben -Jonson (1610) alludes to an old superstition thus:</p> - - <div class="poetry-container"> - <div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div>He that has once the “flower of the sun”</div> - <div>The perfect ruby which we call elixir</div> - <div>... by its virtue</div> - <div>Can confer honour, love, respect, long life,</div> - <div>Give safety, valour, yea, and victory</div> - <div>To whom he will. In eight and twenty days</div> - <div>He’ll make an old man of fourscore a child.</div> - </div> - </div> - </div> - -<p>The word has been a useful one for empirics many times since.</p> - -<p>Emplastra are noted by Celsus, many of his formulæ being made with a -lead plaster basis as ours are to this day, litharge (spuma argenti) -and olive oil being boiled together.</p> - -<p>Emulsion, from emulsus the past participle of emulgere, to milk out, -was originally applied to the milky liquid extracted from almonds. -Subsequently extended to other milky fluids.</p> - -<p>Enchrista. Liquids, Celsus says, “quæ illinuntur,” but the word -linimentum had not been formed in his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[290]</span> time. He uses the word -Linamentum for a sort of lint. Acopa were a kind of liniment.</p> - -<p>Enema or clyster or glyster are all used to signify either the -injection or the instrument by which the injection is applied. Enema -(properly pronounced with the accent on the first syllable) means -something sent; clyster was the Greek word for the instrument.</p> - -<p>Ens. A favourite term with old metaphysicians and alchemists with the -same meaning as essence. Supposed to have been derived from Esse, to be.</p> - -<p>Epithema. An alcoholic fomentation or liquid medicine applied to the -heart and stomach as a stupe.</p> - -<p>Epithemation was the name of an application described by Galen as of a -consistence between that of a cerate and that of a plaster.</p> - -<p>Errhines, called Nasalia in Latin, are substances snuffed up the -nostrils to excite sneezing.</p> - -<p>Gas was a word invented by Van Helmont. Several guesses have been -hazarded as to the idea which suggested the term. The Dutch geest, -spirit or ghost, seemed the most likely. The German gäschen, to -ferment, has also been proposed. But in 1897 Dr. F. Hurder discovered a -paragraph in Van Helmont’s writings which stated definitely that he had -derived the word from chaos.</p> - -<p>Gilla Vitriola. The name first given to white vitriol. Gilla meant -simply salt.</p> - -<p>Gutteta. A term for epilepsy. Pulvis de Gutteta was a remedy against -epilepsy.</p> - -<p>Hepars were chemicals of a liver colour, as hepar antimonii, hepar -sulphuris.</p> - -<p>Infusions first appeared in the London Pharmacopœia of 1720. In the -revised edition of that issue (1724),<span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[291]</span> however, the three infusions of -1720 appear as Decocti, the title of Infusum being abandoned, but the -directions for the three preparations referred to still give “infunde” -and not “coque.” In the edition of 1746 Infusa re-appear as such, -and “Macera” appears in the directions for the first time. In the -1788 edition Inf. Amarum Simplex becomes Infusum Gentianæ Compositum, -and aqua bulliens gives place to aqua fervens. In 1809 the number of -Infusions is raised from four to eighteen.</p> - -<p>Julep, a term made popular in medicine by the Arabs. It was used by -them exclusively for clear, sweet, liquids. Nothing oily or with a -sediment could be a julep. The name is said to be a Persian compound -from gul, rose, and ap, water; applied to rose tinted waters. It has -lingered in modern pharmacy as camphor or mint julep, but in neither of -these cases is it correctly applied, as they are not sweetened. The old -way of making camphor julep was to hold a piece of camphor by pincers, -inflame it, and plunge it in water, repeating this operation frequently -until the water acquired a strong flavour of camphor.</p> - -<p>Katapotia. The most usual form of medicine among the Greek pharmacists -was the confection or electuary, a composition of drugs made to a -proper consistence generally with honey. Frequently these electuaries -were called “antidotes,” things given against this or that disease. -There were antidotes against gout, against stone, against colics, -against phthisis, etc. The taste of these antidotes was always -unpleasant, so it became the custom to order them to be made up into -little balls of such or such size. The Greeks called these little balls -“katapotia,” that is, things to be swallowed. “Take a katapotium the -size of a bean” would be an ordinary Greek direction. Galen describes a -composition of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[292]</span> 1 part of colocynth, 2 parts of aloes, 2 of scammony, -1 of absinth juice, and a little mastic and bdellium, which was to -be formed into katapotia, each of the size of a dried pea. Trallien -refers to this same pill, but names the size as that of a kokkion, a -seed. This was the origin of our pil. cochiæ or cocciæ as they came to -be known. By this time the names globulus, glomeramus, and pilula had -taken the place in Latin of katapotium. Actuarius says expressly that -what the Greeks called katapotia the Romans knew as pilulæ. Trochisci -were katapotia made very hard.</p> - -<p>Lac Virginale. The name was applied to a dilute solution of acetate of -lead (Goulard’s water) and also to water made milky by the addition of -a little tincture of benzoin. Both were used by young girls for their -complexions.</p> - -<p>Lapis Infernalis. Nitrate of silver.</p> - -<p>Lapis Medicamentosus. An astringent stone of which oxide of iron was -the principal ingredient.</p> - -<p>Lapis Mirabilis. An application for wounds, of which green vitriol was -the essential ingredient.</p> - -<p>Looch—sometimes loch, lohoch, lohoth—was a thick liquid, between -a syrup and an electuary, almond emulsion being frequently the -basis, which formerly patients were ordered to suck on a stick of -liquorice cut in the form of a pencil for throat and lung irritation. -Sometimes stronger medicines, like kermes mineral and ipecacuanha, -were administered in this way. The word was of Arabic origin, and was -derived from the verb la’aka, to lick.</p> - -<p>Maceration is the digestion of a solid body in a liquid for the purpose -of dissolving its active principles.</p> - -<p>Magdaleon. Originally a mass or paste such as crumb of bread (Greek, -magdalia), or it may have been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[293]</span> used for pill masses made up with crumb -of bread. The term became limited to plasters in cylindrical form.</p> - -<p>Magistery. A word much in favour with the alchemists and old -pharmacists. It had not a very definite meaning, but was understood -to be a substance so converted as to present the virtues of the -material from which it had been made in their most effective form. -Boyle mentions that Paracelsus uses the word to signify many different -things, and Boyle himself has not a clear idea of what he understands -by it, for, he says, “the best notion I know of it is that it is a -preparation whereby there is not an analysis made of the body assigned, -nor an extraction of this or that principle, but the whole or very -near the whole body, by the help of some additament, greater or less, -is turned into a body of another kind.” Boerhaave, however, takes -the pretensions of the makers of magisteries to be that they change -a body into another form, as, for instance, solid gold into liquid, -without any addition. According to Littré, precipitates generally were -considered to possess the properties of the bodies from which they were -obtained, and thus became magisteries. The magistery of bismuth is the -one which has survived the longest with us. Resin of jalap was also -regarded as a magistery.</p> - -<p>Magma was the residuum left in the press after pressing out the -menstruum. It was also used to describe other substances of a soft -consistence.</p> - -<p>Magnes Arsenicalis was a compound of sulphur, arsenic, and antimony, -which, either in the form of powder or made into a plaster, was applied -to syphilitic sores to draw out the virus. Angelo Sala was the inventor -of the plaster.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[294]</span></p> - -<p>Malagmata were substances applied to the skin to soften it, such as -poultices.</p> - -<p>Malaxation was the process of making a pill mass or a plaster soft -enough to be worked.</p> - -<p>Manica Hypocratis (Sleeve of Hippocrates) was a long linen bag used to -filter pharmaceutical preparations.</p> - -<p>Manipulus, a handful, often prescribed as an approximate measure of the -quantity of herbs or flowers to be used in a pharmaceutical process.</p> - -<p>Manus Christi was the name of a tablet made of sugar and flavoured with -rose into which some prepared pearl entered.</p> - -<p>Manus Dei was the name of an old plaster containing myrrh, -frankincense, ammoniac, and galbanum.</p> - -<p>Marmalades were conserves of various fruits, the pulp of which was -preserved in sugar. Said to have been originally the pulp of the quince -(in Portuguese marmelo). Some old medical books say the pharmaceutical -preparations known by this name, which often contained manna, were -derived from the French marc mêlé.</p> - -<p>Masticatories. Substances chewed with the object of exciting the -saliva. Sage, betony, pyrethrum, and tobacco have been employed for -this purpose.</p> - -<p>Matrass. A round or oval glass vessel used in chemical operations to -digest or evaporate liquids. It was provided with a long straight neck, -and is supposed to owe its name to this, matras or matrat being an old -word for an arrow or javelin.</p> - -<p>Mellites were syrups made with honey instead of sugar.</p> - -<p>Mensis Philosophicus, a philosophic month, or forty days.</p> - -<p>Menstruum. The alchemists used this term much as the word solvent is -now used, and some etymologists<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[295]</span> think it was adopted to indicate that -a month was necessary for a solvent to exercise its full power. Dr. -Johnson says the idea originated “in some notion of the old chemists -about the influence of the moon in the preparation of dissolvents.” -Sir J. Murray says “Menstruum was a mediæval term used in alchemy to -express belief that the base metal undergoing transmutation into gold -corresponded with the seed within the womb which was being acted upon -by the agency of the menstrual fluid.” It is possible, however, that -the old belief in the extraordinary solvent power of the menstrual -fluid may have better accounted for the adoption of the term in -pharmacy. Dr. C. S. Carrington, of Brooklyn, has quoted from a French -narrative of the conquest and conversion of the natives of the Canary -Islands, published in one of the Hakluyt volumes, a passage written by -two monks giving an account of the Flood. Describing the Ark, they say -it was so perfectly joined by “Betun,” a glue so strong that the pieces -united by it could not be separated by any art “sinon par sang naturel -de fleurs de femmes.”</p> - -<p>Moxa. In the middle of the seventeenth century Ten Rhyn and afterwards -Kaempfer, both surgeons in the service of the Dutch East India Company, -described a process of cauterisation largely adopted in China and Japan -in the treatment of various maladies. They used the hairy leaves of the -Chinese artemisia and made it up into a cylindrical shape which they -placed on any part on which they wished to act, and then set fire to -it, allowing it to smoulder slowly down to the skin. It was adopted by -many European surgeons, especially by Van Swieten in gout, rheumatism, -and paralysis, but carded cotton, lint, hemp, or other substances were -employed in the same way. Sydenham mentions this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[296]</span> as a cure for gout, -and Larrey designed a little instrument to facilitate the application. -Sometimes chemicals were combined, and the stem of the sunflower cut -into inch lengths, the pith being burnt, was also used. The operation -of course gave great pain, and after a time it was doubted if it did -any good.</p> - -<p>Nasalia. See Errhines.</p> - -<p>Noctiluca. The name given by Boyle to the phosphorus which he made -before the latter word became general.</p> - -<p>Nutrition. A term used in old pharmacy to signify the act of combining -substances in a mortar or by agitation until they acquired the proper -consistence. Unguentum nutritum, for example, was an ointment made by -stirring together in a mortar some lead plaster with oil and vinegar -and generally some belladonna juice.</p> - -<p>Nychthemeron meant maceration for a day and night, that is for 24 -hours. It appears sometimes in directions for treating herbs and -flowers previous to distillation.</p> - -<p>Obolos, a Greek weight equal to half a scruple.</p> - -<p>Œnclaion, a mixture of wine and oil.</p> - -<p>Œnogala, a mixture of wine and milk.</p> - -<p>Œnomeli, a mixture of wine and honey.</p> - -<p>Œsypus, the name given by Dioscorides to wool fat.</p> - -<p>Ointments among the Greeks and Romans were generally liquids. Anything -used to anoint with, not being oil simply, was an ointment (miron in -Greek, unguentum in Latin). From the Greek word was derived Myrepsus, -which meant an ointment maker.</p> - -<p>Opiates were originally electuaries containing opium or some other -narcotic. Gradually, however, the word<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">[297]</span> lost its significance and was -used to indicate any medicinal substance of the same character. It is -sometimes used for tooth pastes.</p> - -<p>Oxycroceum was the name of a plaster among the ingredients of which -were vinegar and saffron.</p> - -<p>Panchrest. A remedy for all complaints.</p> - -<p>Panchymagogon. A medicine to purify all the humours. Pulp of colocynth, -black hellebore, diagrydium, of each 2½ ounces; senna, rhubarb, of each -4 ounces; species of diarrhodon abattis, hermodactils, turbith, agaric, -aloes, of each 1 ounce. Make an extract with cinnamon water, adding the -salt from the fæces. Dose, 20 to 30 grains. Calomel was called “mineral -panchymagogon.”</p> - -<p>Pedilavium. A decoction of herbs intended to bathe the feet with to -induce sleep.</p> - -<p>Pelican. A glass vessel with a tubular neck and provided with two -beaks, one opposite the other, which conducted the vapour back to the -lower part of the vessel, so that cohobation or redistillation was -continually being carried on.</p> - -<p>Periapt. An amulet hung round the neck, or applied to some other part -of the body, to preserve the wearer from contagion, or to drive away -evil spirits.</p> - -<p>Pessary, from Greek “pessos,” a little round stone used in a game. -Pessaries were in very common use by the Greek women for every kind of -vaginal complaint. They were little balls of wool or lint which were -medicated in various ways.</p> - -<p>Pill. The word “pilula” is first found in Pliny, who says “Pharmaca -illa in globulos conformata vulgo pilulæ nominamus.” See “Katapotia.”</p> - -<p>Poison is the same word as “potion.” Both originally meant a draught.</p> - -<p>Polychrest. A medicine of many virtues,</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[298]</span></p> - -<p>Pomatum. Originally an ointment made from the pulp of apples, lard and -rose water, and used as an application for beautifying the face.</p> - -<p>Populeum. An ointment made from the buds of the black poplar. It -was prescribed by Nicolas of Salermo as a narcotic and resolvent -application.</p> - -<p>Poultice, from the Latin “puls (pult-)” through the Italian “polta,” -meaning pap, pottage, pulse. “Poltos” was the Greek term for pottage. -The intrinsic purport of the word was something beaten. The Latin -“pulsare,” to beat, represents the idea, and it is found in our word -“pulse,” which indicates the heart-beats, and also in such words as -impulse, compulsory, and the like. In old medical books, “poultice” is -generally spelt “pultesse” or “pultass,” and this form was retained -until the eighteenth century. In the first quarto of “Romeo and Juliet” -(Act II., Sc. 5) the Nurse asks Juliet, “Is this the poultesse for my -aking boanes?”</p> - -<p>Propomata were drinks made of wine and honey in the proportion of four -to one according to Galen.</p> - -<p>Psilothrum. A depilatory.</p> - -<p>Salamanders’ Blood. The red vapours of nitrous acid.</p> - -<p>Salia. Salt was a term very vaguely applied in old chemistry. Anything -soluble and possessing a marked taste was called a salt. Thus grew the -practice of describing substances as salia acida, salia alkalina, and -salia salsa. Sal fixum was a salt not affected by heat.</p> - -<p>Scutum. See Ecusson.</p> - -<p>Sinapisms were a form of poultices or cataplasms used by the Romans -as counter irritants. They were generally made with crushed mustard, -sometimes with cantharides and crumb of bread, and often with dried -figs wetted and reduced to a pulp.</p> - -<p>Smegma was an application to the skin composed of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[299]</span> some active remedy -such as verdigris, alum, sulphur, pepper, hellebore, or stavesacre.</p> - -<p>Sparadrap. An adhesive plaster on linen or paper.</p> - -<p>Suffumenta or Suffumigia. Gums, aromatics, or other substances burned -and inhaled to fortify the brain.</p> - -<p>Supplantalia. Remedies applied to the soles of the feet, believed to -attract the vicious humours. Live pigeons cut in two, and other animals -were sometimes thus applied.</p> - -<p>Suppositories are at least as old as Hippocrates, who called them -Prosdita or Balanoi. Suppository is from the Latin sub-ponere, and -is stated by modern etymologists to mean to place under; but older -writers say the meaning was to substitute. That is, the suppository was -employed instead of an enema.</p> - -<p>Syrup. An Arabic introduction. The Arabic word is Sharab or Shurab, and -our words sherbet and shrub as well as syrup are derived from it.</p> - -<p>Tisanes, formerly Ptisans, are mentioned as favourite forms of -administering the simpler kinds of remedies by Celsus. The word was -derived from “ptissein,” to crush, and was applied first to barley -water, made from crushed barley. In French pharmacy Tisanes, mostly -infusions of herbs, are still very familiar. Celsus uses the term -“sorbitio” for gruel. Apozems were stronger than Tisanes.</p> - -<p>Troches, from the Greek trochiscos, a cone. Medicines in a hard form. -Subsequently called in Latin, pastilli, and in English, lozenges. They -were first made in the shape of cones. Trochisci plumbi were compounds -of white lead, camphor, gum, etc., like oat grains, invented by Rhazes -for application to the eyes. Named also trochisci Rhasis, and Arab -soap.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[300]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Apothecaries’ Weights and Measures Signs.</h3> - -<p>It is not possible to ascertain with certainty the origin of the -familiar signs ℈, ʒ, ℥, used in formulas and prescriptions to represent -the scruple, drachm, and ounce respectively. A few guesses may be -quoted, but actual historic evidence is not available.</p> - -<p>Dr. C. Rice, New York, an accomplished scholar and pharmaceutical -authority, supposed that the scruple sign was a slightly modified -form of the Greek gamma, γ, the first letter of “gramma,” the nearest -Greek equivalent weight, and the original of the modern gramme. The -same author associated the ounce sign with the Greek x, ξ, which was -certainly used in ancient times, often with a tiny ° against it, thus, -ξ°, to represent the “oxybaphon,” or vinegar vessel, which became a -fluid measure equal to about 15 fluid drachms. There is some evidence -that the same sign was used for the later Greek (or Sicilian) ungia, -Latin uncia, the original of our ounce. The oxybaphon, it may be added, -was translated into Latin “acetabulum,” which was also a vinegar vessel -and a measure.</p> - -<p>It has been guessed that the scruple sign may have been a slurred Greek -ς, written thus, <img src="images/i_p300a.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" /> - (see Dr. Wall’s “Prescription,” -published at St. Louis, 1888). Apuleius, who wrote in the second -century, gives <img src="images/i_p300b.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" /> - as a sign for an obolus which was -equal to about 14 grains. That symbol could easily have drifted into -our ℈. Hermann Schelenz (“Geschichte der Pharmacie,” 1904, page 153) -makes up a table of medicinal weights and measures from Celsus, -Pliny, and Galen, and quotes the following signs as being then used: -<img src="images/i_p300c.jpg" alt="" -style="height:.5em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" /> -, sextans or obolus; ℈,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[301]</span> gramma or scruple = about 20 grains; -<img src="images/i_p301a.jpg" alt="" -style="height:.7em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" /> -, drachme or Holea = 3 scruples; γο, oungia or uncia = -ounce; λι, libra = pound.</p> - -<p>The drachm sign in Dr. Wall’s opinion is a reminiscence of an Egyptian -symbol for half, somewhat similar to our figure 3, <img src="images/i_p301b.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" /> -. He supposes that -the Greeks adopted this sign to represent the half of the Egyptian -medicinal weight unit, which according to the best authorities was -equivalent to a double drachm. In a treatise by Ebers on the Weights -and Measures of the Ebers Papyrus, he estimates the weight unit at -6·064 grammes (say 103 grains). He explains, however, that the name -of the weight is nowhere given in the Papyrus. I cannot say whether -there is any evidence of the transfer of the Egyptian weights to Greek -pharmacy, but the usual course of the travels of such characters was -from the Egyptian hieratic or demotic writing to the Coptic, and thence -to the Arabic. It appears certain, however, that the Arabic “dirhem” -was adopted from the Greek “drachma.”</p> - -<p>The sign <img src="images/i_p301c.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" /> -, which frequently occurs in the Ebers Papyrus, -might quite easily and almost inevitably come to be written something -like our ʒ; but Ebers values it at two-thirds of a litre, where it is -named as a fluid measure. He deduces this from the hypothesis that the -<img src="images/i_p301c.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" /> - is the hieratic equivalent of the hieroglyphic <img src="images/i_p301d.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" /> -, -dnat, or tenat.</p> - -<p>Scribonius Largus, in the first century, and Apuleius in the second, -both give Ζ as the Greek sign for a drachm in medical formulas. -The former says this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[302]</span> was equivalent to the Roman denarius, or one -eighty-fourth of a pound.</p> - -<p>A writer in the <i>Lancet</i> of August 18, 1906, very confidently -attributed these signs to the abbreviations made by the copyists of -ancient manuscripts in the Middle Ages. One of the old abbreviation -marks is still familiar in the z, which appears in “oz.” and “viz.” -The z was formerly a ʒ, which was largely used to indicate that the -word had been abbreviated; in the cases quoted from onza and videlicet. -Palæontologists say that the ʒ was itself a modification of the mark -“;” which was a common contraction at the end of words ending in bus or -que. Thus, for instance, omnibus and quaque would be written omni; and -qua;. It is alleged that in writing; without removing the pen from the -paper, something like ʒ will result. This is interesting, but it does -not explain how the abbreviation came to signify drachm.</p> - -<p>The <i>Lancet</i> writer further stated that the ℥ was a slurred form -of writing oz., and that the scruple sign was a ligature representing -the letters sr.</p> - -<p>It may be added that among the old manuscript signs ℈ is often used for -ejus. I am not, however, prepared to suggest any connection between -this word and a scruple.</p> - - -<h3>℞</h3> - -<p>Paris, in “Pharmacologia,” pages 13 and 14, makes the statement -that “such was the supposed importance of planetary influence that -it was usual to prefix a symbol of the planet under whose reign the -ingredients were to be collected; and it is not perhaps generally -known that the character which we at this day place at the head of our -prescriptions, and which is understood and supposed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[303]</span> to mean Recipe, is -a relict of the astrological symbol of Jupiter.”</p> - -<p>I have not met with that statement in any earlier writer, but it has -been quoted by scores of compilers since. It is very confidently -asserted, but I think its accuracy is questionable. As an excuse for my -temerity in challenging such an eminent authority it may be mentioned -that on the same page the author informs us that the word “crucible” -was derived from the circumstance that the alchemists were in the habit -of stamping the figure of a cross on the vessel from which they were -to obtain their long sought prize. No modern philologist would endorse -that etymology.</p> - -<p>Paris quotes, in support of the Jupiter theory, a few instances of -directions for gathering specific plants “at the rising of the moon,” -“when the dog-star is in the ascendant,” and so on. But these have no -reference to a compound of several ingredients. It would have been of -no use to invoke Jupiter alone for any of the ancient prescriptions. -Every plant, said Paracelsus, has its special star. It would have -stirred up discord in Olympus if any had been neglected.</p> - -<p>Pereira adopts Paris’s theory, but makes it almost impossible to -accept it. In “Selecta et Prescriptis,” he says it was usual in old -prescriptions to prefix to the formula a pious invocation such as “D. -J.” (Deo Juvante), “J. J.” (Jesu Juvante), the figure of a cross, or -some similar Christian sign. The suggestion is that we have progressed -from Christian to heathen symbols. It would be particularly interesting -to know when the physicians of Christendom substituted the appeal to -Jupiter for that which their own religion had pressed upon them.</p> - -<p>Greek and Roman physicians wrote prescriptions, no doubt; but I am not -aware that any of these have been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[304]</span> preserved to us. Our prescriptions -are the direct descendants of the “bills” which the physicians of -the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries scribbled in coffee houses -when they met their apothecaries. “Physitians bylles not Patients but -Apothecaries know” (Warner, 1612, quoted in “Murray’s Dictionary”). It -is too much to ask us to imagine that these scribes were in the habit -of sketching the symbol of Jupiter at the head of these documents.</p> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Planets and Metals.</h3> - -<p>There are no historic records of the origin of the association of the -seven metals with the seven planets nor of the connection of either -with the deities of antiquity.</p> - -<p>That Greece transmitted the mythological connection to Rome is clear -enough, but it is not so certain whence Greece obtained the idea. -Traces of it can be discovered in both Persia and Egypt, and it is not -unreasonable to suppose that the circle of imagery may have developed -from the worship of the sun. Allowing that heavenly body to have been -the supreme divinity, or at least the residence of such a being, it -would be natural to assign to the moon and the five principal planets -apparently in attendance on the earth similar though lower dignities. -The tendency to group gods and planets and metals into sevens would be -an obvious link between the last two, and the characters of the deities -named would naturally be extended to the materials named after them.</p> - -<p>Berthelot considers that Babylon and Chaldea were the localities where -imagination was first most abundantly applied to the elucidation of -science. There and elsewhere in the East the mystic relations of -the number<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[305]</span> seven came to be recognised. Perhaps it was the regular -appearance of the seven planets, visible to the naked eye, from which -those early notions were based. Then the moon’s phases consisted of -four equal periods of seven days each. The seven stars in the Great -Bear, the seven colours, the seven tones in music, the seven vowels in -the Greek alphabet, the seven sages, and, naturally also, the seven -known metals, were all evidences of this order of the universe. Out -of this correspondence grew the Chaldean and Persian ideas of seven -heavens, each with its gate of a different metal; the first of lead, -the second of tin, the third of brass, the fourth of iron, the fifth of -a copper alloy, the sixth of silver, and the seventh of gold.</p> - -<p>The philosophers of Chaldea attributed to the heavenly bodies, or -rather to the deities who had made these their homes, extensive control -over the products of the earth. The sun-god produced gold, the moon-god -silver, and so forth; and this view was prevalent certainly until the -sixteenth century. Naturally all the early investigators had to picture -their fancies more or less crudely, and thus alphabets originated. The -Egyptian ideograms are the most familiar of this ancient poetry to us, -and among these are some which are intelligible to us to-day. The sun -and gold, ☉, are still represented by that sign; water, <img src="images/i_p305.jpg" alt="" -style="height:.3em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" /> -, was so indicated in the papyri and in the alchemical books -of three or four hundred years ago; and the sign still used for the -planet and the metal mercury, ☿, differs but little from -the hieroglyph of Thoth, whom the Greeks called Hermes and the Romans -Mercury. Greek students have imagined that this sign was derived from -the caduceus or winged staff of the god, but some Egyptologists have -claimed it as a picture of the “sacred ibis.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[306]</span></p> - -<p>It need not be supposed that any definite table of the planetary -symbols was ever drawn up and agreed to. These only very gradually -became uniform. Even the association of the planets and the metals -was by no means invariable in different nations. Among the Persians, -for example, copper was assigned to Jupiter; but the Egyptians -dedicated a compound of gold and silver called electron to him, while -in more recent systems Jupiter and tin are allied. Venus controlled -tin according to Persian lore; but the Egyptian attribution of brass -or copper to her has prevailed. Iron belonged to Mercury before -quicksilver was recognised as a metal and at that time Mars was the -god-father of an alloy similar to bronze. The oldest table known is one -given by Olympiodorus in the fifth century, and in that electron is -still associated with Jupiter and tin with Hermes (Mercury).</p> - -<p>Berthelot’s laborious researches into the origin of alchemy, and his -reproductions of ancient manuscripts show that while signs were used -by the ancient Greek writers of about the first century of our era, -they were not used by the Latin authors, but seem to have been in full -adoption in the Middle Ages. The manuscript of St. Mark at Venice, -which Berthelot believed was written about the year <span class="sm">A.D.</span> 1000, -probably for some prince, contains a multitude of these symbols. A -regular system is followed. Gold, for example, is represented by <img src="images/i_p306a.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1.2em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" />; -gold filings by <img src="images/i_p306b.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1.2em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" />; gold leaf, thus <img src="images/i_p306c.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1.2em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" />; and -a combination of gold and silver by <img src="images/i_p306d.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1.2em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" />. A similar modification -of the original symbols is found in connection with the other metals.</p> - -<p>There is scarcely any allusion to the symbols in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[307]</span> Arabic -manuscripts, for that race had a holy horror of all forms of Greek -paganism, though it may be noted that their physicians made a -superstition of the practice of bleeding on Tuesdays and Wednesdays -only, unconscious perhaps of the origin of this ritual, which depended -on the fact that Mars, the god of blood and iron, superintended -Tuesday’s operations, and Mercury, who had the management of the -humours, was in charge on Wednesdays. It was really not until the -fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, when the European -alchemists were trying to find a way to transmute the baser metals into -gold, that the code became “conventionalised.”</p> - -<p>As already stated, the signs for the seven metals have not been -invariable, but for many centuries they have been distributed thus:—</p> - -<table summary="metals"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">☉</td> - <td class="tdl">Sol, the Sun, Gold.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">☽</td> - <td class="tdl">Luna, the Moon, Silver.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">♃</td> - <td class="tdl">Jupiter, Tin.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">♀</td> - <td class="tdl">Venus, Copper.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">♂</td> - <td class="tdl">Mars, Iron.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdc">☿</td> - <td class="tdl">Mercury, Quicksilver.</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td><img src="images/i_p307.jpg" alt="" -style="width:1.5em; padding:0 0em 0 1em;" /> -</td> - <td class="tdl">Saturn, Lead.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>It may be noted in passing how these old-time fictions have influenced -our language, our literature, and especially our medicine. Lunatic, -jovial, saturnine, martial, venereal, and mercurial, are etymological -reminiscences of the time when temperaments and diseases were -associated with the heavenly bodies, and the extent to which metallic -compounds acquired their medical reputations from their artificial -relationship with the powers which were assumed to have adopted them, -is curious. Nitrate of silver was given in brain disorders originally -because of the belief in the control of the mental faculties by the -moon. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[308]</span> administration of iron for the purpose of invigorating the -constitution was largely due to its connection with Mars, whose fame -for virility assured the possession of similar virtue in his metallic -god-son.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[309]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p308"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p308.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 sm hangingindent">These symbols are a few of those used in alchemical treatises -of the fifteenth century. They are collected in “The Follies of -Science at the Court of Rudolph II.,” by H. C. Bolton, published -by the Pharmaceutical Review Publishing Co. of Milwaukee, U.S.A. -Reproduced by permission.</p> - </div> - -<p class="p2">To the ancient planetary symbols the alchemists added a number of other -signs to represent chemicals of later discovery, and to make their -jargon even more incomprehensible than it would have been without them. -Thus they indicated earth, air, fire, and water by the signs</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p309a" > - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p309a.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p>These were a few of their other characters:</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p309b" > - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p309b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<p>The introduction of any kind of mysticism was dear to the alchemical -fraternity, some of whom, perhaps, really believed there was some -hidden meaning in the symbols, for there were among the adepts clever -men, true discoverers, who cannot be accused of fraudulent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[310]</span> intentions, -and yet can hardly have accepted literally the poetry they devised. -Glauber, contemporary with our James I. and Charles I., was one of -these. According to him the symbols were invested with a special -mysterious meaning. He showed them in squares, thus: and explained that -the extent to which the symbol touches the four sides of the square -indicates how near it approaches perfection. Gold, it will be observed, -touches all four sides, silver three, and the other metals only two -each.</p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_p310" > - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_p310.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - - -<h3 class="smcap">Interpreting the Signs.</h3> - -<p>Interpretations of these symbols have often been attempted, but they -are for the most part mere guesses. Those representing the sun and -moon are easy, but the others may generally be read in various ways. -The sign for Jupiter is alleged to represent one of his thunderbolts; -that for copper is supposed to illustrate the looking-glass of Venus; -the iron sign is the shield and spear of Mars; the caduceus of Mercury -and the scythe of Saturn are likewise traced in their respective -signatures. It has also been fancied that the three signs of which -a circle forms part—namely, those for quicksilver, copper, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[311]</span> -iron—were intended to suggest that gold could be formed from them, the -cross or spear attached being in fact the Egyptian phallus, or organ of -generative vigour. In tin and lead there are evidences of the presence -of silver. Perhaps more probable is the idea that these signs were -originally combinations of letters—monograms, in fact, indicating the -name which the planet bore in the country where the symbol was first -adopted. Thus, in the sign for Jupiter, <img src="images/i_p311a.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" />, the Greek initial -for Zeus, has been traced; in that of Venus, <img src="images/i_p311b.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" />, we have -the initial of phosphorus; ♂ has been supposed to be -<img src="images/i_p311c.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" />, and -<img src="images/i_p311d.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" />, the -first and last letters of Thouros, one of -the names of Mars; while <img src="images/i_p307.jpg" alt="" -style="height:1em; padding:0 0em 0 0em;" /> - represents the first and second -letters of Chronos (Saturn) welded together. But the interpretation -depends largely on the period when the signs were first used. Pictures -preceded alphabets; they were in fact the originals of the phonetic -sounds which ultimately the letters indicated.</p> - -<p>The mysteries which made up so large a part of the science of alchemy -passed from its votaries to the practitioners of physic and pharmacy, -and are hardly dead in those professions yet. Pretended solutions of -gold, vaunted as universal cures, were sold under the title of solar -elixirs; the popular name of nitrate of silver to this day is lunar -caustic; a black oxide of iron is called Ethiops martial; a solution of -sugar of lead is extract of Saturn; sulphate of copper was once known -as vitriol of Venus; muriate of tin was famous for the expulsion of -worms under the name of Salt of Jove; and ointment of quicksilver is -still universally labelled mercurial ointment.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[313]</span></p> - - -<h2>INDEX</h2></div> - -<p class="p-index">A</p> - -<ul> - <li>Ablathanabla, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_166">166</a></li> - <li>Abracadabra mystery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_164">164</a></li> - <li>Abraxas, mystic word, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_165">165</a></li> - <li>Absorbent ethiops, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_351">351</a></li> - <li>Abtinas, incense makers, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_57">57</a></li> - <li>Acetabulum, ii, - <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - <li>Acetanilide, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent">Acetic acid, synthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_271">271</a>. <i>See also</i> <a href="#Pyroligneous">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> - <li>Acetum Philosophicum, ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Achillea milfoil, virtues discovered, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li> - <li>Achilles, medical discoveries, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li> - <li>Acids, how first made, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_323">323</a></li> - <li>Acidum causticum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_325">325</a></li> - <li>Acidum Pingue, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_325">325</a></li> - <li class="i1">(<i>For other acids see specific names.</i>)</li> - <li>Aconite, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">as poison, ii, - <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - <li>Acopa, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>Adders. <i>See</i> <a href="#Vipers">Vipers</a></li> - <li>Adept, ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Adrenaline, synthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - <li>Adrian’s antidote, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">dropsy cure, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Adulteration, early methods of detecting, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li> - <li>Adust, ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Advertisement, early, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_141">141</a></li> - <li id="Aegyptiacum">Ægyptiacum - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - <li>Aërated cod-liver oil, ii, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - <li>Æsculapius, Greek physician, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portraits, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">death, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">descendants, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">temples, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_79">79</a></li> - <li>Æthiops. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ethiops">Ethiops</a></li> - <li>Aetius, medical writer, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_215">215</a></li> - <li>Aggregatives, ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Ague, cures, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - <li>Agyrtoi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_93">93</a></li> - <li>Alabaster, ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Albucasis of Cordova, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_110">110</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_329">329</a></li> - <li>Album Græcum, ii, - <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - <li>Album Rhasis, ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Alchemy, invention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_4">4</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> - <li id="Alcohol">Alcohol, constitution, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_330">330</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formula, ii, - <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_326">326</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">early references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_328">328</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">synthesis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_330">330</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - <li>Alcohol of Mars, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_327">327</a></li> - <li>Alcohol of sulphur, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_327">327</a></li> - <li>Aldehyde, preparation, ii, - <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - <li>Alembic, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Alembroth salt, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_417">417</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Alexander of Tralles, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Hiera, ii, - <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> - <li>Alexandria library, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_98">98</a></li> - <li>Alexandrinus, Nicolas, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_219">219</a></li> - <li>Alexipharmic, ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Alexiteria, ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Alfred the Great, letter to, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_131">131</a></li> - <li>Alga nostoch, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_375">375</a></li> - <li>Algaroth’s powder, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_381">381</a></li> - <li>Algarotti, note on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_381">381</a></li> - <li>Alhandal, ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Alkahest, Glauber’s - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Alkali, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - <li>Alkalies, early knowledge of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_324">324</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Black on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_324">324</a></li> - <li>Alkalised ethiops, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_351">351</a></li> - <li>Alkaloids, discovery of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">synthesis, ii, - <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - <li>Alkekengi, ii, - <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - <li>Alkermes, Arabic derivation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li> - <li>Al-Koh’l, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_326">326</a></li> - <li>Alkool, ii, - <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - <li>Allicola, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_360">360</a></li> - <li>All-flower-water, ii, - <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - <li>Almond tree, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_75">75</a></li> - <li>Alœdarium, ii, - <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - <li>Aloes, as pigment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">tincture, ii, - <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">elixir, ii, - <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">notes on, ii, - <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">picture of, ii, - <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">books on, ii, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">decoction, ii,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[314]</span> - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - <li>Aloes wood, Biblical references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_63">63</a></li> - <li>Alquimesci oil, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_110">110</a></li> - <li>Aludels, ii, - <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - <li>Aluka, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_70">70</a></li> - <li>Alum, early uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_331">331</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">first factories, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_332">332</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">discovered in Yorkshire, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_333">333</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">composition investigated, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_333">333</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">symbol, ii, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> - <li>Aluminium, first made, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_333">333</a></li> - <li>Amalgam, ii, - <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - <li>Amalgama Jovis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_425">425</a></li> - <li>Amaranth, meaning of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_22">22</a></li> - <li>Ambix, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_328">328</a></li> - <li>Ambrosia, identity of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_22">22</a></li> - <li>Ambrosial elixir, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_26">26</a></li> - <li>Amen, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_6">6</a></li> - <li>Ammon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_6">6</a></li> - <li>Ammonia, made from bones, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">history, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_334">334</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_334">334</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">composition, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_337">337</a></li> - <li>Ammoniacum, etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_334">334</a></li> - <li>Ammoniated Tincture of Quinine, origin of, ii, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - <li>Ammonium acetate solution, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li> - <li>Amphide salts, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_326">326</a></li> - <li>Amphora, ii, - <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - <li>Amulets for preventing disease, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Charms">Charms</a></li> - <li>Anæsthetic, mysterious, ii, - <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - <li>Anæsthetics, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - <li>Analeptica, ii, - <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - <li>Anderson, Dr. P., portrait, ii, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">publication, ii, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">invents pills, ii, - <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - <li>Anderson’s Scots Pills, origin of, ii, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formulæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - <li>Andreas, author, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_182">182</a></li> - <li>Andromachus’s theriakon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - <li>Anethon in Bible, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_71">71</a></li> - <li>Anglicanus’s “Compendium of Medicine,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_132">132</a></li> - <li>Aniline, discovery of, ii, - <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - <li>Animal magnetism, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li> - <li class="i1">medicines, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_89">89</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_1">1</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - <li class="i1">oil, ii, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - <li>Animals, mythical, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_26">26</a></li> - <li>Aniseed, magical plant, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_18">18</a></li> - <li class="i1">oil, use of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_247">247</a></li> - <li>Anne, Queen, cures by touch, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_301">301</a></li> - <li>Anodyne necklaces, ii, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - <li>Anointing oil, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formula, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li> - <li>Anointment, ii, - <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - <li>Antidotary, meaning, ii, - <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - <li class="i1">of Nicolas Prepositus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li> - <li class="i1">of Nicolas Myrepsus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_219">219</a></li> - <li>Antidote, meaning, ii, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li>Antidotos ex duobus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_310">310</a></li> - <li>Antidotum Acharistos, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_220">220</a></li> - <li>Antidotum Adrianum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_288">288</a></li> - <li class="i1">Andromachus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_292">292</a></li> - <li class="i1">Mithridatum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">absurdities of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">Galen on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_292">292</a></li> - <li class="i1">Podagrica, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_310">310</a></li> - <li class="i1">Pythagoras, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_18">18</a></li> - <li>Anthony, Francis, panacea of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_391">391</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">epitaph, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_393">393</a></li> - <li>Anthropomorphon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_20">20</a></li> - <li>Antifebrin, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - <li>Anti-hecticum poterii, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_425">425</a></li> - <li id="Antimony">Antimony, introduction, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">used by Paracelsus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">early use in medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_377">377</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">alchemists, researches on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">compounds of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_378">378</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_380">380</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">controversy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_383">383</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">symbol, ii, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> - <li>Antimony cups, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_385">385</a></li> - <li class="i1">sulphide, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_326">326</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_378">378</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_382">382</a></li> - <li>Antipyrin, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - <li>Antiseptic vinegar, ii, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - <li>Apollo, god of medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_6">6</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">banished from Olympia, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_8">8</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Apollo and Daphne myth, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_9">9</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li> - <li>Apotheca, meaning, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_117">117</a></li> - <li>Apothecary, Biblical mention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li> - <li>Apothecary’s duty defined, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_155">155</a></li> - <li>Apothecary, picture of, ii, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - <li class="i1">in “Romeo and Juliet,” ii, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - <li class="i1">versions, ii, - <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_79">79</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - <li id="Apothecaries">Apothecaries’ Jewish Guild, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_51">51</a></li> - <li class="i1">become physicians, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_152">152</a></li> - <li class="i1">charges, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li> - <li class="i1">curriculum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li> - <li class="i1">during the Plague, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li> - <li class="i1">early references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_142">142</a></li> - <li class="i1">oath, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">Shakespearian references, ii, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - <li class="i1" id="Society">Society, arms, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_9">9</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">motto, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">incorporation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_256">256</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">drug-inspection, ii, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">weights as metaphor, ii, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> - <li class="i2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Chemists">Chemists</a> <i>and</i> <a href="#Pharmacists">Pharmacists</a></li> - <li>Apothek, derivation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Apoplexy, remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_133">133</a></li> - <li>Apozem of Epsom Salts, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_345">345</a></li> - <li>Apozems, meaning, ii, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Aqua aluminosa, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_346">346</a></li> - <li class="i1">ardens, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_328">328</a></li> - <li class="i1">arthritica, ii, - <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - <li class="i1">kali Puri, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_325">325</a></li> - <li class="i1">Luccana, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_339">339</a></li> - <li class="i1">Lulliana, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_348">348</a></li> - <li class="i1">mirabilis, ii, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li class="i1">Omnium Florum, ii, - <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - <li class="i1">Phagadænica,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[315]</span> - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_414">414</a></li> - <li>Aqua Sancti Luciæ, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_339">339</a></li> - <li class="i1">Temperata, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_348">348</a></li> - <li class="i1">Tufania, ii, - <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - <li class="i1">Vitæ, early use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">Rhazes on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">Shakespearian reference, ii, - <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">symbol, ii, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">Hibernorum, ii, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - <li class="i2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> - <li class="i1">vini, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_329">329</a></li> - <li>Aquetta di Napoli, ii, - <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - <li>Aquila Alba, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li>Arab pharmacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_97">97</a></li> - <li>Arabic names in pharmacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li> - <li>Arcanum Corallinum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_249">249</a></li> - <li class="i1">duplicatum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_355">355</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li class="i1">meaning of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li class="i1">Tartari, ii, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li class="i1">Vitrioli, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_398">398</a></li> - <li>Arcœus invents elemi ointment, ii, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - <li>Areometer, invention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li>Arfwedson discovers lithium, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_353">353</a></li> - <li>Argentum vivum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_408">408</a></li> - <li>Argile, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_333">333</a></li> - <li>Archidoxa Medicinæ of Paracelsus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_390">390</a></li> - <li>Archigenes’s Hiera, ii, - <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - <li>Aristes, medical discoveries, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li> - <li>Arithmetic, invention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_4">4</a></li> - <li>Armoniac, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_334">334</a></li> - <li>Arnold of Villa Nova, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_329">329</a></li> - <li>Arquebusade water, ii, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - <li>Arrow-poisoning, antiquity of, ii, - <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - <li>Arsenic, early use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">eaten in Styria, ii, - <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Marsh’s test, ii, - <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">symbol, ii, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> - <li>Assassin, origin of word, ii, - <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - <li>Asclepiades, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_79">79</a></li> - <li>Asparagin, isolation of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_275">275</a></li> - <li>Asphalt used in embalming, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_359">359</a></li> - <li>Astronomy. <i>See</i> <a href="#Starcraft">Starcraft</a></li> - <li>Athanasia, identity of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_22">22</a></li> - <li>Athanor, ii, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li>Atropa, sister of the Fates, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_24">24</a></li> - <li>Atropine, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">synthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - <li>Attalus cultivates medicinal plants, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_288">288</a></li> - <li id="Aurum">Aurum fulminans, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_396">396</a></li> - <li class="i1">musivum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_424">424</a></li> - <li class="i1">Potabile, Anthony’s formula, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_392">392</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">Glauber’s formula, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_389">389</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_390">390</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_393">393</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">other recipes, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_394">394</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_395">395</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">Shakespearian reference, ii, - <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - <li class="i1">vitæ, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_414">414</a></li> - <li>Avenzoar of Seville, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_110">110</a></li> - <li>Averrhoes of Cordova, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_110">110</a></li> - <li>Avicenna’s doctrines, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_102">102</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formulas, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">writings, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">influence of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">introduces silvering pills, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_423">423</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">B</p> - -<ul> - <li>Baaras, identity of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_21">21</a></li> - <li>Bacchus, ancient god, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_5">5</a></li> - <li>Bacon, Roger, writings, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">on aurum potabile, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_390">390</a></li> - <li>Bagdad, foundation of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_100">100</a></li> - <li>Bain-Marie, ii, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li>Baktischwah, Persian physician, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li> - <li>Balanites Egyptiaca gum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_53">53</a></li> - <li>Balanoi, ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Balard, discovers bromine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_339">339</a></li> - <li>Balm, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li id="Gilead">Balm of Gilead, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Galen on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in mithridatum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li>Balneum Mariæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li>Balsam Arcœi, ii, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - <li>Balsam of bats, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_257">257</a></li> - <li class="i1">etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li class="i1">of sulphur, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_360">360</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - <li>Barbadoes tar, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_360">360</a></li> - <li>Barbarossa’s mercurial pills, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_411">411</a></li> - <li>Barley water, Hippocrates recommends, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li> - <li>Barytes, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_269">269</a></li> - <li>Basilic powder, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_420">420</a></li> - <li>Basilicon ointment, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li>Basilides, note on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_165">165</a></li> - <li>Bateman’s pectoral drops, ii, - <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - <li>Baths, varieties, ii, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li>Baume du Chevalier de Saint Victor, ii, - <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - <li class="i1">du Commandeur de Permes, ii, - <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - <li class="i1">de Fioraventi, ii, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - <li class="i1">Tranquille, ii, - <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - <li class="i1">de Vie, ii, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - <li>Baumé, French chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li>Bayen, French pharmacist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_276">276</a></li> - <li>Bdellium, identity of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_62">62</a></li> - <li>Bears’ grease, use of, ii, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - <li>Beer, medicinal, ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent">Bell’s “Historical Sketch of the Progress of Pharmacy,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_156">156</a></li> - <li>Belladonna, etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">old names, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_25">25</a></li> - <li>Belloste’s mercurial pills, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_412">412</a></li> - <li>Benjamin, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - <li>Benzoic acid, synthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - <li>Benzoyl, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - <li>Berkeley, Bishop, portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_315">315</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">devises tar water, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_316">316</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">publications,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[316]</span> - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_316">316</a></li> - <li>Bernard, Claude, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li class="i1">of Gordon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li>Berthelot’s “History of Alchemy,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_114">114</a></li> - <li>Berthollet, French Chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li>Besen, meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li>Bestucheff’s Tincture, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">secret purchased, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formula, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_404">404</a></li> - <li>Betton’s British Oils, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_359">359</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - <li>Bezoar Germanosum, ii, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> - <li class="i1">stones, first mention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">use in medicine, ii, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">source, ii, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">price, ii, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">as charms, ii, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">fallacy of, ii, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">as antidote, ii, - <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - <li>Bezoardic powder, ii, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - <li>Bezoards, ii, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li>Bible, pharmacy in, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_46">46</a></li> - <li class="i1">drugs mentioned in, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_53">53</a></li> - <li class="i1">poisons in, ii, - <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - <li>Biblical references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - <li>Biliousness remedies, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_167">167</a></li> - <li>Bindo, A., Earl of Rochester’s pseudonym, ii, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - <li>Birthwort as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_184">184</a></li> - <li>Bismuth, first mention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">regarded as poisonous, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_387">387</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">liquor, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">lozenges, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">oxychloride, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_387">387</a></li> - <li>Bitter flavours, Jewish objection to, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_64">64</a></li> - <li>Bitter Purging Salts, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_345">345</a></li> - <li>Bitumen of Judæa, in embalming, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_359">359</a></li> - <li>Black, Joseph, on alkalies, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_324">324</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">on alkaline earths, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_356">356</a></li> - <li>Black draught, origin of, ii, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - <li class="i1">drop, invention of, ii, - <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - <li class="i1">precipitate, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_418">418</a></li> - <li class="i1">wash, introduction, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_257">257</a></li> - <li>Bladder wort as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_184">184</a></li> - <li>Blanc de fard, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_386">386</a></li> - <li>Blatta Byzantina, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_57">57</a></li> - <li>Blaud, Dr., French physician, ii, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - <li>Blaud’s pills, original formula, ii, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - <li>Bleeding, old cure for, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_172">172</a></li> - <li>Blindness, cures, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_298">298</a></li> - <li>Blisters, introduced, ii, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li>Blood root as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_184">184</a></li> - <li>Blue vitriol, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_373">373</a></li> - <li>Bodega, derivation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Boils, Biblical remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">cure for, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_170">170</a></li> - <li>Bole armeniæ, medical uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_216">216</a></li> - <li>Bologna sun-stone, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_361">361</a></li> - <li>Bolus, meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li>Bombast <i>See</i> <a href="#Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> - <li>Borax, early use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li> - <li>Borith, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_324">324</a></li> - <li>Botanologoi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Boulduc, French apothecary, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li>Boules de Mars, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_402">402</a></li> - <li class="i1">de Nancy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_402">402</a></li> - <li>Boutique, derivation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Bovins’s remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_374">374</a></li> - <li>Boyle investigates phosphorus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_365">365</a></li> - <li>Boyle’s “Hell,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_417">417</a></li> - <li>Boyveau-Laffecteur’s rob, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_415">415</a></li> - <li>Brandt discovers phosphorus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_363">363</a></li> - <li>Brass, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_426">426</a></li> - <li>Brass-alum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_427">427</a></li> - <li>“Breviarium Bartholomei,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li>Brinvilliers, poisoner, ii, - <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - <li>British oils, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_359">359</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - <li>British Pharmacopœia, animal substances in, ii, - <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">editions, ii, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - <li>Brockenden’s compressed drugs, ii, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - <li>Bromine, discoverer, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">isolation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_339">339</a></li> - <li>Brongniart, French pharmacist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_276">276</a></li> - <li>Broom, Biblical plant, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_65">65</a></li> - <li>Brugnatelli’s Poudre Vermifuge, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_426">426</a></li> - <li>Bucklersbury, drug trade centre, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_140">140</a></li> - <li>Burchell’s necklaces, ii, - <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - <li>Burghley’s gout preventive, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_172">172</a></li> - <li>Bulleyn’s electuarium de Gemmis, ii, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - <li>Burnt sponge for scrofula, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_353">353</a></li> - <li>Burt’s “Heartburn Tablets,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_388">388</a></li> - <li>Butter of antimony, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_380">380</a></li> - <li>Byfield’s sal oleosum volatile, ii, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">C</p> - -<ul> - <li>Caffeine, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">synthesis, ii, - <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - <li>Caius, Dr., ii, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - <li>Calamus draconis fruit, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_31">31</a></li> - <li>Calatippe, ii, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - <li id="Calomel">Calomel, introduction, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_418">418</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_419">419</a></li> - <li>Calx Jovis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_425">425</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li class="i1">Lunæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li class="i1">meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li class="i1">Mercurii, ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li class="i1">Saturnii, ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li>Camphor, use in medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">synthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - <li>Canterbury bells as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_184">184</a></li> - <li>Cantharides as gout remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_216">216</a></li> - <li>Capers, use in East, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_74">74</a></li> - <li>Caput mortuum, ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li>Carbonic acid gas, discovered, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_259">259</a></li> - <li>Cardinal’s powder, ii, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - <li>Carduus Benedictus, Shakespearian reference, ii,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">[317]</span> - <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - <li>Carminative, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li class="i1">Spirit of Sylvius, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_337">337</a></li> - <li>Cassia, introduction of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_105">105</a></li> - <li id="Castor">Castor oil, used by Dioscorides, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_210">210</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">notes on, ii, - <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">picture of plant, ii, - <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">early uses, ii, - <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">treatise on, ii, - <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Ricinus">Ricinus</a>.</li> - <li>Castorum, early use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_217">217</a></li> - <li>Cat, medicinal use, ii, - <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - <li>Cataplasm, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li>Catholica, meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li>Caustic potash formulæ, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_325">325</a></li> - <li>Caventou discovers quinine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Pelletier">Pelletier</a></li> - <li>Celsus, on Egyptian medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">writings, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_90">90</a></li> - <li>Centaurs, fable, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_15">15</a></li> - <li>Centaury, etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">figure of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_25">25</a></li> - <li>Ceratum, ii, - <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - <li class="i1">de Lapide calaminari, ii, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - <li class="i1">lithargyri, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_400">400</a></li> - <li>Cerates, meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li>Cereirsiæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li>Ceruse, ii, - <a href="#Page_284">284</a>. <i>See also</i> <a href="#White_lead">White lead</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">of antimony, ii, - <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - <li>Chamberlain’s restorative pills, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_421">421</a></li> - <li>Chamberlen’s necklaces, ii, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - <li>Chamomile, use in medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li> - <li>Chambre ardente enquiry, ii, - <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - <li>Chaptal, French chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li>Charas, French chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li id="Charms">Charms, dragon’s blood as, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">use of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Talismans">Talismans</a></li> - <li>Charles II, prescription for, ii, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - <li>Chaucer on physicians, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_133">133</a></li> - <li>Chelbanah, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_56">56</a></li> - <li>Chelsea Pensioner, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formula, ii, - <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - <li id="Chemistry">Chemistry, Patin on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Boerhaave’s definition, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_323">323</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">debt of pharmacy to, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_323">323</a></li> - <li id="Chemists">Chemists and Druggists origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_154">154</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Apothecaries">Apothecaries</a> <i>and</i> <a href="#Pharmacists">Pharmacists</a></li> - <li>Chenopodium Botrys, old name, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_22">22</a></li> - <li>Chloral hydrate, preparation, ii, - <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - <li>Chloric ether, ii, - <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - <li>Chlorine, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_269">269</a></li> - <li>Chloroform anæsthesia, discovery of, ii, - <a href="#Page_251">251</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - <li>Cholera, Heraclides’s remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_89">89</a></li> - <li>Chinchon, Countess of, ii, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - <li>Ching’s Worm Lozenges, ii, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - <li>Chin-Nong herbal, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_287">287</a></li> - <li>Chiron, knowledge of simples, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_14">14</a></li> - <li>Christ, meaning of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_60">60</a></li> - <li>Chromium, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_271">271</a></li> - <li>Churchill, Dr., introduces hypophosphites, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_307">307</a></li> - <li>Cibus Celestus, ii, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - <li id="Cinchona">Cinchona, discovery of, ii, - <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">how its virtues were discovered, ii, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">first used in Europe, ii, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">opposition to using, ii, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Talbor employs, ii, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">tincture of, ii, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">derivation of word, ii, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">introduction, ii, - <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - <li>Cinchonidine, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - <li>Cinchonine, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - <li>Cinnabar as panacea, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_421">421</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">confused with minium, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_408">408</a></li> - <li>Circe, invention of poisons, ii, - <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - <li>Circulatores, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_93">93</a></li> - <li>Circumforanei, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_93">93</a></li> - <li>Citrine ointment, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - <li>Clement of Alexandria, writings, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_37">37</a></li> - <li>“Closed ring” theory, ii, - <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - <li>Clyster, ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>Cobwebs, for bleeding, ii, - <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - <li>Cocaine, synthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - <li>Cochineal insects, patent, ii, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - <li>Cochleare, meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - <li>Codeine, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - <li>Coffee, introduction, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_284">284</a></li> - <li>Cohal, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_327">327</a></li> - <li>Cohobation, meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - <li>Colcothar, ii, - <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - <li>Colchicum, virtues discovered, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">introduction, ii, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - <li class="i1">wine, ii, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - <li>Cold cream, ii, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - <li>Collier de Morand, ii, - <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - <li>Collodion, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_340">340</a></li> - <li>Collutories, ii, - <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - <li>Collyrium, ii, - <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - <li>Colical antidote of Nicostratus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_215">215</a></li> - <li>Colocynth, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_69">69</a></li> - <li>Comfrey, used by Saxons, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li> - <li>Commander’s Balsam, ii, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li>Compound liquorice powder, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - <li class="i1">soap pills, origin of, ii, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - <li>Confectio Anti-Epileptica, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_248">248</a></li> - <li class="i1">piperis, origin of, ii, - <a href="#Page_210">210</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - <li class="i1">Raleighana, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_314">314</a></li> - <li>Confection of Alkermes, ii, - <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - <li class="i1">of Mithridates, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li class="i1">of opium, origin of, ii, - <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - <li>Confectionarii, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_117">117</a></li> - <li>Coniine, synthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - <li>Conserves, ii, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li>Copper, Valentine’s method of preparing, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">symbol, ii,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[318]</span> - <a href="#Page_307">307</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> - <li>Copper sulphate, early use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li> - <li>Coral, use in medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - <li>Cordova, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_98">98</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">view of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_99">99</a></li> - <li>Cornachino’s powder, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_420">420</a></li> - <li id="Sublimate">Corrosive sublimate, introduction, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">for itch, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">concession, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">as syphilis remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_414">414</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_421">421</a></li> - <li>Cos, temple of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li>Cosmas, patron saint of pharmacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_19">19</a></li> - <li>“Cotta contra Antonium,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_391">391</a></li> - <li>Cough, old remedies, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_128">128</a></li> - <li>“Council of Ten” as poisoners, ii, - <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - <li>Coursus de Gangeland, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_142">142</a></li> - <li>Courtois discovers iodine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_351">351</a></li> - <li>Cow-dung as a medicine, ii, - <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - <li>Crabs’-claws’ powder, ii, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - <li>Crabs’ eyes, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_356">356</a></li> - <li>Cramp rings, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_294">294</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">antiquity of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_305">305</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_306">306</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">consecration, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_306">306</a></li> - <li>Cream of tartar, investigated, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_268">268</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a></li> - <li>Cress, use in medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li> - <li>Crocomagma, ii, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li>Crocus Martis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_398">398</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li class="i1">meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li class="i1">metallorum, ii, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li class="i1">veneris, ii, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li>Crollius, medical writer, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_185">185</a></li> - <li>Crucible, meaning, ii, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li>Cubebs, history, ii, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medicinal uses, ii, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">ingredient in Mithridate, ii, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">re-introduced, ii, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - <li>Cucupha, ii, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li>Cucurbit, ii, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li>Culpepper, Nicholas, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_251">251</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">criticises P.L., - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_251">251</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_252">252</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">house, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">career, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_253">253</a></li> - <li>Cusinier’s syrup, ii, - <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - <li>Cyathus, meaning, ii, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">D</p> - -<ul> - <li>Daffy, Rev. T., invents elixir, ii, - <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - <li>Damien, patron saint of pharmacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_19">19</a></li> - <li>Damocrates, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Mithridatum, ii, - <a href="#Page_38">38</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - <li>Dante, connection with pharmacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Daphnine, discovery of, ii, - <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - <li>Darsini, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_219">219</a></li> - <li>David, King, electuary, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_220">220</a></li> - <li>Davy, Sir Humphry, portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_284">284</a></li> - <li>Decocta, invention, ii, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li>Decoctum Aloes Co., origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - <li>“Degrees” in diagnosis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_179">179</a></li> - <li>Deliquium, ii, - <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - <li>Demons as cause of disease, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_158">158</a></li> - <li>Danaus’s Collyrium, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_215">215</a></li> - <li>Dephlogisticated air, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_269">269</a></li> - <li>Derosne’s salt, ii, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - <li>Despumation, ii, - <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - <li>Devil’s claw, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_57">57</a></li> - <li>D’Husson’s Eau Medicinale, ii, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">price, ii, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">composition, ii, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - <li>Dia, meaning, ii, - <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - <li>Diabetes, papyrus remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_43">43</a></li> - <li id="Diachylon">Diachylon plaster, invention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">first formula, ii, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_406">406</a></li> - <li>Diacodium, inventor, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - <li>Dia-kodion, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - <li>Diapente, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - <li>Diaphoretic vitriol, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_374">374</a></li> - <li>Diarrhœa, old remedies, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Diascordium, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formula, ii, - <a href="#Page_41">41</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - <li>Diatesseron, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_310">310</a></li> - <li>Diet, Hippocrates on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Aetius on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Alexander of Trailles on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_217">217</a></li> - <li>Digby, Sir Kenelm, toothache cure, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">tincture of gold, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_395">395</a></li> - <li id="Digitalis">Digitalis, origin of name, ii, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical history, ii, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">book on, ii, - <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - <li>Dill, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_71">71</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">used by Saxons, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li> - <li>Dioscorides, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_206">206</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">writings, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li> - <li>Dippel’s oil, ii, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">uses, ii, - <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - <li>Diseases, transferring, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_170">170</a></li> - <li>Distillation, antiquity of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_327">327</a></li> - <li>Distilled waters, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_328">328</a></li> - <li>Distillers’ Company, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_148">148</a></li> - <li>Dittany, uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_26">26</a></li> - <li>Dover, T., biography, ii, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">“Ancient Physician’s Legacy,” ii, - <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - <li>Dover’s powder, first official, ii, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">original formula, ii, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - <li>Drachm sign, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - <li>Draco Mitigatus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_420">420</a></li> - <li>Dragon’s blood, origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_31">31</a></li> - <li>Dragon tree, figure of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_32">32</a></li> - <li>Dragons, Biblical references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li> - <li>Drink cures, old, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - <li>Dropaxes, ii,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[319]</span> - <a href="#Page_282">282</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - <li>Dropsy cured by touch, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Drug, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - <li>Drug-inspection, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - <li>Drug-trade, development, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_138">138</a></li> - <li>Drugs as charms, ii, - <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in Ebers’s papyrus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_40">40</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in Bible, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">mentioned by Hippocrates, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_77">77</a></li> - <li>Dschondisabour, medical college at, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_101">101</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li> - <li>Dublin Pharmacopœias, ii, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - <li>Dudaim, identity of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_49">49</a></li> - <li>Duke of Portland’s powder, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_309">309</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - <li>Dumas, French chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_286">286</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">theory of substitution, ii, - <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - <li>Dumeril, French physician, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_276">276</a></li> - <li>Duncan and Flockhart’s chloroform, ii, - <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - <li>Dutch Drops, origin of, ii, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - <li>Dysentery, ipecacuanha as remedy, ii, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">E</p> - -<ul> - <li>Ear-ache, early remedies, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_130">130</a></li> - <li>Earl of Warwick’s powder, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_383">383</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_420">420</a></li> - <li>Earthworms as remedy, ii, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - <li>Eaton’s styptick, ii, - <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - <li>Eau des Carmes, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formula, ii, - <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - <li class="i1">Divine de Fernel, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_414">414</a></li> - <li class="i1">de Luce, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_338">338</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">inventor, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_339">339</a></li> - <li class="i1">de Lusse, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_339">339</a></li> - <li class="i1">Medicinale d’Husson, ii, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - <li class="i1">de la Reine d’Hongrie, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_297">297</a></li> - <li>Ebers’ papyrus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">described, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">photograph, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">date, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_48">48</a></li> - <li>Ebn-Izak, translator of Greek works, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_105">105</a></li> - <li>Ecclesiasticus, author, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical aphorisms, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_47">47</a></li> - <li>Eclegma, ii, - <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - <li>Ecussons, ii, - <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - <li>Edinburgh Pharmacopœias, ii, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - <li>Edulcorate, ii, - <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - <li>Edward the Confessor treats scrofula, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_300">300</a></li> - <li>Elements, old theories, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li> - <li>Elemi ointment, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - <li>Egrea, daughter of Æsculapius, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li>Egypt, medicine in, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">conquest, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_98">98</a></li> - <li>Egyptiacum. <i>See</i> <a href="#Aegyptiacum">Ægyptiacum</a></li> - <li>Egyptian papyri, medical, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_36">36</a></li> - <li>Electron, as poison test, ii, - <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - <li>Electrum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_40">40</a></li> - <li>Electuarium de Gemmis, ii, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - <li>Electuary, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - <li class="i1">of Alexander of Tralles, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_216">216</a></li> - <li>Elemi ointment, invention, ii, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - <li>Elixir of Alves, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - <li class="i1">etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - <li class="i1">of Garus, ii, - <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - <li class="i1">of Long Life, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_390">390</a></li> - <li class="i1">Proprietatis, ii, - <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - <li class="i1">of vitriol, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_375">375</a></li> - <li>Elizabeth, Queen, medical knowledge, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_295">295</a></li> - <li>Emeralds, used in medicine, ii, - <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - <li>Emetic cups, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_385">385</a></li> - <li>Emetic tartar, preparation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_380">380</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">invention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_382">382</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_383">383</a></li> - <li>Emetine, discovery of, ii, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - <li>Empedocles, theory of elements, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_174">174</a></li> - <li>Empirics, old sect, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_89">89</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">leader of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_217">217</a></li> - <li>Emplastra, ii, - <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - <li>Emplastrum Commune, ii, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - <li class="i1">vigonium, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_410">410</a></li> - <li>Empyreal gas, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_269">269</a></li> - <li>Emulsion, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - <li>Enchrista, ii, - <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - <li>Enema, ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>Enoch, book of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_4">4</a></li> - <li>Ens, ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>Epidaurus, temple of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li>Epilepsy, remedies, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_134">134</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_214">214</a></li> - <li class="i1">charm, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_294">294</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_307">307</a></li> - <li>Epithema, ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>Epithemation, ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>Epsom, medicinal springs, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_340">340</a></li> - <li class="i1">salts, introduction, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_340">340</a></li> - <li>Erfurt discovers aniline, ii, - <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - <li>Errhines, ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>Erythræa Centaurium, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_25">25</a></li> - <li>Erzalaum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_427">427</a></li> - <li>Essenes practise medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li> - <li>Essential oils, prepared by Paracelsus, - <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - <li id="Ether">Ether, early references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_347">347</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">first made, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_347">347</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">investigated, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_347">347</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">old names, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_348">348</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">chemical nature, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_348">348</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">as anæsthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">preparation, ii, - <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - <li id="Ethiops">Ethiops Antimoniale, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_351">351</a></li> - <li class="i1">gommeux, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_350">350</a></li> - <li class="i1">magnesium, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_350">350</a></li> - <li class="i1">Martial, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_398">398</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li> - <li class="i1">Mineral, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_350">350</a></li> - <li class="i1">origin of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_350">350</a></li> - <li class="i1">saccharine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_350">350</a></li> - <li>Ethiopic pills, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_351">351</a></li> - <li>Everlasting pills, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_381">381</a></li> - <li>Excreta, used in medicine,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">[320]</span> - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_40">40</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - <li>Exili, poisoner, ii, - <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - <li>Extract of Saturn, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_265">265</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li> - <li>Eyes, remedies for, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_185">185</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">F</p> - -<ul> - <li>Face wrinkles, papyrus prescription, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_44">44</a></li> - <li>Fæx vini, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a></li> - <li>“Fakhiliteh,” Arab treatise, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_112">112</a></li> - <li>Fat, human, medical uses, ii, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - <li>Ferdinand of Austria, plague powder, ii, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">invents antidote, ii, - <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - <li>Fennel, used by Saxons, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li> - <li>Fernel, Paris physician, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_415">415</a></li> - <li>Ferruginous waters, effect of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_403">403</a></li> - <li>Fever, Rhazes’s treatment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_106">106</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">charm for, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">cinchona for, ii, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Fig poultice, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_73">73</a></li> - <li>Fig tree in Bible, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_73">73</a></li> - <li>Flies in ointment, quotation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_51">51</a></li> - <li>Fioraventi’s Balsam, ii, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - <li>“Fire-air,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_269">269</a></li> - <li>Fire-stone, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_360">360</a></li> - <li>Fistula paste, Ward’s, ii, - <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - <li>“Fixed air,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_357">357</a></li> - <li>Flake’s anti-hæmorrhoidal ointment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_425">425</a></li> - <li>Flores martis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_398">398</a></li> - <li class="i1">zinci, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_427">427</a></li> - <li>Flos cœlorum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_375">375</a></li> - <li>Flückiger and Hanbury’s “Pharmacographia,” ii, - <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - <li>Fluoric acid, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_268">268</a></li> - <li>Folk-lore, superstitious, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_168">168</a></li> - <li>Ford’s Balsam of Horehound, ii, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - <li>Forget-me-not, old name, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_185">185</a></li> - <li>Formic acid, synthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - <li>Fourcroy, French chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li>Four officinal capitals, ii, - <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - <li>Four Thieves’ Vinegar, ii, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - <li>Fowler’s Solution of Arsenic, ii, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">original recipe, ii, - <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - <li>Fowler, T., biography, ii, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">publication, ii, - <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - <li>Fox, medical uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_127">127</a></li> - <li>Foxes’ lungs, as remedy, ii, - <a href="#Page_1">1</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li>Fox-glove. <i>See</i> <a href="#Digitalis">Digitalis</a></li> - <li>France, pharmacy ordinances, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_121">121</a></li> - <li>Frankincense, source, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_56">56</a></li> - <li>Frankland’s theory of valency, ii, - <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - <li>Frascator, Jerome, biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_223">223</a></li> - <li>Frederick II, pharmacy edict, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_117">117</a></li> - <li>French disease, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_413">413</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> - <li>Friar’s Balsam, origin of, ii, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li>Frier’s Drops, ii, - <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - <li>Fritzsche’s aniline, ii, - <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - <li>Furies, propitiating, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_167">167</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">G</p> - -<ul> - <li>Galbanum, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_56">56</a></li> - <li>Gallitzenstein, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_427">427</a></li> - <li>Galvani’s experiments, ii, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - <li>Gale’s Spa Elixir, ii, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - <li>Galen, theory of humours, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_210">210</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">infallibility, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_210">210</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">bust, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">influenced by dreams, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical fame, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">works, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">criticised, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_216">216</a></li> - <li>Galen’s ceratum lithargyri, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_406">406</a></li> - <li class="i1">cold cream, ii, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - <li class="i1">confection, ii, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - <li class="i1">Hiera, ii, - <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - <li class="i1">pil. cochia, ii, - <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - <li>Garth’s “Dispensary,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_151">151</a></li> - <li>Garus’s elixir, ii, - <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - <li>Gas, invention of word, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>“Gas sylvestre,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_357">357</a></li> - <li>Gascoyne’s powder, ii, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - <li>Gay-Lussac, French chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_284">284</a></li> - <li>Geber, chemical discoveries, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_102">102</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_105">105</a></li> - <li>Gentian, discovery of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_288">288</a></li> - <li>Gentius, King of Illyria, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_288">288</a></li> - <li>Geoffrey, French physician, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_278">278</a></li> - <li>Gerard’s Herbal quoted, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_67">67</a></li> - <li>Gerhardt, French chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li>Germany, pharmacy ordinances, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_120">120</a></li> - <li>Gilead, Balm of. <i>See</i> <a href="#Gilead">Balm of Gilead</a></li> - <li>Gilead, where situated, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_54">54</a></li> - <li>Gilla vitrioli, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>Girandeau, syphilis remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_415">415</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">prosecuted, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_416">416</a></li> - <li>Glaser’s sal Polychrest, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">makes silver nitrate sticks, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_424">424</a></li> - <li>Glauber, biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">chemical discoveries, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">bust, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_262">262</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">invents Kermes mineral, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_381">381</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Kermes, secret purchased, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">discovers spirit of salt, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_369">369</a></li> - <li>Glauber’s salts, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_261">261</a></li> - <li>Glaucus, restored to life, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_13">13</a></li> - <li>Glucinium, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_271">271</a></li> - <li>Glycerin, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_270">270</a></li> - <li>Glyster, ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>Godbold’s Vegetable Balsam, ii, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - <li>Goddard, Dr. J., note on, ii, - <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - <li>Goddard’s Drops, secret purchased, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_337">337</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">uses, ii, - <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - <li>Godfrey’s Cordial, ii, - <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - <li>Gold, medicinal uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">for covering pills, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_389">389</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">cure for syphilis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_395">395</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">symbol, ii, - <a href="#Page_306">306</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_307">307</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Aurum">Aurum</a></li> - <li>Gold leaf, use of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_388">388</a></li> - <li>Golden Drops, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_321">321</a></li> - <li>“Golden Water,”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[321]</span> - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_329">329</a></li> - <li>Goose grease as remedy, ii, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent">Gout, remedies for, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_136">136</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_353">353</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - <li class="i1">powder, Mayerne’s, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Duke of Portland’s, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_309">309</a></li> - <li>Gourd, Biblical plant, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_69">69</a></li> - <li>Goulard, biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">discoveries, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_265">265</a></li> - <li>Goulard’s extract, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_265">265</a></li> - <li>Greeks, drugs used by, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_77">77</a></li> - <li>Green precipitate, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_417">417</a></li> - <li>Green vitriol, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_372">372</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_427">427</a></li> - <li>Gregory, Dr. Jas., portrait, ii, - <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">publication, ii, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - <li>Gregory’s Powder, origin of, ii, - <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">prescription for, ii, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - <li>Grew, Nehemiah, on Epsom salts, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_342">342</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_343">343</a></li> - <li>Griffith’s mixture, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_403">403</a></li> - <li>Grocers’ Guild, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_139">139</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_147">147</a></li> - <li>Grubourt, French pharmacist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li>Guaiacum, syphilis cure, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_414">414</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">history, ii, - <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical uses, ii, - <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">preparation, ii, - <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - <li>Gutteta, ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>Gwynne’s “Aurum non aurum,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_391">391</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">H</p> - -<ul> - <li>Haarlem oil, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - <li>Hair oil, papyrus formula, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_42">42</a></li> - <li>Hall, Dr., Shakespeare’s son-in-law, ii, - <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - <li>Haloid salts, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_326">326</a></li> - <li>Ham, originator of medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_6">6</a></li> - <li>Hamech, a purgative, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li> - <li>Hammon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_6">6</a></li> - <li>Hammoniacus salt, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_334">334</a></li> - <li>Hanckwitz advertisement, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">makes phosphorus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_365">365</a></li> - <li>Hartman’s “Book of Chymicall Secrets,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_196">196</a></li> - <li>Headache Essence, Ward’s, ii, - <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - <li>Headache, early remedies, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_44">44</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li> - <li>Heartburn tablets, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_388">388</a></li> - <li>Hebenon, Shakespearian reference, ii, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - <li>Heberden, Dr. W., portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_291">291</a></li> - <li>Helbanah, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_56">56</a></li> - <li>Helias’s letter to Alfred the Great, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_131">131</a></li> - <li>“Hell-stone,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_424">424</a></li> - <li>Hellebore as medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">used by Paracelsus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_246">246</a></li> - <li>Helvetius’s pills, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">ipecacuanha secret, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_319">319</a></li> - <li>Helvetius employs alum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_331">331</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">French physician, ii, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - <li>Hemlock, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_64">64</a></li> - <li id="Henbane">Henbane, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">toothache remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_185">185</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Hyoscyamus">Hyoscyamus</a>.</li> - <li>Henry VIII, medical knowledge, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_294">294</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">plaster for ulcers, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Halford on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_295">295</a></li> - <li>Henry’s patent, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_345">345</a></li> - <li>Heracleus honey as poison, ii, - <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - <li>Heraclides, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_89">89</a></li> - <li>Herbalists earliest doctors, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_1">1</a></li> - <li>Herbs, symbolical names, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">used by Saxons, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li> - <li>Hermes, Greek god, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_4">4</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">works of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Egyptian, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li> - <li>Hermodactyls, gout remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - <li>Hezekiah’s boil, treatment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_73">73</a></li> - <li>Hezob, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_64">64</a></li> - <li>Hhawi, Rhazes’s book, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_106">106</a></li> - <li>Hiera Diacolocynthidis, ii, - <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> - <li>Hiera Picra, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">antiquity, ii, - <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">first formula, ii, - <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">other recipes, ii, - <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, - <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> - <li>Hin, ancient measure, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li> - <li>Hippocrates, drugs mentioned by, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_77">77</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_85">85</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">as pharmacist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">doctrines, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_101">101</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">theory of cures, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">theories attacked, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_217">217</a></li> - <li>Hippocrates’s sleeve, ii, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Hoffmann’s anodyne, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_348">348</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - <li>Hofmann, A. W. von, researches, ii, - <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, ii, - <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - <li>“Holland oil,” ii, - <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - <li>Homberg’s weather figures, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_364">364</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">narcotic salt, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_374">374</a></li> - <li>Homologues, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - <li>Honey, medical uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_245">245</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">preparations, ii, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - <li>Hooper’s Female Pills, ii, - <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - <li>Horehound, early use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li> - <li>Horse leech, Biblical mention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_70">70</a></li> - <li>Horus, discoverer of medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_3">3</a></li> - <li>Houel, founder of Paris School of Pharmacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li>Hoy’s salt, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_345">345</a></li> - <li>Humours, doctrine of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_178">178</a></li> - <li>Hungary Powder, ii, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - <li>Hungary, Queen of, invents rosemary water, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin of formula, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_298">298</a></li> - <li>Huxham, J., biography, ii, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, ii, - <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">“Essay on Fevers,” ii, - <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - <li>Huxham’s tincture, ii, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - <li>Hyacinth confection, ii, - <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - <li>Hydrargyrum, derivation,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[322]</span> - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_408">408</a></li> - <li>Hydrochloric acid. <i>See</i> <a href="#Spirit_of_salt">Spirit of salt</a></li> - <li>Hydrocyanic acid. <i>See</i> Prussic acid</li> - <li>Hydrophobia, poem on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_224">224</a></li> - <li>Hygeia, daughter of Æsculapius, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li id="Hyoscyamus">Hyoscyamus, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Henbane">Henbane</a></li> - <li>Hypnotic Powder of Jacobi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_350">350</a></li> - <li>Hypophosphites, medical use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_367">367</a></li> - <li>Hyssop, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_64">64</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Dioscorides on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_209">209</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">I</p> - -<ul> - <li>Icy Noctiluca, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_365">365</a></li> - <li>Incense, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Biblical formula, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_57">57</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Catholic formula, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_58">58</a></li> - <li>Infant’s skin as a charm, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_173">173</a></li> - <li>Infusions, introduction of, ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>Infusum Gentianæ Co., origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - <li>Insane root, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Shakespearian reference, ii, - <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - <li>Iodine discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_351">351</a></li> - <li>Iodoform, first prepared, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_353">353</a></li> - <li>Ipecacuanha, history, ii, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical use, ii, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">dose, ii, - <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - <li>Iron citrate, introduction, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_405">405</a></li> - <li class="i1">iodide, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_405">405</a></li> - <li class="i1">perchloride as secret remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_322">322</a></li> - <li class="i1">phosphate, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_405">405</a></li> - <li class="i1">reduced by hydrogen, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_404">404</a></li> - <li>Iron, as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_397">397</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">varieties, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_398">398</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in the blood, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_398">398</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Sydenham and Willis on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_399">399</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">pharmaceutical preparations, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_402">402</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_403">403</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_404">404</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_405">405</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">symbol, ii, - <a href="#Page_307">307</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> - <li class="i1">sulphate, medical use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_108">108</a></li> - <li class="i1">syrups, various, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_405">405</a></li> - <li class="i1">tincture, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_404">404</a></li> - <li>Isis founder of medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">invocation to, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_38">38</a></li> - <li class="i1">tears, name for Vervain, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li> - <li>Isotheos, ancient nostrum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_215">215</a></li> - <li>Israelite medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_46">46</a></li> - <li>Itch, treatment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_201">201</a></li> - <li class="i1">history, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_202">202</a></li> - <li class="i1">theories, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_203">203</a></li> - <li class="i1">cause, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_204">204</a></li> - <li class="i1">van Helmont contracts, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_420">420</a></li> - <li>Ivy, called Osiris, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">J</p> - -<ul> - <li>Jacobi’s powder, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_350">350</a></li> - <li>Jamblicus, writings of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_5">5</a></li> - <li>James Dr., portrait, ii, - <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> - <li>James’s analeptic pills, ii, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - <li>James’s powder, first official, ii, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">patent, ii, - <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_187">187</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">patent, ii, - <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">imitations, ii, - <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - <li>Jaso, daughter of Æsculapius, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li>Jesuits’ bark, ii, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> Cinchona drops, ii, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li>Jews, belief in charms, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medicines of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">object to bitter flavours, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_64">64</a></li> - <li>John of Gaddesden, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_134">134</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">small-pox cure, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li> - <li>John xxi, medical author, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Johnson, Dr., touched for scrofula, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_301">301</a></li> - <li>Johnson’s Golden Ointment, ii, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - <li>Jonah’s gourd, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_66">66</a></li> - <li>Julep, etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - <li>Juniper, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_65">65</a></li> - <li>Jussieu, French botanist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_284">284</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">K</p> - -<ul> - <li>Kadolikoi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Kakhal, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_327">327</a></li> - <li>Katapotia, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_86">86</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - <li>Kekulé’s structural formulas, ii, - <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, ii, - <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - <li>Kermes, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">what it is, ii, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">uses, ii, - <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - <li class="i1">Mineral, invention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_381">381</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medicinal uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_381">381</a></li> - <li>Kesebt, identity of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_42">42</a></li> - <li>Ketorah, meaning of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_55">55</a></li> - <li>Kik, Gerard’s reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_67">67</a></li> - <li>Kiki, ii, - <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - <li id="Kings_Evil">King’s Evil, cured by touch, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Shakespearian reference, ii, - <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Scrofula">Scrofula</a></li> - <li>Kohol, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_378">378</a></li> - <li>Kopopoloi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Koran as Arab literature, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_98">98</a></li> - <li>Kousso, introduction, ii, - <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">tapeworm, remedy, ii, - <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - <li>Krabadin, earliest pharmacopœia, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li> - <li>Kunckel’s, portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_362">362</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Bologna stone, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_363">363</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">luminous pills, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_365">365</a></li> - <li>Kurella, Dr., note on, ii, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - <li>Kyanol, ii, - <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - <li>Kyphi, sacred perfume, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_45">45</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">L</p> - -<ul> - <li>La Mère Thecle’s ointment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_407">407</a></li> - <li>La Mothe’s Golden Drops,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[323]</span> - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_404">404</a></li> - <li>La Voisin, poisoner, ii, - <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - <li>Lac Virginis, ii, - <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - <li>Ladanum, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_64">64</a></li> - <li>Lana philosophica, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_427">427</a></li> - <li>Lancaster Black Drop, ii, - <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - <li>Lang, Andrew on mythology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li> - <li>Lapis Bezoar Occidentale, ii, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Infernalis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_424">424</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Medicamentosus, ii, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Mirabilis, ii, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - <li>Laser. <i>See</i> <a href="#Silphion">Silphion</a></li> - <li>Laudanum, Paracelsus’s, - <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Shakespearian reference, ii, - <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">invention, ii, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">recipes, ii, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">various kinds, ii, - <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - <li>Laugier, French chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li>Laune, Gideon de, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">pills, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_147">147</a></li> - <li>Lavoisier, French chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li>Lavoisier defines salts, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_326">326</a></li> - <li>Le Febre’s “great cordial,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Baume de Vie, ii, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - <li>Lead, medical use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_406">406</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">preparations, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_406">406</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Goulard uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_407">407</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">symbol, ii, - <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> - <li>Lead plaster. <i>See</i> <a href="#Diachylon">Diachylon</a></li> - <li>Lead solution, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_265">265</a></li> - <li>Lebonah, meaning of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_55">55</a></li> - <li>Ledger, C., obtains cinchona seeds, ii, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">annuity, ii, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, ii, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - <li>Leechdoms, Saxon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li> - <li>Leeches, Biblical mention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">first use of, ii, - <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - <li>Lemery, French pharmacist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">works, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Crocus Martis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">tincture of gold, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_395">395</a></li> - <li>Lemnian earth, ii, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">source, ii, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">uses, ii, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - <li>Lenitive electuary, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - <li>Lepidus marinus, poison, ii, - <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - <li>Leucomaines, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - <li>Levingstern, Epsom apothecary, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_341">341</a></li> - <li>Libanos, meaning, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_55">55</a></li> - <li>Liebig, portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">mistake of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_339">339</a></li> - <li>Lign aloes, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_63">63</a></li> - <li>Lilium, Paracelsus’s, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_244">244</a></li> - <li>Limbeck, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_328">328</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Lime water, efficacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_356">356</a></li> - <li>Linamentum, ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent">Linimentum camphoræ compositæ, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - <li>Lion, medical, use, ii, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - <li>Liquor Bismuthi, introduction, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_387">387</a></li> - <li class="i1">Cranii Humani, ii, - <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - <li>Lisbon Diet Drink, ii, - <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - <li>Lisle’s Powder for Fevers, ii, - <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - <li>Litharge, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_406">406</a></li> - <li>Lithargyrum Argenti, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_406">406</a></li> - <li class="i1">Auri, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_406">406</a></li> - <li>Lithium discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_353">353</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_353">353</a></li> - <li>Liver complaint, ancient diagnosis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">old remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_288">288</a></li> - <li>Lixivium, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_324">324</a></li> - <li class="i1">Saponarium, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_325">325</a></li> - <li class="i1">Tartari, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_372">372</a></li> - <li>Lizards’ blood, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_39">39</a></li> - <li>Locatelli’s balsam, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - <li>Locusta, poisoner, ii, - <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - <li>Lohn’s writing board, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_163">163</a></li> - <li>London Pharmacopœia, the first, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">compiler, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_218">218</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_256">256</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">criticised, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_418">418</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formulæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">how prepared, ii, - <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">contents, ii, - <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">title-page, ii, - <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">translation, ii, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formulæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - <li>Long, Dr., ether anæsthetist, ii, - <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - <li>Long, St. John, biography, ii, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, ii, - <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">income, ii, - <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">death, ii, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - <li>Long’s Liniment, ii, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - <li>Looch, origin of word, ii, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - <li>Lozenges, ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Luban, meaning of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_56">56</a></li> - <li>Luce, Lille, pharmacist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_339">339</a></li> - <li>Lully, Raymond, biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_222">222</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">on aqua vitæ, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_329">329</a></li> - <li>Luminous pills, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_365">365</a></li> - <li>Lunar caustic, ii, - <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li> - <li>Luna fixata, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_428">428</a></li> - <li>Lupus Metallorum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_379">379</a></li> - <li>Lydgate, note on, ii, - <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">M</p> - -<ul> - <li>Maceration, ii, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - <li>Machaon, son of Æsculapius, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li>Macquer, French chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_277">277</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">arsenical salt, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_277">277</a></li> - <li>Madder, used by Saxons, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li> - <li>Magdaleo, meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - <li>Magic and medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_157">157</a></li> - <li>Magistery of Bismuth, ii, - <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - <li class="i1">of Human skull, ii, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - <li class="i1">meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - <li class="i1">of Saturn, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_407">407</a></li> - <li>Magma, ii, - <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - <li>Magnes Arsenicalis, ii, - <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - <li>Magnesia, medical use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_354">354</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">preparation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_354">354</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_354">354</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">confused with manganese, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_355">355</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in mineral springs, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_355">355</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Black, on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_356">356</a></li> - <li class="i1">of Gold,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[324]</span> - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_355">355</a></li> - <li>Magnesian stone, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_354">354</a></li> - <li>Magnesium, preparation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_357">357</a></li> - <li>Magnets as cures, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_199">199</a></li> - <li>Magnus, Albertus, describes caustic potash, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_325">325</a></li> - <li>Magog identified with Prometheus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li> - <li>Maimonides, Jewish scholar, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">remedies for poison, ii, - <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - <li>Malagmata, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Malascation, meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Male fern, tapeworm remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_320">320</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_321">321</a></li> - <li>Mallows, Biblical plant, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_65">65</a></li> - <li>Man, parts of, used in medicine, ii, - <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - <li>Mandrake, legends, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">as sterility remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">ancient uses of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_21">21</a></li> - <li>Mandragora, legends of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Shakespearian reference, ii, - <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">on battle-field, ii, - <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - <li>Manhu, derivation of manna, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_60">60</a></li> - <li>Manica Hypocratis, ii, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Manipulus, ii, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Manna, Biblical, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">sources, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Avicenna, uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_109">109</a></li> - <li>Manna metallorum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_419">419</a></li> - <li>Manus Christi, meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Manus Dei, meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Marcquis’s “Aloe Morbifuga,” ii, - <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent">Markham, Sir C., introduces cinchona into India, ii, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">on derivation of cinchona, ii, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">“Peruvian Bark,” ii, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - <li>Marmalades, origin of, ii, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Marsh’s arsenic test, ii, - <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - <li>Martial Regulus of Antimony, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_379">379</a></li> - <li>Masticatories, meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Matrass, ii, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Matthews’s Pills, origin of, ii, - <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - <li>Mauve, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - <li>May dew for the complexion, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_173">173</a></li> - <li>Mayerne, Sir Theodore de, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">impeached, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_384">384</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">introduces calomel, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_418">418</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">anti-epileptic powder, ii, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">writes preface to P. L., ii, - <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">burlesqued, ii, - <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - <li>Maythe, use in medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li> - <li>Measures, signs for, ii, - <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - <li>Meat, putrid, in medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_39">39</a></li> - <li>Meconic acid, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - <li>Medea, medical discoveries, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">inventor of poisons, ii, - <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - <li>Medea oil, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_359">359</a></li> - <li>Medical aphorisms in Talmud, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li> - <li class="i1">treatises in verse, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_137">137</a></li> - <li>Medicamentarii, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_92">92</a></li> - <li>Medicamentum ad annum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_310">310</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - <li>Medicina, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Medicine, origin of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">associated with magic, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">traditional founder, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">god of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_6">6</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">as a science, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">separation from pharmacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">and magic, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_157">157</a></li> - <li>Medicines, charges for, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_150">150</a></li> - <li class="i1">from metals, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_376">376</a></li> - <li>Megillat-Sammanin, treatise on pharmacology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_49">49</a></li> - <li>Megrims diagnosis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_128">128</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">early remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_129">129</a></li> - <li>Mel Egyptiacum, ii, - <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - <li class="i1">Helleboratum, Culpepper, on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_251">251</a></li> - <li>Melampus, medicinal discoveries, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">uses iron as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_397">397</a></li> - <li>Mellites, ii, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Menecrates, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">originator of diachylon, ii, - <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - <li>Mensis Philosophicus, ii, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Menstruum, meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Mentha, legend of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_26">26</a></li> - <li id="Mercury">Mercury, ancient god, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_4">4</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin of name, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">used by Arabs, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_409">409</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_409">409</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">as syphilis cure, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_409">409</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_410">410</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">“killing,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_421">421</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">symbol for, ii, - <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li> - <li class="hangingindent1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Sublimate">Corrosive Sublimate</a>, <a href="#Precipitate">Red Precipitate</a>, <a href="#Calomel">Calomel</a>, -<i>and</i> <a href="#Quicksilver">Quicksilver</a></li> - <li>Mercurial ointment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_410">410</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_421">421</a></li> - <li class="i1">pills, early formulæ, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_411">411</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_412">412</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_421">421</a></li> - <li>Mesué, the elder, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_101">101</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li> - <li>Mesué, the younger, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_110">110</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li> - <li>Mesué’s unguentum tripharmacum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_406">406</a></li> - <li>Mesmer, note on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">animal magnetism, ii, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - <li>Messiah, meaning of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_60">60</a></li> - <li>Metalepsy, ii, - <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - <li>Metallic Tractors, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - <li>Metals in Ebers’s papyrus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_40">40</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">as remedies, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">symbols, ii, - <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> - <li>Metasyncretics, ii, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li>Methel nut, ii, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - <li>Midas, punishment of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li> - <li>Midwifery, anæsthetics in, ii, - <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li> - <li>Migmatopoloi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Mindererus’s spirit, invention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_338">338</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">first official, ii, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - <li>Mindererus, old physician, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_338">338</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">biography, ii, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">“Aloedarium,” ii, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - <li>Mineral bezoar, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_380">380</a></li> - <li>“Mineral Solution,” ii, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li>Mint, origin of,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">[325]</span> - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_26">26</a></li> - <li>Mirfield’s “Breviarium Bartholomei,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li>Mistura Ferri Composita, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_403">403</a></li> - <li>Mithridates the Great, biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical discoveries, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">death, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>Mithridatum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">inventor, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">absurdities, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Galen on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">number of ingredients, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formulæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, - <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - <li>Mohammed, influence of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_97">97</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">death, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li> - <li>Monoceros, mythical animal, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_28">28</a></li> - <li>Monopolies abolished, ii, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - <li>Moore’s “History of the Study of Medicine,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li>Morbus Gallicus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_413">413</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> - <li>Morella furiosum lethale, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_25">25</a></li> - <li>Morgan, Hugo, Queen Elizabeth’s apothecary, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">makes theriaca, ii, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - <li>Morpheus, how represented, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_17">17</a></li> - <li>Morphine, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - <li>Morphium, etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_18">18</a></li> - <li>Morton, W. T. G., uses ether in dentistry, ii, - <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> - <li>Mosaic gold, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_424">424</a></li> - <li>Moses identified with Hermes, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_4">4</a></li> - <li>Moss from skull, as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_191">191</a></li> - <li>Mother’s ointment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_407">407</a></li> - <li>Moult, London chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_345">345</a></li> - <li>Moxa, meaning of, ii, - <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - <li>Mullein, used by Saxons, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li> - <li>Mummies, medical use, ii, - <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">opinions on, ii, - <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - <li>Murray’s aërated cod-liver oil, ii, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - <li>Mustard for scorpion bites, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_18">18</a></li> - <li class="i1">seeds, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_71">71</a></li> - <li>Mynsicht’s publications, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_375">375</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">elixir of vitriol, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_375">375</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">invents emetic tartar, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_382">382</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">powder of Saturn, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_407">407</a></li> - <li>Myrepsus, Nicolas, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">ointment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_427">427</a></li> - <li>Myrepsus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - <li>Myrophecia, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Myropolia, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Myrrh, origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Biblical references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_63">63</a></li> - <li>Myrrha, legend of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_22">22</a></li> - <li>Mythology, science of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">N</p> - -<ul> - <li>Naphtha, legend, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_359">359</a></li> - <li>Narceine, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - <li>Narcotine, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - <li>Nardos pitike, meaning, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_73">73</a></li> - <li>Nardostachys, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_74">74</a></li> - <li>Narwhal horn, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_28">28</a></li> - <li>Nasalia, ii, - <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - <li>Nataph, meaning of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_56">56</a></li> - <li>Necklaces, medical uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_214">214</a></li> - <li>Nectarion, identity of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_24">24</a></li> - <li>“Negro Cæsar’s Cure for Poison,” ii, - <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - <li>Nepenthe, etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">identity, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_24">24</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent">Nettleton, Dr. T., originates citrine ointment, ii, - <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - <li>Newbery, maker of James’s Powder, ii, - <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> - <li>Newton, Sir Isaac, connection with pharmacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li>Nicandor’s treatise on poisons, ii, - <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - <li>Nicotine, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">synthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - <li>Nihil album, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_427">427</a></li> - <li id="Nitre">Nitre, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">manufacture in France, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_352">352</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_353">353</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_359">359</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">early references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_358">358</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">symbol, ii, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> - <li>Nitric acid, first use in medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_105">105</a></li> - <li>Nitrous oxide gas, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - <li>Nitrum fixum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a></li> - <li>Noctiluca, ii, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - <li>Nostrums, ancient, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_215">215</a></li> - <li>Nouffer’s Tapeworm Cure, secret purchased, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_320">320</a></li> - <li>Nuremberg ordinance, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">old pharmacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_120">120</a></li> - <li>Nychthemeron, ii, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">O</p> - -<ul> - <li>Obolos, ii, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - <li>Oenelaion, ii, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - <li>Oenogala, ii, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - <li>Oenomeli, ii, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - <li>Oesypus, ii, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - <li>Oil of Ants, ii, - <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - <li class="i1">Bricks, how prepared, ii, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">medical uses, ii, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - <li class="i1">Eggs, prepared by Paracelsus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_247">247</a></li> - <li class="i1">Harts’ horns, ii, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - <li class="i1">Peter, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_360">360</a></li> - <li class="i1">Puppies, ii, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li class="i1">Tartar, preparing, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">uses of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_372">372</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - <li class="i1" id="Oil_Vitriol">Vitriol, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_373">373</a></li> - <li class="i1">Wax, ii, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - <li class="i1" id="Wine">Wine, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_263">263</a></li> - <li>Ointments, ii, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Unguentum">Unguentum</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[326]</span></li> - <li>Old age, Ecclesiastes symbolism, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_76">76</a></li> - <li>Oleum Benedictum, ii, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - <li class="i1">Divinum, ii, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - <li class="i1">Dulce Paracelsi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_348">348</a></li> - <li class="i1">Philosophorum, ii, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - <li class="i1">Sanctum, ii, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - <li class="i1">Vitrioli Dulce, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_347">347</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Wine">Oil of Wine</a></li> - <li>Olibanum, source, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_56">56</a></li> - <li>Olive oil, uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_58">58</a></li> - <li>Onguent de la Mère, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_407">407</a></li> - <li>Onions as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li> - <li>Onycha in Bible, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_57">57</a></li> - <li>Opiates, ii, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - <li>Opium used by Paracelsus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">history, ii, - <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical uses, ii, - <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">active principle, ii, - <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> - <li>Opobalsamum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_53">53</a></li> - <li>Opodeldoc, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">derivation, ii, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">originally a plaster, ii, - <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - <li>Oribasius, medical author, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_214">214</a></li> - <li>Origanum Dictamnus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_26">26</a></li> - <li>Orthrine, ii, - <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> - <li>Osiris, illustration, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">name for ivy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li> - <li>Ounce sign, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - <li>Oxalic acid, synthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - <li>Oxycroceum, ii, - <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - <li>Oxygen, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_269">269</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">why so called, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_324">324</a></li> - <li>Oxymels, ii, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">P</p> - -<ul> - <li>Pachius’s Hiera, ii, - <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - <li>Palma Christi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> - <li>Palsy Drops, ii, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - <li>Panacea, daughter of Æsculapius, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li class="i1">Holsatica, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a></li> - <li class="i1">Mercurialis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_419">419</a></li> - <li>Panchrest, ii, - <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - <li>Panchymagogon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - <li>Pandects of Physic, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li> - <li>Pantopoloi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Papyri, medical and pharmaceutical, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_36">36</a></li> - <li>Papyrus Ebers, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">described, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">photograph, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_40">40</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">prescriptions in, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">date, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_48">48</a></li> - <li id="Paracelsus">Paracelsus, theory of elements, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">“sympathetic ointment,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">education, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">boastfulness, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">epitaph, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">character, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_237">237</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Browning’s poem on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_239">239</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Butler on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_240">240</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">mysticism, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_240">240</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">chemical observations, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">drugs used by, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portraits, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_250">250</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">“Archidoxa Medicinæ,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_390">390</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">“Catholicon,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_414">414</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">“Zebethum Occidentale,” ii, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - <li>Paré’s experiment, ii, - <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - <li>Paregoric Elixir, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formula for, ii, - <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - <li>Paris, apothecary edicts, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_122">122</a></li> - <li>Paris School of Pharmacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_270">270</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li>Parmentier, biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_272">272</a></li> - <li>Pastilli, ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Patent Medicines, origin of, ii, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - <li>Patents, why granted, ii, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - <li>Pearls, use of, in medicine, ii, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - <li>Pectoral Powder, ii, - <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - <li>Pedilavium, ii, - <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - <li>Pelican, ii, - <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - <li id="Pelletier">Pelletier, discovers quinine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">discovers other alkaloids, ii, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - <li>Pelouze, French pharmacist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li>Peon, identified with Apollo, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_7">7</a></li> - <li>Peony, use by Saxons, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">promotes dentition, ii, - <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - <li>Pepperers’ Guild, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li> - <li>Perfume, sacred, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_45">45</a></li> - <li>Perfumer, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li> - <li>Percapt, ii, - <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - <li>Periodeutes, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_93">93</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li> - <li>Perkins’s Metallic Tractors, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - <li>Perkin, W. H. discovers mauve, ii, - <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - <li>Peroxide of hydrogen, inventor, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li>Peruvian bark. <i>See</i> <a href="#Cinchona">Cinchona</a></li> - <li>Pessary, ii, - <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - <li>Peter of Spain, medical author, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li>Petra Philosophale, ii, - <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - <li id="Petroleum">Petroleum, medical uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">early use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_359">359</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">synonyms, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_360">360</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_360">360</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Barbadense, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_360">360</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent">Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, foundation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_156">156</a></li> - <li>Pharmacies, State controlled, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_104">104</a></li> - <li>Pharmacist, the first, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li> - <li id="Pharmacists">Pharmacists, royal and noble, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_287">287</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Apothecaries">Apothecaries</a> <i>and</i> <a href="#Chemists">Chemists</a></li> - <li>Pharmacopeus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_93">93</a></li> - <li>Pharmacopœia, the earliest, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">history of, ii, - <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - <li>Pharmacopolis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_92">92</a></li> - <li>Pharmacopoloi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_93">93</a></li> - <li>Pharmacotribæ, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Pharmacy Acts, various,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[327]</span> - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_156">156</a></li> - <li>Pharmacy, myths, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">patron saints, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in Pharaoh’s time, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in the Bible, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">old use of word, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">identity with sorcery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Hippocrates on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_86">86</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">separation from medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Arabian, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_97">97</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in East, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in Northern Europe, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">edict to regulate, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Beckmann on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_118">118</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">concessions, origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in Saxon England, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">animal substances in, ii, - <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Shakespearian reference, ii, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">progress in 19th century, ii, - <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> - <li>Pharmaka, use by Homer, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_52">52</a></li> - <li>Pharmakeia, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_92">92</a></li> - <li>Pharmakeuein, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_93">93</a></li> - <li>Pharmakoi, use of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_52">52</a></li> - <li>Pharmakon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_93">93</a></li> - <li>Phenacetin, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - <li>Phillips, P. L., critic, ii, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - <li>Philon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_91">91</a></li> - <li>Philonium, inventor, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formulæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - <li>Philosopher’s stone, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_106">106</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_363">363</a></li> - <li>Philosophic egg, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_379">379</a></li> - <li>Phlogiston theory, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_176">176</a></li> - <li>Phœnix, as alchemists sign, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">legends of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Biblical references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">longevity, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_27">27</a></li> - <li>Phosphor paste, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_368">368</a></li> - <li>Phosphorus, Hanckwitz’s advertisement, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_142">142</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_360">360</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_363">363</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">made in London, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_365">365</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_365">365</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">prepared from bones, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_365">365</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">dose, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_367">367</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">solubility, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">symbol, ii, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> - <li>Phthisis, Rhazes’s treatment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_106">106</a></li> - <li>Phylacteries, protect from evil, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_161">161</a></li> - <li>Physicians, as priests, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Biblical references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Pope on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">fees, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_151">151</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Valentine on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_227">227</a></li> - <li>Pigmentarii, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li> - <li>Pike’s itch ointment, ii, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - <li>Pil cocciæ, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - <li>Pil cochiæ, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - <li>Pil Rufi, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - <li>Pills, gilding introduced, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">silvering introduced, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_423">423</a></li> - <li>Pilula saponis composita, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - <li>Pilulæ Communes, ii, - <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - <li class="i1">Ethiopicæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - <li class="i1">Lunares, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_423">423</a></li> - <li class="i1">Pacificæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - <li class="i1">Perpetuæ, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_381">381</a></li> - <li class="i1">Pestilentiales, ii, - <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - <li>Piperine, synthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - <li>Pissaeleum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_328">328</a></li> - <li>Pitt’s “Crafts and Frauds of Physic Exposed,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_149">149</a></li> - <li>Plague remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_224">224</a></li> - <li>Planets, as aids to prescribing, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_187">187</a></li> - <li>Plantain, Shakespearian reference, ii, - <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - <li>Plasters, Aetius on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_215">215</a></li> - <li>Pleurisy, old remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_81">81</a></li> - <li>Pliny, death, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_90">90</a></li> - <li>Plough, inventor, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_288">288</a></li> - <li>Plummer, Dr. A., note on, ii, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - <li class="i1">Æthiops Medicinalis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_382">382</a></li> - <li class="i1">pills, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_351">351</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - <li class="i1">powder, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_382">382</a></li> - <li>Pocula Emetica, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_385">385</a></li> - <li>Podalirus, son of Æsculapius, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li>Poisoners, famous, ii, - <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent">Poison, antidotes, ii, - <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - <li class="i1">origin of word, ii, - <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - <li class="i1">register introduced, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_123">123</a></li> - <li>Poisoning, delayed, ii, - <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - <li class="i1">detecting. <i>See</i> <a href="#Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> - <li class="i1">punishment, ii, - <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - <li>Poisons, in Bible, ii, - <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">history of, ii, - <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">used in Rome, ii, - <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in ancient times, ii, - <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in Middle Ages, ii, - <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - <li>Polychrest, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_369">369</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - <li>Polyidus, magician, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_13">13</a></li> - <li>Pomatum, ii, - <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - <li>Pomegranates, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_72">72</a></li> - <li>Pompholyx, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_209">209</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_407">407</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_427">427</a></li> - <li>Poppy, in Saxon times, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Shakespearian reference, ii, - <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - <li>Poppies, syrup, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - <li>Populeum, ii, - <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - <li>Porta, medical author, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li> - <li>Portland powder, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_309">309</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - <li>Posca, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_71">71</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent">Potassium nitrate. <i>See</i> <a href="#Nitre">Nitre sulphate</a>, synonyms, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a></li> - <li>Potato, popularising, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_273">273</a></li> - <li>Potio Laxativa Viennensis, ii, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - <li>Potion Noire Anglaise, ii, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - <li>Poudre des Chartres, secret purchased, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_381">381</a></li> - <li>Poultice, papyrus formula, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_40">40</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - <li>Powder de Gutteta, ii, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - <li class="i1">of Projection, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_379">379</a></li> - <li class="i1">Saturn, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_407">407</a></li> - <li>Precious stones, medical use, ii, - <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - <li>Precipitatus per se, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_416">416</a></li> - <li>Prepositus’s Antidotary, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_116">116</a></li> - <li>Prescribing by chemists, limitation,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[328]</span> - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_155">155</a></li> - <li>Prescriptions on papyri, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">from “Don Juan,” ii, - <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> - <li>Priestley discovers oxygen, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_270">270</a></li> - <li>Primum Ens Sanguinis, ii, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - <li>Proine, ii, - <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> - <li>Prometheus, the first pharmacist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_12">12</a></li> - <li>Propomata, ii, - <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - <li>Prosdita, ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Prussian blue, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - <li>Prussic acid, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_270">270</a></li> - <li>Psilothrum, ii, - <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - <li>Ptisans, ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Ptomaines, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - <li>Pulvis Cornacchini, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_309">309</a></li> - <li class="i1">Principis Mirandolæ, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_310">310</a></li> - <li class="i1">Scammoniæ co., origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_308">308</a></li> - <li id="Pyroligneous">Pyroligneous acid, made by Glauber, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_263">263</a></li> - <li>Pyroxylin, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_340">340</a></li> - <li>Pythagoras antidote, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_18">18</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">Q</p> - -<ul> - <li>Quack doctor’s harangue, ii, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - <li>Quackery in ninth century, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_107">107</a></li> - <li>Quakers’ Black Drop, ii, - <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - <li>Quassia, introduction, ii, - <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - <li>Quevenne’s iron, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_404">404</a></li> - <li id="Quicksilver">Quicksilver, first mention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">bottles for, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">girdles, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_420">420</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Mercury">Mercury</a></li> - <li>Quinodine, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - <li>Quinine, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">synthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - <li>Quinsy, Hippocrates’s treatment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_86">86</a></li> - <li>Quintessences, prepared by Paracelsus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_246">246</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">R</p> - -<ul> - <li>Ra’s ointment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_43">43</a></li> - <li>Rakach, meaning of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_52">52</a></li> - <li>Raleigh’s Great Cordial, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_310">310</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_312">312</a></li> - <li>Raleigh, Sir Walter, portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical knowledge, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">confection, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_312">312</a></li> - <li>“Rational” formulæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - <li>Read, Queen Anne’s oculist, ii, - <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - <li>“Receptarium Antidotarii,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li> - <li>Recipe sign, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> - <li>Red bottle, ii, - <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - <li class="i1">cloth as small-pox cure, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_186">186</a></li> - <li class="i1" id="Precipitate">precipitate, introduction, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">used by Paracelsus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">early references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_416">416</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">preparation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_416">416</a></li> - <li>Reduced iron, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_404">404</a></li> - <li>Re’em, identity of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_29">29</a></li> - <li>Regenerated tartar, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a></li> - <li>Regulus of Antimony, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_379">379</a></li> - <li>Renandot’s mercurial pills, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_412">412</a></li> - <li>Rhazes, chemical writer, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_106">106</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">ointment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_407">407</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">pil cochiæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - <li>Rheumatism, early treatment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_136">136</a></li> - <li>Rhizotomoi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li>Rhubarb, first mention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_216">216</a></li> - <li id="Ricinus">Ricinus, Biblical plant, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in papyrus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Castor">Castor oil</a></li> - <li>Ridge’s Food, patent, ii, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - <li>Rocha alum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_331">331</a></li> - <li>Roche’s Embrocation, patent, ii, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - <li>Rochelle salt, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_372">372</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">first official, ii, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - <li>Rochester, Earl, as quack, ii, - <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - <li>Rock oil, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_360">360</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li> - <li>“Romeo and Juliet,” origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - <li>“Rosa Anglicana,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_134">134</a></li> - <li>Rose water, Arabic origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">early mention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_328">328</a></li> - <li>Rosemary, derivation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">properties, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Queen of Hungary uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_297">297</a></li> - <li>Rosencreutz, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_181">181</a></li> - <li>Rosetta stone, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li> - <li>Rosh, meaning, ii, - <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - <li>Rosicrucians, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_181">181</a></li> - <li>Rouelle, French chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_277">277</a></li> - <li>Rousseau’s laudanum, ii, - <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - <li>Royal College of Physicians, incorporation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">dispensaries, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_151">151</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">prosecute an apothecary, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_154">154</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - <li>Royal touch cures disease, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">ceremony described, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_304">304</a></li> - <li>Rufus pill, invention, ii, - <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - <li>Runge’s researches, ii, - <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - <li>Runstall’s Black Drop, ii, - <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">S</p> - -<ul> - <li>Sabor-Ebn-Sahel’s Pharmacopœia, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a></li> - <li>Saffron, called blood of Throth, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">derivation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_72">72</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_72">72</a></li> - <li>St. John’s Wort, charm, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_172">172</a></li> - <li>“Sal Admirabile,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_261">261</a></li> - <li id="Sal">Sal Alembroth, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_417">417</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">ammoniac, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_6">6</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Glauber makes, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">early reference,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[329]</span> - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_334">334</a></li> - <li>Sal ammoniacum factitium, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_336">336</a></li> - <li class="i1">de Duobus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - <li class="i1">Enixon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_261">261</a></li> - <li class="i1">fixum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_335">335</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - <li class="i1">Fossile, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_369">369</a></li> - <li class="i1">Gemmæ, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_369">369</a></li> - <li class="i1">Jovis, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_425">425</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li> - <li class="i1">Polychrestum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_369">369</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">Glaser’s, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">Seignette’s, ii, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - <li class="i1">Prunella, how prepared, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">why so-called, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_369">369</a></li> - <li class="i1">Purgatorius, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_220">220</a></li> - <li class="i1">sacerdotale, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_220">220</a></li> - <li class="i1">sapientiæ, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_417">417</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li class="i1">viperum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_208">208</a></li> - <li class="i1">volatile oleosum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Salt">Salt</a> <i>and</i> <a href="#Sel">Sel</a></li> - <li>Salamanders’ Blood, ii, - <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - <li>Salerno Medical School, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">dissolved, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_117">117</a></li> - <li>Salia, ii, - <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - <li>Salicylic acid, synthetic, ii, - <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - <li>Salmon, W., note on, ii, - <a href="#Page_179">179</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - <li>Salol, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - <li>Salsa, ii, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - <li id="Salt">Salt, etymology of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_325">325</a></li> - <li class="i1">of the Holy Apostles, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_220">220</a></li> - <li class="i1">of many virtues, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_369">369</a></li> - <li class="i1">of Mars, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_398">398</a></li> - <li class="i1">of St. Luke, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_220">220</a></li> - <li class="i1">of tartar, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_326">326</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_372">372</a></li> - <li class="i1">of wisdom, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_417">417</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - <li class="i1">of wormwood, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_326">326</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Sal">Sal</a> <i>and</i> <a href="#Sel">Sel</a></li> - <li>Saltpetre, <i>See</i> nitre</li> - <li>Salpêtrière Asylum, why so-called, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_359">359</a></li> - <li>“Sardonic grin,” origin of expression, ii, - <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - <li>Sarsaparilla, introduction, ii, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical use, ii, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">decoctions, ii, - <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - <li>Savory’s Seidlitz Powders, ii, - <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - <li>Saxifrage as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_184">184</a></li> - <li>Saxon pharmacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li> - <li>Scammony powder, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_308">308</a></li> - <li>Schacht’s liquor bismuthi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_387">387</a></li> - <li>Scheele, biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_266">266</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">statue, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">investigations, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_268">268</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">pharmacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_269">269</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medallion, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_276">276</a></li> - <li>Schönbein discovers pyroxylin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_340">340</a></li> - <li>Schwalbach mineral springs, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_403">403</a></li> - <li>Schwanberg’s fever powder, ii, - <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - <li>Scorpion grass, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_184">184</a></li> - <li id="Scrofula">Scrofula, etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">cramprings for, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">burnt sponge for, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_353">353</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Kings_Evil">King’s Evil</a></li> - <li>Scruple sign, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - <li>Scutum, ii, - <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - <li>Sea-sickness, early remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li> - <li>Seba, naturalist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_278">278</a></li> - <li>Seed of gold, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_389">389</a></li> - <li>Seguin discovers morphine, ii, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - <li>Seidlitz powders, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">patent, ii, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - <li>Seignette’s salt, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_372">372</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - <li id="Sel">Sel de Duobus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - <li class="i1">Essentiel de quinquina, ii, - <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - <li class="i1">Narcotique de Derosne, ii, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - <li class="i1">de Seignette, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_372">372</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - <li>Seneca oil, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_359">359</a></li> - <li>Senna, introduction, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li> - <li>Seplasia, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li> - <li>Seplasiarii, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_94">94</a></li> - <li>Serapion of Alexandria (or The Elder), - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">epilepsy remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_217">217</a></li> - <li class="i1">The Younger, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_110">110</a></li> - <li>Serenus, Roman physician, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_164">164</a></li> - <li>Sertürner discovers morphine, ii, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - <li>Serullas, French chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li>“Seven metals,” ii, - <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> - <li>Sévigné, Marquise de, portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_192">192</a></li> - <li>Shakespearian references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - <li>Sheba, Queen of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_54">54</a></li> - <li>Sheben, identity, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_42">42</a></li> - <li>Shekel, ancient weight, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li> - <li>Signatures, doctrine of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_183">183</a></li> - <li>“Signet star of philosophy,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_225">225</a></li> - <li id="Silphion">Silphion, introduction, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_16">16</a></li> - <li>Silver, medical uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_422">422</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">symbol, ii, - <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, - <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, - <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> - <li class="i1">nitrate, first use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">made into sticks, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_424">424</a></li> - <li>Simpson, J. G., uses anæsthetics, ii, - <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, ii, - <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - <li>Sinapisms, ii, - <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - <li>Singleton’s eye ointment, ii, - <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - <li>Skin, as a charm, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_173">173</a></li> - <li>Skull oil, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_247">247</a></li> - <li>Skulls, medical uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - <li>Sleep promoting, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_128">128</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_138">138</a></li> - <li>Sloane, Sir Hans, edits P.L. 1721, ii, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - <li>Small-pox, first mention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">early treatment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - <li>Smegma, ii, - <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - <li>Snails as remedy, ii, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li>Snake-venom antidotes, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">immunity, ii, - <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - <li>Soap, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_324">324</a></li> - <li>Soap liniment, origin of, ii, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent">Society of apothecaries. <i>See</i> <a href="#Society">Apothecaries’ Society</a></li> - <li>Soda tartarata, ii,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">[330]</span> - <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - <li>Sodium carbonate, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_70">70</a></li> - <li>Solar elixir, ii, - <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li> - <li>Solecism, derivation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_207">207</a></li> - <li>Solomon’s treatise on medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">magical secrets, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_159">159</a></li> - <li class="i1">The Hebrew, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_157">157</a></li> - <li>Soluble mercury, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_418">418</a></li> - <li>“Solvent mineral,” ii, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li>Somnus, god of sleep, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_17">17</a></li> - <li>“Sons of God” legend, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_3">3</a></li> - <li>Sorbito, ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Sorcery, identified with pharmacy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">held in esteem, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_160">160</a></li> - <li>Sparadrap, ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li class="i1">de Vigo, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_411">411</a></li> - <li>Specificum purgans, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_244">244</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a></li> - <li>Spermaceti, medical use, ii, - <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">derivation, ii, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Shakespearian reference, ii, - <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - <li>Spicerers’ Guild, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_139">139</a></li> - <li>Spiders, medical use, ii, - <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - <li>Spielman’s Vermifuge Electuary, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_426">426</a></li> - <li>Spikenard, value, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">ointment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_74">74</a></li> - <li id="Nitrous_Ether">Spirit of nitrous ether, origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_349">349</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">early formulæ, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_349">349</a></li> - <li class="i1" id="Spirit_of_salt">of salt, Valentine describes, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_369">369</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">medical uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_369">369</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">properties, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_370">370</a></li> - <li class="i1">of tartar, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_372">372</a></li> - <li class="i1">of vitriol, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_373">373</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_374">374</a></li> - <li class="i1">of wine. <i>See</i> <a href="#Alcohol">Alcohol</a>.</li> - <li>Spiritus Ætheris Co., origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_348">348</a></li> - <li class="i1">Ætheris Nitrosi. <i>See</i> <a href="#Nitrous_Ether">Spirit of Nitrous Ether</a></li> - <li class="i1">Ammoniæ Succinatus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_338">338</a></li> - <li class="i1">Ammoniæ Aromaticus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_335">335</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_337">337</a></li> - <li class="i1">Mundi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_361">361</a></li> - <li class="i1">Nitri Dulcis. <i>See</i> <a href="#Nitrous_Ether">Spirit of Nitrous Ether</a></li> - <li class="i1">Salis Marini Glauberi. <i>See</i> Spirit of Salt</li> - <li class="i1">Volatilis Oleosus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_335">335</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_337">337</a></li> - <li class="i1">Vini Ethereus. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ether">Ether</a></li> - <li class="i1" id="Spirit_Vitriol">Vitrioli Antepilepticus Paracelsi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_347">347</a></li> - <li>Spilsbury’s Anti-scorbutic Drops, ii, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - <li>“Spot Ward,” ii, - <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - <li>Spruce Dr., obtains cinchona seeds, ii, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - <li>Squill called Eye of Typhon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">vinegar, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_18">18</a></li> - <li>Stacte, identity, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_63">63</a></li> - <li>Stahl’s theory of the elements, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_176">176</a></li> - <li id="Starcraft">Starcraft, Saxon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li> - <li>Starkey’s Pills, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - <li>Stationarii, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_118">118</a></li> - <li>Steer’s opodeldoc, ii, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - <li>Stephens’s Cure for stone, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">recipe, ii, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - <li>Sterling, derivation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_138">138</a></li> - <li>Stibium, <i>See</i> <a href="#Antimony">Antimony</a></li> - <li>Stimmi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_378">378</a></li> - <li>Stoughton’s Cordial Elixir, ii, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - <li>Stramonium, history, ii, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">introduction, ii, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - <li>Structural formulæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - <li>Strychnine, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - <li>Strychnos manikon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_25">25</a></li> - <li>Sublimation dulce, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_419">419</a></li> - <li>Suffumenta, ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Suffumigia, ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Substitution theory, ii, - <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - <li>Sugar, arabic derivation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">a rarity, ii, - <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - <li>Sulphonal, preparation, ii, - <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - <li>Sulphur, symbol, ii, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> - <li>Sulphuric acid, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_373">373</a></li> - <li>Sun-stone, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_361">361</a></li> - <li>Supplantalia, ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Suppositories, ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Swammerdam, Dutch anatomist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li>Swediaur’s pilula ferri, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_351">351</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent">Sweet spirit of nitre, <i>See</i> <a href="#Nitrous_Ether">Spirit of Nitrous Ether</a></li> - <li>Sydenham, on iron, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_399">399</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_400">400</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">laudanum, ii, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - <li>Sylvius’s Carminative Spirit, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_337">337</a></li> - <li class="i1">salt, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_336">336</a></li> - <li>Sympathetic egg, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_190">190</a></li> - <li class="i1" id="Sympathetic_Ointment">ointment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - <li class="i1">powder, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_191">191</a></li> - <li class="i1">remedies, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_187">187</a></li> - <li>Symbols, alchemical, ii, - <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> - <li>Synthetic Remedies, ii, - <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - <li id="Syphilis">Syphilis, book on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Valentine’s reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">treatment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">mercury as cure, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_409">409</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_413">413</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">early treatment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_413">413</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">guaiacum as cure, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_414">414</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - <li>Syrup, derivation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">T</p> - -<ul> - <li>Takkum gum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_53">53</a></li> - <li>Talbor’s Tincture of Bark, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_319">319</a></li> - <li>Talbor R., employs cinchona, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - <li class="i1">process, ii, - <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - <li id="Talismans">Talismans worn by Arabs, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">universality, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Charms">Charms</a></li> - <li>Talmud, medicine in, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_49">49</a></li> - <li>Tamarinds, introduction,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">[331]</span> - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_218">218</a></li> - <li>Tansy, origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_22">22</a></li> - <li>Tapeworm remedy, Nouffer’s, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_320">320</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Kousso, ii, - <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - <li>Tar water, invention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_316">316</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">opinions, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_318">318</a></li> - <li>Tartar etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_370">370</a></li> - <li class="i1">preparations, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_372">372</a></li> - <li>Tartaric acid, discovery, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_268">268</a></li> - <li>Tartarised iron, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_402">402</a></li> - <li>Tartarum tartarisatus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_373">373</a></li> - <li>Tartarus, mythical hell, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_370">370</a></li> - <li>Tartre Stibié, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_384">384</a></li> - <li>Tartre Stygié, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_384">384</a></li> - <li>“Tasteless Ague Drops,” ii, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - <li>Temperature, doctrine of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_180">180</a></li> - <li>Terra Germanica, ii, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - <li class="i1">Livonica, ii, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - <li class="i1">Mellitea, ii, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - <li class="i1">Portugallica, ii, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - <li class="i1">Samia, ii, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - <li class="i1">Sicula, ii, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - <li class="i1">Sigillata, Galen on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">how prepared, ii, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">uses, ii, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - <li class="i1">Strigensis, ii, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - <li>Terres damnées, ii, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li>Tetragonon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_376">376</a></li> - <li>Tetrapharmacum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_310">310</a></li> - <li>Theine, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - <li>Themison, Roman physician, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">uses leeches, ii, - <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Hiera, ii, - <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - <li>Thénard, French chemist, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li id="Theriaca">Theriaca, medical uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">absurdities, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">origin, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formulæ, ii, - <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">invention, ii, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">virtues, ii, - <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">history, ii, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">ceremony, ii, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">esteemed, ii, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">as poison antidote, ii, - <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - <li>Theriakon, Andromachus’s, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_90">90</a></li> - <li>Thistles as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_184">184</a></li> - <li id="Thoth">Thoth, inventor of medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_4">4</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li> - <li class="i1">blood, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li> - <li>Thurneyssen’s “Magistery of the Sun,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_390">390</a></li> - <li>Thus, derivation, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_56">56</a></li> - <li>Thuti, <i>See</i> <a href="#Thoth">Thoth</a></li> - <li>Thymiana, meaning, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_55">55</a></li> - <li>Tilly’s Dutch Drops, ii, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - <li>Tin as vermifuge, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_424">424</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">medical compounds, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_424">424</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">symbol, ii, - <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, ii, - <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> - <li class="i1">oxide as nail polish, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_426">426</a></li> - <li class="i1">salts, used by Paracelsus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_245">245</a></li> - <li>Tinctura Aloes Co., origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - <li class="i1">Benzoin Co., origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li class="i1">Lavandulæ Co., origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - <li class="i1">Lunæ, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_423">423</a></li> - <li>Tinctura Metallorum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_244">244</a></li> - <li class="i1">solis, etc., - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_390">390</a></li> - <li>Tonica Nervina Bestucheffi, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_404">404</a></li> - <li>Tisanes, ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Tofano, poisoner, ii, - <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - <li>Tooth-ache, early remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_130">130</a></li> - <li class="i1">cause, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_168">168</a></li> - <li class="i1">charms, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_168">168</a></li> - <li>Tooth-extraction, anæsthetics in, ii, - <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - <li id="Toxicology">Toxicology, rise of, ii, - <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> - <li>Tranquille, note on, ii, - <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - <li>Traumatic Balsam, ii, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li>Trefoil as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_184">184</a></li> - <li>Trismegistus, Hermes’s surname, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_5">5</a></li> - <li>“Triumphal Chariot of Antimony,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_224">224</a></li> - <li>Troches, etymology, ii, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li>Trochiscus trigonus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_87">87</a></li> - <li>Tsora, meaning, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_53">53</a></li> - <li>Turbith mineral, Paracelsus uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">why so called, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_417">417</a></li> - <li>Turlington’s Drops, ii, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li>Turner’s Cerate, origin, ii, - <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formula, ii, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - <li>Turner, Dr., note on, ii, - <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">publications, ii, - <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - <li>Turpentine as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_50">50</a></li> - <li>Tutty, ii, - <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - <li>Typhon’s eye, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_35">35</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">U</p> - -<ul> - <li>Uisage-beatha, old Irish drink, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_329">329</a></li> - <li id="Unguentum">Unguentum Ægyptiacum, ii, - <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - <li class="i1">Arcœi, ii, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - <li class="i1">Desiccativum Rubrum, ii, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - <li class="i1">Diapomphologos, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_407">407</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_427">427</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - <li class="i1">Nutritum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_407">407</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - <li class="i1">Refrigerans, ii, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - <li class="i1">Rosatum, ii, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - <li class="i1">Saturninum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_407">407</a></li> - <li class="i1">Sympatheticum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_190">190</a></li> - <li class="i1">Tetrapharmacum, ii, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li class="i1">Tripharmacum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_406">406</a></li> - <li>Ungius odorata, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_57">57</a></li> - <li>Unicorn, Biblical references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">in Royal Arms, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Shakespearian references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Scottish pound, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Apothecary’s sign, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_31">31</a></li> - <li>Unicorn’s horn, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_30">30</a></li> - <li>“Universal medicine,” Geber’s claim, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_106">106</a></li> - <li>“Universal panacea,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_414">414</a></li> - <li>“Universal remedy,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_374">374</a></li> - <li>“Universal solvent,” Glauber’s, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_264">264</a></li> - <li>Urus, identity, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_29">29</a></li> - <li>Usquebagh, ii, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">V</p> - -<ul> - <li>Valenciennes, naturalist,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[332]</span> - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_282">282</a></li> - <li>Valency, theory, ii, - <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - <li>Valentine, Basil, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_181">181</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">identity, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">works, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_228">228</a></li> - <li>Valangin’s solution, ii, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li>Van Helmont on weapon salve, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_191">191</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">contracts itch, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">discovers carbonic acid, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">physiology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">employs alum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_331">331</a></li> - <li>Van Swieten’s solution, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_421">421</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">anæsthetic story, ii, - <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - <li>Vauquelin, biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_271">271</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">discovers narcotine, ii, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">discovers daphnine and nicotine, ii, - <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - <li>Vegetable ethiops, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_351">351</a></li> - <li class="i1">vitriol, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_375">375</a></li> - <li>“Vegeto-Mineral Water,” Goulard’s - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_265">265</a></li> - <li>Venice treacle. <i>See</i> <a href="#Theriaca">Theriaca</a></li> - <li>Venom antidotes, Arabian, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - <li>Venus uses dittany, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_26">26</a></li> - <li>Veratrine, discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - <li>Vervain, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">used by Saxons, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_126">126</a></li> - <li>Verdigris ointment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - <li>Vigo, John de, biography, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_410">410</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">plaster, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_411">411</a></li> - <li>Vinegar, Biblical references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_64">64</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_71">71</a></li> - <li>Vinum Millepedarum, ii, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li id="Vipers">Vipers, medicinal uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Charas on, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">de Sévigné on, ii, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">Quincy on, ii, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">preparations, ii, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> - <li>Vis Coriaria, ii, - <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - <li>Vitriol, early use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_372">372</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">kinds, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_373">373</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">etymology, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_373">373</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">medical uses, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_373">373</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_398">398</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">preparations, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">symbols, ii, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> - <li class="hangingindent1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Oil_Vitriol">Oil of Vitriol</a> <i>and</i> <a href="#Spirit_Vitriol">Spirit of Vitriol</a></li> - <li>Vitriol of Mars, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_373">373</a></li> - <li class="i1">Venus, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_373">373</a>; ii, - <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li> - <li>Vitriolated tartar, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_371">371</a></li> - <li>Vitriolum Camphoratum, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_374">374</a></li> - <li>Vocabulary, pharmaceutical, ii, - <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - <li>“Volatile gold,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_396">396</a></li> - <li>Vulnerarii, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_92">92</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">W</p> - -<ul> - <li>Walnuts as remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_185">185</a></li> - <li>Want’s Tincture of Colchicum, ii, - <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> - <li>Warburg, Dr. Carl, biography, ii, - <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">poverty, ii, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - <li>Warburg’s Tincture, history, ii, - <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">formula, ii, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - <li>Ward, Joshua, biography, ii, - <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, ii, - <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">recipes, ii, - <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, - <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - <li>Ward’s paste, ii, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - <li>Warts, remedies, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_169">169</a></li> - <li class="i1">transferring, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Wort">Wort-cunning</a></li> - <li>Watercress, medical use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_125">125</a></li> - <li>Weapon salve. <i>See</i> <a href="#Sympathetic_Ointment">Sympathetic Ointment</a></li> - <li>Weights, ancient, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_44">44</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_59">59</a></li> - <li class="i1">signs for, ii, - <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - <li>Wellcome Research Laboratory (Khartoum), - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_162">162</a></li> - <li>Wells, H., uses nitrous oxide gas, ii, - <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, ii, - <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> - <li>Whisky, early use, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_329">329</a></li> - <li id="White_lead">White lead ointment, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_406">406</a></li> - <li id="White_Vitriol">White vitriol, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_373">373</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_426">426</a></li> - <li>Whitworth doctors, ii, - <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">cures, ii, - <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - <li>Whooping-cough, transferring, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_170">170</a></li> - <li>Wiener, Frank, ii, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - <li>Willis, Dr., portrait, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_401">401</a></li> - <li>Willis’s Preparation of Steel, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_400">400</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_401">401</a></li> - <li>Witches’ powers, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_171">171</a></li> - <li>Withering, Dr. W., biography, ii, - <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">on digitalis, ii, - <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - <li>Wohler’s discovery, ii, - <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> - <li class="i1">portrait, ii, - <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> - <li>“Wolf of Metals,” - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_379">379</a></li> - <li>Wondreton, poisoner, ii, - <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - <li>Woodcock’s Wind Pills, ii, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - <li>Wool fat used by Dioscorides, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_210">210</a></li> - <li>Words, origin of, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_33">33</a></li> - <li>Worms, early remedy, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_245">245</a></li> - <li>Wormwood, Biblical reference, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_64">64</a></li> - <li id="Wort">Wort-cunning, Saxon, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_124">124</a></li> - <li>Wound Balsam, ii, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - <li>Writing, invention, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_4">4</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-index">Z</p> - -<ul> - <li>Zebethum Occidentale, ii, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - <li>Zinc, early references, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_426">426</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">alloys, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_426">426</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">composition, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_427">427</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">preparations, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_427">427</a>;</li> - <li class="i2">symbol, ii, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> - <li class="i1">oxide, synonyms, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_427">427</a></li> - <li class="i1">sulphate. <i>See</i> <a href="#White_Vitriol">White Vitriol</a></li> - <li>Zoroaster, inventor of medicine, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_6">6</a>, - <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65872/65872-h/65872-h.htm#Page_157">157</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="center p-left p4 xs">R. CLAY AND SONS, LTD., BREAD ST. HILL, E.C., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.</p> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> The historical part of Dr. Tschirch’s great work on -Pharmakognosie is in course of publication while the proofs of this -book are being read. It promises to be very thorough and modern in -regard to drugs.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Labdanum or ladanum is a resinous substance which -exudes from the leaves and branches of a shrub found in the Isle of -Candy—<i>Cistus creticus</i> of Linnæus. It was formerly collected by -combing the beards of goats which fed on these leaves. A commoner kind -was brought from Spain. It was an ingredient in an anti-hysteric nerve -cordial called Theriaque Cœleste. It was also combined in a plaster -designed to cure rupture.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> The footman story is also told of the owner of Murray’s -Specific for Gout, of whom it was probably true.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> Synthetic cocaine and other artificial alkaloids differ -from the natural products only in being without action on polarised -light.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> John Lydgate, a monk of Bury, born 1370, left some -amusing poems, very valuable on account of the insight they give -into the customs of his period. One of them is an application to the -Duke of Gloucester for money. Lydgate says he is dressed in black -“’cause my purs was falle in grete rerage”; while his “guttes were -out shake, Only for lak of plate and coyngnage.” So he “sought lechis -for a restauratif, In whom I fonde no consolacione, To a poticary for -confortatyf, Drugge nor dya was none in Bury towne.”</p> - -</div> -</div> - - - -<p class="transnote">Transcriber’s Note:<br /> - -1. Obvious printers’, spelling and punctuation errors have been silently -corrected.<br /> - -2. Errata have been silently corrected.<br /> - -3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have - been retained as in the original.</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF PHARMACY, VOL. 2 (OF 2) ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. 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