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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 674 ***
+Plutarch's Lives
+
+
+
+
+
+The following are the names of the chapters.  These names, in all
+capitals, are found only once in the text, at the start of the chapter.
+
+
+THESEUS
+ROMULUS
+COMPARISON OF ROMULUS WITH THESEUS
+LYCURGUS
+NUMA POMPILIUS
+COMPARISON OF NUMA WITH LYCURGUS
+SOLON
+POPLICOLA
+COMPARISON OF POPLICOLA WITH SOLON
+THEMISTOCLES
+CAMILLUS
+PERICLES
+FABIUS
+COMPARISON OF PERICLES WITH FABIUS
+ALCIBIADES
+CORIOLANUS
+COMPARISON OF ALCIBIADES WITH CORIOLANUS
+TIMOLEON
+AEMILIUS PAULUS
+COMPARISON OF TIMOLEON WITH AEMILIUS PAULUS
+PELOPIDAS
+MARCELLUS
+COMPARISION OF PELOPIDAS WITH MARCELLUS
+ARISTIDES
+MARCUS CATO
+COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES WITH MARCUS CATO.
+PHILOPOEMEN
+FLAMININUS
+COMPARISON OF PHILOPOEMEN WITH FLAMININUS
+PYRRHUS
+CAIUS MARIUS
+LYSANDER
+SYLLA
+COMPARISON OF LYSANDER WITH SYLLA
+CIMON
+LUCULLUS
+COMPARISON OF LUCULLUS WITH CIMON
+NICIAS
+CRASSUS
+COMPARISON OF CRASSUS WITH NICIAS
+SERTORIUS
+EUMENES
+COMPARISON OF SERTORIUS WITH EUMENES
+AGESILAUS
+POMPEY
+COMPARISON OF POMPEY AND AGESILAUS
+ALEXANDER
+CAESAR
+PHOCION
+CATO THE YOUNGER
+AGIS
+CLEOMENES
+TIBERIUS GRACCHUS
+CAIUS GRACCHUS
+COMPARISON OF TIBERIUS AND CAIUS GRACCHUS WITH AGIS AND CLEOMENES
+DEMOSTHENES
+CICERO
+COMPARISON OF DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO
+DEMETRIUS
+ANTONY
+COMPARISON OF DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY
+DION
+MARCUS BRUTUS
+COMPARISON OF DION AND BRUTUS
+ARATUS
+ARTAXERXES
+GALBA
+OTHO
+
+Tom Trent
+tomtrent@pobox.com
+*********************************************************************
+
+THESEUS
+
+As geographers, Sosius, crowd into the edges of their maps parts of the
+world which they do not know about, adding notes in the margin to the
+effect, that beyond this lies nothing but sandy deserts full of wild
+beasts, unapproachable bogs, Scythian ice, or a frozen sea, so, in this
+work of mine, in which I have compared the lives of the greatest men
+with one another, after passing through those periods which probable
+reasoning can reach to and real history find a footing in, I might very
+well say of those that are farther off, Beyond this there is nothing but
+prodigies and fictions, the only inhabitants are the poets and inventors
+of fables; there is no credit, or certainty any farther.  Yet, after
+publishing an account of Lycurgus the lawgiver and Numa the king, I
+thought I might, not without reason, ascend as high as to Romulus, being
+brought by my history so near to his time.
+Considering therefore with myself
+
+Whom shall I set so great a man to face?
+Or whom oppose?  who's equal to the place?
+
+(as Aeschylus expresses it), I found none so fit as him that peopled the
+beautiful and far-famed city of Athens, to be set in opposition with the
+father of the invincible and renowned city of Rome.  Let us hope that
+Fable may, in what shall follow, so submit to the purifying processes of
+Reason as to take the character of exact history.  In any case, however,
+where it shall be found contumaciously slighting credibility, and
+refusing to be reduced to anything like probable fact, we shall beg
+that we may meet with candid readers, and such as will receive with
+indulgence the stories of antiquity.
+
+Theseus seemed to me to resemble Romulus in many particulars.  Both of
+them, born out of wedlock and of uncertain parentage, had the repute of
+being sprung from the gods.
+
+Both warriors; that by all the world's allowed.
+
+Both of them united with strength of body an equal vigor mind; and of
+the two most famous cities of the world the one built Rome, and the
+other made Athens be inhabited.  Both stand charged with the rape of
+women; neither of them could avoid domestic misfortunes nor jealousy at
+home; but towards the close of their lives are both of them said to have
+incurred great odium with their countrymen, if, that is, we may take the
+stories least like poetry as our guide to the truth.
+
+The lineage of Theseus, by his father's side, ascends as high as to
+Erechtheus and the first inhabitants of Attica.  By his mother's side he
+was descended of Pelops.  For Pelops was the most powerful of all the
+kings of Peloponnesus, not so much by the greatness of his riches as the
+multitude of his children, having married many daughters to chief men,
+and put many sons in places of command in the towns round about him.
+One of whom named Pittheus, grandfather to Theseus, was governor of the
+small city of the Troezenians, and had the repute of a man of the
+greatest knowledge and wisdom of his time; which then, it seems,
+consisted chiefly in grave maxims, such as the poet Hesiod got his great
+fame by, in his book of Works and Days.  And, indeed, among these is one
+that they ascribe to Pittheus,--
+
+Unto a friend suffice
+A stipulated price;
+
+which, also, Aristotle mentions.  And Euripides, by calling Hippolytus "
+scholar of the holy Pittheus," shows the opinion that the world had of
+him.
+
+Aegeus, being desirous of children, and consulting the oracle of Delphi,
+received the celebrated answer which forbade him the company of any
+woman before his return to Athens.  But the oracle being so obscure as
+not to satisfy him that he was clearly forbid this, he went to Troezen,
+and communicated to Pittheus the voice of the god,
+which was in this manner,--
+
+Loose not the wine-skin foot, thou chief of men,
+Until to Athens thou art come again.
+
+Pittheus, therefore, taking advantage from the obscurity of the oracle,
+prevailed upon him, it is uncertain whether by persuasion or deceit, to
+lie with his daughter Aethra.  Aegeus afterwards, knowing her whom he
+had lain with to be Pittheus's daughter, and suspecting her to be with
+child by him, left a sword and a pair of shoes, hiding them under a
+great stone that had a hollow in it exactly fitting them; and went away
+making her only privy to it, and commanding her, if she brought forth a
+son who, when he came to man's estate, should be able to lift up the
+stone and take away what he had left there, she should send him away to
+him with those things with all secrecy, and with injunctions to him as
+much as possible to conceal his journey from every one; for he greatly
+feared the Pallantidae, who were continually mutinying against him, and
+despised him for his want of children, they themselves being fifty
+brothers, all sons of Pallas.
+
+When Aethra was delivered of a son, some say that he was immediately
+named Theseus, from the tokens which his father had put @ under the
+stone; others that he received his name afterwards at Athens, when
+Aegeus acknowledged him for his son.  He was brought up under his
+grandfather Pittheus, and had a tutor and attendant set over him named
+Connidas, to whom the Athenians, even to this time, the day before the
+feast that is dedicated to Theseus, sacrifice a ram, giving this honor
+to his memory upon much juster grounds than to Silanio and Parrhasius,
+for making pictures and statues of Theseus.  There being then a custom
+for the Grecian youth, upon their first coming to man's estate, to go to
+Delphi and offer first-fruits of their hair to the god, Theseus also
+went thither, and a place there to this day is yet named Thesea, as it
+is said, from him.  He clipped only the fore part of his head, as Homer
+says the Abantes did.%  And this sort of tonsure was from him named
+Theseis.  The Abantes first used it, not in imitation of the Arabians,
+as some imagine, nor of the Mysians, but because they were a warlike
+people, and used to close fighting, and above all other nations
+accustomed to engage hand to hand; as Archilochus testifies
+in these verses: --
+
+Slings shall not whirl, nor many arrows fly,
+When on the plain the battle joins; but swords,
+Man against man, the deadly conflict try,
+As is the practice of Euboea's lords
+Skilled with the spear.--
+
+Therefore that they might not give their enemies a hold by their hair,
+they cut it in this manner.  They write also that this was the reason
+why Alexander gave command to his captains that all the beards of the
+Macedonians should be shaved, as being the readiest hold for an enemy.
+
+Aethra for some time concealed the true parentage of Theseus, and a
+report was given out by Pittheus that he was begotten by Neptune; for
+the Troezenians pay Neptune the highest veneration.  He is their tutelar
+god, to him they offer all their first-fruits, and in his honor stamp
+their money with a trident.
+
+Theseus displaying not only great strength of body, but equal bravery,
+and a quickness alike and force of understanding, his mother Aethra,
+conducting him to the stone, and informing him who was his true father,
+commanded him to take from thence the tokens that Aegeus had left, and
+to sail to Athens.  He without any difficulty set himself to the stone
+and lifted it up; but refused to take his journey by sea, though it was
+much the safer way, and though his mother and grandfather begged him to
+do so.  For it was at that time very dangerous to go by land on the road
+to Athens, no part of it being free from robbers and murderers.  That
+age produced a sort of men, in force of hand, and swiftness of foot, and
+strength of body, excelling the ordinary rate, and wholly incapable of
+fatigue; making use, however, of these gifts of nature to no good or
+profitable purpose for mankind, but rejoicing and priding themselves in
+insolence, and taking the benefit of their superior strength in the
+exercise of inhumanity and cruelty, and in seizing, forcing, and
+committing all manner of outrages upon every thing that fell into their
+hands; all respect for others, all justice, they thought, all equity and
+humanity, though naturally lauded by common people, either out of want
+of courage to commit injuries or fear to receive them, yet no way
+concerned those who were strong enough to win for themselves.  Some of
+these, Hercules destroyed and cut off in his passage through these
+countries, but some, escaping his notice while he was passing by, fled
+and hid themselves, or else were spared by him in contempt of their
+abject submission; and after that Hercules fell into misfortune, and,
+having slain Iphitus, retired to Lydia, and for a long time was there
+slave to Omphale, a punishment which he had imposed upon himself for the
+murder, then, indeed, Lydia enjoyed high peace and security, but in
+Greece and the countries about it the like villanies again revived and
+broke out, there being none to repress or chastise them.  It was
+therefore a very hazardous journey to travel by land from Athens to
+Peloponnesus; and Pittheus, giving him an exact account of each of these
+robbers and villains, their strength, and the cruelty they used to all
+strangers, tried to persuade Theseus to go by sea.  But he, it seems,
+had long since been secretly fired by the glory of Hercules, held him in
+the highest estimation, and was never more satisfied than in listening
+to any that gave an account of him; especially those that had seen him,
+or had been present at any action or saying of his.  So that he was
+altogether in the same state of feeling as, in after ages, Themistocles
+was, when he said that he could not sleep for the trophy of Miltiades;
+entertaining such admiration for the virtue of Hercules, that in the
+night his dreams were all of that hero's actions.  and in the day a
+continual emulation stirred him up to perform the like.  Besides, they
+were related, being born of cousins-german.  For Aethra was daughter of
+Pittheus, and Alcmena of Lysidice; and Lysidice and Pittheus were brother
+and sister, children of Hippodamia and Pelops.  He thought it therefore a
+dishonorable thing, and not to be endured, that Hercules should go out
+everywhere, and purge both land and sea from wicked men, and he himself
+should fly from the like adventures that actually came in his way;
+disgracing his reputed father by a mean flight by sea, and not showing
+his true one as good evidence of the greatness of his birth by noble and
+worthy actions, as by the tokens that he brought with him,
+the shoes and the sword.
+
+With this mind and these thoughts, he set forward with a design to do
+injury to nobody, but to repel and revenge himself of all those that
+should offer any.  And first of all, in a set combat, he slew
+Periphetes, in the neighborhood of Epidaurus, who used a club for his
+arms, and from thence had the name of Corynetes, or the club-bearer; who
+seized upon him, and forbade him to go forward in his journey.  Being
+pleased with the club, he took it, and made it his weapon, continuing to
+use it as Hercules did the lion's skin, on whose shoulders that served
+to prove how huge a beast he had killed; and to the same end Theseus
+carried about him this club; overcome indeed by him,
+but now, in his hands, invincible.
+
+Passing on further towards the Isthmus of Peloponnesus, he slew Sinnis,
+often surnamed the Bender of Pines, after the same manner in which he
+himself had destroyed many others before.  And this he did without
+having either practiced or ever learnt the art of bending these trees,
+to show that natural strength is above all art.  This Sinnis had a
+daughter of remarkable beauty and stature, called Perigune, who, when
+her father was killed, fled, and was sought after everywhere by Theseus;
+and coming into a place overgrown with brushwood shrubs, and asparagus-
+thorn, there, in a childlike, innocent manner, prayed and begged them,
+as if they understood her, to give her shelter, with vows that if she
+escaped she would never cut them down nor burn them.  But Theseus
+calling upon her, and giving her his promise that he would use her with
+respect, and offer her no injury, she came forth, and in due time bore
+him a son, named Melanippus; but afterwards was married to Deioneus, the
+son of Eurytus, the Oechalian, Theseus himself giving her to him.
+Ioxus, the son of this Melanippus who was born to Theseus, accompanied
+Ornytus in the colony that he carried with him into Caria, whence it is
+a family usage amongst the people called Ioxids, both male and female,
+never to burn either shrubs or asparagus-thorn,
+but to respect and honor them.
+
+The Crommyonian sow, which they called Phaea, was a savage and
+formidable wild beast, by no means an enemy to be despised.  Theseus
+killed her, going out of his way on purpose to meet and engage her, so
+that he might not seem to perform all his great exploits out of mere
+necessity ; being also of opinion that it was the part of a brave man to
+chastise villainous and wicked men when attacked by them, but to seek
+out and overcome the more noble wild beasts.  Others relate that Phaea
+was a woman, a robber full of cruelty and lust, that lived in Crommyon,
+and had the name of Sow given her from the foulness of her life and
+manners, and afterwards was killed by Theseus.  He slew also Sciron,
+upon the borders of Megara, casting him down from the rocks, being, as
+most report, a notorious robber of all passengers, and, as others add,
+accustomed, out of insolence and wantonness, to stretch forth his feet
+to strangers, commanding them to wash them, and then while they did it,
+with a kick to send them down the rock into the sea.  The writers of
+Megara, however, in contradiction to the received report, and, as
+Simonides expresses it, "fighting with all antiquity," contend that
+Sciron was neither a robber nor doer of violence, but a punisher of all
+such, and the relative and friend of good and just men; for Aeacus, they
+say, was ever esteemed a man of the greatest sanctity of all the Greeks;
+and Cychreus, the Salaminian, was honored at Athens with divine worship;
+and the virtues of Peleus and Telamon were not unknown to any one.  Now
+Sciron was son-in-law to Cychreus, father-in-law to Aeacus, and
+grandfather to Peleus and Telamon, who were both of them sons of Endeis,
+the daughter of Sciron and Chariclo; it was not probable, therefore,
+that the best of men should make these alliances with one who was worst,
+giving and receiving mutually what was of greatest value and most dear
+to them.  Theseus, by their account, did not slay Sciron in his first
+journey to Athens, but afterwards, when he took Eleusis, a city of the
+Megarians, having circumvented Diocles, the governor.  Such are the
+contradictions in this story.  In Eleusis he killed Cercyon, the
+Arcadian, in a wrestling match.  And going on a little farther, in
+Erineus, he slew Damastes, otherwise called Procrustes, forcing his body
+to the size of his own bed, as he himself was used to do with all
+strangers; this he did in imitation of Hercules, who always returned
+upon his assailants the same sort of violence that they offered to him;
+sacrificed Busiris, killed Antaeus in wrestling, and Cycnus in single
+combat, and Termerus by breaking his skull in pieces (whence, they say,
+comes the proverb of "a Termerian mischief"), for it seems Termerus
+killed passengers that he met, by running with his head against them.
+And so also Theseus proceeded in the punishment of evil men, who
+underwent the same violence from him which they had inflicted upon
+others, justly suffering after the manner of their own injustice.
+
+As he went forward on his journey, and was come as far as the river
+Cephisus, some of the race of the Phytalidae met him and saluted him,
+and, upon his desire to use the purifications, then in custom, they
+performed them with all the usual ceremonies, and, having offered
+propitiatory sacrifices to the gods, invited him and entertained him at
+their house, a kindness which, in all his journey hitherto,
+he had not met.
+
+On the eighth day of Cronius, now called Hecatombaeon, he arrived at
+Athens, where he found the public affairs full of all confusion, and
+divided into parties and factions, Aegeus also, and his whole private
+family, laboring under the same distemper; for Medea, having fled from
+Corinth, and promised Aegeus to make him, by her art, capable of having
+children, was living with him.  She first was aware of Theseus, whom as
+yet Aegeus did not know, and he being in years, full of jealousies and
+suspicions, and fearing every thing by reason of the faction that was
+then in the city, she easily persuaded him to kill him by poison at a
+banquet, to which he was to be invited as a stranger.  He, coming to the
+entertainment, thought it not fit to discover himself at once, but,
+willing to give his father the occasion of first finding him out, the
+meat being on the table, he drew his sword as if he designed to cut with
+it; Aegeus, at once recognizing the token, threw down the cup of poison,
+and, questioning his son, embraced him, and, having gathered together
+all his citizens, owned him publicly before them, who, on their part,
+received him gladly for the fame of his greatness and bravery; and it is
+said, that when the cup fell, the poison was spilt there where now is
+the enclosed space in the Delphinium; for in that place stood Aegeus's
+house, and the figure of Mercury on the east side of the temple is
+called the Mercury of Aegeus's gate.
+
+The sons of Pallas, who before were quiet, upon expectation of
+recovering the kingdom after Aegeus's death, who was without issue, as
+soon as Theseus appeared and was acknowledged the successor, highly
+resenting that Aegeus first, an adopted son only of Pandion, and not at
+all related to the family of Erechtheus, should be holding the kingdom,
+and that after him, Theseus, a visitor and stranger, should be destined
+to succeed to it, broke out into open war.  And, dividing themselves
+into two companies, one part of them marched openly from Sphettus, with
+their father, against the city, the other, hiding themselves in the
+village of Gargettus, lay in ambush, with a design to set upon the enemy
+on both sides.  They had with them a crier of the township of Agnus,
+named Leos, who discovered to Theseus all the designs of the Pallantidae
+He immediately fell upon those that lay in ambuscade, and cut them all
+off; upon tidings of which Pallas and his company fled
+and were dispersed.
+
+From hence they say is derived the custom among the people of the
+township of Pallene to have no marriages or any alliance with the people
+of Agnus, nor to suffer the criers to pronounce in their proclamations
+the words used in all other parts of the country, Acouete Leoi (Hear ye
+people), hating the very sound of Leo, because of the treason of Leos.
+
+Theseus, longing to be in action, and desirous also to make himself
+popular, left Athens to fight with the bull of Marathon, which did no
+small mischief to the inhabitants of Tetrapolis.  And having overcome
+it, he brought it alive in triumph through the city, and afterwards
+sacrificed it to the Delphinian Apollo.  The story of Hecale, also, of
+her receiving and entertaining Theseus in this expedition, seems to be
+not altogether void of truth; for the townships round about, meeting
+upon a certain day, used to offer a sacrifice, which they called
+Hecalesia, to Jupiter Hecaleius, and to pay honor to Hecale, whom, by a
+diminutive name, they called Hecalene, because she, while entertaining
+Theseus, who was quite a youth, addressed him, as old people do, with
+similar endearing diminutives; and having made a vow to Jupiter for him
+as he was going to the fight, that, if he returned in safety, she would
+offer sacrifices in thanks of it, and dying before he came back, she had
+these honors given her by way of return for her hospitality, by the
+command of Theseus, as Philochorus tells us.
+
+Not long after arrived the third time from Crete the collectors of the
+tribute which the Athenians paid them upon the following occasion.
+Androgeus having been treacherously murdered in the confines of Attica,
+not only Minos, his father, put the Athenians to extreme distress by a
+perpetual war, but the gods also laid waste their country both famine
+and pestilence lay heavy upon them, and even their rivers were dried up.
+Being told by the oracle that, if they appeased and reconciled Minos,
+the anger of the gods would cease and they should enjoy rest from the
+miseries they labored under, they sent heralds, and with much
+supplication were at last reconciled, entering into an agreement to send
+to Crete every nine years a tribute of seven young men and as many
+virgins, as most writers agree in stating; and the most poetical story
+adds, that the Minotaur destroyed them, or that, wandering in the
+labyrinth, and finding no possible means of getting out, they miserably
+ended their lives there; and that this Minotaur was
+(as Euripides hath it)
+
+A mingled form, where two strange shapes combined,
+And different natures, bull and man, were joined.
+
+But Philochorus says that the Cretans will by no means allow the truth
+of this, but say that the labyrinth was only an ordinary prison, having
+no other bad quality but that it secured the prisoners from escaping,
+and that Minos, having instituted games in honor of Androgeus, gave, as
+a reward to the victors, these youths, who in the mean time were kept in
+the labyrinth; and that the first that overcame in those games was one
+of the greatest power and command among them, named Taurus, a man of no
+merciful or gentle disposition, who treated the Athenians that were made
+his prize in a proud and cruel manner.  Also Aristotle himself, in the
+account that he gives of the form of government of the Bottiaeans, is
+manifestly of opinion that the youths were not slain by Minos, but spent
+the remainder of their days in slavery in Crete; that the Cretans, in
+former times, to acquit themselves of an ancient vow which they had
+made, were used to send an offering of the first-fruits of their men to
+Delphi, and that some descendants of these Athenian slaves were mingled
+with them and sent amongst them, and, unable to get their living there,
+removed from thence, first into Italy, and settled about Japygia; from
+thence again, that they removed to Thrace, and were named Bottiaeans
+and that this is the reason why, in a certain sacrifice, the Bottiaean
+girls sing a hymn beginning Let us go to Athens.  This may show us how
+dangerous a thing it is to incur the hostility of a city that is
+mistress of eloquence and song.  For Minos was always ill spoken of, and
+represented ever as a very wicked man, in the Athenian theaters; neither
+did Hesiod avail him by calling him "the most royal Minos," nor Homer,
+who styles him "Jupiter's familiar friend;" the tragedians got the
+better, and from the vantage ground of the stage showered down obloquy
+upon him, as a man of cruelty and violence; whereas, in fact, he appears
+to have been a king and a lawgiver, and Rhadamanthus a judge under him,
+administering the statutes that he ordained.
+
+Now when the time of the third tribute was come, and the fathers who had
+any young men for their sons were to proceed by lot to the choice of
+those that were to be sent, there arose fresh discontents and
+accusations against Aegeus among the people, who were full of grief and
+indignation that he, who was the cause of all their miseries, was the
+only person exempt from the punishment; adopting and settling his
+kingdom upon a bastard and foreign son, he took no thought, they said,
+of their destitution and loss, not of bastards, but lawful children.
+These things sensibly affected Theseus, who, thinking it but just not to
+disregard, but rather partake of, the sufferings of his fellow citizens,
+offered himself for one without any lot.  All else were struck with
+admiration for the nobleness and with love for the goodness of the act;
+and Aegeus, after prayers and entreaties, finding him inflexible and not
+to be persuaded, proceeded to the choosing of the rest by lot.
+Hellanicus, however, tells us that the Athenians did not send the young
+men and virgins by lot, but that Minos himself used to come and make his
+own choice, and pitched upon Theseus before all others; according to the
+conditions agreed upon between them, namely, that the Athenians should
+furnish them with a ship, and that the young men that were to sail with
+him should carry no weapon of war; but that if the Minotaur was
+destroyed, the tribute should cease.
+
+On the two former occasions of the payment of the tribute, entertaining
+no hopes of safety or return, they sent out the ship with a black sail,
+as to unavoidable destruction; but now, Theseus encouraging his father
+and speaking greatly of himself, as confident that he should kill the
+Minotaur, he gave the pilot another sail, which was white, commanding
+him, as he returned, if Theseus were safe, to make use of that; but if
+not, to sail with the black one, and to hang out that sign of his
+misfortune.  Simonides says that the sail which Aegeus delivered to the
+pilot was not white, but
+
+Scarlet, in the juicy bloom
+Of the living oak-tree steeped,
+
+and that this was to be the sign of their escape.  Phereclus, son of
+Amarsyas, according to Simonides, was pilot of the ship.  But
+Philochorus says Theseus had sent him by Scirus, from Salamis,
+Nausithous to be his steersman, and Phaeax his look-out-man in the prow,
+the Athenians having as yet not applied themselves to navigation; and
+that Scirus did this because one of the young men, Menesthes, was his
+daughter's son; and this the chapels of Nausithous and Phaeax, built by
+Theseus near the temple of Scirus, confirm.  He adds, also, that the
+feast named Cybernesia was in honor of them.  The lot
+being cast, and Theseus having received out of the Prytaneum those upon
+whom it fell, he went to the Delphinium, and made an offering for them
+to Apollo of his suppliant's badge, which was a bough of a consecrated
+olive tree, with white wool tied about it.
+
+Having thus performed his devotion, he went to sea, the sixth day of
+Munychion, on which day even to this time the Athenians send their
+virgins to the same temple to make supplication to the gods.  It is
+farther reported that he was commanded by the oracle at Delphi to make
+Venus his guide, and to invoke her as the companion and conductress of
+his voyage, and that, as he was sacrificing a she goat to her by the
+seaside, it was suddenly changed into a he, and for this cause that
+goddess had the name of Epitrapia.
+
+When he arrived at Crete, as most of the ancient historians as well as
+poets tell us, having a clue of thread given him by Ariadne, who had
+fallen in love with him, and being instructed by her how to use it so as
+to conduct him through the windings of the labyrinth, he escaped out of
+it and slew the Minotaur, and sailed back, taking along with him Ariadne
+and the young Athenian captives.  Pherecydes adds that he bored holes in
+the bottoms of the Cretan ships to hinder their pursuit.  Demon writes
+that Taurus, the chief captain of Minos, was slain by Theseus at the
+mouth of the port, in a naval combat, as he was sailing out for Athens.
+But Philochorus gives us the story thus:  That at the setting forth of
+the yearly games by king Minos, Taurus was expected to carry away the
+prize, as he had done before; and was much grudged the honor.  His
+character and manners made his power hateful, and he was accused
+moreover of too near familiarity with Pasiphae, for which reason, when
+Theseus desired the combat, Minos readily complied.  And as it was a
+custom in Crete that the women also should be admitted to the sight of
+these games, Ariadne, being present, was struck with admiration of the
+manly beauty of Theseus, and the vigor and address which he showed in
+the combat, overcoming all that encountered with him.  Minos, too, being
+extremely pleased with him, especially because he had overthrown and
+disgraced Taurus, voluntarily gave up the young captives to Theseus, and
+remitted the tribute to the Athenians.  Clidemus gives an account
+peculiar to himself, very ambitiously, and beginning a great way back:
+That it was a decree consented to by all Greece, that no vessel from any
+place, containing above five persons, should be permitted to sail, Jason
+only excepted, who was made captain of the great ship Argo, to sail
+about and scour the sea of pirates.  But Daedalus having escaped from
+Crete, and flying by sea to Athens, Minos, contrary to this decree,
+pursued him with his ships of war, was forced by a storm upon Sicily,
+and there ended his life.  After his decease, Deucalion, his son,
+desiring a quarrel with the Athenians, sent to them, demanding that they
+should deliver up Daedalus to him, threatening, upon their refusal, to
+put to death all the young Athenians whom his father had received as
+hostages from the city.  To this angry message Theseus returned a very
+gentle answer, excusing himself that he could not deliver up Daedalus,
+who was nearly related to him, being his cousin-german, his mother being
+Merope, the daughter of Erechtheus.  In the meanwhile he secretly
+prepared a navy, part of it at home near the village of the Thymoetadae,
+a place of no resort, and far from any common roads, the other part by
+his grandfather Pittheus's means at Troezen, that so his design might be
+carried on with the greatest secrecy.  As soon as ever his fleet was in
+readiness, he set sail, having with him Daedalus and other exiles from
+Crete for his guides; and none of the Cretans having any knowledge of
+his coming, but imagining, when they saw his fleet, that they were
+friends and vessels of their own, he soon made himself master of the
+port, and, immediately making a descent, reached Gnossus before any
+notice of his coming, and, in a battle before the gates of the
+labyrinth, put Deucalion and all his guards to the sword.  The
+government by this means falling to Ariadne, he made a league with her,
+and received the captives of her, and ratified a perpetual friendship
+between the Athenians and the Cretans, whom he engaged under an oath
+never again to commence any war with Athens.
+
+There are yet many other traditions about these things, and as many
+concerning Ariadne, all inconsistent with each other.  Some relate that
+she hung herself, being deserted by Theseus.  Others that she was
+carried away by his sailors to the isle of Naxos, and married to
+Oenarus, priest of Bacchus; and that Theseus left her
+because he fell in love with another,
+
+For Aegle's love was burning in his breast;
+
+a verse which Hereas, the Megarian, says, was formerly in the poet
+Hesiod's works, but put out by Pisistratus, in like manner as he added
+in Homer's Raising of the Dead, to gratify the Athenians, the line
+
+Theseus, Pirithous, mighty sons of gods.
+
+Others say Ariadne had sons also by Theseus, Oenopion and Staphylus; and
+among these is the poet Ion of Chios, who writes of his own native city
+
+Which once Oenopion, son of Theseus, built.
+
+But the more famous of the legendary stories everybody (as I may say)
+has in his mouth.  In Paeon, however, the Amathusian, there is a story
+given, differing from the rest.  For he writes that Theseus, being
+driven by a storm upon the isle of Cyprus, and having aboard with him
+Ariadne, big with child, and extremely discomposed with the rolling of
+the sea, set her on shore, and left her there alone, to return himself
+and help the ship, when, on a sudden, a violent wind carried him again
+out to sea.  That the women of the island received Ariadne very kindly,
+and did all they could to console and alleviate her distress at being
+left behind.  That they counterfeited kind letters, and delivered them
+to her, as sent from Theseus, and, when she fell in labor, were diligent
+in performing to her every needful service; but that she died before she
+could be delivered, and was honorably interred.  That soon after Theseus
+returned, and was greatly afflicted for her loss, and at his departure
+left a sum of money among the people of the island, ordering them to do
+sacrifice to Ariadne; and caused two little images to be made and
+dedicated to her, one of silver and the other of brass.  Moreover, that
+on the second day of Gorpiaeus,  which is sacred to
+Ariadne, they have this ceremony among their sacrifices, to have a youth
+lie down and with his voice and gesture represent the pains of a woman
+in travail; and that the Amathusians call the grove in which they show
+her tomb, the grove of Venus Ariadne.
+
+Differing yet from this account, some of the Naxians write that there
+were two Minoses and two Ariadnes, one of whom, they say, was married to
+Bacchus, in the isle of Naxos, and bore the children Staphylus and his
+brother; but that the other, of a later age, was carried off by Theseus,
+and, being afterwards deserted by him, retired to Naxos with her nurse
+Corcyna, whose grave they yet show.  That this Ariadne also died there,
+and was worshiped by the island, but in a different manner from the
+former; for her day is celebrated with general joy and revelling, but
+all the sacrifices performed to the latter are attended
+with mourning and gloom.
+
+Now Theseus, in his return from Crete, put in at Delos, and, having
+sacrificed to the god of the island, dedicated to the temple the image
+of Venus which Ariadne had given him, and danced with the young
+Athenians a dance that, in memory of him, they say is still preserved
+among the inhabitants of Delos, consisting in certain measured turnings
+and returnings, imitative of the windings and twistings of the
+labyrinth.  And this dance, as Dicaearchus writes, is called among the
+Delians, the Crane.  This he danced round the Ceratonian Altar,  so
+called from its consisting of horns taken from the left side of the
+head.  They say also that he instituted games in Delos where he was the
+first that began the custom of giving a palm to the victors.
+
+When they were come near the coast of Attica, so great was the joy for
+the happy success of their voyage, that neither Theseus himself nor the
+pilot remembered to hang out the sail which should have been the token
+of their safety to Aegeus, who, in despair at the sight, threw himself
+headlong from a rock, and perished in the sea.  But Theseus, being
+arrived at the port of Phalerum, paid there the sacrifices which he had
+vowed to the gods at his setting out to sea, and sent a herald to the
+city to carry the news of his safe return.  At his entrance, the herald
+found the people for the most part full of grief for the loss of their
+king, others, as may well be believed, as full of joy for the tidings
+that he brought, and eager to welcome him and crown him with garlands for
+his good news, which he indeed accepted of, but hung them upon his
+herald's staff; and thus returning to the seaside before Theseus had
+finished his libation to the gods, he stayed apart for fear of disturbing
+the holy rites, but, as soon as the libation was ended, went up and
+related the king's death, upon the hearing of which, with great
+lamentations and a confused tumult of grief, they ran with all haste to
+the city.  And from hence, they say, it comes that at this day, in the
+feast of Oschophoria, the herald is not crowned, but his staff, and all
+who are present at the libation cry out eleleu iou iou, the first of
+which confused sounds is commonly used by men in haste, or at a triumph,
+the other is proper to people in consternation or disorder of mind.
+
+Theseus, after the funeral of his father, paid his vows to Apollo the
+seventh day of Pyanepsion; for on that day the youth that returned with
+him safe from Crete made their entry into the city.  They say, also,
+that the custom of boiling pulse at this feast is derived from hence;
+because the young men that escaped put all that was left of their
+provision together, and, boiling it in one common pot, feasted
+themselves with it, and ate it all up together.  Hence, also, they carry
+in procession an olive branch bound about with wool (such as they then
+made use of in their supplications), which they call Eiresione, crowned
+with all sorts of fruits, to signify that scarcity and barrenness was
+ceased, singing in their procession this song:
+
+Eiresione bring figs, and Eiresione bring loaves;
+Bring us honey in pints, and oil to rub on our bodies,
+And a strong flagon of wine, for all to go mellow to bed on.
+
+Although some hold opinion that this ceremony is retained in memory of
+the Heraclidae, who were thus entertained and brought up by the
+Athenians.  But most are of the opinion which we have given above.
+
+The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned had thirty
+oars, and was preserved by the Athenians down even to the time of
+Demetrius Phalereus, for they took away the old planks as they decayed,
+putting in new and stronger timber in their place, insomuch that this
+ship became a standing example among the philosophers, for the logical
+question as to things that grow; one side holding that the ship
+remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same.
+
+The feast called Oschophoria, or the feast of boughs, which to this day
+the Athenians celebrate, was then first instituted by Theseus.  For he
+took not with him the full number of virgins which by lot were to be
+carried away, but selected two youths of his acquaintance, of fair and
+womanish faces, but of a manly and forward spirit, and having, by
+frequent baths, and avoiding the heat and scorching of the sun, with a
+constant use of all the ointments and washes and dresses that serve to
+the adorning of the head or smoothing the skin or improving the
+complexion, in a manner changed them from what they were before, and
+having taught them farther to counterfeit the very voice and carriage
+and gait of virgins, so that there could not be the least difference
+perceived; he, undiscovered by any, put them into the number of the
+Athenian maids designed for Crete.  At his return, he and these two
+youths led up a solemn procession, in the same habit that is now worn by
+those who carry the vine-branches.  These branches they carry in honor
+of Bacchus and Ariadne, for the sake of their story before related; or
+rather because they happened to return in autumn, the time of gathering
+the grapes.  The women whom they call Deipnopherae, or supper-carriers,
+are taken into these ceremonies, and assist at the sacrifice, in
+remembrance and imitation of the mothers of the young men and virgins
+upon whom the lot fell, for thus they ran about bringing bread and meat
+to their children; and because the women then told their sons and
+daughters many tales and stories, to comfort and encourage them under
+the danger they were going upon, it has still continued a custom that at
+this feast old fables and tales should be told.  For these
+particularities we are indebted to the history of Demon.  There was then
+a place chosen out, and a temple erected in it to Theseus, and those
+families out of whom the tribute of the youth was gathered were
+appointed to pay a tax to the temple for sacrifices to him.  And the
+house of the Phytalidae had the overseeing of these sacrifices, Theseus
+doing them that honor in recompense of their former hospitality.
+
+Now, after the death of his father Aegeus, forming in his mind a great
+and wonderful design, he gathered together all the inhabitants of Attica
+into one town, and made them one people of one city, whereas before they
+lived dispersed, and were not easy to assemble upon any affair for the
+common interest.  Nay, differences and even wars often occurred between
+them, which he by his persuasions appeased, going from township to
+township, and from tribe to tribe.  And those of a more private and mean
+condition readily embracing such good advice, to those of greater power
+he promised a commonwealth without monarchy, a democracy, or people's
+government in which he should only be continued as their commander in
+war and the protector of their laws, all things else being equally
+distributed among them; and by this means brought a part of them over to
+his proposal.  The rest, fearing his power, which was already grown very
+formidable, and knowing his courage and resolution, chose rather to be
+persuaded than forced into a compliance.  He then dissolved all the
+distinct state-houses, council halls, and magistracies, and built one
+common state-house and council hall on the site of the
+present upper town, and gave the name of Athens to the whole state,
+ordaining a common feast and sacrifice, which he called Panathenaea, or
+the sacrifice of all the united Athenians.  He instituted also another
+sacrifice, called Metoecia, or Feast of Migration, which is yet
+celebrated on the sixteenth day of Hecatombaeon.  Then, as he had
+promised, he laid down his regal power and proceeded to order a
+commonwealth, entering upon this great work not without advice from the
+gods.  For having sent to consult the oracle of Delphi concerning the
+fortune of his new government and city, he received this answer:
+
+Son of the Pitthean maid,
+To your town the terms and fates,
+My father gives of many states.
+Be not anxious nor afraid;
+The bladder will not fail so swim
+On the waves that compass him.
+
+Which oracle, they say, one of the sibyls long after did in a manner
+repeat to the Athenians, in this verse,
+
+The bladder may be dipt, but not be drowned.
+
+Farther yet designing to enlarge his city, he invited all strangers to
+come and enjoy equal privileges with the natives, and it is said that
+the common form, Come hither all ye people, was the words that Theseus
+proclaimed when he thus set up a commonwealth, in a manner, for all
+nations.  Yet he did not suffer his state, by the promiscuous multitude
+that flowed in, to be turned into confusion and be left without any
+order or degree, but was the first that divided the Commonwealth into
+three distinct ranks, the noblemen, the husbandmen, and artificers.%
+To the nobility he committed the care of
+religion, the choice of magistrates, the teaching and dispensing of the
+laws, and interpretation and direction in all sacred matters; the whole
+city being, as it were, reduced to an exact equality, the nobles
+excelling the rest in honor, the husbandmen in profit, and the
+artificers in number.  And that Theseus was the first, who, as Aristotle
+says, out of an inclination to popular government, parted with the regal
+power, Homer also seems to testify, in his catalogue of the ships, where
+he gives the name of People to the Athenians only.
+
+He also coined money, and stamped it with the image of an ox, either in
+memory of the Marathonian bull, or of Taurus, whom he vanquished, or
+else to put his people in mind to follow husbandry; and from this coin
+came the expression so frequent among the Greeks, of a thing being worth
+ten or a hundred oxen.  After this he joined Megara to Attica, and
+erected that famous pillar on the Isthmus, which bears an inscription of
+two lines, showing the bounds of the two countries that meet there.  On
+the east side the inscription is,--
+
+Peloponnesus there, Ionia here,
+
+and on the west side,--
+
+Peloponnesus here, Ionia there.
+
+He also instituted the games, in emulation of Hercules, being ambitious
+that as the Greeks, by that hero's appointment, celebrated the Olympian
+games to the honor of Jupiter, so, by his institution, they should
+celebrate the Isthmian to the honor of Neptune.  For those that were
+there before observed, dedicated to Melicerta, were performed privately
+in the night, and had the form rather of a religious rite than of an
+open spectacle or public feast.  There are some who say that the
+Isthmian games were first instituted in memory of Sciron, Theseus thus
+making expiation for his death, upon account of the nearness of kindred
+between them, Sciron being the son of Canethus and Heniocha, the
+daughter of Pittheus; though others write that Sinnis, not Sciron, was
+their son, and that to his honor, and not to the other's, these games
+were ordained by Theseus.  At the same time he made an agreement with
+the Corinthians, that they should allow those that came from Athens to
+the celebration of the Isthmian games as much space of honor before the
+rest to behold the spectacle in, as the sail of the ship that brought
+them thither, stretched to its full extent, could cover; so Hellanicus
+and Andro of Halicarnassus have established.
+
+Concerning his voyage into the Euxine Sea, Philochorus and some others
+write that he made it with Hercules, offering him his service in the war
+against the Amazons, and had Antiope given him for the reward of his
+valor; but the greater number, of whom are Pherecydes, Hellanicus, and
+Herodorus, write that he made this voyage many years after Hercules,
+with a navy under his own command, and took the Amazon prisoner, the
+more probable story, for we do not read that any other, of all those
+that accompanied him in this action, took any Amazon prisoner.  Bion
+adds, that, to take her, he had to use deceit and fly away; for the
+Amazons, he says, being naturally lovers of men, were so far from
+avoiding Theseus when he touched upon their coasts, that they sent him
+presents to his ship; but he, having invited Antiope, who brought them,
+to come aboard, immediately set sail and carried her away.  An author
+named Menecrates, that wrote the History of Nicaea in Bithynia, adds,
+that Theseus, having Antiope aboard his vessel, cruised for some time
+about those coasts, and that there were in the same ship three young men
+of Athens, that accompanied him in this voyage, all brothers, whose
+names were Euneos, Thoas, and Soloon.  The last of these fell
+desperately in love with Antiope; and, escaping the notice of the rest,
+revealed the secret only to one of his most intimate acquaintance, and
+employed him to disclose his passion to Antiope, she rejected his
+pretenses with a very positive denial, yet treated the matter with much
+gentleness and discretion, and made no complaint to Theseus of any thing
+that had happened; but Soloon, the thing being desperate, leaped into a
+river near the seaside and drowned himself.  As soon as Theseus was
+acquainted with his death, and his unhappy love that was the cause of
+it, he was extremely distressed, and, in the height of his grief, an
+oracle which he had formerly received at Delphi came into his mind, for
+he had been commanded by the priestess of Apollo Pythius, that, wherever
+in a strange land he was most sorrowful and under the greatest
+affliction, he should build a city there, and leave some of his
+followers to be governors of the place.  For this cause he there founded
+a city, which he called, from the name of Apollo, Pythopolis, and, in
+honor of the unfortunate youth, he named the river that runs by it
+Soloon, and left the two surviving brothers entrusted with the care of
+the government and laws, joining with them Hermus, one of the nobility
+of Athens, from whom a place in the city is called the House of Hermus;
+though by an error in the accent  it has been taken for the House of
+Hermes, or Mercury, and the honor that was designed to the hero
+transferred to the god.
+
+This was the origin and cause of the Amazonian invasion of Attica, which
+would seem to have been no slight or womanish enterprise.  For it is
+impossible that they should have placed their camp in the very city, and
+joined battle close by the Pnyx and the hill called Museum, unless,
+having first conquered the country round about, they had thus with
+impunity advanced to the city.  That they made so long a journey by
+land, and passed the Cimmerian Bosphorus when frozen, as Hellanicus
+writes, is difficult to be believed.  That they encamped all but in the
+city is certain, and may be sufficiently confirmed by the names that the
+places thereabout yet retain, and the graves and monuments of those that
+fell in the battle.  Both armies being in sight, there was a long pause
+and doubt on each side which should give the first onset; at last
+Theseus, having sacrificed to Fear, in obedience to the command of an
+oracle he had received, gave them battle; and this happened in the month
+of Boedromion, in which to this very day the Athenians celebrate the
+Feast Boedromia.  Clidemus, desirous to be very circumstantial,writes
+that the left wing of the Amazons moved towards the place which is yet
+called Amazonium and the right towards the Pnyx, near Chrysa,  that
+with this wing the Athenians, issuing from behind the Museum, engaged,
+and that the graves of those that were slain are to be seen in the
+street that leads to the gate called the Piraic, by the chapel of the
+hero Chalcodon; and that here the Athenians were routed, and gave way
+before the women, as far as to the temple of the Furies, but, fresh
+supplies coming in from the Palladium, Ardettus, and the Lyceum, they
+charged their right wing, and beat them back into their tents, in which
+action a great number of the Amazons were slain.  At length, after four
+months, a peace was concluded between them by the mediation of Hippolyta
+(for so this historian calls the Amazon whom Theseus married, and not
+Antiope), though others write that she was slain with a dart by
+Molpadia, while fighting by Theseus's side, and that the pillar which
+stands by the temple of Olympian Earth was erected to her honor.  Nor is
+it to be wondered at, that in events of such antiquity, history should
+be in disorder.  For indeed we are also told that those of the Amazons
+that were wounded were privately sent away by Antiope to Chalcis, where
+many by her care recovered, but some that died were buried there in the
+place that is to this time called Amazonium.  That this war, however,
+was ended by a treaty is evident, both from the name of the place
+adjoining to the temple of Theseus, called, from the solemn oath there
+taken, Horcomosium; @ and also from the ancient sacrifice which used to
+be celebrated to the Amazons the day before the Feast of Theseus.  The
+Megarians also show a spot in their city where some Amazons were buried,
+on the way from the market to a place called Rhus, where the building in
+the shape of a lozenge stands.  It is said, likewise, that others of
+them were slain near Chaeronea, and buried near the little rivulet,
+formerly called Thermodon, but now Haemon, of which an account is given
+in the life of Demosthenes.  It appears further that the passage of the
+Amazons through Thessaly was not without opposition, for there are yet
+shown many tombs of them near Scotussa and Cynoscephalae.
+
+This is as much as is worth telling concerning the Amazons.  For the
+account which the author of the poem called the Theseid gives of this
+rising of the Amazons, how Antiope, to revenge herself upon Theseus for
+refusing her and marrying Phaedra, came down upon the city with her
+train of Amazons, whom Hercules slew, is manifestly nothing else but
+fable and invention.  It is true, indeed, that Theseus married Phaedra,
+but that was after the death of Antiope, by whom he had a son called
+Hippolytus, or, as Pindar writes, Demophon.  The calamities which befell
+Phaedra and this son, since none of the historians have contradicted the
+tragic poets that have written of them, we must suppose happened as
+represented uniformly by them.
+
+There are also other traditions of the marriages of Theseus, neither
+honorable in their occasions nor fortunate in their events, which yet
+were never represented in the Greek plays.  For he is said to have
+carried off Anaxo, a Troezenian, and, having slain Sinnis and Cercyon,
+to have ravished their daughters; to have married Periboea, the mother
+of Ajax, and then Phereboea, and then Iope, the daughter of Iphicles.
+And further, he is accused of deserting Ariadne (as is before related),
+being in love with Aegle the daughter of Panopeus, neither justly nor
+honorably; and lastly, of the rape of Helen, which filled all Attica
+with war and blood, and was in the end the occasion of his banishment
+and death, as will presently be related.
+
+Herodorus is of opinion, that though there were many famous expeditions
+undertaken by the bravest men of his time, yet Theseus never joined in
+any of them, once only excepted, with the Lapithae, in their war against
+the Centaurs; but others say that he accompanied Jason to Colchis and
+Meleager to the slaying of the Calydonian boar, and that hence it came
+to be a proverb, Not without Theseus; that he himself, however, without
+aid of any one, performed many glorious exploits, and that from him
+began the saying, He is a second Hercules.  He also joined Adrastus in
+recovering the bodies of those that were slain before Thebes, but not as
+Euripides in his tragedy says, by force of arms, but by persuasion and
+mutual agreement and composition, for so the greater part of the
+historians write; Philochorus adds further that this was the first
+treaty that ever was made for the recovering the bodies of the dead, but
+in the history of Hercules it is shown that it was he who first gave
+leave to his enemies to carry off their slain.  The burying-places of
+the most part are yet to be seen in the village called Eleutherae; those
+of the commanders, at Eleusis, where Theseus allotted them a place, to
+oblige Adrastus.  The story of Euripides in his Suppliants is disproved
+by Aeschylus in his Eleusinians, where Theseus himself relates the facts
+as here told.
+
+The celebrated friendship between Theseus and Pirithous is said to have
+been thus begun:  the fame of the strength and valor of Theseus being
+spread through Greece, Pirithous was desirous to make a trial and proof.
+of it himself, and to this end seized a herd of oxen which belonged to
+Theseus, and was driving them away from Marathon, and, when news was
+brought that Theseus pursued him in arms, he did not fly, but turned
+back and went to meet him.  But as soon as they had viewed one another,
+each so admired the gracefulness and beauty, and was seized with such a
+respect for the courage, of the other, that they forgot all thoughts of
+fighting; and Pirithous, first stretching out his hand to Theseus, bade
+him be judge in this case himself, and promised to submit willingly to
+any penalty he should impose.  But Theseus not only forgave him all, but
+entreated him to be his friend and brother in arms; and they ratified
+their friendship by oaths.  After this Pirithous married Deidamia, and
+invited Theseus to the wedding, entreating him to come and see his
+country, and make acquaintance with the Lapithae; he had at the same
+time invited the Centaurs to the feast, who growing hot with wine and
+beginning to be insolent and wild, and offering violence to the women,
+the Lapithae took immediate revenge upon them, slaying many of them upon
+the place, and afterwards, having overcome them in battle, drove the
+whole race of them out of their country, Theseus all along taking their
+part and fighting on their side.  But Herodorus gives a different
+relation of these things:  that Theseus came not to the assistance of the
+Lapithae till the war was already begun; and that it was in this journey
+that he had the first sight of Hercules, having made it his business to
+find him out at Trachis, where he had chosen to rest himself after all
+his wanderings and his labors; and that this interview was honorably
+performed on each part, with extreme respect, good-will, and admiration
+of each other.  Yet it is more credible, as others write, that there
+were, before, frequent interviews between them, and that it was by the
+means of Theseus that Hercules was initiated at Eleusis, and purified
+before initiation, upon account of several rash actions
+of his former life.
+
+Theseus was now fifty years old, as Hellanicus states, when he carried
+off Helen, who was yet too young to be married.  Some writers, to take
+away this accusation of one of the greatest crimes laid to his charge,
+say, that he did not steal away Helen himself, but that Idas and Lynceus
+were the ravishers, who brought her to him, and committed her to his
+charge, and that, therefore, he refused to restore her at the demand of
+Castor and Pollux; or, indeed, they say her own father, Tyndarus, had
+sent her to be kept by him, for fear of Enarophorus, the son of
+Hippocoon, who would have carried her away by force when she was yet a
+child.  But the most probable account, and that which has most witnesses
+on its side, is this:  Theseus and Pirithous went both together to
+Sparta, and, having seized the young lady as she was dancing in the
+temple of Diana Orthia, fled away with her.  There were presently men in
+arms sent to pursue, but they followed no further than to Tegea; and
+Theseus and Pirithous, being now out of danger, having passed through
+Peloponnesus, made an agreement between themselves, that he to whom the
+lot should fall should have Helen to his wife, but should be obliged to
+assist in procuring another for his friend.  The lot fell upon Theseus,
+who conveyed her to Aphidnae, not being yet marriageable, and delivered
+her to one of his allies, called Aphidnus, and, having sent his mother
+Aethra after to take care of her, desired him to keep them so secretly,
+that none might know where they were; which done, to return the same
+service to his friend Pirithous, he accompanied him in his journey to
+Epirus, in order to steal away the king of the Molossians' daughter.
+The king, his own name being Aidoneus, or Pluto, called his wife
+Proserpina, and his daughter Cora, and a great dog which he kept
+Cerberus, with whom he ordered all that came as suitors to his daughter
+to fight, and promised her to him that should overcome the beast.  But
+having been informed that the design of Pirithous and his companion was
+not to court his daughter, but to force her away, he caused them both to
+be seized, and threw Pirithous to be torn in pieces by his dog, and put
+Theseus into prison, and kept him.
+
+About this time, Menestheus, the son of Peteus, grandson of Orneus, and
+great-grandson to Erechtheus, the first man that is recorded to have
+affected popularity and ingratiated himself with the multitude, stirred
+up and exasperated the most eminent men of the city, who had long borne
+a secret grudge to Theseus, conceiving that he had robbed them of their
+several little kingdoms and lordships, and, having pent them all up in
+one city, was using them as his subjects and slaves.  He put also the
+meaner people into commotion, telling them, that, deluded with a mere
+dream of liberty, though indeed they were deprived both of that and of
+their proper homes and religious usages, instead of many good and
+gracious kings of their own, they had given themselves up to be lorded
+over by a new-comer and a stranger.  Whilst he was thus busied in
+infecting the minds of the citizens, the war that Castor and Pollux
+brought against Athens came very opportunely to further the sedition he
+had been promoting, and some say that he by his persuasions was wholly
+the cause of their invading the city.  At their first approach, they
+committed no acts of hostility, but peaceably demanded their sister
+Helen; but the Athenians returning answer that they neither had her
+there nor knew where she was disposed of, they prepared to assault the
+city, when Academus, having, by whatever means, found it out, disclosed
+to them that she was secretly kept at Aphidnae.  For which reason he was
+both highly honored during his life by Castor and Pollux, and the
+Lacedaemonians, when often in aftertimes they made incursions into
+Attica, and destroyed all the country round about, spared the Academy
+for the sake of Academus.  But Dicaearchus writes that there were two
+Arcadians in the army of Castor and Pollux, the one called Echedemus and
+the other Marathus; from the first that which is now called Academia was
+then named Echedemia, and the village Marathon had its name from the
+other, who, to fulfill some oracle, voluntarily offered himself to be
+made a sacrifice before battle.  As soon as they were arrived at
+Aphidnae, they overcame their enemies in a set battle, and then
+assaulted and took the town.  And here, they say, Alycus, the son of
+Sciron, was slain, of the party of the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux),
+from whom a place in Megara, where he was buried, is called Alycus to
+this day.  And Hereas writes that it was Theseus himself that killed
+him, in witness of which he cites these verses concerning Alycus
+
+And Alycus, upon Aphidna's plain
+By Theseus in the cause of Helen slain.
+
+Though it is not at all probable that Theseus himself was there when
+both the city and his mother were taken.
+
+Aphidnae being won by Castor and Pollux, and the city of Athens being in
+consternation, Menestheus persuaded the people to open their gates, and
+receive them with all manner of friendship, for they were, he told them,
+at enmity with none but Theseus, who had first injured them, and were
+benefactors and saviors to all mankind beside.  And their behavior gave
+credit to those promises; for, having made themselves absolute masters
+of the place, they demanded no more than to be initiated, since they
+were as nearly related to the city as Hercules was, who had received the
+same honor.  This their desire they easily obtained, and were adopted by
+Aphidnus, as Hercules had been by Pylius.  They were honored also like
+gods, and were called by a new name, Anaces, either from the cessation
+(Anokhe) of the war, or from the care they took that none should suffer
+any injury, though there was so great an army within the walls; for the
+phrase anakos ekhein is used of those who look to or care for any thing;
+kings for this reason, perhaps, are called anactes.  Others say, that
+from the appearance of their star in the heavens, they were thus called,
+for in the Attic dialect this name comes very near the words
+that signify above.
+
+Some say that Aethra, Theseus's mother, was here taken prisoner, and
+carried to Lacedaemon, and from thence went away with Helen to Troy,
+alleging this verse of Homer, to prove that she waited upon Helen,
+
+Aethra of Pittheus born, and large-eyed Clymene.
+
+Others reject this verse as none of Homer's, as they do likewise the
+whole fable of Munychus, who, the story says, was the son of Demophon
+and Laodice, born secretly, and brought up by Aethra at Troy.  But
+Ister, in the thirteenth book of his Attic History, gives us an account
+of Aethra, different yet from all the rest:  that Achilles and Patroclus
+overcame Paris in Thessaly, near the river Sperchius, but that Hector
+took and plundered the city of the Troezenians, and made Aethra prisoner
+there.  But this seems a groundless tale.
+
+Now Hercules, passing by the Molossians, was entertained in his way by
+Aidoneus the king, who, in conversation, accidentally spoke of the
+journey of Theseus and Pirithous into his country, of what they had
+designed to do, and what they were forced to suffer.  Hercules was much
+grieved for the inglorious death of the one and the miserable condition
+of the other.  As for Pirithous, he thought it useless to complain; but
+begged to have Theseus released for his sake, and obtained that favor
+from the king.  Theseus, being thus set at liberty, returned to Athens,
+where his friends were not yet wholly suppressed, and dedicated to
+Hercules all the sacred places which the city had set apart for himself,
+changing their names from Thesea to Heraclea, four only excepted, as
+Philochorus writes.  And wishing immediately to resume the first place
+in the commonwealth, and manage the state as before, he soon found
+himself involved in factions and troubles; those who long had hated him
+had now added to their hatred contempt; and the minds of the people were
+so generally corrupted, that, instead of obeying commands with silence,
+they expected to be flattered into their duty.  He had some thoughts to
+have reduced them by force, but was overpowered by demagogues and
+factions.  And at last, despairing of any good success of his affairs in
+Athens, he sent away his children privately to Euboea, commending them
+to the care of Elephenor, the son of Chalcodon; and he himself, having
+solemnly cursed the people of Athens in the village of Gargettus, in
+which there yet remains the place called Araterion, or the place of
+cursing, sailed to Scyros, where he had lands left him by his father,
+and friendship, as he thought, with those of the island.  Lycomedes was
+then king of Scyros.  Theseus, therefore, addressed himself to him, and
+desired to have his lands put into his possession, as designing to
+settle and to dwell there, though others say that he came to beg his
+assistance against the Athenians.  But Lycomedes, either jealous of the
+glory of so great a man, or to gratify Menestheus, having led him up to
+the highest cliff of the island, on pretense of showing him from thence
+the lands that he desired, threw him headlong down from the rock, and
+killed him.  Others say he fell down of himself by a slip of his foot,
+as he was walking there, according to his custom, after supper.  At that
+time there was no notice taken, nor were any concerned for his death,
+but Menestheus quietly possessed the kingdom of Athens.  His sons were
+brought up in a private condition, and accompanied Elephenor to the
+Trojan war, but, after the decease of Menestheus in that expedition,
+returned to Athens, and recovered the government.  But in succeeding
+ages, beside several other circumstances that moved the Athenians to
+honor Theseus as a demigod, in the battle which was fought at Marathon
+against the Medes, many of the soldiers believed they saw an apparition
+of Theseus in arms, rushing on at the head of them against the
+barbarians.  And after the Median war, Phaedo being archon of Athens,
+the Athenians, consulting the oracle at Delphi, were commanded to gather
+together the bones of Theseus, and, laying them in some honorable place,
+keep them as sacred in the city.  But it was very difficult to recover
+these relics, or so much as to find out the place where they lay, on
+account of the inhospitable and savage temper of the barbarous people
+that inhabited the island.  Nevertheless, afterwards, when Cimon took
+the island (as is related in his life), and had a great ambition to find
+out the place where Theseus was buried, he, by chance, spied an eagle
+upon a rising ground pecking with her beak and tearing up the earth with
+her talons, when on the sudden it came into his mind, as it were by some
+divine inspiration, to dig there, and search for the bones of Theseus.
+There were found in that place a coffin of a man of more than ordinary
+size, and a brazen spear-head, and a sword lying by it, all which he
+took aboard his galley and brought with him to Athens.  Upon which the
+Athenians, greatly delighted, went out to meet and receive the relics
+with splendid processions and with sacrifices, as if it were Theseus
+himself returning alive to the city.  He lies interred in the middle of
+the city, near the present gymnasium.  His tomb is a sanctuary and
+refuge for slaves, and all those of mean condition that fly from the
+persecution of men in power, in memory that Theseus while he lived was
+an assister and protector of the distressed, and never refused the
+petitions of the afflicted that fled to him.  The chief and most solemn
+sacrifice which they celebrate to him is kept on the eighth day of
+Pyanepsion, on which he returned with the Athenian young men from Crete.
+Besides which, they sacrifice to him on the eighth day of every month,
+either because he returned from Troezen the eighth day of Hecatombaeon,
+as Diodorus the geographer writes, or else thinking that number to be
+proper to him, because he was reputed to be born of Neptune, because
+they sacrifice to Neptune on the eighth day of every month.  The number
+eight being the first cube of an even number, and the double of the
+first square, seemed to be an emblem of the steadfast and immovable
+power of this god, who from thence has the names of Asphalius and
+Gaeiochus, that is, the establisher and stayer of the earth.
+
+
+
+ROMULUS
+
+From whom, and for what reason, the city of Rome, a name so great in
+glory, and famous in the mouths of all men, was so first called, authors
+do not agree.  Some are of opinion that the Pelasgians, wandering over
+the greater part of the habitable world, and subduing numerous nations,
+fixed themselves here, and, from their own great strength  in war,
+called the city Rome.  Others, that at the taking of Troy, some few that
+escaped and met with shipping, put to sea, and, driven by winds, were
+carried upon the coasts of Tuscany, and came to anchor off the mouth of
+the river Tiber, where their women, out of heart and weary with the sea,
+on its being proposed by one of the highest birth and best understanding
+amongst them, whose name was Roma, burnt the ships.  With which act the
+men at first were angry, but afterwards, of necessity, seating
+themselves near Palatium, where things in a short while succeeded far
+better than they could hope, in that they found the country very good,
+and the people courteous, they not only did the lady Roma other honors,
+but added also this, of calling after her name the city which she had
+been the occasion of their founding.  From this, they say, has come down
+that custom at Rome for women to salute their kinsmen and husbands with
+kisses; because these women, after they had burnt the ships, made use of
+such endearments when entreating and pacifying their husbands.
+
+Some again say that Roma, from whom this city was so called, was
+daughter of Italus and Leucaria; or, by another account, of Telephus,
+Hercules's son, and that she was married to Aeneas, or, according to
+others again, to Ascanius, Aeneas's son.  Some tell us that Romanus, the
+son of Ulysses and Circe, built it; some, Romus the son of Emathion,
+Diomede having sent him from Troy; and others, Romus, king of the
+Latins, after driving out the Tyrrhenians, who had come from Thessaly
+into Lydia, and from thence into Italy.  Those very authors, too, who,
+in accordance with the safest account, make Romulus give the name to the
+city, yet differ concerning his birth and family.  For some say, he was
+son to Aeneas and Dexithea, daughter of Phorbas, and was, with his
+brother Remus, in their infancy, carried into Italy, and being on the
+river when the waters came down in a flood, all the vessels were cast
+away except only that where the young children were, which being gently
+landed on a level bank of the river, they were both unexpectedly saved,
+and from them the place was called Rome.  Some say, Roma, daughter of
+the Trojan lady above mentioned, was married to Latinus, Telemachus's
+son, and became mother to Romulus; others, that Aemilia, daughter of
+Aeneas and Lavinia, had him by the god Mars; and others give you mere
+fables of his origin.  For to Tarchetius, they say, king of Alba, who
+was a most wicked and cruel man, there appeared in his own house a
+strange vision, a male figure that rose out of a hearth, and stayed
+there for many days.  There was an oracle of Tethys in Tuscany which
+Tarchetius consulted, and received an answer that a virgin should give
+herself to the apparition, and that a son should be born of her, highly
+renowned, eminent for valor, good fortune, and strength of body.
+Tarchetius told the prophecy to one of his own daughters, and commanded
+her to do this thing; which she avoiding as an indignity, sent her
+handmaid.  Tarchetius, hearing this, in great anger imprisoned them
+both, purposing to put them to death; but being deterred from murder by
+the goddess Vesta in a dream, enjoined them for their punishment the
+working a web of cloth, in their chains as they were, which when they
+finished, they should be suffered to marry; but whatever they worked by
+day, Tarchetius commanded others to unravel in the night.  In the
+meantime, the waiting-woman was delivered of two boys, whom Tarchetius
+gave into the hands of one Teratius, with command to destroy them; he,
+however, carried and laid them by the river side, where a wolf came and
+continued to suckle them, while birds of various sorts brought little
+morsels of food, which they put into their mouths; till a cow-herd,
+spying them, was first strangely surprised, but, venturing to draw
+nearer, took the children up in his arms.  Thus they were saved, and,
+when they grew up, set upon Tarchetius and overcame him.  This one
+Promathion says, who compiled a history of Italy.
+
+But the story which is most believed and has the greatest number of
+vouchers was first published, in its chief particulars, amongst the
+Greeks by Diocles of Peparethus, whom Fabius Pictor also follows in most
+points.  Here again there are variations, but in general outline it runs
+thus: the kings of Alba reigned in lineal descent from Aeneas and the
+succession devolved at length upon two brothers, Numitor and Amulius.
+Amulius proposed to divide things into two equal shares, and set as
+equivalent to the kingdom the treasure and gold that were brought from
+Troy.  Numitor chose the kingdom; but Amulius, having the money, and
+being able to do more with that than Numitor, took his kingdom from him
+with great ease, and, fearing lest his daughter might have children,
+made her a Vestal, bound in that condition forever to live a single and
+maiden life.  This lady some call Ilia, others Rhea, and others Silvia;
+however, not long after, she was, contrary to the established laws of
+the Vestals, discovered to be with child, and should have suffered the
+most cruel punishment, had not Antho, the king's daughter, mediated with
+her father for her; nevertheless, she was confined, and debarred all
+company, that she might not be delivered without the king's knowledge.
+In time she brought forth two boys, of more than human size and beauty,
+whom Amulius, becoming yet more alarmed, commanded a servant to take and
+cast away; this man some call Faustulus, others say Faustulus was the
+man who brought them up.  He put the children, however, in a small
+trough, and went towards the river with a design to cast them in; but,
+seeing the waters much swollen and coming violently down, was afraid to
+go nearer, and, dropping the children near the bank, went away.  The
+river overflowing, the flood at last bore up the trough, and, gently
+wafting it, landed them on a smooth piece of ground, which they now call
+Cermanes, formerly Germanus, perhaps from Germani,
+which signifies brothers.
+
+Near this place grew a wild fig-tree, which they called Ruminalis,
+either from Romulus (as it is vulgarly thought), or from ruminating,
+because cattle did usually in the heat of the day seek cover under it,
+and there chew the cud; or, better, from the suckling of these children
+there, for the ancients called the dug or teat of any creature ruma, and
+there is a tutelar goddess of the rearing of children whom they still
+call Rumilia, in sacrificing to whom they use no wine, but make
+libations of milk.  While the infants lay here, history tells us, a she-
+wolf nursed them, and a woodpecker constantly fed and watched them;
+these creatures are esteemed holy to the god Mars, the woodpecker the
+Latins still especially worship and honor.  Which things, as much as
+any, gave credit to what the mother of the children said, that their
+father was the god Mars: though some say that it was a mistake put upon
+her by Amulius, who himself had come to her dressed up in armor.
+
+Others think that the first rise of this fable came from the children's
+nurse, through the ambiguity of her name; for the Latins not only called
+wolves lupae, but also women of loose life; and such an one was the wife
+of Faustulus, who nurtured these children, Acca Larentia by name.  To
+her the Romans offer sacrifices, and in the month of April the priest of
+Mars makes libations there; it is called the Larentian Feast.  They
+honor also another Larentia, for the following reason: the keeper of
+Hercules's temple having, it seems, little else to do, proposed to his
+deity a game at dice, laying down that, if he himself won, he would have
+something valuable of the god; but if he were beaten, he would spread
+him a noble table, and procure him a fair lady's company.  Upon these
+terms, throwing first for the god and then for himself, he found himself
+beaten.  Wishing to pay his stakes honorably, and holding himself bound
+by what he had said, he both provided the deity a good supper, and,
+giving money to Larentia, then in her beauty, though not publicly known,
+gave her a feast in the temple, where he had also laid a bed, and after
+supper locked her in, as if the god were really to come to her.  And
+indeed, it is said, the deity did truly visit her, and commanded her in
+the morning to walk to the market-place, and, whatever man see met
+first, to salute him, and make him her friend.  She met one named
+Tarrutius, who was a man advanced in years, fairly rich without
+children, and had always lived a single life.  He received Larentia, and
+loved her well, and at his death left her sole heir of all his large and
+fair possessions, most of which she, in her last will and testament,
+bequeathed to the people.  It was reported of her, being now celebrated
+and esteemed the mistress of a god, that she suddenly disappeared near
+the place where the first Larentia lay buried; the spot is at this day
+called Velabrum, because, the river frequently overflowing, they went
+over in ferry-boats somewhere hereabouts to the forum, the Latin word
+for ferrying being velatura.  Others derive the name from velum, a sail;
+because the exhibitors of public shows used to hang the road that leads
+from the forum to the Circus Maximus with sails, beginning at this spot.
+Upon these accounts the second Larentia is honored at Rome.
+
+Meantime Faustulus, Amulius's swineherd, brought up the children without
+any man's knowledge; or, as those say who wish to keep closer to
+probabilities, with the knowledge and secret assistance of Numitor; for
+it is said, they went to school at Gabii, and were well instructed in
+letters, and other accomplishments befitting their birth.  And they were
+called Romulus and Remus, (from ruma, the dug,) as we had before,
+because they were found sucking the wolf.  In their very infancy, the size
+and beauty of their bodies intimated their natural superiority; and when
+they grew up, they both proved brave and manly, attempting all
+enterprises that seemed hazardous, and showing in them a courage
+altogether undaunted.  But Romulus seemed rather to act by counsel, and
+to show the sagacity of a statesman, and in all his dealings with their
+neighbors, whether relating to feeding of flocks or to hunting, gave the
+idea of being born rather to rule than to obey.  To their comrades and
+inferiors they were therefore dear; but the king's servants, his
+bailiffs and overseers, as being in nothing better men than themselves,
+they despised and slighted, nor were the least concerned at their
+commands and menaces.  They used honest pastimes and liberal studies,
+not esteeming sloth and idleness honest and liberal, but rather such
+exercises as hunting and running, repelling robbers, taking of thieves,
+and delivering the wronged and oppressed from injury.  For doing such
+things they became famous.
+
+A quarrel occurring between Numitor's and Amulius's cowherds, the
+latter, not enduring the driving away of their cattle by the others,
+fell upon them and put them to flight, and rescued the greatest part of
+the prey.  At which Numitor being highly incensed, they little regarded
+it, but collected and took into their company a number of needy men and
+runaway slaves,--acts which looked like the first stages of rebellion.
+It so happened, that when Romulus was attending a sacrifice, being fond
+of sacred rites and divination, Numitor's herdsmen, meeting with Remus
+on a journey with few companions, fell upon him, and, after some
+fighting, took him prisoner, carried him before Numitor, and there
+accused him.  Numitor would not punish him himself, fearing his
+brother's anger, but went to Amulius, and desired justice, as he was
+Amulius's brother and was affronted by Amulius's servants.  The men of
+Alba likewise resenting the thing, and thinking he had been dishonorably
+used, Amulius was induced to deliver Remus up into Numitor's hands, to
+use him as he thought fit.  He therefore took and carried him home, and,
+being struck with admiration of the youth's person, in stature and
+strength of body exceeding all men, and perceiving in his very
+countenance the courage and force of his mind, which stood unsubdued and
+unmoved by his present circumstances, and hearing further that all the
+enterprises and actions of his life were answerable to what he saw of
+him, but chiefly, as it seemed, a divine influence aiding and directing
+the first steps that were to lead to great results, out of the mere
+thought of his mind, and casually, as it were, he put his hand upon the
+fact, and, in gentle terms and with a kind aspect, to inspire him with
+confidence and hope, asked him who he was, and whence he was derived.
+He, taking heart, spoke thus: " I will hide nothing from you, for you
+seem to be of a more princely temper than Amulius, in that you give a
+hearing and examine before you punish, while he condemns before the
+cause is heard.  Formerly, then, we (for we are twins) thought ourselves
+the sons of Faustulus and Larentia, the king's servants; but since we
+have been accused and aspersed with calumnies, and brought in peril of
+our lives here before you, we hear great things of ourselves, the truth
+of which my present danger is likely to bring to the test.  Our birth is
+said to have been secret, our fostering and nurture in our infancy still
+more strange; by birds and beasts, to whom we were cast out, we were
+fed, by the milk of a wolf, and the morsels of a woodpecker, as we lay
+in a little trough by the side of the river.  The trough is still in
+being, and is preserved, with brass plates round it, and an inscription
+in letters almost effaced; which may prove hereafter unavailing tokens
+to our parents when we are dead and gone." Numitor, upon these words,
+and computing the dates by the young man's looks, slighted not the hope
+that flattered him, but considered how to come at his daughter privately
+(for she was still kept under restraint), to talk with her concerning
+these matters.
+
+Faustulus, hearing Remus was taken and delivered up, called on Romulus
+to assist in his rescue, informing him then plainly of the particulars
+of his birth, not but he had before given hints of it, and told as much
+as an attentive man might make no small conclusions from; he himself,
+full of concern and fear of not coming in time, took the trough, and ran
+instantly to Numitor; but giving a suspicion to some of the king's
+sentry at his gate, and being gazed upon by them and perplexed with
+their questions, he let it be seen that he was hiding the trough under
+his cloak.  By chance there was one among them who was at the exposing
+of the children, and was one employed in the office; he, seeing the
+trough and knowing it by its make and inscription, guessed at the
+business, and, without further delay, telling the king of it, brought in
+the man to be examined.  Faustulus, hard beset, did not show himself
+altogether proof against terror; nor yet was he wholly forced out of
+all; confessed indeed the children were alive, but lived, he said, as
+shepherds, a great way from Alba; he himself was going to carry the
+trough to Ilia, who had often greatly desired to see and handle it, for
+a confirmation of her hopes of her children.  As men generally do who
+are troubled in mind and act either in fear or passion, it so fell out
+Amulius now did; for he sent in haste as a messenger, a man, otherwise
+honest, and friendly to Numitor, with commands to learn from Numitor
+whether any tidings were come to him of the children's being alive.  He,
+coming and seeing how little Remus wanted of being received into the
+arms and embraces of Numitor, both gave him surer confidence in his
+hope, and advised them, with all expedition, to proceed to action;
+himself too joining and assisting them, and indeed, had they wished it,
+the time would not have let them demur.  For Romulus was now come very
+near, and many of the citizens, out of fear and hatred of Amulius, were
+running out to join him; besides, he brought great forces with him,
+divided into companies, each of an hundred men, every captain carrying a
+small bundle of grass and shrubs tied to a pole.  The Latins call such
+bundles manipuli and from hence it is that in their armies still they
+call their captains manipulares.  Remus rousing the citizens within to
+revolt, and Romulus making attacks from without, the tyrant, not knowing
+either what to do, or what expedient to think of for his security, in
+this perplexity and confusion was taken and put to death.  This
+narrative, for the most part given by Fabius and Diocles of Peparethus,
+who seem to be the earliest historians of the foundation of Rome, is
+suspected by some, because of its dramatic and fictitious appearance;
+but it would not wholly be disbelieved, if men would remember what a
+poet fortune sometimes shows herself, and consider that the Roman power
+would hardly have reached so high a pitch without a divinely ordered
+origin, attended with great and extraordinary circumstances.
+
+Amulius now being dead and matters quietly disposed, the two brothers
+would neither dwell in Alba without governing there, nor take the
+government into their own hands during the life of their grandfather.
+Having therefore delivered the dominion up into his hands, and paid
+their mother befitting honor, they resolved to live by themselves, and
+build a city in the same place where they were in their infancy brought
+up.  This seems the most honorable reason for their departure; though
+perhaps it was necessary, having such a body of slaves and fugitives
+collected about them, either to come to nothing by dispersing them, or
+if not so, then to live with them elsewhere.  For that the inhabitants
+of Alba did not think fugitives worthy of being received and
+incorporated as citizens among them plainly appears from the matter of
+the women, an attempt made not wantonly but of necessity, because they
+could not get wives by good-will.  For they certainly paid unusual
+respect and honor to those whom they thus forcibly seized.
+
+Not long after the first foundation of the city, they opened a sanctuary
+of refuge for all fugitives, which they called the temple of the god
+Asylaeus, where they received and protected all, delivering none back,
+neither the servant to his master, the debtor to his creditor, nor the
+murderer into the hands of the magistrate, saying it was a privileged
+place, and they could so maintain it by an order of the holy oracle;
+insomuch that the city grew presently very populous, for, they say, it
+consisted at first of no more than a thousand houses.
+But of that hereafter.
+
+Their minds being fully bent upon building, there arose presently a
+difference about the place where.  Romulus chose what was called Roma
+Quadrata, or the Square Rome, and would have the city there.  Remus laid
+out a piece of ground on the Aventine Mount, well fortified by nature,
+which was from him called Remonium, but now Rignarium.  Concluding at
+last to decide the contest by a divination from a flight of birds, and
+placing themselves apart at some distance, Remus, they say, saw six
+vultures, and Romulus double the number; others say Remus did truly see
+his number, and that Romulus feigned his, but, when Remus came to him,
+that then he did, indeed, see twelve.  Hence it is that the Romans, in
+their divinations from birds, chiefly regard the vulture, though
+Herodorus Ponticus relates that Hercules was always very joyful when a
+vulture appeared to him upon any action.  For it is a creature the least
+hurtful of any, pernicious neither to corn, fruit-tree, nor cattle; it
+preys only upon carrion, and never kills or hurts any living thing; and
+as for birds, it touches not them, though they are dead, as being of its
+own species, whereas eagles, owls, and hawks mangle and kill their own
+fellow-creatures; yet, as Aeschylus says,--
+
+What bird is clean that preys on fellow bird ?
+
+Besides all other birds are, so to say, never out of our eyes; they let
+themselves be seen of us continually; but a vulture is a very rare
+sight, and you can seldom meet with a man that has seen their young;
+their rarity and infrequency has raised a strange opinion in some, that
+they come to us from some other world; as soothsayers ascribe a divine
+origination to all things not produced either of nature
+or of themselves.
+
+When Remus knew the cheat, he was much displeased; and as Romulus was
+casting up a ditch, where he designed the foundation of the citywall, he
+turned some pieces of the work to ridicule, and obstructed others: at
+last, as he was in contempt leaping over it, some say Romulus himself
+struck him, others Celer, one of his companions; he fell, however, and
+in the scuffle Faustulus also was slain, and Plistinus, who, being
+Faustulus's brother, story tells us, helped to bring up Romulus.  Celer
+upon this fled instantly into Tuscany, and from him the Romans call all
+men that are swift of foot Celeres; and because Quintus Metellus, at his
+father's funeral, in a few days' time gave the people a show of
+gladiators, admiring his expedition in getting it ready, they gave him
+the name of Celer.
+
+Romulus, having buried his brother Remus, together with his two foster-
+fathers, on the mount Remonia, set to building his city; and sent for
+men out of Tuscany, who directed him by sacred usages and written rules
+in all the ceremonies to be observed, as in a religious rite.  First,
+they dug a round trench about that which is now the Comitium, or Court
+of Assembly, and into it solemnly threw the first-fruits of all things
+either good by custom or necessary by nature; lastly, every man taking a
+small piece of earth of the country from whence he came, they all threw
+them in promiscuously together.  This trench they call, as they do the
+heavens, Mundus; making which their center, they described the city in a
+circle round it.  Then the founder fitted to a plow a brazen plowshare,
+and, yoking together a bull and a cow, drove himself a deep line or
+furrow round the bounds; while the business of those that followed after
+was to see that whatever earth was thrown up should be turned all
+inwards towards the city, and not to let any clod lie outside.  With
+this line they described the wall, and called it, by a contraction,
+Pomoerium, that is, post murum, after or beside the wall; and where they
+designed to make a gate, there they took out the share, carried the plow
+over, and left a space; for which reason they consider the whole wall as
+holy, except where the gates are; for had they adjudged them also
+sacred, they could not, without offense to religion, have given free
+ingress and egress for the necessaries of human life, some of which are
+in themselves unclean.
+
+As for the day they began to build the city, it is universally agreed to
+have been the twenty-first of April, and that day the Romans annually
+keep holy, calling it their country's birthday.  At first, they say,
+they sacrificed no living creature on this day, thinking it fit to
+preserve the feast of their country's birthday pure and without stain
+of blood.  Yet before ever the city was built, there was a feast of
+herdsmen and shepherds kept on this day, which went by the name of
+Palilia.  The Roman and Greek months have now little or no agreement;
+they say, however, the day on which Romulus began to build was quite
+certainly the thirtieth of the month, at which time there was an eclipse
+of the sun which they conceive to be that seen by Antimachus, the Teian
+poet, in the third year of the sixth Olympiad.  In the times of Varro
+the philosopher, a man deeply read in Roman history, lived one
+Tarrutius, his familiar acquaintance, a good philosopher and
+mathematician, and one, too, that out of curiosity had studied the way
+of drawing schemes and tables, and was thought to be a proficient in the
+art; to him Varro propounded to cast Romulus's nativity, even to the
+first day and hour, making his deductions from the several events of the
+man's life which he should be informed of, exactly as in working back a
+geometrical problem; for it belonged, he said, to the same science both
+to foretell a man's life by knowing the time of his birth, and also to
+find out his birth by the knowledge of his life.  This task Tarrutius
+undertook, and first looking into the actions and casualties of the man,
+together with the time of his life and manner of his death, and then
+comparing all these remarks together, he very confidently and positively
+pronounced that Romulus was conceived in his mother's womb the first
+year of the second Olympiad, the twenty-third day of the month the
+Egyptians call Choeac, and the third hour after sunset, at which time
+there was a total eclipse of the sun; that he was born the twenty-first
+day of the month Thoth, about sun-rising; and that the first stone of
+Rome was laid by him the ninth day of the month Pharmuthi, between the
+second and third hour.  For the fortunes of cities as well as of men,
+they think, have their certain periods of time prefixed, which may be
+collected and foreknown from the position of the stars at their first
+foundation.  But these and the like relations may perhaps not so much
+take and delight the reader with their novelty and curiosity, as offend
+him by their extravagance.
+
+The city now being built, Romulus enlisted all that were of age to bear
+arms into military companies, each company consisting of three thousand
+footmen and three hundred horse.  These companies were called legions,
+because they were the choicest and most select of the people for
+fighting men.  The rest of the multitude he called the people; one
+hundred of the most eminent he chose for counselors; these he styled
+patricians, and their assembly the senate, which signifies a council of
+elders.  The patricians, some say, were so called because they were the
+fathers of lawful children; others, because they could give a good
+account who their own fathers were, which not every one of the rabble
+that poured into the city at first could do; others, from patronage,
+their word for protection of inferiors, the origin of which they
+attribute to Patron, one of those that came over with Evander, who was a
+great protector and defender of the weak and needy.  But perhaps the
+most probable judgment might be, that Romulus, esteeming it the duty of
+the chiefest and wealthiest men, with a fatherly care and concern to
+look after the meaner, and also encouraging the commonalty not to dread
+or be aggrieved at the honors of their superiors, but to love and
+respect them, and to think and call them their fathers, might from hence
+give them the name of patricians.  For at this very time all foreigners
+give senators the style of lords; but the Romans, making use of a more
+honorable and less invidious name, call them Patres Conscripti; at first
+indeed simply Patres, but afterwards, more being added, Patres
+Conscripti.  By this more imposing title he distinguished the senate
+from the populace; and in other ways also separated the nobles and the
+commons,--calling them patrons, and these their clients,--by which means
+he created wonderful love and amity between them, productive of great
+justice in their dealings.  For they were always their clients'
+counselors in law cases, their advocates in courts of justice, in fine
+their advisers and supporters in all affairs whatever.  These again
+faithfully served their patrons, not only paying them all respect and
+deference, but also, in case of poverty, helping them to portion their
+daughters and pay off their debts; and for a patron to witness against
+his client, or a client against his patron, was what no law nor
+magistrate could enforce.  In after times all other duties subsisting
+still between them, it was thought mean and dishonorable for the better
+sort to take money from their inferiors.  And so much of these matters.
+
+In the fourth month, after the city was built, as Fabius writes, the
+adventure of stealing the women was attempted; and some say Romulus
+himself, being naturally a martial man, and predisposed too, perhaps, by
+certain oracles, to believe the fates had ordained the future growth and
+greatness of Rome should depend upon the benefit of war, upon these
+accounts first offered violence to the Sabines, since he took away only
+thirty virgins, more to give an occasion of war than out of any want of
+women.  But this is not very probable; it would seem rather that,
+observing his city to be filled by a confluence of foreigners, few of
+whom had wives, and that the multitude in general, consisting of a
+mixture of mean and obscure men, fell under contempt, and seemed to be
+of no long continuance together, and hoping farther, after the women
+were appeased, to make this injury in some measure an occasion of
+confederacy and mutual commerce with the Sabines, he took in hand this
+exploit after this manner.  First, he gave it out as if he had found an
+altar of a certain god hid under ground; the god they called Consus,
+either the god of counsel (for they still call a consultation consilium
+and their chief magistrates consules, namely, counselors), or else the
+equestrian Neptune, for the altar is kept covered in the circus maximus
+at all other times, and only at horse-races is exposed to public view;
+others merely say that this god had his altar hid under ground because
+counsel ought to be secret and concealed.  Upon discovery of this altar,
+Romulus, by proclamation, appointed a day for a splendid sacrifice, and
+for public games and shows, to entertain all sorts of people; many
+flocked thither, and he himself sat in front, amidst his nobles, clad
+in purple.  Now the signal for their falling on was to be whenever he
+rose and gathered up his robe and threw it over his body; his men stood
+all ready armed, with their eyes intent upon him, and when the sign was
+given, drawing their swords and falling on with a great shout, they
+ravished away the daughters of the Sabines, they themselves flying
+without any let or hindrance.  They say there were but thirty taken, and
+from them the Curiae or Fraternities were named; but Valerius Antias
+says five hundred and twenty-seven, Juba, six hundred and eighty-three
+virgins; which was indeed the greatest excuse Romulus could allege,
+namely, that they had taken no married woman, save one only, Hersilia by
+name, and her too unknowingly; which showed they did not commit this
+rape wantonly, but with a design purely of forming alliance with their
+neighbors by the greatest and surest bonds.  This Hersilia some say
+Hostilius married, a most eminent man among the Romans; others, Romulus
+himself, and that she bore two children to him, a daughter, by reason of
+primogeniture called Prima, and one only son, whom, from the great
+concourse of citizens to him at that time, he called Aollius, but after
+ages Abillius.  But Zenodotus the Troezenian, in giving this account, is
+contradicted by many.
+
+Among those who committed this rape upon the virgins, there were, they
+say, as it so then happened, some of the meaner sort of men, who were
+carrying off a damsel, excelling all in beauty and comeliness of
+stature, whom when some of superior rank that met them attempted to take
+away, they cried out they were carrying her to Talasius, a young man,
+indeed, but brave and worthy; hearing that, they commended and applauded
+them loudly, and also some, turning back, accompanied them with good-
+will and pleasure, shouting out the name of Talasius.  Hence the Romans
+to this very time, at their weddings, sing Talasius for their nuptial
+word, as the Greeks do Hymenaeus, because, they say, Talasius was very
+happy in his marriage.  But Sextius Sylla the Carthaginian, a man
+wanting neither learning nor ingenuity, told me Romulus gave this word
+as a sign when to begin the onset; everybody, therefore, who made prize
+of a maiden, cried out, Talasius; and for that reason the custom
+continues so now at marriages.  But most are of opinion (of whom Juba
+particularly is one) that this word was used to new-married women by way
+of incitement to good housewifery and talasia (spinning), as we say in
+Greek, Greek words at that time not being as yet overpowered by Italian.
+But if this be the case, and if the Romans did at that time use the word
+talasia as we do, a man might fancy a more probable reason of the
+custom.  For when the Sabines, after the war against the Romans, were
+reconciled, conditions were made concerning their women, that they
+should be obliged to do no other servile offices to their husbands but
+what concerned spinning; it was customary, therefore, ever after, at
+weddings, for those that gave the bride or escorted her or otherwise
+were present, sportingly to say Talasius, intimating that she was
+henceforth to serve in spinning and no more.  It continues also a custom
+at this very day for the bride not of herself to pass her husband's
+threshold, but to be lifted over, in memory that the Sabine virgins were
+carried in by violence, and did not go in of their own will.  Some say,
+too, the custom of parting the bride's hair with the head of a spear was
+in token their marriages began at first by war and acts of hostility, of
+which I have spoken more fully in my book of Questions.
+
+This rape was committed on the eighteenth day of the month Sextilis, now
+called August, on which the solemnities of the Consualia are kept.
+
+The Sabines were a numerous and martial people, but lived in small,
+unfortified villages, as it befitted, they thought, a colony of the
+Lacedaemonians to be bold and fearless; nevertheless, seeing themselves
+bound by such hostages to their good behavior, and being solicitous for
+their daughters, they sent ambassadors to Romulus with fair and
+equitable requests, that he would return their young women and recall
+that act of violence, and afterwards, by persuasion and lawful means,
+seek friendly correspondence between both nations.  Romulus would not
+part with the young women, yet proposed to the Sabines to enter into an
+alliance with them; upon which point some consulted and demurred long,
+but Acron, king of the Ceninenses, a man of high spirit and a good
+warrior, who had all along a jealousy of Romulus's bold attempts, and
+considering particularly from this exploit upon the women that he was
+growing formidable to all people, and indeed insufferable, were he not
+chastised, first rose up in arms, and with a powerful army advanced
+against him.  Romulus likewise prepared to receive him; but when they
+came within sight and viewed each other, they made a challenge to fight
+a single duel, the armies standing by under arms, without participation.
+And Romulus, making a vow to Jupiter, if he should conquer, to carry,
+himself, and dedicate his adversary's armor to his honor, overcame him
+in combat, and, a battle ensuing, routed his army also, and then took
+his city; but did those he found in it no injury, only commanded them to
+demolish the place and attend him to Rome, there to be admitted to all
+the privileges of citizens.  And indeed there was nothing did more
+advance the greatness of Rome, than that she did always unite and
+incorporate those whom she conquered into herself.  Romulus, that he
+might perform his vow in the most acceptable manner to Jupiter, and
+withal make the pomp of it delightful to the eye of the city, cut down a
+tall oak which he saw growing in the camp, which he trimmed to the shape
+of a trophy, and fastened on it Acron's whole suit of armor disposed in
+proper form; then he himself, girding his clothes about him, and
+crowning his head with a laurel-garland, his hair gracefully flowing,
+carried the trophy resting erect upon his right shoulder, and so marched
+on, singing songs of triumph, and his whole army following after, the
+citizens all receiving him with acclamations of joy and wonder.  The
+procession of this day was the origin and model of all after triumphs.
+This trophy was styled an offering to Jupiter Feretrius, from ferire,
+which in Latin is to smite; for Romulus prayed he might smite and
+overthrow his enemy; and the spoils were called opima, or royal spoils,
+says Varro, from their richness, which the word opes signifies; though
+one would more probably conjecture from opus, an act; for it is only to
+the general of an army who with his own hand kills his enemies' general
+that this honor is granted of offering the opima spolia.  And three only
+of the Roman captains have had it conferred on them: first, Romulus,
+upon killing Acron the Ceninensian; next, Cornelius Cossus, for slaying
+Tolumnius the Tuscan; and lastly, Claudius Marcellus, upon his
+conquering Viridomarus, king of the Gauls.  The two latter, Cossus and
+Marcellus, made their entries in triumphant chariots, bearing their
+trophies themselves; but that Romulus made use of a chariot, Dionysius
+is wrong in asserting.  History says, Tarquinius, Damaratus's son, was
+the first that brought triumphs to this great pomp and grandeur; others,
+that Publicola was the first that rode in triumph.  The statues of
+Romulus in triumph are, as may be seen in Rome, all on foot.
+
+After the overthrow of the Ceninensians, the other Sabines still
+protracting the time in preparations, the people of Fidenae,
+Crustumerium, and Antemna, joined their forces against the Romans; they
+in like manner were defeated in battle, and surrendered up to Romulus
+their cities to be seized, their lands and territories to be divided,
+and themselves to be transplanted to Rome.  All the lands which Romulus
+acquired, he distributed among the citizens, except only what the
+parents of the stolen virgins had; these he suffered to possess their
+own.  The rest of the Sabines, enraged hereat, choosing Tatius their
+captain, marched straight against Rome.  The city was almost
+inaccessible, having for its fortress that which is now the Capitol,
+where a strong guard was placed, and Tarpeius their captain; not Tarpeia
+the virgin, as some say who would make Romulus a fool.  But Tarpeia,
+daughter to the captain, coveting the golden bracelets she saw them
+wear, betrayed the fort into the Sabines' hands, and asked, in reward of
+her treachery, the things they wore on their left arms.  Tatius
+conditioning thus with her, in the night she opened one of the gates,
+and received the Sabines in.  And truly Antigonus, it would seem, was
+not solitary in saying, he loved betrayers, but hated those who had
+betrayed; nor Caesar, who told Rhymitalces the Thracian, that he loved
+the treason, but hated the traitor; but it is the general feeling of all
+who have occasion for wicked men's service, as people have for the
+poison of venomous beasts; they are glad of them while they are of use,
+and abhor their baseness when it is over.  And so then did Tatius behave
+towards Tarpeia, for he commanded the Sabines, in regard to their
+contract, not to refuse her the least part of what they wore on their
+left arms; and he himself first took his bracelet of his arm, and threw
+that, together with his buckler, at her; and all the rest following,
+she, being borne down and quite buried with the multitude of gold and
+their shields, died under the weight and pressure of them; Tarpeius also
+himself, being prosecuted by Romulus, was found guilty of treason, as
+Juba says Sulpicius Galba relates.  Those who write otherwise concerning
+Tarpeia, as that she was the daughter of Tatius, the Sabine captain,
+and, being forcibly detained by Romulus, acted and suffered thus by her
+father's contrivance, speak very absurdly, of whom Antigonus is one.
+And Simylus, the poet, who thinks Tarpeia betrayed the Capitol, not to
+the Sabines, but the Gauls, having fallen in love with their king, talks
+mere folly, saying thus:--
+
+Tarpeia 'twas, who, dwelling close thereby,
+Laid open Rome unto the enemy.
+She, for the love of the besieging Gaul,
+Betrayed the city's strength, the Capitol.
+
+And a little after, speaking of her death:--
+
+The numerous nations of the Celtic foe
+Bore her not living to the banks of Po;
+Their heavy shields upon the maid they threw,
+And with their splendid gifts entombed at once and slew.
+
+Tarpeia afterwards was buried there, and the hill from her was called
+Tarpeius, until the reign of king Tarquin, who dedicated the place to
+Jupiter, at which time her bones were removed, and so it lost her name,
+except only that part of the Capitol which they still call the Tarpeian
+Rock, from which they used to cast down malefactors.
+
+The Sabines being possessed of the hill, Romulus, in great fury, bade
+them battle, and Tatius was confident to accept it, perceiving, if they
+were overpowered, that they had behind them a secure retreat.  The level
+in the middle, where they were to join battle, being surrounded with
+many little hills, seemed to enforce both parties to a sharp and
+desperate conflict, by reason of the difficulties of the place, which
+had but a few outlets, inconvenient either for refuge or pursuit.  It
+happened, too, the river having overflowed not many days before, there
+was left behind in the plain, where now the forum stands, a deep blind
+mud and slime, which, though it did not appear much to the eye, and was
+not easily avoided, at bottom was deceitful and dangerous; upon which
+the Sabines being unwarily about to enter, met with a piece of good
+fortune; for Curtius, a gallant man, eager of honor, and of aspiring
+thoughts, being mounted on horseback, was galloping on before the rest,
+and mired his horse here, and, endeavoring for awhile by whip and spur
+and voice to disentangle him, but finding it impossible, quitted him and
+saved himself; the place from him to this very time is called the
+Curtian Lake.  The Sabines, having avoided this danger, began the fight
+very smartly, the fortune of the day being very dubious, though many
+were slain; amongst whom was Hostilius, who, they say, was husband to
+Hersilia, and grandfather to that Hostilius who reigned after Numa.
+There were many other brief conflicts, we may suppose, but the most
+memorable was the last, in which Romulus having received a wound on his
+head by a stone, and being almost felled to the ground by it, and
+disabled, the Romans gave way, and, being driven out of the level
+ground, fled towards the Palatium.  Romulus, by this time recovering
+from his wound a little, turned about to renew the battle, and, facing
+the fliers, with a loud voice encouraged them to stand and fight.  But
+being overborne with numbers, and nobody daring to face about,
+stretching out his hands to heaven, he prayed to Jupiter to stop the
+army, and not to neglect but maintain the Roman cause, now in extreme
+danger.  The prayer was no sooner made, than shame and respect for their
+king checked many; the fears of the fugitives changed suddenly into
+confidence.  The place they first stood at was where now is the temple
+of Jupiter Stator (which may be translated the Stayer); there they
+rallied again into ranks, and repulsed the Sabines to the place called
+now Regia, and to the temple of Vesta; where both parties, preparing to
+begin a second battle, were prevented by a spectacle, strange to behold,
+and defying description.  For the daughters of the Sabines, who had been
+carried off, came running, in great confusion, some on this side, some
+on that, with miserable cries and lamentations, like creatures
+possessed, in the midst of the army, and among the dead bodies, to come
+at their husbands and their fathers, some with their young babes in
+their arms, others their hair loose about their ears, but all calling,
+now upon the Sabines, now upon the Romans, in the most tender and
+endearing words.  Hereupon both melted into compassion, and fell back,
+to make room for them between the armies.  The sight of the women
+carried sorrow and commiseration upon both sides into the hearts of all,
+but still more their words, which began with expostulation and
+upbraiding, and ended with entreaty and supplication.
+
+"Wherein," say they, "have we injured or offended you, as to deserve
+such sufferings, past and present?  We were ravished away unjustly and
+violently by those whose now we are; that being done, we were so long
+neglected by our fathers, our brothers, and countrymen, that time,
+having now by the strictest bonds united us to those we once mortally
+hated, has made it impossible for us not to tremble at the danger and
+weep at the death of the very men who once used violence to us.  You did
+not come to vindicate our honor, while we were virgins, against our
+assailants; but do come now to force away wives from their husbands and
+mothers from their children, a succor more grievous to its wretched
+objects than the former betrayal and neglect of them.  Which shall we
+call the worst, their love-making or your compassion?  If you were
+making war upon any other occasion, for our sakes you ought to withhold
+your hands from those to whom we have made you fathers-in-law and
+grandsires.  If it be for our own cause, then take us, and with us your
+sons-in-law and grandchildren.  Restore to us our parents and kindred,
+but do not rob us of our children and husbands.  Make us not, we entreat
+you, twice captives."  Hersilia having spoken many such words as these,
+and the others earnestly praying, a truce was made, and the chief
+officers came to a parley; the women, in the mean time, brought and
+presented their husbands and children to their fathers and brothers;
+gave those that wanted, meat and drink, and carried the wounded home to
+be cured, and showed also how much they governed within doors, and how
+indulgent their husbands were to them, in demeaning themselves towards
+them with all kindness and respect imaginable.  Upon this, conditions
+were agreed upon, that what women pleased might stay where they were,
+exempt, as aforesaid, from all drudgery and labor but spinning; that the
+Romans and Sabines should inhabit the city together; that the city
+should be called Rome, from Romulus; but the Romans, Quirites, from the
+country of Tatius; and that they both should govern and command in
+common.  The place of the ratification is still called Comitium,
+from coire, to meet.
+
+The city being thus doubled in number, one hundred of the Sabines were
+elected senators, and the legions were increased to six thousand foot
+and six hundred horse; then they divided the people into three tribes;
+the first, from Romulus, named Ramnenses; the second, from Tatius,
+Tatienses; the third, Luceres, from the lucus, or grove, where the
+Asylum stood, whither many fled for sanctuary, and were received into
+the city.  And that they were just three, the very name of tribe and
+tribune seems to show; each tribe contained ten curiae, or brotherhoods,
+which, some say, took their names from the Sabine women; but that seems
+to be false, because many had their names from various places.  Though
+it is true, they then constituted many things in honor to the women; as
+to give them the way wherever they met them; to speak no ill word in
+their presence; not to appear naked before them, or else be liable to
+prosecution before the judges of homicide; that their children should
+wear an ornament about their necks called the bulla (because it was like
+a bubble), and the praetexta, a gown edged with purple.
+
+The princes did not immediately join in council together, but at first
+each met with his own hundred; afterwards all assembled together.
+Tatius dwelt where now the temple of Moneta stands, and Romulus, close
+by the steps, as they call them, of the Fair Shore, near the descent
+from the Mount Palatine to the Circus Maximus.  There, they say, grew
+the holy cornel tree, of which they report, that Romulus once, to try
+his strength, threw a dart from the Aventine Mount, the staff of which
+was made of cornel, which struck so deep into the ground, that no one of
+many that tried could pluck it up; and the soil, being fertile, gave
+nourishment to the wood, which sent forth branches, and produced a
+cornel-stock of considerable bigness.  This did posterity preserve and
+worship as one of the most sacred things; and, therefore, walled it
+about; and if to any one it appeared not green nor flourishing, but
+inclining to pine and wither, he immediately made outcry to all he met,
+and they, like people hearing of a house on fire, with one accord would
+cry for water, and run from all parts with buckets full to the place.
+But when Caius Caesar, they say, was repairing the steps about it, some
+of the laborers digging too close, the roots were destroyed,
+and the tree withered.
+
+The Sabines adopted the Roman months, of which whatever is remarkable is
+mentioned in the Life of Numa.  Romulus, on the other hand, adopted
+their long shields, and changed his own armor and that of all the
+Romans, who before wore round targets of the Argive pattern.  Feasts and
+sacrifices they partook of in common, not abolishing any which either
+nation observed before, and instituting several new ones; of which one
+was the Matronalia, instituted in honor of the women.  for their
+extinction of the war; likewise the Carmentalia.  This Carmenta some
+think a deity presiding over human birth; for which reason she is much
+honored by mothers.  Others say she was the wife of Evander, the
+Arcadian, being a prophetess, and wont to deliver her oracles in verse,
+and from carmen, a verse, was called Carmenta; her proper name being
+Nicostrata.  Others more probably derive Carmenta from carens mente, or
+insane, in allusion to her prophetic frenzies.  Of the Feast of Palilia
+we have spoken before.  The Lupercalia, by the time of its celebration,
+may seem to be a feast of purification, for it is solemnized on the dies
+nefasti, or non-court days, of the month February, which name signifies
+purification, and the very day of the feast was anciently called
+Februata; but its name is equivalent to the Greek Lycaea; and it seems
+thus to be of great antiquity, and brought in by the Arcadians who came
+with Evander.  Yet this is but dubious, for it may come as well from the
+wolf that nursed Romulus; and we see the Luperci, the priests, begin
+their course from the place where they say Romulus was exposed.  But the
+ceremonies performed in it render the origin of the thing more difficult
+to be guessed at; for there are goats killed, then, two young noblemen's
+sons being brought, some are to stain their foreheads with the bloody
+knife, others presently to wipe it off with wool dipped in milk; then
+the young boys must laugh after their foreheads are wiped; that done,
+having cut the goats' skins into thongs, they run about naked, only with
+something about their middle, lashing all they meet; and the young wives
+do not avoid their strokes, fancying they will help conception and
+child-birth.  Another thing peculiar to this feast is for the Luperci to
+sacrifice a dog.  But as, a certain poet who wrote fabulous explanations
+of Roman customs in elegiac verses, says, that Romulus and Remus, after
+the conquest of Amulius, ran joyfully to the place where the wolf gave
+them suck; and that in imitation of that, this feast was held,
+and two young noblemen ran--
+
+Striking at all, as when from Alba town,
+With sword in hand, the twins came hurrying down;
+
+and that the bloody knife applied to their foreheads was a sign of the
+danger and bloodshed of that day; the cleansing of them in milk, a
+remembrance of their food and nourishment.  Caius Acilius writes, that,
+before the city was built, the cattle of Romulus and Remus one day going
+astray, they, praying to the god Faunus, ran out to seek them naked,
+wishing not to be troubled with sweat, and that this is why the Luperci
+run naked.  If the sacrifice be by way of purification, a dog might very
+well be sacrificed; for the Greeks, in their lustrations, carry out
+young dogs, and frequently use this ceremony of periscylacismus as they
+call it.  Or if again it is a sacrifice of gratitude to the wolf that
+nourished and preserved Romulus, there is good reason in killing a dog,
+as being an enemy to wolves.  Unless indeed, after all, the creature is
+punished for hindering the Luperci in their running.
+
+They say, too, Romulus was the first that consecrated holy fire, and
+instituted holy virgins to keep it, called vestals; others ascribe it to
+Numa Pompilius; agreeing, however, that Romulus was otherwise eminently
+religious, and skilled in divination, and for that reason carried the
+lituus, a crooked rod with which soothsayers describe the quarters of
+the heavens, when they sit to observe the flights of birds.  This of
+his, being kept in the Palatium, was lost when the city was taken by the
+Gauls; and afterwards, that barbarous people being driven out, was found
+in the ruins, under a great heap of ashes, untouched by the fire, all
+things about it being consumed and burnt.  He instituted also certain
+laws, one of which is somewhat severe, which suffers not a wife to leave
+her husband, but grants a husband power to turn off his wife, either
+upon poisoning her children; or counterfeiting his keys, or for
+adultery; but if the husband upon any other occasion put her away, he
+ordered one moiety of his estate to be given to the wife, the other to
+fall to the goddess Ceres; and whoever cast off his wife, to make an
+atonement by sacrifice to the gods of the dead.  This, too, is
+observable as a singular thing in Romulus, that he appointed no
+punishment for real parricide, but called all murder so, thinking the
+one an accursed thing, but the other a thing impossible; and, for a long
+time, his judgment seemed to have been right; for in almost six hundred
+years together, nobody committed the like in Rome; and Lucius Hostius,
+after the wars of Hanibal, is recorded to have been the first parricide.
+Let thus much suffice concerning these matters.
+
+In the fifth year of the reign of Tatius, some of his friends and
+kinsmen, meeting ambassadors coming from Laurentum to Rome, attempted on
+the road to take away their money by force, and, upon their resistance,
+killed them.  So great a villainy having been committed, Romulus thought
+the malefactors ought at once to be punished, but Tatius shuffled off
+and deferred the execution of it; and this one thing was the beginning
+of open quarrel between them; in all other respects they were very
+careful of their conduct, and administered affairs together with great
+unanimity.  The relations of the slain, being debarred of lawful
+satisfaction by reason of Tatius, fell upon him as he was sacrificing
+with Romulus at Lavinium, and slew him; but escorted Romulus home,
+commending and extolling him for a just prince.  Romulus took the body
+of Tatius, and buried it very splendidly in the Aventine Mount, near the
+place called Armilustrium, but altogether neglected revenging his
+murder.  Some authors write, the city of Laurentum, fearing the
+consequence, delivered up the murderers of Tatius; but Romulus dismissed
+them, saying, one murder was requited with another.  This gave occasion
+of talk and jealousy, as if he were well pleased at the removal of his
+copartner in the government.  Nothing of these things, however, raised
+any sort of feud or disturbance among the Sabines; but some out of love
+to him, others out of fear of his power, some again reverencing him as a
+god, they all continued living peacefully in admiration and awe of him;
+many foreign nations, too, showed respect to Romulus; the Ancient Latins
+sent, and entered into league and confederacy with him.  Fidenae he
+took, a neighboring city to Rome, by a party of horse, as some say, whom
+he sent before with commands to cut down the hinges of the gates,
+himself afterwards unexpectedly coming up.  Others say, they having
+first made the invasion, plundering and ravaging the country and
+suburbs, Romulus lay in ambush for them, and, having killed many of
+their men, took the city; but, nevertheless, did not raze or demolish
+it, but made it a Roman colony, and sent thither, on the Ides of April,
+two thousand five hundred inhabitants.
+
+Soon after a plague broke out, causing sudden death without any previous
+sickness; it infected also the corn with unfruitfulness, and cattle with
+barrenness; there rained blood, too, in the city; so that, to their
+actual sufferings, fear of the wrath of the gods was added.  But when
+the same mischiefs fell upon Laurentum, then everybody judged it was
+divine vengeance that fell upon both cities, for the neglect of
+executing justice upon the murder of Tatius and the ambassadors.  But
+the murderers on both sides being delivered up and punished, the
+pestilence visibly abated; and Romulus purified the cities with
+lustrations, which, they say, even now are performed at the wood called
+Ferentina.  But before the plague ceased, the Camertines invaded the
+Romans and overran the country, thinking them, by reason of the
+distemper, unable to resist; but Romulus at once made head against them,
+and gained the victory, with the slaughter of six thousand men; then
+took their city, and brought half of those he found there to Rome;
+sending from Rome to Camerium double the number he left there.  This was
+done the first of August.  So many citizens had he to spare, in sixteen
+years' time from his first founding Rome.  Among other spoils, he took a
+brazen four-horse chariot from Camerium, which he placed in the temple
+of Vulcan, setting on it his own statue,
+with a figure of Victory crowning him.
+
+The Roman cause thus daily gathering strength, their weaker neighbors
+shrunk away, and were thankful to be left untouched; but the stronger,
+out of fear or envy, thought they ought not to give way to Romulus, but
+to curb and put a stop to his growing greatness.  The first were the
+Veientes, a people of Tuscany, who had large possessions, and dwelt in a
+spacious city; they took occasion to commence a war, by claiming Fidenae
+as belonging to them; a thing not only very unreasonable, but very
+ridiculous, that they, who did not assist them in the greatest
+extremities, but permitted them to be slain, should challenge their
+lands and houses when in the hands of others.  But being scornfully
+retorted upon by Romulus in his answers, they divided themselves into
+two bodies; with one they attacked the garrison of Fidenae, the other
+marched against Romulus; that which went against Fidenae got the
+victory, and slew two thousand Romans; the other was worsted by Romulus,
+with the loss of eight thousand men.  A fresh battle was fought near
+Fidenae, and here all men acknowledge the day's success to have been
+chiefly the work of Romulus himself, who showed the highest skill as
+well as courage, and seemed to manifest a strength and swiftness more
+than human.  But what some write, that, of fourteen thousand that fell
+that day, above half were slain by Romulus's own hand, verges too near
+to fable, and is, indeed, simply incredible; since even the Messenians
+are thought to go too far in saying that Aristomenes three times offered
+sacrifice for the death of a hundred enemies, Lacedaemonians, slain by
+himself.  The army being thus routed, Romulus, suffering those that were
+left to make their escape, led his forces against the city; they, having
+suffered such great losses, did not venture to oppose, but, humbly suing
+to him, made a league and friendship for an hundred years; surrendering
+also a large district of land called Septempagium, that is, the seven
+parts, as also their salt-works upon the river, and fifty noblemen for
+hostages.  He made his triumph for this on the Ides of October, leading,
+among the rest of his many captives, the general of the Veientes, an
+elderly man, but who had not, it seemed, acted with the prudence of age;
+whence even now, in sacrifices for victories, they lead an old man
+through the market place to the Capitol, appareled in purple, with a
+bulla, or child's toy, tied to it, and the crier cries, Sardians to be
+sold; for the Tuscans are said to be a colony of the Sardians, and the
+Veientes are a city of Tuscany.
+
+This was the last battle Romulus ever fought; afterwards he, as most,
+nay all men, very few excepted, do, who are raised by great and
+miraculous good-haps of fortune to power and greatness, so, I say, did
+he; relying upon his own great actions, and growing of an haughtier
+mind, he forsook his popular behavior for kingly arrogance, odious to
+the people; to whom in particular the state which he assumed was
+hateful.  For he dressed in scarlet, with the purple-bordered robe over
+it; he gave audience on a couch of state, having always about him some
+young men called Celeres, from their swiftness in doing commissions;
+there went before him others with staves, to make room, with leather
+thongs tied on their bodies, to bind on the moment whomever he
+commanded.  The Latins formerly used ligare in the same sense as now
+alligare, to bind, whence the name lictors, for these officers, and
+bacula, or staves, for their rods, because staves were then used.  It is
+probable, however, they were first called litores, afterwards, by
+putting in a c, lictores, or, in Greek, liturgi, or people's officers,
+for leitos is still Greek for the commons,
+and laos for the people in general.
+
+But when, after the death of his grandfather Numitor in Alba, the throne
+devolving upon Romulus, he, to court the people, put the government into
+their own hands, and appointed an annual magistrate over the Albans,
+this taught the great men of Rome to seek after a free and anti-
+monarchical state, wherein all might in turn be subjects and rulers.
+For neither were the patricians any longer admitted to state affairs,
+only had the name and title left them, convening in council rather for
+fashion's sake than advice, where they heard in silence the king's
+commands, and so departed, exceeding the commonalty only in hearing
+first what was done.  These and the like were matters of small moment;
+but when he of his own accord parted among his soldiers what lands were
+acquired by war, and restored the Veientes their hostages, the senate
+neither consenting nor approving of it, then, indeed, he seemed to put a
+great affront upon them; so that, on his sudden and strange
+disappearance a short while after, the senate fell under suspicion and
+calumny.  He disappeared on the Nones of July, as they now call the month
+which was then Quintilis, leaving nothing of certainty to be related of
+his death; only the time, as just mentioned, for on that day many
+ceremonies are still performed in representation of what happened.
+Neither is this uncertainty to be thought strange, seeing the manner of
+the death of Scipio Africanus, who died at his own home after supper,
+has been found capable neither of proof or disproof; for some say he
+died a natural death, being of a sickly habit; others, that he poisoned
+himself; others again, that his enemies, breaking in upon him in the
+night, stifled him.  Yet Scipio's dead body lay open to be seen of all,
+and any one, from his own observation, might form his suspicions and
+conjectures; whereas Romulus, when he vanished, left neither the least
+part of his body, nor any remnant of his clothes to be seen.  So that
+some fancied, the senators, having fallen upon him ill the temple of
+Vulcan, cut his body into pieces, and took each a part away in his
+bosom; others think his disappearance was neither in the temple of
+Vulcan, nor with the senators only by, but that, it came to pass that,
+as he was haranguing the people without the city, near a place called
+the Goat's Marsh, on a sudden strange and unaccountable disorders and
+alterations took place in the air; the face of the sun was darkened, and
+the day turned into night, and that, too, no quiet, peaceable night, but
+with terrible thunderings, and boisterous winds from all quarters;
+during which the common people dispersed and fled, but the senators kept
+close together.  The tempest being over and the light breaking out, when
+the people gathered again, they missed and inquired for their king; the
+senators suffered them not to search, or busy themselves about the
+matter, but commanded them to honor and worship Romulus as one taken up
+to the gods, and about to be to them, in the place of a good prince, now
+a propitious god.  The multitude, hearing this, went away believing and
+rejoicing in hopes of good things from him; but there were some, who,
+canvassing the matter in a hostile temper, accused and aspersed the
+patricians, as men that persuaded the people to believe ridiculous
+tales, when they themselves were the murderers of the king.
+
+Things being in this disorder, one, they say, of the patricians, of
+noble family and approved good character, and a faithful and familiar
+friend of Romulus himself, having come with him from Alba, Julius
+Proculus by name, presented himself in the forum; and, taking a most
+sacred oath, protested before them all, that, as he was traveling on the
+road, he had seen Romulus coming to meet him, looking taller and
+comelier than ever, dressed in shining and faming armor; and he, being
+affrighted at the apparition, said, "Why, O king, or for what purpose
+have you abandoned us to unjust and wicked surmises, and the whole city
+to bereavement and endless sorrow?" and that he made answer, "It
+pleased the gods, O Proculus, that we, who came from them, should remain
+so long a time amongst men as we did; and, having built a city to be the
+greatest in the world for empire and glory, should again return to
+heaven.  But farewell; and tell the Romans, that, by the exercise of
+temperance and fortitude, they shall attain the height of human power;
+we will be to you the propitious god Quirinus." This seemed credible to
+the Romans, upon the honesty and oath of the relater, and indeed, too,
+there mingled with it a certain divine passion, some preternatural
+influence similar to possession by a divinity; nobody contradicted it,
+but, laying aside all jealousies and detractions, they prayed to
+Quirinus and saluted him as a god.
+
+This is like some of the Greek fables of Aristeas the Proconnesian, and
+Cleomedes the Astypalaean; for they say Aristeas died in a fuller's
+work-shop, and his friends, coming to look for him, found his body
+vanished; and that some presently after, coming from abroad, said they
+met him traveling towards Croton.  And that Cleomedes, being an
+extraordinarily strong and gigantic man, but also wild and mad,
+committed many desperate freaks; and at last, in a school-house,
+striking a pillar that sustained the roof with his fist, broke it in the
+middle, so that the house fell and destroyed the children in it; and
+being pursued, he fled into a great chest, and, shutting to the lid,
+held it so fast, that many men, with their united strength, could not
+force it open; afterwards, breaking the chest to pieces, they found no
+man in it alive or dead; in astonishment at which, they sent to consult
+the oracle at Delphi; to whom the prophetess made this answer,
+
+Of all the heroes, Cleomede is last.
+
+They say, too, the body of Alcmena, as they were carrying her to her
+grave, vanished, and a stone was found lying on the bier.  And many such
+improbabilities do your fabulous writers relate, deifying creatures
+naturally mortal; for though altogether to disown a divine nature in
+human virtue were impious and base, so again to mix heaven with earth is
+ridiculous.  Let us believe with Pindar, that
+
+All human bodies yield to Death's decree,
+The soul survives to all eternity.
+
+For that alone is derived from the gods, thence comes, and thither
+returns; not with the body, but when most disengaged and separated from
+it, and when most entirely pure and clean and free from the flesh; for
+the most perfect soul, says Heraclitus, is a dry light, which flies out
+of the body as lightning breaks from a cloud; but that which is clogged
+and surfeited with body is like gross and humid incense, slow to kindle
+and ascend.  We must not, therefore, contrary to nature, send the
+bodies, too, of good men to heaven; but we must really believe that,
+according to their divine nature and law, their virtue and their souls
+are translated out of men into heroes, out of heroes into demi-gods, out
+of demi-gods, after passing, as in the rite of initiation, through a
+final cleansing and sanctification, and so freeing themselves from all
+that pertains to mortality and sense, are thus, not by human decree, but
+really and according to right reason, elevated into gods, admitted thus
+to the greatest and most blessed perfection.
+
+Romulus's surname Quirinus, some say, is equivalent to Mars; others,
+that he was so called because the citizens were called Quirites; others,
+because the ancients called a dart or spear Quiris; thus, the statue of
+Juno resting on a spear is called Quiritis, and the dart in the Regia is
+addressed as Mars, and those that were distinguished in war were usually
+presented with a dart; that, therefore, Romulus, being a martial god, or
+a god of darts, was called Quirinus.  A temple is certainly built to his
+honor on the mount called from him Quirinalis.
+
+The day he vanished on is called the Flight of the People, and the Nones
+of the Goats, because they go then out of the city, and sacrifice at
+the Goat's Marsh, and, as they go, they shout out some of the Roman
+names, as Marcus, Lucius, Caius, imitating the way in which they then
+fled and called upon one another in that fright and hurry.  Some,
+however, say, this was not in imitation of a flight, but of a quick and
+hasty onset, referring it to the following occasion: after the Gauls who
+had taken Rome were driven out by Camillus, and the city was scarcely as
+yet recovering her strength, many of the Latins, under the command of
+Livius Postumius, took this time to march against her.  Postumius,
+halting not far from Rome, sent a herald, signifying that the Latins
+were desirous to renew their former alliance and affinity (that was now
+almost decayed) by contracting new marriages between both nations; if,
+therefore, they would send forth a good number of their virgins and
+widows, they should have peace and friendship, such as the Sabines had
+formerly had on the like conditions.  The Romans, hearing this, dreaded
+a war, yet thought a surrender of their women little better than mere
+captivity.  Being in this doubt, a servant-maid called Philotis (or, as
+some say, Tutola), advised them to do neither, but, by a stratagem,
+avoid both fighting and the giving up of such pledges.  The stratagem
+was this, that they should send herself, with other well-looking
+servant-maids, to the enemy, in the dress of free-born virgins, and she
+should in the night light up a fire-signal, at which the Romans should
+come armed and surprise them asleep.  The Latins were thus deceived, and
+accordingly Philotis set up a torch in a wild fig-tree, screening it
+behind with curtains and coverlets from the sight of the enemy, while
+visible to the Romans.  They, when they saw it, eagerly ran out of the
+gates, calling in their haste to each other as they went out, and so,
+falling in unexpectedly upon the enemy, they defeated them, and upon
+that made a feast of triumph, called the Nones of the Goats, because of
+the wild fig-tree, called by the Romans Caprificus, or the goat-fig.
+They feast the women without the city in arbors made of fig-tree boughs
+and the maid-servants gather together and run about playing; afterwards
+they fight in sport, and throw stones one at another, in memory that
+they then aided and assisted the Roman men in fight.  This only a few
+authors admit for true; For the calling upon one another's names by day
+and the going out to the Goat's Marsh to do sacrifice seem to agree more
+with the former story, unless, indeed, we shall say that both the
+actions might have happened on the same day in different years.  It was
+in the fifty-fourth year of his age and the thirty-eighth of his reign
+that Romulus, they tell us, left the world.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF ROMULUS WITH THESEUS
+
+This is what I have learnt of Romulus and Theseus, worthy of memory.  It
+seems, first of all, that Theseus, out of his own free-will, without any
+compulsion, when he might have reigned in security at Troezen in the
+enjoyment of no inglorious empire, of his own motion affected great
+actions, whereas the other, to escape present servitude and a punishment
+that threatened him, (according to Plato's phrase) grew valiant purely
+out of fear, and dreading the extremest inflictions, attempted great
+enterprises out of mere necessity.  Again, his greatest action was only
+the killing of one king of Alba; while, as mere by-adventures and
+preludes, the other can name Sciron, Sinnis, Procrustes, and Corynetes;
+by reducing and killing of whom, he rid Greece of terrible oppressors,
+before any of them that were relieved knew who did it; moreover, he
+might without any trouble as well have gone to Athens by sea,
+considering he himself never was in the least injured by those robbers;
+where as Romulus could not but be in trouble whilst Amulius lived.  Add
+to this the fact that Theseus, for no wrong done to himself, but for the
+sake of others, fell upon these villains; but Romulus and Remus, as long
+as they themselves suffered no ill by the tyrant, permitted him to
+oppress all others.  And if it be a great thing to have been wounded in
+battle by the Sabines, to have killed king Acron, and to have conquered
+many enemies, we may oppose to these actions the battle with the
+Centaurs and the feats done against the Amazons.  But what Theseus
+adventured, in offering himself voluntarily with young boys and virgins,
+as part of the tribute unto Crete, either to be a prey to a monster or a
+victim upon the tomb of Androgeus, or, according to the mildest form of
+the story, to live vilely and dishonorably in slavery to insulting and
+cruel men; it is not to be expressed what an act of courage,
+magnanimity, or justice to the public, or of love for honor and bravery,
+that was.  So that methinks the philosophers did not ill define love to
+be the provision of the gods for the care and preservation of the young;
+for the love of Ariadne, above all, seems to have been the proper work
+and design of some god in order to preserve Theseus; and, indeed, we
+ought not to blame her for loving him, but rather wonder all men and
+women were not alike affected towards him; and if she alone were so.
+truly I dare pronounce her worthy of the love of a god, who was herself
+so great a lover of virtue and goodness, and the bravest man.
+
+Both Theseus and Romulus were by nature meant for governors; yet neither
+lived up to the true character of a king, but fell off, and ran, the one
+into popularity, the other into tyranny, falling both into the same
+fault out of different passions.  For a ruler's first end is to maintain
+his office, which is done no less by avoiding what is unfit than by
+observing what is suitable.  Whoever is either too remiss or too strict
+is no more a king or a governor, but either a demagogue or a despot, and
+so becomes either odious or contemptible to his subjects.  Though
+certainly the one seems to be the fault of easiness and good-nature, the
+other of pride and severity.
+
+If men's calamities, again, are not to be wholly imputed to fortune, but
+refer themselves to differences of character, who will acquit either
+Theseus of rash and unreasonable anger against his son, or Romulus
+against his brother?  Looking at motives, we more easily excuse the
+anger which a stronger cause, like a severer blow, provoked.  Romulus,
+having disagreed with his brother advisedly and deliberately on public
+matters, one would think could not on a sudden have been put into so
+great a passion; but love and jealousy and the complaints of his wife,
+which few men can avoid being moved by, seduced Theseus to commit that
+outrage upon his son.  And what is more, Romulus, in his anger,
+committed an action of unfortunate consequence; but that of Theseus
+ended only in words, some evil speaking, and an old man's curse; the
+rest of the youth's disasters seem to have proceeded from fortune; so
+that, so far, a man would give his vote on Theseus's part.
+
+But Romulus has, first of all, one great plea, that his performances
+proceeded from very small beginnings; for both the brothers being
+thought servants and the sons of swineherds, before becoming freemen
+themselves, gave liberty to almost all the Latins, obtaining at once all
+the most honorable titles, as destroyers of their country's enemies,
+preservers of their friends and kindred, princes of the people, founders
+of cities, not removers, like Theseus, who raised and compiled only one
+house out of many, demolishing many cities bearing the names of ancient
+kings and heroes.  Romulus, indeed, did the same afterwards, forcing his
+enemies to deface and ruin their own dwellings, and to sojourn with
+their conquerors; but at first, not by removal, or increase of an
+existing city, but by foundation of a new one, he obtained himself
+lands, a country, a kingdom, wives, children, and relations.  And, in so
+doing, he killed or destroyed nobody, but benefited those that wanted
+houses and homes and were willing to be of a society and become
+citizens.  Robbers and malefactors he slew not; but he subdued nations,
+he overthrew cities, he triumphed over kings and commanders.  As to
+Remus, it is doubtful by whose hand he fell; it is generally imputed to
+others.  His mother he clearly retrieved from death, and placed his
+grandfather who was brought under base and dishonorable vassalage, on
+the ancient throne of Aeneas, to whom he did voluntarily many good
+offices, but never did him harm even inadvertently.  But Theseus, in his
+forgetfulness and neglect of the command concerning the flag, can
+scarcely, methinks, by any excuses, or before the most indulgent judges,
+avoid the imputation of parricide.  And, indeed, one of the Attic
+writers, perceiving it to be very hard to make an excuse for this,
+feigns that Aegeus, at the approach of the ship, running hastily to the
+Acropolis to see what news, slipped and fell down, as if he had no
+servants, or none would attend him on his way to the shore.
+
+And, indeed, the faults committed in the rapes of women admit of no
+plausible excuse in Theseus.  First, because of the often repetition of
+the crime; for he stole Ariadne, Antiope, Anaxo the Troezenian, at last
+Helen, when he was an old man, and she not marriageable; she a child,
+and he at an age past even lawful wedlock.  Then, on account of the
+cause; for the Troezenian, Lacedaemonian, and Amazonian virgins, beside
+that they were not betrothed to him, were not worthier to raise children
+by than the Athenian women, derived from Erechtheus and Cecrops; but it
+is to be suspected these things were done out of wantonness and lust.
+Romulus, when he had taken near eight hundred women, chose not all, but
+only Hersilia, as they say, for himself; the rest he divided among the
+chief of the city; and afterwards, by the respect and tenderness and
+justice shown towards them, he made it clear that this violence and
+injury was a commendable and politic exploit to establish a society; by
+which he intermixed and united both nations, and made it the fountain of
+after friendship and public stability.  And to the reverence and love
+and constancy he established in matrimony, time can witness; for in two
+hundred and thirty years, neither any husband deserted his wife, nor any
+wife her husband; but, as the curious among the Greeks can name the
+first case of parricide or matricide, so the Romans all well know that
+Spurius Carvilius was the first who put away his wife, accusing her of
+barrenness.  The immediate results were similar; for upon those
+marriages the two princes shared in the dominion, and both nations fell
+under the same government.  But from the marriages of Theseus proceeded
+nothing of friendship or correspondence for the advantage of commerce,
+but enmities and wars and the slaughter of citizens, and, at last, the
+loss of the city Aphidnae, when only out of the compassion of the enemy,
+whom they entreated and caressed like gods, they escaped suffering what
+Troy did by Paris.  Theseus's mother, however, was not only in danger,
+but suffered actually what Hecuba did, deserted and neglected by her
+son, unless her captivity be not a fiction, as I could wish both that
+and other things were.  The circumstances of the divine intervention,
+said to have preceded or accompanied their births, are also in contrast;
+for Romulus was preserved by the special favor of the gods; but the
+oracle given to Aegeus, commanding him to abstain, seems to demonstrate
+that the birth of Theseus was not agreeable to the will of the gods.
+
+
+
+LYCURGUS
+
+There is so much uncertainty in the accounts which historians have left
+us of Lycurgus, the lawgiver of Sparta, that scarcely anything is
+asserted by one of them which is not called into question or
+contradicted by the rest.  Their sentiments are quite different as to
+the family he came of, the voyages he undertook, the place and manner of
+his death, but most of all when they speak of the laws he made and the
+commonwealth which he founded.  They cannot, by any means, be brought to
+an agreement as to the very age in which he lived; for some of them say
+that he flourished in the time of Iphitus, and that they two jointly
+contrived the ordinance for the cessation of arms during the solemnity
+of the Olympic games.  Of this opinion was Aristotle; and for
+confirmation of it, he alleges an inscription upon one of the copper
+quoits used in those sports, upon which the name of Lycurgus continued
+uneffaced to his time.  But Eratosthenes and Apollodorus and other
+chronologers, computing the time by the successions of the Spartan
+kings, pretend to demonstrate that he was much more ancient than the
+institution of the Olympic games.  Timaeus conjectures that there were
+two of this name, and in diverse times, but that the one of them being
+much more famous than the other, men gave to him the glory of the
+exploits of both; the elder of the two, according to him, was not long
+after Homer; and some are so particular as to say that he had seen him.
+But that he was of great antiquity may be gathered from a passage in
+Xenophon, where he makes him contemporary with the Heraclidae.  By
+descent, indeed, the very last kings of Sparta were Heraclidae too; but
+he seems in that place to speak of the first and more immediate
+successors of Hercules.  But notwithstanding this confusion and
+obscurity, we shall endeavor to compose the history of his life,
+adhering to those statements which are least contradicted, and depending
+upon those authors who are most worthy of credit.
+
+The poet Simonides will have it that Lycurgus was the son of Prytanis,
+and not of Eunomus; but in this opinion he is singular, for all the rest
+deduce the genealogy of them both as follows:--
+
+                           Aristodemus
+                            Patrocles
+                              Sous
+                             Eurypon
+                             Eunomus
+            ------------------------------------------
+Polydectes by his first wife           Lycurgus by Dionassa his second.
+
+Dieuchidas says he was the sixth from Patrocles and the eleventh from
+Hercules.  Be this as it will, Sous certainly was the most renowned of
+all his ancestors, under whose conduct the Spartans made slaves of the
+Helots, and added to their dominions, by conquest, a good part of
+Arcadia, There goes a story of this king Sous, that, being besieged by
+the Clitorians in a dry and stony place so that he could come at no
+water, he was at last constrained to agree with them upon these terms,
+that he would restore to them all his conquests, provided that himself
+and all his men should drink of the nearest spring.  After the usual
+oaths and ratifications, he called his soldiers together, and offered to
+him that would forbear drinking, his kingdom for a reward; and when not
+a man of them was able to forbear, in short, when they had all drunk
+their fill, at last comes king Sous himself to the spring, and, having
+sprinkled his face only, without swallowing one drop, marches off in the
+face of his enemies, refusing to yield up his conquests, because himself
+and all his men had not, according to the articles,
+drunk of their water.
+
+Although he was justly had in admiration on this account, yet his family
+was not surnamed from him, but from his son Eurypon (of whom they were
+called Eurypontids); the reason of which was that Eurypon relaxed the
+rigor of the monarchy, seeking favor and popularity with the many.
+They, after this first step, grew bolder; and the succeeding kings
+partly incurred hatred with their people by trying to use force, or, for
+popularity's sake and through weakness, gave way; and anarchy and
+confusion long prevailed in Sparta, causing, moreover, the death of the
+father of Lycurgus.  For as he was endeavoring to quell a riot, he was
+stabbed with a butcher's knife, and left the title of king
+to his eldest son Polydectes.
+
+He, too, dying soon after, the right of succession (as every one
+thought) rested in Lycurgus; and reign he did, until it was found that
+the queen, his sister-in-law, was with child; upon which he immediately
+declared that the kingdom belonged to her issue, provided it were male,
+and that he himself exercised the regal jurisdiction only as his
+guardian; the Spartan name for which office is prodicus.  Soon after, an
+overture was made to him by the queen, that she would herself in some
+way destroy the infant, upon condition that he would marry her when he
+came to the crown.  Abhorring the woman's wickedness, he nevertheless
+did not reject her proposal, but, making show of closing with her,
+dispatched the messenger with thanks and expressions of joy, but
+dissuaded her earnestly from procuring herself to miscarry, which would
+impair her health, if not endanger her life; he himself, he said, would
+see to it, that the child, as soon as born, should be taken out of the
+way.  By such artifices having drawn on the woman to the time of her
+lying-in, as soon as he heard that she was in labor, he sent persons to
+be by and observe all that passed, with orders that if it were a girl
+they should deliver it to the women, but if a boy, should bring it to
+him wheresoever he were, and whatsoever doing.  It so fell out that when
+he was at supper with the principal magistrates the queen was brought to
+bed of a boy, who was soon after presented to him as he was at the
+table; he, taking him into his arms, said to those about him, "Men of
+Sparta, here is a king born unto us;" this said, he laid him down in
+the king's place, and named him Charilaus, that is, the joy of the
+people; because that all were transported with joy and with wonder at
+his noble and just spirit.  His reign had lasted only eight months, but
+he was honored on other accounts by the citizens, and there were more
+who obeyed him because of his eminent virtues, than because he was
+regent to the king and had the royal power in his hands.  Some, however,
+envied and sought to impede his growing influence while he was still
+young; chiefly the kindred and friends of the queen mother, who
+pretended to have been dealt with injuriously.  Her brother Leonidas, in
+a warm debate which fell out betwixt him and Lycurgus, went so far as to
+tell him to his face that he was well assured that ere long he should
+see him king; suggesting suspicions and preparing the way for an
+accusation of him, as though he had made away with his nephew, if the
+child should chance to fail though by a natural death.  Words of the
+like import were designedly cast abroad by the queen-mother
+and her adherents.
+
+Troubled at this, and not knowing what it might come to, he thought it
+his wisest course to avoid their envy by a voluntary exile, and to
+travel from place to place until his nephew came to marriageable years,
+and, by having a son, had secured the succession; setting sail,
+therefore, with this resolution, he first arrived at Crete, where,
+having considered their several forms of government, and got an
+acquaintance with the principal men amongst them, some of their laws he
+very much approved of, and resolved to make use of them in his own
+country; a good part he rejected as useless.  Amongst the persons there
+the most renowned for their learning all their wisdom in state matters
+was one Thales, whom Lycurgus, by importunities and assurances of
+friendship, persuaded to go over to Lacedaemon; where, though by his
+outward appearance and his own profession he seemed to be no other than
+a lyric poet, in reality he performed the part of one of the ablest
+lawgivers in the world.  The very songs which he composed were
+exhortations to obedience and concord, and the very measure and cadence
+of the verse, conveying impressions of order and tranquility, had so
+great an influence on the minds of the listeners, that they were
+insensibly softened and civilized, insomuch that they renounced their
+private feuds and animosities, and were reunited in a common admiration
+of virtue.  So that it may truly be said that Thales prepared the way
+for the discipline introduced by Lycurgus.
+
+From Crete he sailed to Asia, with design, as is said, to examine the
+difference betwixt the manners and rules of life of the Cretans, which
+were very sober and temperate, and those of the Ionians, a people of
+sumptuous and delicate habits, and so to form a judgment; just as
+physicians do by comparing healthy and diseased bodies.  Here he had the
+first sight of Homer's works, in the hands, we may suppose, of the
+posterity of Creophylus; and, having observed that the few loose
+expressions and actions of ill example which are to be found in his
+poems were much outweighed by serious lessons of state and rules of
+morality, he set himself eagerly to transcribe and digest them into
+order, as thinking they would be of good use in his own country.  They
+had, indeed, already obtained some slight repute amongst the Greeks, and
+scattered portions, as chance conveyed them, were in the hands of
+individuals; but Lycurgus first made them really known.
+
+The Egyptians say that he took a voyage into Egypt, and that, being much
+taken with their way of separating the soldiery from the rest of the
+nation, he transferred it from them to Sparta, a removal from contact
+with those employed in low and mechanical occupations giving high
+refinement and beauty to the state.  Some Greek writers also record
+this.  But as for his voyages into Spain, Africa, and the Indies, and
+his conferences there with the Gymnosophists, the whole relation, as far
+as I can find, rests on the single credit of the Spartan Aristocrates,
+the son of Hipparchus.
+
+Lycurgus was much missed at Sparta, and often sent for, "for kings
+indeed we have," they said, "who wear the marks and assume the titles of
+royalty, but as for the qualities of their minds, they have nothing by
+which they are to be distinguished from their subjects;" adding, that in
+him alone was the true foundation of sovereignty to be seen, a nature
+made to rule, and a genius to gain obedience.  Nor were the kings
+themselves averse to see him back, for they looked upon his presence as
+a bulwark against the insolencies of the people.
+
+Things being in this posture at his return, he applied himself, without
+loss of time, to a thorough reformation and resolved to change the whole
+face of the commonwealth; for what could a few particular laws and a
+partial alteration avail?  He must act as wise physicians do, in the
+case of one who labors under a complication of diseases, by force of
+medicines reduce and exhaust him, change his whole temperament, and then
+set him upon a totally new regimen of diet.  Having thus projected
+things, away he goes to Delphi to consult Apollo there; which having
+done, and offered his sacrifice, he returned with that renowned oracle,
+in which he is called beloved of God, and rather God than man; that his
+prayers were heard, that his laws should be the best, and the
+commonwealth which observed them the most famous in the world.
+Encouraged by these things, he set himself to bring over to his side the
+leading men of Sparta, exhorting them to give him a helping hand in his
+great undertaking; he broke it first to his particular friends, and then
+by degrees gained others, and animated them all to put his design in
+execution.  When things were ripe for action, he gave order to thirty of
+the principal men of Sparta to be ready armed at the market-place by
+break of day, to the end that he might strike a terror into the opposite
+party.  Hermippus hath set down the names of twenty of the most eminent
+of them; but the name of him whom Lycurgus most confided in, and who was
+of most use to him, both in making his laws and putting them in
+execution, was Arthmiadas.  Things growing to a tumult, king Charilaus,
+apprehending that it was a conspiracy against his person, took sanctuary
+in the temple of Minerva of the Brazen House; but, being soon after
+undeceived, and having taken an oath of them that they had no designs
+against him, he quitted his refuge, and himself also entered into the
+confederacy with them; of so gentle and flexible a disposition he was,
+to which Archelaus, his brother-king, alluded, when, hearing him
+extolled for his goodness, he said, "Who can say he is anything but
+good? he is so even to the bad."
+
+Amongst the many changes and alterations which Lycurgus made, the first
+and of greatest importance was the establishment of the senate, which,
+having a power equal to the kings' in matters of great consequence, and,
+as Plato expresses it, allaying and qualifying the fiery genius of the
+royal office, gave steadiness and safety to the commonwealth.  For the
+state, which before had no firm basis to stand upon, but leaned one
+while towards an absolute monarchy, when the kings had the upper hand,
+and another while towards a pure democracy, when the people had the
+better, found in this establishment of the senate a central weight, like
+ballast in a ship, which always kept things in a just equilibrium; the
+twenty-eight always adhering to the kings so far as to resist democracy,
+and, on the other hand, supporting the people against the establishment
+of absolute monarchy.  As for the determinate number of twenty-eight,
+Aristotle states, that it so fell out because two of the original
+associates, for want of courage, fell off from the enterprise; but
+Sphaerus assures us that there were but twenty-eight of the confederates
+at first; perhaps there is some mystery in the number, which consists of
+seven multiplied by four, and is the first of perfect numbers after six,
+being, as that is, equal to all its parts.  For my part, I believe
+Lycurgus fixed upon the number of twenty-eight, that, the two kings
+being reckoned amongst them, they might be thirty in all.  So eagerly
+set was he upon this establishment, that he took the trouble to obtain
+an oracle about it from Delphi, the Rhetra, which runs thus: "After that
+you have built a temple to Jupiter Hellanius, and to Minerva Hellania,
+and after that you have phyle'd the people phyles, and obe'd them into
+obes, you shall establish a council of thirty elders, the leaders
+included, and shall, from time to time, apellazein the people betwixt
+Babyca and Cnacion, there propound and put to the vote.  The commons
+have the final voice and decision. " By phyles and obes are meant the
+divisions of the people; by the leaders, the two kings; apellazein,
+referring to the Pythian Apollo, signifies to assemble; Babyca and
+Cnacion they now call Oenus; Aristotle says Cnacion is a river, and
+Babyca a bridge.  Betwixt this Babyca and Cnacion, their assemblies were
+held, for they had no council-house or building, to meet in.  Lycurgus
+was of opinion that ornaments were so far from advantaging them in their
+counsels, that they were rather an hindrance, by diverting their
+attention from the business before them to statues and pictures, and
+roofs curiously fretted, the usual embellishments of such places amongst
+the other Greeks.  The people then being thus assembled in the open air,
+it was not allowed to any one of their order to give his advice, but
+only either to ratify or reject what should be propounded to them by
+the king or senate.  But because it fell out afterwards that the people,
+by adding or omitting words, distorted and perverted the sense of
+propositions, kings Polydorus and Theopompus inserted into the Rhetra,
+or grand covenant, the following clause: "That if the people decide
+crookedly, it should be lawful for the elders and leaders to dissolve;"
+that is to say, refuse ratification, and dismiss the people as depravers
+and perverters of their counsel.  It passed among the people, by their
+management, as being equally authentic with the rest of the Rhetra, as
+appears by these verses of Tyrtaeus,--
+
+These oracles they from Apollo heard,
+And brought from Pytho home the perfect word:
+The heaven-appointed kings, who love the land,
+Shall foremost in the nation's council stand;
+The elders next to them; the commons last;
+Let a straight Rhetra among all be passed.
+
+Although Lycurgus had, in this manner, used all the qualifications
+possible in the constitution of his commonwealth, yet those who
+succeeded him found the oligarchical element still too strong and
+dominant, and, to check its high temper and its violence, put, as Plato
+says, a bit in its mouth, which was the power of the ephori, established
+one hundred and thirty years after the death of Lycurgus.  Elatus and his
+colleagues were the first who had this dignity conferred upon them, in
+the reign of king Theopompus, who, when his queen upbraided him one day
+that he would leave the regal power to his children less than he had
+received it from his ancestors, said, in answer, "No, greater; for it
+will last longer."  For, indeed, their prerogative being thus reduced
+within reasonable bounds, the Spartan kings were at once freed from all
+further jealousies and consequent danger, and never experienced the
+calamities of their neighbors at Messene and Argos, who, by maintaining
+their prerogative too strictly, for want of yielding a little to the
+populace, lost it all.
+
+Indeed, whosoever shall look at the sedition and misgovernment which
+befell these bordering nations to whom they were as near related in
+blood as situation, will find in them the best reason to admire the
+wisdom and foresight of Lycurgus.  For these three states, in their
+first rise, were equal, or, if there were any odds, they lay on the side
+of the Messenians and Argives, who, in the first allotment, were thought
+to have been luckier than the Spartans; yet was their happiness but of
+small continuance, partly the tyrannical temper of their kings and
+partly the ungovernableness of the people quickly bringing upon them
+such disorders, and so complete an overthrow of all existing
+institutions, as clearly to show how truly divine a blessing the
+Spartans had had in that wise lawgiver who gave their government its
+happy balance and temper.
+But of this I shall say more in its due place.
+
+After the creation of the thirty senators, his next task, and, indeed,
+the most hazardous he ever undertook, was the making a new division of
+their lands.  For there was an extreme inequality amongst them, and
+their state was overloaded with a multitude of indigent and necessitous
+persons, while its whole wealth had centered upon a very few.  To the
+end, therefore, that he might expel from the state arrogance and envy,
+luxury and crime, and those yet more inveterate diseases of want and
+superfluity, he obtained of them to renounce their properties, and to
+consent to a new division of the land, and that they should live all
+together on an equal footing; merit to be their only road to eminence,
+and the disgrace of evil, and credit of worthy acts, their one measure
+of difference between man and man.
+
+Upon their consent to these proposals, proceeding at once to put them
+into execution, he divided the country of Laconia in general into thirty
+thousand equal shares, and the part attached to the city of Sparta into
+nine thousand; these he distributed among the Spartans, as he did the
+others to the country citizens.  Some authors say that he made but six
+thousand lots for the citizens of Sparta, and that king Polydorus added
+three thousand more.  Others say that Polydorus doubled the number
+Lycurgus had made, which, according to them, was but four thousand five
+hundred.  A lot was so much as to yield, one year with another, about
+seventy bushels of grain for the master of the family, and twelve for
+his wife, with a suitable proportion of oil and wine.  And this he
+thought sufficient to keep their bodies in good health and strength;
+superfluities they were better without.  It is reported, that, as he
+returned from a journey shortly after the division of the lands, in
+harvest time, the ground being newly reaped, seeing the stacks all
+standing equal and alike, he smiled, and said to those about him,
+"Methinks all Laconia looks like one family estate just divided among a
+number of brothers."
+
+Not contented with this, he resolved to make a division of their
+movables too, that there might be no odious distinction or inequality
+left amongst them; but finding that it would be very dangerous to go
+about it openly, he took another course, and defeated their avarice by
+the following stratagem: he commanded that all gold and silver coin
+should be called in, and that only a sort of money made of iron should
+be current, a great weight and quantity of which was but very little
+worth; so that to lay up twenty or thirty pounds there was required a
+pretty large closet, and, to remove it, nothing less than a yoke of
+oxen.  With the diffusion of this money, at once a number of vices were
+banished from Lacedaemon; for who would rob another of such a coin?  Who
+would unjustly detain or take by force, or accept as a bribe, a thing
+which it was not easy to hide, nor a credit to have, nor indeed of any
+use to cut in pieces?  For when it was just red hot, they quenched it in
+vinegar, and by that means spoilt it,
+and made it almost incapable of being worked.
+
+In the next place, he declared an outlawry of all needless and
+superfluous arts; but here he might almost have spared his proclamation;
+for they of themselves would have gone after the gold and silver, the
+money which remained being not so proper payment for curious work; for,
+being of iron, it was scarcely portable, neither, if they should take
+the pains to export it, would it pass amongst the other Greeks, who
+ridiculed it.  So there was now no more means of purchasing foreign
+goods and small wares; merchants sent no shiploads into Laconian ports;
+no rhetoric-master, no itinerant fortune-teller, no harlot-monger or
+gold or silversmith, engraver, or jeweler, set foot in a country which
+had no money; so that luxury, deprived little by little of that which
+fed and fomented it, wasted to nothing, and died away of itself.  For
+the rich had no advantage here over the poor, as their wealth and
+abundance had no road to come abroad by, but were shut up at home doing
+nothing.  And in this way they became excellent artists in common,
+necessary things; bedsteads, chairs, and tables, and such like staple
+utensils in a family, were admirably well made there; their cup,
+particularly, was very much in fashion, and eagerly bought up by
+soldiers, as Critias reports; for its color was such as to prevent
+water, drunk upon necessity and disagreeable to look at, from being
+noticed; and the shape of it was such that the mud stuck to the sides,
+so that only the purer part came to the drinker's mouth.  For this,
+also, they had to thank their lawgiver, who, by relieving the artisans
+of the trouble of making useless things, set them to show their skill in
+giving beauty to those of daily and indispensable use.
+
+The third and most masterly stroke of this great lawgiver, by which he
+struck a yet more effectual blow against luxury and the desire of
+riches, was the ordinance he made, that they should all eat in common,
+of the same bread and same meat, and of kinds that were specified, and
+should not spend their lives at home, laid on costly couches at splendid
+tables, delivering themselves up into the hands of their tradesmen and
+cooks, to fatten them in corners, like greedy brutes, and to ruin not
+their minds only but their very bodies, which, enfeebled by indulgence
+and excess, would stand in need of long sleep, warm bathing, freedom
+from work, and, in a word, of as much care and attendance as if they
+were continually sick.  It was certainly an extraordinary thing to have
+brought about such a result as this, but a greater yet to have taken
+away from wealth, as Theophrastus observes, not merely the property of
+being coveted, but its very nature of being wealth.  For the rich, being
+obliged to go to the same table with the poor, could not make use of or
+enjoy their abundance, nor so much as please their vanity by looking at
+or displaying it.  So that the common proverb, that Plutus, the god of
+riches, is blind, was nowhere in all the world literally verified but in
+Sparta.  There, indeed, he was not only blind, but like a picture,
+without either life or motion.  Nor were they allowed to take food at
+home first, and then attend the public tables, for every one had an eye
+upon those who did not eat and drink like the rest, and reproached them
+with being dainty and effeminate.
+
+This last ordinance in particular exasperated the wealthier men.  They
+collected in a body against Lycurgus, and from ill words came to
+throwing stones, so that at length he was forced to run out of the
+marketplace, and make to sanctuary to save his life; by good-hap he
+outran all excepting one Alcander, a young man otherwise not ill
+accomplished, but hasty and violent, who came up so close to him, that,
+when he turned to see who was near him, he struck him upon the face with
+his stick, and put out one of his eyes.  Lycurgus, so far from being
+daunted and discouraged by this accident, stopped short, and showed his
+disfigured face and eye beat out to his countrymen; they, dismayed and
+ashamed at the sight, delivered Alcander into his hands to be punished,
+and escorted him home, with expressions of great concern for his ill
+usage.  Lycurgus, having thanked them for their care of his person,
+dismissed them all, excepting only Alcander; and, taking him with him
+into his house, neither did nor said anything severely to him, but,
+dismissing those whose place it was bade Alcander to wait upon him at
+table.  The young man who was of an ingenuous temper, without murmuring
+did as he was commanded; and, being thus admitted to live with Lycurgus,
+he had an opportunity to observe in him, besides his gentleness and
+calmness of temper, an extraordinary sobriety and an indefatigable
+industry, and so, from an enemy, became one of his most zealous
+admirers, and told his friends and relations that Lycurgus was not that
+morose and ill-natured man they had formerly taken him for, but the one
+mild and gentle character of the world.  And thus did Lycurgus, for
+chastisement of his fault, make of a wild and passionate young man one
+of the discreetest citizens of Sparta.
+
+In memory of this accident, Lycurgus built a temple to Minerva, surnamed
+Optiletis; optilus being the Doric of these parts for ophthalmus, the
+eye.  Some authors, however, of whom Dioscorides is one (who wrote a
+treatise on the commonwealth of Sparta), say that he was wounded indeed,
+but did not lose his eye with the blow; and that he built the temple in
+gratitude for the cure.  Be this as it will, certain it is, that, after
+this misadventure, the Lacedaemonians made it a rule never to carry so
+much as a staff into their public assemblies.
+
+But to return to their public repasts;--these had several names in
+Greek; the Cretans called them andria, because the men only came to
+them.  The Lacedaemonians called them phiditia, that is, by changing l
+into d, the same as philitia, love feasts, because that, by eating and
+drinking together, they had opportunity of making friends.  Or perhaps
+from phido, parsimony, because they were so many schools of sobriety; or
+perhaps the first letter is an addition, and the word at first was
+editia, from edode, eating.  They met by companies of fifteen, more or
+less, and each of them stood bound to bring in monthly a bushel of meal,
+eight gallons of wine, five pounds of cheese, two pounds and a half of
+figs, and some very small sum of money to buy flesh or fish with.
+Besides this, when any of them made sacrifice to the gods, they always
+sent a dole to the common hall; and, likewise, when any of them had been
+a hunting, he sent thither a part of the venison he had killed; for
+these two occasions were the only excuses allowed for supping at home.
+The custom of eating together was observed strictly for a great while
+afterwards; insomuch that king Agis himself, after having vanquished the
+Athenians, sending for his commons at his return home, because he
+desired to eat privately with his queen, was refused them by the
+polemarchs; which refusal when he resented so much as to omit next day
+the sacrifice due for a war happily ended, they made him pay a fine.
+
+They used to send their children to these tables as to schools of
+temperance; here they were instructed in state affairs by listening to
+experienced statesmen; here they learnt to converse with pleasantry, to
+make jests without scurrility, and take them without ill humor.  In this
+point of good breeding, the Lacedaemonians excelled particularly, but if
+any man were uneasy under it, upon the least hint given there was no
+more to be said to him.  It was customary also for the eldest man in the
+company to say to each of them, as they came in, "Through this"
+(pointing to the door), "no words go out."  When any one had a desire to
+be admitted into any of these little societies; he was to go through the
+following probation, each man in the company took a little ball of soft
+bread, which they were to throw into a deep basin, which a waiter
+carried round upon his head; those that liked the person to be chosen
+dropped their ball into the basin without altering its figure, and those
+who disliked him pressed it between their fingers, and made it flat; and
+this signified as much as a negative voice.  And if there were but one
+of these pieces in the basin, the suitor was rejected, so desirous were
+they that all the members of the company should be agreeable to each
+other.  The basin was called caddichus, and the rejected candidate had a
+name thence derived.  Their most famous dish was the black broth, which
+was so much valued that the elderly men fed only upon that, leaving what
+flesh there was to the younger.
+
+They say that a certain king of Pontus, having heard much of this black
+broth of theirs, sent for a Lacedaemonian cook on purpose to make him
+some, but had no sooner tasted it than he found it extremely bad, which
+the cook observing, told him, "Sir, to make this broth relish, you
+should have bathed yourself first in the river Eurotas."
+
+After drinking moderately, every man went to his home without lights,
+for the use of them was, on all occasions, forbid, to the end that they
+might accustom themselves to march boldly in the dark.  Such was the
+common fashion of their meals.
+
+Lycurgus would never reduce his laws into writing; nay, there is a
+Rhetra expressly to forbid it.  For he thought that the most material
+points, and such as most directly tended to the public welfare, being
+imprinted on the hearts of their youth by a good discipline, would be
+sure to remain, and would find a stronger security, than any compulsion
+would be, in the principles of action formed in them by their best
+lawgiver, education.  And as for things of lesser importance, as
+pecuniary contracts, and such like, the forms of which have to be
+changed as occasion requires, he thought it the best way to prescribe no
+positive rule or inviolable usage in such cases, willing that their
+manner and form should be altered according to the circumstances of
+time, and determinations of men of sound judgment.  Every end and object
+of law and enactment it was his design education should effect.
+
+One, then, of the Rhetras was, that their laws should not be written;
+another is particularly leveled against luxury and expensiveness, for by
+it it was ordained that the ceilings of their houses should only be
+wrought by the axe, and their gates and doors smoothed only by the saw.
+Epaminondas's famous dictum about his own table, that "Treason and a
+dinner like this do not keep company together," may be said to have been
+anticipated by Lycurgus.  Luxury and a house of this kind could not well
+be companions.  For a man must have a less than ordinary share of sense
+that would furnish such plain and common rooms with silver-footed
+couches and purple coverlets and gold and silver plate.  Doubtless he
+had good reason to think that they would proportion their beds to their
+houses, and their coverlets to their beds, and the rest of their goods
+and furniture to these.  It is reported that king Leotychides, the first
+of that name, was so little used to the sight of any other kind of work,
+that, being entertained at Corinth in a stately room, he was much
+surprised to see the timber and ceiling so finely carved and paneled,
+and asked his host whether the trees grew so in his country.
+
+A third ordinance or Rhetra was, that they should not make war often, or
+long, with the same enemy, lest that they should train and instruct them
+in war, by habituating them to defend themselves.  And this is what
+Agesilaus was much blamed for, a long time after; it being thought,
+that, by his continual incursions into Boeotia, he made the Thebans a
+match for the Lacedaemonians; and therefore Antalcidas, seeing him
+wounded one day, said to him, that he was very well paid for taking such
+pains to make the Thebans good soldiers, whether they would or no.
+These laws were called the Rhetras, to intimate that they were divine
+sanctions and revelations.
+
+In order to the good education of their youth (which, as I said before,
+he thought the most important and noblest work of a lawgiver), he went
+so far back as to take into consideration their very conception and
+birth, by regulating their marriages.  For Aristotle is wrong in saying,
+that, after he had tried all ways to reduce the women to more modesty
+and sobriety, he was at last forced to leave them as they were, because
+that, in the absence of their husbands, who spent the best part of their
+lives in the wars, their wives, whom they were obliged to leave absolute
+mistresses at home, took great liberties and assumed the superiority;
+and were treated with overmuch respect and called by the title of lady
+or queen.  The truth is, he took in their case, also, all the care that
+was possible; he ordered the maidens to exercise themselves with
+wrestling, running, throwing the quoit, and casting the dart, to the end
+that the fruit they conceived might, in strong and healthy bodies, take
+firmer root and find better growth, and withal that they, with this
+greater vigor, might be the more able to undergo the pains of child-
+bearing.  And to the end he might take away their over-great tenderness
+and fear of exposure to the air, and all acquired womanishness, he
+ordered that the young women should go naked in the processions, as well
+as the young men, and dance, too, in that condition, at certain solemn
+feasts, singing certain songs, whilst the young men stood around, seeing
+and hearing them.  On these occasions, they now and then made, by jests,
+a befitting reflection upon those who had misbehaved themselves in the
+wars; and again sang encomiums upon those who had done any gallant
+action, and by these means inspired the younger sort with an emulation
+of their glory.  Those that were thus commended went away proud, elated,
+and gratified with their honor among the maidens; and those who were
+rallied were as sensibly touched with it as if they had been formally
+reprimanded; and so much the more, because the kings and the elders, as
+well as the rest of the city, saw and heard all that passed.  Nor was
+there any thing shameful in this nakedness of the young women; modesty
+attended them, and all wantonness was excluded.  It taught them
+simplicity and a care for good health, and gave them some taste of
+higher feelings, admitted as they thus were to the field of noble action
+and glory.  Hence it was natural for them to think and speak as Gorgo,
+for example, the wife of Leonidas, is said to have done, when some
+foreign lady, as it would seem, told her that the women of Lacedaemon
+were the only women of the world who could rule men; "With good
+reason," she said, "for we are the only women who bring forth men."
+
+These public processions of the maidens, and their appearing naked in
+their exercises and dancings, were incitements to marriage, operating
+upon the young with the rigor and certainty, as Plato says, of love, if
+not of mathematics.  But besides all this, to promote it yet more
+effectually, those who continued bachelors were in a degree
+disfranchised by law; for they were excluded from the sight of those
+public processions in which the young men and maidens danced naked, and,
+in wintertime, the officers compelled them to march naked themselves
+round the market-place, singing as they went a certain song to their own
+disgrace, that they justly suffered this punishment for disobeying the
+laws.  Moreover, they were denied that respect and observance which the
+younger men paid their elders; and no man, for example, found fault with
+what was said to Dercyllidas, though so eminent a commander; upon whose
+approach one day, a young man, instead of rising, retained his seat,
+remarking, "No child of yours will make room for me. "
+
+In their marriages, the husband carried off his bride by a sort of
+force; nor were their brides ever small and of tender years, but in
+their full bloom and ripeness.  After this, she who superintended the
+wedding comes and clips the hair of the bride close round her head,
+dresses her up in man's clothes, and leaves her upon a mattress in the
+dark; afterwards comes the bridegroom, in his every-day clothes, sober
+and composed, as having supped at the common table, and, entering
+privately into the room where the bride lies, unties her virgin zone,
+and takes her to himself; and, after staying some time together, he
+returns composedly to his own apartment, to sleep as usual with the
+other young men.  And so he continues to do, spending his days, and,
+indeed, his nights with them, visiting his bride in fear and shame, and
+with circumspection, when he thought he should not be observed; she,
+also, on her part, using her wit to help and find favorable
+opportunities for their meeting, when company was out of the way.  In
+this manner they lived a long time, insomuch that they sometimes had
+children by their wives before ever they saw their faces by daylight.
+Their interviews, being thus difficult and rare, served not only for
+continual exercise of their self-control, but brought them together with
+their bodies healthy and vigorous, and their affections fresh and
+lively, unsated and undulled by easy access and long continuance with
+each other; while their partings were always early enough to leave
+behind unextinguished in each of them some remainder fire of longing and
+mutual delight.  After guarding marriage with this modesty and reserve,
+he was equally careful to banish empty and womanish jealousy.  For this
+object, excluding all licentious disorders, he made it, nevertheless,
+honorable for men to give the use of their wives to those whom they
+should think fit, that so they might have children by them; ridiculing
+those in whose opinion such favors are so unfit for participation as to
+fight and shed blood and go to war about it.  Lycurgus allowed a man who
+was advanced in years and had a young wife to recommend some virtuous
+and approved young man, that she might have a child by him, who might
+inherit the good qualities of the father, and be a son to himself.  On
+the other side, an honest man who had love for a married woman upon
+account of her modesty and the wellfavoredness of her children, might,
+without formality, beg her company of her husband, that he might raise,
+as it were, from this plot of good ground, worthy and well-allied
+children for himself.  And, indeed, Lycurgus was of a persuasion that
+children were not so much the property of their parents as of the whole
+commonwealth, and, therefore, would not have his citizens begot by the
+first comers, but by the best men that could be found; the laws of other
+nations seemed to him very absurd and inconsistent, where people would
+be so solicitous for their dogs and horses as to exert interest and pay
+money to procure fine breeding, and yet kept their wives shut up, to be
+made mothers only by themselves, who might be foolish, infirm, or
+diseased; as if it were not apparent that children of a bad breed would
+prove their bad qualities first upon those who kept and were rearing
+them, and well-born children, in like manner, their good qualities.
+These regulations, founded on natural and social grounds, were certainly
+so far from that scandalous liberty which was afterwards charged upon
+their women, that they knew not what adultery meant.  It is told, for
+instance, of Geradas, a very ancient, Spartan, that, being asked by a
+stranger what punishment their law had appointed for adulterers, he
+answered, "There are no adulterers in our country."  "But," replied the
+stranger, "suppose there were ?"  "Then," answered he, "the offender
+would have to give the plaintiff a bull with a neck so long as that he
+might drink from the top of Taygetus of the Eurotas river below it."
+The man, surprised at this, said, "Why, 'tis impossible to find such a
+bull."  Geradas smilingly replied, "'Tis as possible as to find an
+adulterer in Sparta."  So much I had to say of their marriages.
+
+Nor was it in the power of the father to dispose of the child as he
+thought fit; he was obliged to carry it before certain triers at a place
+called Lesche; these were some of the elders of the tribe to which the
+child belonged; their business it was carefully to view the infant, and,
+if they found it stout and well made, they gave order for its rearing,
+and allotted to it one of the nine thousand shares of land above
+mentioned for its maintenance, but, if they found it puny and ill-
+shaped, ordered it to be taken to what was called the Apothetae, a sort
+of chasm under Taygetus; as thinking it neither for the good of the
+child itself, nor for the public interest, that it should be brought up,
+if it did not, from the very outset, appear made to be healthy and
+vigorous.  Upon the same account, the women did not bathe the new-born
+children with water, as is the custom in all other countries, but with
+wine, to prove the temper and complexion of their bodies; from a notion
+they had that epileptic and weakly children faint and waste away upon
+their being thus bathed, while, on the contrary, those of a strong and
+vigorous habit acquire firmness and get a temper by it, like steel.
+There was much care and art, too, used by the nurses; they had no
+swaddling bands; the children grew up free and unconstrained in limb and
+form, and not dainty and fanciful about their food; not afraid in the
+dark, or of being left alone; without any peevishness or ill humor or
+crying.  Upon this account, Spartan nurses were often bought up, or
+hired by people of other countries; and it is recorded that she who
+suckled Alcibiades was a Spartan; who, however, if fortunate in his
+nurse, was not so in his preceptor; his guardian, Pericles, as Plato
+tells us, chose a servant for that office called Zopyrus,
+no better than any common slave.
+
+Lycurgus was of another mind; he would not have masters bought out of
+the market for his young Spartans, nor such as should sell their pains;
+nor was it lawful, indeed, for the father himself to breed up the
+children after his own fancy; but as soon as they were seven years old
+they were to be enrolled in certain companies and classes, where they
+all lived under the same order and discipline, doing their exercises and
+taking their play together.  Of these, he who showed the most conduct
+and courage was made captain; they had their eyes always upon him,
+obeyed his orders, and underwent patiently whatsoever punishment he
+inflicted; so that the whole course of their education was one continued
+exercise of a ready and perfect obedience.  The old men, too, were
+spectators of their performances, and often raised quarrels and disputes
+among them, to have a good opportunity of finding out their different
+characters, and of seeing which would be valiant, which a coward, when
+they should come to more dangerous encounters.  Reading and writing they
+gave them, just enough to serve their turn; their chief care was to make
+them good subjects, and to teach them to endure pain and conquer in
+battle.  To this end, as they grew in years, their discipline was
+proportionably increased; their heads were close-clipped, they were
+accustomed to go bare-foot, and for the most part to play naked.
+
+After they were twelve years old, they were no longer allowed to wear
+any under-garment; they had one coat to serve them a year; their bodies
+were hard and dry, with but little acquaintance of baths and unguents;
+these human indulgences they were allowed only on some few particular
+days in the year.  They lodged together in little bands upon beds made
+of the rushes which grew by the banks of the river Eurotas, which they
+were to break off with their hands without a knife; if it were winter,
+they mingled some thistle-down with their rushes, which it was thought
+had the property of giving warmth.  By the time they were come to this
+age, there was not any of the more hopeful boys who had not a lover to
+bear him company.  The old men, too, had an eye upon them, coming often
+to the grounds to hear and see them contend either in wit or strength
+with one another, and this as seriously and with as much concern as if
+they were their fathers, their tutors, or their magistrates; so that
+there scarcely was any time or place without someone present to put
+them in mind of their duty, and punish them if they had neglected it.
+
+Besides all this, there was always one of the best and honestest men in
+the city appointed to undertake the charge and governance of them; he
+again arranged them into their several bands, and set over each of them
+for their captain the most temperate and boldest of those they called
+Irens, who were usually twenty years old, two years out of the boys; and
+the eldest of the boys, again, were Mell-Irens, as much as to say, who
+would shortly be men.  This young man, therefore, was their captain when
+they fought, and their master at home, using them for the offices of his
+house; sending the oldest of them to fetch wood, and the weaker and less
+able, to gather salads and herbs, and these they must either go without
+or steal; which they did by creeping into the gardens, or conveying
+themselves cunningly and closely into the eating-houses; if they were
+taken in the fact, they were whipped without mercy, for thieving so ill
+and awkwardly.  They stole, too, all other meat they could lay their
+hands on, looking out and watching all opportunities, when people were
+asleep or more careless than usual.  If they were caught, they were not
+only punished with whipping, but hunger, too, being reduced to their
+ordinary allowance, which was but very slender, and so contrived on
+purpose, that they might set about to help themselves, and be forced to
+exercise their energy and address.  This was the principal design of
+their hard fare; there was another not inconsiderable, that they might
+grow taller; for the vital spirits, not being overburdened and oppressed
+by too great a quantity of nourishment; which necessarily discharges
+itself into thickness and breadth, do, by their natural lightness, rise;
+and the body, giving and yielding because it is pliant, grows in height.
+The same thing seems, also, to conduce to beauty of shape; a dry and
+lean habit is a better subject for nature's configuration, which the
+gross and over-fed are too heavy to submit to properly.  Just as we find
+that women who take physic whilst they are with child, bear leaner and
+smaller but better-shaped and prettier children; the material they come
+of having been more pliable and easily molded.  The reason, however, I
+leave others to determine.
+
+To return from whence we have digressed.  So seriously did the
+Lacedaemonian children go about their stealing, that a youth, having
+stolen a young fox and hid it under his coat, suffered it to tear out
+his very bowels with its teeth and claws, and died upon the place,
+rather than let it be seen.  What is practiced to this very day in
+Lacedaemon is enough to gain credit to this story, for I myself have
+seen several of the youths endure whipping to death at the foot of the
+altar of Diana surnamed Orthia.
+
+The Iren, or under-master, used to stay a little with them after supper,
+and one of them he bade to sing a song, to another he put a question
+which required an advised and deliberate answer; for example, Who was
+the best man in the city?  What he thought of such an action of such a
+man?  They used them thus early to pass a right judgment upon persons and
+things, and to inform themselves of the abilities or defects of their
+countrymen.  If they had not an answer ready to the question Who was a
+good or who an ill-reputed citizen, they were looked upon as of a dull
+and careless disposition, and to have little or no sense of virtue and
+honor; besides this, they were to give a good reason for what they said,
+and in as few words and as comprehensive as might be; he that failed of
+this, or answered not to the purpose, had his thumb bit by his master.
+Sometimes the Iren did this in the presence of the old men and
+magistrates, that they might see whether he punished them justly and in
+due measure or not; and when he did amiss, they would not reprove him
+before the boys, but, when they were gone, he was called to an account
+and underwent correction, if he had run far into either of the extremes
+of indulgence or severity.
+
+Their lovers and favorers, too, had a share in the young boy's honor or
+disgrace; and there goes a story that one of them was fined by the
+magistrates, because the lad whom he loved cried out effeminately as he
+was fighting.  And though this sort of love was so approved among them,
+that the most virtuous matrons would make professions of it to young
+girls, yet rivalry did not exist, and if several men's fancies met in
+one person, it was rather the beginning of an intimate friendship,
+whilst they all jointly conspired to render the object of their
+affection as accomplished as possible.
+
+They taught them, also, to speak with a natural and graceful raillery,
+and to comprehend much matter of thought in few words.  For Lycurgus,
+who ordered, as we saw, that a great piece of money should be but of an
+inconsiderable value, on the contrary would allow no discourse to be
+current which did not contain in few words a great deal of useful and
+curious sense; children in Sparta, by a habit of long silence, came to
+give just and sententious answers; for, indeed, as loose and incontinent
+livers are seldom fathers of many children, so loose and incontinent
+talkers seldom originate many sensible words.  King Agis, when some
+Athenian laughed at their short swords, and said that the jugglers on
+the stage swallowed them with ease, answered him, "We find them long
+enough to reach our enemies with;" and as their swords were short and
+sharp, so, it seems to me, were their sayings.  They reach the point and
+arrest the attention of the hearers better than any.  Lycurgus himself
+seems to have been short and sententious, if we may trust the anecdotes
+of him; as appears by his answer to one who by all means would set up
+democracy in Lacedaemon.  "Begin, friend," said he, "and set it up in
+your family."  Another asked him why he allowed of such mean and trivial
+sacrifices to the gods.  He replied, "That we may always have something
+to offer to them."  Being asked what sort of martial exercises or
+combats he approved of, he answered, "All sorts, except that in which
+you stretch out your hands."  Similar answers, addressed to his
+countrymen by letter, are ascribed to him; as, being consulted how they
+might best oppose an invasion of their enemies, he returned this answer,
+"By continuing poor, and not coveting each man to be greater than his
+fellow."  Being consulted again whether it were requisite to enclose the
+city with a wall, he sent them word, "The city is well fortified which
+hath a wall of men instead of brick."  But whether these letters are
+counterfeit or not is not easy to determine.
+
+Of their dislike to talkativeness, the following apothegms are evidence.
+King Leonidas said to one who held him in discourse upon some useful
+matter, but not in due time and place, "Much to the purpose, Sir,
+elsewhere."  King Charilaus, the nephew of Lycurgus, being asked why his
+uncle had made so few laws, answered, "Men of few words require but few
+laws."  When one blamed Hecataeus the sophist because that, being
+invited to the public table, he had not spoken one word all supper-time,
+Archidamidas answered in his vindication, "He who knows how to speak,
+knows also when. "
+
+The sharp and yet not ungraceful retorts which I mentioned may be
+instanced as follows.  Demaratus, being asked in a troublesome manner by
+an importunate fellow, Who was the best man in Lacedaemon? answered at
+last, "He, Sir, that is the least like you."  Some, in company where
+Agis was, much extolled the Eleans for their just and honorable
+management of the Olympic tames; "Indeed," said Agis, "they are highly
+to be commended if they can do justice one day in five years."
+Theopompus answered a stranger who talked much of his affection to the
+Lacedaemonians, and said that his countrymen called him Philolacon (a
+lover of the Lacedaemonians), that it had been more for his honor if
+they had called him Philopolites (a lover of his own countrymen).  And
+Plistoanax, the son of Pausanias, when an orator of Athens said the
+Lacedaemonians had no learning, told him, "You say true, Sir; we alone
+of all the Greeks have learned none of your bad qualities."  One asked
+Archidamidas what number there might, be of the Spartans; he answered,
+"Enough, Sir, to keep out wicked men."
+
+We may see their character, too, in their very jests.  For they did not
+throw them out at random, but the very wit of them was grounded upon
+something or other worth thinking about.  For instance, one, being asked
+to go hear a man who exactly counterfeited the voice of a nightingale,
+answered, "Sir, I have heard the nightingale itself."  Another, having
+read the following inscription upon a tomb,
+
+Seeking to quench a cruel tyranny,
+They, at Selinus, did in battle die,
+
+said, it served them right; for instead of trying to quench the tyranny
+they should have let it burn out.  A lad, being offered some game-cocks
+that would die upon the spot, said that he cared not for cocks that
+would die, but for such that would live and kill others.  Another,
+seeing people easing themselves on seats, said, "God forbid I should
+sit where I could not get up to salute my elders."  In short, their
+answers were so sententious and pertinent, that one said well that
+intellectual much more truly than athletic exercise
+was the Spartan characteristic.
+
+Nor was their instruction in music and verse less carefully attended to
+than their habits of grace and good breeding in conversation.  And their
+very songs had a life and spirit in them that inflamed and possessed
+men's minds with an enthusiasm and ardor for action; the style of them
+was plain and without affectation; the subject always serious and moral;
+most usually, it was in praise of such men as had died in defense of
+their country, or in derision of those that had been cowards; the former
+they declared happy and glorified; the life of the latter they described
+as most miserable and abject.  There were also vaunts of what they would
+do, and boasts of what they had done, varying with the various ages, as,
+for example, they had three choirs in their solemn festivals, the first
+of the old men, the second of the young men, and the last of the
+children; the old men began thus:
+
+We once were young, and brave and strong;
+
+the young men answered them, singing,
+
+And we're so now, come on and try;
+
+the children came last and said,
+
+But we'll be strongest by and by.
+
+Indeed, if we will take the pains to consider their compositions, some
+of which were still extant in our days, and the airs on the flute to
+which they marched when going to battle, we shall find that Terpander
+and Pindar had reason to say that music and valor were allied.  The
+first says of Lacedaemon--
+
+The spear and song in her do meet,
+And Justice walks about her street;
+
+and Pindar--
+
+Councils of wise elders here,
+And the young men's conquering spear,
+And dance, and song, and joy appear;
+
+both describing the Spartans as no less musical than warlike; in the
+words of one of their own poets--
+
+With the iron stern and sharp
+Comes the playing on the harp.
+
+For, indeed, before they engaged in battle, the king first did sacrifice
+to the Muses, in all likelihood to put them in mind of the manner of
+their education, and of the judgment that would be passed upon their
+actions, and thereby to animate them to the performance of exploits that
+should deserve a record.  At such times, too, the Lacedaemonians abated
+a little the severity of their manners in favor of their young men,
+suffering them to curl and adorn their hair, and to have costly arms,
+and fine clothes; and were well pleased to see them, like proud horses,
+neighing and pressing to the course.  And therefore, as soon as they
+came to be well-grown, they took a great deal of care of their hair, to
+have it parted and trimmed, especially against a day of battle, pursuant
+to a saying recorded of their lawgiver, that a large head of hair added
+beauty to a good face, and terror to an ugly one.
+
+When they were in the field, their exercises were generally more
+moderate, their fare not so hard, nor so strict a hand held over them by
+their officers, so that they were the only people in the world to whom
+war gave repose.  When their army was drawn up in battle array and the
+enemy near, the king sacrificed a goat, commanded the soldiers to set
+their garlands upon their heads, and the pipers to play the tune of the
+hymn to Castor, and himself began the paean of advance.  It was at once
+a magnificent and a terrible sight to see them march on to the tune of
+their flutes, without any disorder in their ranks, any discomposure in
+their minds or change in their countenance, calmly and cheerfully moving
+with the music to the deadly fight.  Men, in this temper, were not
+likely to be possessed with fear or any transport of fury, but with the
+deliberate valor of hope and assurance, as if some divinity were
+attending and conducting them.  The king had always about his person
+some one who had been crowned in the Olympic games; and upon this
+account a Lacedaemonian is said to have refused a considerable present,
+which was offered to him upon condition that he would not come into the
+lists; and when he had with much to-do thrown his antagonist, some of
+the spectators saying to him, "And now, Sir Lacedaemonian, what are you
+the better for your victory?" he answered smiling, "I shall fight next
+the king."  After they had routed an enemy, they pursued him till they
+were well assured of the victory, and then they sounded a retreat,
+thinking it base and unworthy of a Grecian people to cut men in pieces,
+who had given up and abandoned all resistance.  This manner of dealing
+with their enemies did not only show magnanimity, but was politic too;
+for, knowing that they killed only those who made resistance, and gave
+quarter to the rest, men generally thought it their best way to consult
+their safety by flight.
+
+Hippias the sophist says that Lycurgus himself was a great soldier and
+an experienced commander.  Philostephanus attributes to him the first
+division of the cavalry into troops of fifties in a square body; but
+Demetrius the Phalerian says quite the contrary, and that he made all
+his laws in a continued peace.  And, indeed, the Olympic holy truce, or
+cessation of arms, that was procured by his means and management,
+inclines me to think him a kind-natured man, and one that loved
+quietness and peace.  Notwithstanding all this, Hermippus tells us that
+he had no hand in the ordinance; that Iphitus made it, and Lycurgus came
+only as a spectator, and that by mere accident too.  Being there, he
+heard as it were a man's voice behind him, blaming and wondering at him
+that he did not encourage his countrymen to resort to the assembly, and,
+turning about and seeing no man, concluded that it was a voice from
+heaven, and upon this immediately went to Iphitus, and assisted him in
+ordering the ceremonies of that feast, which, by his means, were better
+established, and with more repute than before.
+
+To return to the Lacedaemonians.  Their discipline continued still after
+they were full-grown men.  No one was allowed to live after his own
+fancy; but the city was a sort of camp, in which every man had his share
+of provisions and business set out, and looked upon himself not so much
+born to serve his own ends as the interest of his country.  Therefore,
+if they were commanded nothing else, they went to see the boys perform
+their exercises, to teach them something useful, or to learn it
+themselves of those who knew better.  And, indeed, one of the greatest
+and highest blessings Lycurgus procured his people was the abundance of
+leisure, which proceeded from his forbidding to them the exercise of any
+mean and mechanical trade.  Of the money-making that depends on
+troublesome going about and seeing people and doing business, they had
+no need at all in a state where wealth obtained no honor or respect.
+The Helots tilled their ground for them, and paid them yearly in kind
+the appointed quantity, without any trouble of theirs.  To this purpose
+there goes a story of a Lacedaemonian who, happening to be at Athens
+when the courts were sitting, was told of a citizen that had been fined
+for living an idle life, and was being escorted home in much distress of
+mind by his condoling friends; the Lacedaemonian was much surprised at
+it, and desired his friend to show him the man who was condemned for
+living like a freeman.  So much beneath them did they esteem the
+frivolous devotion of time and attention to the mechanical arts
+and to money-making.
+
+It need not be said, that, upon the prohibition of gold and silver, all
+lawsuits immediately ceased, for there was now neither avarice nor
+poverty amongst them, but equality, where every one's wants were
+supplied, and independence, because those wants were so small.  All
+their time, except when they were in the field, was taken up by the
+choral dances and the festivals, in hunting, and in attendance on the
+exercise-grounds and the places of public conversation.  Those who were
+under thirty years of age were not allowed to go into the marketplace,
+but had the necessaries of their family supplied by the care of their
+relations and lovers; nor was it for the credit of elderly men to be
+seen too often in the marketplace; it was esteemed more suitable for
+them to frequent the exercise-grounds and places of conversation, where
+they spent their leisure rationally in conversation, not on money-making
+and market-prices, but for the most part in passing judgment on some
+action worth considering; extolling the good, and censuring those who
+were otherwise, and that in a light and sportive manner, conveying,
+without too much gravity, lessons of advice and improvement.  Nor was
+Lycurgus himself unduly austere; it was he who dedicated, says Sosibius,
+the little statue of Laughter.  Mirth, introduced seasonably at their
+suppers and places of common entertainment, was to serve as a sort of
+sweetmeat to accompany their strict and hard life.  To conclude, he bred
+up his citizens in such a way that they neither would nor could live by
+themselves; they were to make themselves one with the public good, and,
+clustering like bees around their commander, be by their zeal and public
+spirit carried all but out of themselves, and devoted wholly to their
+country.  What their sentiments were will better appear by a few of
+their sayings.  Paedaretus, not being admitted into the list of the
+three hundred, returned home with a joyful face, well pleased to find
+that there were in Sparta three hundred better men than himself.  And
+Polycratidas, being sent with some others ambassador to the lieutenants
+of the king of Persia, being asked by them whether they came in a
+private or in a public character, answered, "In a public, if we
+succeed; if not, in a private character."  Argileonis, asking some who
+came from Amphipolis if her son Brasidas died courageously and as became
+a Spartan, on their beginning to praise him to a high degree, and saying
+there was not such another left in Sparta, answered, "Do not say so;
+Brasidas was a good and brave man,
+but there are in Sparta many better than he."
+
+The senate, as I said before, consisted of those who were Lycurgus's
+chief aiders and assistants in his plans.  The vacancies he ordered to be
+supplied out of the best and most deserving men past sixty years old;
+and we need not wonder if there was much striving for it; for what more
+glorious competition could there be amongst men, than one in which it
+was not contested who was swiftest among the swift or strongest of the
+strong, but who of many wise and good was wisest and best, and fittest
+to be entrusted for ever after, as the reward of his merits, with the
+supreme authority of the commonwealth, and with power over the lives,
+franchises, and highest interests of all his countrymen?  The manner of
+their election was as follows: the people being called together, some
+selected persons were locked up in a room near the place of election, so
+contrived that they could neither see nor be seen, but could only hear
+the noise of the assembly without; for they decided this, as most other
+affairs of moment, by the shouts of the people.  This done, the
+competitors were not brought in and presented all together, but one
+after another by lot, and passed in order through the assembly without
+speaking a word.  Those who were locked up had writing-tables with them,
+in which they recorded and marked each shout by its loudness, without
+knowing in favor of which candidate each of them was made, but merely
+that they came first, second, third, and so forth.  He who was found to
+have the most and loudest acclamations was declared senator duly
+elected.  Upon this he had a garland set upon his head, and went in
+procession to all the temples to give thanks to the gods; a great number
+of young men followed him with applauses, and women, also, singing verses
+in his honor, and extolling the virtue and happiness of his life.  As he
+went round the city in this manner, each of his relations and friends
+set a table before him, saying, "The city honors you with this
+banquet;" but he, instead of accepting, passed round to the common table
+where he formerly used to eat; and was served as before, excepting that
+now he had a second allowance, which he took and put by.  By the time
+supper was ended, the women who were of kin to him had come about the
+door; and he, beckoning to her whom he most esteemed, presented to her
+the portion he had saved, saying, that it had been a mark of esteem to
+him, and was so now to her; upon which she was triumphantly waited upon
+home by the women.
+
+Touching burials, Lycurgus made very wise regulations; for, first of
+all, to cut of all superstition, he allowed them to bury their dead
+within the city, and even round about their temples, to the end that
+their youth might be accustomed to such spectacles, and not be afraid to
+see a dead body, or imagine that to touch a corpse or to tread upon a
+grave would defile a man.  In the next place, he commanded them to put
+nothing into the ground with them, except, if they pleased, a few olive
+leaves, and the scarlet cloth that they were wrapped in.  He would not
+suffer the names to be inscribed, except only of men who fell in the
+wars, or women who died in a sacred office.  The time, too, appointed
+for mourning, was very short, eleven days; on the twelfth, they were to
+do sacrifice to Ceres, and leave it off; so that we may see, that as he
+cut off all superfluity, so in things necessary there was nothing so
+small and trivial which did not express some homage of virtue or scorn
+of vice.  He filled Lacedaemon all through with proofs and examples of
+good conduct; with the constant sight of which from their youth up, the
+people would hardly fail to be gradually formed and advanced in virtue.
+
+And this was the reason why he forbade them to travel abroad, and go
+about acquainting themselves with foreign rules of morality, the habits
+of ill-educated people, and different views of government.  Withal he
+banished from Lacedaemon all strangers who could not give a very good
+reason for their coming thither; not because he was afraid lest they
+should inform themselves of and imitate his manner of government (as
+Thucydides says), or learn any thing to their good; but rather lest they
+should introduce something contrary to good manners.  With strange
+people, strange words must be admitted; these novelties produce
+novelties in thought; and on these follow views and feelings whose
+discordant character destroys the harmony of the state.  He was as
+careful to save his city from the infection of foreign bad habits, as
+men usually are to prevent the introduction of a pestilence.
+
+Hitherto I, for my part, see no sign of injustice or want of equity in
+the laws of Lycurgus, though some who admit them to be well contrived to
+make good soldiers, pronounce them defective in point of justice.  The
+Cryptia, perhaps (if it were one of Lycurgus's ordinances, as Aristotle
+says it was), Gave both him and Plato, too, this opinion alike of the
+lawgiver and his government.  By this ordinance, the magistrates
+dispatched privately some of the ablest of the young men into the
+country, from time to time, armed only with their daggers, and taking a
+little necessary provision with them; in the daytime, they hid
+themselves in out-of-the-way places, and there lay close, but, in the
+night, issued out into the highways, and killed all the Helots they
+could light upon; sometimes they set upon them by day, as they were at
+work in the fields, and murdered them.  As, also, Thucydides, in his
+history of the Peloponnesian war, tells us, that a good number of them,
+after being singled out for their bravery by the Spartans, garlanded, as
+enfranchised persons, and led about to all the temples in token of
+honors, shortly after disappeared all of a sudden, being about the
+number of two thousand; and no man either then or since could give an
+account how they came by their deaths.  And Aristotle, in particular,
+adds, that the ephori, so soon as they were entered into their office,
+used to declare war against them, that they might be massacred without a
+breach of religion.  It is confessed, on all hands, that the Spartans
+dealt with them very hardly; for it was a common thing to force them to
+drink to excess, and to lead them in that condition into their public
+halls, that the children might see what a sight a drunken man is; they
+made them to dance low dances, and sing ridiculous songs, forbidding
+them expressly to meddle with any of a better kind.  And, accordingly,
+when the Thebans made their invasion into Laconia, and took a great
+number of the Helots, they could by no means persuade them to sing the
+verses of Terpander, Alcman, or Spendon, "For," said they, "the masters
+do not like it."  So that it was truly observed by one, that in Sparta
+he who was free was most so, and he that was a slave there, the greatest
+slave in the world.  For my part, I am of opinion that these outrages
+and cruelties began to be exercised in Sparta at a later time,
+especially after the great earthquake, when the Helots made a general
+insurrection, and, joining with the Messenians, laid the country waste,
+and brought the greatest danger upon the city.  For I cannot persuade
+myself to ascribe to Lycurgus so wicked and barbarous a course, judging
+of him from the gentleness of his disposition and justice upon all other
+occasions; to which the oracle also testified.
+
+When he perceived that his more important institutions had taken root in
+the minds of his countrymen, that custom had rendered them familiar and
+easy, that his commonwealth was now grown up and able to go alone, then,
+as, Plato somewhere tells us, the Maker of the world, when first he saw
+it existing and beginning its motion, felt joy, even so Lycurgus,
+viewing with joy and satisfaction the greatness and beauty of his
+political structure, now fairly at work and in motion, conceived the
+thought to make it immortal too, and, as far as human forecast could
+reach, to deliver it down unchangeable to posterity.  He called an
+extraordinary assembly of all the people, and told them that he now
+thought every thing reasonably well established, both for the happiness
+and the virtue of the state; but that there was one thing still behind,
+of the greatest importance, which he thought not fit to impart until he
+had consulted the oracle; in the meantime, his desire was that they
+would observe the laws without any the least alteration until his
+return, and then he would do as the god should direct him.  They all
+consented readily, and bade him hasten his journey; but, before he
+departed, he administered an oath to the two kings, the senate, and the
+whole commons, to abide by and maintain the established form of polity
+until Lycurgus should be come back.  This done, he set out for Delphi,
+and, having sacrificed to Apollo, asked him whether the laws he had
+established were good, and sufficient for a people's happiness and
+virtue.  The oracle answered that the laws were excellent, and that the
+people, while it observed them, should live in the height of renown.
+Lycurgus took the oracle in writing, and sent it over to Sparta; and,
+having sacrificed the second time to Apollo, and taken leave of his
+friends and his son, he resolved that the Spartans should not be
+released from the oath they had taken, and that he would, of his own
+act, close his life where he was.  He was now about that age in which
+life was still tolerable, and yet might be quitted without regret.
+Every thing, moreover, about him was in a sufficiently prosperous
+condition.  He, therefore, made an end of himself by a total abstinence
+from food; thinking it a statesman's duty to make his very death, if
+possible, an act of service to the state, and even in the end of his
+life to give some example of virtue and effect some useful purpose.  He
+would, on the one hand, crown and consummate his own happiness by a
+death suitable to so honorable a life, and, on the other, would secure
+to his countrymen the enjoyment of the advantages he had spent his life
+in obtaining for them, since they had solemnly sworn the maintenance of
+his institutions until his return.  Nor was he deceived in his
+expectations, for the city of Lacedaemon continued the chief city of all
+Greece for the space of five hundred years, in strict observance of
+Lycurgus's laws; in all which time there was no manner of alteration
+made, during the reign of fourteen kings, down to the time of Agis, the
+son of Archidamus.  For the new creation of the ephori, though thought
+to be in favor of the people, was so far from diminishing, that it very
+much heightened, the aristocratical character of the government.
+
+
+In the time of Agis, gold and silver first flowed into Sparta, and with
+them all those mischiefs which attend the immoderate desire of riches.
+Lysander promoted this disorder; for, by bringing in rich spoils from
+the wars, although himself incorrupt, he yet by this means filled his
+country with avarice and luxury, and subverted the laws and ordinances
+of Lycurgus; so long as which were in force, the aspect presented by
+Sparta was rather that of a rule of life followed by one wise and
+temperate man, than of the political government of a nation.  And as the
+poets feign of Hercules, that, with his lion's skin and his club, he
+went over the world, punishing lawless and cruel tyrants, so may it be
+said of the Lacedaemonians, that, with a common staff and a coarse
+coat, they gained the willing and joyful obedience of Greece, through
+whose whole extent they suppressed unjust usurpations and despotisms,
+arbitrated in war, and composed civil dissensions; and this often
+without so much as taking down one buckler, but barely by sending some
+one single deputy, to whose direction all at once submitted, like bees
+swarming and taking their places around their prince.  Such a fund of
+order and equity, enough and to spare for others,
+existed in their state.
+
+And therefore I cannot but wonder at those who say that the Spartans
+were good subjects, but bad governors, and for proof of it allege a
+saying of king Theopompus, who, when one said that Sparta held up so
+long because their kings could command so well, replied, "Nay, rather
+because the people know so well how to obey."  For people do not obey,
+unless rulers know how to command; obedience is a lesson taught by
+commanders.  A true leader himself creates the obedience of his own
+followers; as it is the last attainment in the art of riding to make a
+horse gentle and tractable, so is it of the science of government, to
+inspire men with a willingness to obey.  The Lacedaemonians inspired men
+not with a mere willingness, but with an absolute desire, to be their
+subjects.  For they did not send petitions to them for ships or money,
+or a supply of armed men, but only for a Spartan commander; and, having
+obtained one, used him with honor and reverence; so the Sicilians
+behaved to Gylippus, the Chalcidians to Brasidas, and all the Greeks in
+Asia to Lysander, Callicratidas, and Agesilaus; they styled them the
+composers and chasteners of each people or prince they were sent to, and
+had their eyes always fixed upon the city of Sparta itself, as the
+perfect model of good manners and wise government.  The rest seemed as
+scholars, they the masters of Greece; and to this Stratonicus pleasantly
+alluded, when in jest he pretended to make a law that the Athenians
+should conduct religious processions and the mysteries, the Eleans
+should preside at the Olympic games, and, if either did amiss, the
+Lacedaemonians be beaten.  Antisthenes, too, one of the scholars of
+Socrates, said, in earnest, of the Thebans, when they were elated by
+their victory at Leuctra, that they looked like schoolboys who had
+beaten their master.
+
+However, it was not the design of Lycurgus that his city should govern a
+great many others; he thought rather that the happiness of a state, as
+of a private man, consisted chiefly in the exercise of virtue, and in
+the concord of the inhabitants; his aim, therefore, in all his
+arrangements, was to make and keep them free-minded, self-dependent, and
+temperate.  And therefore all those who have written well on politics,
+as Plato, Diogenes, and Zeno, have taken Lycurgus for their model,
+leaving behind them, however, mere projects and words; whereas Lycurgus
+was the author, not in writing but in reality, of a government which
+none else could so much as copy; and while men in general have treated
+the individual philosophic character as unattainable, he, by the example
+of a complete philosophic state, raised himself high above all other
+lawgivers of Greece.  And so Aristotle says they did him less honor at
+Lacedaemon after his death than he deserved, although he has a temple
+there, and they offer sacrifices yearly to him as to a god.
+
+It is reported that when his bones were brought home to Sparta his tomb
+was struck with lightning; an accident which befell no eminent person
+but himself, and Euripides, who was buried at Arethusa in Macedonia;
+and it may serve that poet's admirers as a testimony in his favor, that
+he had in this the same fate with that holy man and favorite of the
+gods.  Some say Lycurgus died in Cirrha; Apollothemis says, after he had
+come to Elis; Timaeus and Aristoxenus, that he ended his life in Crete;
+Aristoxenus adds that his tomb is shown by the Cretans in the district
+of Pergamus, near the strangers' road.  He left an only son, Antiorus,
+on whose death without issue, his family became extinct.  But his
+relations and friends kept up an annual commemoration of him down to a
+long time after; and the days of the meeting were called Lycurgides.
+Aristocrates, the son of Hipparchus, says that he died in Crete, and
+that his Cretan friends, in accordance with his own request, when they
+had burned his body, scattered the ashes into the sea; for fear lest, if
+his relics should be transported to Lacedaemon, the people might pretend
+to be released from their oaths, and make innovations in the government.
+Thus much may suffice for the life and actions of Lycurgus.
+
+
+
+NUMA POMPILIUS
+
+Though the pedigrees of noble families of Rome go back in exact form as
+far as Numa Pompilius, yet there is great diversity amongst historians
+concerning the time in which he reigned; a certain writer called
+Clodius, in a book of his entitled Strictures on Chronology, avers that
+the ancient registers of Rome were lost when the city was sacked by the
+Gauls, and that those which are now extant were counterfeited, to
+flatter and serve the humor of some men who wished to have themselves
+derived from some ancient and noble lineage, though in reality with no
+claim to it.  And though it be commonly reported that Numa was a scholar
+and a familiar acquaintance of Pythagoras, yet it is again contradicted
+by others, who affirm, that he was acquainted with neither the Greek
+language nor learning, and that he was a person of that natural talent
+and ability as of himself to attain to virtue, or else that he found
+some barbarian instructor superior to Pythagoras.  Some affirm, also,
+that Pythagoras was not contemporary with Numa, but lived at least five
+generations after him; and that some other Pythagoras, a native of
+Sparta, who, in the sixteenth Olympiad, in the third year of which Numa
+became king, won a prize at the Olympic race, might, in his travel
+through Italy, have gained acquaintance with Numa, and assisted him in
+the constitution of his kingdom; whence it comes that many Laconian laws
+and customs appear amongst the Roman institutions.  Yet, in any case,
+Numa was descended of the Sabines, who declare themselves to be a colony
+of the Lacedaemonians.  And chronology, in general, is uncertain;
+especially when fixed by the lists of victors in the Olympic games,
+which were published at a late period by Hippias the Elean, and rest on
+no positive authority.  Commencing, however, at a convenient point, we
+will proceed to give the most noticeable events that are recorded of the
+life of Numa.
+
+It was the thirty-seventh year, counted from the foundation of Rome,
+when Romulus, then reigning, did, on the fifth day of the month of July,
+called the Caprotine Nones, offer a public sacrifice at the Goat's
+Marsh, in presence of the senate and people of Rome.  Suddenly the sky
+was darkened, a thick cloud of storm and rain settled on the earth; the
+common people fled in affright, and were dispersed; and in this
+whirlwind Romulus disappeared, his body being never found either living
+or dead.  A foul suspicion presently attached to the patricians, and
+rumors were current among the people as if that they, weary of kingly
+government, and exasperated of late by the imperious deportment of
+Romulus towards them, had plotted against his life and made him away,
+that so they might assume the authority and government into their own
+hands.  This suspicion they sought to turn aside by decreeing divine
+honors to Romulus, as to one not dead but translated to a higher
+condition.  And Proculus, a man of note, took oath that he saw Romulus
+caught up into heaven in his arms and vestments, and heard him, as he
+ascended, cry out that they should hereafter style him
+by the name of Quirinus.
+
+This trouble, being appeased, was followed by another, about the
+election of a new king: for the minds of the original Romans and the new
+inhabitants were not as yet grown into that perfect unity of temper, but
+that there were diversities of factions amongst the commonalty, and
+jealousies and emulations amongst the senators; for though all agreed
+that it was necessary to have a king.  yet what person or of which
+nation, was matter of dispute.  For those who had been builders of the
+city with Romulus, and had already yielded a share of their lands and
+dwellings to the Sabines, were indignant at any pretension on their part
+to rule over their benefactors.  On the other side, the Sabines could
+plausibly allege, that, at their king Tatius's decease, they had
+peaceably submitted to the sole command of Romulus; so now their turn
+was come to have a king chosen out of their own nation; nor did they
+esteem themselves to have combined with the Romans as inferiors, nor to
+have contributed less than they to the increase of Rome, which, without
+their numbers and association, could scarcely have merited the name of a
+city.
+
+Thus did both parties argue and dispute their cause; but lest meanwhile
+discord, in the absence of all command, should occasion general
+confusion, it was agreed that the hundred and fifty senators should
+interchangeably execute the office of supreme magistrate, and each in
+succession, with the ensigns of royalty, should offer the solemn
+sacrifices and dispatch public business for the space of six hours by
+day and six by night; which vicissitude and equal distribution of power
+would preclude all rivalry amongst the senators and envy from the
+people, when they should behold one, elevated to the degree of a king,
+leveled within the space of a day to the condition of a private citizen.
+This form of government is termed, by the Romans, interregnum.  Nor yet
+could they, by this plausible and modest way of rule, escape suspicion
+and clamor of the vulgar, as though they were changing the form of
+government to an oligarchy, and designing to keep the supreme power in a
+sort of wardship under themselves, without ever proceeding to choose a
+king.  Both parties came at length to the conclusion that the one should
+choose a king out of the body of the other; the Romans make choice of a
+Sabine, or the Sabines name a Roman; this was esteemed the best
+expedient to put an end to all party spirit, and the prince who should
+be chosen would have an equal affection to the one party as his electors
+and to the other as his kinsmen.  The Sabines remitted the choice to the
+original Romans, and they, too, on their part, were more inclinable to
+receive a Sabine king elected by themselves than to see a Roman exalted
+by the Sabines.  Consultations being accordingly held, they named Numa
+Pompilius, of the Sabine race, a person of that high reputation for
+excellence, that, though he were not actually residing at Rome, yet he
+was no sooner nominated than accepted by the Sabines, with acclamation
+almost greater than that of the electors themselves.
+
+The choice being declared and made known to the people, principal men
+of both parties were appointed to visit and entreat him, that he would
+accept the administration of the government.  Numa resided at a famous
+city of the Sabines called Cures, whence the Romans and Sabines gave
+themselves the joint name of Quirites.  Pomponius, an illustrious
+person, was his father, and he the youngest of his four sons, being (as
+it had been divinely ordered) born on the twenty-first day of April, the
+day of the foundation of Rome.  He was endued with a soul rarely
+tempered by nature, and disposed to virtue, which he had yet more
+subdued by discipline, a severe life, and the study of philosophy; means
+which had not only succeeded in expelling the baser passions, but also
+the violent and rapacious temper which barbarians are apt to think
+highly of; true bravery, in his judgment, was regarded as consisting in
+the subjugation of our passions by reason.
+
+He banished all luxury and softness from his own home, and, while
+citizens alike and strangers found in him an incorruptible judge and
+counselor, in private he devoted himself not to amusement or lucre, but
+to the worship of the immortal gods, and the rational contemplation of
+their divine power and nature.  So famous was he, that Tatius, the
+colleague of Romulus, chose him for his son-in-law, and gave him his
+only daughter, which, however, did not stimulate his vanity to desire to
+dwell with his father-in-law at Rome; he rather chose to inhabit with
+his Sabines, and cherish his own father in his old age; and Tatia, also,
+preferred the private condition of her husband before the honors and
+splendor she might have enjoyed with her father.  She is said to have
+died after she had been married thirteen years, and then Numa, leaving
+the conversation of the town, betook himself to a country life, and in a
+solitary manner frequented the groves and fields consecrated to the
+gods, passing his life in desert places.  And this in particular gave
+occasion to the story about the goddess, namely, that Numa did not
+retire from human society out of any melancholy or disorder of mind.
+but because he had tasted the joys of more elevated intercourse, and,
+admitted to celestial wedlock in the love and converse of the goddess
+Egeria, had attained to blessedness, and to a divine wisdom.
+
+The story evidently resembles those very ancient fables which the
+Phrygians have received and still recount of Attis, the Bithynians of
+Herodotus, the Arcadians of Endymion, not to mention several others who
+were thought blessed and beloved of the gods; nor does it seem strange
+if God, a lover, not of horses or birds, but men, should not disdain to
+dwell with the virtuous and converse with the wise and temperate soul,
+though it be altogether hard, indeed, to believe, that any god or daemon
+is capable of a sensual or bodily love and passion for any human form or
+beauty.  Though, indeed, the wise Egyptians do not unplausibly make the
+distinction, that it may be possible for a divine spirit so to apply
+itself to the nature of a woman, as to imbreed in her the first
+beginnings of generation, while on the other side they conclude it
+impossible for the male kind to have any intercourse or mixture by the
+body with any divinity, not considering, however, that what takes place
+on the one side, must also take place on the other; intermixture, by
+force of terms, is reciprocal.  Not that it is otherwise than befitting
+to suppose that the gods feel towards men affection, and love, in the
+sense of affection, and in the form of care and solicitude for their
+virtue and their good dispositions.  And, therefore, it was no error of
+those who feigned, that Phorbas, Hyacinthus, and Admetus were beloved by
+Apollo; or that Hippolytus the Sicyonian was so much in his favor, that,
+as often as he sailed from Sicyon to Cirrha, the Pythian prophetess
+uttered this heroic verse, expressive of the god's attention and joy:
+
+Now doth Hippolytus return again,
+And venture his dear life upon the main.
+
+It is reported, also, that Pan became enamored of Pindar for his verses,
+and the divine power rendered honor to Hesiod and Archilochus after
+their death for the sake of the Muses; there is a statement, also, that
+Aesculapius sojourned with Sophocles in his lifetime, of which many
+proofs still exist, and that, when he was dead, another deity took care
+for his funeral rites.  And so if any credit may be given to these
+instances, why should we judge it incongruous, that a like spirit of the
+gods should visit Zaleucus, Minos, Zoroaster, Lycurgus, and Numa, the
+controllers of kingdoms, and the legislators for commonwealths?  Nay, it
+may be reasonable to believe, that the gods, with a serious purpose,
+assist at the councils and serious debates of such men, to inspire and
+direct them; and visit poets and musicians, if at all, in their more
+sportive moods; but, for difference of opinion here, as Bacchylides
+said, "the road is broad."  For there is no absurdity in the account
+also given, that Lycurgus and Numa, and other famous lawgivers, having
+the task of subduing perverse and refractory multitudes, and of
+introducing great innovations, themselves made this pretension to divine
+authority, which, if not true, assuredly was expedient for the interests
+of those it imposed upon.
+
+Numa was about forty years of age when the ambassadors came to make him
+offers of the kingdom; the speakers were Proculus and Velesus, one or
+other of whom it had been thought the people would elect as their new
+king; the original Romans being for Proculus, and the Sabines for
+Velesus.  Their speech was very short, supposing that, when they came to
+tender a kingdom, there needed little to persuade to an acceptance; but,
+contrary to their expectation, they found that they had to use many
+reasons and entreaties to induce one, that lived in peace and quietness,
+to accept the government of a city whose foundation and increase had
+been made, in a manner, in war.  In presence of his father and his
+kinsman Marcius, he returned answer that "Every alteration of a man's
+life is dangerous to him; but madness only could induce one who needs
+nothing and is satisfied with everything to quit a life he is
+accustomed to; which, whatever else it is deficient in, at any rate has
+the advantage of certainty over one wholly doubtful and unknown.
+Though, indeed, the difficulties of this government cannot even be
+called unknown; Romulus, who first held it, did not escape the suspicion
+of having plotted against the life of his colleague Tatius; nor the
+senate the like accusation, of having treasonably murdered Romulus.  Yet
+Romulus had the advantage to be thought divinely born and miraculously
+preserved and nurtured.  My birth was mortal; I was reared and
+instructed by men that are known to you.  The very points of my
+character that are most commended mark me as unfit to reign,--love of
+retirement and of studies inconsistent with business, a passion that has
+become inveterate in me for peace, for unwarlike occupations, and for
+the society of men whose meetings are but those of worship and of kindly
+intercourse, whose lives in general are spent upon their farms and their
+pastures.  I should but be, methinks, a laughing-stock, while I should
+go about to inculcate the worship of the gods, and give lessons in the
+love of justice and the abhorrence of violence and war, to a city whose
+needs are rather for a captain than for a king."
+
+The Romans, perceiving by these words that he was declining to accept
+the kingdom, were the more instant and urgent with him that he would not
+forsake and desert them in this condition, and suffer them to relapse,
+as they must, into their former sedition and civil discord, there being
+no person on whom both parties could accord but on himself.  And, at
+length, his father and Marcius, taking him aside, persuaded him to
+accept a gift so noble in itself, and tendered to him rather from heaven
+than from men.  "Though," said they, "you neither desire riches, being
+content with what you have, nor court the fame of authority, as having
+already the more valuable fame of virtue, yet you will consider that
+government itself is a service of God, who now calls out into action
+your qualities of justice and wisdom, which were not meant to be left
+useless and unemployed.  Cease, therefore, to avoid and turn your back
+upon an office which, to a wise man, is a field for great and honorable
+actions, for the magnificent worship of the gods, and for the
+introduction of habits of piety, which authority alone can effect
+amongst a people.  Tatius, though a foreigner, was beloved, and the
+memory of Romulus has received divine honors; and who knows but that
+this people, being victorious, may be satiated with war, and, content
+with the trophies and spoils they have acquired, may be, above all
+things, desirous to have a pacific and justice-loving prince, to lead
+them to good order and quiet?  But if, indeed, their desires are
+uncontrollably and madly set on war, were it not better, then, to have
+the reins held by such a moderating hand as is able to divert the fury
+another way, and that your native city and the whole Sabine nation
+should possess in you a bond of good-will and friendship with this young
+and growing power?"
+
+With these reasons and persuasions several auspicious omens are said to
+have concurred, and the zeal, also, of his fellow-citizens, who, on
+understanding what message the Roman ambassadors had brought him,
+entreated him to accompany them, and to accept the kingdom as a means to
+unanimity and concord between the nations.
+
+Numa, yielding to these inducements, having first performed divine
+sacrifice, proceeded to Rome, being met in his way by the senate and
+people, who, with an impatient desire, came forth to receive him; the
+women, also, welcomed him with joyful acclamations, and sacrifices were
+offered for him in all the temples, and so universal was the joy, that
+they seemed to be receiving, not a new king, but a new kingdom.  In this
+manner he descended into the forum, where Spurius Vettius, whose turn it
+was to be interrex at that hour, put it to the vote; and all declared
+him king.  Then the regalities and robes of authority were brought to
+him; but he refused to be invested with them until he had first
+consulted and been confirmed by the gods; so, being accompanied by the
+priests and augurs, he ascended the Capitol, which at that time the
+Romans called the Tarpeian Hill.  Then the chief of the augurs covered
+Numa's head, and turned his face towards the south, and, standing behind
+him, laid his right hand on his head, and prayed, turning his eyes every
+way, in expectation of some auspicious signal from the gods.  It was
+wonderful, meantime, with what silence and devotion the multitude stood
+assembled in the forum in similar expectation and suspense, till
+auspicious birds appeared and passed on the right.  Then Numa,
+appareling himself in his royal robes, descended from the hill to the
+people, by whom he was received and congratulated with shouts and
+acclamations of welcome, as a holy king, and beloved of all the gods.
+
+The first thing he did at his entrance into government was to dismiss
+the band of three hundred men which had been Romulus's life-guard,
+called by him Celeres, saying, that he would not distrust those who put
+confidence in him, nor rule over a people that distrusted him.  The next
+thing he did was to add to the two priests of Jupiter and Mars a third
+in honor of Romulus, whom he called the Flamen Quirinalis.  The Romans
+anciently called their priests Flamines, by corruption of the word
+Pilamines, from a certain cap which they wore, called Pileus.  In those
+times, Greek words were more mixed with the Latin than at present; thus
+also the royal robe, which is called Laena, Juba says, is the same as
+the Greek Chlaena; and that the name of Camillus, given to the boy with
+both his parents living, who serves in the temple of Jupiter, was taken
+from the name given by some Greeks to Mercury, denoting his office of
+attendance on the gods.
+
+When Numa had, by such measures, won the favor and affection of the
+people, he set himself, without delay, to the task of bringing the hard
+and iron Roman temper to somewhat more of gentleness and equity.
+Plato's expression of a city in high fever was never more applicable
+than to Rome at that time; in its origin formed by daring and warlike
+spirits, whom bold and desperate adventure brought thither from every
+quarter, it had found in perpetual wars and incursions on its neighbors
+its after sustenance and means of growth and in conflict with danger the
+source of new strength; like piles, which the blows of the rammer serve
+to fix into the ground.  Wherefore Numa, judging it no slight
+undertaking to mollify and bend to peace the presumptuous and stubborn
+spirits of this people, began to operate upon them with the sanctions of
+religion.  He sacrificed often, and used processions and religious
+dances, in which most commonly he officiated in person; by such
+combinations of solemnity with refined and humanizing pleasures, seeking
+to win over and mitigate their fiery and warlike tempers.  At times,
+also, he filled their imaginations with religious terrors, professing
+that strange apparitions had been seen, and dreadful voices heard; thus
+subduing and humbling their minds by a sense of supernatural fears.
+
+This method which Numa used made it believed that he had been much
+conversant with Pythagoras; for in the philosophy of the one, as in the
+policy of the other, man's relations to the deity occupy a great place.
+It is said, also, that the solemnity of his exterior garb and gestures
+was adopted by him from the same feeling with Pythagoras.  For it is
+said of Pythagoras, that he had taught an eagle to come at his call, and
+stoop down to him in its flight; and that, as he passed among the people
+assembled at the Olympic games, he showed them his golden thigh; besides
+many other strange and miraculous seeming practices, on which Timon the
+Phliasian wrote the distich,--
+
+Who, of the glory of a juggler proud,
+With solemn talk imposed upon the crowd.
+
+In like manner Numa spoke of a certain goddess or mountain nymph that
+was in love with him, and met him in secret, as before related; and
+professed that he entertained familiar conversation with the Muses, to
+whose teaching he ascribed the greatest part of his revelations; and
+amongst them, above all, he recommended to the veneration of the Romans
+one in particular, whom he named Tacita, the Silent; which he did
+perhaps in imitation and honor of the Pythagorean silence.  His opinion,
+also, of images is very agreeable to the doctrine of Pythagoras; who
+conceived of the first principle of being as transcending sense and
+passion, invisible and incorrupt, and only to be apprehended by abstract
+intelligence.  So Numa forbade the Romans to represent God in the form
+of man or beast, nor was there any painted or graven image of a deity
+admitted amongst them for the space of the first hundred and seventy
+years, all which time their temples and chapels were kept free and pure
+from images; to such baser objects they deemed it impious to liken the
+highest, and all access to God impossible, except by the pure act of the
+intellect.  His sacrifices, also, had great similitude to the ceremonial
+of Pythagoras, for they were not celebrated with effusion of blood, but
+consisted of flour, wine, and the least costly offerings.  Other
+external proofs, too, are urged to show the connection Numa had with
+Pythagoras.  The comic writer Epicharmus, an ancient author, and of the
+school of Pythagoras, in a book of his dedicated to Antenor, records
+that Pythagoras was made a freeman of Rome.  Again, Numa gave to one of
+his four sons the name of Mamercus, which was the name of one of the
+sons of Pythagoras; from whence, as they say sprang that ancient
+patrician family of the Aemilii, for that the king gave him in sport the
+surname of Aemilius, for his engaging and graceful manner in speaking.
+I remember, too, that when I was at Rome, I heard many say, that, when
+the oracle directed two statues to be raised, one to the wisest, and
+another to the most valiant man of Greece, they erected two of brass,
+one representing Alcibiades, and the other Pythagoras.
+
+But to pass by these matters, which are full of uncertainty, and not so
+important as to be worth our time to insist on them, the original
+constitution of the priests, called Pontifices, is ascribed unto Numa,
+and he himself was, it is said, the first of them; and that they have
+the name of Pontifices from potens, powerful, because they attend the
+service of the gods, who have power and command over all.  Others make
+the word refer to exceptions of impossible cases; the priests were to
+perform all the duties possible to them; if any thing lay beyond their
+power, the exception was not to be cavilled at.  The most common opinion
+is the most absurd, which derives this word from pons, and assigns the
+priests the title of bridge-makers.  The sacrifices performed on the
+bridge were amongst the most sacred and ancient, and the keeping and
+repairing of the bridge attached, like any other public sacred office,
+to the priesthood.  It was accounted not simply unlawful, but a positive
+sacrilege, to pull down the wooden bridge; which moreover is said, in
+obedience to an oracle, to have been built entirely of timber and
+fastened with wooden pins, without nails or cramps of iron.  The stone
+bridge was built a very long time after, when Aemilius was quaestor, and
+they do, indeed, say also that the wooden bridge was not so old as
+Numa's time, but was finished by Ancus Marcius, when he was king, who
+was the grandson of Numa by his daughter.
+
+The office of Pontifex Maximus, or chief priest, was to declare and
+interpret the divine law, or, rather, to preside over sacred rites; he
+not only prescribed rules for public ceremony, but regulated the
+sacrifices of private persons, not suffering them to vary from
+established custom, and giving information to every one of what was
+requisite for purposes of worship or supplication.  He was also guardian
+of the vestal virgins, the institution of whom, and of their perpetual
+fire, was attributed to Numa, who, perhaps fancied the charge of pure
+and uncorrupted flames would be fitly entrusted to chaste and unpolluted
+persons, or that fire, which consumes, but produces nothing, bears all
+analogy to the virgin estate.  In Greece, wherever a perpetual holy fire
+is kept, as at Delphi and Athens, the charge of it is committed, not to
+virgins, but widows past the time of marriage.  And in case by any
+accident it should happen that this fire became extinct, as the holy
+lamp was at Athens under the tyranny of Aristion, and at Delphi, when
+that temple was burnt by the Medes, as also in the time of the
+Mithridatic and Roman civil war, when not only the fire was
+extinguished, but the altar demolished, then, afterwards, in kindling
+this fire again, it was esteemed an impiety to light it from common
+sparks or flame, or from any thing but the pure and unpolluted rays of
+the sun, which they usually effect by concave mirrors, of a figure
+formed by the revolution of an isoceles rectangular triangle, all the
+lines from the circumference of which meeting in a center, by holding it
+in the light of the sun they can collect and concentrate all its rays
+at this one point of convergence; where the air will now become
+rarefied, and any light, dry, combustible matter will kindle as soon as
+applied, under the effect of the rays, which here acquire the substance
+and active force of fire.  Some are of opinion that these vestals had no
+other business than the preservation of this fire; but others conceive
+that they were keepers of other divine secrets, concealed from all but
+themselves, of which we have told all that may lawfully be asked or
+told, in the life of Camillus.  Gegania and Verenia, it is recorded,
+were the names of the first two virgins consecrated and ordained by
+Numa; Canuleia and Tarpeia succeeded; Servius afterwards added two, and
+the number of four has continued to the present time.
+
+The statutes prescribed by Numa for the vestals were these:  that they
+should take a vow of virginity for the space of thirty years, the first
+ten of which they were to spend in learning their duties, the second ten
+in performing them, and the remaining ten in teaching and instructing
+others.  Thus the whole term being completed, it was lawful for them to
+marry, and, leaving the sacred order, to choose any condition of life
+that pleased them; but this permission few, as they say, made use of;
+and in cases where they did so, it was observed that their change was
+not a happy one, but accompanied ever after with regret and melancholy;
+so that the greater number, from religious fears and scruples, forbore,
+and continued to old age and death in the strict observance
+of a single life.
+
+For this condition he compensated by great privileges and prerogatives;
+as that they had power to make a will in the lifetime of their father;
+that they had a free administration of their own affairs without
+guardian or tutor, which was the privilege of women who were the mothers
+of three children; when they go abroad, they have the fasces carried
+before them; and if in their walks they chance to meet a criminal on his
+way to execution, it saves his life, upon oath made that the meeting was
+an accidental one, and not concerted or of set purpose.  Any one who
+presses upon the chair on which they are carried, is put to death.  If
+these vestals commit any minor fault, they are punishable by the high-
+priest only, who scourges the offender, sometimes with her clothes off,
+in a dark place, with a curtain drawn between; but she that has broken
+her vow is buried alive near the gate called Collina, where a little
+mound of earth stands, inside the city, reaching some little distance,
+called in Latin agger; under it a narrow room is constructed, to which a
+descent is made by stairs; here they prepare a bed, and light a lamp,
+and leave a small quantity of victuals, such as bread, water, a pail of
+milk, and some oil; that so that body which had been consecrated and
+devoted to the most sacred service of religion might not be said to
+perish by such a death as famine.  The culprit herself is put in a
+litter, which they cover over, and tie her down with cords on it, so
+that nothing she utters may be heard.  They then take her to the forum;
+all people silently go out of the way as she passes, and such as follow
+accompany the bier with solemn and speechless sorrow; and, indeed, there
+is not any spectacle more appalling, nor any day observed by the city
+with greater appearance of gloom and sadness.  When they come to the
+place of execution, the officers loose the cords, and then the high-
+priest, lifting his hands to heaven, pronounces certain prayers to
+himself before the act; then he brings out the prisoner, being still
+covered, and placing her upon the steps that lead down to the cell,
+turns away his face with the rest of the priests; the stairs are drawn
+up after she has gone down, and a quantity of earth is heaped up over
+the entrance to the cell, so as to prevent it from being distinguished
+from the rest of the mound.  This is the punishment of those who break
+their vow of virginity.
+
+It is said, also, that Numa built the temple of Vesta, which was
+intended for a repository of the holy fire, of a circular form, not to
+represent the figure of the earth, as if that were the same as Vesta,
+but that of the general universe, in the center of which the
+Pythagoreans place the element of fire, and give it the name of Vesta
+and the unit; and do not hold that the earth is immovable, or that it is
+situated in the center of the globe, but that it keeps a circular motion
+about the seat of fire, and is not in the number of the primary
+elements; in this agreeing with the opinion of Plato, who, they say, in
+his later life, conceived that the earth held a lateral position, and
+that the central and sovereign space was reserved for some nobler body.
+
+There was yet a farther use of the priests, and that was to give people
+directions in the national usages at funeral rites.  Numa taught them to
+regard these offices, not as a pollution, but as a duty paid to the gods
+below, into whose hands the better part of us is transmitted; especially
+they were to worship the goddess Libitina, who presided over all the
+ceremonies performed at burials; whether they meant hereby Proserpina,
+or, as the most learned of the Romans conceive, Venus, not inaptly
+attributing the beginning and end of man's life to the agency of one and
+the same deity.  Numa also prescribed rules for regulating the days of
+mourning, according to certain times and ages.  As, for example, a child
+of three years was not to be mourned for at all; one older, up to ten
+years, for as many months as it was years old; and the longest time of
+mourning for any person whatsoever was not to exceed the term of ten
+months; which was the time appointed for women that lost their husbands
+to continue in widowhood.  If any married again before that time, by the
+laws of Numa she was to sacrifice a cow big with calf.
+
+Numa, also, was founder of several other orders of priests, two of which
+I shall mention, the Salii and the Feciales, which are among the
+clearest proofs of the devoutness and sanctity of his character.  These
+Fecials, or guardians of peace, seem to have had their name from their
+office, which was to put a stop to disputes by conference and speech;
+for it was not allowable to take up arms until they had declared all
+hopes of accommodation to be at an end, for in Greek, too, we call it
+peace when disputes are settled by words, and not by force.  The Romans
+commonly dispatched the Fecials, or heralds, to those who had offered
+them injury, requesting satisfaction; and, in case they refused, they
+then called the gods to witness, and, with imprecations upon themselves
+and their country should they be acting unjustly, so declared war;
+against their will, or without their consent, it was lawful neither for
+soldier nor king to take up arms; the war was begun with them, and, when
+they had first handed it over to the commander as a just quarrel, then
+his business was to deliberate of the manner and ways to carry it on.
+It is believed that the slaughter and destruction which the Gauls made
+of the Romans was a judgment on the city for neglect of this religious
+proceeding; for that when these barbarians besieged the Clusinians,
+Fabius Ambustus was dispatched to their camp to negotiate peace for the
+besieged; and, on their returning a rude refusal, Fabius imagined that
+his office of ambassador was at an end, and, rashly engaging on the side
+of the Clusinians, challenged the bravest of the enemy to a single
+combat.  It was the fortune of Fabius to kill his adversary, and to take
+his spoils; but when the Gauls discovered it, they sent a herald to Rome
+to complain against him; since, before war was declared, he had, against
+the law of nations, made a breach of the peace.  The matter being
+debated in the senate, the Fecials were of opinion that Fabius ought to
+be consigned into the hands of the Gauls; but he, being forewarned of
+their judgment, fled to the people, by whose protection and favor he
+escaped the sentence.  On this, the Gauls marched with their army to
+Rome, where, having taken the Capitol, they sacked the city.  The
+particulars of all which are fully given in the history of Caminus.
+
+The origin of the Salii is this.  In the eighth year of the reign of
+Numa, a terrible pestilence, which traversed all Italy, ravaged likewise
+the city of Rome; and the citizens being in distress and despondent, a
+brazen target, they say, fell from heaven into the hands of Numa who
+gave them this marvelous account of it: that Egeria and the Muses had
+assured him it was sent from heaven for the cure and safety of the city,
+and that, to keep it secure, he was ordered by them to make eleven
+others, so like in dimension and form to the original that no thief
+should be able to distinguish the true from the counterfeit.  He farther
+declared, that he was commanded to consecrate to the Muses the place,
+and the fields about it, where they had been chiefly wont to meet with
+him, and that the spring which watered the field should be hallowed for
+the use of the vestal virgins, who were to wash and cleanse the
+penetralia of their sanctuary with those holy waters.  The truth of all
+which was speedily verified by the cessation of the pestilence.  Numa
+displayed the target to the artificers and bade them show their skill in
+making others like it; all despaired, until at length one Mamurius
+Veturius, an excellent workman, happily hit upon it, and made all so
+exactly the same that Numa himself was at a loss, and could not
+distinguish.  The keeping of these targets was committed to the charge
+of certain priests, called Salii, who did not receive their name, as
+some tell the story, from Salius, a dancing-master born in Samothrace,
+or at Mantinea, who taught the way of dancing in arms; but more truly
+from that jumping dance which the Salii themselves use, when in the
+month of March they carry the sacred targets through the city; at which
+procession they are habited in short frocks of purple, girt with a broad
+belt studded with brass; on their heads they wear a brass helmet, and
+carry in their hands short daggers, which they clash every now and then
+against the targets.  But the chief thing is the dance itself.  They
+move with much grace, performing, in quick time and close order, various
+intricate figures, with a great display of strength and agility.  The
+targets were called Ancilia from their form; for they are not made
+round, nor like proper targets, of a complete circumference, but are cut
+out into a wavy line, the ends of which are rounded off and turned in at
+the thickest part towards each other; so that their shape is
+curvilinear, or, in Greek, ancylon; or the name may come from ancon, the
+elbow, on which they are carried.  Thus Juba writes, who is eager to
+make it Greek.  But it might be, for that matter, from its having come
+down anecathen, from above; or from its akesis, or cure of diseases; or
+auchmon Iysis, because it put an end to a drought; or from its
+anaschesis, or relief from calamities, which is the origin of the
+Athenian name Anaces, given to Castor and Pollux; if we must, that is,
+reduce it to Greek.  The reward which Mamurius received for his art was
+to be mentioned and commemorated in the verses which the Salii sang, as
+they danced in their arms through the city; though some will have it
+that they do not say Veturium Mamurium, but Veterem Memoriam, ancient
+remembrance.
+
+After Numa had in this manner instituted these several orders of
+priests, he erected, near the temple of Vesta, what is called to this
+day Regia, or king's house, where he spent the most part of his time,
+performing divine service, instructing the priests, or conversing with
+them on sacred subjects.  He had another house upon the Mount
+Quirinalis, the site of which they show to this day.  In all public
+processions and solemn prayers, criers were sent before to give notice
+to the people that they should forbear their work, and rest.  They say
+that the Pythagoreans did not allow people to worship and pray to their
+gods by the way, but would have them go out from their houses direct,
+with their minds set upon the duty, and so Numa, in like manner, wished
+that his citizens should neither see nor hear any religious service in a
+perfunctory and inattentive manner, but, laying aside all other
+occupations, should apply their minds to religion as to a most serious
+business; and that the streets should be free from all noises and cries
+that accompany manual labor, and clear for the sacred solemnity.  Some
+traces of this custom remain at Rome to this day, for, when the consul
+begins to take auspices or do sacrifice, they call out to the people,
+Hoc age, Attend to this, whereby the auditors then present are
+admonished to compose and recollect themselves.  Many other of his
+precepts resemble those of the Pythagoreans.  The Pythagoreans said, for
+example, "Thou shalt not make a peck-measure thy seat to sit on.  Thou
+shalt not stir the fire with a sword.  When thou goest out upon a
+journey, look not behind thee.  When thou sacrificest to the celestial
+gods, let it be with an odd number, and when to the terrestrial, with
+even."  The significance of each of which precepts they would not
+commonly disclose.  So some of Numa's traditions have no obvious
+meaning.  "Thou shalt not make libation to the gods of wine from an
+unpruned vine.  No sacrifices shall be performed without meal.  Turn
+round to pay adoration to the gods; sit after you have worshipped."  The
+first two directions seem to denote the cultivation and subduing of the
+earth as a part of religion; and as to the turning which the worshipers
+are to use in divine adoration, it is said to represent the rotatory
+motion of the world.  But, in my opinion, the meaning rather is, that
+the worshiper, since the temples front the east, enters with his back to
+the rising sun; there, faces round to the east, and so turns back to the
+god of the temple, by this circular movement referring the fulfillment
+of his prayer to both divinities.  Unless, indeed, this change of
+posture may have a mystical meaning, like the Egyptian wheels, and
+signify to us the instability of human fortune, and that, in whatever
+way God changes and turns our lot and condition, we should rest
+contented, and accept it as right and fitting.  They say, also, that the
+sitting after worship was to be by way of omen of their petitions being
+granted, and the blessing they asked assured to them.  Again, as
+different courses of actions are divided by intervals of rest, they
+might seat themselves after the completion of what they had done, to
+seek favor of the gods for beginning something else.  And this would
+very well suit with what we had before; the lawgiver wants to habituate
+us to make our petitions to the deity not by the way, and as it were, in
+a hurry, when we have other things to do, but with time and leisure to
+attend to it.  By such discipline and schooling in religion, the city
+passed insensibly into such a submissiveness of temper, and stood in
+such awe and reverence of the virtue of Numa, that they received, with
+an undoubted assurance, whatever he delivered, though never so fabulous,
+and thought nothing incredible or impossible from him.
+
+There goes a story that he once invited a great number of citizens to an
+entertainment, at which the dishes in which the meat was served were
+very homely and plain, and the repast itself poor and ordinary fare; the
+guests seated, he began to tell them that the goddess that consulted
+with him was then at that time come to him; when on a sudden the room
+was furnished with all sorts of costly drinking-vessels, and the tables
+loaded with rich meats, and a most sumptuous entertainment.  But the
+dialogue which is reported to have passed between him and Jupiter
+surpasses all the fabulous legends that were ever invented.  They say
+that before Mount Aventine was inhabited or enclosed within the walls of
+the city, two demi-gods, Picus and Faunus, frequented the Springs and
+thick shades of that place; which might be two satyrs, or Pans, except
+that they went about Italy playing the same sorts of tricks, by skill in
+drugs and magic, as are ascribed by the Greeks to the Dactyli of Mount
+Ida.  Numa contrived one day to surprise these demi-gods, by mixing wine
+and honey in the waters of the spring of which they usually drank.  On
+finding themselves ensnared, they changed themselves into various
+shapes, dropping their own form and assuming every kind of unusual and
+hideous appearance; but when they saw they were safely entrapped, and in
+no possibility of getting free, they revealed to him many secrets and
+future events; and particularly a charm for thunder and lightning, still
+in use, performed with onions and hair and pilchards.  Some say they did
+not tell him the charm, but by their magic brought down Jupiter out of
+heaven; and that he then, in an angry manner answering the inquiries,
+told Numa, that, if he would charm the thunder and lightning, he must do
+it with heads.  "How," said Numa, "with the heads of onions?"  "No,"
+replied Jupiter, "of men."  But Numa, willing to elude the cruelty of
+this receipt, turned it another way, saying, "Your meaning is, the hairs
+of men's heads."  "No," replied Jupiter, "with living"--"pilchards,"
+said Numa, interrupting him.  These answers he had learnt from Egeria.
+Jupiter returned again to heaven, pacified and ilcos, or propitious.
+The place was, in remembrance of him, called Ilicium, from this Greek
+word; and the spell in this manner effected.
+
+These stories, laughable as they are, show us the feelings which people
+then, by force of habit, entertained towards the deity.  And Numa's own
+thoughts are said to have been fixed to that degree on divine objects,
+that he once, when a message was brought to him that "Enemies are
+approaching," answered with a smile, "And I am sacrificing."  It was he,
+also, that built the temples of Faith and Terminus and taught the Romans
+that the name of Faith was the most solemn oath that they could swear.
+They still use it; and to the god Terminus, or Boundary, they offer to
+this day both public and private sacrifices, upon the borders and stone-
+marks of their land; living victims now, though anciently those
+sacrifices were solemnized without blood; for Numa reasoned that the god
+of boundaries, who watched over peace, and testified to fair dealing,
+should have no concern with blood.  It is very clear that it was this
+king who first prescribed bounds to the territory of Rome; for Romulus
+would but have openly betrayed how much he had encroached on his
+neighbors' lands, had he ever set limits to his own; for boundaries are,
+indeed, a defense to those who choose to observe them, but are only a
+testimony against the dishonesty of those who break through them.  The
+truth is, the portion of lands which the Romans possessed at the
+beginning was very narrow, until Romulus enlarged them by war; all whose
+acquisitions Numa now divided amongst the indigent commonalty, wishing
+to do away with that extreme want which is a compulsion to dishonesty,
+and, by turning the people to husbandry, to bring them, as well as their
+lands, into better order.  For there is no employment that gives so keen
+and quick a relish for peace as husbandry and a country life, which
+leave in men all that kind of courage that makes them ready to fight in
+defense of their own, while it destroys the license that breaks out into
+acts of injustice and rapacity.  Numa, therefore, hoping agriculture
+would be a sort of charm to captivate the affections of his people to
+peace, and viewing it rather as a means to moral than to economical
+profit, divided all the lands into several parcels, to which he gave the
+name of pagus, or parish, and over every one of them he ordained chief
+overseers; and, taking a delight sometimes to inspect his colonies in
+person, he formed his judgment of every man's habits by the results; of
+which being witness himself, he preferred those to honors and
+employments who had done well, and by rebukes and reproaches incited the
+indolent and careless to improvement.  But of all his measures the most
+commended was his distribution of the people by their trades into
+companies or guilds; for as the city consisted, or rather did not
+consist of, but was divided into, two different tribes, the diversity
+between which could not be effaced and in the mean time prevented all
+unity and caused perpetual tumult and ill-blood, reflecting how hard
+substances that do not readily mix when in the lump may, by being beaten
+into powder, in that minute form be combined, he resolved to divide the
+whole population into a number of small divisions, and thus hoped, by
+introducing other distinctions, to obliterate the original and great
+distinction, which would be lost among the smaller.  So, distinguishing
+the whole people by the several arts and trades, he formed the companies
+of musicians, goldsmiths, carpenters, dyers, shoemakers, skinners,
+braziers, and potters; and all other handicraftsmen he composed and
+reduced into a single company, appointing every one their proper courts,
+councils, and religious observances.  In this manner all factious
+distinctions began, for the first time, to pass out of use, no person
+any longer being either thought of or spoken of under the notion of a
+Sabine or a Roman, a Romulian or a Tatian; and the new division became a
+source of general harmony and intermixture.
+
+He is also much to be commended for the repeal, or rather amendment, of
+that law which gives power to fathers to sell their children; he
+exempted such as were married, conditionally that it had been with the
+liking and consent of their parents; for it seemed a hard thing that a
+woman who had given herself in marriage to a man whom she judged free
+should afterwards find herself living with a slave.
+
+He attempted, also, the formation of a calendar, not with absolute
+exactness, yet not without some scientific knowledge.  During the reign
+of Romulus, they had let their months run on without any certain or
+equal term; some of them contained twenty days, others thirty-five,
+others more; they had no sort of knowledge of the inequality in the
+motions of the sun and moon; they only kept to the one rule that the
+whole course of the year contained three hundred and sixty days.  Numa,
+calculating the difference between the lunar and the solar' year at
+eleven days, for that the moon completed her anniversary course in three
+hundred and fifty-four days, and the sun in three hundred and sixty-
+five, to remedy this incongruity doubled the eleven days, and every
+other year added an intercalary month, to follow February, consisting of
+twenty-two days, and called by the Romans the month Mercedinus.  This
+amendment, however, itself, in course of time, came to need other
+amendments.  He also altered the order of the months; for March, which
+was reckoned the first, he put into the third place; and January, which
+was the eleventh, he made the first; and February, which was the twelfth
+and last, the second.  Many will have it, that it was Numa, also, who
+added the two months of January and February; for in the beginning they
+had had a year of ten months; as there are barbarians who count only
+three; the Arcadians, in Greece, had but four; the Acarnanians, six.
+The Egyptian year at first, they say, was of one month; afterwards, of
+four; and so, though they live in the newest of all countries, they have
+the credit of being a more ancient nation than any; and reckon, in their
+genealogies, a prodigious number of years, counting months, that is, as
+years.  That the Romans, at first, comprehended the whole year within
+ten, and not twelve months, plainly appears by the name of the last,
+December, meaning the tenth month; and that March was the first is
+likewise evident, for the fifth month after it was called Quintilis, and
+the sixth Sextilis, and so the rest; whereas, if January and February
+had, in this account, preceded March, Quintilis would have been fifth in
+name and seventh in reckoning.  It was also natural, that March,
+dedicated to Mars, should be Romulus's first, and April, named from
+Venus, or Aphrodite, his second month; in it they sacrifice to Venus,
+and the women bathe on the calends, or first day of it, with myrtle
+garlands on their heads.  But others, because of its being p and not ph,
+ will not allow of the derivation of this word from Aphrodite, but
+say it is called April from aperio, Latin for to open, because that this
+month is high spring, and opens and discloses the buds and flowers.  The
+next is called May, from Maia, the mother of Mercury, to whom it is
+sacred; then June follows, so called from Juno; some, however, derive
+them from the two ages, old and young, majores being their name for
+older, and juniores for younger men.  To the other months they gave
+denominations according to their order; so the fifth was called
+Quintilis, Sextilis the sixth, and the rest, September, October,
+November, and December.  Afterwards Quintilis received the name of
+Julius, from Caesar who defeated Pompey; as also Sextilis that of
+Augustus, from the second Caesar, who had that title.  Domitian, also,
+in imitation, gave the two other following months his own names, of
+Germanicus and Domitianus; but, on his being slain, they recovered their
+ancient denominations of September and October.  The two last are the
+only ones that have kept their names throughout without any alteration.
+Of the months which were added or transposed in their order by Numa,
+February comes from februa; and is as much as Purification month; in it
+they make offerings to the dead, and celebrate the Lupercalia, which, in
+most points, resembles a purification.  January was so called from
+Janus, and precedence given to it by Numa before March, which was
+dedicated to the god Mars; because, as I conceive, he wished to take
+every opportunity of intimating that the arts and studies of peace are
+to be preferred before those of war.  For this Janus, whether in remote
+antiquity he were a demi-god or a king, was certainly a great lover of
+civil and social unity, and one who reclaimed men from brutal and savage
+living; for which reason they figure him with two faces, to represent
+the two states and conditions out of the one of which he brought
+mankind, to lead them into the other.  His temple at Rome has two gates,
+which they call the gates of war, because they stand open in the time of
+war, and shut in the times of peace; of which latter there was very
+seldom an example, for, as the Roman empire was enlarged and extended,
+it was so encompassed with barbarous nations and enemies to be resisted,
+that it was seldom or never at peace.  Only in the time of Augustus
+Caesar, after he had overcome Antony, this temple was shut; as likewise
+once before, when Marcus Atilius and Titus Manlius were consuls; but
+then it was not long before, wars breaking out, the gates were again
+opened.  But, during the reign of Numa, those gates were never seen open
+a single day, but continued constantly shut for a space of forty-three
+years together; such an entire and universal cessation of war existed.
+For not only had the people of Rome itself been softened and charmed
+into a peaceful temper by the just and mild rule of a pacific prince,
+but even the neighboring cities, as if some salubrious and gentle air
+had blown from Rome upon them, began to experience a change of feeling,
+and partook in the general longing for the sweets of peace and order,
+and for life employed in the quiet tillage of soil, bringing up of
+children, and worship of the gods.  Festival days and sports, and the
+secure and peaceful interchange of friendly visits and hospitalities
+prevailed all through the whole of Italy.  The love of virtue and
+justice flowed from Numa's wisdom as from a fountain, and the serenity
+of his spirit diffused itself, like a calm, on all sides; so that the
+hyperboles of poets were flat and tame to express what then existed;
+as that
+
+Over the iron shield the spiders hang their threads,
+
+or that
+
+Rust eats the pointed spear and double-edged sword.
+No more is heard the trumpet's brazen roar,
+Sweet sleep is banished from our eyes no more.
+
+For, during the whole reign of Numa, there was neither war, nor
+sedition, nor innovation in the state, nor any envy or ill-will to his
+person, nor plot or conspiracy from views of ambition.  Either fear of
+the gods that were thought to watch over him, or reverence for his
+virtue, or a divine felicity of fortune that in his days preserved human
+innocence, made his reign, by whatever means, a living example and
+verification of that saying which Plato, long afterwards, ventured to
+pronounce, that the sole and only hope of respite or remedy for human
+evils was in some happy conjunction of events, which should unite in a
+single person the power of a king and the wisdom of a philosopher, so as
+to elevate virtue to control and mastery over vice.  The wise man is
+blessed in himself, and blessed also are the auditors who can hear and
+receive those words which flow from his mouth; and perhaps, too, there
+is no need of compulsion or menaces to affect the multitude, for the
+mere sight itself of a shining and conspicuous example of virtue in the
+life of their prince will bring them spontaneously to virtue, and to a
+conformity with that blameless and blessed life of good will and mutual
+concord, supported by temperance and justice, which is the highest
+benefit that human means can confer; and he is the truest ruler who can
+best introduce it into the hearts and practice of his subjects.  It is
+the praise of Numa that no one seems ever to have discerned this so
+clearly as he.
+
+As to his children and wives, there is a diversity of reports by several
+authors; some will have it that he never had any other wife than Tatia,
+nor more children than one daughter called Pompilia; others will have it
+that he left also four sons, namely, Pompo, Pinus, Calpus, and Mamercus,
+every one of whom had issue, and from them descended the noble and
+illustrious families of Pomponii, Pinarii, Calpurnii, and Mamerci, which
+for this reason took also the surname of Rex, or King.  But there is a
+third set of writers who say that these pedigrees are but a piece of
+flattery used by writers, who, to gain favor with these great
+families, made them fictitious genealogies from the lineage of Numa; and
+that Pompilia was not the daughter of Tatia, but Lucretia, another wife
+whom he married after he came to his kingdom; however, all of them agree
+in opinion that she was married to the son of that Marcius who persuaded
+him to accept the government, and accompanied him to Rome where, as a
+mark of honor, he was chosen into the senate, and, after the death of
+Numa, standing in competition with Tullus Hostilius for the kingdom, and
+being disappointed of the election, in discontent killed himself; his
+son Marcius, however, who had married Pompilia, continuing at Rome, was
+the father of Ancus Marcius, who succeeded Tullus Hostilius in the
+kingdom, and was but five years of age when Numa died.
+
+Numa lived something above eighty years, and then, as Piso writes, was
+not taken out of the world by a sudden or acute disease, but died of old
+age and by a gradual and gentle decline.  At his funeral all the glories
+of his life were consummated, when all the neighboring states in
+alliance and amity with Rome met to honor and grace the rites of his
+interment with garlands and public presents; the senators carried the
+bier on which his corpse was laid, and the priests followed and
+accompanied the solemn procession; while a general crowd, in which women
+and children took part, followed with such cries and weeping as if they
+had bewailed the death and loss of some most dear relation taken away in
+the flower of age, and not of an old and worn-out king.  It is said that
+his body, by his particular command, was not burnt, but that they made,
+in conformity with his order, two stone coffins, and buried both under
+the hill Janiculum, in one of which his body was laid, and in the other
+his sacred books, which, as the Greek legislators their tables, he had
+written out for himself, but had so long inculcated the contents of
+them, whilst he lived, into the minds and hearts of the priests, that
+their understandings became fully possessed with the whole spirit and
+purpose of them; and he, therefore, bade that they should be buried with
+his body, as though such holy precepts could not without irreverence be
+left to circulate in mere lifeless writings.  For this very reason, they
+say, the Pythagoreans bade that their precepts should not be committed
+to paper, but rather preserved in the living memories of those who were
+worthy to receive them; and when some of their out-of-the-way and
+abstruse geometrical processes had been divulged to an unworthy person,
+they said the gods threatened to punish this wickedness and profanity by
+a signal and wide-spreading calamity.  With these several instances,
+concurring to show a similarity in the lives of Numa and Pythagoras, we
+may easily pardon those who seek to establish the fact of a real
+acquaintance between them.
+
+Valerius Antias writes that the books which were buried in the aforesaid
+chest or coffin of stone were twelve volumes of holy writ and twelve
+others of Greek philosophy, and that about four hundred years
+afterwards, when P. Cornelius and M. Baebius were consuls, in a time of
+heavy rains, a violent torrent washed away the earth, and dislodged the
+chests of stone; and, their covers falling off, one of them was found
+wholly empty, without the least relic of any human body; in the other
+were the books before mentioned, which the praetor Petilius having read
+and perused, made oath in the senate, that, in his opinion, it was not
+fit for their contents to be made public to the people; whereupon the
+volumes were all carried to the Comitium, and there burnt.
+
+It is the fortune of all good men that their virtue rises in glory after
+their deaths, and that the envy which evil men conceive against them
+never outlives them long; some have the happiness even to see it die
+before them; but in Numa's case, also, the fortunes of the succeeding
+kings served as foils to set off the brightness of his reputation.  For
+after him there were five kings, the last of whom ended his old age in
+banishment, being deposed from his crown; of the other four, three were
+assassinated and murdered by treason; the other, who was Tullus
+Hostilius, that immediately succeeded Numa, derided his virtues, and
+especially his devotion to religious worship, as a cowardly and mean-
+spirited occupation, and diverted the minds of the people to war; but
+was checked in these youthful insolences, and was himself driven by an
+acute and tormenting disease into superstitions wholly different from
+Numa's piety, and left others also to participate in these terrors when
+he died by the stroke of a thunderbolt.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF NUMA WITH LYCURGUS
+
+Having thus finished the lives of Lycurgus and Numa, we shall now,
+though the work be difficult, put together their points of difference as
+they lie here before our view.  Their points of likeness are obvious;
+their moderation, their religion, their capacity of government and
+discipline, their both deriving their laws and constitutions from the
+gods.  Yet in their common glories there are circumstances of diversity;
+for, first, Numa accepted and Lycurgus resigned a kingdom; Numa received
+without desiring it, Lycurgus had it and gave it up; the one from a
+private person and a stranger was raised by others to be their king, the
+other from the condition of a prince voluntarily descended to the state
+of privacy.  It was glorious to acquire a throne by justice, yet more
+glorious to prefer justice before a throne; the same virtue which made
+the one appear worthy of regal power exalted the other to the disregard
+of it.  Lastly, as musicians tune their harps, so the one let down the
+high-flown spirits of the people at Rome to a lower key, as the other
+screwed them up at Sparta to a higher note, when they were sunken low by
+dissoluteness and riot.  The harder task was that of Lycurgus; for it
+was not so much his business to persuade his citizens to put off their
+armor or ungird their swords, as to cast away their gold or silver, and
+abandon costly furniture and rich tables; nor was it necessary to preach
+to them, that, laying aside their arms, they should observe the
+festivals, and sacrifice to the gods, but rather, that, giving up
+feasting and drinking, they should employ their time in laborious and
+martial exercises; so that while the one effected all by persuasions and
+his people's love for him, the other, with danger and hazard of his
+person, scarcely in the end succeeded.  Numa's muse was a gentle and
+loving inspiration, fitting him well to turn and soothe his people into
+peace and justice out of their violent and fiery tempers; whereas, if we
+must admit the treatment of the Helots to be a part of Lycurgus's
+legislations, a most cruel and iniquitous proceeding, we must own that
+Numa was by a great deal the more humane and Greek-like legislator,
+granting even to actual slaves a license to sit at meat with their
+masters at the feast of Saturn, that they, also, might have some taste
+and relish of the sweets of liberty.  For this custom, too, is ascribed
+to Numa, whose wish was, they conceive, to give a place in the enjoyment
+of the yearly fruits of the soil to those who had helped to produce
+them.  Others will have it to be in remembrance of the age of Saturn,
+when there was no distinction between master and slave, but all lived as
+brothers and as equals in a condition of equality.
+
+In general, it seems that both aimed at the same design and intent,
+which was to bring their people to moderation and frugality; but, of
+other virtues, the one set his affection most on fortitude, and the
+other on justice; unless we will attribute their different ways to the
+different habits and temperaments which they had to work upon by their
+enactments; for Numa did not out of cowardice or fear affect peace, but
+because he would not be guilty of injustice; nor did Lycurgus promote a
+spirit of war in his people that they might do injustice to others, but
+that they might protect themselves by it.
+
+In bringing the habits they formed in their people to a just and happy
+mean, mitigating them where they exceeded, and strengthening them where
+they were deficient, both were compelled to make great innovations.  The
+frame of government which Numa formed was democratic and popular to the
+last extreme, goldsmiths and flute-players and shoemakers constituting
+his promiscuous, many-colored commonalty.  Lycurgus was rigid and
+aristocratical, banishing all the base and mechanic arts to the company
+of servants and strangers, and allowing the true citizens no implements
+but the spear and shield, the trade of war only, and the service of
+Mars, and no other knowledge or study but that of obedience to their
+commanding officers, and victory over their enemies.  Every sort of
+money-making was forbid them as freemen; and to make them thoroughly so
+and to keep them so through their whole lives, every conceivable concern
+with money was handed over, with the cooking and the waiting at table,
+to slaves and helots.  But Numa made none of these distinctions; he only
+suppressed military rapacity, allowing free scope to every other means
+of obtaining wealth; nor did he endeavor to do away with inequality in
+this respect, but permitted riches to be amassed to any extent, and paid
+no attention to the gradual and continual augmentation and influx of
+poverty; which it was his business at the outset, whilst there was as
+yet no great disparity in the estates of men, and whilst people still
+lived much in one manner, to obviate, as Lycurgus did, and take measures
+of precaution against the mischiefs of avarice, mischiefs not of small
+importance, but the real seed and first beginning of all the great and
+extensive evils of after times.  The re-division of estates, Lycurgus is
+not, it seems to me, to be blamed for making, nor Numa for omitting;
+this equality was the basis and foundation of the one commonwealth; but
+at Rome, where the lands had been lately divided, there was nothing to
+urge any re-division or any disturbance of the first arrangement, which
+was probably still in existence.
+
+With respect to wives and children, and that community which both, with
+a sound policy, appointed, to prevent all jealousy, their methods,
+however, were different.  For when a Roman thought himself to have a
+sufficient number of children, in case his neighbor who had none should
+come and request his wife of him, he had a lawful power to give her up
+to him who desired her, either for a certain time, or for good.  The
+Lacedaemonian husband on the other hand, might allow the use of his wife
+to any other that desired to have children by her, and yet still keep
+her in his house, the original marriage obligation still subsisting as
+at first.  Nay, many husbands, as we have said, would invite men whom
+they thought like]y to procure them fine and good-looking children into
+their houses.  What is the difference, then, between the two customs?
+Shall we say that the Lacedaemonian system is one of an extreme and
+entire unconcern about their wives, and would cause most people endless
+disquiet and annoyance with pangs and jealousies?  The Roman course
+wears an air of a more delicate acquiescence, draws the veil of a new
+contract over the change, and concedes the general insupportableness of
+mere community?  Numa's directions, too, for the care of young women are
+better adapted to the female sex and to propriety; Lycurgus's are
+altogether unreserved and unfeminine, and have given a great handle to
+the poets, who call them (Ibycus, for example) Phaenomerides, bare-
+thighed; and give them the character (as does Euripides) of being
+wild after husbands;
+
+These with the young men from the house go out,
+With thighs that show, and robes that fly about.
+
+For in fact the skirts of the frock worn by unmarried girls were not
+sewn together at the lower part, but used to fly back and show the whole
+thigh bare as they walked.  The thing is most distinctly given
+by Sophocles.
+
+--She, also, the young maid,
+Whose frock, no robe yet o'er it laid,
+Folding back, leaves her bare thigh free,
+Hermione.
+
+And so their women, it is said, were bold and masculine, overbearing to
+their husbands in the first place, absolute mistresses in their houses,
+giving their opinions about public matters freely, and speaking openly
+even on the most important subjects.  But the matrons, under the
+government of Numa, still indeed received from their husbands all that
+high respect and honor which had been paid them under Romulus as a sort
+of atonement for the violence done to them; nevertheless, great modesty
+was enjoined upon them; all busy intermeddling forbidden, sobriety
+insisted on, and silence made habitual.  Wine they were not to touch at
+all, nor to speak, except in their husband's company, even on the most
+ordinary subjects.  So that once when a woman had the confidence to
+plead her own cause in a court of judicature, the senate, it is said,
+sent to inquire of the oracle what the prodigy did portend; and, indeed,
+their general good behavior and submissiveness is justly proved by the
+record of those that were otherwise; for as the Greek historians record
+in their annals the names of those who first unsheathed the sword of
+civil war, or murdered their brothers, or were parricides, or killed
+their mothers, so the Roman writers report it as the first example, that
+Spurius Carvilius divorced his wife, being a case that never before
+happened, in the space of two hundred and thirty years from the
+foundation of the city; and that one Thalaea, the wife of Pinarius, had
+a quarrel (the first instance of the kind) with her mother-in-law,
+Gegania, in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus; so successful was the
+legislator in securing order and good conduct in the marriage relation.
+Their respective regulations for marrying the young women are in
+accordance with those for their education.  Lycurgus made them brides
+when they were of full age and inclination for it.  Intercourse, where
+nature was thus consulted, would produce, he thought, love and
+tenderness, instead of the dislike and fear attending an unnatural
+compulsion; and their bodies, also, would be better able to bear the
+trials of breeding and of bearing children, in his judgment
+the one end of marriage.
+ Astolos chiton, the under garment, frock, or tunic, without anything,
+either himation or peplus, over it.
+
+The Romans, on the other hand, gave their daughters in marriage as early
+as twelve years old, or even under; thus they thought their bodies alike
+and minds would be delivered to the future husband pure and undefiled.
+The way of Lycurgus seems the more natural with a view to the birth of
+children; the other, looking to a life to be spent together, is more
+moral.  However, the rules which Lycurgus drew up for superintendence of
+children, their collection into companies, their discipline and
+association, as also his exact regulations for their meals, exercises,
+and sports, argue Numa no more than an ordinary lawgiver.  Numa left the
+whole matter simply to be decided by the parent's wishes or necessities;
+he might, if he pleased, make his son a husbandman or carpenter,
+coppersmith or musician; as if it were of no importance for them to be
+directed and trained up from the beginning to one and the same common
+end, or as though it would do for them to be like passengers on
+shipboard, brought thither each for his own ends and by his own choice,
+uniting to act for the common good only in time of danger upon occasion
+of their private fears, in general looking simply to their own interest.
+
+We may forbear, indeed, to blame common legislators, who may be
+deficient in power or knowledge.  But when a wise man like Numa had
+received the sovereignty over a new and docile people, was there any
+thing that would better deserve his attention than the education of
+children, and the training up of the young, not to contrariety and
+discordance of character, but to the unity of the common model of
+virtue, to which from their cradle they should have been formed and
+molded?  One benefit among many that Lycurgus obtained by his course was
+the permanence which it secured to his laws.  The obligation of oaths to
+preserve them would have availed but little, if he had not, by
+discipline and education, infused them into the children's characters,
+and imbued their whole early life with a love of his government.  The
+result was that the main points and fundamentals of his legislation
+continued for above five hundred years, like some deep and thoroughly
+ingrained tincture, retaining their hold upon the nation.  But Numa's
+whole design and aim, the continuance of peace and good-will, on his
+death vanished with him; no sooner did he expire his last breath than
+the gates of Janus's temple flew wide open, and, as if war had, indeed,
+been kept and caged up within those walls, it rushed forth to fill all
+Italy with blood and slaughter; and thus that best and justest fabric of
+things was of no long continuance, because it wanted that cement which
+should have kept all together, education.  What, then, some may say, has
+not Rome been advanced and bettered by her wars?  A question that will
+need a long answer, if it is to be one to satisfy men who take the
+better to consist in riches, luxury, and dominion, rather than in
+security, gentleness, and that independence which is accompanied by
+justice.  However, it makes much for Lycurgus, that, after the Romans
+deserted the doctrine and discipline of Numa, their empire grew and
+their power increased so much; whereas so soon as the Lacedaemonians
+fell from the institutions of Lycurgus, they sank from the highest to
+the lowest state, and, after forfeiting their supremacy over the rest of
+Greece, were themselves in danger of absolute extirpation.  Thus much,
+meantime, was peculiarly signal and almost divine in the circumstances
+of Numa, that he was an alien, and yet courted to come and accept a
+kingdom, the frame of which though he entirely altered, yet he performed
+it by mere persuasion, and ruled a city that as yet had scarce become
+one city, without recurring to arms or any violence (such as Lycurgus
+used, supporting himself by the aid of the nobler citizens against the
+commonalty), but, by mere force of wisdom and justice, established union
+and harmony amongst all.
+
+
+
+SOLON
+
+Didymus, the grammarian, in his answer to Asclepiades concerning Solon's
+Tables of Law, mentions a passage of one Philocles, who states that
+Solon's father's name was Euphorion, contrary to the opinion of all
+others who have written concerning him; for they generally agree that he
+was the son of Execestides, a man of moderate wealth and power in the
+city, but of a most noble stock, being descended from Codrus; his mother,
+as Heraclides Ponticus affirms, was cousin to Pisistratus's
+mother, and the two at first were great friends, partly because they
+were akin, and partly because of Pisistratus's noble qualities and
+beauty.  And they say Solon loved him; and that is the reason, I
+suppose, that when afterwards they differed about the government, their
+enmity never produced any hot and violent passion, they remembered their
+old kindnesses, and retained--
+
+Still in its embers living the strong fire
+
+of their love and dear affection.  For that Solon was not proof against
+beauty, nor of courage to stand up to passion and meet it,
+
+Hand to hand as in the ring--
+
+we may conjecture by his poems, and one of his laws, in which there are
+practices forbidden to slaves, which he would appear, therefore, to
+recommend to freemen.  Pisistratus, it is stated, was similarly attached
+to one Charmus; he it was who dedicated the figure of Love in the
+Academy, where the runners in the sacred torch-race light their torches.
+Solon, as Hermippus writes, when his father had ruined his estate in
+doing benefits and kindnesses to other men, though he had friends enough
+that were willing to contribute to his relief, yet was ashamed to be
+beholden to others, since he was descended from a family who were
+accustomed to do kindnesses rather than receive them; and therefore
+applied himself to merchandise in his youth; though others assure us
+that he traveled rather to get learning and experience than to make
+money.  It is certain that he was a lover of knowledge, for when he was
+old he would say, that he
+
+Each day grew older, and learnt something new,
+
+and yet no admirer of riches, esteeming as equally wealthy the man,--
+
+Who hath both gold and silver in his hand,
+Horses and mules, and acres of wheat-land,
+And him whose all is decent food to eat,
+Clothes to his back and shoes upon his feet,
+And a young wife and child, since so 'twill be,
+And no more years than will with that agree;--
+
+and in another place,--
+
+Wealth I would have, but wealth by wrong procure
+I would not; justice, e'en if slow, is sure.
+
+And it is perfectly possible for a good man and a statesman, without
+being solicitous for superfluities, to show some concern for competent
+necessaries.  In his time, as Hesiod says, --"Work was a shame to none,"
+nor was any distinction made with respect to trade, but merchandise was
+a noble calling, which brought home the good things which the barbarous
+nations enjoyed, was the occasion of friendship with their kings, and a
+great source of experience.  Some merchants have built great cities, as
+Protis, the founder of Massilia, to whom the Gauls near the Rhine were
+much attached.  Some report also that Thales and Hippocrates the
+mathematician traded; and that Plato defrayed the charges of his travels
+by selling oil in Egypt.  Solon's softness and profuseness, his popular
+rather than philosophical tone about pleasure in his poems, have been
+ascribed to his trading life; for, having suffered a thousand dangers,
+it was natural they should be recompensed with some gratifications and
+enjoyments; but that he accounted himself rather poor than rich is
+evident from the lines,
+
+Some wicked men are rich, some good are poor,
+We will not change our virtue for their store;
+Virtue's a thing that none call take away,
+But money changes owners all the day.
+
+At first he used his poetry only in trifles, not for any serious
+purpose, but simply to pass away his idle hours; but afterwards he
+introduced moral sentences and state matters, which he did, not to
+record them merely as an historian, but to justify his own actions, and
+sometimes to correct, chastise, and stir up the Athenians to noble
+performances.  Some report that he designed to put his laws into heroic
+verse, and that they began thus,--
+
+We humbly beg a blessing on our laws
+From mighty Jove, and honor, and applause.
+
+In philosophy, as most of the wise men then, he chiefly
+esteemed the political part of morals; in physics, he was very plain and
+antiquated, as appears by this,--
+
+It is the clouds that make the snow and hail,
+And thunder comes from lightning without fail;
+The sea is stormy when the winds have blown,
+But it deals fairly when 'tis left alone.
+
+And, indeed, it is probable that at that time Thales alone had raised
+philosophy above mere practice into speculation; and the rest of the
+wise men were so called from prudence in political concerns.  It is
+said, that they had an interview at Delphi, and another at Corinth, by
+the procurement of Periander, who made a meeting for them, and a supper.
+But their reputation was chiefly raised by sending the tripod to them
+all, by their modest refusal, and complaisant yielding to one another.
+For, as the story goes, some of the Coans fishing with a net, some
+strangers, Milesians, bought the draught at a venture; the net brought
+up a golden tripod, which, they say, Helen, at her return from Troy,
+upon the remembrance of an old prophecy, threw in there.  Now, the
+strangers at first contesting with the fishers about the tripod, and the
+cities espousing the quarrel so far as to engage themselves in a war,
+Apollo decided the controversy by commanding to present it to the wisest
+man; and first it was sent to Miletus to Thales, the Coans freely
+presenting him with that for which they fought against the whole body of
+the Milesians; but, Thales declaring Bias the wiser person, it was sent
+to him; from him to another; and so, going round them all, it came to
+Thales a second time; and, at last, being carried from Miletus to
+Thebes, was there dedicated to Apollo Ismenius.  Theophrastus writes
+that it was first presented to Bias at Priene; and next to Thales at
+Miletus, and so through all it returned to Bias, and was afterwards sent
+to Delphi.  This is the general report, only some, instead of a tripod,
+say this present was a cup sent by Croesus; others, a piece of plate
+that one Bathycles had left.  It is stated, that Anacharsis and Solon,
+and Solon and Thales, were familiarly acquainted, and some have
+delivered parts of their discourse; for, they say, Anacharsis, coming to
+Athens, knocked at Solon's door, and told him, that he, being a
+stranger, was come to be his guest, and contract a friendship with him;
+and Solon replying, "It is better to make friends at home," Anacharsis
+replied, "Then you that are at home make friendship with me."  Solon,
+somewhat surprised at the readiness of the repartee, received him
+kindly, and kept him some time with him, being already engaged in public
+business and the compilation of his laws; which when Anacharsis
+understood, he laughed at him for imagining the dishonesty and
+covetousness of his countrymen could be restrained by written laws,
+which were like spiders' webs, and would catch, it is true, the weak and
+poor, but easily be broken by the mighty and rich.  To this Solon
+rejoined that men keep their promises when neither side can get anything
+by the breaking of them; and he would so fit his laws to the
+citizens, that all should understand it was more eligible to be just
+than to break the laws.  But the event rather agreed with the conjecture
+of Anacharsis than Solon's hope.  Anacharsis, being once at the
+assembly, expressed his wonder at the fact that in Greece wise men spoke
+and fools decided.
+
+Solon went, they say, to Thales at Miletus, and wondered that Thales
+took no care to get him a wife and children.  To this, Thales made no
+answer for the present; but, a few days after, procured a stranger to
+pretend that he had left Athens ten days ago; and Solon inquiring what
+news there, the man, according to his instructions, replied, "None but a
+young man's funeral, which the whole city attended; for he was the son,
+they said, of an honorable man, the most virtuous of the citizens, who
+was not then at home, but had been traveling a long time."  Solon
+replied, "What a miserable man is he!  But what was his name?"  "I have
+heard it," says the man, "but have now forgotten it, only there was
+great talk of his wisdom and his justice."  Thus Solon was drawn on by
+every answer, and his fears heightened, till at last, being extremely
+concerned, he mentioned his own name, and asked the stranger if that
+young man was called Solon's son; and the stranger assenting, he began
+to beat his head, and to do and say all that is usual with men in
+transports of grief.  But Thales took his hand, and, with a smile, said,
+"These things, Solon, keep me from marriage and rearing children, which
+are too great for even your constancy to support; however, be not
+concerned at the report, for it is a fiction."  This Hermippus relates,
+from Pataecus, who boasted that he had Aesop's soul.
+
+However, it is irrational and poor-spirited not to seek conveniences for
+fear of losing them, for upon the same account we should not allow
+ourselves to like wealth, glory, or wisdom, since we may fear to be
+deprived of all these; nay, even virtue itself, than which there is no
+greater nor more desirable possession, is often suspended by sickness or
+drugs.  Now Thales, though unmarried, could not be free from solicitude,
+unless he likewise felt no care for his friends, his kinsmen, or his
+country; yet we are told he adopted Cybisthus, his sister's son.  For
+the soul, having a principle of kindness in itself, and being born to
+love, as well as perceive, think, or remember, inclines and fixes upon
+some stranger, when a man has none of his own to embrace.  And alien or
+illegitimate objects insinuate themselves into his affections, as into
+some estate that lacks lawful heirs; and with affection come anxiety and
+care; insomuch that you may see men that use the strongest language
+against the marriage-bed and the fruit of it, when some servant's or
+concubine's child is sick or dies, almost killed with grief, and
+abjectly lamenting.  Some have given way to shameful and desperate
+sorrow at the loss of a dog or horse; others have borne the deaths of
+virtuous children without any extravagant or unbecoming grief; have
+passed the rest of their lives like men, and according to the principles
+of reason.  It is not affection, it is weakness, that brings men,
+unarmed against fortune by reason, into these endless pains and terrors;
+and they indeed have not even the present enjoyment of what they dote
+upon, the possibility of the future loss causing them continual pangs,
+tremors, and distresses.  We must not provide against the loss of wealth
+by poverty, or of friends by refusing all acquaintance, or of children
+by having none, but by morality and reason.  But of this too much.
+
+Now, when the Athenians were tired with a tedious and difficult war that
+they conducted against the Megarians for the island Salamis, and made a
+law that it should be death for any man, by writing or speaking, to
+assert that the city ought to endeavor to recover it, Solon, vexed at
+the disgrace, and perceiving thousands of the youth wished for somebody
+to begin, but did not dare to stir first for fear of the law,
+counterfeited a distraction, and by his own family it was spread about
+the city that he was mad.  He then secretly composed some elegiac
+verses, and getting them by heart, that it might seem extempore, ran out
+into the place with a cap upon his head, and, the people gathering about
+him, got upon the herald's stand, and sang that elegy which begins
+thus:--
+
+I am a herald come from Salamis the fair,
+My news from thence my verses shall declare.
+
+The poem is called Salamis, it contains one hundred verses, very
+elegantly written; when it had been sung, his friends commended it, and
+especially Pisistratus exhorted the citizens to obey his directions;
+insomuch that they recalled the law, and renewed the war under Solon's
+conduct.  The popular tale is, that with Pisistratus he sailed to
+Colias, and, finding the women, according to the custom of the country
+there, sacrificing to Ceres, he sent a trusty friend to Salamis, who
+should pretend himself a renegade, and advise them, if they desired to
+seize the chief Athenian women, to come with him at once to Colias; the
+Megarians presently sent of men in the vessel with him; and Solon,
+seeing it put off from the island, commanded the women to be gone, and
+some beardless youths, dressed in their clothes, their shoes, and caps,
+and privately armed with daggers, to dance and play near the shore till
+the enemies had landed and the vessel was in their power.  Things being
+thus ordered, the Megarians were allured with the appearance, and,
+coming to the shore, jumped out, eager who should first seize a prize,
+so that not one of them escaped; and the Athenians set sail for the
+island and took it.
+
+Others say that it was not taken this way, but that he first received
+this oracle from Delphi:
+
+Those heroes that in fair Asopia rest,
+All buried with their faces to the west,
+Go and appease with offerings of the best;
+
+and that Solon, sailing by night to the island, sacrificed to the heroes
+Periphemus and Cychreus, and then, taking five hundred Athenian
+volunteers (a law having passed that those that took the island should
+be highest in the government), with a number of fisher-boats and one
+thirty-oared ship, anchored in a bay of Salamis that looks towards
+Nisaea; and the Megarians that were then in the island, hearing only an
+uncertain report, hurried to their arms, and sent a ship to reconnoiter
+the enemies.  This ship Solon took, and, securing the Megarians, manned
+it with Athenians, and gave them orders to sail to the island with as
+much privacy as possible; meantime he, with the other soldiers, marched
+against the Megarians by land, and whilst they were fighting, those from
+the ship took the city.  And this narrative is confirmed by the
+following solemnity, that was afterwards observed: an Athenian ship used
+to sail silently at first to the island, then, with noise and a great
+shout, one leapt out armed, and with a loud cry ran to the promontory
+Sciradium to meet those that approached upon the land.  And just by
+there stands a temple which Solon dedicated to Mars.  For he beat the
+Megarians, and as many as were not killed in the battle he sent away
+upon conditions.
+
+The Megarians, however, still contending, and both sides having received
+considerable losses, they chose the Spartans for arbitrators.  Now, many
+affirm that Homer's authority did Solon a considerable kindness, and
+that, introducing a line into the Catalog of Ships, when the matter was
+to be determined, he read the passage as follows:
+
+Twelve ships from Salamis stout Ajax brought,
+And ranked his men where the Athenians fought.
+
+The Athenians, however, call this but an idle story, and report, that
+Solon made it appear to the judges, that Philaeus and Eurysaces, the
+sons of Ajax, being made citizens of Athens, gave them the island, and
+that one of them dwelt at Brauron in Attica, the other at Melite; and
+they have a township of Philaidae, to which Pisistratus belonged,
+deriving its name from this Philaeus.  Solon took a farther argument
+against the Megarians from the dead bodies, which, he said, were not
+buried after their fashion but according to the Athenian; for the
+Megarians turn the corpse to the east, the Athenians to the west.  But
+Hereas the Megarian denies this, and affirms that they likewise turn the
+body to the west, and also that the Athenians have a separate tomb for
+every body, but the Megarians put two or three into one.  However, some
+of Apollo's oracles, where he calls Salamis Ionian, made much for Solon.
+This matter was determined by five Spartans, Critolaidas, Amompharetus,
+Hypsechidas, Anaxilas, and Cleomenes.
+
+For this, Solon grew famed and powerful; but his advice in favor of
+defending the oracle at Delphi, to give aid, and not to suffer the
+Cirrhaeans to profane it, but to maintain the honor of the god, got him
+most repute among the Greeks: for upon his persuasion the Amphictyons
+undertook the war, as, amongst others, Aristotle affirms, in his
+enumeration of the victors at the Pythian games, where he makes Solon
+the author of this counsel.  Solon, however, was not general in that
+expedition, as Hermippus states, out of Evanthes the Samian; for
+Aeschines the orator says no such thing, and, in the Delphian register,
+Alcmaeon, not Solon, is named as commander of the Athenians.
+
+Now the Cylonian pollution had a long while disturbed the commonwealth,
+ever since the time when Megacles the archon persuaded the conspirators
+with Cylon that took sanctuary in Minerva's temple to come down and
+stand to a fair trial.  And they, tying a thread to the image, and
+holding one end of it, went down to the tribunal; but when they came to
+the temple of the Furies, the thread broke of its own accord, upon
+which, as if the goddess had refused them protection, they were seized
+by Megacles and the other magistrates; as many as were without the
+temples were stoned, those that fled for sanctuary were butchered at the
+altar, and only those escaped who made supplication to the wives of the
+magistrates.  But they from that time were considered under pollution,
+and regarded with hatred.  The remainder of the faction of Cylon grew
+strong again, and had continual quarrels with the family of Megacles;
+and now the quarrel being at its height, and the people divided, Solon,
+being in reputation, interposed with the chiefest of the Athenians, and
+by entreaty and admonition persuaded the polluted to submit to a trial
+and the decision of three hundred noble citizens.  And Myron of Phlya
+being their accuser, they were found guilty, and as many as were then
+alive were banished, and the bodies of the dead were dug up, and
+scattered beyond the confines of the country.  In the midst of these
+distractions, the Megarians falling upon them, they lost Nisaea and
+Salamis again; besides, the city was disturbed with superstitious fears
+and strange appearances, and the priests declared that the sacrifices
+intimated some villanies and pollutions that were to be expiated.  Upon
+this, they sent for Epimenides the Phaestian from Crete, who is counted
+the seventh wise man by those that will not admit Periander into the
+number.  He seems to have been thought a favorite of heaven, possessed
+of knowledge in all the supernatural and ritual parts of religion; and,
+therefore, the men of his age called him a new Cures, and son of a
+nymph named Balte.  When he came to Athens, and grew acquainted with
+Solon, he served him in many instances, and prepared the way for his
+legislation.  He made them moderate in their forms of worship, and
+abated their mourning by ordering some sacrifices presently after the
+funeral, and taking off those severe and barbarous ceremonies which the
+women usually practiced; but the greatest benefit was his purifying and
+sanctifying the city, by certain propitiatory and expiatory lustrations,
+and foundation of sacred buildings; by that means making them more
+submissive to justice, and more inclined to harmony.  It is reported
+that, looking upon Munychia, and considering a long while, he said to
+those that stood by, "How blind is man in future things! for did the
+Athenians foresee what mischief this would do their city, they would
+even eat it with their own teeth to be rid of it."  A similar
+anticipation is ascribed to Thales; they say he commanded his friends to
+bury him in an obscure and contemned quarter of the territory of
+Miletus, saying that it should some day be the marketplace of the
+Milesians.  Epimenides, being much honored, and receiving from the city
+rich offers of large gifts and privileges, requested but one branch of
+the sacred olive, and, on that being granted, returned.
+
+The Athenians, now the Cylonian sedition was over and the polluted gone
+into banishment, fell into their old quarrels about the government,
+there being as many different parties as there were diversities in the
+country. The Hill quarter favored democracy, the Plain, oligarchy, and
+those that lived by the Sea-side stood for a mixed sort of government,
+and so hindered either of the other parties from prevailing.  And the
+disparity of fortune between the rich and the poor, at that time, also
+reached its height; so that the city seemed to be in a truly dangerous
+condition, and no other means for freeing it from disturbances and
+settling it, to be possible but a despotic power.  All the people were
+indebted to the rich; and either they tilled their land for their
+creditors, paying them a sixth part of the increase, and were,
+therefore, called Hectemorii and Thetes, or else they engaged their body
+for the debt, and might be seized, and either sent into slavery at home,
+or sold to strangers; some (for no law forbade it) were forced to sell
+their children, or fly their country to avoid the cruelty of their
+creditors; but the most part and the bravest of them began to combine
+together and encourage one another to stand to it, to choose a leader,
+to liberate the condemned debtors, divide the land,
+and change the government.
+
+Then the wisest of the Athenians, perceiving Solon was of all men the
+only one not implicated in the troubles, that he had not joined in the
+exactions of the rich, and was not involved in the necessities of the
+poor, pressed him to succor the commonwealth and compose the
+differences.  Though Phanias the Lesbian affirms, that Solon, to save
+his country, put a trick upon both parties, and privately promised the
+poor a division of the lands, and the rich, security for their debts.
+Solon, however, himself, says that it was reluctantly at first that he
+engaged in state affairs, being afraid of the pride of one party and the
+greediness of the other; he was chosen archon, however, after
+Philombrotus, and empowered to be an arbitrator and lawgiver; the rich
+consenting because he was wealthy, the poor because he was honest.
+There was a saying of his current before the election, that when things
+are even there never can be war, and this pleased both parties, the
+wealthy and the poor; the one conceiving him to mean, when all have
+their fair proportion; the others, when all are absolutely equal.  Thus,
+there being great hopes on both sides, the chief men pressed Solon to
+take the government into his own hands, and, when he was once settled,
+manage the business freely and according to his pleasure; and many of
+the commons, perceiving it would be a difficult change to be effected by
+law and reason, were willing to have one wise and just man set over the
+affairs; and some say that Solon had this oracle from Apollo--
+
+Take the mid-seat, and be the vessel's guide;
+Many in Athens are upon your side.
+
+But chiefly his familiar friends chid him for disaffecting monarchy only
+because of the name, as if the virtue of the ruler could not make it a
+lawful form; Euboea had made this experiment when it chose Tynnondas,
+and Mitylene, which had made Pittacus its prince; yet this could not
+shake Solon's resolution; but, as they say, he replied to his friends,
+that it was true a tyranny was a very fair spot, but it had no way down
+from it; and in a copy of verses to Phocus he writes.--
+
+--that I spared my land,
+And withheld from usurpation and from violence my hand,
+And forbore to fix a stain and a disgrace on my good name,
+I regret not; I believe that it will be my chiefest fame.
+
+From which it is manifest that he was a man of great reputation before
+he gave his laws.  The several mocks that were put upon him for refusing
+the power, he records in these words,--
+
+Solon surely was a dreamer, and a man of simple mind;
+When the gods would give him fortune, he of his own will declined;
+When the net was full of fishes, over-heavy thinking it,
+He declined to haul it up, through want of heart and want of wit.
+Had but I that chance of riches and of kingship, for one day,
+I would give my skin for flaying, and my house to die away.
+
+Thus he makes the many and the low people speak of him.  Yet, though he
+refused the government, he was not too mild in the affair; he did not
+show himself mean and submissive to the powerful, nor make his laws to
+pleasure those that chose him.  For where it was well before, he applied
+no remedy, nor altered anything, for fear lest,
+
+Overthrowing altogether and disordering the state,
+
+he should be too weak to new-model and recompose it to a tolerable
+condition; but what he thought he could effect by persuasion upon the
+pliable, and by force upon the stubborn, this he did,
+as he himself says,
+
+With force and justice working both one.
+
+And, therefore, when he was afterwards asked if he had left the
+Athenians the best laws that could be given, he replied, "The best they
+could receive."  The way which, the moderns say, the Athenians have of
+softening the badness of a thing, by ingeniously giving it some pretty
+and innocent appellation, calling harlots, for example, mistresses,
+tributes customs, a garrison a guard, and the jail the chamber, seems
+originally to have been Solon's contrivance, who called canceling debts
+Seisacthea, a relief, or disencumbrance.  For the first thing which he
+settled was, that what debts remained should be forgiven, and no man,
+for the future, should engage the body of his debtor for security.
+Though some, as Androtion, affirm that the debts were not canceled, but
+the interest only lessened, which sufficiently pleased the people; so
+that they named this benefit the Seisacthea, together with the enlarging
+their measures, and raising the value of their money; for he made a
+pound, which before passed for seventy-three drachmas, go for a
+hundred; so that, though the number of pieces in the payment was equal,
+the value was less; which proved a considerable benefit to those that
+were to discharge great debts, and no loss to the creditors.  But most
+agree that it was the taking off the debts that was called Seisacthea,
+which is confirmed by some places in his poem, where he takes honor to
+himself, that
+
+The mortgage-stones that covered her, by me
+Removed, --the land that was a slave is free;
+
+that some who had been seized for their debts he had brought back from
+other countries, where
+
+--so far their lot to roam,
+They had forgot the language of their home;
+
+and some he had set at liberty,--
+
+Who here in shameful servitude were held.
+
+While he was designing this, a most vexatious thing happened; for when
+he had resolved to take off the debts, and was considering the proper
+form and fit beginning for it, he told some of his friends, Conon,
+Clinias, and Hipponicus, in whom he had a great deal of confidence, that
+he would not meddle with the lands, but only free the people from their
+debts; upon which, they, using their advantage, made haste and borrowed
+some considerable sums of money, and purchased some large farms; and
+when the law was enacted, they kept the possessions, and would not
+return the money; which brought Solon into great suspicion and dislike,
+as if he himself had not been abused, but was concerned in the
+contrivance.  But he presently stopped this suspicion, by releasing his
+debtors of five talents (for he had lent so much), according to the law;
+others, as Polyzelus the Rhodian, say fifteen; his friends, however,
+were ever afterward called Chreocopidae, repudiators.
+
+In this he pleased neither party, for the rich were angry for their
+money, and the poor that the land was not divided, and, as Lycurgus
+ordered in his commonwealth, all men reduced to equality.  He, it is
+true, being the eleventh from Hercules, and having reigned many years in
+Lacedaemon, had got a great reputation and friends and power, which he
+could use in modeling his state; and, applying force more than
+persuasion, insomuch that he lost his eye in the scuffle, was able to
+employ the most effectual means for the safety and harmony of a state,
+by not permitting any to be poor or rich in his commonwealth.  Solon
+could not rise to that in his polity, being but a citizen of the middle
+classes; yet he acted fully up to the height of his power, having
+nothing but the good-will and good opinion of his citizens to rely on;
+and that he offended the most part, who looked for another result, he
+declares in the words,
+
+Formerly they boasted of me vainly; with averted eyes
+Now they look askance upon me; friends no more, but enemies.
+
+And yet had any other man, he says, received the same power,
+
+He would not have forborne, nor let alone,
+But made the fattest of the milk his own.
+
+Soon, however, becoming sensible of the good that was done, they laid by
+their grudges, made a public sacrifice, calling it Seisacthea, and chose
+Solon to new-model and make laws for the commonwealth, giving him the
+entire power over everything, their magistracies, their assemblies,
+courts, and councils; that he should appoint the number, times of
+meeting, and what estate they must have that could be capable of these,
+and dissolve or continue any of the present constitutions,
+according to his pleasure.
+
+First, then, he repealed all Draco's laws, except those concerning
+homicide, because they were too severe, and the punishments too great;
+for death was appointed for almost all offenses, insomuch that those
+that were convicted of idleness were to die, and those that stole a
+cabbage or an apple to suffer even as villains that committed sacrilege
+or murder.  So that Demades, in after time, was thought to have said
+very happily, that Draco's laws were written not with ink, but blood;
+and he himself, being once asked why he made death the punishment of
+most offenses, replied, "Small ones deserve that, and I have no higher
+for the greater crimes."
+
+Next, Solon, being willing to continue the magistracies in the hands of
+the rich men, and yet receive the people into the other part of the
+government, took an account of the citizens' estates, and those that
+were worth five hundred measures of fruits, dry and liquid, he placed in
+the first rank, calling them Pentacosiomedimni; those that could keep an
+horse, or were worth three hundred measures, were named Hippada
+Teluntes, and made the second class; the Zeugitae, that had two hundred
+measures, were in the third; and all the others were called Thetes, who
+were not admitted to any office, but could come to the assembly, and act
+as jurors; which at first seemed nothing, but afterwards was found an
+enormous privilege, as almost every matter of dispute came before them
+in this latter capacity.  Even in the cases which he assigned to the
+archons' cognizance, he allowed an appeal to the courts.  Besides, it is
+said that he was obscure and ambiguous in the wording of his laws, on
+purpose to increase the honor of his courts; for since their differences
+could not be adjusted by the letter, they would have to bring all their
+causes to the judges, who thus were in a manner masters of the laws.  Of
+this equalization he himself makes mention in this manner:
+
+Such power I gave the people as might do,
+Abridged not what they had, now lavished new.
+Those that were great in wealth and high in place,
+My counsel likewise kept from all disgrace.
+Before them both I held my shield of might,
+And let not either touch the other's right.
+
+And for the greater security of the weak commons, he gave general
+liberty of indicting for an act of injury; if any one was beaten,
+maimed, or suffered any violence, any man that would and was able, might
+prosecute the wrongdoer; intending by this to accustom the citizens,
+like members of the same body, to resent and be sensible of one
+another's injuries.  And there is a saying of his agreeable to this law,
+for, being asked what city was best modeled, "That," said he, "where
+those that are not injured try and punish the unjust as much as those
+that are."
+
+When he had constituted the Areopagus of those who had been yearly
+archons, of which he himself was a member therefore, observing that the
+people, now free from their debts, were unsettled and imperious, he
+formed another council of four hundred, a hundred out of each of the
+four tribes, which was to inspect all matters before they were
+propounded to the people, and to take care that nothing but what had
+been first examined should be brought before the general assembly.  The
+upper council, or Areopagus, he made inspectors and keepers of the laws,
+conceiving that the commonwealth, held by these two councils, like
+anchors, would be less liable to be tossed by tumults, and the people be
+more at quiet.  Such is the general statement, that Solon instituted the
+Areopagus; which seems to be confirmed, because Draco makes no mention
+of the Areopagites, but in all causes of blood refers to the Ephetae;
+yet Solon's thirteenth table contains the eighth law set down in these
+very words:  "Whoever before Solon's archonship were disfranchised, let
+them be restored, except those that, being condemned by the Areopagus,
+Ephetae, or in the Prytaneum by the kings, for homicide, murder, or
+designs against the government, were in banishment when this law was
+made;" and these words seem to show that the Areopagus existed before
+Solon's laws, for who could be condemned by that council before his
+time, if he was the first that instituted the court?  unless, which is
+probable, there is some ellipsis, or want of precision, in the language,
+and it should run thus, -- "Those that are convicted of such offenses as
+belong to the cognizance of the Areopagites, Ephetae, or the Prytanes,
+when this law was made," shall remain still in disgrace, whilst others
+are restored; of this the reader must judge.
+
+Amongst his other laws, one is very peculiar and surprising, which
+disfranchises all who stand neuter in a sedition; for it seems he would
+not have any one remain insensible and regardless of the public good,
+and, securing his private affairs, glory that he has no feeling of the
+distempers of his country; but at once join with the good party and
+those that have the right upon their side, assist and venture with them,
+rather than keep out of harm's way and watch who would get the better.
+It seems an absurd and foolish law which permits an heiress, if her
+lawful husband fail her, to take his nearest kinsman; yet some say this
+law was well contrived against those, who, conscious of their own
+unfitness, yet, for the sake of the portion, would match with heiresses,
+and make use of law to put a violence upon nature; for now, since she
+can quit him for whom she pleases, they would either abstain from such
+marriages, or continue them with disgrace, and suffer for their
+covetousness and designed affront; it is well done, moreover, to confine
+her to her husband's nearest kinsman, that the children may be of the
+same family.  Agreeable to this is the law that the bride and bridegroom
+shall be shut into a chamber, and eat a quince together; and that the
+husband of an heiress shall consort with her thrice a month; for though
+there be no children, yet it is an honor and due affection which an
+husband ought to pay to a virtuous, chaste wife; it takes off all petty
+differences, and will not permit their little quarrels
+to proceed to a rupture.
+
+In all other marriages he forbade dowries to be given; the wife was to
+have three suits of clothes, a little inconsiderable household stuff,
+and that was all; for he would not have marriages contracted for gain or
+an estate, but for pure love, kind affection, and birth of children.
+When the mother of Dionysius desired him to marry her to one of his
+citizens, "Indeed," said he, "by my tyranny I have broken my country's
+laws, but cannot put a violence upon those of nature by an unseasonable
+marriage."  Such disorder is never to be suffered in a commonwealth, nor
+such unseasonable and unloving and unperforming marriages, which attain
+no due end or fruit; any provident governor or lawgiver might say to an
+old man that takes a young wife what is said to Philoctetes
+in the tragedy,--
+
+Truly, in a fit state thou to marry!
+
+and if he finds a young man, with a rich and elderly wife, growing fat
+in his place, like the partridges, remove him to a young woman of proper
+age.  And of this enough.
+
+Another commendable law of Solon's is that which forbids men to speak
+evil of the dead; for it is pious to think the deceased sacred, and
+just, not to meddle with those that are gone, and politic, to prevent
+the perpetuity of discord.  He likewise forbade them to speak evil of
+the living in the temples, the courts of justice, the public offices, or
+at the games, or else to pay three drachmas to the person, and two to
+the public.  For never to be able to control passion shows a weak nature
+and ill-breeding; and always to moderate it is very hard, and to some
+impossible.  And laws must look to possibilities, if the maker designs
+to punish few in order to their amendment, and not many to no purpose.
+
+He is likewise much commended for his law concerning wills; for before
+him none could be made, but all the wealth and estate of the deceased
+belonged to his family; but he, by permitting them, if they had no
+children, to bestow it on whom they pleased, showed that he esteemed
+friendship a stronger tie than kindred, and affection than necessity;
+and made every man's estate truly his own.  Yet he allowed not all sorts
+of legacies, but those only which were not extorted by the frenzy of a
+disease, charms, imprisonment, force, or the persuasions of a wife; with
+good reason thinking that being seduced into wrong was as bad as being
+forced, and that between deceit and necessity, flattery and compulsion,
+there was little difference, since both may equally suspend
+the exercise of reason.
+
+He regulated the walks, feasts, and mourning of the women, and took away
+everything that was either unbecoming or immodest; when they walked
+abroad, no more than three articles of dress were allowed them; an
+obol's worth of meat and drink; and no basket above a cubit high; and at
+night they were not to go about unless in a chariot with a torch before
+them.  Mourners tearing themselves to raise pity, and set wailings, and
+at one man's funeral to lament for another, he forbade.  To offer an ox
+at the grave was not permitted, nor to bury above three pieces of dress
+with the body, or visit the tombs of any besides their own family,
+unless at the very funeral; most of which are likewise forbidden by our
+laws,@ but this is further added in ours, that those that are convicted
+of extravagance in their mournings, are to be punished as soft and
+effeminate by the censors of women.
+
+Observing the city to be filled with persons that flocked from all parts
+into Attica for security of living, and that most of the country was
+barren and unfruitful, and that traders at sea import nothing to those
+that could give them nothing in exchange, he turned his citizens to
+trade, and made a law that no son should be obliged to relieve a father
+who had not bred him up to any calling.  It is true, Lycurgus, having a
+city free from all strangers, and land, according to Euripides,
+
+Large for large hosts, for twice their number much,
+
+and, above all, an abundance of laborers about Sparta, who should not be
+left idle, but be kept down with continual toil and work, did well to
+take off his citizens from laborious and mechanical occupations, and
+keep them to their arms, and teach them only the art of war.  But Solon,
+fitting his laws to the state of things, and not making things to suit
+his laws, and finding the ground scarce rich enough to maintain the
+husbandmen, and altogether incapable of feeding an unoccupied and
+leisurely multitude, brought trades into credit, and ordered the
+Areopagites to examine how every man got his living, and chastise the
+idle.  But that law was yet more rigid which, as Heraclides Ponticus
+delivers, declared the sons of unmarried mothers not obliged to relieve
+their fathers; for he that avoids the honorable form of union shows that
+he does not take a woman for children, but for pleasure, and thus gets
+his just reward, and has taken away from himself every title to upbraid
+his children, to whom he has made their very birth
+a scandal and reproach.
+
+Solon's laws in general about women are his strangest; for he permitted
+any one to kill an adulterer that found him in the act; but if any one
+forced a free woman, a hundred drachmas was the fine; if he enticed her,
+twenty; except those that sell themselves openly, that is, harlots, who
+go openly to those that hire them.  He made it unlawful to sell a
+daughter or a sister, unless, being yet unmarried, she was found wanton.
+Now it is irrational to punish the same crime sometimes very severely
+and without remorse, and sometimes very lightly, and, as it were, in
+sport, with a trivial fine; unless, there being little money then in
+Athens, scarcity made those mulcts the more grievous punishment.  In the
+valuation for sacrifices, a sheep and a bushel were both estimated at a
+drachma; the victor in the Isthmian games was to have for reward a
+hundred drachmas; the conqueror in the Olympian, five hundred; he that
+brought a wolf, five drachmas; for a whelp, one; the former sum, as
+Demetrius the Phalerian asserts, was the value of an ox, the latter, of
+a sheep.  The prices which Solon, in his sixteenth table, sets on choice
+victims, were naturally far greater; yet they, too, are very low in
+comparison of the present.  The Athenians were, from the beginning, great
+enemies to wolves, their fields being better for pasture than corn.
+Some affirm their tribes did not take their names from the sons of Ion,
+but from the different sorts of occupation that they followed; the
+soldiers were called Hoplitae, the craftsmen Ergades, and, of the
+remaining two, the farmers Gedeontes,
+and the shepherds and graziers Aegicores.
+
+Since the country has but few rivers, lakes, or large springs, and many
+used wells which they had dug, there was a law made, that, where there
+was a public well within a hippicon, that is, four furlongs, all should
+draw at that; but, when it was farther off, they should try and procure
+a well of their own; and, if they had dug ten fathom deep and could find
+no water, they had liberty to fetch a pitcherful of four gallons and a
+half in a day from their neighbors'; for he thought it prudent to make
+provision against want, but not to supply laziness.  He showed skill in
+his orders about planting, for any one that would plant another tree was
+not to set it within five feet of his neighbor's field; but if a fig or
+an olive, not within nine; for their roots spread farther, nor can they
+be planted near all sorts of trees without damage, for they draw away
+the nourishment, and in some cases are noxious by their effluvia.  He
+that would dig a pit or a ditch was to dig it at the distance of its own
+depth from his neighbor's ground; and he that would raise stocks of bees
+was not to place them within three hundred feet of those which another
+had already raised.
+
+He permitted only oil to be exported, and those that exported any other
+fruit, the archon was solemnly to curse, or else pay an hundred drachmas
+himself; and this law was written in his first table, and, therefore,
+let none think it incredible, as some affirm, that the exportation of
+figs was once unlawful, and the informer against the delinquents called
+a sycophant.  He made a law, also, concerning hurts and injuries from
+beasts, in which he commands the master of any dog that bit a man to
+deliver him up with a log about his neck, four and a half feet long; a
+happy device for men's security.  The law concerning naturalizing
+strangers is of doubtful character; he permitted only those to be made
+free of Athens who were in perpetual exile from their own country, or
+came with their whole family to trade there; this he did, not to
+discourage strangers, but rather to invite them to a permanent
+participation in the privileges of the government; and, besides, he
+thought those would prove the more faithful citizens who had been forced
+from their own country, or voluntarily forsook it.  The law of public
+entertainment (parasitein is his name for it) is, also, peculiarly
+Solon's, for if any man came often, or if he that was invited refused,
+they were punished, for he concluded that one was greedy, the other a
+contemner of the state.
+
+All his laws he established for an hundred years, and wrote them on
+wooden tables or rollers, named axones, which might be turned round in
+oblong cases; some of their relics were in my time still to be seen in
+the Prytaneum, or common hall, at Athens.  These, as Aristotle states,
+were called cyrbes, and there is a passage of Cratinus the comedian,
+
+By Solon, and by Draco, if you please,
+Whose Cyrbes make the fires that parch our peas.
+
+But some say those are properly cyrbes, which contain laws concerning
+sacrifices and the rites of religion, and all the others axones.  The
+council all jointly swore to confirm the laws, and every one of the
+Thesmothetae vowed for himself at the stone in the marketplace, that, if
+he broke any of the statutes, he would dedicate a golden statue, as big
+as himself, at Delphi.
+
+Observing the irregularity of the months, and that the moon does not
+always rise and set with the sun, but often in the same day overtakes
+and gets before him, he ordered the day should be named the Old and
+New, attributing that part of it which was before the conjunction to
+the old moon, and the rest to the new, he being the first, it seems,
+that understood that verse of Homer,
+
+The end and the beginning of the month,
+
+and the following day he called the new moon.  After the twentieth he
+did not count by addition, but, like the moon itself in its wane, by
+subtraction; thus up to the thirtieth.
+
+Now when these laws were enacted, and some came to Solon every day, to
+commend or dispraise them, and to advise, if possible, to leave out, or
+put in something, and many criticized, and desired him to explain, and
+tell the meaning of such and such a passage, he, knowing that to do it
+was useless, and not to do it would get him ill-will, and desirous to
+bring himself out of all straits, and to escape all displeasure and
+exceptions, it being a hard thing, as he himself says,
+
+In great affairs to satisfy all sides,
+
+as an excuse for traveling, bought a trading vessel, and, having
+obtained leave for ten years' absence, departed, hoping that by that
+time his laws would have become familiar.
+
+His first voyage was for Egypt, and he lived, as he himself says,
+
+Near Nilus' mouth, by fair Canopus' shore,
+
+and spent some time in study with Psenophis of Heliopolis, and Sonchis
+the Saite, the most learned of all the priests; from whom, as Plato
+says, getting knowledge of the Atlantic story, he put it into a poem,
+and proposed to bring it to the knowledge of the Greeks.  From thence he
+sailed to Cyprus, where he was made much of by Philocyprus, one of the
+kings there, who had a small city built by Demophon, Theseus's son, near
+the river Clarius, in a strong situation, but incommodious and uneasy of
+access.  Solon persuaded him, since there lay a fair plain below, to
+remove, and build there a pleasanter and more spacious city.  And he
+stayed himself, and assisted in gathering inhabitants, and in fitting it
+both for defense and convenience of living; insomuch that many flocked
+to Philocyprus, and the other kings imitated the design; and, therefore,
+to honor Solon, he called the city Soli, which was formerly named Aepea.
+And Solon himself, in his Elegies, addressing Philocyprus, mentions this
+foundation in these words--
+
+Long may you live, and fill the Solian throne,
+Succeeded still by children of your own;
+And from your happy island while I sail,
+Let Cyprus send for me a favoring gale;
+May she advance, and bless your new command,
+Prosper your town, and send me safe to land.
+
+That Solon should discourse with Croesus, some think not agreeable with
+chronology; but I cannot reject so famous and well-attested a narrative,
+and, what is more, so agreeable to Solon's temper, and so worthy his
+wisdom and greatness of mind, because, forsooth, it does not agree with
+some chronological canons, which thousands have endeavored to regulate,
+and yet, to this day, could never bring their differing opinions to any
+agreement.  They say, therefore, that Solon, coming to Croesus at his
+request, was in the same condition as an inland man when first he goes
+to see the sea; for as he fancies every river he meets with to be the
+ocean, so Solon, as he passed through the court, and saw a great many
+nobles richly dressed, and proudly attended with a multitude of guards
+and footboys, thought every one had been the king, till he was brought
+to Croesus, who was decked with every possible rarity and curiosity, in
+ornaments of jewels, purple, and gold, that could make a grand and
+gorgeous spectacle of him.  Now when Solon came before him, and seemed
+not at all surprised, nor gave Croesus those compliments he expected,
+but showed himself to all discerning eyes to be a man that despised the
+gaudiness and petty ostentation of it, he commanded them to open all his
+treasure houses, and carry him to see his sumptuous furniture and
+luxuries though he did not wish it; Solon could judge of him well enough
+by the first sight of him; and, when he returned from viewing all,
+Croesus asked him if ever he had known a happier man than he.  And when
+Solon answered that he had known one Tellus, a fellow-citizen of his
+own, and told him that this Tellus had been an honest man, had had good
+children, a competent estate, and died bravely in battle for his
+country, Croesus took him for an ill-bred fellow and a fool, for not
+measuring happiness by the abundance of gold and silver, and preferring
+the life and death of a private and mean man before so much power and
+empire.  He asked him, however, again, if, besides Tellus, he knew any
+other man more happy.  And Solon replying, Yes, Cleobis and Biton, who
+were loving brothers, and extremely dutiful sons to their mother, and,
+when the oxen delayed her, harnessed themselves to the wagon, and drew
+her to Juno's temple, her neighbors all calling her happy, and she
+herself rejoicing; then, after sacrificing and feasting, they went to
+rest, and never rose again, but died in the midst of their honor a
+painless and tranquil death, "What," said Croesus, angrily, "and dost
+not thou reckon us amongst the happy men at all?"  Solon, unwilling
+either to flatter or exasperate him more, replied, "The gods, O king,
+have given the Greeks all other gifts in moderate degree; and so our
+wisdom, too, is a cheerful and a homely, not a noble and kingly wisdom;
+and this, observing the numerous misfortunes that attend all conditions,
+forbids us to grow insolent upon our present enjoyments, or to admire
+any man's happiness that may yet, in course of time, suffer change.  For
+the uncertain future has yet to come, with every possible variety of
+fortune; and him only to whom the divinity has continued happiness unto
+the end, we call happy; to salute as happy one that is still in the
+midst of life and hazard, we think as little safe and conclusive as to
+crown and proclaim as victorious the wrestler that is yet in the ring."
+After this, he was dismissed, having given Croesus some pain,
+but no instruction.
+
+Aesop, who wrote the fables, being then at Sardis upon Croesus's
+invitation, and very much esteemed, was concerned that Solon was so ill-
+received, and gave him this advice: "Solon, let your converse with kings
+be either short or seasonable."  "Nay, rather," replied Solon, "either
+short or reasonable."  So at this time Croesus despised Solon; but when
+he was overcome by Cyrus, had lost his city, was taken alive, condemned
+to be burnt, and laid bound upon the pile before all the Persians and
+Cyrus himself, he cried out as loud as possibly he could three times, "O
+Solon!" and Cyrus being surprised, and sending some to inquire what man
+or god this Solon was, whom alone he invoked in this extremity, Croesus
+told him the whole story, saying, "He was one of the wise men of Greece,
+whom I sent for, not to be instructed, or to learn any thing that I
+wanted, but that he should see and be a witness of my happiness; the
+loss of which was, it seems, to be a greater evil than the enjoyment was
+a good; for when I had them they were goods only in opinion, but now the
+loss of them has brought upon me intolerable and real evils.  And he,
+conjecturing from what then was, this that now is, bade me look to the
+end of my life, and not rely and grow proud upon uncertainties."  When
+this was told Cyrus, who was a wiser man than Croesus, and saw in the
+present example Solon's maxim confirmed, he not only freed Croesus from
+punishment, but honored him as long as he lived; and Solon had the
+glory, by the same saying, to save one king and instruct another.
+
+When Solon was gone, the citizens began to quarrel; Lycurgus headed the
+Plain; Megacles, the son of Alcmaeon, those to the Sea-side; and
+Pisistratus the Hill-party, in which were the poorest people, the
+Thetes, and greatest enemies to the rich; insomuch that, though the city
+still used the new laws, yet all looked for and desired a change of
+government, hoping severally that the change would be better for them,
+and put them above the contrary faction.  Affairs standing thus, Solon
+returned, and was reverenced by all, and honored; but his old age would
+not permit him to be as active, and to speak in public, as formerly;
+yet, by privately conferring with the heads of the factions, he
+endeavored to compose the differences, Pisistratus appearing the most
+tractable; for he was extremely smooth and engaging in his language, a
+great friend to the poor, and moderate in his resentments; and what
+nature had not given him, he had the skill to imitate; so that he was
+trusted more than the others, being accounted a prudent and orderly man,
+one that loved equality, and would be an enemy to any that moved against
+the present settlement.  Thus he deceived the majority of people; but
+Solon quickly discovered his character, and found out his design before
+any one else; yet did not hate him upon this, but endeavored to humble
+him, and bring him off from his ambition, and often told him and others,
+that if any one could banish the passion for preeminence from his mind,
+and cure him of his desire of absolute power, none would make a more
+virtuous man or a more excellent citizen.  Thespis, at this time,
+beginning to act tragedies, and the thing, because it was new, taking
+very much with the multitude, though it was not yet made a matter of
+competition, Solon, being by nature fond of hearing and learning
+something new, and now, in his old age, living idly, and enjoying
+himself, indeed, with music and with wine, went to see Thespis himself,
+as the ancient custom was, act; and after the play was done, he
+addressed him, and asked him if he was not ashamed to tell so many lies
+before such a number of people; and Thespis replying that it was no harm
+to say or do so in play, Solon vehemently struck his staff against the
+ground: "Ay," said he, "if we honor and commend such play as this, we
+shall find it some day in our business."
+
+Now when Pisistratus, having wounded himself, was brought into the
+marketplace in a chariot, and stirred up the people, as if he had been
+thus treated by his opponents because of his political conduct, and a
+great many were enraged and cried out, Solon, coming close to him, said,
+"This, O son of Hippocrates, is a bad copy of Homer's Ulysses; you do,
+to trick your countrymen, what he did to deceive his enemies."  After
+this, the people were eager to protect Pisistratus, and met in an
+assembly, where one Ariston making a motion that they should allow
+Pisistratus fifty clubmen for a guard to his person, Solon opposed it,
+and said, much to the same purport as what he has left us in his poems,
+
+You dote upon his words and taking phrase;
+
+and again,--
+
+True, you are singly each a crafty soul,
+But all together make one empty fool.
+
+But observing the poor men bent to gratify Pisistratus, and tumultuous,
+and the rich fearful and getting out of harm's way, he departed, saying
+he was wiser than some and stouter than others; wiser than those that
+did not understand the design, stouter than those that, though they
+understood it, were afraid to oppose the tyranny.  Now, the people,
+having passed the law, were not nice with Pisistratus about the number
+of his clubmen, but took no notice of it, though he enlisted and kept as
+many as he would, until he seized the Acropolis.  When that was done,
+and the city in an uproar, Megacles, with all his family, at once fled;
+but Solon, though he was now very old, and had none to back him, yet
+came into the marketplace and made a speech to the citizens, partly
+blaming their inadvertency and meanness of spirit, and in part urging
+and exhorting them not thus tamely to lose their liberty; and likewise
+then spoke that memorable saying, that, before, it was an easier task to
+stop the rising tyranny, but now the greater and more glorious action to
+destroy it, when it was begun already, and had gathered strength.  But
+all being afraid to side with him, he returned home, and, taking his
+arms, he brought them out and laid them in the porch before his door,
+with these words: "I have done my part to maintain my country and my
+laws," and then he busied himself no more.  His friends advising him to
+fly, he refused; but wrote poems,
+and thus reproached the Athenians in them,--
+
+If now you suffer, do not blame the Powers,
+For they are good, and all the fault was ours.
+All the strongholds you put into his hands,
+And now his slaves must do what he commands.
+
+And many telling him that the tyrant would take his life for this, and
+asking what he trusted to, that he ventured to speak so boldly, he
+replied, "To my old age."  But Pisistratus, having got the command, so
+extremely courted Solon, so honored him, obliged him, and sent to see
+him, that Solon gave him his advice, and approved many of his actions;
+for he retained most of Solon's laws, observed them himself, and
+compelled his friends to obey.  And he himself, though already absolute
+ruler, being accused of murder before the Areopagus, came quietly to
+clear himself; but his accuser did not appear.  And he added other laws,
+one of which is that the maimed in the wars should be maintained at the
+public charge; this Heraclides Ponticus records, and that Pisistratus
+followed Solon's example in this, who had decreed it in the case of one
+Thersippus, that was maimed; and Theophrastus asserts that it was
+Pisistratus, not Solon, that made that law against laziness, which was
+the reason that the country was more productive,
+and the city tranquiller.
+
+Now Solon, having begun the great work in verse, the history or fable of
+the Atlantic Island, which he had learned from the wise men in Sais, and
+thought convenient for the Athenians to know, abandoned it; not, as
+Plato says, by reason of want of time, but because of his age, and being
+discouraged at the greatness of the task; for that he had leisure
+enough, such verses testify, as
+
+Each day grow older, and learn something new
+
+and again,--
+
+But now the Powers of Beauty, Song, and Wine,
+Which are most men's delights, are also mine.
+
+Plato, willing to improve the story of the Atlantic Island, as if it
+were a fair estate that wanted an heir and came with some title to him,
+formed, indeed, stately entrances, noble enclosures, large courts, such
+as never yet introduced any story, fable, or poetic fiction; but,
+beginning it late, ended his life before his work; and the reader's
+regret for the unfinished part is the greater, as the satisfaction he
+takes in that which is complete is extraordinary.  For as the city of
+Athens left only the temple of Jupiter Olympius unfinished, so Plato,
+amongst all his excellent works, left this only piece about the Atlantic
+Island imperfect.  Solon lived after Pisistratus seized the government,
+as Heraclides Ponticus asserts, a long time; but Phanias the Eresian
+says not two full years; for Pisistratus began his tyranny when Comias
+was archon, and Phanias says Solon died under Hegestratus, who succeeded
+Comias.  The story that his ashes were scattered about the island
+Salamis is too strange to be easily believed, or be thought anything
+but a mere fable; and yet it is given, amongst other good authors, by
+Aristotle, the philosopher.
+
+
+
+POPLICOLA
+
+Such was Solon.  To him we compare Poplicola, who received this later
+title from the Roman people for his merit, as a noble accession to his
+former name, Publius Valerius.  He descended from Valerius, a man
+amongst the early citizens, reputed the principal reconciler of the
+differences betwixt the Romans and Sabines, and one that was most
+instrumental in persuading their kings to assent to peace and union.
+Thus descended, Publius Valerius, as it is said, whilst Rome remained
+under its kingly government, obtained as great a name from his eloquence
+as from his riches, charitably employing the one in liberal aid to the
+poor, the other with integrity and freedom in the service of justice;
+thereby giving assurance, that, should the government fall into a
+republic, he would become a chief man in the community.  The illegal and
+wicked accession of Tarquinius Superbus to the crown, with his making
+it, instead of kingly rule, the instrument of insolence and tyranny,
+having inspired the people with a hatred to his reign, upon the death of
+Lucretia (she killing herself after violence had been done to her), they
+took an occasion of revolt; and Lucius Brutus, engaging in the change,
+came to Valerius before all others, and, with his zealous assistance,
+deposed the kings.  And whilst the people inclined towards the electing
+one leader instead of their king, Valerius acquiesced, that to rule was
+rather Brutus's due, as the author of the democracy.  But when the name
+of monarchy was odious to the people, and a divided power appeared more
+grateful in the prospect, and two were chosen to hold it, Valerius,
+entertaining hopes that he might be elected consul with Brutus, was
+disappointed; for, instead of Valerius, notwithstanding the endeavors of
+Brutus, Tarquinius Collatinus was chosen, the husband of Lucretia, a man
+noways his superior in merit.  But the nobles, dreading the return of
+their kings, who still used all endeavors abroad and solicitations at
+home, were resolved upon a chieftain of an intense hatred to them, and
+noways likely to yield.
+
+Now Valerius was troubled, that his desire to serve his country should
+be doubted, because he had sustained no private injury from the
+insolence of the tyrants.  He withdrew from the senate and practice of
+the bar, quitting all public concerns; which gave an occasion of
+discourse, and fear, too, lest his anger should reconcile him to the
+king's side, and he should prove the ruin of the state, tottering as yet
+under the uncertainties of a change.  But Brutus being doubtful of some
+others, and determining to give the test to the senate upon the altars,
+upon the day appointed Valerius came with cheerfulness into the forum,
+and was the first man that took the oath, in no way to submit or yield
+to Tarquin's propositions, but rigorously to maintain liberty; which
+gave great satisfaction to the senate and assurance to the consuls, his
+actions soon after showing the sincerity of his oath.  For ambassadors
+came from Tarquin, with popular and specious proposals, whereby they
+thought to seduce the people, as though the king had cast off all
+insolence, and made moderation the only measure of his desires.  To this
+embassy the consuls thought fit to give public audience, but Valerius
+opposed it, and would not permit that the poorer people, who entertained
+more fear of war than of tyranny, should have any occasion offered them,
+or any temptations to new designs.  Afterwards other ambassadors
+arrived, who declared their king would recede from his crown, and lay
+down his arms, only capitulating for a restitution to himself, his
+friends, and allies, of their moneys and estates to support them in
+their banishment.  Now, several inclining to the request, and
+Collatinus in particular favoring it, Brutus, a man of vehement and
+unbending nature, rushed into the forum, there proclaiming his fellow-
+consul to be a traitor, in granting subsidies to tyranny, and supplies
+for a war to those to whom it was monstrous to allow so much as
+subsistence in exile.  This caused an assembly of the citizens, amongst
+whom the first that spake was Caius Minucius, a private man, who advised
+Brutus, and urged the Romans to keep the property, and employ it against
+the tyrants, rather than to remit it to the tyrants, to be used against
+themselves.  The Romans, however, decided that whilst they enjoyed the
+liberty they had fought for, they should not sacrifice peace for the
+sake of money, but send out the tyrants' property after them.  This
+question, however, of his property, was the least part of Tarquin's
+design; the demand sounded the feelings of the people, and was
+preparatory to a conspiracy which the ambassadors endeavored to excite,
+delaying their return, under pretense of selling some of the goods and
+reserving others to be sent away, till, in fine, they corrupted two of
+the most eminent families in Rome, the Aquillian, which had three, and
+the Vitellian, which had two senators.  These all were, by the mother's
+side, nephews to Collatinus; besides which Brutus had a special alliance
+to the Vitellii from his marriage with their sister, by whom he had
+several children; two of whom, of their own age, their near relations
+and daily companions, the Vitellii seduced to join in the plot, to ally
+themselves to the great house and royal hopes of the Tarquins, and gain
+emancipation from the violence and imbecility united of their father,
+whose austerity to offenders they termed violence, while the imbecility
+which he had long feigned, to protect himself from the tyrants, still,
+it appears, was, in name at least, ascribed to him.  When upon these
+inducements the youths came to confer with the Aquillii, all thought it
+convenient to bind themselves in a solemn and dreadful oath, by tasting
+the blood of a murdered man, and touching his entrails.  For which
+design they met at the house of the Aquillii.  The building chosen for
+the transaction was, as was natural, dark and unfrequented, and a slave
+named Vindicius had, as it chanced, concealed himself there, not out of
+design or any intelligence of the affair, but, accidentally being
+within, seeing with how much haste and concern they came in, he was
+afraid to be discovered, and placed himself behind a chest, where he was
+able to observe their actions and overhear their debates.  Their
+resolutions were to kill the consuls, and they wrote letters to Tarquin
+to this effect, and gave them to the ambassadors, who were lodging upon
+the spot with the Aquillii, and were present at the consultation.
+
+Upon their departure, Vindicius secretly quitted the house, but was at a
+loss what to do in the matter, for to arraign the sons before the father
+Brutus, or the nephews before the uncle Collatinus, seemed equally (as
+indeed it was) shocking; yet he knew no private Roman to whom he could
+entrust secrets of such importance.  Unable, however, to keep silence,
+and burdened with his knowledge, he went and addressed himself to
+Valerius, whose known freedom and kindness of temper were an inducement;
+as he was a person to whom the needy had easy access, and who never shut
+his gates against the petitions or indigences of humble people.  But
+when Vindicius came and made a complete discovery to him, his brother
+Marcus and his own wife being present, Valerius was struck with
+amazement, and by no means would dismiss the discoverer, but confined
+him to the room, and placed his wife as a guard to the door, sending his
+brother in the interim to beset the king's palace, and seize, if
+possible, the writings there, and secure the domestics, whilst he, with
+his constant attendance of clients and friends, and a great retinue of
+attendants, repaired to the house of the Aquillii, who were, as it
+chanced, absent from home; and so, forcing an entrance through the
+gates, they lit upon the letters then lying in the lodgings of the
+ambassadors.  Meantime the Aquillii returned in all haste, and, coming to
+blows about the gate, endeavored a recovery of the letters.  The other
+party made a resistance, and, throwing their gowns round their
+opponents' necks, at last, after much struggling on both sides, made
+their way with their prisoners through the streets into the forum.  The
+like engagement happened about the king's palace, where Marcus seized
+some other letters which it was designed should be conveyed away in the
+goods, and, laying hands on such of the king's people as he could find,
+dragged them also into the forum.  When the consuls had quieted the
+tumult, Vindicius was brought out by the orders of Valerius, and the
+accusation stated, and the letters were opened, to which the traitors
+could make no plea.  Most of the people standing mute and sorrowful,
+some only, out of kindness to Brutus, mentioning banishment, the tears
+of Collatinus, attended with Valerius's silence, gave some hopes of
+mercy.  But Brutus, calling his two sons by their names, "Canst not
+thou," said he, "O Titus, or thou, Tiberius, make any defense against
+the indictment?"  The question being thrice proposed, and no reply made,
+he turned himself to the lictors, and cried, "What remains is your
+duty."  They immediately seized the youths, and, stripping them of their
+clothes, bound their hands behind them, and scourged their bodies with
+their rods; too tragical a scene for others to look at; Brutus, however,
+is said not to have turned aside his face, nor allowed the least glance
+of pity to soften and smooth his aspect of rigor and austerity; but
+sternly watched his children suffer, even till the lictors, extending
+them on the ground, cut off their heads with an axe; then departed,
+committing the rest to the judgment of his colleague.  An action truly
+open alike to the highest commendation and the strongest censure; for
+either the greatness of his virtue raised him above the impressions of
+sorrow, or the extravagance of his misery took away all sense of it; but
+neither seemed common, or the result of humanity, but either divine or
+brutish.  Yet it is more reasonable that our judgment should yield to
+his reputation, than that his merit should suffer detraction by the
+weakness of our judgment; in the Romans' opinion, Brutus did a greater
+work in the establishment of the government than Romulus in the
+foundation of the city.
+
+Upon Brutus's departure out of the forum, consternation, horror, and
+silence for some time possessed all that reflected on what was done; the
+easiness and tardiness, however, of Collatinus, gave confidence to the
+Aquillii to request some time to answer their charge, and that
+Vindicius, their servant, should be remitted into their hands, and no
+longer harbored amongst their accusers.  The consul seemed inclined to
+their proposal, and was proceeding to dissolve the assembly; but
+Valerius would not suffer Vindicius, who was surrounded by his people,
+to be surrendered, nor the meeting to withdraw without punishing the
+traitors; and at length laid violent hands upon the Aquillii, and,
+calling Brutus to his assistance, exclaimed against the unreasonable
+course of Collatinus, to impose upon his colleague the necessity of
+taking away the lives of his own sons, and yet have thoughts of
+gratifying some women with the lives of traitors and public enemies.
+Collatinus, displeased at this, and commanding Vindicius to be taken
+away, the lictors made their way through the crowd and seized their man,
+and struck all who endeavored a rescue.  Valerius's friends headed the
+resistance, and the people cried out for Brutus, who, returning, on
+silence being made, told them he had been competent to pass sentence by
+himself upon his own sons, but left the rest to the suffrages of the
+free citizens:  "Let every man speak that wishes, and persuade whom he
+can."  But there was no need of oratory, for, it being referred to the
+vote, they were returned condemned by all the suffrages, and were
+accordingly beheaded.
+
+Collatinus's relationship to the kings had, indeed, already rendered him
+suspicious, and his second name, too, had made him obnoxious to the
+people, who were loath to hear the very sound of Tarquin; but after this
+had happened, perceiving himself an offense to every one, he
+relinquished his charge and departed from the city.  At the new
+elections in his room, Valerius obtained, with high honor, the
+consulship, as a just reward of his zeal; of which he thought Vindicius
+deserved a share, whom he made, first of all freedmen, a citizen of
+Rome, and gave him the privilege of voting in what tribe soever he was
+pleased to be enrolled; other freedmen received the right of suffrage a
+long time after from Appius, who thus courted popularity; and from this
+Vindicius, a perfect manumission is called to this day vindicta.  This
+done, the goods of the kings were exposed to plunder, and the palace to
+ruin.
+
+The pleasantest part of the field of Mars, which Tarquin had owned, was
+devoted to the service of that god; it happening to be harvest season,
+and the sheaves yet being on the ground, they thought it not proper to
+commit them to the flail, or unsanctify them with any use; and,
+therefore, carrying them to the river side, and trees withal that were
+cut down, they cast all into the water, dedicating the soil, free from
+all occupation, to the deity.  Now, these thrown in, one upon another,
+and closing together, the stream did not bear them far, but where the
+first were carried down and came to a bottom, the remainder, finding no
+farther conveyance, were stopped and interwoven one with another; the
+stream working the mass into a firmness, and washing down fresh mud.
+This, settling there, became an accession of matter, as well as cement,
+to the rubbish, insomuch that the violence of the waters could not
+remove it, but forced and compressed it all together.  Thus its bulk and
+solidity gained it new subsidies, which gave it extension enough to stop
+on its way most of what the stream brought down.  This is now a sacred
+island, lying by the city, adorned with temples of the gods, and walks,
+and is called in the Latin tongue inter duos pontes.  Though some say
+this did not happen at the dedication of Tarquin's field, but in after-
+times, when Tarquinia, a vestal priestess, gave an adjacent field to the
+public, and obtained great honors in consequence, as, amongst the rest,
+that of all women her testimony alone should be received; she had also
+the liberty to marry, but refused it; thus some tell the story.
+
+Tarquin, despairing of a return to his kingdom by the conspiracy, found
+a kind reception amongst the Tuscans, who, with a great army, proceeded
+to restore him.  The consuls headed the Romans against them, and made
+their rendezvous in certain holy places, the one called the Arsian
+grove, the other the Aesuvian meadow.  When they came into action,
+Aruns, the son of Tarquin, and Brutus, the Roman consul, not
+accidentally encountering each other, but out of hatred and rage, the
+one to avenge tyranny and enmity to his country, the other his
+banishment, set spurs to their horses, and, engaging with more fury than
+forethought, disregarding their own security, fell together in the
+combat.  This dreadful onset hardly was followed by a more favorable
+end; both armies, doing and receiving equal damage, were separated by a
+storm.  Valerius was much concerned, not knowing what the result of the
+day was, and seeing his men as well dismayed at the sight of their own
+dead, as rejoiced at the loss of the enemy; so apparently equal in the
+number was the slaughter on either side.  Each party, however, felt
+surer of defeat from the actual sight of their own dead, than they could
+feel of victory from conjecture about those of their adversaries.  The
+night being come (and such as one may presume must follow such a
+battle), and the armies laid to rest, they say that the grove shook, and
+uttered a voice, saying that the Tuscans had lost one man more than the
+Romans; clearly a divine announcement; and the Romans at once received
+it with shouts and expressions of joy; whilst the Tuscans, through fear
+and amazement, deserted their tents, and were for the most part
+dispersed.  The Romans, falling upon the remainder, amounting to nearly
+five thousand, took them prisoners, and plundered the camp; when they
+numbered the dead, they found on the Tuscans' side eleven thousand and
+three hundred, exceeding their own loss but by one man.  This fight
+happened upon the last day of February, and Valerius triumphed in honor
+of it, being the first consul that drove in with a four-horse chariot;
+which sight both appeared magnificent, and was received with an
+admiration free from envy or offense (as some suggest) on the part of
+the spectators; it would not otherwise have been continued with so much
+eagerness and emulation through all the after ages.  The people
+applauded likewise the honors he did to his colleague, in adding to his
+obsequies a funeral oration; which was so much liked by the Romans, and
+found so good a reception, that it became customary for the best men to
+celebrate the funerals of great citizens with speeches in their
+commendation; and their antiquity in Rome is affirmed to be greater than
+in Greece, unless, with the orator Anaximenes, we make Solon the first
+author.
+
+Yet some part of Valerius's behavior did give offense and disgust to the
+people, because Brutus, whom they esteemed the father of their liberty,
+had not presumed to rule without a colleague, but united one and then
+another to him in his commission; while Valerius, they said, centering
+all authority in himself, seemed not in any sense a successor to Brutus
+in the consulship, but to Tarquin in the tyranny; he might make verbal
+harangues to Brutus's memory, yet, when he was attended with all the
+rods and axes, proceeding down from a house than which the king's house
+that he had demolished had not been statelier, those actions showed him
+an imitator of Tarquin.  For, indeed, his dwelling house on the Velia
+was somewhat imposing in appearance, hanging over the forum, and
+overlooking all transactions there; the access to it was hard, and to
+see him far of coming down, a stately and royal spectacle.  But Valerius
+showed how well it were for men in power and great offices to have ears
+that give admittance to truth before flattery; for upon his friends
+telling him that he displeased the people, he contended not, neither
+resented it, but while it was still night, sending for a number of
+workpeople, pulled down his house and leveled it with the ground; so
+that in the morning the people, seeing and flocking together, expressed
+their wonder and their respect for his magnanimity, and their sorrow, as
+though it had been a human being, for the large and beautiful house
+which was thus lost to them by an unfounded jealousy, while its owner,
+their consul, without a roof of his own, had to beg a lodging with his
+friends.  For his friends received him, till a place the people gave him
+was furnished with a house, though less stately than his own, where now
+stands the temple, as it is called, of Vica Pota.
+
+He resolved to render the government, as well as himself, instead of
+terrible, familiar and pleasant to the people, and parted the axes from
+the rods, and always, upon his entrance into the assembly, lowered these
+also to the people, to show, in the strongest way, the republican
+foundation of the government; and this the consuls observe to this day.
+But the humility of the man was but a means, not, as they thought, of
+lessening himself, but merely to abate their envy by this moderation;
+for whatever he detracted from his authority he added to his real
+power, the people still submitting with satisfaction, which they
+expressed by calling him Poplicola, or people-lover, which name had the
+preeminence of the rest, and, therefore, in the sequel of this narrative
+we shall use no other.
+
+He gave free leave to any to sue for the consulship; but before the
+admittance of a colleague, mistrusting the chances, lest emulation or
+ignorance should cross his designs, by his sole authority enacted his
+best and most important measures.  First, he supplied the vacancies of
+the senators, whom either Tarquin long before had put to death, or the
+war lately cut off; those that he enrolled, they write, amounted to a
+hundred and sixty-four; afterwards he made several laws which added much
+to the people's liberty, in particular one granting offenders the
+liberty of appealing to the people from the judgment of the consuls; a
+second, that made it death to usurp any magistracy without the people's
+consent; a third, for the relief of poor citizens, which, taking off
+their taxes, encouraged their labors; another, against disobedience to
+the consuls, which was no less popular than the rest, and rather to the
+benefit of the commonalty than to the advantage of the nobles, for it
+imposed upon disobedience the penalty of ten oxen and two sheep; the
+price of a sheep being ten obols, of an ox, a hundred.  For the use of
+money was then infrequent amongst the Romans, but their wealth in cattle
+great; even now pieces of property are called peculia, from pecus,
+cattle; and they had stamped upon their most ancient money an ox, a
+sheep, or a hog; and surnamed their sons Suillii, Bubulci, Caprarii,
+and Porcii, from caprae, goats, and porci, hogs.
+
+Amidst this mildness and moderation, for one excessive fault he
+instituted one excessive punishment; for he made it lawful without trial
+to take away any man's life that aspired to a tyranny, and acquitted the
+slayer, if he produced evidence of the crime; for though it was not
+probable for a man, whose designs were so great, to escape all notice;
+yet because it was possible he might, although observed, by force
+anticipate judgment, which the usurpation itself would then preclude, he
+gave a license to any to anticipate the usurper.  He was honored
+likewise for the law touching the treasury; for because it was necessary
+for the citizens to contribute out of their estates to the maintenance
+of wars, and he was unwilling himself to be concerned in the care of it,
+or to permit his friends, or indeed to let the public money pass into
+any private house, he allotted the temple of Saturn for the treasury, in
+which to this day they deposit the tribute-money, and granted the people
+the liberty of choosing two young men as quaestors, or treasurers.  The
+first were Publius Veturius and Marcus Minucius; and a large sum was
+collected, for they assessed one hundred and thirty thousand, excusing
+orphans and widows from the payment.  After these dispositions, he
+admitted Lucretius, the father of Lucretia, as his colleague, and gave
+him the precedence in the government, by resigning the fasces to him,
+as due to his years, which privilege of seniority continued to our time.
+But within a few days Lucretius died, and in a new election Marcus
+Horatius succeeded in that honor, and continued consul for the remainder
+of the year.
+
+Now, whilst Tarquin was making preparations in Tuscany for a second war
+against the Romans, it is said a great portent occurred.  When Tarquin
+was king, and had all but completed the buildings of the Capitol,
+designing, whether from oracular advice or his own pleasure, to erect an
+earthen chariot upon the top, he entrusted the workmanship to Tuscans of
+the city Veii, but soon after lost his kingdom.  The work thus modeled,
+the Tuscans set in a furnace, but the clay showed not those passive
+qualities which usually attend its nature, to subside and be condensed
+upon the evaporation of the moisture, but rose and swelled out to that
+bulk, that, when solid and firm, notwithstanding the removal of the roof
+and opening the walls of the furnace, it could not be taken out without
+much difficulty.  The soothsayers looked upon this as a divine
+prognostic of success and power to those that should possess it; and the
+Tuscans resolved not to deliver it to the Romans, who demanded it, but
+answered that it rather belonged to Tarquin than to those who had sent
+him into exile.  A few days after, they had a horse-race there, with the
+usual shows and solemnities, and as the charioteer, with his garland on
+his head, was quietly driving the victorious chariot out of the ring,
+the horses, upon no apparent occasion, taking fright, either by divine
+instigation or by accident, hurried away their driver at full speed to
+Rome; neither did his holding them in prevail, nor his voice, but he was
+forced along with violence till, coming to the Capitol, he was thrown
+out by the gate called Ratumena.  This occurrence raised wonder and fear
+in the Veientines, who now permitted the delivery of the chariot.
+
+The building of the temple of the Capitoline Jupiter had been vowed by
+Tarquin, the son of Demaratus, when warring with the Sabines; Tarquinius
+Superbus, his son or grandson, built, but could not dedicate it, because
+he lost his kindom before it was quite finished.  And now that it was
+completed with all its ornaments, Poplicola was ambitious to dedicate
+it; but the nobility envied him that honor, as, indeed, also, in some
+degree, those his prudence in making laws and conduct in wars entitled
+him to.  Grudging him, at any rate, the addition of this, they urged
+Horatius to sue for the dedication and, whilst Poplicola was engaged in
+some military expedition, voted it to Horatius, and conducted him to the
+Capitol, as though, were Poplicola present, they could not have carried
+it.  Yet, some write, Poplicola was by lot destined against his will to
+the expedition, the other to the dedication; and what happened in the
+performance seems to intimate some ground for this conjecture; for, upon
+the Ides of September, which happens about the full moon of the month
+Metagitnion, the people having assembled at the Capitol and silence
+being enjoined, Horatius, after the performance of other ceremonies,
+holding the doors, according to custom, was proceeding to pronounce the
+words of dedication, when Marcus, the brother of Poplicola, who had got
+a place on purpose beforehand near the door, observing his opportunity,
+cried, "O consul, thy son lies dead in the camp;" which made a great
+impression upon all others who heard it, yet in nowise discomposed
+Horatius, who returned merely the reply, "Cast the dead out whither you
+please; I am not a mourner;" and so completed the dedication.  The news
+was not true, but Marcus thought the lie might avert him from his
+performance; but it argues him a man of wonderful self-possession,
+whether he at once saw through the cheat, or, believing it as true,
+showed no discomposure.
+
+The same fortune attended the dedication of the second temple; the
+first, as has been said, was built by Tarquin and dedicated by Horatius;
+it was burnt down in the civil wars.  The second, Sylla built, and,
+dying before the dedication, left that honor to Catulus; and when this
+was demolished in the Vitellian sedition, Vespasian, with the same
+success that attended him in other things, began a third, and lived to
+see it finished, but did not live to see it again destroyed, as it
+presently was; but was as fortunate in dying before its destruction, as
+Sylla was the reverse in dying before the dedication of his.  For
+immediately after Vespasian's death it was consumed by fire.  The
+fourth, which now exists, was both built and dedicated by Domitian.  It
+is said Tarquin expended forty thousand pounds of silver in the very
+foundations; but the whole wealth of the richest private man in Rome
+would not discharge the cost of the gilding of this temple in our days,
+it amounting to above twelve thousand talents; the pillars were cut out
+of Pentelican marble, of a length most happily proportioned to their
+thickness; these we saw at Athens; but when they were cut anew at Rome
+and polished, they did not gain so much in embellishment, as they lost
+in symmetry, being rendered too taper and slender.  Should any one who
+wonders at the costliness of the Capitol visit any one gallery in
+Domitian's palace, or hall, or bath, or the apartments of his
+concubines, Epicharmus's remark upon the prodigal, that
+
+'Tis not beneficence, but, truth to say,
+A mere disease of giving things away,
+
+would be in his mouth in application to Domitian.  It is neither piety,
+he would say, nor magnificence, but, indeed, a mere disease of building,
+and a desire, like Midas, of converting every thing into gold or stone.
+And thus much for this matter.
+
+Tarquin, after the great battle wherein he lost his son in combat with
+Brutus, fled to Clusium, and sought aid from Lars Porsenna, then one of
+the most powerful princes of Italy, and a man of worth and generosity;
+who assured him of assistance, immediately sending his commands to Rome
+that they should receive Tarquin as their king, and, upon the Romans'
+refusal, proclaimed war, and, having signified the time and place where
+he intended his attack, approached with a great army.  Poplicola was, in
+his absence, chosen consul a second time, and Titus Lucretius his
+colleague, and, returning to Rome, to show a spirit yet loftier than
+Porsenna's, built the city Sigliuria when Porsenna was already in the
+neighborhood; and, walling it at great expense, there placed a colony of
+seven hundred men, as being little concerned at the war.  Nevertheless,
+Porsenna, making a sharp assault, obliged the defendants to retire to
+Rome, who had almost in their entrance admitted the enemy into the city
+with them; only Poplicola by sallying out at the gate prevented them,
+and, joining battle by Tiber side, opposed the enemy, that pressed on
+with their multitude, but at last, sinking under desperate wounds, was
+carried out of the fight.  The same fortune fell upon Lucretius, so that
+the Romans, being dismayed, retreated into the city for their security,
+and Rome was in great hazard of being taken, the enemy forcing their way
+on to the wooden bridge, where Horatius Cocles, seconded by two of the
+first men in Rome, Herminius and Lartius, made head against them.
+Horatius obtained this name from the loss of one of his eyes in the
+wars, or, as others write, from the depressure of his nose, which,
+leaving nothing in the middle to separate them, made both eyes appear
+but as one; and hence, intending to say Cyclops, by a mispronunciation
+they called him Cocles.  This Cocles kept the bridge, and held back the
+enemy, till his own party broke it down behind, and then with his armor
+dropped into the river, and swam to the hither side, with a wound in his
+hip from a Tuscan spear.  Poplicola, admiring his courage, proposed at
+once that the Romans should every one make him a present of a day's
+provisions, and afterwards gave him as much land as he could plow round
+in one day, and besides erected a brazen statue to his honor in the
+temple of Vulcan, as a requital for the lameness caused by his wound.
+
+But Porsenna laying close siege to the city, and a famine raging amongst
+the Romans, also a new army of the Tuscans making incursions into the
+country, Poplicola, a third time chosen consul, designed to make,
+without sallying out, his defense against Porsenna, but, privately
+stealing forth against the new army of the Tuscans, put them to flight,
+and slew five thousand.  The story of Mucius is variously given; we,
+like others, must follow the commonly received statement.  He was a man
+endowed with every virtue, but most eminent in war; and, resolving to
+kill Porsenna, attired himself in the Tuscan habit, and, using the
+Tuscan language, came to the camp, and approaching the seat where the
+king sat amongst his nobles, but not certainly knowing the king, and
+fearful to inquire, drew out his sword, and stabbed one who he thought
+had most the appearance of king.  Mucius was taken in the act, and
+whilst he was under examination, a pan of fire was brought to the king,
+who intended to sacrifice; Mucius thrust his right hand into the flame,
+and whilst it burnt stood looking at Porsenna with a steadfast and
+undaunted countenance; Porsenna at last in admiration dismissed him, and
+returned his sword, reaching it from his seat; Mucius received it in his
+left hand, which occasioned the name of Scaevola, left-handed, and said,
+"I have overcome the terrors of Porsenna, yet am vanquished by his
+generosity, and gratitude obliges me to disclose what no punishment
+could extort;" and assured him then, that three hundred Romans, all of
+the same resolution, lurked about his camp, only waiting for an
+opportunity; he, by lot appointed to the enterprise, was not sorry that
+he had miscarried in it, because so brave and good a man deserved rather
+to be a friend to the Romans than an enemy.  To this Porsenna gave
+credit, and thereupon expressed an inclination to a truce, not, I
+presume, so much out of fear of the three hundred Romans, as in
+admiration of the Roman courage.  All other writers call this man Mucius
+Scaevola, yet Athenodorus, son of Sandon, in a book addressed to
+Octavia, Caesar's sister, avers he was also called Postumus.
+
+Poplicola, not so much esteeming Porsenna's enmity dangerous to Rome as
+his friendship and alliance serviceable, was induced to refer the
+controversy with Tarquin to his arbitration, and several times undertook
+to prove Tarquin the worst of men, and justly deprived of his kingdom.
+But Tarquin proudly replied he would admit no judge, much less Porsenna,
+that had fallen away from his engagements; and Porsenna, resenting this
+answer, and mistrusting the equity of his cause, moved also by the
+solicitations of his son Aruns, who was earnest for the Roman interest,
+made a peace on these conditions, that they should resign the land they
+had taken from the Tuscans, and restore all prisoners and receive back
+their deserters.  To confirm the peace, the Romans gave as hostages ten
+sons of patrician parents, and as many daughters, amongst whom was
+Valeria, the daughter of Poplicola.
+
+Upon these assurances, Porsenna ceased from all acts of hostility, and
+the young girls went down to the river to bathe, at that part where the
+winding of the bank formed a bay and made the waters stiller and
+quieter; and, seeing no guard, nor any one coming or going over, they
+were encouraged to swim over, notwithstanding the depth and violence of
+the stream.  Some affirm that one of them, by name Cloelia, passing over
+on horseback, persuaded the rest to swim after; but, upon their safe
+arrival, presenting themselves to Poplicola, he neither praised nor
+approved their return, but was concerned lest he should appear less
+faithful than Porsenna, and this boldness in the maidens should argue
+treachery in the Romans; so that, apprehending them, he sent them back
+to Porsenna.  But Tarquin's men, having intelligence of this, laid a
+strong ambuscade on the other side for those that conducted them; and
+while these were skirmishing together, Valeria, the daughter of
+Poplicola, rushed through the enemy and fled, and with the assistance of
+three of her attendants made good her escape, whilst the rest were
+dangerously hedged in by the soldiers; but Aruns, Porsenna's son, upon
+tidings of it, hastened to their rescue, and, putting the enemy to
+flight, delivered the Romans.  When Porsenna saw the maidens returned,
+demanding who was the author and adviser of the act, and understanding
+Cloelia to be the person, he looked on her with a cheerful and benignant
+countenance, and, commanding one of his horses to be brought,
+sumptuously adorned, made her a present of it.  This is produced as
+evidence by those who affirm that only Cloelia passed the river or.
+horseback; those who deny it call it only the honor the Tuscan did to
+her courage; a figure, however, on horseback stands in the Via Sacra, as
+you go to the Palatium, which some say is the statue of Cloelia, others
+of Valeria.  Porsenna, thus reconciled to the Romans, gave them a fresh
+instance of his generosity, and commanded his soldiers to quit the camp
+merely with their arms, leaving their tents, full of corn and other
+stores, as a gift to the Romans.  Hence, even down to our time, when
+there is a public sale of goods, they cry Porsenna's first, by way of
+perpetual commemoration of his kindness.  There stood, also, by the
+senate-house, a brazen statue of him, of plain and antique workmanship.
+
+Afterwards, the Sabines making incursions upon the Romans, Marcus
+Valerius, brother to Poplicola, was made consul, and with him Postumius
+Tubertus.  Marcus, through the management of affairs by the conduct and
+direct assistance of Poplicola, obtained two great victories, in the
+latter of which he slew thirteen thousand Sabines without the loss of
+one Roman, and was honored, as all accession to his triumph, with an
+house built in the Palatium at the public charge; and whereas the doors
+of other houses opened inward into the house, they made this to open
+outward into the street, to intimate their perpetual public recognition
+of his merit by thus continually making way for him.  The same fashion
+in their doors the Greeks, they say, had of old universally, which
+appears from their comedies, where those that are going out make a noise
+at the door within, to give notice to those that pass by or stand near
+the door, that the opening the door into the street might occasion no
+surprisal.
+
+The year after, Poplicola was made consul the fourth time, when a
+confederacy of the Sabines and Latins threatened a war; a superstitious
+fear also overran the city on the occasion of general miscarriages of
+their women, no single birth coming to its due time.  Poplicola, upon
+consultation of the Sibylline books, sacrificing to Pluto, and renewing
+certain games commanded by Apollo, restored the city to more cheerful
+assurance in the gods, and then prepared against the menaces of men.
+There were appearances of treat preparation, and of a formidable
+confederacy.  Amongst the Sabines there was one Appius Clausus, a man of
+a great wealth and strength of body, but most eminent for his high
+character and for his eloquence; yet, as is usually the fate of great
+men, he could not escape the envy of others, which was much occasioned
+by his dissuading the war, and seeming to promote the Roman interest,
+with a view, it was thought, to obtaining absolute power in his own
+country for himself.  Knowing how welcome these reports would be to the
+multitude, and how offensive to the army and the abettors of the war, he
+was afraid to stand a trial, but, having a considerable body of friends
+and allies to assist him, raised a tumult amongst the Sabines, which
+delayed the war.  Neither was Poplicola wanting, not only to understand
+the grounds of the sedition, but to promote and increase it, and he
+dispatched emissaries with instructions to Clausus, that Poplicola was
+assured of his goodness and justice, and thought it indeed unworthy in
+any man, however injured, to seek revenge upon his fellow-citizens; yet
+if he pleased, for his own security, to leave his enemies and come to
+Rome, he should be received, both in public and private, with the honor
+his merit deserved, and their own glory required.  Appius, seriously
+weighing the matter, came to the conclusion that it was the best
+resource which necessity left him, and advising with his friends; and
+they inviting again others in the same manner, he came to Rome, bringing
+five thousand families, with their wives and children; people of the
+quietest and steadiest temper of all the Sabines.  Poplicola, informed
+of their approach, received them with all the kind offices of a friend,
+and admitted them at once to the franchise, allotting to every one two
+acres of land by the river Anio, but to Clausus twenty-five acres, and
+gave him a place in the senate; a commencement of political power which
+he used so wisely, that he rose to the highest reputation, was very
+influential, and left the Claudian house behind him, inferior to none in
+Rome.
+
+The departure of these men rendered things quiet amongst the Sabines;
+yet the chief of the community would not suffer them to settle into
+peace, but resented that Clausus now, by turning deserter, should
+disappoint that revenge upon the Romans, which, while at home, he had
+unsuccessfully opposed.  Coming with a great army, they sat down before
+Fidenae, and placed an ambuscade of two thousand men near Rome, in
+wooded and hollow spots, with a design that some few horsemen, as soon
+as it was day, should go out and ravage the country, commanding them
+upon their approach to the town so to retreat as to draw the enemy into
+the ambush.  Poplicola, however, soon advertised of these designs by
+deserters, disposed his forces to their respective charges.  Postumius
+Balbus, his son-in-law, going out with three thousand men in the
+evening, was ordered to take the hills, under which the ambush lay,
+there to observe their motions; his colleague, Lucretius, attended with
+a body of the lightest and boldest men, was appointed to meet the Sabine
+horse; whilst he, with the rest of the army, encompassed the enemy.  And
+a thick mist rising accidentally, Postumius, early in the morning, with
+shouts from the hills, assailed the ambuscade, Lucretius charged the
+light-horse, and Poplicola besieged the camp; so that on all sides
+defeat and ruin came upon the Sabines, and without any resistance the
+Romans killed them in their flight, their very hopes leading them to
+their death, for each division, presuming that the other was safe, gave
+up all thought of fighting or keeping their ground; and these quitting
+the camp to retire to the ambuscade, and the ambuscade flying; to the
+camp, fugitives thus met fugitives, and found those from whom they
+expected succor as much in need of succor from themselves.  The
+nearness, however, of the city Fidenae was the preservation of the
+Sabines, especially those that fled from the camp; those that could not
+gain the city either perished in the field, or were taken prisoners.
+This victory, the Romans, though usually ascribing such success to some
+god, attributed to the conduct of one captain; and it was observed to be
+heard amongst the soldiers, that Poplicola had delivered their enemies
+lame and blind, and only not in chains, to be dispatched by their
+swords.  From the spoil and prisoners great wealth accrued to the
+people.
+
+Poplicola, having completed his triumph, and bequeathed the city to the
+care of the succeeding consuls, died; thus closing a life which, so far
+as human life may be, had been full of all that is good and honorable.
+The people, as though they had not duly rewarded his deserts when alive,
+but still were in his debt, decreed him a public interment, every one
+contributing his quadrans towards the charge; the women, besides, by
+private consent, mourned a whole year, a signal mark of honor to his
+memory.  He was buried, by the people's desire, within the city, in the
+part called Velia, where his posterity had likewise privilege of burial;
+now, however, none of the family are interred there, but the body is
+carried thither and set down, and someone places a burning torch under
+it, and immediately takes it away, as an attestation of the deceased's
+privilege, and his receding from his honor; after which the body is
+removed.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF POPLICOLA WITH SOLON
+
+There is something singular in the present parallel, which has not
+occurred in any other of the lives; that the one should be the imitator
+of the other, and the other his best evidence.  Upon the survey of
+Solon's sentence to Croesus in favor of Tellus's happiness, it seems
+more applicable to Poplicola; for Tellus, whose virtuous life and dying
+well had gained him the name of the happiest man, yet was never
+celebrated in Solon's poems for a good man, nor have his children or any
+magistracy of his deserved a memorial; but Poplicola's life was the most
+eminent amongst the Romans, as well for the greatness of his virtue as
+his power, and also since his death many amongst the distinguished
+families, even in our days, the Poplicolae, Messalae, and Valerii, after
+a lapse of six hundred years, acknowledge him as the fountain of their
+honor.  Besides, Tellus, though keeping his post and fighting like a
+valiant soldier, was yet slain by his enemies; but Poplicola, the better
+fortune, slew his, and saw his country victorious under his command.
+And his honors and triumphs brought him, which was Solon's ambition, to
+a happy end; the ejaculation which, in his verses against Mimnermus
+about the continuance of man's life, he himself made,
+
+Mourned let me die; and may I, when life ends,
+Occasion sighs and sorrows to my friends,
+
+is evidence to Poplicola's happiness; his death did not only draw tears
+from his friends and acquaintance, but was the object of universal
+regret and sorrow through the whole city; the women deplored his loss as
+that of a son, brother, or common father.  "Wealth I would have," said
+Solon, "but wealth by wrong procure would not," because punishment would
+follow.  But Poplicola's riches were not only justly his, but he spent
+them nobly in doing good to the distressed.  So that if Solon was
+reputed the wisest man, we must allow Poplicola to be the happiest; for
+what Solon wished for as the greatest and most perfect good, this
+Poplicola had, and used and enjoyed to his death.
+
+And as Solon may thus be said to have contributed to Poplicola's glory,
+so did also Poplicola to his, by his choice of him as his model in the
+formation of republican institutions; in reducing, for example, the
+excessive powers and assumption of the consulship.  Several of his laws,
+indeed, he actually transferred to Rome, as his empowering the people to
+elect their officers, and allowing offenders the liberty of appealing to
+the people, as Solon did to the jurors.  He did not, indeed, create a
+new senate, as Solon did, but augmented the old to almost double its
+number.  The appointment of treasurers again, the quaestors, has a like
+origin; with the intent that the chief magistrate should not, if of good
+character, be withdrawn from greater matters; or, if bad, have the
+greater temptation to injustice, by holding both the government and
+treasury in his hands.  The aversion to tyranny was stronger in
+Poplicola; any one who attempted usurpation could, by Solon's law, only
+be punished upon conviction; but Poplicola made it death before a trial.
+And though Solon justly gloried, that, when arbitrary power was
+absolutely offered to him by circumstances, and when his countrymen
+would have willingly seen him accept it, he yet declined it; still
+Poplicola merited no less, who, receiving a despotic command, converted
+it to a popular office, and did not employ the whole legal power which
+he held.  We must allow, indeed, that Solon was before Poplicola in
+observing that
+
+A people always minds its rulers best
+When it is neither humored nor oppressed.
+
+The remission of debts was peculiar to Solon; it was his great means for
+confirming the citizens' liberty; for a mere law to give all men equal
+rights is but useless, if the poor must sacrifice those rights to their
+debts, and, in the very seats and sanctuaries of equality, the courts of
+justice, the offices of state, and the public discussions, be more than
+anywhere at the beck and bidding of the rich.  A yet more extraordinary
+success was, that, although usually civil violence is caused by any
+remission of debts, upon this one occasion this dangerous but powerful
+remedy actually put an end to civil violence already existing, Solon's
+own private worth and reputation overbalancing all the ordinary ill-
+repute and discredit of the change.  The beginning of his government was
+more glorious, for he was entirely original, and followed no man's
+example, and, without the aid of any ally, achieved his most important
+measures by his own conduct; yet the close of Poplicola's life was more
+happy and desirable, for Solon saw the dissolution of his own
+commonwealth, Poplicola's maintained the state in good order down to the
+civil wars.  Solon, leaving his laws, as soon as he had made them,
+engraven in wood, but destitute of a defender, departed from Athens;
+whilst Poplicola, remaining, both in and out of office, labored to
+establish the government Solon, though he actually knew of Pisistratus's
+ambition, yet was not able to suppress it, but had to yield to
+usurpation in its infancy; whereas Poplicola utterly subverted and
+dissolved a potent monarchy, strongly settled by long continuance;
+uniting thus to virtues equal to those, and purposes identical with
+those of Solon, the good fortune and the power that alone could make
+them effective.
+
+In military exploits, Daimachus of Plataea will not even allow Solon the
+conduct of the war against the Megarians, as was before intimated; but
+Poplicola was victorious in the most important conflicts, both as a
+private soldier and commander.  In domestic politics, also, Solon, in
+play, as it were, and by counterfeiting madness, induced the enterprise
+against Salamis; whereas Poplicola, in the very beginning, exposed
+himself to the greatest risk, took arms against Tarquin, detected the
+conspiracy, and, being principally concerned both in preventing the
+escape of and afterwards punishing the traitors, not only expelled the
+tyrants from the city, but extirpated their very hopes.  And as, in
+cases calling for contest and resistance and manful opposition, he
+behaved with courage and resolution, so, in instances where peaceable
+language, persuasion, and concession were requisite, he was yet more to
+be commended; and succeeded in gaining happily to reconciliation and
+friendship, Porsenna, a terrible and invincible enemy.  Some may,
+perhaps, object, that Solon recovered Salamis, which they had lost, for
+the Athenians; whereas Poplicola receded from part of what the Romans
+were at that time possessed of; but judgment is to be made of actions
+according to the times in which they were performed.  The conduct of a
+wise politician is ever suited to the present posture of affairs; often
+by foregoing a part he saves the whole, and by yielding in a small
+matter secures a greater; and so Poplicola, by restoring what the Romans
+had lately usurped, saved their undoubted patrimony, and procured,
+moreover, the stores of the enemy for those who were only too thankful
+to secure their city.  Permitting the decision of the controversy to his
+adversary, he not only got the victory, but likewise what he himself
+would willingly have given to purchase the victory, Porsenna putting an
+end to the war, and leaving them all the provision of his camp, from the
+sense of the virtue and gallant disposition of the Romans which their
+consul had impressed upon him.
+
+
+
+THEMISTOCLES
+
+The birth of Themistocles was somewhat too obscure to do him honor.  His
+father, Neocles, was not of the distinguished people of Athens, but of
+the township of Phrearrhi, and of the tribe Leontis; and by his mother's
+side, as it is reported, he was base-born.
+
+I am not of the noble Grecian race,
+I'm poor Abrotonon, and born in Thrace;
+Let the Greek women scorn me, if they please,
+I was the mother of Themistocles.
+
+Yet Phanias writes that the mother of Themistocles was not of Thrace,
+but of Caria, and that her name was not Abrotonon, but Euterpe; and
+Neanthes adds farther that she was of Halicarnassus in Caria.  And, as
+illegitimate children, including those that were of the half-blood or
+had but one parent an Athenian, had to attend at the Cynosarges (a
+wrestling-place outside the gates, dedicated to Hercules, who was also
+of half-blood amongst the gods, having had a mortal woman for his
+mother), Themistocles persuaded several of the young men of high birth
+to accompany him to anoint and exercise themselves together at
+Cynosarges; an ingenious device for destroying the distinction between
+the noble and the base-born, and between those of the whole and those of
+the half blood of Athens.  However, it is certain that he was related to
+the house of the Lycomedae; for Simonides records, that he rebuilt the
+chapel of Phlya, belonging to that family, and beautified it with
+pictures and other ornaments, after it had been burnt by the Persians.
+
+It is confessed by all that from his youth he was of a vehement and
+impetuous nature, of a quick apprehension, and a strong and aspiring
+bent for action and great affairs.  The holidays and intervals in his
+studies he did not spend in play or idleness, as other children, but
+would be always inventing or arranging some oration or declamation to
+himself, the subject of which was generally the excusing or accusing his
+companions, so that his master would often say to him, "You, my boy,
+will be nothing small, but great one way or other, for good or else for
+bad."  He received reluctantly and carelessly instructions given him to
+improve his manners and behavior, or to teach him any pleasing or
+graceful accomplishment, but whatever was said to improve him in
+sagacity, or in management of affairs, he would give attention to,
+beyond one of his years, from confidence in his natural capacities for
+such things.  And thus afterwards, when in company where people engaged
+themselves in what are commonly thought the liberal and elegant
+amusements, he was obliged to defend himself against the observations of
+those who considered themselves highly accomplished, by the somewhat
+arrogant retort, that he certainly could not make use of any stringed
+instrument, could only, were a small and obscure city put into his
+hands, make it great and glorious.  Notwithstanding this, Stesimbrotus
+says that Themistocles was a hearer of Anaxagoras, and that he studied
+natural philosophy under Melissus, contrary to chronology; for Melissus
+commanded the Samians in their siege by Pericles, who was much
+Themistocles's junior; and with Pericles, also, Anaxagoras was intimate.
+They, therefore, might rather be credited, who report, that Themistocles
+was an admirer of Mnesiphilus the Phrearrhian, who was neither
+rhetorician nor natural philosopher, but a professor of that which was
+then called wisdom, consisting in a sort of political shrewdness and
+practical sagacity, which had begun and continued, almost like a sect of
+philosophy, from Solon; but those who came afterwards, and mixed it with
+pleadings and legal artifices, and transformed the practical part of it
+into a mere art of speaking and an exercise of words, were generally
+called sophists.  Themistocles resorted to Mnesiphilus when he had
+already embarked in politics.
+
+In the first essays of his youth he was not regular nor happily
+balanced; he allowed himself to follow mere natural character, which,
+without the control of reason and instruction, is apt to hurry, upon
+either side, into sudden and violent courses, and very often to break
+away and determine upon the worst; as he afterwards owned himself,
+saying, that the wildest colts make the best horses, if they only get
+properly trained and broken in.  But those who upon this fasten stories
+of their own invention, as of his being disowned by his father, and that
+his mother died for grief of her son's ill fame, certainly calumniate
+him; and there are others who relate, on the contrary, how that to deter
+him from public business, and to let him see how the vulgar behave
+themselves towards their leaders when they have at last no farther use
+of them, his father showed him the old galleys as they lay forsaken and
+cast about upon the sea-shore.
+
+Yet it is evident that his mind was early imbued with the keenest
+interest in public affairs, and the most passionate ambition for
+distinction.  Eager from the first to obtain the highest place, he
+unhesitatingly accepted the hatred of the most powerful and influential
+leaders in the city, but more especially of Aristides, the son of
+Lysimachus, who always opposed him.  And yet all this great enmity
+between them arose, it appears, from a very boyish occasion, both being
+attached to the beautiful Stesilaus of Ceos, as Ariston the philosopher
+tells us; ever after which, they took opposite sides, and were rivals in
+politics.  Not but that the incompatibility of their lives and manners
+may seem to have increased the difference, for Aristides was of a mild
+nature, and of a nobler sort of character, and, in public matters,
+acting always with a view, not to glory or popularity, but to the best
+interests of the state consistently with safety and honesty, he was
+often forced to oppose Themistocles, and interfere against the increase
+of his influence, seeing him stirring up the people to all kinds of
+enterprises, and introducing various innovations.  For it is said that
+Themistocles was so transported with the thoughts of glory, and so
+inflamed with the passion for great actions, that, though he was still
+young when the battle of Marathon was fought against the Persians, upon
+the skillful conduct of the general, Miltiades, being everywhere talked
+about, he was observed to be thoughtful, and reserved, alone by him
+self; he passed the nights without sleep, and avoided all his usual
+places of recreation, and to those who wondered at the change, and
+inquired the reason of it, he gave the answer, that "the trophy of
+Miltiades would not let him sleep."  And when others were of opinion
+that the battle of Marathon would be an end to the war, Themistocles
+thought that it was but the beginning of far greater conflicts, and for
+these, to the benefit of all Greece, he kept himself in continual
+readiness, and his city also in proper training, foreseeing from far
+before what would happen.
+
+And, first of all, the Athenians being accustomed to divide amongst
+themselves the revenue proceeding from the silver mines at Laurium, he
+was the only man that dared propose to the people that this distribution
+should cease, and that with the money ships should be built to make war
+against the Aeginetans, who were the most flourishing people in all
+Greece, and by the number of their ships held the sovereignty of the
+sea; and Themistocles thus was more easily able to persuade them,
+avoiding all mention of danger from Darius or the Persians, who were at
+a great distance, and their coming very uncertain, and at that time not
+much to be feared; but, by a seasonable employment of the emulation and
+anger felt by the Athenians against the Aeginetans, he induced them to
+preparation.  So that with this money a hundred ships were built, with
+which they afterwards fought against Xerxes.  And, henceforward, little
+by little, turning and drawing the city down towards the sea, in the
+belief, that, whereas by land they were not a fit match for their next
+neighbors, with their ships they might be able to repel the Persians and
+command Greece, thus, as Plato says, from steady soldiers he turned them
+into mariners and seamen tossed about the sea, and gave occasion for the
+reproach against him, that he took away from the Athenians the spear and
+the shield, and bound them to the bench and the oar.  These measures he
+carried in the assembly, against the opposition, as Stesimbrotus
+relates, of Miltiades; and whether or no he hereby injured the purity
+and true balance of government, may be a question for philosophers, but
+that the deliverance of Greece came at that time from the sea, and that
+these galleys restored Athens again after it was destroyed, were others
+wanting, Xerxes himself would be sufficient evidence, who, though his
+land-forces were still entire, after his defeat at sea, fled away, and
+thought himself no longer able to encounter the Greeks; and, as it seems
+to me, left Mardonius behind him, not out of any hopes he could have to
+bring them into subjection, but to hinder them from pursuing him.
+
+Themistocles is said to have been eager in the acquisition of riches,
+according to some, that he might be the more liberal; for loving to
+sacrifice often, and to be splendid in his entertainment of strangers,
+he required a plentiful revenue; yet he is accused by others of having
+been parsimonious and sordid to that degree that he would sell
+provisions which were sent to him as a present.  He desired Diphilides,
+who was a breeder of horses, to give him a colt, and when he refused it,
+threatened that in a short time he would turn his house into a wooden
+horse, intimating that he would stir up dispute and litigation between
+him and some of his relations.
+
+He went beyond all men in the passion for distinction.  When he was
+still young and unknown in the world, he entreated Epicles of Hermione,
+who had a good hand at the lute and was much sought after by the
+Athenians, to come and practice at home with him, being ambitious of
+having people inquire after his house and frequent his company.  When he
+came to the Olympic games, and was so splendid in his equipage and
+entertainments, in his rich tents and furniture, that he strove to outdo
+Cimon, he displeased the Greeks, who thought that such magnificence
+might be allowed in one who was a young man and of a great family but
+was a great piece of insolence in one as yet undistinguished, and
+without title or means for making any such display.  In a dramatic
+contest, the play he paid for won the prize, which was then a matter
+that excited much emulation; he put up a tablet in record of it, with
+the inscription, "Themistocles of Phrearrhi was at the charge of it;
+Phrynichus made it; Adimantus was archon."  He was well liked by the
+common people, would salute every particular citizen by his own name,
+and always show himself a just judge in questions of business between
+private men; he said to Simonides, the poet of Ceos, who desired
+something of him, when he was commander of the army, that was not
+reasonable, "Simonides, you would be no good poet if you wrote false
+measure, nor should I be a good magistrate if for favor I made false
+law."  And at another time, laughing at Simonides, he said, that he was
+a man of little judgment to speak against the Corinthians, who were
+inhabitants of a great city, and to have his own picture drawn so often,
+having so ill-looking a face.
+
+Gradually growing to be great, and winning the favor of the people, he
+at last gained the day with his faction over that of Aristides, and
+procured his banishment by ostracism.  When the king of Persia was now
+advancing against Greece, and the Athenians were in consultation who
+should be general, and many withdrew themselves of their own accord,
+being terrified with the greatness of the danger, there was one
+Epicydes, a popular speaker, son to Euphemides, a man of an eloquent
+tongue, but of a faint heart, and a slave to riches, who was desirous of
+the command, and was looked upon to be in a fair way to carry it by the
+number of votes; but Themistocles, fearing that, if the command should
+fall into such hands, all would be lost, bought off Epicydes and his
+pretensions, it is said, for a sum of money.
+
+When the king of Persia sent messengers into Greece, with an
+interpreter, to demand earth and water, as an acknowledgment of
+subjection, Themistocles, by the consent of the people, seized upon the
+interpreter, and put him to death, for presuming to publish the
+barbarian orders and decrees in the Greek language; this is one of the
+actions he is commended for, as also for what he did to Arthmius of
+Zelea, who brought gold from the king of Persia to corrupt the Greeks,
+and was, by an order from Themistocles, degraded and disfranchised, he
+and his children and his posterity; but that which most of all redounded
+to his credit was, that he put an end to all the civil wars of Greece,
+composed their differences, and persuaded them to lay aside all enmity
+during the war with the Persians; and in this great work, Chileus the
+Arcadian was, it is said, of great assistance to him.
+
+Having taken upon himself the command of the Athenian forces, he
+immediately endeavored to persuade the citizens to leave the city, and
+to embark upon their galleys, and meet with the Persians at a great
+distance from Greece; but many being against this, he led a large force,
+together with the Lacedaemonians, into Tempe, that in this pass they
+might maintain the safety of Thessaly, which had not as yet declared for
+the king; but when they returned without performing anything; and it
+was known that not only the Thessalians, but all as far as Boeotia, was
+going over to Xerxes, then the Athenians more willingly hearkened to the
+advice of Themistocles to fight by sea, and sent him with a fleet to
+guard the straits of Artemisium.
+
+When the contingents met here, the Greeks would have the Lacedaemonians
+to command, and Eurybiades to be their admiral; but the Athenians, who
+surpassed all the rest together in number of vessels, would not submit
+to come after any other, till Themistocles, perceiving the danger of
+this contest, yielded his own command to Eurybiades, and got the
+Athenians to submit, extenuating the loss by persuading them, that if in
+this war they behaved themselves like men, he would answer for it after
+that, that the Greeks, of their own will, would submit to their command.
+And by this moderation of his, it is evident that he was the chief means
+of the deliverance of Greece, and gained the Athenians the glory of
+alike surpassing their enemies in valor, and their confederates in
+wisdom.
+
+As soon as the Persian armada arrived at Aphetae, Eurybiades was
+astonished to see such a vast number of vessels before him, and, being
+informed that two hundred more were sailing round behind the island of
+Sciathus, he immediately determined to retire farther into Greece, and
+to sail back into some part of Peloponnesus, where their land army and
+their fleet might join, for he looked upon the Persian forces to be
+altogether unassailable by sea.  But the Euboeans, fearing that the
+Greeks would forsake them, and leave them to the mercy of the enemy,
+sent Pelagon to confer privately with Themistocles, taking with him a
+good sum of money, which, as Herodotus reports, he accepted and gave to
+Eurybiades.  In this affair none of his own countrymen opposed him so
+much as Architeles, captain of the sacred galley, who, having no money
+to supply his seamen, was eager to go home; but Themistocles so incensed
+the Athenians against him, that they set upon him and left him not so
+much as his supper, at which Architeles was much surprised, and took it
+very ill; but Themistocles immediately sent him in a chest a service of
+provisions, and at the bottom of it a talent of silver, desiring him to
+sup tonight, and tomorrow provide for his seamen; if not, he would
+report it amongst the Athenians that he had received money from the
+enemy.  So Phanias the Lesbian tells the story.
+
+Though the fights between the Greeks and Persians in the straits of
+Euboea were not so important as to make any final decision of the war,
+yet the experience which the Greeks obtained in them was of great
+advantage, for thus, by actual trial and in real danger, they found out
+that neither number of ships, nor riches and ornaments, nor boasting
+shouts, nor barbarous songs of victory, were any way terrible to men
+that knew how to fight, and were resolved to come hand to hand with
+their enemies; these things they were to despise, and to come up close
+and grapple with their foes.  This, Pindar appears to have seen, and
+says justly enough of the fight at Artemisium, that
+
+There the sons of Athens set
+The stone that freedom stands on yet.
+
+For the first step towards victory undoubtedly is to gain courage.
+Artemisium is in Euboea, beyond the city of Histiaea, a sea-beach open
+to the north; most nearly opposite to it stands Olizon, in the country
+which formerly was under Philoctetes; there is a small temple there,
+dedicated to Diana, surnamed of the Dawn, and trees about it, around
+which again stand pillars of white marble; and if you rub them with your
+hand, they send forth both the smell and color of saffron.  On one of
+the pillars these verses are engraved,--
+
+With numerous tribes from Asia's regions brought
+The sons of Athens on these waters, fought;
+Erecting, after they had quelled the Mede,
+To Artemis this record of the deed.
+
+There is a place still to be seen upon this shore, where, in the middle
+of a great heap of sand, they take out from the bottom a dark powder
+like ashes, or something that has passed the fire; and here, it is
+supposed, the shipwrecks and bodies of the dead were burnt.
+
+But when news came from Thermopylae to Artemisium, informing them that
+king Leonidas was slain, and that Xerxes had made himself master of all
+the passages by land, they returned back to the interior of Greece, the
+Athenians having the command of the rear, the place of honor and danger,
+and much elated by what had been done.
+
+As Themistocles sailed along the coast, he took notice of the harbors
+and fit places for the enemies' ships to come to land at, and engraved
+large letters in such stones as he found there by chance, as also in
+others which he set up on purpose near to the landing-places, or where
+they were to water; in which inscriptions he called upon the Ionians to
+forsake the Medes, if it were possible, and come over to the Greeks, who
+were their proper founders and fathers, and were now hazarding all for
+their liberties; but, if this could not be done, at any rate to impede
+and disturb the Persians in all engagements.  He hoped that these
+writings would prevail with the Ionians to revolt, or raise some trouble
+by making their fidelity doubtful to the Persians.
+
+Now, though Xerxes had already passed through Doris and invaded the
+country of Phocis, and was burning and destroying the cities of the
+Phocians, yet the Greeks sent them no relief; and, though the Athenians
+earnestly desired them to meet the Persians in Boeotia, before they
+could come into Attica, as they themselves had come forward by sea at
+Artemisium, they gave no ear to their request, being wholly intent upon
+Peloponnesus, and resolved to gather all their forces together within
+the Isthmus, and to build a wall from sea to sea in that narrow neck of
+land; so that the Athenians were enraged to see themselves betrayed, and
+at the same time afflicted and dejected at their own destitution.  For
+to fight alone against such a numerous army was to no purpose, and the
+only expedient now left them was to leave their city and cling to their
+ships; which the people were very unwilling to submit to, imagining that
+it would signify little now to gain a victory, and not understanding how
+there could be deliverance any longer after they had once forsaken the
+temples of their gods and exposed the tombs and monuments of their
+ancestors to the fury of their enemies.
+
+Themistocles, being at a loss, and not able to draw the people over to
+his opinion by any human reason, set his machines to work, as in a
+theater, and employed prodigies and oracles.  The serpent of Minerva,
+kept in the inner part of her temple, disappeared; the priests gave it
+out to the people that the offerings which were set for it were found
+untouched, and declared, by the suggestion of Themistocles, that the
+goddess had left the city, and taken her flight before them towards the
+sea.  And he often urged them with the oracle which bade them trust to
+walls of wood, showing them that walls of wood could signify nothing
+else but ships; and that the island of Salamis was termed in it, not
+miserable or unhappy, but had the epithet of divine, for that it should
+one day be associated with a great good fortune of the Greeks.  At
+length his opinion prevailed, and he obtained a decree that the city
+should be committed to the protection of Minerva, "queen of Athens;"
+that they who were of age to bear arms should embark, and that each
+should see to sending away his children, women, and slaves where he
+could.  This decree being confirmed, most of the Athenians removed their
+parents, wives, and children to Troezen, where they were received with
+eager good-will by the Troezenians, who passed a vote that they should
+be maintained at the public charge, by a daily payment of two obols to
+every one, and leave be given to the children to gather fruit where they
+pleased, and schoolmasters paid to instruct them.  This vote was
+proposed by Nicagoras.
+
+There was no public treasure at that time in Athens; but the council of
+Areopagus, as Aristotle says, distributed to every one that served,
+eight drachmas, which was a great help to the manning of the fleet; but
+Clidemus ascribes this also to the art of Themistocles.  When the
+Athenians were on their way down to the haven of Piraeus, the shield
+with the head of Medusa was missing; and he, under the pretext of
+searching for it, ransacked all places, and found among their goods
+considerable sums of money concealed, which he applied to the public
+use; and with this the soldiers and seamen were well provided for their
+voyage.
+
+When the whole city of Athens were going on board, it afforded a
+spectacle worthy of pity alike and admiration, to see them thus send
+away their fathers and children before them, and, unmoved with their
+cries and tears, pass over into the island.  But that which stirred
+compassion most of all was, that many old men, by reason of their
+great age, were left behind; and even the tame domestic animals could
+not be seen without some pity, running about the town and howling, as
+desirous to be carried along with their masters that had kept them;
+among which it is reported that Xanthippus, the father of Pericles, had
+a dog that would not endure to stay behind, but leaped into the sea, and
+swam along by the galley's side till he came to the island of Salamis,
+where he fainted away and died, and that spot in the island, which is
+still called the Dog's Grave, is said to be his.
+
+Among the great actions of Themistocles at this crisis, the recall of
+Aristides was not the least, for, before the war, he had been ostracized
+by the party which Themistocles headed, and was in banishment; but now,
+perceiving that the people regretted his absence, and were fearful that
+he might go over to the Persians to revenge himself, and thereby ruin
+the affairs of Greece, Themistocles proposed a decree that those who
+were banished for a time might return again, to give assistance by word
+and deed to the cause of Greece with the rest of their fellow-citizens.
+
+Eurybiades, by reason of the greatness of Sparta, was admiral of the
+Greek fleet, but yet was faint-hearted in time of danger, and willing to
+weigh anchor and set sail for the isthmus of Corinth, near which the
+land army lay encamped; which Themistocles resisted; and this was the
+occasion of the well-known words, when Eurybiades, to check his
+impatience, told him that at the Olympic games they that start up before
+the rest are lashed; "And they," replied Themistocles, "that are left
+behind are not crowned."  Again, Eurybiades lifting up his staff as if
+he were going to strike, Themistocles said, "Strike if you will, but
+hear;" Eurybiades, wondering much at his moderation, desired him to
+speak, and Themistocles now brought him to a better understanding.  And
+when one who stood by him told him that it did not become those who had
+neither city nor house to lose, to persuade others to relinquish their
+habitations and forsake their countries, Themistocles gave this reply:
+"We have indeed left our houses and our walls, base fellow, not thinking
+it fit to become slaves for the sake of things that have no life nor
+soul; and yet our city is the greatest of all Greece, consisting of two
+hundred galleys, which are here to defend you, if you please; but if you
+run away and betray us, as you did once before, the Greeks shall soon
+hear news of the Athenians possessing as fair a country, and as large
+and free a city, as that they have lost."  These expressions of
+Themistocles made Eurybiades suspect that if he retreated the Athenians
+would fall off from him.  When one of Eretria began to oppose him, he
+said, "Have you anything to say of war, that are like an ink-fish? you
+have a sword, but no heart."  Some say that while Themistocles was
+thus speaking things upon the deck, an owl was seen flying to the right
+hand of the fleet, which came and sat upon the top of the mast; and
+this happy omen so far disposed the Greeks to follow his advice, that
+they presently prepared to fight.  Yet, when the enemy's fleet was
+arrived at the haven of Phalerum, upon the coast of Attica, and with the
+number of their ships concealed all the shore, and when they saw the
+king himself in person come down with his land army to the seaside, with
+all his forces united, then the good counsel of Themistocles was soon
+forgotten, and the Peloponnesians cast their eyes again towards the
+isthmus, and took it very ill if any one spoke against their returning
+home; and, resolving to depart that night, the pilots had order what
+course to steer.
+ The Teuthis, loligo, or cuttlefish, is said to have a bone or
+cartilage shaped like a sword, and was conceived to have no heart.
+
+Themistocles, in great distress that the Greeks should retire, and lose
+the advantage of the narrow seas and strait passage, and slip home every
+one to his own city, considered with himself, and contrived that
+stratagem that was carried out by Sicinnus.  This Sicinnus was a Persian
+captive, but a great lover of Themistocles, and the attendant of his
+children.  Upon this occasion, he sent him privately to Xerxes,
+commanding him to tell the king, that Themistocles, the admiral of the
+Athenians, having espoused his interest, wished to be the first to
+inform him that the Greeks were ready to make their escape, and that he
+counseled him to hinder their flight, to set upon them while they were
+in this confusion and at a distance from their land army, and hereby
+destroy all their forces by sea.  Xerxes was very joyful at this
+message, and received it as from one who wished him all that was good,
+and immediately issued instructions to the commanders of his ships, that
+they should instantly Yet out with two hundred galleys to encompass all
+the islands, and enclose all the straits and passages, that none of the
+Greeks might escape, and that they should afterwards follow with the
+rest of their fleet at leisure.  This being done, Aristides, the son of
+Lysimachus, was the first man that perceived it, and went to the tent of
+Themistocles, not out of any friendship, for he had been formerly
+banished by his means, as has been related, but to inform him how they
+were encompassed by their enemies.  Themistocles, knowing the generosity
+of Aristides, and much struck by his visit at that time, imparted to him
+all that he had transacted by Sicinnus, and entreated him, that, as he
+would be more readily believed among the Greeks, he would make use of
+his credit to help to induce them to stay and fight their enemies in the
+narrow seas.  Aristides applauded Themistocles, and went to the other
+commanders and captains of the galleys, and encouraged them to engage;
+yet they did not perfectly assent to him, till a galley of Tenos, which
+deserted from the Persians, of which Panaetius was commander, came in,
+while they were still doubting, and confirmed the news that all the
+straits and passages were beset; and then their rage and fury, as well
+as their necessity; provoked them all to fight.
+
+As soon as it was day, Xerxes placed himself high up, to view his fleet,
+and how it was set in order.  Phanodemus says, he sat upon a promontory
+above the temple of Hercules, where the coast of Attica is separated
+from the island by a narrow channel; but Acestodorus writes, that it was
+in the confines of Megara, upon those hills which are called the Horns,
+where he sat in a chair of gold, with many secretaries about him to
+write down all that was done in the fight.
+
+When Themistocles was about to sacrifice, close to the admiral's galley,
+there were three prisoners brought to him, fine looking men, and richly
+dressed in ornamented clothing and gold, said to be the children of
+Artayctes and Sandauce, sister to Xerxes.  As soon as the prophet
+Euphrantides saw them, and observed that at the same time the fire
+blazed out from the offerings with a more than ordinary flame, and that
+a man sneezed on the right, which was an intimation of a fortunate
+event, he took Themistocles by the hand, and bade him consecrate the
+three young men for sacrifice, and offer them up with prayers for
+victory to Bacchus the Devourer: so should the Greeks not only save
+themselves, but also obtain victory.  Themistocles was much disturbed at
+this strange and terrible prophecy, but the common people, who, in any
+difficult crisis and great exigency, ever look for relief rather to
+strange and extravagant than to reasonable means, calling upon Bacchus
+with one voice, led the captives to the altar, and compelled the
+execution of the sacrifice as the prophet had commanded.  This is
+reported by Phanias the Lesbian, a philosopher well read in history.
+
+The number of the enemy's ships the poet Aeschylus gives in his tragedy
+called the Persians, as on his certain knowledge, in the following
+words--
+
+Xerxes, I know, did into battle lead
+One thousand ships; of more than usual speed
+Seven and two hundred.  So is it agreed.
+
+The Athenians had a hundred and eighty; in every ship eighteen men
+fought upon the deck, four of whom were archers and the rest men-at-
+arms.
+
+As Themistocles had fixed upon the most advantageous place, so, with no
+less sagacity, he chose the best time of fighting; for he would not run
+the prows of his galleys against the Persians, nor begin the fight till
+the time of day was come, when there regularly blows in a fresh breeze
+from the open sea, and brings in with it a strong swell into the
+channel; which was no inconvenience to the Greek ships, which were low-
+built, and little above the water, but did much hurt to the Persians,
+which had high sterns and lofty decks, and were heavy and cumbrous in
+their movements, as it presented them broadside to the quick charges of
+the Greeks, who kept their eyes upon the motions of Themistocles, as
+their best example, and more particularly because, opposed to his ship,
+Ariamenes, admiral to Xerxes, a brave man, and by far the best and
+worthiest of the king's brothers, was seen throwing darts and shooting
+arrows from his huge galley, as from the walls of a castle.  Aminias the
+Decelean and Sosicles the Pedian, who sailed in the same vessel, upon
+the ships meeting stem to stem, and transfixing each the other with
+their brazen prows, so that they were fastened together, when Ariamenes
+attempted to board theirs, ran at him with their pikes, and thrust him
+into the sea; his body, as it floated amongst other shipwrecks, was
+known to Artemisia, and carried to Xerxes.
+
+It is reported, that, in the middle of the fight, a great flame rose
+into the air above the city of Eleusis, and that sounds and voices were
+heard through all the Thriasian plain, as far as the sea, sounding like
+a number of men accompanying and escorting the mystic Iacchus, and that
+a mist seemed to form and rise from the place from whence the sounds
+came, and, passing forward, fell upon the galleys.  Others believed that
+they saw apparitions, in the shape of armed men, reaching out their
+hands from the island of Aegina before the Grecian galleys; and supposed
+they were the Aeacidae, whom they had invoked to their aid before the
+battle.  The first man that took a ship was Lycomedes the Athenian,
+captain of a galley, who cut down its ensign, and dedicated it to Apollo
+the Laurel-crowned.  And as the Persians fought in a narrow arm of the
+sea, and could bring but part of their fleet to fight, and fell foul of
+one another, the Greeks thus equaled them in strength, and fought with
+them till the evening, forced them back, and obtained, as says
+Simonides, that noble and famous victory, than which neither amongst the
+Greeks nor barbarians was ever known more glorious exploit on the seas;
+by the joint valor, indeed, and zeal of all who fought, but by the
+wisdom and sagacity of Themistocles.
+
+After this sea-fight, Xerxes, enraged at his ill-fortune, attempted, by
+casting great heaps of earth and stones into the sea, to stop up the
+channel and to make a dam, upon which he might lead his land-forces over
+into the island of Salamis.
+
+Themistocles, being desirous to try the opinion of Aristides, told him
+that he proposed to set sail for the Hellespont, to break the bridge of
+ships, so as to shut up, he said, Asia a prisoner within Europe; but
+Aristides, disliking the design, said, "We have hitherto fought with an
+enemy who has regarded little else but his pleasure and luxury; but if
+we shut him up within Greece, and drive him to necessity, he that is
+master of such great forces will no longer sit quietly with an umbrella
+of gold over his head, looking upon the fight for his pleasure; but in
+such a strait will attempt all things; he will be resolute, and appear
+himself in person upon all occasions, he will soon correct his errors,
+and supply what he has formerly omitted through remissness, and will be
+better advised in all things.  Therefore, it is noways our interest,
+Themistocles," he said, "to take away the bridge that is already made,
+but rather to build another, if it were possible, that he might make his
+retreat with the more expedition."  To which Themistocles answered, "If
+this be requisite, we must immediately use all diligence, art, and
+industry, to rid ourselves of him as soon as may be;" and to this
+purpose he found out among the captives one of the king Of Persia's
+eunuchs, named Arnaces, whom he sent to the king, to inform him that the
+Greeks, being now victorious by sea, had decreed to sail to the
+Hellespont, where the boats were fastened together, and destroy the
+bridge; but that Themistocles, being concerned for the king, revealed
+this to him, that he might hasten towards the Asiatic seas, and pass
+over into his own dominions; and in the mean time would cause delays,
+and hinder the confederates from pursuing him.  Xerxes no sooner heard
+this, but, being very much terrified, he proceeded to retreat out of
+Greece with all speed.  The prudence of Themistocles and Aristides in
+this was afterwards more fully understood at the battle of Plataea,
+where Mardonius, with a very small fraction of the forces of Xerxes, put
+the Greeks in danger of losing all.
+
+Herodotus writes, that, of all the cities of Greece, Aegina was held to
+have performed the best service in the war; while all single men yielded
+to Themistocles, though, out of envy, unwillingly; and when they
+returned to the entrance of Peloponnesus, where the several commanders
+delivered their suffrages at the altar, to determine who was most
+worthy, every one gave the first vote for himself and the second for
+Themistocles.  The Lacedaemonians carried him with them to Sparta,
+where, giving the rewards of valor to Eurybiades, and of wisdom and
+conduct to Themistocles, they crowned him with olive, presented him with
+the best chariot in the city, and sent three hundred young men to
+accompany him to the confines of their country.  And at the next Olympic
+games, when Themistocles entered the course, the spectators took no
+farther notice of those who were contesting the prizes, but spent the
+whole day in looking upon him, showing him to the strangers, admiring
+him, and applauding him by clapping their hands, and other expressions
+of joy, so that he himself, much gratified, confessed to his friends
+that he then reaped the fruit of all his labors for the Greeks.
+
+He was, indeed, by nature, a great lover of honor, as is evident from
+the anecdotes recorded of him.  When chosen admiral by the Athenians, he
+would not quite conclude any single matter of business, either public or
+private, but deferred all till the day they were to set sail, that, by
+dispatching a great quantity of business all at once, and having to meet
+a great variety of people, he might make an appearance of greatness and
+power.  Viewing the dead bodies cast up by the sea, he perceived
+bracelets and necklaces of gold about them, yet passed on, only showing
+them to a friend that followed him, saying, "Take you these things, for
+you are not Themistocles."  He said to Antiphates, a handsome young man,
+who had formerly avoided, but now in his glory courted him, "Time, young
+man, has taught us both a lesson."  He said that the Athenians did not
+honor him or admire him, but made, as it were, a sort of plane-tree of
+him; sheltered themselves under him in bad weather, and, as soon as it
+was fine, plucked his leaves and cut his branches.  When the Seriphian
+told him that he had not obtained this honor by himself, but by the
+greatness of his city, he replied, "You speak truth; I should never have
+been famous if I had been of Seriphus; nor you, had you been of Athens."
+When another of the generals, who thought he had performed considerable
+service for the Athenians, boastingly compared his actions with those of
+Themistocles, he told him that once upon a time the Day after the
+Festival found fault with the Festival: "On you there is nothing but
+hurry and trouble and preparation, but, when I come, everybody sits down
+quietly and enjoys himself;" which the Festival admitted was true, but
+"if I had not come first, you would not have come at all."  "Even so,"
+he said, "if Themistocles had not come before, where had you been now?"
+Laughing at his own son, who got his mother, and, by his mother's means,
+his father also, to indulge him, he told him that he had the most power
+of any one in Greece:  "For the Athenians command the rest of Greece, I
+command the Athenians, your mother commands me, and you command your
+mother."  Loving to be singular in all things, when he had land to sell,
+he ordered the crier to give notice that there were good neighbors near
+it.  Of two who made love to his daughter, he preferred the man of worth
+to the one who was rich, saying he desired a man without riches, rather
+than riches without a man.  Such was the character of his sayings.
+
+After these things, he began to rebuild and fortify the city of Athens,
+bribing, as Theopompus reports, the Lacedaemonian ephors not to be
+against it, but, as most relate it, overreaching and deceiving them.
+For, under pretest of an embassy, he went to Sparta, where, upon the
+Lacedaemonians charging him with rebuilding the walls, and Poliarchus
+coming on purpose from Aegina to denounce it, he denied the fact,
+bidding them to send people to Athens to see whether it were so or no;
+by which delay he got time for the building of the wall, and also placed
+these ambassadors in the hands of his countrymen as hostages for him;
+and so, when the Lacedaemonians knew the truth, they did him no hurt,
+but, suppressing all display of their anger for the present, sent him
+away.
+
+Next he proceeded to establish the harbor of Piraeus, observing the
+great natural advantages of the locality and desirous to unite the whole
+city with the sea, and to reverse, in a manner, the policy of ancient
+Athenian kings, who, endeavoring to withdraw their subjects from the
+sea, and to accustom them to live, not by sailing about, but by planting
+and tilling the earth, spread the story of the dispute between Minerva
+and Neptune for the sovereignty of Athens, in which Minerva, by
+producing to the judges an olive tree, was declared to have won; whereas
+Themistocles did not only knead up, as Aristophanes says, the port and
+the city into one, but made the city absolutely the dependent and the
+adjunct of the port, and the land of the sea, which increased the power
+and confidence of the people against the nobility; the authority coming
+into the hands of sailors and boatswains and pilots.  Thus it was one of
+the orders of the thirty tyrants, that the hustings in the assembly,
+which had faced towards the sea, should be turned round towards the
+land; implying their opinion that the empire by sea had been the origin
+of the democracy, and that the farming population were not so much
+opposed to oligarchy.
+
+Themistocles, however, formed yet higher designs with a view to naval
+supremacy.  For, after the departure of Xerxes, when the Grecian fleet
+was arrived at Pagasae, where they wintered, Themistocles, in a public
+oration to the people of Athens, told them that he had a design to
+perform something that would tend greatly to their interests and safety,
+but was of such a nature, that it could not be made generally public.
+The Athenians ordered him to impart it to Aristides only; and, if he
+approved of it, to put it in practice.  And when Themistocles had
+discovered to him that his design was to burn the Grecian fleet in the
+haven of Pagasae, Aristides, coming out to the people, gave this report
+of the stratagem contrived by Themistocles, that no proposal could be
+more politic, or more dishonorable; on which the Athenians commanded
+Themistocles to think no farther of it.
+
+When the Lacedaemonians proposed, at the general council of the
+Amphictyonians, that the representatives of those cities which were not
+in the league, nor had fought against the Persians, should be excluded,
+Themistocles, fearing that the Thessalians, with those of Thebes,
+Argos, and others, being thrown out of the council, the Lacedaemonians
+would become wholly masters of the votes, and do what they pleased,
+supported the deputies of the cities, and prevailed with the members
+then sitting to alter their opinion in this point, showing them that
+there were but one and thirty cities which had partaken in the war, and
+that most of these, also, were very small; how intolerable would it be,
+if the rest of Greece should be excluded, and the general council should
+come to be ruled by two or three great cities.  By this, chiefly, he
+incurred the displeasure of the Lacedaemonians, whose honors and favors
+were now shown to Cimon, with a view to making him the opponent of the
+state policy of Themistocles.
+
+He was also burdensome to the confederates, sailing about the islands
+and collecting money from them.  Herodotus says, that, requiring money
+of those of the island of Andros, he told them that he had brought with
+him two goddesses, Persuasion and Force; and they answered him that they
+had also two great goddesses, which prohibited them from giving him any
+money, Poverty and Impossibility.  Timocreon, the Rhodian poet,
+reprehends him somewhat bitterly for being wrought upon by money to let
+some who were banished return, while abandoning himself, who was his
+guest and friend.  The verses are these:--
+
+Pausanias you may praise, and Xanthippus he be for,
+For Leutychidas, a third; Aristides, I proclaim,
+From the sacred Athens came,
+The one true man of all; for Themistocles Latona doth abhor
+
+The liar, traitor, cheat, who, to gain his filthy pay,
+Timocreon, his friend, neglected to restore
+To his native Rhodian shore;
+Three silver talents took, and departed (curses with him) on his way,
+
+Restoring people here, expelling there, and killing here,
+Filling evermore his purse: and at the Isthmus gave a treat,
+To be laughed at, of cold meat,
+Which they ate, and prayed the gods some one else might give the feast
+another year.
+
+But after the sentence and banishment of Themistocles, Timocreon reviles
+him yet more immoderately and wildly in a poem which begins thus:--
+
+Unto all the Greeks repair
+O Muse, and tell these verses there,
+As is fitting and is fair.
+
+The story is, that it was put to the question whether Timocreon should
+be banished for siding with the Persians, and Themistocles gave his vote
+against him.  So when Themistocles was accused of intriguing with the
+Medes, Timocreon made these lines upon him:--
+
+So now Timocreon, indeed, is not the sole friend of the Mede,
+There are some knaves besides; nor is it only mine that fails,
+But other foxes have lost tails. --
+
+When the citizens of Athens began to listen willingly to those who
+traduced and reproached him, he was forced, with somewhat obnoxious
+frequency, to put them in mind of the great services he had performed,
+and ask those who were offended with him whether they were weary with
+receiving benefits often from the same person, so rendering himself more
+odious.  And he yet more provoked the people by building a temple to
+Diana with the epithet of Aristobule, or Diana of Best Counsel;
+intimating thereby, that he had given the best counsel, not only to the
+Athenians, but to all Greece.  He built this temple near his own house,
+in the district called Melite, where now the public officers carry out
+the bodies of such as are executed, and throw the halters and clothes of
+those that are strangled or otherwise put to death.  There is to this
+day a small figure of Themistocles in the temple of Diana of Best
+Counsel, which represents him to be a person, not only of a noble mind,
+but also of a most heroic aspect.  At length the Athenians banished him,
+making use of the ostracism to humble his eminence and authority, as
+they ordinarily did with all whom they thought too powerful, or, by
+their greatness, disproportionable to the equality thought requisite in
+a popular government.  For the ostracism was instituted, not so much to
+punish the offender, as to mitigate and pacify the violence of the
+envious, who delighted to humble eminent men, and who, by fixing this
+disgrace upon them, might vent some part of their rancor.
+
+Themistocles being banished from Athens, while he stayed at Argos the
+detection of Pausanias happened, which gave such advantage to his
+enemies, that Leobotes of Agraule, son of Alcmaeon, indicted him of
+treason, the Spartans supporting him in the accusation.
+
+When Pausanias went about this treasonable design, he concealed it at
+first from Themistocles, though he were his intimate friend; but when he
+saw him expelled out of the commonwealth, and how impatiently he took
+his banishment, he ventured to communicate it to him, and desired his
+assistance, showing him the king of Persia's letters, and exasperating
+him against the Greeks, as a villainous, ungrateful people.  However,
+Themistocles immediately rejected the proposals of Pausanias, and wholly
+refused to be a party in the enterprise, though he never revealed his
+communications, nor disclosed the conspiracy to any man, either hoping
+that Pausanias would desist from his intentions, or expecting that so
+inconsiderate an attempt after such chimerical objects would be
+discovered by other means.
+
+After that Pausanias was put to death, letters and writings being found
+concerning this matter, which rendered Themistocles suspected, the
+Lacedaemonians were clamorous against him, and his enemies among the
+Athenians accused him; when, being absent from Athens, he made his
+defense by letters, especially against the points that had been
+previously alleged against him.  In answer to the malicious detractions
+of his enemies, he merely wrote to the citizens, urging that he who was
+always ambitious to govern, and not of a character or a disposition to
+serve, would never sell himself and his country into slavery to a
+barbarous and hostile nation.
+
+Notwithstanding this, the people, being persuaded by his accusers, sent
+officers to take him and bring him away to be tried before a council of
+the Greeks, but, having timely notice of it, he passed over into the
+island of Corcyra, where the state was under obligations to him; for
+being chosen as arbitrator in a difference between them and the
+Corinthians, he decided the controversy by ordering the Corinthians to
+pay down twenty talents, and declaring the town and island of Leucas a
+joint colony from both cities.  From thence he fled into Epirus, and,
+the Athenians and Lacedaemonians still pursuing him, he threw himself
+upon chances of safety that seemed all but desperate.  For he fled for
+refuge to Admetus, king of the Molossians, who had formerly made some
+request to the Athenians, when Themistocles was in the height of his
+authority, and had been disdainfully used and insulted by him, and had
+let it appear plain enough, that could he lay hold of him, he would take
+his revenge.  Yet in this misfortune, Themistocles, fearing the recent
+hatred of his neighbors and fellow-citizens more than the old
+displeasure of the king, put himself at his mercy, and became a humble
+suppliant to Admetus, after a peculiar manner, different from the custom
+of other countries.  For taking the king's son, who was then a child, in
+his arms, he laid himself down at his hearth, this being the most sacred
+and only manner of supplication, among the Molossians, which was not to
+be refused.  And some say that his wife, Phthia, intimated to
+Themistocles this way of petitioning, and placed her young son with him
+before the hearth; others, that king Admetus, that he might be under a
+religious obligation not to deliver him up to his pursuers, prepared and
+enacted with him a sort of stage-play to this effect.  At this time,
+Epicrates of Acharnae privately conveyed his wife and children out of
+Athens, and sent them hither, for which afterwards Cimon condemned him
+and put him to death, as Stesimbrotus reports, and yet somehow, either
+forgetting this himself, or making Themistocles to be little mindful of
+it, says presently that he sailed into Sicily, and desired in marriage
+the daughter of Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, promising to bring the Greeks
+under his power; and, on Hiero refusing him, departed thence into Asia;
+but this is not probable.
+
+For Theophrastus writes, in his work on Monarchy, that when Hiero sent
+race-horses to the Olympian games, and erected a pavilion sumptuously
+furnished, Themistocles made an oration to the Greeks, inciting them to
+pull down the tyrant's tent, and not to suffer his horses to run.
+Thucydides says, that, passing over land to the Aegaean Sea, he took
+ship at Pydna in the bay of Therme, not being known to any one in the
+ship, till, being terrified to see the vessel driven by the winds near
+to Naxos, which was then besieged by the Athenians, he made himself
+known to the master and pilot, and, partly entreating them, partly
+threatening that if they went on shore he would accuse them, and make
+the Athenians to believe that they did not take him in out of ignorance,
+but that he had corrupted them with money from the beginning, he
+compelled them to bear off and stand out to sea, and sail forward
+towards the coast of Asia.
+
+A great part of his estate was privately conveyed away by his friends,
+and sent after him by sea into Asia; besides which there was discovered
+and confiscated to the value of fourscore talents, as Theophrastus
+writes, Theopompus says a hundred; though Themistocles was never worth
+three talents before he was concerned in public affairs.
+
+When he arrived at Cyme, and understood that all along the coast there
+were many laid wait for him, and particularly Ergoteles and Pythodorus
+(for the game was worth the hunting for such as were thankful to make
+money by any means, the king of Persia having offered by public
+proclamation two hundred talents to him that should take him), he fled
+to Aegae, a small city of the Aeolians, where no one knew him but only
+his host Nicogenes, who was the richest man in Aeolia, and well known to
+the great men of Inner Asia.  While Themistocles lay hid for some days
+in his house, one night, after a sacrifice and supper ensuing, Olbius,
+the attendant upon Nicogenes's children, fell into a sort of frenzy and
+fit of inspiration, and cried out in verse,--
+
+Night shall speak, and night instruct thee,
+By the voice of night conduct thee.
+
+After this, Themistocles, going to bed, dreamed that he saw a snake coil
+itself up upon his belly, and so creep to his neck; then, as soon as it
+touched his face, it turned into an eagle, which spread its wings over
+him, and took him up and flew away with him a great distance; then there
+appeared a herald's golden wand, and upon this at last it set him down
+securely, after infinite terror and disturbance.
+
+His departure was effected by Nicogenes by the following artifice; the
+barbarous nations, and amongst them the Persians especially, are
+extremely jealous, severe, and suspicious about their women, not only
+their wives, but also their bought slaves and concubines, whom they keep
+so strictly that no one ever sees them abroad; they spend their lives
+shut up within doors, and, when they take a journey, are carried in
+close tents, curtained in on all sides, and set upon a wagon.  Such a
+traveling carriage being prepared for Themistocles, they hid him in it,
+and carried him on his journeys and told those whom they met or spoke
+with upon the road that they were conveying a young Greek woman out of
+Ionia to a nobleman at court.
+
+Thucydides and Charon of Lampsacus say that Xerxes was dead, and that
+Themistocles had an interview with his son; but Ephorus, Dinon,
+Clitarchus, Heraclides, and many others, write that he came to Xerxes.
+The chronological tables better agree with the account of Thucydides,
+and yet neither can their statements be said to be quite set at rest.
+
+When Themistocles was come to the critical point, he applied himself
+first to Artabanus, commander of a thousand men, telling him that he was
+a Greek, and desired to speak with the king about important affairs
+concerning which the king was extremely solicitous.  Artabanus answered
+him, "O stranger, the laws of men are different, and one thing is
+honorable to one man, and to others another; but it is honorable for all
+to honor and observe their own laws.  It is the habit of the Greeks, we
+are told, to honor, above all things, liberty and equality; but amongst
+our many excellent laws, we account this the most excellent, to honor
+the king, and to worship him, as the image of the great preserver of the
+universe; if, then, you shall consent to our laws, and fall down before
+the king and worship him, you may both see him and speak to him; but if
+your mind be otherwise, you must make use of others to intercede for
+you, for it is not the national custom here for the king to give
+audience to anyone that doth not fall down before him."
+Themistocles, hearing this, replied, "Artabanus, I that come hither to
+increase the power and glory of the king, will not only submit myself to
+his laws, since so it hath pleased the god who exalteth the Persian
+empire to this greatness, but will also cause many more to be
+worshippers and adorers of the king.  Let not this, therefore, be an
+impediment why I should not communicate to the king what I have to
+impart."  Artabanus asking him, "Who must we tell him that you are? for
+your words signify you to be no ordinary person," Themistocles answered,
+"No man, O Artabanus, must be informed of this before the king himself."
+Thus Phanias relates; to which Eratosthenes, in his treatise on Riches,
+adds, that it was by the means of a woman of Eretria, who was kept by
+Artabanus, that he obtained this audience and interview with him.
+
+When he was introduced to the king, and had paid his reverence to him,
+he stood silent, till the king commanding the interpreter to ask him who
+he was, he replied, "O king, I am Themistocles the Athenian, driven
+into banishment by the Greeks.  The evils that I have done to the
+Persians are numerous; but my benefits to them yet greater, in
+withholding the Greeks from pursuit, so soon as the deliverance of my
+own country allowed me to show kindness also to you.  I come with a mind
+suited to my present calamities; prepared alike for favors and for
+anger; to welcome your gracious reconciliation, and to deprecate your
+wrath.  Take my own countrymen for witnesses of the services I have done
+for Persia, and make use of this occasion to show the world your virtue,
+rather than to satisfy your indignation.  If you save me, you will save
+your suppliant; if otherwise, will destroy an enemy of the Greeks."  He
+talked also of divine admonitions, such as the vision which he saw at
+Nicogenes's house, and the direction given him by the oracle of Dodona,
+where Jupiter commanded him to go to him that had a name like his, by
+which he understood that he was sent from Jupiter to him, seeing that
+they both were great, and had the name of kings.
+
+The king heard him attentively, and, though he admired his temper and
+courage, gave him no answer at that time; but, when he was with his
+intimate friends, rejoiced in his great good fortune, and esteemed
+himself very happy in this, and prayed to his god Arimanius, that all
+his enemies might be ever of the same mind with the Greeks, to abuse and
+expel the bravest men amongst them.  Then he sacrificed to the gods, and
+presently fell to drinking, and was so well pleased, that in the night,
+in the middle of his sleep, he cried out for joy three times, "I have
+Themistocles the Athenian."
+
+In the morning, calling together the chief of his court, he had
+Themistocles brought before him, who expected no good of it, when he
+saw, for example, the guards fiercely set against him as soon as they
+learnt his name, and giving him ill language.  As he came forward
+towards the king, who was seated, the rest keeping silence, passing by
+Roxanes, a commander of a thousand men, he heard him, with a slight
+groan, say, without stirring out of his place, "You subtle Greek
+serpent, the king's good genius hath brought thee hither."  Yet, when he
+came into the presence, and again fell down, the king saluted him, and
+spoke to him kindly, telling him he was now indebted to him two hundred
+talents; for it was just and reasonable that he should receive the
+reward which was proposed to whosoever should bring Themistocles; and
+promising much more, and encouraging him, he commanded him to speak
+freely what he would concerning the affairs of Greece.  Themistocles
+replied, that a man's discourse was like to a rich Persian carpet, the
+beautiful figures and patterns of which can only be shown by spreading
+and extending it out; when it is contracted and folded up, they are
+obscured and lost; and, therefore, he desired time.  The king being
+pleased with the comparison, and bidding him take what time he would, he
+desired a year; in which time, having, learnt the Persian language
+sufficiently, he spoke with the king by himself without the help of an
+interpreter, it being supposed that he discoursed only about the affairs
+of Greece; but there happening, at the same time, great alterations at
+court, and removals of the king's favorites, he drew upon himself the
+envy of the great people, who imagined that he had taken the boldness to
+speak concerning them.  For the favors shown to other strangers were
+nothing in comparison with the honors conferred on him; the king invited
+him to partake of his own pastimes and recreations both at home and
+abroad, carrying him with him a-hunting, and made him his intimate so
+far that he permitted him to see the queen-mother, and converse
+frequently with her.  By the king's command, he also was made acquainted
+with the Magian learning.
+
+When Demaratus the Lacedaemonian, being ordered by the king to ask
+whatsoever he pleased, and it should immediately be granted him, desired
+that he might make his public entrance, and be carried in state through
+the city of Sardis, with the tiara set in the royal manner upon his
+head, Mithropaustes, cousin to the king, touched him on the head, and
+told him that he had no brains for the royal tiara to cover, and if
+Jupiter should give him his lightning and thunder, he would not any the
+more be Jupiter for that; the king also repulsed him with anger
+resolving never to be reconciled to him, but to be inexorable to all
+supplications on his behalf.  Yet Themistocles pacified him, and
+prevailed with him to forgive him.  And it is reported, that the
+succeeding kings, in whose reigns there was a greater communication
+between the Greeks and Persians, when they invited any considerable
+Greek into their service, to encourage him, would write, and promise him
+that he should be as great with them as Themistocles had been.  They
+relate, also, how Themistocles, when he was in great prosperity, and
+courted by many, seeing himself splendidly served at his table turned
+to his children and said, "Children, we had been undone if we had not
+been undone."  Most writers say that he had three cities given him,
+Magnesia, Myus, and Lampsacus, to maintain him in bread, meat, and wine.
+Neanthes of Cyzicus, and Phanias, add two more, the city of
+Palaescepsis, to provide him with clothes, and Percote, with bedding and
+furniture for his house.
+
+As he was going down towards the sea-coast to take measures against
+Greece, a Persian whose name was Epixyes, governor of the upper Phrygia,
+laid wait to kill him, having for that purpose provided a long time
+before a number of Pisidians, who were to set upon him when he should
+stop to rest at a city that is called Lion's-head.  But Themistocles,
+sleeping in the middle of the day, saw the Mother of the gods appear to
+him in a dream and say unto him, "Themistocles, keep back from the
+Lion's-head, for fear you fall into the lion's jaws; for this advice I
+expect that your daughter Mnesiptolema should be my servant."
+Themistocles was much astonished, and, when he had made his vows to the
+goddess, left the broad road, and, making a circuit, went another way,
+changing his intended station to avoid that place, and at night took up
+his rest in the fields.  But one of the sumpter-horses, which carried
+the furniture for his tent, having fallen that day into the river, his
+servants spread out the tapestry, which was wet, and hung it up to dry;
+in the mean time the Pisidians made towards them with their swords
+drawn, and, not discerning exactly by the moon what it was that was
+stretched out thought it to be the tent of Themistocles, and that they
+should find him resting himself within it; but when they came near, and
+lifted up the hangings, those who watched there fell upon them and took
+them.  Themistocles, having escaped this great danger, in admiration of
+the goodness of the goddess that appeared to him, built, in memory of
+it, a temple in the city of Magnesia, which he dedicated to Dindymene,
+Mother of the gods, in which he consecrated and devoted his daughter
+Mnesiptolema to her service.
+
+When he came to Sardis, he visited the temples of the gods, and
+observing, at his leisure, their buildings, ornaments, and the number of
+their offerings, he saw in the temple of the Mother of the gods, the
+statue of a virgin in brass, two cubits high, called the water-bringer.
+Themistocles had caused this to be made and set up when he was surveyor
+of waters at Athens, out of the fines of those whom he detected in
+drawing off and diverting the public water by pipes for their private
+use; and whether he had some regret to see this image in captivity, or
+was desirous to let the Athenians see in what great credit and authority
+he was with the king, he entered into a treaty with the governor of
+Lydia to persuade him to send this statue back to Athens, which so
+enraged the Persian officer, that he told him he would write the king
+word of it.  Themistocles, being affrighted hereat, got access to his
+wives and concubines, by presents of money to whom, he appeased the fury
+of the governor; and afterwards behaved with more reserve and
+circumspection, fearing the envy of the Persians, and did not, as
+Theopompus writes, continue to travel about Asia, but lived quietly in
+his own house in Magnesia, where for a long time he passed his days in
+great security, being courted by all, and enjoying rich presents, and
+honored equally with the greatest persons in the Persian empire; the
+king, at that time, not minding his concerns with Greece, being taken up
+with the affairs of Inner Asia.
+
+But when Egypt revolted, being assisted by the Athenians, and the Greek
+galleys roved about as far as Cyprus and Cilicia, and Cimon had made
+himself master of the seas, the king turned his thoughts thither, and,
+bending his mind chiefly to resist the Greeks, and to check the growth
+of their power against him, began to raise forces, and send out
+commanders, and to dispatch messengers to Themistocles at Magnesia, to
+put him in mind of his promise, and to summon him to act against the
+Greeks.  Yet this did not increase his hatred nor exasperate him against
+the Athenians, neither was he any way elevated with the thoughts of the
+honor and powerful command he was to have in this war; but judging,
+perhaps, that the object would not be attained, the Greeks having at
+that time, beside other great commanders, Cimon, in particular, who was
+gaining wonderful military successes; but chiefly, being ashamed to
+sully the glory of his former great actions, and of his many victories
+and trophies, he determined to put a conclusion to his life, agreeable
+to its previous course.  He sacrificed to the gods, and invited his
+friends; and, having entertained them and shaken hands with them, drank
+bull's blood, as is the usual story; as others state, a poison producing
+instant death; and ended his days in the city of Magnesia, having lived
+sixty-five years, most of which he had spent in politics and in the
+wars, in government and command.  The king, being informed of the cause
+and manner of his death, admired him more than ever, and continued to
+show kindness to his friends and relations.
+
+Themistocles left three sons by Archippe, daughter to Lysander of
+Alopece, -- Archeptolis, Polyeuctus, and Cleophantus.  Plato the
+philosopher mentions the last as a most excellent horseman, but
+otherwise insignificant person; of two sons yet older than these,
+Neocles and Diocles, Neocles died when he was young by the bite of a
+horse, and Diocles was adopted by his grandfather, Lysander.  He had
+many daughters, of whom Mnesiptolema, whom he had by a second marriage,
+was wife to Archeptolis, her brother by another mother; Italia was
+married to Panthoides, of the island of Chios; Sybaris to Nicomedes the
+Athenian.  After the death of Themistocles, his nephew, Phrasicles, went
+to Magnesia, and married, with her brothers' consent, another daughter,
+Nicomache, and took charge of her sister Asia, the youngest of all the
+children.
+
+The Magnesians possess a splendid sepulchre of Themistocles, placed in
+the middle of their market-place.  It is not worthwhile taking notice
+of what Andocides states in his Address to his Friends concerning his
+remains, how the Athenians robbed his tomb, and threw his ashes into the
+air; for he feigns this, to exasperate the oligarchical faction against
+the people; and there is no man living but knows that Phylarchus simply
+invents in his history, where he all but uses an actual stage machine,
+and brings in Neocles and Demopolis as the sons of Themistocles, to
+incite or move compassion, as if he were writing a tragedy.  Diodorus
+the cosmographer says, in his work on Tombs, but by conjecture rather
+than of certain knowledge, that near to the haven of Piraeus, where the
+land runs out like an elbow from the promontory of Alcimus, when you
+have doubled the cape and passed inward where the sea is always calm,
+there is a large piece of masonry, and upon this the tomb of
+Themistocles, in the shape of an altar; and Plato the comedian confirms
+this, he believes, in these verses,--
+
+Thy tomb is fairly placed upon the strand,
+Where merchants still shall greet it with the land;
+Still in and out 'twill see them come and go,
+And watch the galleys as they race below.
+
+Various honors also and privileges were granted to the kindred of
+Themistocles at Magnesia, which were observed down to our times, and
+were enjoyed by another Themistocles of Athens, with whom I had an
+intimate acquaintance and friendship in the house of Ammonius the
+philosopher.
+
+
+
+CAMILLUS
+
+Among the many remarkable things that are related of Furius Camillus, it
+seems singular and strange above all, that he, who continually was in
+the highest commands, and obtained the greatest successes, was five
+times chosen dictator, triumphed four times, and was styled a second
+founder of Rome, yet never was so much as once consul.  The reason of
+which was the state and temper of the commonwealth at that time; for the
+people, being at dissension with the senate, refused to return consuls,
+but in their stead elected other magistrates, called military tribunes,
+who acted, indeed, with full consular power, but were thought to
+exercise a less obnoxious amount of authority, because it was divided
+among a larger number; for to have the management of affairs entrusted
+in the hands of six persons rather than two was some satisfaction to the
+opponents of oligarchy.  This was the condition of the times when
+Camillus was in the height of his actions and glory, and, although the
+government in the meantime had often proceeded to consular elections,
+yet he could never persuade himself to be consul against the inclination
+of the people.  In all his other administrations, which were many and
+various, he so behaved himself, that, when alone in authority, he
+exercised his power as in common, but the honor of all actions redounded
+entirely to himself, even when in joint commission with others; the
+reason of the former was his moderation in command; of the latter, his
+great judgment and wisdom, which gave him without controversy the first
+place.
+
+The house of the Furii was not, at that time of any considerable
+distinction; he, by his own acts, first raised himself to honor, serving
+under Postumius Tubertus, dictator, in the great battle against the
+Aequians and Volscians.  For riding out from the rest of the army, and
+in the charge receiving a wound in his thigh, he for all that did not
+quit the fight, but, letting the dart drag in the wound, and engaging
+with the bravest of the enemy, put them to flight; for which action,
+among other rewards bestowed on him, he was created censor, an office in
+those days of great repute and authority.  During his censorship one
+very good act of his is recorded, that, whereas the wars had made many
+widows, he obliged such as had no wives, some by fair persuasion, others
+by threatening to set fines on their heads, to take them in marriage;
+another necessary one, in causing orphans to be rated, who before were
+exempted from taxes, the frequent wars requiring more than ordinary
+expenses to maintain them.  What, however, pressed them most was the
+siege of Veii.  Some call this people Veientani.  This was the head city
+of Tuscany, not inferior to Rome, either in number of arms or multitude
+of soldiers, insomuch that, presuming on her wealth and luxury, and
+priding herself upon her refinement and sumptuousness, she engaged in
+many honorable contests with the Romans for glory and empire.  But now
+they had abandoned their former ambitious hopes, having been weakened by
+great defeats, so that, having fortified themselves with high and strong
+walls, and furnished the city with all sorts of weapons offensive and
+defensive, as likewise with corn and all manner of provisions, they
+cheerfully endured a siege, which, though tedious to them, was no less
+troublesome and distressing to the besiegers.  For the Romans, having
+never been accustomed to stay away from home, except in summer, and for
+no great length of time, and constantly to winter at home, were then
+first compelled by the tribunes to build forts in the enemy's country,
+and, raising strong works about their camp, to join winter and summer
+together.  And now, the seventh year of the war drawing to an end, the
+commanders began to be suspected as too slow and remiss in driving on
+the siege, insomuch that they were discharged and others chosen for the
+war, among whom was Camillus, then second time tribune.  But at present
+he had no hand in the siege, the duties that fell by lot to him being to
+make war upon the Faliscans and Capenates, who, taking advantage of the
+Romans being occupied on all hands, had carried ravages into their
+country, and, through all the Tuscan war, given them much annoyance, but
+were now reduced by Camillus, and with great loss shut up within their
+walls.
+
+And now, in the very heat of the war, a strange phenomenon in the Alban
+lake, which, in the absence of any known cause and explanation by
+natural reasons, seemed as great a prodigy as the most incredible that
+are reported, occasioned great alarm.  It was the beginning of autumn,
+and the summer now ending had, to all observation, been neither rainy
+nor much troubled with southern winds; and of the many lakes, brooks,
+and springs of all sorts with which Italy abounds, some were wholly
+dried up, others drew very little water with them; all the rivers, as is
+usual in summer, ran in a very low and hollow channel.  But the Alban
+lake, that is fed by no other waters but its own, and is on all sides
+encircled with fruitful mountains, without any cause, unless it were
+divine, began visibly to rise and swell, increasing to the feet of the
+mountains, and by degrees reaching the level of the very tops of them,
+and all this without any waves or agitation.  At first it was the wonder
+of shepherds and herdsmen; but when the earth, which, like a great dam,
+held up the lake from falling into the lower grounds, through the
+quantity and weight of water was broken down, and in a violent stream it
+ran through the plowed fields and plantations to discharge itself in the
+sea, it not only struck terror into the Romans, but was thought by all
+the inhabitants of Italy to portend some extraordinary event.  But the
+greatest talk of it was in the camp that besieged Veii, so that in the
+town itself, also, the occurrence became known.
+
+As in long sieges it commonly happens that parties on both sides meet
+often and converse with one another, so it chanced that a Roman had
+gained much confidence and familiarity with one of the besieged, a man
+versed in ancient prophecies, and of repute for more than ordinary skill
+in divination.  The Roman, observing him to be overjoyed at the story of
+the lake, and to mock at the siege, told him that this was not the only
+prodigy that of late had happened to the Romans; others more wonderful
+yet than this had befallen them, which he was willing to communicate to
+him, that he might the better provide for his private interests in these
+public distempers.  The man greedily embraced the proposal, expecting to
+hear some wonderful secrets; but when, by little and little, he had led
+him on in conversation, and insensibly drawn him a good way from the
+gates of the city, he snatched him up by the middle, being stronger than
+he, and, by the assistance of others that came running from the camp,
+seized and delivered him to the commanders.  The man, reduced to this
+necessity, and sensible now that destiny was not to be avoided,
+discovered to them the secret oracles of Veii; that it was not possible
+the city should be taken, until the Alban lake, which now broke forth
+and had found out new passages, was drawn back from that course, and so
+diverted that it could not mingle with the sea.  The senate, having
+heard and satisfied themselves about the matter, decreed to send to
+Delphi, to ask counsel of the god.  The messengers were persons of the
+highest repute, Licinius Cossus, Valerius Potitus, and Fabius Ambustus;
+who, having made their voyage by sea and consulted the god, returned
+with other answers, particularly that there had been a neglect of some
+of their national rites relating to the Latin feasts; but the Alban
+water the oracle commanded, if it were possible, they should keep from
+the sea, and shut it up in its ancient bounds; but if that was not to be
+done, then they should carry it off by ditches and trenches into the
+lower grounds, and so dry it up; which message being delivered, the
+priests performed what related to the sacrifices, and the people went to
+work and turned the water.
+
+And now the senate, in the tenth year of the war, taking away all other
+commands, created Camillus dictator, who chose Cornelius Scipio for his
+general of horse.  And in the first place he made vows unto the gods,
+that, if they would grant a happy conclusion of the war, he would
+celebrate to their honor the great games, and dedicate a temple to the
+goddess whom the Romans call Matuta the Mother, though, from the
+ceremonies which are used, one would think she was Leucothea.  For they
+take a servant-maid into the secret part of the temple, and there cuff
+her, and drive her out again, and they embrace their brothers' children
+in place of their own; and, in general, the ceremonies of the sacrifice
+remind one of the nursing of Bacchus by Ino, and the calamities
+occasioned by her husband's concubine. Camillus, having made these
+vows, marched into the country of the Faliscans, and in a great battle
+overthrew them and the Capenates, their confederates; afterwards he
+turned to the siege of Veii, and, finding that to take it by assault
+would prove a difficult and hazardous attempt, proceeded to cut mines
+under ground, the earth about the city being easy to break up, and
+allowing such depth for the works as would prevent their being
+discovered by the enemy.  This design going on in a hopeful way, he
+openly gave assaults to the enemy, to keep them to the walls, whilst
+they that worked underground in the mines were, without being perceived,
+arrived within the citadel, close to the temple of Juno, which was the
+greatest and most honored in all the city.  It is said that the prince
+of the Tuscans was at that very time at sacrifice, and that the priest,
+after he had looked into the entrails of the beast, cried out with a
+loud voice that the gods would give the victory to those that should
+complete those offerings; and that the Romans who were in the mines,
+hearing the words, immediately pulled down the floor, and, ascending
+with noise and clashing of weapons, frightened away the enemy, and,
+snatching up the entrails, carried them to Camillus.  But this may look
+like a fable.  The city, however, being taken by storm, and the soldiers
+busied in pillaging and gathering an infinite quantity of riches and
+spoil, Camillus, from the high tower, viewing what was done, at first
+wept for pity; and when they that were by congratulated his good
+success, he lifted up his hands to heaven, and broke out into this
+prayer:  "O most mighty Jupiter, and ye gods that are judges of good and
+evil actions, ye know that not without just cause, but constrained by
+necessity, we have been forced to revenge ourselves on the city of our
+unrighteous and wicked enemies.  But if, in the vicissitude of things,
+there be any calamity due, to counterbalance this great felicity, I beg
+that it may be diverted from the city and army of the Romans, and fall,
+with as little hurt as may be, upon my own head."  Having said these
+words, and just turning about (as the custom of the Romans is to turn to
+the right after adoration or prayer), he stumbled and fell, to the
+astonishment of all that were present.  But, recovering himself
+presently from the fall, he told them that he had received what he had
+prayed for, a small mischance, in compensation for the greatest good
+fortune.
+
+Having sacked the city, he resolved, according as he had vowed, to carry
+Juno's image to Rome; and, the workmen being ready for that purpose, he
+sacrificed to the goddess, and made his supplications that she would be
+pleased to accept of their devotion toward her, and graciously vouchsafe
+to accept of a place among the gods that presided at Rome; and the
+statue, they say, answered in a low voice that she was ready and willing
+to go.  Livy writes, that, in praying, Camillus touched the goddess, and
+invited her, and that some of the standers-by cried out that she was
+willing and would come.  They who stand up for the miracle and endeavor
+to maintain it have one great advocate on their side in the wonderful
+fortune of the city, which, from a small and contemptible beginning,
+could never have attained to that greatness and power without many
+signal manifestations of the divine presence and cooperation.  Other
+wonders of the like nature, drops of sweat seen to stand on statues,
+groans heard from them, the figures seen to turn round and to close
+their eyes, are recorded by many ancient historians; and we ourselves
+could relate divers wonderful things, which we have been told by men of
+our own time, that are not lightly to be rejected; but to give too easy
+credit to such things, or wholly to disbelieve them, is equally
+dangerous, so incapable is human infirmity of keeping any bounds, or
+exercising command over itself, running off sometimes to superstition
+and dotage, at other times to the contempt and neglect of all that is
+supernatural.  But moderation is best, and to avoid all extremes.
+
+Camillus, however, whether puffed up with the greatness of his
+achievement in conquering a city that was the rival of Rome, and had
+held out a ten years' siege, or exalted with the felicitations of those
+that were about him, assumed to himself more than became a civil and
+legal magistrate; among other things, in the pride and haughtiness of
+his triumph, driving through Rome in a chariot drawn with four white
+horses, which no general either before or since ever did; for the Romans
+consider such a mode of conveyance to be sacred, and specially set apart
+to the king and father of the gods.  This alienated the hearts of his
+fellow-citizens, who were not accustomed to such pomp and display.
+
+The second pique they had against him was his opposing the law by which
+the city was to be divided; for the tribunes of the people brought
+forward a motion that the people and senate should be divided into two
+parts, one of which should remain at home, the other, as the lot should
+decide, remove to the new-taken city.  By which means they should not
+only have much more room, but by the advantage of two great and
+magnificent cities, be better able to maintain their territories and
+their fortunes in general.  The people, therefore, who were numerous and
+indigent, greedily embraced it, and crowded continually to the forum,
+with tumultuous demands to have it put to the vote.  But the senate and
+the noblest citizens, judging the proceedings of the tribunes to tend
+rather to a destruction than a division of Rome, greatly averse to it,
+went to Camillus for assistance, who, fearing the result if it came to a
+direct contest, contrived to occupy the people with other business, and
+so staved it off.  He thus became unpopular.  But the greatest and most
+apparent cause of their dislike against him arose from the tenths of the
+spoil; the multitude having here, if not a just, yet a plausible case
+against him.  For it seems, as he went to the siege of Veii, he had
+vowed to Apollo that if he took the city he would dedicate to him the
+tenth of the spoil.  The city being taken and sacked, whether he was
+loath to trouble the soldiers at that time, or that through the
+multitude of business he had forgotten his vow, he suffered them to
+enjoy that part of the spoils also.  Some time afterwards, when his
+authority was laid down, he brought the matter before the senate, and
+the priests, at the same time, reported, out of the sacrifices, that
+there were intimations of divine anger, requiring propitiations and
+offerings.  The senate decreed the obligation to be in force.
+
+But seeing it was difficult for every one to produce the very same
+things they had taken, to be divided anew, they ordained that every one
+upon oath should bring into the public the tenth part of his gains.
+This occasioned many annoyances and hardships to the soldiers, who were
+poor men, and had endured much in the war, and now were forced, out of
+what they had gained and spent, to bring in so great a proportion.
+Camillus, being assaulted by their clamor and tumults, for want of a
+better excuse, betook himself to the poorest of defenses, confessing he
+had forgotten his vow; they in turn complained that he had vowed the
+tenth of the enemy's goods, and now levied it out of the tenths of the
+citizens.  Nevertheless, every one having brought in his due proportion,
+it was decreed that out of it a bowl of massy gold should be made, and
+sent to Delphi.  And when there was great scarcity of gold in the city,
+and the magistrates were considering where to get it, the Roman ladies,
+meeting together and consulting among themselves, out of the golden
+ornaments they wore contributed as much as went to the making the
+offering, which in weight came to eight talents of gold.  The senate, to
+give them the honor they had deserved, ordained that funeral orations
+should be used at the obsequies of women as well as men, it having never
+before been a custom that any woman after death should receive any
+public eulogy.  Choosing out, therefore, three of the noblest citizens
+as a deputation, they sent them in a vessel of war, well manned and
+sumptuously adorned.  Storm and calm at sea may both, they say, alike be
+dangerous; as they at this time experienced, being brought almost to the
+very brink of destruction, and, beyond all expectation, escaping.  For
+near the isles of Solus the wind slacking, galleys of the Lipareans came
+upon them, taking them for pirates; and, when they held up their hands
+as suppliants, forbore indeed from violence, but took their ship in tow,
+and carried her into the harbor, where they exposed to sale their goods
+and persons as lawful prize, they being pirates; and scarcely, at last,
+by the virtue and interest of one man, Timesitheus by name, who was in
+office as general, and used his utmost persuasion, they were, with much
+ado, dismissed.  He, however, himself sent out some of his own vessels
+with them, to accompany them in their voyage and assist them at the
+dedication; for which he received honors at Rome, as he had deserved.
+
+And now the tribunes of the people again resuming their motion for the
+division of the city, the war against the Faliscans luckily broke out,
+giving liberty to the chief citizens to choose what magistrates they
+pleased, and to appoint Camillus military tribune, with five colleagues;
+affairs then requiring a commander of authority and reputation, as well
+as experience.  And when the people had ratified the election, he
+marched with his forces into the territories of the Faliscans, and laid
+seige to Falerii, a well-fortified city, and plentifully stored with all
+necessaries of war.  And although he perceived it would be no small work
+to take it, and no little time would be required for it, yet he was
+willing to exercise the citizens and keep them abroad, that they might
+have no leisure, idling at home, to follow the tribunes in factions and
+seditions; a very common remedy, indeed, with the Romans, who thus
+carried off, like good physicians, the ill humors of their commonwealth.
+The Falerians, trusting in the strength of their city, which was well
+fortified on all sides, made so little account of the siege, that all,
+with the exception of those that guarded the walls, as in times of
+peace, walked about the streets in their common dress; the boys went to
+school, and were led by their master to play and exercise about the town
+walls; for the Falerians, like the Greeks, used to have a single teacher
+for many pupils, wishing their children to live and be brought up from
+the beginning in each other's company.
+
+This schoolmaster, designing to betray the Falerians by their children,
+led them out every day under the town wall, at first but a little way,
+and, when they had exercised, brought them home again.  Afterwards by
+degrees he drew them farther and farther, till by practice he had made
+them bold and fearless, as if no danger was about them; and at last,
+having got them all together, he brought them to the outposts of the
+Romans, and delivered them up, demanding to be led to Camillus.  Where
+being come, and standing in the middle, he said that he was the master
+and teacher of these children, but, preferring his favor before all
+other obligations, he was come to deliver up his charge to him, and, in
+that, the whole city.  When Camillus had heard him out, he was astounded
+at the treachery of the act, and, turning to the standers-by, observed,
+that "war, indeed, is of necessity attended with much injustice and
+violence!  Certain laws, however, all good men observe even in war
+itself; nor is victory so great an object as to induce us to incur for
+its sake obligations for base and impious acts.  A great general should
+rely on his own virtue, and not on other men's vices."  Which said, he
+commanded the officers to tear off the man's clothes, and bind his hands
+behind him, and give the boys rods and scourges, to punish the traitor
+and drive him back to the city.  By this time the Falerians had
+discovered the treachery of the schoolmaster, and the city, as was
+likely, was full of lamentations and cries for their calamity, men and
+women of worth running in distraction about the walls and gates; when,
+behold, the boys came whipping their master on, naked and bound, calling
+Camillus their preserver and god and father.  Insomuch that it struck
+not only into the parents, but the rest of the citizens that saw what
+was done, such admiration and love of Camillus's justice, that,
+immediately meeting in assembly, they sent ambassadors to him, to resign
+whatever they had to his disposal.  Camillus sent them to Rome, where,
+being brought into the senate, they spoke to this purpose: that the
+Romans, preferring justice before victory, had taught them rather to
+embrace submission than liberty; they did not so much confess themselves
+to be inferior in strength, as they must acknowledge them to be superior
+in virtue.  The senate remitted the whole matter to Camillus, to judge
+and order as he thought fit; who, taking a sum of money of the
+Falerians, and, making a peace with the whole nation of the Faliscans,
+returned home.
+
+But the soldiers, who had expected to have the pillage of the city, when
+they came to Rome empty-handed, railed against Camillus among their
+fellow-citizens, as a hater of the people, and one that grudged all
+advantage to the poor.  Afterwards, when the tribunes of the people
+again brought their motion for dividing the city to the vote, Camillus
+appeared openly against it, shrinking from no unpopularity, and
+inveighing boldly against the promoters of it, and so urging and
+constraining the multitude, that, contrary to their inclinations, they
+rejected the proposal; but yet hated Camillus.  Insomuch that, though a
+great misfortune befell him in his family (one of his two sons dying of
+a disease), commiseration for this could not in the least make them
+abate of their malice.  And, indeed, he took this loss with immoderate
+sorrow, being a man naturally of a mild and tender disposition, and,
+when the accusation was preferred against him, kept his house, and
+mourned amongst the women of his family.
+
+His accuser was Lucius Apuleius; the charge, appropriation of the Tuscan
+spoils; certain brass gates, part of those spoils, were said to be in
+his possession.  The people were exasperated against him, and it was
+plain they would take hold of any occasion to condemn him.  Gathering,
+therefore, together his friends and fellow-soldiers, and such as had
+borne command with him, a considerable number in all, he besought them
+that they would not suffer him to be unjustly overborne by shameful
+accusations, and left the mock and scorn of his enemies.  His friends,
+having advised and consulted among themselves, made answer, that, as to
+the sentence, they did not see how they could help him, but that they
+would contribute to whatsoever fine should be set upon him.  Not able to
+endure so great an indignity, he resolved in his anger to leave the city
+and go into exile; and so, having taken leave of his wife and his son,
+he went silently to the gate of the city, and, there stopping and
+turning round, stretched out his hands to the Capitol, and prayed to the
+gods, that if, without any fault of his own, but merely through the
+malice and violence of the people, he was driven out into banishment,
+the Romans might quickly repent of it; and that all mankind might
+witness their need for the assistance, and desire for the return of
+Camillus.
+
+Thus, like Achilles, having left his imprecations on the citizens, he
+went into banishment; so that, neither appearing nor making defense, he
+was condemned in the sum of fifteen thousand asses, which, reduced to
+silver, makes one thousand five hundred drachmas; for the as was the
+money of the time, ten of such copper pieces making the denarius, or
+piece of ten.  And there is not a Roman but believes that immediately
+upon the prayers of Camillus a sudden judgment followed, and that he
+received a revenge for the injustice done unto him; which though we
+cannot think was pleasant, but rather grievous and bitter to him, yet
+was very remarkable, and noised over the whole world; such a punishment
+visited the city of Rome, an era of such loss and danger and disgrace so
+quickly succeeded; whether it thus fell out by fortune, or it be the
+office of some god not to see injured virtue go unavenged.
+
+The first token that seemed to threaten some mischief to ensue was the
+death of the censor Julius; for the Romans have a religious reverence
+for the office of a censor, and esteem it sacred.  The second was that,
+just before Camillus went into exile, Marcus Caedicius, a person of no
+great distinction, nor of the rank of senator, but esteemed a good and
+respectable man, reported to the military tribunes a thing worthy their
+consideration:  that, going along the night before in the street called
+the New Way, and being called by somebody in a loud voice, he turned
+about, but could see no one, but heard a voice greater than human, which
+said these words, "Go, Marcus Caedicius, and early in the morning tell
+the military tribunes that they are shortly to expect the Gauls."  But
+the tribunes made a mock and sport with the story, and a little after
+came Camillus's banishment.
+
+The Gauls are of the Celtic race, and are reported to have been
+compelled by their numbers to leave their country, which was
+insufficient to sustain them all, and to have gone in search of other
+homes.  And being, many thousands of them, young men and able to bear
+arms, and carrying with them a still greater number of women and young
+children, some of them, passing the Riphaean mountains, fell upon the
+Northern Ocean, and possessed themselves of the farthest parts of
+Europe; others, seating themselves between the Pyrenean mountains and
+the Alps, lived there a considerable time, near to the Senones and
+Celtorii; but, afterwards tasting wine which was then first brought them
+out of Italy, they were all so much taken with the liquor, and
+transported with the hitherto unknown delight, that, snatching up their
+arms and taking their families along with them, they marched directly to
+the Alps, to find out the country which yielded such fruit, pronouncing
+all others barren and useless.  He that first brought wine among them
+and was the chief instigator of their coming into Italy is said to have
+been one Aruns, a Tuscan, a man of noble extraction, and not of bad
+natural character, but involved in the following misfortune.  He was
+guardian to an orphan, one of the richest of the country, and much
+admired for his beauty, whose name was Lucumo.  From his childhood he
+had been bred up with Aruns in his family and when now grown up did not
+leave his house, professing to wish for the enjoyment of his society.
+And thus for a great while he secretly enjoyed Aruns's wife, corrupting
+her, and himself corrupted by her.  But when they were both so far gone
+in their passion that they could neither refrain their lust nor conceal
+it, the young man seized the woman and openly sought to carry her away.
+The husband, going to law, and finding himself overpowered by the
+interest and money of his opponent, left his country, and, hearing of
+the state of the Gauls, went to them and was the conductor of their
+expedition into Italy.
+
+At their first coming they at once possessed themselves of all that
+country which anciently the Tuscans inhabited, reaching from the Alps to
+both the seas, as the names themselves testify; for the North or
+Adriatic Sea is named from the Tuscan city Adria, and that to the south
+the Tuscan Sea simply.  The whole country is rich in fruit trees, has
+excellent pasture, and is well watered with rivers.  It had eighteen
+large and beautiful cities, well provided with all the means for
+industry and wealth, and all the enjoyments and pleasures of life.  The
+Gauls cast out the Tuscans, and seated themselves in them.  But this was
+long before.
+
+The Gauls at this time were besieging Clusium, a Tuscan city.  The
+Clusinians sent to the Romans for succor desiring them to interpose with
+the barbarians by letters and ambassadors.  There were sent three of the
+family of the Fabii, persons of high rank and distinction in the city.
+The Gauls received them courteously, from respect to the name of Rome,
+and, giving over the assault which was then making upon the walls, came
+to conference with them; when the ambassadors asking what injury they
+had received of the Clusinians that they thus invaded their city,
+Brennus, king of the Gauls, laughed and made answer, "The Clusinians do
+us injury, in that, being able only to till a small parcel of ground,
+they must needs possess a great territory, and will not yield any part
+to us who are strangers, many in number, and poor.  In the same nature,
+O Romans, formerly the Albans, Fidenates, and Ardeates, and now lately
+the Veientines and Capenates, and many of the Faliscans and Volscians,
+did you injury; upon whom ye make war if they do not yield you part of
+what they possess, make slaves of them, waste and spoil their country,
+and ruin their cities; neither in so doing are cruel or unjust, but
+follow that most ancient of all laws, which gives the possessions of the
+feeble to the strong; which begins with God and ends in the beasts;
+since all these, by nature, seek, the stronger to have advantage over
+the weaker.  Cease, therefore, to pity the Clusinians whom we besiege,
+lest ye teach the Gauls to be kind and compassionate to those that are
+oppressed by you."  By this answer the Romans, perceiving that Brennus
+was not to be treated with, went into Clusium, and encouraged and
+stirred up the inhabitants to make a sally with them upon the
+barbarians, which they did either to try their strength or to show their
+own.  The sally being made, and the fight growing hot about the walls,
+one of the Fabii, Quintus Ambustus, being well mounted, and setting
+spurs to his horse, made full against a Gaul, a man of huge bulk and
+stature, whom he saw riding out at a distance from the rest.  At the
+first he was not recognized, through the quickness of the conflict and
+the glittering of his armor, that precluded any view of him; but when he
+had overthrown the Gaul, and was going to gather the spoils, Brennus
+knew him; and, invoking the gods to be witnesses, that, contrary to the
+known and common law of nations, which is holily observed by all
+mankind, he who had come as an ambassador had now engaged in hostility
+against him, he drew off his men, and, bidding Clusium farewell, led his
+army directly to Rome.  But not wishing that it should look as if they
+took advantage of that injury, and were ready to embrace any occasion of
+quarrel, he sent a herald to demand the man in punishment, and in the
+meantime marched leisurely on.
+
+The senate being met at Rome, among many others that spoke against the
+Fabii, the priests called fecials were the most decided, who, on the
+religious ground, urged the senate that they should lay the whole guilt
+and penalty of the fact upon him that committed it, and so exonerate the
+rest.  These fecials Numa Pompilius, the mildest and justest of kings,
+constituted guardians of peace, and the judges and determiners of all
+causes by which war may justifiably be made.  The senate referring the
+whole matter to the people, and the priests there, as well as in the
+senate, pleading against Fabius, the multitude, however, so little
+regarded their authority, that in scorn and contempt of it they chose
+Fabius and the rest of his brothers military tribunes.  The Gauls, on
+hearing this, in great rage threw aside every delay, and hastened on
+with all the speed they could make.  The places through which they
+marched, terrified with their numbers and the splendor of their
+preparations for war, and in alarm at their violence and fierceness,
+began to give up their territories as already lost, with little doubt
+but their cities would quickly follow; contrary, however, to
+expectation, they did no injury as they passed, nor took anything from
+the fields; and, as they went by any city, cried out that they were
+going to Rome; that the Romans only were their enemies, and that they
+took all others for their friends.
+
+Whilst the barbarians were thus hastening with all speed, the military
+tribunes brought the Romans into the field to be ready to engage them,
+being not inferior to the Gauls in number (for they were no less than
+forty thousand foot), but most of them raw soldiers, and such as had
+never handled a weapon before.  Besides, they had wholly neglected all
+religious usages, had not obtained favorable sacrifices, nor made
+inquiries of the prophets, natural in danger and before battle.  No less
+did the multitude of commanders distract and confound their proceedings;
+frequently before, upon less occasions, they had chosen a single leader,
+with the title of dictator, being sensible of what great importance it
+is in critical times to have the soldiers united under one general with
+the entire and absolute control placed in his hands.  Add to all, the
+remembrance of Camillus's treatment, which made it now seem a dangerous
+thing for officers to command without humoring their soldiers.  In this
+condition they left the city, and encamped by the river Allia, about ten
+miles from Rome, and not far from the place where it falls into the
+Tiber; and here the Gauls came upon them, and, after a disgraceful
+resistance, devoid of order and discipline, they were miserably
+defeated.  The left wing was immediately driven into the river, and
+there destroyed; the right had less damage by declining the shock, and
+from the low grounds getting to the tops of the hills, from whence most
+of them afterwards dropped into the city; the rest, as many as escaped,
+the enemy being weary of the slaughter, stole by night to Veii, giving
+up Rome and all that was in it for lost.
+
+This battle was fought about the summer solstice, the moon being at
+full, the very same day in which the sad disaster of the Fabii had
+happened, when three hundred of that name were at one time cut off by
+the Tuscans.  But from this second loss and defeat the day got the name
+of Alliensis, from the river Allia, and still retains it.  The question
+of unlucky days, whether we should consider any to be so, and whether
+Heraclitus did well in upbraiding Hesiod for distinguishing them into
+fortunate and unfortunate, as ignorant that the nature of every day is
+the same, I have examined in another place; but upon occasion of the
+present subject, I think it will not be amiss to annex a few examples
+relating to this matter.  On the fifth of their month Hippodromius,
+which corresponds to the Athenian Hecatombaeon, the Boeotians gained two
+signal victories, the one at Leuctra, the other at Ceressus, about three
+hundred years before, when they overcame Lattamyas and the Thessalians,
+both which asserted the liberty of Greece.  Again, on the sixth of
+Boedromion, the Persians were worsted by the Greeks at Marathon; on the
+third, at Plataea, as also at Mycale; on the twenty-fifth, at Arbela.
+The Athenians, about the full moon in Boedromion, gained their sea-
+victory at Naxos under the conduct of Chabrias; on the twentieth, at
+Salamis, as we have shown in our treatise on Days.  Thargelion was a
+very unfortunate month to the barbarians, for in it Alexander overcame
+Darius's generals on the Granicus; and the Carthaginians, on the twenty-
+fourth, were beaten by Timoleon in Sicily, on which same day and month
+Troy seems to have been taken, as Ephorus, Callisthenes, Damastes, and
+Phylarchus state.  On the other hand, the month Metagitnion, which in
+Boeotia is called Panemus, was not very lucky to the Greeks; for on its
+seventh day they were defeated by Antipater, at the battle in Cranon,
+and utterly ruined; and before, at Chaeronea, were defeated by Philip;
+and on the very same day, same month, and same year, those that went
+with Archidamus into Italy were there cut off by the barbarians.  The
+Carthaginians also observe the twenty-first of the same month, as
+bringing with it the largest number and the severest of their losses.  I
+am not ignorant, that, about the Feast of Mysteries, Thebes was
+destroyed the second time by Alexander; and after that, upon the very
+twentieth of Boedromion, on which day they lead forth the mystic
+Iacchus, the Athenians received a garrison of the Macedonians.  On the
+selfsame day the Romans lost their army under Caepio by the Cimbrians,
+and in a subsequent year, under the conduct of Lucullus, overcame the
+Armenians and Tigranes.  King Attalus and Pompey died both on their
+birthdays.  One could reckon up several that have had variety of fortune
+on the same day.  This day, meantime, is one of the unfortunate ones to
+the Romans, and for its sake two others in every month; fear and
+superstition, as the custom of it is, more and more prevailing.  But I
+have discussed this more accurately in my Roman Questions.
+
+And now, after the battle, had the Gauls immediately pursued those that
+fled, there had been no remedy but Rome must have wholly been ruined,
+and all those who remained in it utterly destroyed; such was the terror
+that those who escaped the battle brought with them into the city, and
+with such distraction and confusion were themselves in turn infected.
+But the Gauls, not imagining their victory to be so considerable, and
+overtaken with the present joy, fell to feasting and dividing the spoil,
+by which means they gave leisure to those who were for leaving the city
+to make their escape, and to those that remained, to anticipate and
+prepare for their coming.  For they who resolved to stay at Rome,
+abandoning the rest of the city, betook themselves to the Capitol, which
+they fortified with the help of missiles and new works.  One of their
+principal cares was of their holy things, most of which they conveyed
+into the Capitol.  But the consecrated fire the vestal virgins took, and
+fled with it, as likewise their other sacred things.  Some write that
+they have nothing in their charge but the ever-living fire which Numa
+had ordained to be worshipped as the principle of all things; for fire
+is the most active thing in nature, and all production is either motion,
+or attended with motion; all the other parts of matter, so long as they
+are without warmth, lie sluggish and dead, and require the accession of
+a sort of soul or vitality in the principle of heat; and upon that
+accession, in whatever way, immediately receive a capacity either of
+acting or being acted upon.  And thus Numa, a man curious in such
+things, and whose wisdom made it thought that he conversed with the
+Muses, consecrated fire, and ordained it to be kept ever burning, as an
+image of that eternal power which orders and actuates all things.
+Others say that this fire was kept burning in front of the holy things,
+as in Greece, for purification, and that there were other things hid in
+the most secret part of the temple, which were kept from the view of
+all, except those virgins whom they call vestals.  The most common
+opinion was, that the image of Pallas, brought into Italy by Aeneas, was
+laid up there; others say that the Samothracian images lay there,
+telling a story how that Dardanus carried them to Troy, and, when he had
+built the city, celebrated those rites, and dedicated those images
+there; that after Troy was taken, Aeneas stole them away, and kept them
+till his coming into Italy.  But they who profess to know more of the
+matter affirm that there are two barrels, not of any great size, one of
+which stands open and has nothing in it, the other full and sealed up;
+but that neither of them may be seen but by the most holy virgins.
+Others think that they who say this are misled by the fact that the
+virgins put most of their holy things into two barrels at this time of
+the Gaulish invasion, and hid them underground in the temple of
+Quirinus; and that from hence that place to this day bears the name of
+Barrels.
+
+However it be, taking the most precious and important things they had,
+they fled away with them, shaping their course along the river side,
+where Lucius Albinius, a simple citizen of Rome, who among others was
+making his escape, overtook them, having his wife, children, and goods
+in a cart; and, seeing the virgins dragging along in their arms the holy
+things of the gods, in a helpless and weary condition, he caused his
+wife and children to get down, and, taking out his goods, put the
+virgins in the cart, that they might make their escape to some of the
+Greek cities.  This devout act of Albinius, and the respect he showed
+thus signally to the gods at a time of such extremity, deserved not to
+be passed over in silence.  But the priests that belonged to other gods,
+and the most elderly of the senators, men who had been consuls and had
+enjoyed triumphs, could not endure to leave the city; but, putting on
+their sacred and splendid robes, Fabius the high-priest performing the
+office, they made their prayers to the gods, and, devoting themselves,
+as it were, for their country, sat themselves down in their ivory
+chairs in the forum, and in that posture expected the event.
+
+On the third day after the battle, Brennus appeared with his army at the
+city, and, finding the gates wide open and no guards upon the walls,
+first began to suspect it was some design or stratagem, never dreaming
+that the Romans were in so desperate a condition.  But when he found it
+to be so indeed, he entered at the Colline gate, and took Rome, in the
+three hundred and sixtieth year, or a little more, after it was built;
+if, indeed, it can be supposed probable that an exact chronological
+statement has been preserved of events which were themselves the cause
+of chronological difficulties about things of later date; of the
+calamity itself, however, and of the fact of the capture, some faint
+rumors seem to have passed at the time into Greece.  Heraclides
+Ponticus, who lived not long after these times, in his book upon the
+Soul, relates that a certain report came from the west, that an army,
+proceeding from the Hyperboreans, had taken a Greek city called Rome,
+seated somewhere upon the great sea.  But I do not wonder that so
+fabulous and high-flown an author as Heraclides should embellish the
+truth of the story with expressions about Hyperboreans and the great
+sea.  Aristotle the philosopher appears to have heard a correct
+statement of the taking of the city by the Gauls, but he calls its
+deliverer Lucius; whereas Camillus's surname was not Lucius, but Marcus.
+But this is a matter of conjecture.
+
+Brennus, having taken possession of Rome, set a strong guard about the
+Capitol, and, going himself down into the forum, was there struck with
+amazement at the sight of so many men sitting in that order and silence,
+observing that they neither rose at his coming, nor so much as changed
+color or countenance, but remained without fear or concern, leaning upon
+their staves, and sitting quietly, looking at each other.  The Gauls,
+for a great while, stood wondering at the strangeness of the sight not
+daring to approach or touch them, taking them for an assembly of
+superior beings.  But when one, bolder than the rest, drew near to
+Marcus Papirius, and, putting forth his hand, gently touched his chin
+and stroked his long beard, Papirius with his staff struck him a severe
+blow on the head; upon which the barbarian drew his sword and slew him.
+This was the introduction to the slaughter; for the rest, following his
+example, set upon them all and killed them, and dispatched all others
+that came in their way; and so went on to the sacking and pillaging the
+houses, which they continued for many days ensuing.  Afterwards, they
+burnt them down to the ground and demolished them, being incensed at
+those who kept the Capitol, because they would not yield to summons;
+but, on the contrary, when assailed, had repelled them, with some loss,
+from their defenses.  This provoked them to ruin the whole city, and to
+put to the sword all that came to their hands, young and old, men,
+women, and children.
+
+And now, the siege of the Capitol having lasted a good while, the Gauls
+began to be in want of provision; and dividing their forces, part of
+them stayed with their king at the siege, the rest went to forage the
+country, ravaging the towns and villages where they came, but not all
+together in a body, but in different squadrons and parties; and to such
+a confidence had success raised them, that they carelessly rambled about
+without the least fear or apprehension of danger.  But the greatest and
+best ordered body of their forces went to the city of Ardea, where
+Camillus then sojourned, having, ever since his leaving Rome,
+sequestered himself from all business, and taken to a private life; but
+now he began to rouse up himself, and consider not how to avoid or
+escape the enemy, but to find out an opportunity to be revenged upon
+them.  And perceiving that the Ardeatians wanted not men, but rather
+enterprise, through the inexperience and timidity of their officers, he
+began to speak with the young men, first, to the effect that they ought
+not to ascribe the misfortune of the Romans to the courage of their
+enemy, nor attribute the losses they sustained by rash counsel to the
+conduct of men who had no title to victory; the event had been only an
+evidence of the power of fortune; that it was a brave thing even with
+danger to repel a foreign and barbarous invader, whose end in conquering
+was like fire, to lay waste and destroy, but if they would be courageous
+and resolute, he was ready to put an opportunity into their hands to
+gain a victory without hazard at all.  When he found the young men
+embraced the thing, he went to the magistrates and council of the city,
+and, having persuaded them also, he mustered all that could bear arms,
+and drew them up within the walls, that they might not be perceived by
+the enemy, who was near; who, having scoured the country, and now
+returned heavy-laden with booty, lay encamped in the plains in a
+careless and negligent posture, so that, with the night ensuing upon
+debauch and drunkenness, silence prevailed through all the camp.  When
+Camillus learned this from his scouts, he drew out the Ardeatians, and
+in the dead of the night, passing in silence over the ground that lay
+between, came up to their works, and, commanding his trumpets to sound
+and his men to shout and halloo, he struck terror into them from all
+quarters; while drunkenness impeded and sleep retarded their movements.
+A few, whom fear had sobered, getting into some order, for awhile
+resisted; and so died with their weapons in their hands.  But the
+greatest part of them, buried in wine and sleep, were surprised without
+their arms, and dispatched; and as many of them as by the advantage of
+the night got out of the camp were the next day found scattered abroad
+and wandering in the fields, and were picked up by the horse that
+pursued them.
+
+The fame of this action soon flew through the neighboring cities, and
+stirred up the young men from various quarters to come and join
+themselves with him.  But none were so much concerned as those Romans
+who escaped in the battle of Allia, and were now at Veii, thus lamenting
+with themselves, "O heavens, what a commander has Providence bereaved
+Rome of, to honor Ardea with his actions!  And that city, which brought
+forth and nursed so great a man, is lost and gone, and we, destitute of
+a leader and shut up within strange walls, sit idle, and see Italy
+ruined before our eyes.  Come, let us send to the Ardeatians to have
+back our general, or else, with weapons in our hands, let us go thither
+to him; for he is no longer a banished man, nor we citizens, having no
+country but what is in the possession of the enemy."  To this they all
+agreed, and sent to Camillus to desire him to take the command; but he
+answered, that he would not, until they that were in the Capitol should
+legally appoint him; for he esteemed them, as long as they were in
+being, to be his country; that if they should command him, he would
+readily obey; but against their consent he would intermeddle with
+nothing.  When this answer was returned, they admired the modesty and
+temper of Camillus; but they could not tell how to find a messenger to
+carry the intelligence to the Capitol, or rather, indeed, it seemed
+altogether impossible for any one to get to the citadel whilst the enemy
+was in full possession of the city.  But among the young men there was
+one Pontius Cominius, of ordinary birth, but ambitious of honor, who
+proffered himself to run the hazard, and took no letters with him to
+those in the Capitol, lest, if he were intercepted, the enemy might
+learn the intentions of Camillus; but, putting on a poor dress and
+carrying corks under it, he boldly traveled the greatest part of the way
+by day, and came to the city when it was dark; the bridge he could not
+pass, as it was guarded by the barbarians; so that taking his clothes,
+which were neither many nor heavy, and binding them about his head, he
+laid his body upon the corks, and, swimming with them, got over to the
+city.  And avoiding those quarters where he perceived the enemy was
+awake, which he guessed at by the lights and noise, he went to the
+Carmental gate, where there was greatest silence, and where the hill of
+the Capitol is steepest, and rises with craggy and broken rock.  By this
+way he got up, though with much difficulty, by the hollow of the cliff,
+and presented himself to the guards, saluting them, and telling them his
+name; he was taken in, and carried to the commanders.  And a senate
+being immediately called, he related to them in order the victory of
+Camillus, which they had not heard of before, and the proceedings of the
+soldiers; urging them to confirm Camillus in the command, as on him
+alone all their fellow-countrymen outside the city would rely.  Having
+heard and consulted of the matter, the senate declared Camillus
+dictator, and sent back Pontius the same way that he came, who, with the
+same success as before, got through the enemy without being discovered,
+and delivered to the Romans outside the decision of the senate, who
+joyfully received it.  Camillus, on his arrival, found twenty thousand
+of them ready in arms; with which forces, and those confederates he
+brought along with him, he prepared to set upon the enemy.
+
+But at Rome some of the barbarians, passing by chance near the place at
+which Pontius by night had got into the Capitol, spied in several places
+marks of feet and hands, where he had laid hold and clambered, and
+places where the plants that grew to the rock had been rubbed off, and
+the earth had slipped, and went accordingly and reported it to the king,
+who, coming in person, and viewing it, for the present said nothing, but
+in the evening, picking out such of the Gauls as were nimblest of body,
+and by living in the mountains were accustomed to climb, he said to
+them, "The enemy themselves have shown us a way how to come at them,
+which we knew not of before, and have taught us that it is not so
+difficult and impossible but that men may overcome it.  It would be a
+great shame, having begun well, to fail in the end, and to give up a
+place as impregnable, when the enemy himself lets us see the way by
+which it may be taken; for where it was easy for one man to get up, it
+will not be hard for many, one after another; nay, when many shall
+undertake it, they will be aid and strength to each other.  Rewards and
+honors shall be bestowed on every man as he shall acquit himself."
+
+When the king had thus spoken, the Gauls cheerfully undertook to perform
+it, and in the dead of night a good party of them together, with great
+silence, began to climb the rock, clinging to the precipitous and
+difficult ascent, which yet upon trial offered a way to them, and proved
+less difficult than they had expected.  So that the foremost of them
+having gained the top of all, and put themselves into order, they all
+but surprised the outworks, and mastered the watch, who were fast
+asleep; for neither man nor dog perceived their coming.  But there were
+sacred geese kept near the temple of Juno, which at other times were
+plentifully fed, but now, by reason that corn and all other provisions
+were grown scarce for all, were but in a poor condition.  The creature
+is by nature of quick sense, and apprehensive of the least noise, so
+that these, being moreover watchful through hunger, and restless,
+immediately discovered the coming of the Gauls, and, running up and down
+with their noise and cackling, they raised the whole camp, while the
+barbarians on the other side, perceiving themselves discovered, no
+longer endeavored to conceal their attempt, but with shouting and
+violence advanced to the assault.  The Romans, every one in haste
+snatching up the next weapon that came to hand, did what they could on
+the sudden occasion.  Manlius, a man of consular dignity, of strong body
+and great spirit, was the first that made head against them, and,
+engaging with two of the enemy at once, with his sword cut off the right
+arm of one just as he was lifting up his blade to strike, and, running
+his target full in the face of the other, tumbled him headlong down the
+steep rock; then mounting the rampart, and there standing with others
+that came running to his assistance, drove down the rest of them, who,
+indeed, to begin, had not been many, and did nothing worthy of so bold
+an attempt.  The Romans, having thus escaped this danger, early in the
+morning took the captain of the watch and flung him down the rock upon
+the heads of their enemies, and to Manlius for his victory voted a
+reward, intended more for honor than advantage, bringing him, each man
+of them, as much as he received for his daily allowance, which was half
+a pound of bread, and one eighth of a pint of wine.
+
+Henceforward, the affairs of the Gauls were daily in a worse and worse
+condition; they wanted provisions, being withheld from foraging through
+fear of Camillus, and sickness also was amongst them, occasioned by the
+number of carcasses that lay in heaps unburied.  Being lodged among the
+ruins, the ashes, which were very deep, blown about with the winds and
+combining with the sultry heats, breathed up, so to say, a dry and
+searching air, the inhalation of which was destructive to their health.
+But the chief cause was the change from their natural climate, coming as
+they did out of shady and hilly countries, abounding in means of shelter
+from the heat, to lodge in low, and, in the autumn season, very
+unhealthy ground; added to which was the length and tediousness of the
+siege, as they had now sat seven months before the Capitol.  There was,
+therefore, a great destruction among them, and the number of the dead
+grew so great, that the living gave up burying them.  Neither, indeed,
+were things on that account any better with the besieged, for famine
+increased upon them, and despondency with not hearing any thing of
+Camillus, it being impossible to send any one to him, the city was so
+guarded by the barbarians.  Things being in this sad condition on both
+sides, a motion of treaty was made at first by some of the outposts, as
+they happened to speak with one another; which being embraced by the
+leading men, Sulpicius, tribune of the Romans, came to a parley with
+Brennus, in which it was agreed, that the Romans laying down a thousand
+weight of gold, the Gauls upon the receipt of it should immediately quit
+the city and territories.  The agreement being confirmed by oath on both
+sides, and the gold brought forth, the Gauls used false dealing in the
+weights, secretly at first, but afterwards openly pulled back and
+disturbed the balance; at which the Romans indignantly complaining,
+Brennus in a scoffing and insulting manner pulled off his sword and
+belt, and threw them both into the scales; and when Sulpicius asked what
+that meant, "What should it mean," says he, "but woe to the conquered?"
+which afterwards became a proverbial saying.  As for the Romans, some
+were so incensed that they were for taking their gold back again, and
+returning to endure the siege.  Others were for passing by and
+dissembling a petty injury, and not to account that the indignity of the
+thing lay in paying more than was due, since the paying anything at all
+was itself a dishonor only submitted to as a necessity of the times.
+
+Whilst this difference remained still unsettled, both amongst themselves
+and with the Gauls, Camillus was at the gates with his army; and, having
+learned what was going on, commanded the main body of his forces to
+follow slowly after him in good order, and himself with the choicest of
+his men hastening on, went at once to the Romans; where all giving way
+to him, and receiving him as their sole magistrate, with profound
+silence and order, he took the gold out of the scales, and delivered it
+to his officers, and commanded the Gauls to take their weights and
+scales and depart; saying that it was customary with the Romans to
+deliver their country with iron, not with gold.  And when Brennus began to
+rage, and say that he was unjustly dealt with in such a breach of
+contract, Camillus answered that it was never legally made, and the
+agreement of no force or obligation; for that himself being declared
+dictator, and there being no other magistrate by law, the engagement had
+been made with men who had no power to enter into it; but now they might
+say anything they had to urge, for he was come with full power by law
+to grant pardon to such as should ask it, or inflict punishment on the
+guilty, if they did not repent.  At this, Brennus broke into violent
+anger, and an immediate quarrel ensued; both sides drew their swords and
+attacked, but in confusion, as could not otherwise be amongst houses,
+and ill narrow lanes and places where it was impossible to form in any
+order.  But Brennus, presently recollecting himself, called off his men,
+and, with the loss of a few only, brought them to their camp; and,
+rising in the night with all his forces, left the city, and, advancing
+about eight miles, encamped upon the way to Gabii.  As soon as day
+appeared, Camillus came up with him, splendidly armed himself, and his
+soldiers full of courage and confidence; and there engaging with him in
+a sharp conflict, which lasted a long while, overthrew his army with
+great slaughter, and took their camp.  Of those that fled, some were
+presently cut off by the pursuers; others, and these were the greatest
+number, dispersed hither and thither, and were dispatched by the people
+that came sallying out from the neighboring towns and villages.
+
+Thus Rome was strangely taken, and more strangely recovered, having been
+seven whole months in the possession of the barbarians who entered her a
+little after the Ides of July, and were driven out about the Ides of
+February following.  Camillus triumphed, as he deserved, having saved
+his country that was lost, and brought the city, so to say, back again
+to itself.  For those that had fled abroad, together with their wives
+and children, accompanied him as he rode in; and those who had been shut
+up in the Capitol, and were reduced almost to the point of perishing
+with hunger, went out to meet him, embracing each other as they met, and
+weeping for joy and, through the excess of the present pleasure, scarce
+believing in its truth.  And when the priests and ministers of the gods
+appeared, bearing the sacred things, which in their flight they had
+either hid on the spot, or conveyed away with them, and now openly
+showed in safety, the citizens who saw the blessed sight felt as if with
+these the gods themselves were again returned unto Rome.  After Camillus
+had sacrificed to the gods, and purified the city according to the
+direction of those properly instructed, he restored the existing
+temples, and erected a new one to Rumour, or Voice, informing himself
+of the spot in which that voice from heaven came by night to Marcus
+Caedicius, foretelling the coming of the barbarian army.
+
+It was a matter of difficulty, and a hard task, amidst so much rubbish,
+to discover and redetermine the consecrated places; but by the zeal of
+Camillus, and the incessant labor of the priests, it was at last
+accomplished.  But when it came also to rebuilding the city, which was
+wholly demolished, despondency seized the multitude, and a backwardness
+to engage in a work for which they had no materials; at a time, too,
+when they rather needed relief and repose from their past labors, than
+any new demands upon their exhausted strength and impaired fortunes.
+Thus insensibly they turned their thoughts again towards Veii, a city
+ready-built and well-provided, and gave an opening to the arts of
+flatterers eager to gratify their desires, and lent their ears to
+seditious language flung out against Camillus; as that, out of ambition
+and self-glory, he withheld them from a city fit to receive them,
+forcing them to live in the midst of ruins, and to re-erect a pile of
+burnt rubbish, that he might be esteemed not the chief magistrate only
+and general of Rome, but, to the exclusion of Romulus, its founder,
+also.  The senate, therefore, fearing a sedition, would not suffer
+Camillus, though desirous, to lay down his authority within the year,
+though no other dictator had ever held it above six months.
+
+They themselves, meantime, used their best endeavors, by kind
+persuasions and familiar addresses, to encourage and to appease the
+people, showing them the shrines and tombs of their ancestors, calling
+to their remembrance the sacred spots and holy places which Romulus and
+Numa or any other of their kings had consecrated and left to their
+keeping; and among the strongest religious arguments, urged the head,
+newly separated from the body, which was found in laying the foundation
+of the Capitol, marking it as a place destined by fate to be the head of
+all Italy; and the holy fire which had just been rekindled again, since
+the end of the war, by the vestal virgins; "What a disgrace would it be
+to them to lose and extinguish this, leaving the city it belonged to, to
+be either inhabited by strangers and new-comers, or left a wild pasture
+for cattle to graze on?"  Such reasons as these, urged with complaint
+and expostulation, sometimes in private upon individuals, and sometimes
+in their public assemblies, were met, on the other hand, by laments and
+protestations of distress and helplessness; entreaties, that, reunited
+as they just were, after a sort of shipwreck, naked and destitute, they
+would not constrain them to patch up the pieces of a ruined and
+shattered city, when they had another at hand ready-built and prepared.
+
+Camillus thought good to refer it to general deliberation, and himself
+spoke largely and earnestly in behalf of his country, as also many
+others.  At last, calling to Lucius Lucretius, whose place it was to
+speak first, he commanded him to give his sentence, and the rest as they
+followed, in order.  Silence being made, and Lucretius just about to
+begin, by chance a centurion, passing by outside with his company of the
+day-guard, called out with a loud voice to the ensign-bearer to halt and
+fix his standard, for this was the best place to stay in.  This voice,
+coming in that moment of time, and at that crisis of uncertainty and
+anxiety for the future, was taken as a direction what was to be done;
+so that Lucretius, assuming an attitude of devotion, gave sentence in
+concurrence with the gods, as he said, as likewise did all that
+followed.  Even among the common people it created a wonderful change of
+feeling; every one now cheered and encouraged his neighbor, and set
+himself to the work, proceeding in it, however, not by any regular lines
+or divisions, but every one pitching upon that plot of ground which came
+next to hand, or best pleased his fancy; by which haste and hurry in
+building, they constructed their city in narrow and ill-designed lanes,
+and with houses huddled together one upon another; for it is said that
+within the compass of the year the whole city was raised up anew, both
+in its public walls and private buildings.  The persons, however,
+appointed by Camillus to resume and mark out, in this general confusion,
+all consecrated places, coming, in their way round the Palatium, to the
+chapel of Mars, found the chapel itself indeed destroyed and burnt to
+the ground, like everything else, by the barbarians; but whilst they
+were clearing the place, and carrying away the rubbish, lit upon
+Romulus's augural staff, buried under a great heap of ashes.  This sort
+of staff is crooked at one end, and is called lituus; they make use of
+it in quartering out the regions of the heavens when engaged in
+divination from the flight of birds; Romulus, who was himself a great
+diviner, made use of it.  But when he disappeared from the earth, the
+priests took his staff and kept it, as other holy things, from the touch
+of man; and when they now found that, whereas all other things were
+consumed, this staff had altogether escaped the flames, they began to
+conceive happier hopes of Rome, and to augur from this token its future
+everlasting safety.
+
+And now they had scarcely got a breathing time from their trouble, when
+a new war came upon them; and the Aequians, Volscians, and Latins all at
+once invaded their territories, and the Tuscans besieged Sutrium, their
+confederate city.  The military tribunes who commanded the army, and
+were encamped about the hill Maecius, being closely besieged by the
+Latins, and the camp in danger to be lost, sent to Rome, where Camillus
+was a third time chosen dictator.  Of this war two different accounts
+are given; I shall begin with the more fabulous.  They say that the
+Latins (whether out of pretense, or a real design to revive the ancient
+relationship of the two nations) sent to desire of the Romans some free-
+born maidens in marriage; that when the Romans were at a loss how to
+determine (for on one hand they dreaded a war, having scarcely yet
+settled and recovered themselves, and on the other side suspected that
+this asking of wives was, in plain terms, nothing else but a demand for
+hostages, though covered over with the specious name of intermarriage
+and alliance), a certain handmaid, by name Tutula, or, as some call her,
+Philotis, persuaded the magistrates to send with her some of the most
+youthful and best looking maid-servants, in the bridal dress of noble
+virgins, and leave the rest to her care and management; that the
+magistrates consenting, chose out as many as she thought necessary for
+her purpose, and, adorning them with gold and rich clothes, delivered
+them to the Latins, who were encamped not far from the city; that at
+night the rest stole away the enemy's swords, but Tutula or Philotis,
+getting to the top of a wild fig-tree, and spreading out a thick woolen
+cloth behind her, held out a torch towards Rome, which was the signal
+concerted between her and the commanders, without the knowledge,
+however, of any other of the citizens, which was the reason that their
+issuing out from the city was tumultuous, the officers pushing their men
+on, and they calling upon one another's names, and scarce able to bring
+themselves into order; that setting upon the enemy's works, who either
+were asleep or expected no such matter, they took the camp, and
+destroyed most of them; and that this was done on the nones of July,
+which was then called Quintilis, and that the feast that is observed on
+that day is a commemoration of what was then done.  For in it, first,
+they run out of the city in great crowds, and call out aloud several
+familiar and common names, Caius, Marcus, Lucius, and the like, in
+representation of the way in which they called to one another when they
+went out in such haste.  In the next place, the maid-servants, gaily
+dressed, run about, playing and jesting upon all they meet, and amongst
+themselves, also, use a kind of skirmishing, to show they helped in the
+conflict against the Latins; and while eating and drinking, they sit
+shaded over with boughs of wild fig-tree, and the day they call Nonae
+Caprotinae, as some think from that wild fig-tree on which the maid-
+servant held up her torch, the Roman name for a wild fig-tree being
+caprificus.  Others refer most of what is said or done at this feast to
+the fate of Romulus, for, on this day, he vanished outside the gates in
+a sudden darkness and storm (some think it an eclipse of the sun), and
+from this, the day was called Nonae Caprotinae, the Latin for a goat
+being capra, and the place where he disappeared having the name of
+Goat's Marsh, as is stated in his life.
+
+But the general stream of writers prefer the other account of this war,
+which they thus relate.  Camillus, being the third time chosen dictator,
+and learning that the army under the tribunes was besieged by the Latins
+and Volscians, was constrained to arm, not only those under, but also
+those over, the age of service; and taking a large circuit round the
+mountain Maecius, undiscovered by the enemy, lodged his army on their
+rear, and then by many fires gave notice of his arrival.  The besieged,
+encouraged by this, prepared to sally forth and join battle; but the
+Latins and Volscians, fearing this exposure to an enemy on both sides,
+drew themselves within their works, and fortified their camp with a
+strong palisade of trees on every side, resolving to wait for more
+supplies from home, and expecting, also, the assistance of the Tuscans,
+their confederates.  Camillus, detecting their object, and fearing to be
+reduced to the same position to which he had brought them, namely, to be
+besieged himself, resolved to lose no time; and finding their rampart
+was all of timber, and observing that a strong wind constantly at sun-
+rising blew off from the mountains, after having prepared a quantity of
+combustibles, about break of day he drew forth his forces, commanding a
+part with their missiles to assault the enemy with noise and shouting on
+the other quarter, whilst he, with those that were to fling in the fire,
+went to that side of the enemy's camp to which the wind usually blew,
+and there waited his opportunity.  When the skirmish was begun, and the
+sun risen, and a strong wind set in from the mountains, he gave the
+signal of onset; and, heaping in an infinite quantity of fiery matter,
+filled all their rampart with it, so that the flame being fed by the
+close timber and wooden palisades, went on and spread into all quarters.
+The Latins, having nothing ready to keep it off or extinguish it, when
+the camp was now almost full of fire, were driven back within a very
+small compass, and at last forced by necessity to come into their
+enemy's hands, who stood before the works ready armed and prepared to
+receive them; of these very few escaped, while those that stayed in the
+camp were all a prey to the fire, until the Romans, to gain the pillage,
+extinguished it.
+
+These things performed, Camillus, leaving his son Lucius in the camp to
+guard the prisoners and secure the booty, passed into the enemy's
+country, where, having taken the city of the Aequians and reduced the
+Volscians to obedience, he then immediately led his army to Sutrium, not
+having heard what had befallen the Sutrians, but making haste to assist
+them, as if they were still in danger and besieged by the Tuscans.
+They, however, had already surrendered their city to their enemies, and
+destitute of all things, with nothing left but their clothes, met
+Camillus on the way, leading their wives and children, and bewailing
+their misfortune.  Camillus himself was struck with compassion, and
+perceiving the soldiers weeping, and commiserating their case, while the
+Sutrians hung about and clung to them, resolved not to defer revenge,
+but that very day to lead his army to Sutrium; conjecturing that the
+enemy, having just taken a rich and plentiful city, without an enemy
+left within it, nor any from without to be expected, would be found
+abandoned to enjoyment and unguarded.  Neither did his opinion fail him;
+he not only passed through their country without discovery, but came up
+to their very gates and possessed himself of the walls, not a man being
+left to guard them, but their whole army scattered about in the houses,
+drinking and making merry.  Nay, when at last they did perceive that the
+enemy had seized the city, they were so overloaded with meat and wine,
+that few were able so much as to endeavor to escape, but either waited
+shamefully for their death within doors, or surrendered themselves to
+the conqueror.  Thus the city of the Sutrians was twice taken in one
+day; and they who were in possession lost it, and they who had lost
+regained it, alike by the means of Camillus.  For all which actions he
+received a triumph, which brought him no less honor and reputation than
+the two former ones; for those citizens who before most regarded him
+with an evil eye, and ascribed his successes to a certain luck rather
+than real merit, were compelled by these last acts of his to allow the
+whole honor to his great abilities and energy.
+
+Of all the adversaries and enviers of his glory, Marcus Manlius was the
+most distinguished, he who first drove back the Gauls when they made
+their night attack upon the Capitol, and who for that reason had been
+named Capitolinus.  This man, affecting the first place in the
+commonwealth, and not able by noble ways to outdo Camillus's reputation,
+took that ordinary course towards usurpation of absolute power, namely,
+to gain the multitude, those of them especially that were in debt;
+defending some by pleading their causes against their creditors,
+rescuing others by force, and not suffering the law to proceed against
+them; insomuch that in a short time he got great numbers of indigent
+people about him, whose tumults and uproars in the forum struck terror
+into the principal citizens.  After that Quintius Capitolinus, who was
+made dictator to suppress these disorders, had committed Manlius to
+prison, the people immediately changed their apparel, a thing never done
+but in great and public calamities, and the senate, fearing some tumult,
+ordered him to be released.  He, however, when set at liberty, changed
+not his course, but was rather the more insolent in his proceedings,
+filling the whole city with faction and sedition.  They chose,
+therefore, Camillus again military tribune; and a day being appointed
+for Manlius to answer to his charge, the prospect from the place where
+his trial was held proved a great impediment to his accusers; for the
+very spot where Manlius by night fought with the Gauls overlooked the
+forum from the Capitol, so that, stretching forth his hands that way,
+and weeping, he called to their remembrance his past actions, raising
+compassion in all that beheld him.  Insomuch that the judges were at a
+loss what to do, and several times adjourned the trial, unwilling to
+acquit him of the crime, which was sufficiently proved, and yet unable
+to execute the law while his noble action remained, as it were, before
+their eyes.  Camillus, considering this, transferred the court outside
+the gates to the Peteline Grove, from whence there is no prospect of the
+Capitol.  Here his accuser went on with his charge, and his judges were
+capable of remembering and duly resenting his guilty deeds.  He was
+convicted, carried to the Capitol, and flung headlong from the rock; so
+that one and the same spot was thus the witness of his greatest glory,
+and monument of his most unfortunate end.  The Romans, besides, razed
+his house, and built there a temple to the goddess they call Moneta,
+ordaining for the future that none of the patrician order should ever
+dwell on the Capitoline.
+
+And now Camillus, being called to his sixth tribuneship, desired to be
+excused, as being aged, and perhaps not unfearful of the malice of
+fortune, and those reverses which seem to ensue upon great prosperity.
+But the most apparent pretense was the weakness of his body, for he
+happened at that time to be sick; the people, however, would admit of no
+excuses, but, crying that they wanted not his strength for horse or for
+foot service, but only his counsel and conduct, constrained him to
+undertake the command, and with one of his fellow-tribunes to lead the
+army immediately against the enemy.  These were the Praenestines and
+Volscians, who, with large forces, were laying waste the territory of
+the Roman confederates.  Having marched out with his army, he sat down
+and encamped near the enemy, meaning himself to protract the war, or if
+there should come any necessity or occasion of fighting, in the mean
+time to regain his strength.  But Lucius Furius, his colleague, carried
+away with the desire of glory, was not to be held in, but, impatient to
+give battle, inflamed the inferior officers of the army with the same
+eagerness; so that Camillus, fearing he might seem out of envy to be
+wishing to rob the young men of the glory of a noble exploit, consented,
+though unwillingly, that he should draw out the forces, whilst himself,
+by reason of weakness, stayed behind with a few in the camp.  Lucius,
+engaging rashly, was discomfited, when Camillus, perceiving the Romans
+to give ground and fly, could not contain himself, but, leaping from his
+bed, with those he had about him ran to meet them at the gates of the
+camp, making his way through the flyers to oppose the pursuers; so that
+those who had got within the camp turned back at once and followed him,
+and those that came flying from without made head again and gathered
+about him, exhorting one another not to forsake their general.  Thus the
+enemy for that time, was stopped in his pursuit.  The next day Camillus
+drawing out his forces and joining battle with them, overthrew them by
+main force, and, following close upon them, entered pell-mell with them
+into their camp and took it, slaying the greatest part of them.
+Afterwards, having heard that the city Satricum was taken by the
+Tuscans, and the inhabitants, all Romans, put to the sword, he sent home
+to Rome the main body of his forces and heaviest-armed, and, taking
+with him the lightest and most vigorous soldiers, set suddenly upon the
+Tuscans, who were in the possession of the city, and mastered them,
+slaying some and expelling the rest; and so, returning to Rome with
+great spoils, gave signal evidence of their superior wisdom, who, not
+mistrusting the weakness and age of a commander endued with courage and
+conduct, had rather chosen him who was sickly and desirous to be
+excused, than younger men who were forward and ambitious to command.
+
+When, therefore, the revolt of the Tusculans was reported, they gave
+Camillus the charge of reducing them, choosing one of his five
+colleagues to go with him.  And when every one was eager for the place,
+contrary to the expectation of all, he passed by the rest and chose
+Lucius Furius, the very same man who lately, against the judgment of
+Camillus, had rashly hazarded and nearly lost a battle; willing, as it
+should seem, to dissemble that miscarriage, and free him from the shame
+of it.  The Tusculans, hearing of Camillus's coming against them, made a
+cunning attempt at revoking their act of revolt; their fields, as in
+times of highest peace, were full of plowman and shepherds; their gates
+stood wide open, and their children were being taught in the schools; of
+the people, such as were tradesmen, he found in their workshops, busied
+about their several employments, and the better sort of citizens walking
+in the public places in their ordinary dress; the magistrates hurried
+about to provide quarters for the Romans, as if they stood in fear of no
+danger and were conscious of no fault.  Which arts, though they could
+not dispossess Camillus of the conviction he had of their treason, yet
+induced some compassion for their repentance; he commanded them to go to
+the senate and deprecate their anger, and joined himself as an
+intercessor in their behalf, so that their city was acquitted of all
+guilt and admitted to Roman citizenship, These were the most memorable
+actions of his sixth tribuneship.
+
+After these things, Licinius Stolo raised a great sedition in the city,
+and brought the people to dissension with the senate, contending, that
+of two consuls one should be chosen out of the commons, and not both out
+of the patricians.  Tribunes of the people were chosen, but the election
+of consuls was interrupted and prevented by the people.  And as this
+absence of any supreme magistrate was leading to yet further confusion,
+Camillus was the fourth time created dictator by the senate, sorely
+against the people's will, and not altogether in accordance with his
+own; he had little desire for a conflict with men whose past services
+entitled them to tell him that he had achieved far greater actions in
+war along with them than in politics with the patricians, who, indeed,
+had only put him forward now out of envy; that, if successful, he might
+crush the people, or, failing, be crushed himself.  However, to provide
+as good a remedy as he could for the present, knowing the day on which
+the tribunes of the people intended to prefer the law, he appointed it
+by proclamation for a general muster, and called the people from the
+forum into the Campus, threatening to set heavy fines upon such as
+should not obey.  On the other side, the tribunes of the people met his
+threats by solemnly protesting they would fine him in fifty thousand
+drachmas of silver, if he persisted in obstructing the people from
+giving their suffrages for the law.  Whether it were, then, that he
+feared another banishment or condemnation which would ill become his age
+and past great actions, or found himself unable to stem the current of
+the multitude, which ran strong and violent, he betook himself, for the
+present, to his house, and afterwards, for some days together,
+professing sickness, finally laid down his dictatorship.  The senate
+created another dictator; who, choosing Stolo, leader of the sedition,
+to be his general of horse, suffered that law to be enacted and
+ratified, which was most grievous to the patricians, namely, that no
+person whatsoever should possess above five hundred acres of land.
+Stolo was much distinguished by the victory he had gained; but, not long
+after, was found himself to possess more than he had allowed to others,
+and suffered the penalties of his own law.
+
+And now the contention about election of consuls coming on (which was
+the main point and original cause of the dissension, and had throughtout
+furnished most matter of division between the senate and the people),
+certain intelligence arrived, that the Gauls again, proceeding from the
+Adriatic Sea, were marching in vast numbers upon Rome.  On the very
+heels of the report followed manifest acts also of hostility; the
+country through which they marched was all wasted, and such as by flight
+could not make their escape to Rome were dispersing and scattering among
+the mountains.  The terror of this war quieted the sedition; nobles and
+commons, senate and people together, unanimously chose Camillus the
+fifth time dictator; who, though very aged, not wanting much of
+fourscore years, yet, considering the danger and necessity of his
+country, did not, as before, pretend sickness, or depreciate his own
+capacity, but at once undertook the charge, and enrolled soldiers.  And,
+knowing that the great force of the barbarians lay chiefly in their
+swords, with which they laid about them in a rude and inartificial
+manner, hacking and hewing the head and shoulders, he caused head-pieces
+entire of iron to be made for most of his men, smoothing and polishing
+the outside, that the enemy's swords, lighting upon them, might either
+slide off or be broken; and fitted also their shields with a little rim
+of brass, the wood itself not being sufficient to bear off the blows.
+Besides, he taught his soldiers to use their long javelins in close
+encounter, and, by bringing them under their enemy's swords, to receive
+their strokes upon them.
+
+When the Gauls drew near, about the river Anio, dragging a heavy camp
+after them, and loaded with infinite spoil, Camillus drew forth his
+forces, and planted himself upon a hill of easy ascent, and which had
+many dips in it, with the object that the greatest part of his army
+might lie concealed, and those who appeared might be thought to have
+betaken themselves, through fear, to those upper grounds.  And the more
+to increase this opinion in them, he suffered them, without any
+disturbance, to spoil and pillage even to his very trenches, keeping
+himself quiet within his works, which were well fortified; till, at
+last, perceiving that part of the enemy were scattered about the country
+foraging, and that those that were in the camp did nothing day and night
+but drink and revel, in the nighttime he drew up his lightest-armed
+men, and sent them out before to impede the enemy while forming into
+order, and to harass them when they should first issue out of their
+camp; and early in the morning brought down his main body, and set them
+in battle array in the lower grounds, a numerous and courageous army,
+not, as the barbarians had supposed, an inconsiderable and fearful
+division.  The first thing that shook the courage of the Gauls was, that
+their enemies had, contrary to their expectation, the honor of being
+aggressors.  In the next place, the light-armed men, falling upon them
+before they could get into their usual order or range themselves in
+their proper squadrons, so disturbed and pressed upon them, that they
+were obliged to fight at random, without any order at all.  But at last,
+when Camillus brought on his heavy-armed legions, the barbarians, with
+their swords drawn, went vigorously to engage them; the Romans, however,
+opposing their javelins and receiving the force of their blows on those
+parts of their defenses which were well guarded with steel, turned the
+edge of their weapons, being made of a soft and ill-tempered metal, so
+that their swords bent and doubled up in their hands; and their shields
+were pierced through and through, and grew heavy with the javelins that
+stuck upon them.  And thus forced to quit their own weapons, they
+endeavored to take advantage of those of their enemies, laid hold of the
+javelins with their hands, and tried to pluck them away.  But the
+Romans, perceiving them now naked and defenseless, betook themselves to
+their swords, which they so well used, that in a little time great
+slaughter was made in the foremost ranks, while the rest fled over all
+parts of the level country; the hills and upper grounds Camillus had
+secured beforehand, and their camp they knew it would not be difficult
+for the enemy to take, as, through confidence of victory, they had left
+it unguarded.  This fight, it is stated, was thirteen years after the
+sacking of Rome; and from henceforward the Romans took courage, and
+surmounted the apprehensions they had hitherto entertained of the
+barbarians, whose previous defeat they had attributed rather to
+pestilence and a concurrence of mischances than to their own superior
+valor.  And, indeed, this fear had been formerly so great, that they
+made a law, that priests should be excused from service in war, unless
+in an invasion from the Gauls.
+
+This was the last military action that ever Camillus performed; for the
+voluntary surrender of the city of the Velitrani was but a mere
+accessory to it.  But the greatest of all civil contests, and the
+hardest to be managed, was still to be fought out against the people;
+who, returning home full of victory and success, insisted, contrary to
+established law, to have one of the consuls chosen out of their own
+body.  The senate strongly opposed it, and would not suffer Camillus to
+lay down his dictatorship, thinking, that, under the shelter of his
+great name and authority, they should be better able to contend for the
+power of the aristocracy.  But when Camillus was sitting upon the
+tribunal, dispatching public affairs, an officer, sent by the tribunes
+of the people, commanded him to rise and follow him, laying his hand
+upon him, as ready to seize and carry him away; upon which, such a noise
+and tumult as was never heard before, filled the whole forum; some that
+were about Camillus thrusting the officer from the bench, and the
+multitude below calling out to him to bring Camillus down.  Being at a
+loss what to do in these difficulties, he yet laid not down his
+authority, but, taking the senators along with him, he went to the
+senate-house; but before he entered, besought the gods that they would
+bring these troubles to a happy conclusion, solemnly vowing, when the
+tumult was ended, to build a temple to Concord.  A great conflict of
+opposite opinions arose in the senate; but, at last, the most moderate
+and most acceptable to the people prevailed, and consent was given, that
+of two consuls, one should be chosen from the commonalty.  When the
+dictator proclaimed this determination of the senate to the people, at
+the moment, pleased and reconciled with the senate, as indeed could not
+otherwise be, they accompanied Camillus home, with all expressions and
+acclamations of joy; and the next day, assembling together, they voted a
+temple of Concord to be built, according to Camillus's vow, facing the
+assembly and the forum; and to the feasts, called the Latin holidays,
+they added one day more, making four in all; and ordained that, on the
+present occasion, the whole people of Rome should sacrifice with
+garlands on their heads.
+
+In the election of consuls held by Camillus, Marcus Aemilius was chosen
+of the patricians, and Lucius Sextius the first of the commonalty; and
+this was the last of all Camillus's actions.  In the year following, a
+pestilential sickness infected Rome, which, besides an infinite number
+of the common people, swept away most of the magistrates, among whom was
+Camillus; whose death cannot be called immature, if we consider his
+great age, or greater actions, yet was he more lamented than all the
+rest put together that then died of that distemper.
+
+
+
+PERICLES
+
+Caesar once, seeing some wealthy strangers at Rome, carrying up and
+down with them in their arms and bosoms young puppy-dogs and monkeys,
+embracing and making much of them, took occasion not unnaturally to ask
+whether the women in their country were not used to bear children; by
+that prince-like reprimand gravely reflecting upon persons who spend and
+lavish upon brute beasts that affection and kindness which nature has
+implanted in us to be bestowed on those of our own kind.  With like
+reason may we blame those who misuse that love of inquiry and
+observation which nature has implanted in our souls, by expending it on
+objects unworthy of the attention either of their eyes or their ears,
+while they disregard such as are excellent in themselves, and would do
+them good.
+
+The mere outward sense, being passive in responding to the impression of
+the objects that come in its way and strike upon it, perhaps cannot help
+entertaining and taking notice of everything that addresses it, be it
+what it will, useful or unuseful; but, in the exercise of his mental
+perception, every man, if he chooses, has a natural power to turn
+himself upon all occasions, and to change and shift with the greatest
+ease to what he shall himself judge desirable.  So that it becomes a
+man's duty to pursue and make after the best and choicest of everything,
+that he may not only employ his contemplation, but may also be
+improved by it.  For as that color is most suitable to the eye whose
+freshness and pleasantness stimulates and strengthens the sight, so a
+man ought to apply his intellectual perception to such objects as, with
+the sense of delight, are apt to call it forth, and allure it to its
+own proper good and advantage.
+
+Such objects we find in the acts of virtue, which also produce in the
+minds of mere readers about them, an emulation and eagerness that may
+lead them on to imitation.  In other things there does not immediately
+follow upon the admiration and liking of the thing done, any strong
+desire of doing the like.  Nay, many times, on the very contrary, when
+we are pleased with the work, we slight and set little by the workman or
+artist himself, as, for instance, in perfumes and purple dyes, we are
+taken with the things themselves well enough, but do not think dyers and
+perfumers otherwise than low and sordid people.  It was not said amiss
+by Antisthenes, when people told him that one Ismenias was an excellent
+piper, "It may be so," said he, "but he is but a wretched human being,
+otherwise he would not have been an excellent piper."  And king Philip,
+to the same purpose, told his son Alexander, who once at a merry-meeting
+played a piece of music charmingly and skillfully, "Are you not ashamed,
+son, to play so well?"  For it is enough for a king, or prince to find
+leisure sometimes to hear others sing, and he does the muses quite honor
+enough when he pleases to be but present, while others engage in such
+exercises and trials of skill.
+
+He who busies himself in mean occupations produces, in the very pains he
+takes about things of little or no use, an evidence against himself of
+his negligence and indisposition to what is really good.  Nor did any
+generous and ingenuous young man, at the sight of the statue of Jupiter
+at Pisa, ever desire to be a Phidias, or, on seeing that of Juno at
+Argos, long to be a Polycletus, or feel induced by his pleasure in their
+poems to wish to be an Anacreon or Philetas or Archilochus.  For it does
+not necessarily follow, that, if a piece of work please for its
+gracefulness, therefore he that wrought it deserves our admiration.
+Whence it is that neither do such things really profit or advantage the
+beholders, upon the sight of which no zeal arises for the imitation of
+them, nor any impulse or inclination, which may prompt any desire or
+endeavor of doing the like.  But virtue, by the bare statement of its
+actions, can so affect men's minds as to create at once both admiration
+of the things done and desire to imitate the doers of them.  The goods
+of fortune we would possess and would enjoy; those of virtue we long to
+practice and exercise; we are content to receive the former from others,
+the latter we wish others to experience from us.  Moral good is a
+practical stimulus; it is no sooner seen, than it inspires an impulse to
+practice; and influences the mind and character not by a mere imitation
+which we look at, but, by the statement of the fact, creates a moral
+purpose which we form.
+
+And so we have thought fit to spend our time and pains in writing of the
+lives of famous persons; and have composed this tenth book upon that
+subject, containing the life of Pericles, and that of Fabius Maximus,
+who carried on the war against Hannibal, men alike, as in their other
+virtues and good parts, so especially in their mild and upright temper
+and demeanor, and in that capacity to bear the cross-grained humors of
+their fellow-citizens and colleagues in office which made them both most
+useful and serviceable to the interests of their countries.  Whether we
+take a right aim at our intended purpose, it is left to the reader to
+judge by what he shall here find.
+
+Pericles was of the tribe Acamantis, and the township Cholargus, of the
+noblest birth both on his father's and mother's side.  Xanthippus, his
+father, who defeated the king of Persia's generals in the battle at
+Mycale, took to wife Agariste, the grandchild of Clisthenes, who drove
+out the sons of Pisistratus, and nobly put an end to their tyrannical
+usurpation, and moreover made a body of laws, and settled a model of
+government admirably tempered and suited for the harmony and safety of
+the people.
+
+His mother, being near her time, fancied in a dream that she was brought
+to bed of a lion, and a few days after was delivered of Pericles, in
+other respects perfectly formed, only his head was somewhat longish and
+out of proportion.  For which reason almost all the images and statues
+that were made of him have the head covered with a helmet, the workmen
+apparently being willing not to expose him.  The poets of Athens called
+him Schinocephalos, or squill-head, from schinos, a squill, or sea-
+onion.  One of the comic poets, Cratinus, in the Chirons,
+tells us that --
+
+Old Chronos once took queen Sedition to wife;
+Which two brought to life
+That tyrant far-famed,
+Whom the gods the supreme skull-compeller have named.
+
+And, in the Nemesis, addresses him --
+
+Come, Jove, thou head of gods.
+
+And a second, Teleclides, says, that now, in embarrassment with
+political difficulties, he sits in the city,--
+
+Fainting underneath the load
+Of his own head; and now abroad,
+From his huge gallery of a pate,
+Sends forth trouble to the state.
+
+And a third, Eupolis, in the comedy called the Demi, in a series of
+questions about each of the demagogues, whom he makes in the play to
+come up from hell, upon Pericles being named last, exclaims,--
+
+And here by way of summary, now we've done,
+Behold, in brief, the heads of all in one.
+
+The master that taught him music, most authors are agreed, was Damon
+(whose name, they say, ought to be pronounced with the first syllable
+short).  Though Aristotle tells us that he was thoroughly practiced in
+all accomplishments of this kind by Pythoclides.  Damon, it is not
+unlikely, being a sophist, out of policy, sheltered himself under the
+profession of music to conceal from people in general his skill in other
+things, and under this pretense attended Pericles, the young athlete of
+politics, so to say, as his training-master in these exercises.  Damon's
+lyre, however, did not prove altogether a successful blind; he was
+banished the country by ostracism for ten years, as a dangerous
+intermeddler and a favorer of arbitrary power, and, by this means, gave
+the stage occasion to play upon him.  As, for instance, Plato, the comic
+poet, introduces a character, who questions him --
+
+Tell me, if you please,
+Since you're the Chiron who taught Pericles.
+
+Pericles, also, was a hearer of Zeno, the Eleatic, who treated of
+natural philosophy in the same manner as Parmenides did, but had also
+perfected himself in an art of his own for refuting and silencing
+opponents in argument; as Timon of Phlius describes it, --
+
+Also the two-edged tongue of mighty Zeno, who,
+Say what one would, could argue it untrue.
+
+But he that saw most of Pericles, and furnished him most especially with
+a weight and grandeur of sense, superior to all arts of popularity, and
+in general gave him his elevation and sublimity of purpose and of
+character, was Anaxagoras of Clazomenae; whom the men of those times
+called by the name of Nous, that is, mind, or intelligence, whether in
+admiration of the great and extraordinary gift he displayed for the
+science of nature, or because that he was the first of the philosophers
+who did not refer the first ordering of the world to fortune or chance,
+nor to necessity or compulsion, but to a pure, unadulterated
+intelligence, which in all other existing mixed and compound things acts
+as a principle of discrimination, and of combination of like with like.
+
+For this man, Pericles entertained an extraordinary esteem and
+admiration, and, filling himself with this lofty, and, as they call it,
+up-in-the-air sort of thought, derived hence not merely, as was natural,
+elevation of purpose and dignity of language, raised far above the base
+and dishonest buffooneries of mob-eloquence, but, besides this, a
+composure of countenance, and a serenity and calmness in all his
+movements, which no occurrence whilst he was speaking could disturb, a
+sustained and even tone of voice, and various other advantages of a
+similar kind, which produced the greatest effect on his hearers.  Once,
+after being reviled and ill-spoken of all day long in his own hearing by
+some vile and abandoned fellow in the open marketplace, where he was
+engaged in the dispatch of some urgent affair, he continued his business
+in perfect silence, and in the evening returned home composedly, the man
+still dogging him at the heels, and pelting him all the way with abuse
+and foul language; and stepping into his house, it being by this time
+dark, he ordered one of his servants to take a light, and to go along
+with the man and see him safe home.  Ion, it is true, the dramatic poet,
+says that Pericles's manner in company was somewhat over-assuming and
+pompous; and that into his high bearing there entered a good deal of
+slightingness and scorn of others; he reserves his commendation for
+Cimon's ease and pliancy and natural grace in society.  Ion, however,
+who must needs make virtue, like a show of tragedies, include some comic
+scenes, we shall not altogether rely upon; Zeno used to bid those who
+called Pericles's gravity the affectation of a charlatan, to go and
+affect the like themselves; inasmuch as this mere counterfeiting might
+in time insensibly instill into them a real love and knowledge of those
+noble qualities.
+
+Nor were these the only advantages which Pericles derived from
+Anaxagoras's acquaintance; he seems also to have become, by his
+instructions, superior to that superstition with which an ignorant
+wonder at appearances, for example, in the heavens possesses the minds
+of people unacquainted with their causes, eager for the supernatural,
+and excitable through an inexperience which the knowledge of natural
+causes removes, replacing wild and timid superstition by the good hope
+and assurance of an intelligent piety.
+
+There is a story, that once Pericles had brought to him from a country
+farm of his, a ram's head with one horn, and that Lampon, the diviner,
+upon seeing the horn grow strong and solid out of the midst of the
+forehead, gave it as his judgment, that, there being at that time two
+potent factions, parties, or interests in the city, the one of
+Thucydides and the other of Pericles, the government would come about to
+that one of them in whose ground or estate this token or indication of
+fate had shown itself.  But that Anaxagoras, cleaving the skull in
+sunder, showed to the bystanders that the brain had not filled up its
+natural place, but being oblong, like an egg, had collected from all
+parts of the vessel which contained it, in a point to that place from
+whence the root of the horn took its rise.  And that, for that time,
+Anaxagoras was much admired for his explanation by those that were
+present; and Lampon no less a little while after, when Thucydides was
+overpowered, and the whole affairs of the state and government came into
+the hands of Pericles.
+
+And yet, in my opinion, it is no absurdity to say that they were both in
+the right, both natural philosopher and diviner, one justly detecting
+the cause of this event, by which it was produced, the other the end for
+which it was designed.  For it was the business of the one to find out
+and give an account of what it was made, and in what manner and by what
+means it grew as it did; and of the other to foretell to what end and
+purpose it was so made, and what it might mean or portend.  Those who
+say that to find out the cause of a prodigy is in effect to destroy its
+supposed signification as such, do not take notice that, at the same
+time, together with divine prodigies, they also do away with signs and
+signals of human art and concert, as, for instance, the clashings of
+quoits, fire-beacons, and the shadows on sun-dials, every one of which
+things has its cause, and by that cause and contrivance is a sign of
+something else.  But these are subjects, perhaps, that would better
+befit another place.
+
+Pericles, while yet but a young man, stood in considerable apprehension
+of the people, as he was thought in face and figure to be very like the
+tyrant Pisistratus, and those of great age remarked upon the sweetness
+of his voice, and his volubility and rapidity in speaking, and were
+struck with amazement at the resemblance.  Reflecting, too, that he had
+a considerable estate, and was descended of a noble family, and had
+friends of great influence, he was fearful all this might bring him to
+be banished as a dangerous person; and for this reason meddled not at
+all with state affairs, but in military service showed himself of a
+brave and intrepid nature.  But when Aristides was now dead, and
+Themistocles driven out, and Cimon was for the most part kept abroad by
+the expeditions he made in parts out of Greece, Pericles, seeing things
+in this posture, now advanced and took his side, not with the rich and
+few, but with the many and poor, contrary to his natural bent, which was
+far from democratical; but, most likely, fearing he might fall under
+suspicion of aiming at arbitrary power, and seeing Cimon on the side of
+the aristocracy, and much beloved by the better and more distinguished
+people, he joined the party of the people, with a view at once both to
+secure himself and procure means against Cimon.
+
+He immediately entered, also, on quite a new course of life and
+management of his time.  For he was never seen to walk in any street but
+that which led to the marketplace and the council-hall, and he avoided
+invitations of friends to supper, and all friendly visiting and
+intercourse whatever; in all the time he had to do with the public,
+which was not a little, he was never known to have gone to any of his
+friends to a supper, except that once when his near kinsman Euryptolemus
+married, he remained present till the ceremony of the drink-offering,
+and then immediately rose from table and went his way.  For these
+friendly meetings are very quick to defeat any assumed superiority, and
+in intimate familiarity an exterior of gravity is hard to maintain.
+Real excellence, indeed, is most recognized when most openly looked
+into; and in really good men, nothing which meets the eyes of external
+observers so truly deserves their admiration, as their daily common life
+does that of their nearer friends.  Pericles, however, to avoid any
+feeling of commonness, or any satiety on the part of the people,
+presented himself at intervals only, not speaking to every business, nor
+at all times coming into the assembly, but, as Critolaus says, reserving
+himself, like the Salaminian galley,@ for great occasions, while matters
+of lesser importance were dispatched by friends or other speakers under
+his direction.  And of this number we are told Ephialtes made one, who
+broke the power of the council of Areopagus, giving the people,
+according to Plato's expression, so copious and so strong a draught of
+liberty, that, growing wild and unruly, like an unmanageable horse, it,
+as the comic poets say, --
+
+" -- got beyond all keeping in,
+Champing at Euboea, and among the islands leaping in."
+
+
+The style of speaking most consonant to his form of life and the dignity
+of his views he found, so to say, in the tones of that instrument with
+which Anaxagoras had furnished him; of his teaching he continually
+availed himself, and deepened the colors of rhetoric with the dye of
+natural science.  For having, in addition to his great natural genius,
+attained, by the study of nature, to use the words of the divine Plato,
+this height of intelligence, and this universal consummating power, and
+drawing hence whatever might be of advantage to him in the art of
+speaking, he showed himself far superior to all others.  Upon which
+account, they say, he had his nickname given him, though some are of
+opinion he was named the Olympian from the public buildings with which
+he adorned the city; and others again, from his great power in public
+affairs, whether of war or peace.  Nor is it unlikely that the
+confluence of many attributes may have conferred it on him.  However,
+the comedies represented at the time, which, both in good earnest and in
+merriment, let fly many hard words at him, plainly show that he got that
+appellation especially from his speaking; they speak of his "thundering
+and lightning" when he harangued the people, and of his wielding a
+dreadful thunderbolt in his tongue.
+
+A saying also of Thucydides, the son of Melesias, stands on record,
+spoken by him by way of pleasantry upon Pericles's dexterity.
+Thucydides was one of the noble and distinguished citizens, and had been
+his greatest opponent; and, when Archidamus, the king of the
+Lacedaemonians, asked him whether he or Pericles were the better
+wrestler, he made this answer:  "When I," said he, "have thrown him and
+given him a fair fall, by persisting that he had no fall, he gets the
+better of me, and makes the bystanders, in spite of their own eyes,
+believe him."  The truth, however, is, that Pericles himself was very
+careful what and how he was to speak, insomuch that, whenever he went up
+to the hustings, he prayed the gods that no one word might unawares slip
+from him unsuitable to the matter and the occasion.
+
+He has left nothing in writing behind him, except some decrees; and
+there are but very few of his sayings recorded; one, for example, is,
+that he said Aegina must, like a gathering in a man's eye, be removed
+from Piraeus; and another, that he said he saw already war moving on its
+way towards them out of Peloponnesus.  Again, when on a time Sophocles,
+who was his fellow-commissioner in the generalship, was going on board
+with him, and praised the beauty of a youth they met with in the way to
+the ship, "Sophocles," said he, "a general ought not only to have clean
+hands, but also clean eyes."  And Stesimbrotus tells us, that, in his
+encomium on those who fell in battle at Samos, he said they were become
+immortal, as the gods were.  "For," said he, "we do not see them
+themselves, but only by the honors we pay them, and by the benefits they
+do us, attribute to them immortality; and the like attributes belong
+also to those that die in the service of their country."
+
+Since Thucydides describes the rule of Pericles as an aristocratical
+government, that went by the name of a democracy, but was, indeed, the
+supremacy of a single great man, while many others say, on the contrary,
+that by him the common people were first encouraged and led on to such
+evils as appropriations of subject territory; allowances for attending
+theaters, payments for performing public duties, and by these bad habits
+were, under the influence of his public measures, changed from a sober,
+thrifty people, that maintained themselves by their own labors, to
+lovers of expense, intemperance, and license, let us examine the cause
+of this change by the actual matters of fact.
+
+At the first, as has been said, when he set himself against Cimon's
+great authority, he did caress the people.  Finding himself come short of
+his competitor in wealth and money, by which advantages the other was
+enabled to take care of the poor, inviting every day some one or other
+of the citizens that was in want to supper, and bestowing clothes on the
+aged people, and breaking down the hedges and enclosures of his grounds,
+that all that would might freely gather what fruit they pleased,
+Pericles, thus outdone in popular arts, by the advice of one Damonides
+of Oea, as Aristotle states, turned to the distribution of the public
+moneys; and in a short time having bought the people over, what with
+moneys allowed for shows and for service on juries, and what with other
+forms of pay and largess, he made use of them against the council of
+Areopagus, of which he himself was no member, as having never been
+appointed by lot either chief archon, or lawgiver, or king, or captain.
+For from of old these offices were conferred on persons by lot, and they
+who had acquitted themselves duly in the discharge of them were advanced
+to the court of Areopagus.  And so Pericles, having secured his power
+and interest with the populace, directed the exertions of his party
+against this council with such success, that most of those causes and
+matters which had been used to be tried there, were, by the agency of
+Ephialtes, removed from its cognizance, Cimon, also, was banished by
+ostracism as a favorer of the Lacedaemonians and a hater of the people,
+though in wealth and noble birth he was among the first, and had won
+several most glorious victories over the barbarians, and had filled the
+city with money and spoils of war; as is recorded in the history of his
+life.  So vast an authority had Pericles obtained among the people.
+
+The ostracism was limited by law to ten years; but the Lacedaemonians,
+in the mean time, entering with a great army into the territory of
+Tanagra, and the Athenians going out against them, Cimon, coming from
+his banishment before his time was out, put himself in arms and array
+with those of his fellow-citizens that were of his own tribe, and
+desired by his deeds to wipe off the suspicion of his favoring the
+Lacedaemonians, by venturing his own person along with his country-men.
+But Pericles's friends, gathering in a body, forced him to retire as a
+banished man.  For which cause also Pericles seems to have exerted
+himself more in that than in any battle, and to have been conspicuous
+above all for his exposure of himself to danger.  All Cimon's friends,
+also, to a man, fell together side by side, whom Pericles had accused
+with him of taking part with the Lacedaemonians.  Defeated in this
+battle on their own frontiers, and expecting a new and perilous attack
+with return of spring, the Athenians now felt regret and sorrow for the
+loss of Cimon, and repentance for their expulsion of him.  Pericles,
+being sensible of their feelings, did not hesitate or delay to gratify
+it, and himself made the motion for recalling him home.  He, upon his
+return, concluded a peace betwixt the two cities; for the Lacedaemonians
+entertained as kindly feelings towards him as they did the reverse
+towards Pericles and the other popular leaders.
+
+Yet some there are who say that Pericles did not propose the order for
+Cimon's return till some private articles of agreement had been made
+between them, and this by means of Elpinice, Cimon's sister; that Cimon,
+namely, should go out to sea with a fleet of two hundred ships, and be
+commander-in-chief abroad, with a design to reduce the king of Persia's
+territories, and that Pericles should have the power at home.
+
+This Elpinice, it was thought, had before this time procured some
+favor for her brother Cimon at Pericles's hands, and induced him to be
+more remiss and gentle in urging the charge when Cimon was tried for his
+life; for Pericles was one of the committee appointed by the commons to
+plead against him.  And when Elpinice came and besought him in her
+brother's behalf, he answered, with a smile, "O Elpinice, you are too
+old a woman to undertake such business as this."  But, when he appeared
+to impeach him, he stood up but once to speak, merely to acquit himself
+of his commission, and went out of court, having done Cimon the least
+prejudice of any of his accusers.
+
+How, then, can one believe Idomeneus, who charges Pericles as if he had
+by treachery procured the murder of Ephialtes, the popular statesman,
+one who was his friend, and of his own party in all his political
+course, out of jealousy, forsooth, and envy of his great reputation?
+This historian, it seems, having raked up these stories, I know not
+whence, has befouled with them a man who, perchance, was not altogether
+free from fault or blame, but yet had a noble spirit, and a soul that
+was bent on honor; and where such qualities are, there can no such cruel
+and brutal passion find harbor or gain admittance.  As to Ephialtes, the
+truth of the story, as Aristotle has told it, is this:  that having made
+himself formidable to the oligarchical party, by being an
+uncompromising asserter of the people's rights in calling to account and
+prosecuting those who any way wronged them, his enemies, lying in wait
+for him, by the means of Aristodicus the Tanagraean, privately
+dispatched him.
+
+Cimon, while he was admiral, ended his days in the Isle of Cyprus.  And
+the aristocratical party, seeing that Pericles was already before this
+grown to be the greatest and foremost man of all the city, but
+nevertheless wishing there should be somebody set up against him, to
+blunt and turn the edge of his power, that it might not altogether prove
+a monarchy, put forward Thucydides of Alopece, a discreet person, and a
+near kinsman of Cimon's, to conduct the opposition against him; who,
+indeed, though less skilled in warlike affairs than Cimon was, yet was
+better versed in speaking and political business, and keeping close
+guard in the city, and engaging with Pericles on the hustings, in a
+short time brought the government to an equality of parties.  For he
+would not suffer those who were called the honest and good (persons of
+worth and distinction) to be scattered up and down and mix themselves
+and be lost among the populace, as formerly, diminishing and obscuring
+their superiority amongst the masses; but taking them apart by
+themselves and uniting them in one body, by their combined weight he was
+able, as it were upon the balance, to make a counter-poise to the other
+party.
+
+For, indeed, there was from the beginning a sort of concealed split, or
+seam, as it might be in a piece of iron, marking the different popular
+and aristocratical tendencies; but the open rivalry and contention of
+these two opponents made the gash deep, and severed the city into the
+two parties of the people and the few.  And so Pericles, at that time
+more than at any other, let loose the reins to the people, and made his
+policy subservient to their pleasure, contriving continually to have
+some great public show or solemnity, some banquet, or some procession or
+other in the town to please them, coaxing his countrymen like children,
+with such delights and pleasures as were not, however, unedifying.
+Besides that every year he sent out threescore galleys, on board of
+which there went numbers of the citizens, who were in pay eight months,
+learning at the same time and practicing the art of seamanship.
+
+He sent, moreover, a thousand of them into the Chersonese as planters,
+to share the land among them by lot, and five hundred more into the isle
+of Naxos, and half that number to Andros, a thousand into Thrace to
+dwell among the Bisaltae, and others into Italy, when the city Sybaris,
+which now was called Thurii, was to be repeopled.  And this he did to
+ease and discharge the city of an idle, and, by reason of their
+idleness, a busy, meddling crowd of people; and at the same time to meet
+the necessities and restore the fortunes of the poor townsmen, and to
+intimidate, also, and check their allies from attempting any change, by
+posting such garrisons, as it were, in the midst of them.
+
+That which gave most pleasure and ornament to the city of Athens, and
+the greatest admiration and even astonishment to all strangers, and that
+which now is Greece's only evidence that the power she boasts of and her
+ancient wealth are no romance or idle story, was his construction of the
+public and sacred buildings.  Yet this was that of all his actions in
+the government which his enemies most looked askance upon and caviled at
+in the popular assemblies, crying out how that the commonwealth of
+Athens had lost its reputation and was ill-spoken of abroad for removing
+the common treasure of the Greeks from the isle of Delos into their own
+custody; and how that their fairest excuse for so doing, namely, that
+they took it away for fear the barbarians should seize it, and on
+purpose to secure it in a safe place, this Pericles had made
+unavailable, and how that "Greece cannot but resent it as an
+insufferable affront, and consider herself to be tyrannized over openly,
+when she sees the treasure, which was contributed by her upon a
+necessity for the war, wantonly lavished out by us upon our city, to
+gild her all over, and to adorn and set her forth, as it were some vain
+woman, hung round with precious stones and figures and temples, which
+cost a world of money."
+
+Pericles, on the other hand, informed the people, that they were in no
+way obliged to give any account of those moneys to their allies, so long
+as they maintained their defense, and kept off the barbarians from
+attacking them; while in the meantime they did not so much as supply
+one horse or man or ship, but only found money for the service; "which
+money," said he, "is not theirs that give it, but theirs that receive
+it, if so be they perform the conditions upon which they receive it."
+And that it was good reason, that, now the city was sufficiently
+provided and stored with all things necessary for the war, they should
+convert the overplus of its wealth to such undertakings, as would
+hereafter, when completed, give them eternal honor, and, for the
+present, while in process, freely supply all the inhabitants with
+plenty.  With their variety of workmanship and of occasions for service,
+which summon all arts and trades and require all hands to be employed
+about them, they do actually put the whole city, in a manner, into
+state-pay; while at the same time she is both beautified and maintained
+by herself.  For as those who are of age and strength for war are
+provided for and maintained in the armaments abroad by their pay out of
+the public stock, so, it being his desire and design that the
+undisciplined mechanic multitude that stayed at home should not go
+without their share of public salaries, and yet should not have them
+given them for sitting still and doing nothing, to that end he thought
+fit to bring in among them, with the approbation of the people, these
+vast projects of buildings and designs of works, that would be of some
+continuance before they were finished, and would give employment to
+numerous arts, so that the part of the people that stayed at home might,
+no less than those that were at sea or in garrisons or on expeditions,
+have a fair and just occasion of receiving the benefit and having their
+share of the public moneys.
+
+The materials were stone, brass, ivory, gold, ebony cypress-wood; and
+the arts or trades that wrought and fashioned them were smiths and
+carpenters, molders, founders and braziers, stone-cutters, dyers,
+goldsmiths, ivory-workers, painters, embroiderers, turners; those again
+that conveyed them to the town for use, merchants and mariners and ship-
+masters by sea, and by land, cartwrights, cattle-breeders, waggoners,
+rope-makers, flax-workers, shoe-makers and leather-dressers, roadmakers,
+miners.  And every trade in the same nature, as a captain in an army has
+his particular company of soldiers under him, had its own hired company
+of journeymen and laborers belonging to it banded together as in array,
+to be as it were the instrument and body for the performance of the
+service.  Thus, to say all in a word, the occasions and services of
+these public works distributed plenty through every age and condition.
+
+As then grew the works up, no less stately in size than exquisite in
+form, the workmen striving to outvie the material and the design with
+the beauty of their workmanship, yet the most wonderful thing of all was
+the rapidity of their execution.  Undertakings, any one of which singly
+might have required, they thought, for their completion, several
+successions and ages of men, were every one of them accomplished in the
+height and prime of one man's political service.  Although they say,
+too, that Zeuxis once, having heard Agatharchus the painter boast of
+dispatching his work with speed and ease, replied, "I take a long time."
+For ease and speed in doing a thing do not give the work lasting
+solidity or exactness of beauty; the expenditure of time allowed to a
+man's pains beforehand for the production of a thing is repaid by way of
+interest with a vital force for its preservation when once produced.
+For which reason Pericles's works are especially admired, as having been
+made quickly, to last long.  For every particular piece of his work was
+immediately, even at that time, for its beauty and elegance, antique;
+and yet in its vigor and freshness looks to this day as if it were just
+executed.  There is a sort of bloom of newness upon those works of his,
+preserving them from the touch of time, as if they had some perennial
+spirit and undying vitality mingled in the composition of them.
+
+Phidias had the oversight of all the works, and was surveyor-general,
+though upon the various portions other great masters and workmen were
+employed.  For Callicrates and Ictinus built the Parthenon; the chapel
+at Eleusis, where the mysteries were celebrated, was begun by Coroebus,
+who erected the pillars that stand upon the floor or pavement, and
+joined them to the architraves; and after his death Metagenes of Xypete
+added the frieze and the upper line of columns; Xenocles of Cholargus
+roofed or arched the lantern on the top of the temple of Castor and
+Pollux; and the long wall, which Socrates says he himself heard Pericles
+propose to the people, was undertaken by Callicrates.  This work
+Cratinus ridicules, as long in finishing, --
+
+'Tis long since Pericles, if words would do it,
+Talk'd up the wall; yet adds not one mite to it.
+
+The Odeum, or music-room, which in its interior was full of seats and
+ranges of pillars, and outside had its roof made to slope and descend
+from one single point at the top, was constructed, we are told, in
+imitation of the king of Persia's Pavilion; this likewise by Pericles's
+order; which Cratinus again, in his comedy called The Thracian Women,
+made an occasion of raillery, --
+
+So, we see here,
+Jupiter Long-pate Pericles appear,
+Since ostracism time, he's laid aside his head,
+And wears the new Odeum in its stead.
+
+Pericles, also, eager for distinction, then first obtained the decree
+for a contest in musical skill to be held yearly at the Panathenaea, and
+he himself, being chosen judge, arranged the order and method in which
+the competitors should sing and play on the flute and on the harp.  And
+both at that time, and at other times also, they sat in this music-room
+to see and hear all such trials of skill.
+
+The propylaea, or entrances to the Acropolis, were finished in five
+years' time, Mnesicles being the principal architect.  A strange
+accident happened in the course of building, which showed that the
+goddess was not averse to the work, but was aiding and cooperating to
+bring it to perfection.  One of the artificers, the quickest and the
+handiest workman among them all, with a slip of his foot fell down from
+a great height, and lay in a miserable condition, the physicians having
+no hopes of his recovery.  When Pericles was in distress about this,
+Minerva appeared to him at night in a dream, and ordered a course of
+treatment, which he applied, and in a short time and with great ease
+cured the man.  And upon this occasion it was that he set up a brass
+statue of Minerva, surnamed Health, in the citadel near the altar, which
+they say was there before.  But it was Phidias who wrought the goddess's
+image in gold, and he has his name inscribed on the pedestal as the
+workman of it; and indeed the whole work in a manner was under his
+charge, and he had, as we have said already, the oversight over all the
+artists and workmen, through Pericles's friendship for him; and this,
+indeed, made him much envied, and his patron shamefully slandered with
+stories, as if Phidias were in the habit of receiving, for Pericles's
+use, freeborn women that came to see the works.  The comic writers of
+the town, when they had got hold of this story, made much of it, and
+bespattered him with all the ribaldry they could invent, charging him
+falsely with the wife of Menippus, one who was his friend and served as
+lieutenant under him in the wars; and with the birds kept by Pyrilampes,
+an acquaintance of Pericles, who, they pretended, used to give presents
+of peacocks to Pericles's female friends.  And how can one wonder at any
+number of strange assertions from men whose whole lives were devoted to
+mockery, and who were ready at any time to sacrifice the reputation of
+their superiors to vulgar envy and spite, as to some evil genius, when
+even Stesimbrotus the Thasian has dared to lay to the charge of Pericles
+a monstrous and fabulous piece of criminality with his son's wife?  So
+very difficult a matter is it to trace and find out the truth of
+anything by history, when, on the one hand, those who afterwards write
+it find long periods of time intercepting their view, and, on the other
+hand, the contemporary records of any actions and lives, partly through
+envy and ill-will, partly through favor and flattery, pervert and
+distort truth.
+
+When the orators, who sided with Thucydides and his party, were at one
+time crying out, as their custom was, against Pericles, as one who
+squandered away the public money, and made havoc of the state revenues,
+he rose in the open assembly and put the question to the people, whether
+they thought that he had laid out much; and they saying, "Too much, a
+great deal."  "Then," said he, "since it is so, let the cost not go to
+your account, but to mine; and let the inscription upon the buildings
+stand in my name."  When they heard him say thus, whether it were out of
+a surprise to see the greatness of his spirit, or out of emulation of
+the glory of the works, they cried aloud, bidding him to spend on, and
+lay out what he thought fit from the public purse, and to spare no cost,
+till all were finished.
+
+At length, coming to a final contest with Thucydides, which of the two
+should ostracize the other out of the country, and having gone through
+this peril, he threw his antagonist out, and broke up the confederacy
+that had been organized against him.  So that now all schism and
+division being at an end, and the city brought to evenness and unity, he
+got all Athens and all affairs that pertained to the Athenians into his
+own hands, their tributes, their armies, and their galleys, the islands,
+the sea, and their wide-extended power, partly over other Greeks and
+partly over barbarians, and all that empire, which they possessed,
+founded and fortified upon subject nations and royal friendships and
+alliances.
+
+After this he was no longer the same man he had been before, nor as tame
+and gentle and familiar as formerly with the populace, so as readily to
+yield to their pleasures and to comply with the desires of the
+multitude, as a steersman shifts with the winds.  Quitting that loose,
+remiss, and, in some cases, licentious court of the popular will, he
+turned those soft and flowery modulations to the austerity of
+aristocratical and regal rule; and employing this uprightly and
+undeviatingly for the country's best interests, he was able generally to
+lead the people along, with their own wills and consents, by persuading
+and showing them what was to be done; and sometimes, too, urging and
+pressing them forward extremely against their will, he made them,
+whether they would or no, yield submission to what was for their
+advantage.  In which, to say the truth, he did but like a skillful
+physician, who, in a complicated and chronic disease, as he sees
+occasion, at one while allows his patient the moderate use of such
+things as please him, at another while gives him keen pains and drugs to
+work the cure.  For there arising and growing up, as was natural, all
+manner of distempered feelings among a people which had so vast a
+command and dominion, he alone, as a great master, knowing how to handle
+and deal fitly with each one of them, and, in an especial manner, making
+that use of hopes and fears, as his two chief rudders, with the one to
+check the career of their confidence at any time, with the other to
+raise them up and cheer them when under any discouragement, plainly
+showed by this, that rhetoric, or the art of speaking, is, in Plato's
+language, the government of the souls of men, and that her chief
+business is to address the affections and passions, which are as it were
+the strings and keys to the soul, and require a skillful and careful
+touch to be played on as they should be.  The source of this
+predominance was not barely his power of language, but, as Thucydides
+assures us, the reputation of his life, and the confidence felt in his
+character; his manifest freedom from every kind of corruption, and
+superiority to all considerations of money.  Notwithstanding he had made
+the city Athens, which was great of itself, as great and rich as can be
+imagined, and though he were himself in power and interest more than
+equal to many kings and absolute rulers, who some of them also
+bequeathed by will their power to their children, he, for his part, did
+not make the patrimony his father left him greater than it was by one
+drachma.
+
+Thucydides, indeed, gives a plain statement of the greatness of his
+power; and the comic poets, in their spiteful manner, more than hint at
+it, styling his companions and friends the new Pisistratidae, and
+calling on him to abjure any intention of usurpation, as one whose
+eminence was too great to be any longer proportionable to and compatible
+with a democracy or popular government.  And Teleclides says the
+Athenians had surrendered up to him --
+
+The tribute of the cities, and with them, the cities too, to do with
+them as he pleases, and undo;
+To build up, if he likes, stone walls around a town; and again, if so he
+likes, to pull them down;
+Their treaties and alliances, power, empire, peace, and war, their
+wealth and their success forevermore.
+
+Nor was all this the luck of some happy occasion; nor was it the mere
+bloom and grace of a policy that flourished for a season; but having for
+forty years together maintained the first place among statesmen such as
+Ephialtes and Leocrates and Myronides and Cimon and Tolmides and
+Thucydides were, after the defeat and banishment of Thucydides, for no
+less than fifteen years longer, in the exercise of one continuous
+unintermitted command in the office, to which he was annually reelected,
+of General, he preserved his integrity unspotted; though otherwise he
+was not altogether idle or careless in looking after his pecuniary
+advantage; his paternal estate, which of right belonged to him, he so
+ordered that it might neither through negligence be wasted or lessened,
+nor yet, being so full of business as he was, cost him any great trouble
+or time with taking care of it; and put it into such a way of management
+as he thought to be the most easy for himself, and the most exact.  All
+his yearly products and profits he sold together in a lump, and supplied
+his household needs afterward by buying everything that he or his
+family wanted out of the market.  Upon which account, his children, when
+they grew to age, were not well pleased with his management, and the
+women that lived with him were treated with little cost, and complained
+of this way of housekeeping, where everything was ordered and set down
+from day to day, and reduced to the greatest exactness; since there was
+not there, as is usual in a great family and a plentiful estate, any
+thing to spare, or over and above; but all that went out or came in, all
+disbursements and all receipts, proceeded as it were by number and
+measure.  His manager in all this was a single servant, Evangelus by
+name, a man either naturally gifted or instructed by Pericles so as to
+excel every one in this art of domestic economy.
+
+All this, in truth, was very little in harmony with Anaxagoras's wisdom;
+if, indeed, it be true that he, by a kind of divine impulse and
+greatness of spirit, voluntarily quitted his house, and left his land to
+lie fallow and to be grazed by sheep like a common.  But the life of a
+contemplative philosopher and that of an active statesman are, I
+presume, not the same thing; for the one merely employs, upon great and
+good objects of thought, an intelligence that requires no aid of
+instruments nor supply of any external materials; whereas the other, who
+tempers and applies his virtue to human uses, may have occasion for
+affluence, not as a matter of mere necessity, but as a noble thing;
+which was Pericles's case, who relieved numerous poor citizens.
+
+However, there is a story, that Anaxagoras himself, while Pericles was
+taken up with public affairs, lay neglected, and that, now being grown
+old, he wrapped himself up with a resolution to die for want of food;
+which being by chance brought to Pericles's ear, he was horror-struck,
+and instantly ran thither, and used all the arguments and entreaties he
+could to him, lamenting not so much Anaxagoras's condition as his own,
+should he lose such a counselor as he had found him to be; and that,
+upon this, Anaxagoras unfolded his robe, and showing himself, made
+answer:  "Pericles," said he, "even those who have occasion for a lamp
+supply it with oil."
+
+The Lacedaemonians beginning to show themselves troubled at the growth
+of the Athenian power, Pericles, on the other hand, to elevate the
+people's spirit yet more, and to raise them to the thought of great
+actions, proposed a decree, to summon all the Greeks in what part
+soever, whether of Europe or Asia, every city, little as well as great,
+to send their deputies to Athens to a general assembly, or convention,
+there to consult and advise concerning the Greek temples which the
+barbarians had burnt down, and the sacrifices which were due from them
+upon vows they had made to their gods for the safety of Greece when they
+fought against the barbarians; and also concerning the navigation of the
+sea, that they might henceforward all of them pass to and fro and trade
+securely, and be at peace among themselves.
+
+Upon this errand, there were twenty men, of such as were above fifty
+years of age, sent by commission; five to summon the Ionians and Dorians
+in Asia, and the islanders as far as Lesbos and Rhodes; five to visit
+all the places in the Hellespont and Thrace, up to Byzantium; and other
+five besides these to go to Boeotia and Phocis and Peloponnesus, and
+from hence to pass through the Locrians over to the neighboring
+continent, as far as Acarnania and Ambracia; and the rest to take their
+course through Euboea to the Oetaeans and the Malian Gulf, and to the
+Achaeans of Phthiotis and the Thessalians; all of them to treat with the
+people as they passed, and to persuade them to come and take their part
+in the debates for settling the peace and jointly regulating the affairs
+of Greece.
+
+Nothing was effected, nor did the cities meet by their deputies, as was
+desired; the Lacedaemonians, as it is said, crossing the design
+underhand, and the attempt being disappointed and baffled first in
+Peloponnesus.  I thought fit, however, to introduce the mention of it,
+to show the spirit of the man and the greatness of his thoughts.
+
+In his military conduct, he gained a great reputation for wariness; he
+would not by his good-will engage in any fight which had much
+uncertainty or hazard; he did not envy the glory of generals whose rash
+adventures fortune favored with brilliant success, however they were
+admired by others; nor did he think them worthy his imitation, but
+always used to say to his citizens that, so far as lay in his power,
+they should continue immortal, and live forever.  Seeing Tolmides, the
+son of Tolmaeus, upon the confidence of his former successes, and
+flushed with the honor his military actions had procured him, making
+preparation to attack the Boeotians in their own country, when there was
+no likely opportunity, and that he had prevailed with the bravest and
+most enterprising of the youth to enlist themselves as volunteers in the
+service, who besides his other force made up a thousand, he endeavored
+to withhold him and to advise him from it in the public assembly,
+telling him in a memorable saying of his, which still goes about, that,
+if he would not take Pericles's advice, yet he would not do amiss to
+wait and be ruled by time, the wisest counselor of all.  This saying, at
+that time, was but slightly commended; but within a few days after, when
+news was brought that Tolmides himself had been defeated and slain in
+battle near Coronea, and that many brave citizens had fallen with him,
+it gained him great repute as well as good-will among the people, for
+wisdom and for love of his countrymen.
+
+But of all his expeditions, that to the Chersonese gave most
+satisfaction and pleasure, having proved the safety of the Greeks who
+inhabited there.  For not only by carrying along with him a thousand
+fresh citizens of Athens he gave new strength and vigor to the cities,
+but also by belting the neck of land, which joins the peninsula to the
+continent, with bulwarks and forts from sea to sea, he put a stop to the
+inroads of the Thracians, who lay all about the Chersonese, and closed
+the door against a continual and grievous war, with which that country
+had been long harassed, lying exposed to the encroachments and influx of
+barbarous neighbors, and groaning under the evils of a predatory
+population both upon and within its borders.
+
+Nor was he less admired and talked of abroad for his sailing round the
+Peloponnesus, having set out from Pegae, or The Fountains, the port of
+Megara, with a hundred galleys.  For he not only laid waste the sea-
+coast, as Tolmides had done before, but also, advancing far up into main
+land with the soldiers he had on board, by the terror of his appearance
+drove many within their walls; and at Nemea, with main force, routed and
+raised a trophy over the Sicyonians, who stood their ground and joined
+battle with him.  And having taken on board a supply of soldiers into
+the galleys, out of Achaia, then in league with Athens he crossed with
+the fleet to the opposite continent, and, sailing along by the mouth of
+the river Achelous overran Acarnania, and shut up the Oeniadae within
+their city walls, and having ravaged and wasted their country, weighed
+anchor for home with the double advantage of having shown himself
+formidable to his enemies, and at the same time safe and energetic to
+his fellow-citizens; for there was not so much as any chance-miscarriage
+that happened, the whole voyage through, to those who were under his
+charge.
+
+Entering also the Euxine Sea with a large and finely equipped fleet, he
+obtained for the Greek cities any new arrangements they wanted, and
+entered into friendly relations with them; and to the barbarous nations,
+and kings and chiefs round about them, displayed the greatness of the
+power of the Athenians, their perfect ability and confidence to sail
+wherever they had a mind, and to bring the whole sea under their
+control.  He left the Sinopians thirteen ships of war, with soldiers
+under the command of Lamachus, to assist them against Timesileus the
+tyrant; and when he and his accomplices had been thrown out, obtained a
+decree that six hundred of the Athenians that were willing should sail
+to Sinope and plant themselves there with the Sinopians, sharing among
+them the houses and land which the tyrant and his party had previously
+held.
+
+But in other things he did not comply with the giddy impulses of the
+citizens, nor quit his own resolutions to follow their fancies, when,
+carried away with the thought of their strength and great success, they
+were eager to interfere again in Egypt, and to disturb the king of
+Persia's maritime dominions.  Nay, there were a good many who were, even
+then, possessed with that unblessed and inauspicious passion for Sicily,
+which afterward the orators of Alcibiades's party blew up into a flame.
+There were some also who dreamt of Tuscany and of Carthage, and not
+without plausible reason in their present large dominion and the
+prosperous course of their affairs.
+
+But Pericles curbed this passion for foreign conquest, and unsparingly
+pruned and cut down their ever busy fancies for a multitude of
+undertakings; and directed their power for the most part to securing and
+consolidating what they had already got, supposing it would be quite
+enough for them to do, if they could keep the Lacedaemonians in check;
+to whom he entertained all along a sense of opposition; which, as upon
+many other occasions, so he particularly showed by what he did in the
+time of the holy war.  The Lacedaemonians, having gone with an army to
+Delphi, restored Apollo's temple, which the Phocians had got into their
+possession, to the Delphians; immediately after their departure,
+Pericles, with another army, came and restored the Phocians.  And the
+Lacedaemonians having engraven the record of their privilege of
+consulting the oracle before others, which the Delphians gave them, upon
+the forehead of the brazen wolf which stands there, he, also, having
+received from the Phocians the like privilege for the Athenians, had it
+cut upon the same wolf of brass on his right side.
+
+That he did well and wisely in thus restraining the exertions of the
+Athenians within the compass of Greece, the events themselves that
+happened afterward bore sufficient witness.  For, in the first place,
+the Euboeans revolted, against whom he passed over with forces; and
+then, immediately after, news came that the Megarians were turned their
+enemies, and a hostile army was upon the borders of Attica, under the
+conduct of Plistoanax, king of the Lacedaemonians.  Wherefore Pericles
+came with his army back again in all haste out of Euboea, to meet the
+war which threatened at home; and did not venture to engage a numerous
+and brave army eager for battle; but perceiving that Plistoanax was a
+very young man, and governed himself mostly by the counsel and advice of
+Cleandrides, whom the ephors had sent with him, by reason of his youth,
+to be a kind of guardian and assistant to him, he privately made trial
+of this man's integrity, and, in a short time, having corrupted him with
+money, prevailed with him to withdraw the Peloponnesians out of Attica.
+When the army had retired and dispersed into their several states, the
+Lacedaemonians in anger fined their king in so large a sum of money,
+that, unable to pay it, he quitted Lacedaemon; while Cleandrides fled,
+and had sentence of death passed upon him in his absence.  This was the
+father of Gylippus, who overpowered the Athenians in Sicily.  And it
+seems that this covetousness was an hereditary disease transmitted from
+father to son; for Gylippus also afterwards was caught in foul
+practices, and expelled from Sparta for it.  But this we have told at
+large in the account of Lysander.
+
+When Pericles, in giving up his accounts of this expedition, stated a
+disbursement of ten talents, as laid out upon fit occasion, the people,
+without any question, nor troubling themselves to investigate the
+mystery, freely allowed of it.  And some historians, in which number is
+Theophrastus the philosopher, have given it as a truth that Pericles
+every year used to send privately the sum of ten talents to Sparta, with
+which he complimented those in office, to keep off the war; not to
+purchase peace neither, but time, that he might prepare at leisure, and
+be the better able to carry on war hereafter.
+
+Immediately after this, turning his forces against the revolters, and
+passing over into the island of Euboea with fifty sail of ships and five
+thousand men in arms, he reduced their cities, and drove out the
+citizens of the Chalcidians, called Hippobotae, horse-feeders, the
+chief persons for wealth and reputation among them; and removing all the
+Histiaeans out of the country, brought in a plantation of Athenians in
+their room; making them his one example of severity, because they had
+captured an Attic ship and killed all on board.
+
+After this, having made a truce between the Athenians and Lacedaemonians
+for thirty years, he ordered, by public decree, the expedition against
+the Isle of Samos, on the ground, that, when they were bid to leave off
+their war with the Milesians, they had not complied.  And as these
+measures against the Samians are thought to have been taken to please
+Aspasia, this may be a fit point for inquiry about the woman, what art
+or charming faculty she had that enabled her to captivate, as she did,
+the greatest statesmen, and to give the philosophers occasion to speak
+so much about her, and that, too, not to her disparagement.  That she
+was a Milesian by birth, the daughter of Axiochus, is a thing
+acknowledged.  And they say it was in emulation of Thargelia, a
+courtesan of the old Ionian times, that she made her addresses to men of
+great power.  Thargelia was a great beauty, extremely charming, and at
+the same time sagacious; she had numerous suitors among the Greeks, and
+brought all who had to do with her over to the Persian interest, and by
+their means, being men of the greatest power and station, sowed the
+seeds of the Median faction up and down in several cities.  Aspasia,
+some say, was courted and caressed by Pericles upon account of her
+knowledge and skill in politics.  Socrates himself would sometimes go to
+visit her, and some of his acquaintance with him; and those who
+frequented her company would carry their wives with them to listen to
+her.  Her occupation was any thing but creditable, her house being a
+home for young courtesans.  Aeschines tells us also, that Lysicles, a
+sheep-dealer, a man of low birth and character, by keeping Aspasia
+company after Pericles's death, came to be a chief man in Athens.  And
+in Plato's Menexenus, though we do not take the introduction as quite
+serious, still thus much seems to be historical, that she had the repute
+of being resorted to by many of the Athenians for instruction in the art
+of speaking.  Pericles's inclination for her seems, however, to have
+rather proceeded from the passion of love.  He had a wife that was near
+of kin to him, who had been married first to Hipponicus, by whom she had
+Callias, surnamed the Rich; and also she brought Pericles, while she
+lived with him, two sons, Xanthippus and Paralus.  Afterwards, when they
+did not well agree nor like to live together, he parted with her, with
+her own consent, to another man, and himself took Aspasia, and loved her
+with wonderful affection; every day, both as he went out and as he came
+in from the marketplace, he saluted and kissed her.
+
+In the comedies she goes by the nicknames of the new Omphale and
+Deianira, and again is styled Juno.  Cratinus, in downright terms, calls
+her a harlot.
+
+To find him a Juno the goddess of lust
+Bore that harlot past shame,
+Aspasia by name.
+
+It should seem, also, that he had a son by her; Eupolis, in his Demi,
+introduced Pericles asking after his safety, and Myronides replying,
+
+"My son?"  "He lives; a man he had been long,
+But that the harlot-mother did him wrong."
+
+Aspasia, they say, became so celebrated and renowned, that Cyrus also,
+who made war against Artaxerxes for the Persian monarchy, gave her whom
+he loved the best of all his concubines the name of Aspasia, who before
+that was called Milto.  She was a Phocaean by birth, the daughter of one
+Hermotimus, and, when Cyrus fell in battle, was carried to the king, and
+had great influence at court.  These things coming into my memory as I
+am writing this story, it would be unnatural for me to omit them.
+
+Pericles, however, was particularly charged with having proposed to the
+assembly the war against the Samians, from favor to the Milesians, upon
+the entreaty of Aspasia.  For the two states were at war for the
+possession of Priene; and the Samians, getting the better, refused to
+lay down their arms and to have the controversy betwixt them decided by
+arbitration before the Athenians.  Pericles, therefore, fitting out a
+fleet, went and broke up the oligarchical government at Samos, and,
+taking fifty of the principal men of the town as hostages, and as many
+of their children, sent them to the isle of Lemnos, there to be kept,
+though he had offers, as some relate, of a talent a piece for himself
+from each one of the hostages, and of many other presents from those who
+were anxious not to have a democracy.  Moreover, Pissuthnes the Persian,
+one of the king's lieutenants, bearing some good-will to the Samians,
+sent him ten thousand pieces of gold to excuse the city.  Pericles,
+however, would receive none of all this; but after he had taken that
+course with the Samians which he thought fit, and set up a democracy
+among them, sailed back to Athens.
+
+But they, however, immediately revolted, Pissuthnes having privily got
+away their hostages for them, and provided them with means for the war.
+Whereupon Pericles came out with a fleet a second time against them, and
+found them not idle nor slinking away, but manfully resolved to try for
+the dominion of the sea.  The issue was, that, after a sharp sea-fight
+about the island called Tragia, Pericles obtained a decisive victory,
+having with forty-four ships routed seventy of the enemy's, twenty of
+which were carrying soldiers.
+
+Together with his victory and pursuit, having made himself master of the
+port, he laid siege to the Samians, and blocked them up, who yet, one
+way or other, still ventured to make sallies, and fight under the city
+walls.  But after that another greater fleet from Athens was arrived,
+and that the Samians were now shut up with a close leaguer on every
+side, Pericles, taking with him sixty galleys, sailed out into the main
+sea, with the intention, as most authors give the account, to meet a
+squadron of Phoenician ships that were coming for the Samians' relief,
+and to fight them at as great distance as could be from the island;
+but, as Stesimbrotus says, with a design of putting over to Cyprus;
+which does not seem to be probable.  But whichever of the two was his
+intent, it seems to have been a miscalculation.  For on his departure,
+Melissus, the son of Ithagenes, a philosopher, being at that time
+general in Samos, despising either the small number of the ships that
+were left or the inexperience of the commanders, prevailed with the
+citizens to attack the Athenians.  And the Samians having won the
+battle, and taken several of the men prisoners, and disabled several of
+the ships, were masters of the sea, and brought into port all
+necessaries they wanted for the war, which they had not before.
+Aristotle says, too, that Pericles himself had been once before this
+worsted by this Melissus in a sea-fight.
+
+The Samians, that they might requite an affront which had before been
+put upon them, branded the Athenians, whom they took prisoners, in their
+foreheads, with the figure of an owl.  For so the Athenians had marked
+them before with a Samaena, which is a sort of ship, low and flat in the
+prow, so as to look snub-nosed, but wide and large and well-spread in
+the hold, by which it both carries a large cargo and sails well.  And it
+was so called, because the first of that kind was seen at Samos, having
+been built by order of Polycrates the tyrant.  These brands upon the
+Samians' foreheads, they say, are the allusion in the passage of
+Aristophanes, where he says, --
+
+For, oh, the Samians are a lettered people.
+
+Pericles, as soon as news was brought him of the disaster that had
+befallen his army, made all the haste he could to come in to their
+relief, and having defeated Melissus, who bore up against him, and put
+the enemy to flight, he immediately proceeded to hem them in with a wall,
+resolving to master them and take the town, rather with some cost and
+time, than with the wounds and hazards of his citizens.  But as it was a
+hard matter to keep back the Athenians, who were vexed at the delay, and
+were eagerly bent to fight, he divided the whole multitude into eight
+parts, and arranged by lot that that part which had the white bean
+should have leave to feast and take their ease, while the other seven
+were fighting.  And this is the reason, they say, that people, when at
+any time they have been merry, and enjoyed themselves, call it white
+day, in allusion to this white bean.
+
+Ephorus the historian tells us besides, that Pericles made use of
+engines of battery in this siege, being much taken with the curiousness
+of the invention, with the aid and presence of Artemon himself, the
+engineer, who, being lame, used to be carried about in a litter, where
+the works required his attendance, and for that reason was called
+Periphoretus.  But Heraclides Ponticus disproves this out of Anacreon's
+poems, where mention is made of this Artemon Periphoretus several ages
+before the Samian war, or any of these occurrences.  And he says that
+Artemon, being a man who loved his ease, and had a great apprehension of
+danger, for the most part kept close within doors, having two of his
+servants to hold a brazen shield over his head, that nothing might fall
+upon him from above; and if he were at any time forced upon necessity to
+go abroad, that he was carried about in a little hanging bed, close to
+the very ground, and that for this reason he was called Periphoretus.
+
+In the ninth month, the Samians surrendering themselves and delivering
+up the town, Pericles pulled down their walls, and seized their
+shipping, and set a fine of a large sum of money upon them, part of
+which they paid down at once, and they agreed to bring in the rest by a
+certain time, and gave hostages for security.  Duris the Samian makes a
+tragical drama out of these events, charging the Athenians and Pericles
+with a great deal of cruelty, which neither Thucydides, nor Ephorus, nor
+Aristotle have given any relation of, and probably with little regard to
+truth; how, for example, he brought the captains and soldiers of the
+galleys into the market-place at Miletus, and there having bound them
+fast to boards for ten days, then, when they were already all but half
+dead, gave order to have them killed by beating out their brains with
+clubs, and their dead bodies to be flung out into the open streets and
+fields, unburied.  Duris, however, who even where he has no private
+feeling concerned, is not wont to keep his narrative within the limits
+of truth, is the more likely upon this occasion to have exaggerated the
+calamities which befell his country, to create odium against the
+Athenians.  Pericles, however, after the reduction of Samos, returning
+back to Athens, took care that those who died in the war should be
+honorably buried, and made a funeral harangue, as the custom is, in
+their commendation at their graves, for which he gained great
+admiration.  As he came down from the stage on which he spoke, the rest
+of the women came and complimented him, taking him by the hand, and
+crownings him with garlands and ribbons, like a victorious athlete in
+the games; but Elpinice, coming near to him, said, "These are brave
+deeds, Pericles, that you have done, and such as deserve our chaplets;
+who have lost us many a worthy citizen, not in a war with Phoenicians or
+Medes, like my brother Cimon, but for the overthrow of an allied and
+kindred city."  As Elpinice spoke these words, he, smiling quietly, as
+it is said, returned her answer with this verse, --
+
+Old women should not seek to be perfumed.
+
+Ion says of him, that, upon this exploit of his, conquering the Samians,
+he indulged very high and proud thoughts of himself:  whereas Agamemnon
+was ten years taking a barbarous city, he had in nine months' time
+vanquished and taken the greatest and most powerful of the Ionians.  And
+indeed it was not without reason that he assumed this glory to himself,
+for, in real truth, there was much uncertainty and great hazard in this
+war, if so be, as Thucydides tells us, the Samian state were within a
+very little of wresting the whole power and dominion of the sea out of
+the Athenians' hands.
+
+After this was over, the Peloponnesian war beginning to break out in
+full tide, he advised the people to send help to the Corcyrseans, who
+were attacked by the Corinthians, and to secure to themselves an island
+possessed of great naval resources, since the Peloponnesians were
+already all but in actual hostilities against them.  The people readily
+consenting to the motion, and voting an aid and succor for them, he
+dispatched Lacedaemonius, Cimon's son, having only ten ships with him,
+as it were out of a design to affront him; for there was a great
+kindness and friendship betwixt Cimon's family and the Lacedaemonians;
+so, in order that Lacedaemonius might lie the more open to a charge, or
+suspicion at least, of favoring the Lacedaemonians and playing false, if
+he performed no considerable exploit in this service, he allowed him a
+small number of ships, and sent him out against his will; and indeed he
+made it somewhat his business to hinder Cimon's sons from rising in the
+state, professing that by their very names they were not to be looked
+upon as native and true Athenians, but foreigners and strangers, one
+being called Lacedaemonius, another Thessalus, and the third Eleus; and
+they were all three of them, it was thought, born of an Arcadian woman.
+Being, however, ill spoken of on account of these ten galleys, as having
+afforded but a small supply to the people that were in need, and yet
+given a great advantage to those who might complain of the act of
+intervention, Pericles sent out a larger force afterward to Corcyra,
+which arrived after the fight was over.  And when now the Corinthians,
+angry and indignant with the Athenians, accused them publicly at
+Lacedaemon, the Megarians joined with them, complaining that they were,
+contrary to common right and the articles of peace sworn to among the
+Greeks, kept out and driven away from every market and from all ports
+under the control of the Athenians.  The Aeginetans, also, professing to
+be ill-used and treated with violence, made supplications in private to
+the Lacedaemonians for redress, though not daring openly to call the
+Athenians in question.  In the meantime, also, the city Potidaea, under
+the dominion of the Athenians, but a colony formerly of the Corinthians,
+had revolted, and was beset with a formal siege, and was a further
+occasion of precipitating the war.
+
+Yet notwithstanding all this, there being embassies sent to Athens, and
+Archidamus, the king of the Lacedaemonians, endeavoring to bring the
+greater part of the complaints and matters in dispute to a fair
+determination, and to pacify and allay the heats of the allies, it is
+very likely that the war would not upon any other grounds of quarrel
+have fallen upon the Athenians, could they have been prevailed with to
+repeal the ordinance against the Megarians, and to be reconciled to
+them.  Upon which account, since Pericles was the man who mainly opposed
+it, and stirred up the people's passions to persist in their contention
+with the Megarians, he was regarded as the sole cause of the war.
+
+They say, moreover, that ambassadors went, by order from Lacedaemon to
+Athens about this very business, and that when Pericles was urging a
+certain law which made it illegal to take down or withdraw the tablet of
+the decree, one of the ambassadors, Polyalces by name, said, "Well, do
+not take it down then, but turn it; there is no law, I suppose, which
+forbids that;" which, though prettily said, did not move Pericles from
+his resolution.  There may have been, in all likelihood, something of a
+secret grudge and private animosity which he had against the Megarians.
+Yet, upon a public and open charge against them, that they had
+appropriated part of the sacred land on the frontier, he proposed a
+decree that a herald should be sent to them, and the same also to the
+Lacedaemonians, with an accusation of the Megarians; an order which
+certainly shows equitable and friendly proceeding enough.  And after
+that the herald who was sent, by name Anthemocritus, died, and it was
+believed that the Megarians had contrived his death, then Charinus
+proposed a decree against them, that there should be an irreconcilable
+and implacable enmity thenceforward betwixt the two commonwealths; and
+that if any one of the Megarians should but set his foot in Attica, he
+should be put to death; and that the commanders, when they take the
+usual oath, should, over and above that, swear that they will twice
+every year make an inroad into the Megarian country; and that
+Anthemocritus should be buried near the Thriasian Gates, which are now
+called the Dipylon, or Double Gate.
+
+On the other hand, the Megarians, utterly denying and disowning the
+murder of Anthemocritus, throw the whole matter upon Aspasia and
+Pericles, availing themselves of the famous verses in the Acharnians,
+
+To Megara some of our madcaps ran,
+And stole Simaetha thence, their courtesan.
+Which exploit the Megarians to outdo,
+Came to Aspasia's house, and took off two.
+
+The true occasion of the quarrel is not so easy to find out.  But of
+inducing the refusal to annul the decree, all alike charge Pericles.
+Some say he met the request with a positive refusal, out of high spirit
+and a view of the state's best interests, accounting that the demand
+made in those embassies was designed for a trial of their compliance,
+and that a concession would be taken for a confession of weakness, as if
+they durst not do otherwise; while other some there are who say that it
+was rather out of arrogance and a willful spirit of contention, to show
+his own strength, that he took occasion to slight the Lacedaemonians.
+The worst motive of all, which is confirmed by most witnesses, is to the
+following effect.  Phidias the Molder had, as has before been said,
+undertaken to make the statue of Minerva.  Now he, being admitted to
+friendship with Pericles, and a great favorite of his, had many enemies
+upon this account, who envied and maligned him; who also, to make trial
+in a case of his, what kind of judges the commons would prove, should
+there be occasion to bring Pericles himself before them, having tampered
+with Menon, one who had been a workman with Phidias, stationed him ill
+the market-place, with a petition desiring public security upon his
+discovery and impeachment of Phidias.  The people admitting the man to
+tell his story, and the prosecution proceeding in the assembly, there
+was nothing of theft or cheat proved against him; for Phidias, from the
+very first beginning, by the advice of Pericles, had so wrought and
+wrapt the gold that was used in the work about the statue, that they
+might take it all off and make out the just weight of it, which Pericles
+at that time bade the accusers do.  But the reputation of his works was
+what brought envy upon Phidias, especially that where he represents the
+fight of the Amazons upon the goddesses' shield, he had introduced a
+likeness of himself as a bald old man holding up a great stone with both
+hands, and had put in a very fine representation of Pericles fighting
+with an Amazon.  And the position of the hand, which holds out the spear
+in front of the face, was ingeniously contrived to conceal in some
+degree the likeness, which, meantime, showed itself on either side.
+
+Phidias then was carried away to prison, and there died of a disease;
+but, as some say, of poison, administered by the enemies of Pericles, to
+raise a slander, or a suspicion, at least, as though he had procured it.
+The informer Menon, upon Glycon's proposal, the people made free from
+payment of taxes and customs, and ordered the generals to take care that
+nobody should do him any hurt.  About the same time, Aspasia was
+indicted of impiety, upon the complaint of Hermippus the comedian, who
+also laid further to her charge that she received into her house
+freeborn women for the uses of Pericles.  And Diopithes proposed a
+decree, that public accusation should be laid against persons who
+neglected religion, or taught new doctrines about things above,
+directing suspicion, by means of Anaxagoras, against Pericles himself.
+The people receiving and admitting these accusations and complaints, at
+length, by this means, they came to enact a decree, at the motion of
+Dracontides, that Pericles should bring in the accounts of the moneys he
+had expended, and lodge them with the Prytanes; and that the judges,
+carrying their suffrage from the altar in the Acropolis, should examine
+and determine the business in the city.  This last clause Hagnon took
+out of the decree, and moved that the causes should be tried before
+fifteen hundred jurors, whether they should be styled prosecutions for
+robbery, or bribery, or any kind of malversation.  Aspasia, Pericles
+begged off, shedding, as Aeschines says, many tears at the trial, and
+personally entreating the jurors.  But fearing how it might go with
+Anaxagoras, he sent him out of the city.  And finding that in Phidias's
+case he had miscarried with the people, being afraid of impeachment, he
+kindled the war, which hitherto had lingered and smothered, and blew it
+up into a flame; hoping, by that means, to disperse and scatter these
+complaints and charges, and to allay their jealousy; the city usually
+throwing herself upon him alone, and trusting to his sole conduct, upon
+the urgency of great affairs and public dangers, by reason of his
+authority and the sway he bore.
+
+These are given out to have been the reasons which induced Pericles not
+to suffer the people of Athens to yield to the proposals of the
+Lacedaemonians; but their truth is uncertain.
+
+The Lacedaemonians, for their part, feeling sure that if they could once
+remove him, they might be at what terms they pleased with the Athenians,
+sent them word that they should expel the "Pollution" with which
+Pericles on the mother's side was tainted, as Thucydides tells us.  But
+the issue proved quite contrary to what those who sent the message
+expected; instead of bringing Pericles under suspicion and reproach,
+they raised him into yet greater credit and esteem with the citizens, as
+a man whom their enemies most hated and feared.  In the same way, also,
+before Archidamus, who was at the head of the Peloponnesians, made his
+invasion into Attica, he told the Athenians beforehand, that if
+Archidamus, while he laid waste the rest of the country, should forbear
+and spare his estate, either on the ground of friendship or right of
+hospitality that was betwixt them, or on purpose to give his enemies an
+occasion of traducing him, that then he did freely bestow upon the state
+all that his land and the buildings upon it for the public use.  The
+Lacedaemonians, therefore, and their allies, with a great army, invaded
+the Athenian territories, under the conduct of king Archidamus, and
+laying waste the country, marched on as far as Acharnae, and there
+pitched their camp, presuming that the Athenians would never endure
+that, but would come out and fight them for their country's and their
+honor's sake.  But Pericles looked upon it as dangerous to engage in
+battle, to the risk of the city itself, against sixty thousand men-at-
+arms of Peloponnesians and Boeotians; for so many they were in number
+that made the inroad at first; and he endeavored to appease those who
+were desirous to fight, and were grieved and discontented to see how
+things went, and gave them good words, saying, that "trees, when they
+are lopped and cut, grow up again in a short time but men, being once
+lost, cannot easily be recovered."  He did not convene the people into
+an assembly, for fear lest they should force him to act against his
+judgment; but, like a skillful steersman or pilot of a ship, who, when a
+sudden squall comes on, out at sea, makes all his arrangements, sees
+that all is tight and fast, and then follows the dictates of his skill,
+and minds the business of the ship, taking no notice of the tears and
+entreaties of the sea-sick and fearful passengers, so he, having shut up
+the city gates, and placed guards at all posts for security, followed
+his own reason and judgment, little regarding those that cried out
+against him and were angry at his management, although there were a
+great many of his friends that urged him with requests, and many of his
+enemies threatened and accused him for doing as he did, and many made
+songs and lampoons upon him, which were sung about the town to his
+disgrace, reproaching him with the cowardly exercise of his office of
+general, and the tame abandonment of everything to the enemy's hands.
+
+Cleon, also, already was among his assailants, making use of the feeling
+against him as a step to the leadership of the people, as appears in the
+anapaestic verses of Hermippus.
+
+Satyr-king, instead of swords,
+Will you always handle words?
+Very brave indeed we find them,
+But a Teles lurks behind them.
+
+Yet to gnash your teeth you're seen,
+When the little dagger keen,
+Whetted every day anew,
+Of sharp Cleon touches you.
+
+Pericles, however, was not at all moved by any attacks, but took all
+patiently, and submitted in silence to the disgrace they threw upon him
+and the ill-will they bore him; and, sending out a fleet of a hundred
+galleys to Peloponnesus, he did not go along with it in person, but
+stayed behind, that he might watch at home and keep the city under his
+own control, till the Peloponnesians broke up their camp and were gone.
+Yet to soothe the common people, jaded and distressed with the war, he
+relieved them with distributions of public moneys, and ordained new
+divisions of subject land.  For having turned out all the people of
+Aegina, he parted the island among the Athenians, according to lot.
+Some comfort, also, and ease in their miseries, they might receive from
+what their enemies endured.  For the fleet, sailing round the
+Peloponnese, ravaged a great deal of the country, and pillaged and
+plundered the towns and smaller cities; and by land he himself entered
+with an army the Megarian country, and made havoc of it all.  Whence it
+is clear that the Peloponnesians, though they did the Athenians much
+mischief by land, yet suffering as much themselves from them by sea,
+would not have protracted the war to such a length, but would quickly
+have given it over, as Pericles at first foretold they would, had not
+some divine power crossed human purposes.
+
+In the first place, the pestilential disease, or plague, seized upon the
+city, and ate up all the flower and prime of their youth and strength.
+Upon occasion of which, the people, distempered and afflicted in their
+souls, as well as in their bodies, were utterly enraged like madmen
+against Pericles, and, like patients grown delirious, sought to lay
+violent hands on their physician, or, as it were, their father.  They
+had been possessed, by his enemies, with the belief that the occasion of
+the plague was the crowding of the country people together into the
+town, forced as they were now, in the heat of the summer-weather, to
+dwell many of them together even as they could, in small tenements and
+stifling hovels, and to be tied to a lazy course of life within doors,
+whereas before they lived in a pure, open, and free air.  The cause and
+author of all this, said they, is he who on account of the war has
+poured a multitude of people from the country in upon us within the
+walls, and uses all these many men that he has here upon no employ or
+service, but keeps them pent up like cattle, to be overrun with
+infection from one another, affording them neither shift of quarters nor
+any refreshment.
+
+With the design to remedy these evils, and do the enemy some
+inconvenience, Pericles got a hundred and fifty galleys ready, and
+having embarked many tried soldiers, both foot and horse, was about to
+sail out, giving great hope to his citizens, and no less alarm to his
+enemies, upon the sight of so great a force.  And now the vessels having
+their complement of men, and Pericles being gone aboard his own galley,
+it happened that the sun was eclipsed, and it grew dark on a sudden, to
+the affright of all, for this was looked upon as extremely ominous.
+Pericles, therefore, perceiving the steersman seized with fear and at a
+loss what to do, took his cloak and held it up before the man's face,
+and, screening him with it so that he could not see, asked him whether
+he imagined there was any great hurt, or the sign of any great hurt in
+this, and he answering No, "Why," said he, "and what does that differ
+from this, only that what has caused that darkness there, is something
+greater than a cloak?"  This is a story which philosophers tell their
+scholars.  Pericles, however after putting out to sea, seems not to have
+done any other exploit befitting such preparations, and when he had laid
+siege to the holy city Epidaurus, which gave him some hope of surrender,
+miscarried in his design by reason of the sickness.  For it not only
+seized upon the Athenians, but upon all others, too, that held any sort
+of communication with the army.  Finding after this the Athenians ill
+affected and highly displeased with him, he tried and endeavored what he
+could to appease and re-encourage them.  But he could not pacify or
+allay their anger, nor persuade or prevail with them any way, till they
+freely passed their votes upon him, resumed their power, took away his
+command from him, and fined him in a sum of money; which, by their
+account that say least, was fifteen talents, while they who reckon most,
+name fifty.  The name prefixed to the accusation was Cleon, as Idomeneus
+tells us; Simmias, according to Theophrastus; and Heraclides Ponticus
+gives it as Lacratidas.
+
+After this, public troubles were soon to leave him unmolested; the
+people, so to say, discharged their passion in their stroke, and lost
+their stings in the wound.  But his domestic concerns were in an unhappy
+condition many of his friends and acquaintance having died in the plague
+time, and those of his family having long since been in disorder and in
+a kind of mutiny against him.  For the eldest of his lawfully begotten
+sons, Xanthippus by name, being naturally prodigal, and marrying a young
+and expensive wife, the daughter of Tisander, son of Epilycus, was
+highly offended at his father's economy in making him but a scanty
+allowance, by little and little at a time.  He sent, therefore, to a
+friend one day, and borrowed some money of him in his father Pericles's
+name, pretending it was by his order.  The man coming afterward to
+demand the debt, Pericles was so far from yielding to pay it, that he
+entered an action against him.  Upon which the young man, Xanthippus,
+thought himself so ill used and disobliged, that he openly reviled his
+father; telling first, by way of ridicule, stories about his
+conversations at home, and the discourses he had with the sophists and
+scholars that came to his house.  As for instance, how one who was a
+practicer of the five games of skill, having with a dart or javelin
+unawares against his will struck and killed Epitimus the Pharsalian, his
+father spent a whole day with Protagoras in a serious dispute, whether
+the javelin, or the man that threw it, or the masters of the games who
+appointed these sports, were, according to the strictest and best
+reason, to be accounted the cause of this mischance.  Besides this,
+Stesimbrotus tells us that it was Xanthippus who spread abroad among the
+people the infamous story concerning his own wife; and in general that
+this difference of the young man's with his father, and the breach
+betwixt them, continued never to be healed or made up till his death.
+For Xanthippus died in the plague time of the sickness.  At which time
+Pericles also lost his sister, and the greatest part of his relations
+and friends, and those who had been most useful and serviceable to him
+in managing the affairs of state.  However, he did not shrink or give in
+upon these occasions, nor betray or lower his high spirit and the
+greatness of his mind under all his misfortunes; he was not even so much
+as seen to weep or to mourn, or even attend the burial of any of his
+friends or relations, till at last he lost his only remaining legitimate
+son.  Subdued by this blow and yet striving still, as far as he could,
+to maintain his principle and to preserve and keep up the greatness of
+his soul when he came, however, to perform the ceremony of putting a
+garland of flowers upon the head of the corpse, he was vanquished by his
+passion at the sight, so that he burst into exclamations, and shed
+copious tears, having never done any such thing in all his life before.
+
+The city having made trial of other generals for the conduct of war, and
+orators for business of state, when they found there was no one who was
+of weight enough for such a charge, or of authority sufficient to be
+trusted with so great a command, regretted the loss of him, and invited
+him again to address and advise them, and to reassume the office of
+general.  He, however, lay at home in dejection and mourning; but was
+persuaded by Alcibiades and others of his friends to come abroad and
+show himself to the people; who having, upon his appearance, made their
+acknowledgments, and apologized for their untowardly treatment of him,
+he undertook the public affairs once more; and, being chosen general,
+requested that the statute concerning base-born children, which he
+himself had formerly caused to be made, might be suspended; that so the
+name and race of his family might not, for absolute want of a lawful
+heir to succeed, be wholly lost and extinguished.  The case of the
+statute was thus:  Pericles, when long ago at the height of his power in
+the state, having then, as has been said, children lawfully begotten,
+proposed a law that those only should be reputed true citizens of Athens
+who were born of such parents as were both Athenians.  After this, the
+king of Egypt having sent to the people, by way of present, forty
+thousand bushels of wheat, which were to be shared out among the
+citizens, a great many actions and suits about legitimacy occurred, by
+virtue of that edict; cases which, till that time, had not been known
+nor taken notice of; and several persons suffered by false accusations.
+There were little less than five thousand who were convicted and sold
+for slaves; those who, enduring the test, remained in the government and
+passed muster for true Athenians were found upon the poll to be fourteen
+thousand and forty persons in number.
+
+It looked strange, that a law, which had been carried so far against so
+many people, should be canceled again by the same man that made it; yet
+the present calamity and distress which Pericles labored under in his
+family broke through all objections, and prevailed with the Athenians to
+pity him, as one whose losses and misfortunes had sufficiently punished
+his former arrogance and haughtiness.  His sufferings deserved, they
+thought, their pity, and even indignation, and his request was such as
+became a man to ask and men to grant; they gave him permission to enroll
+his son in the register of his fraternity, giving him his own name.
+This son afterward, after having defeated the Peloponnesians at
+Arginusae, was, with his fellow-generals, put to death by the people.
+
+About the time when his son was enrolled, it should seem, the plague
+seized Pericles, not with sharp and violent fits, as it did others that
+had it, but with a dull and lingering distemper, attended with various
+changes and alterations, leisurely, by little and little, wasting the
+strength of his body, and undermining the noble faculties of his soul.
+So that Theophrastus, in his Morals, when discussing whether men's
+characters change with their circumstances, and their moral habits,
+disturbed by the ailings of their bodies, start aside from the rules of
+virtue, has left it upon record, that Pericles, when he was sick, showed
+one of his friends that came to visit him, an amulet or charm that the
+women had hung about his neck; as much as to say, that he was very sick
+indeed when he would admit of such a foolery as that was.
+
+When he was now near his end, the best of the citizens and those of his
+friends who were left alive, sitting about him, were speaking of the
+greatness of his merit, and his power, and reckoning up his famous
+actions and the number of his victories; for there were no less than
+nine trophies, which, as their chief commander and conqueror of their
+enemies, he had set up, for the honor of the city.  They talked thus
+together among themselves, as though he were unable to understand or
+mind what they said, but had now lost his consciousness.  He had
+listened, however, all the while, and attended to all, and speaking out
+among them, said, that he wondered they should commend and take notice
+of things which were as much owing to fortune as to anything else, and
+had happened to many other commanders, and, at the same time, should not
+speak or make mention of that which was the most excellent and greatest
+thing of all.  "For," said he, "no Athenian, through my means, ever wore
+mourning."
+
+He was indeed a character deserving our high admiration, not only for
+his equitable and mild temper, which all along in the many affairs of
+his life, and the great animosities which he incurred, he constantly
+maintained; but also for the high spirit and feeling which made him
+regard it the noblest of all his honors that, in the exercise of such
+immense power, he never had gratified his envy or his passion, nor ever
+had treated any enemy as irreconcilably opposed to him.  And to me it
+appears that this one thing gives that otherwise childish and arrogant
+title a fitting and becoming significance; so dispassionate a temper, a
+life so pure and unblemished, in the height of power and place, might
+well be called Olympian, in accordance with our conceptions of the
+divine beings, to whom, as the natural authors of all good and of
+nothing evil, we ascribe the rule and government of the world.  Not as
+the poets represent, who, while confounding us with their ignorant
+fancies, are themselves confuted by their own poems and fictions, and
+call the place, indeed, where they say the gods make their abode, a
+secure and quiet seat, free from all hazards and commotions, untroubled
+with winds or with clouds, and equally through all time illumined with a
+soft serenity and a pure light, as though such were a home most
+agreeable for a blessed and immortal nature; and yet, in the meanwhile,
+affirm that the gods themselves are full of trouble and enmity and anger
+and other passions, which no way become or belong to even men that have
+any understanding.  But this will, perhaps, seem a subject fitter for
+some other consideration, and that ought to be treated of in some other
+place.
+
+The course of public affairs after his death produced a quick and speedy
+sense of the loss of Pericles.  Those who, while he lived, resented his
+great authority, as that which eclipsed themselves, presently after his
+quitting the stage, making trial of other orators and demagogues,
+readily acknowledged that there never had been in nature such a
+disposition as his was, more moderate and reasonable in the height of
+that state he took upon him, or more grave and impressive in the
+mildness which he used.  And that invidious arbitrary power, to which
+formerly they gave the name of monarchy and tyranny, did then appear to
+have been the chief bulwark of public safety; so great a corruption and
+such a flood of mischief and vice followed, which he, by keeping weak
+and low, had withheld from notice, and had prevented from attaining
+incurable height through a licentious impunity.
+
+
+
+FABIUS
+
+Having related the memorable actions of Pericles, our history now
+proceeds to the life of Fabius.  A son of Hercules and a nymph, or some
+woman of that country, who brought him forth on the banks of Tiber, was,
+it is said, the first Fabius, the founder of the numerous and
+distinguished family of the name.  Others will have it that they were
+first called Fodii, because the first of the race delighted in digging
+pitfalls for wild beasts, fodere being still the Latin for to dig, and
+fossa for a ditch, and that in process of time, by the change of the two
+letters they grew to be called Fabii.  But be these things true or
+false, certain it is that this family for a long time yielded a great
+number of eminent persons.  Our Fabius, who was fourth in descent from
+that Fabius Rullus who first brought the honorable surname of Maximus
+into his family, was also, by way of personal nickname, called
+Verrucosus, from a wart on his upper lip; and in his childhood they in
+like manner named him Ovicula, or The Lamb, on account of his extreme
+mildness of temper.  His slowness in speaking, his long labor and pains
+in learning, his deliberation in entering into the sports of other
+children, his easy submission to everybody, as if he had no will of his
+own, made those who judged superficially of him, the greater number,
+esteem him insensible and stupid; and few only saw that this tardiness
+proceeded from stability, and discerned the greatness of his mind, and
+the lionlikeness of his temper.  But as soon as he came into
+employments, his virtues exerted and showed themselves; his reputed want
+of energy then was recognized by people in general, as a freedom of
+passion; his slowness in words and actions, the effect of a true
+prudence; his want of rapidity, and his sluggishness, as constancy and
+firmness.
+
+Living in a great commonwealth, surrounded by many enemies, he saw the
+wisdom of inuring his body (nature's own weapon) to warlike exercises,
+and disciplining his tongue for public oratory in a style comformable
+to his life and character.  His eloquence, indeed, had not much of
+popular ornament, nor empty artifice, but there was in it great weight
+of sense; it was strong and sententious, much after the way of
+Thucydides.  We have yet extant his funeral oration upon the death of
+his son, who died consul, which he recited before the people.
+
+He was five times consul, and in his first consulship had the honor of a
+triumph for the victory he gained over the Ligurians, whom he defeated
+in a set battle, and drove them to take shelter in the Alps, from whence
+they never after made any inroad nor depredation upon their neighbors.
+After this, Hannibal came into Italy, who, at his first entrance, having
+gained a great battle near the river Trebia, traversed all Tuscany with
+his victorious army, and, desolating the country round about, filled
+Rome itself with astonishment and terror.  Besides the more common signs
+of thunder and lightning then happening, the report of several unheard
+of and utterly strange portents much increased the popular
+consternation.  For it was said that some targets sweated blood; that at
+Antium, when they reaped their corn, many of the ears were filled with
+blood; that it had rained redhot stones; that the Falerians had seen the
+heavens open and several scrolls falling down, in one of which was
+plainly written, "Mars himself stirs his arms."  But these prodigies had
+no effect upon the impetuous and fiery temper of the consul Flaminius,
+whose natural promptness had been much heightened by his late unexpected
+victory over the Gauls, when he fought them contrary to the order of the
+senate and the advice of his colleague.  Fabius, on the other side,
+thought it not seasonable to engage with the enemy; not that he much
+regarded the prodigies, which he thought too strange to be easily
+understood, though many were alarmed by them; but in regard that the
+Carthaginians were but few, and in want of money and supplies, he deemed
+it best not to meet in the field a general whose army had been tried in
+many encounters, and whose object was a battle, but to send aid to their
+allies, control the movements of the various subject cities, and let the
+force and vigor of Hannibal waste away and expire, like a flame, for want
+of aliment.
+
+These weighty reasons did not prevail with Flaminius, who protested he
+would never suffer the advance of the enemy to the city, nor be reduced,
+like Camillus in former time, to fight for Rome within the walls of
+Rome.  Accordingly he ordered the tribunes to draw out the army into the
+field; and though he himself, leaping on horseback to go out, was no
+sooner mounted but the beast, without any apparent cause, fell into so
+violent a fit of trembling and bounding that he cast his rider headlong
+on the ground, he was no ways deterred; but proceeded as he had begun,
+and marched forward up to Hannibal, who was posted near the Lake
+Thrasymene in Tuscany.  At the moment of this engagement, there happened
+so great an earthquake, that it destroyed several towns, altered the
+course of rivers, and carried off parts of high cliffs, yet such was the
+eagerness of the combatants, that they were entirely insensible of it.
+
+In this battle Flaminius fell, after many proofs of his strength and
+courage, and round about him all the bravest of the army, in the whole,
+fifteen thousand were killed, and as many made prisoners.  Hannibal,
+desirous to bestow funeral honors upon the body of Flaminius, made
+diligent search after it, but could not find it among the dead, nor was
+it ever known what became of it.  Upon the former engagement near
+Trebia, neither the general who wrote, nor the express who told the
+news, used straightforward and direct terms, nor related it otherwise
+than as a drawn battle, with equal loss on either side; but on this
+occasion, as soon as Pomponius the praetor had the intelligence, he
+caused the people to assemble, and, without disguising or dissembling
+the matter, told them plainly, "We are beaten, O Romans, in a great
+battle; the consul Flaminius is killed; think, therefore, what is to be
+done for your safety."  Letting loose his news like a gale of wind upon
+an open sea, he threw the city into utter confusion:  in such
+consternation, their thoughts found no support or stay.  The danger at
+hand at last awakened their judgments into a resolution to choose a
+dictator, who, by the sovereign authority of his office and by his
+personal wisdom and courage, might be able to manage the public affairs.
+Their choice unanimously fell upon Fabius, whose character seemed equal
+to the greatness of the office; whose age was so far advanced as to give
+him experience, without taking from him the vigor of action; his body
+could execute what his soul designed; and his temper was a happy
+compound of confidence and cautiousness.
+
+Fabius, being thus installed in the office of dictator, in the first
+place gave the command of the horse to Lucius Minucius; and next asked
+leave of the senate for himself, that in time of battle he might serve
+on horseback, which by an ancient law amongst the Romans was forbid to
+their generals; whether it were, that, placing their greatest strength
+in their foot, they would have their commanders-in-chief posted amongst
+them, or else to let them know, that, how great and absolute soever
+their authority were, the people and senate were still their masters, of
+whom they must ask leave.  Fabius, however, to make the authority of his
+charge more observable, and to render the people more submissive and
+obedient to him, caused himself to be accompanied with the full body of
+four and twenty lictors; and, when the surviving consul came to visit
+him, sent him word to dismiss his lictors with their fasces, the ensigns
+of authority, and appear before him as a private person.
+
+The first solemn action of his dictatorship was very fitly a religious
+one:  an admonition to the people, that their late overthrow had not
+befallen them through want of courage in their soldiers, but through the
+neglect of divine ceremonies in the general.  He therefore exhorted them
+not to fear the enemy, but by extraordinary honor to propitiate the
+gods.  This he did, not to fill their minds with superstition, but by
+religious feeling to raise their courage, and lessen their fear of the
+enemy by inspiring the belief that Heaven was on their side.  With this
+view, the secret prophecies called the Sibylline Books were consulted;
+sundry predictions found in them were said to refer to the fortunes and
+events of the time; but none except the consulter was informed.
+Presenting himself to the people, the dictator made a vow before them to
+offer in sacrifice the whole product of the next season, all Italy over,
+of the cows, goats, swine, sheep, both in the mountains and the plains;
+and to celebrate musical festivities with an expenditure of the precise
+sum of 333 sestertia and 333 denarii, with one third of a denarius over.
+The sum total of which is, in our money, 83,583 drachmas and 2 obols.
+What the mystery might be in that exact number is not easy to determine,
+unless it were in honor of the perfection of the number three, as being
+the first of odd numbers, the first that contains in itself
+multiplication, with all other properties whatsoever belonging to
+numbers in general.
+
+In this manner Fabius having given the people better heart for the
+future, by making them believe that the gods took their side, for his
+own part placed his whole confidence in himself, believing that the gods
+bestowed victory and good fortune by the instrumentality of valor and of
+prudence; and thus prepared he set forth to oppose Hannibal, not with
+intention to fight him, but with the purpose of wearing out and wasting
+the vigor of his arms by lapse of time, of meeting his want of resources
+by superior means, by large numbers the smallness of his forces.  With
+this design, he always encamped on the highest grounds, where the
+enemy's horse could have no access to him.  Still he kept pace with
+them; when they marched he followed them, when they encamped he did the
+same, but at such a distance as not to be compelled to an engagement,
+and always keeping upon the hills, free from the insults of their horse;
+by which means he gave them no rest, but kept them in a continual alarm.
+
+But this his dilatory way gave occasion in his own camp for suspicion of
+want of courage; and this opinion prevailed yet more in Hannibal's army.
+Hannibal was himself the only man who was not deceived, who discerned
+his skill and detected his tactics, and saw, unless he could by art or
+force bring him to battle, that the Carthaginians, unable to use the
+arms in which they were superior, and suffering the continual drain of
+lives and treasure in which they were inferior, would in the end come to
+nothing.  He resolved, therefore, with all the arts and subtilties of
+war to break his measures, and to bring Fabius to an engagement; like a
+cunning wrestler, watching every opportunity to get good hold and close
+with his adversary.  He at one time attacked, and sought to distract his
+attention, tried to draw him off in various directions, endeavored in
+all ways to tempt him from his safe policy.  All this artifice, though
+it had no effect upon the firm judgment and conviction of the dictator.
+yet upon the common soldier and even upon the general of the horse
+himself, it had too great an operation:  Minucius, unseasonably eager
+for action, bold and confident, humored the soldiery, and himself
+contributed to fill them with wild eagerness and empty hopes, which they
+vented in reproaches upon Fabius, calling him Hannibal's pedagogue,
+since he did nothing else but follow him up and down and wait upon him.
+At the same time, they cried up Minucius for the only captain worthy to
+command the Romans; whose vanity and presumption rose so high in
+consequence, that he insolently jested at Fabius's encampments upon the
+mountains, saying that he seated them there as on a theater, to behold
+the flames and desolation of their country.  And he would sometimes ask
+the friends of the general, whether it were not his meaning, by thus
+leading them from mountain to mountain, to carry them at last (having no
+hopes on earth) up into heaven, or to hide them in the clouds from
+Hannibal's army?  When his friends reported these things to the
+dictator, persuading him that, to avoid the general obloquy, he should
+engage the enemy, his answer was, "I should be more fainthearted than
+they make me, if, through fear of idle reproaches, I should abandon my
+own convictions.  It is no inglorious thing to have fear for the safety
+of our country, but to be turned from one's course by men's opinions, by
+blame, and by misrepresentation, shows a man unfit to hold an office
+such as this, which, by such conduct, he makes the slave of those whose
+errors it is his business to control."
+
+An oversight of Hannibal occurred soon after.  Desirous to refresh his
+horse in some good pasture-grounds, and to draw off his army, he ordered
+his guides to conduct him to the district of Casinum.  They, mistaking
+his bad pronunciation, led him and his army to the town of Casilinum, on
+the frontier of Campania which the river Lothronus, called by the Romans
+Vulturnus, divides in two parts.  The country around is enclosed by
+mountains, with a valley opening towards the sea, in which the river
+overflowing forms a quantity of marsh land with deep banks of sand, and
+discharges itself into the sea on a very unsafe and rough shore.  While
+Hannibal was proceeding hither, Fabius, by his knowledge of the roads,
+succeeded in making his way around before him, and dispatched four
+thousand choice men to seize the exit from it and stop him up, and
+lodged the rest of his army upon the neighboring hills in the most
+advantageous places; at the same time detaching a party of his lightest
+armed men to fall upon Hannibal's rear; which they did with such
+success, that they cut off eight hundred of them, and put the whole army
+in disorder.  Hannibal, finding the error and the danger he was fallen
+into, immediately crucified the guides; but considered the enemy to be
+so advantageously posted, that there was no hopes of breaking through
+them; while his soldiers began to be despondent and terrified, and to
+think themselves surrounded with embarrassments too difficult to be
+surmounted.
+
+Thus reduced, Hannibal had recourse to stratagem; he caused two thousand
+head of oxen which he had in his camp, to have torches or dry fagots
+well fastened to their horns, and lighting them in the beginning of the
+night, ordered the beasts to be driven on towards the heights commanding
+the passages out of the valley and the enemy's posts; when this was
+done, he made his army in the dark leisurely march after them.  The oxen
+at first kept a slow, orderly pace, and with their lighted heads
+resembled an army marching by night, astonishing the shepherds and herds
+men of the hills about.  But when the fire had burnt down the horns of
+the beasts to the quick, they no longer observed their sober pace, but,
+unruly and wild with their pain, ran dispersed about, tossing their
+heads and scattering the fire round about them upon each other and
+setting light as they passed to the trees.  This was a surprising
+spectacle to the Romans on guard upon the heights.  Seeing flames which
+appeared to come from men advancing with torches, they were possessed
+with the alarm that the enemy was approaching in various quarters, and
+that they were being surrounded; and, quitting their post, abandoned the
+pass, and precipitately retired to their camp on the hills.  They were
+no sooner gone, but the light-armed of Hannibal's men, according to his
+order, immediately seized the heights, and soon after the whole army,
+with all the baggage, came up and safely marched through the passes.
+
+Fabius, before the night was over, quickly found out the trick; for some
+of the beasts fell into his hands; but for fear of an ambush in the
+dark, he kept his men all night to their arms in the camp.  As soon as
+it was day, he attacked the enemy in the rear, where, after a good deal
+of skirmishing in the uneven ground, the disorder might have become
+general, but that Hannibal detached from his van a body of Spaniards,
+who, of themselves active and nimble, were accustomed to the climbing of
+mountains.  These briskly attacked the Roman troops who were in heavy
+armor, killed a good many, and left Fabius no longer in condition to
+follow the enemy.  This action brought the extreme of obloquy and
+contempt upon the dictator; they said it was now manifest that he was
+not only inferior to his adversary, as they had always thought, in
+courage, but even in that conduct, foresight, and generalship, by which
+he had proposed to bring the war to an end.
+
+And Hannibal, to enhance their anger against him, marched with his army
+close to the lands and possessions of Fabius, and, giving orders to his
+soldiers to burn and destroy all the country about, forbade them to do
+the least damage in the estates of the Roman general, and placed guards
+for their security.  This, when reported at Rome, had the effect with
+the people which Hannibal desired.  Their tribunes raised a thousand
+stories against him, chiefly at the instigation of Metilius, who, not so
+much out of hatred to him as out of friendship to Minucius, whose
+kinsman he was, thought by depressing Fabius to raise his friend.  The
+senate on their part were also offended with him, for the bargain he had
+made with Hannibal about the exchange of prisoners, the conditions of
+which were, that, after exchange made of man for man, if any on either
+side remained, they should be redeemed at the price of two hundred and
+fifty drachmas a head.  Upon the whole account, there remained two
+hundred and forty Romans unexchanged, and the senate now not only
+refused to allow money for the ransoms, but also reproached Fabius for
+making a contract, contrary to the honor and interest of the
+commonwealth, for redeeming men whose cowardice had put them in the
+hands of the enemy.  Fabius heard and endured all this with invincible
+patience; and, having no money by him, and on the other side being
+resolved to keep his word with Hannibal and not to abandon the captives,
+he dispatched his son to Rome to sell land, and to bring with him the
+price, sufficient to discharge the ransoms; which was punctually
+performed by his son, and delivery accordingly made to him of the
+prisoners, amongst whom many, when they were released, made proposals to
+repay the money; which Fabius in all cases declined.
+
+About this time, he was called to Rome by the priests, to assist,
+according to the duty of his office, at certain sacrifices, and was thus
+forced to leave the command of the army with Minucius; but before he
+parted, not only charged him as his commander-in-chief, but besought and
+entreated him, not to come, in his absence, to a battle with Hannibal.
+His commands, entreaties, and advice were lost upon Minucius; for his
+back was no sooner turned but the new general immediately sought
+occasions to attack the enemy.  And notice being brought him that
+Hannibal had sent out a great part of his army to forage, he fell upon a
+detachment of the remainder, doing great execution, and driving them to
+their very camp, with no little terror to the rest, who apprehended
+their breaking in upon them; and when Hannibal had recalled his
+scattered forces to the camp, he, nevertheless, without any loss, made
+his retreat, a success which aggravated his boldness and presumption,
+and filled the soldiers with rash confidence.  The news spread to Rome,
+where Fabius, on being told it, said that what he most feared was
+Minucius's success:  but the people, highly elated, hurried to the forum
+to listen to an address from Metilius the tribune, in which he
+infinitely extolled the valor of Minucius, and fell bitterly upon
+Fabius, accusing him for want not merely of courage, but even of
+loyalty; and not only him, but also many other eminent and considerable
+persons; saying that it was they that had brought the Carthaginians into
+Italy, with the design to destroy the liberty of the people; for which
+end they had at once put the supreme authority into the hands of a
+single person, who by his slowness and delays might give Hannibal
+leisure to establish himself in Italy, and the people of Carthage time
+and opportunity to supply him with fresh succors to complete his
+conquests
+
+Fabius came forward with no intention to answer the tribune, but only
+said, that they should expedite the sacrifices, that so he might
+speedily return to the army to punish Minucius, who had presumed to
+fight contrary to his orders; words which immediately possessed the
+people with the belief that Minucius stood in danger of his life.  For
+it was in the power of the dictator to imprison and to put to death, and
+they feared that Fabius, of a mild temper in general, would be as hard
+to be appeased when once irritated, as he was slow to be provoked.
+Nobody dared to raise his voice in opposition.  Metilius alone, whose
+office of tribune gave him security to say what he pleased (for in the
+time of a dictatorship that magistrate alone preserves his authority),
+boldly applied himself to the people in the behalf of Minucius:  that
+they should not suffer him to be made a sacrifice to the enmity of
+Fabius, nor permit him to be destroyed, like the son of Manlius
+Torquatus, who was beheaded by his father for a victory fought and
+triumphantly won against order; he exhorted them to take away from
+Fabius that absolute power of a dictator, and to put it into more worthy
+hands, better able and more inclined to use it for the public good.
+These impressions very much prevailed upon the people, though not so far
+as wholly to dispossess Fabius of the dictatorship.  But they decreed
+that Minucius should have an equal authority with the dictator in the
+conduct of the war; which was a thing then without precedent, though a
+little later it was again practiced after the disaster at Cannae; when
+the dictator, Marcus Junius, being with the army, they chose at Rome
+Fabius Buteo dictator, that he might create new senators, to supply the
+numerous places of those who were killed.  But as soon as, once acting
+in public, he had filled those vacant places with a sufficient number,
+he immediately dismissed his lictors, and withdrew from all his
+attendance, and, mingling like a common person with the rest of the
+people, quietly went about his own affairs in the forum.
+
+The enemies of Fabius thought they had sufficiently humiliated and
+subdued him by raising Minucius to be his equal in authority; but they
+mistook the temper of the man, who looked upon their folly as not his
+loss, but like Diogenes, who, being told that some persons derided him,
+made answer, "But I am not derided," meaning that only those were really
+insulted on whom such insults made an impression, so Fabius, with great
+tranquillity and unconcern, submitted to what happened, and contributed
+a proof to the argument of the philosophers that a just and good man is
+not capable of being dishonored.  His only vexation arose from his fear
+lest this ill counsel, by supplying opportunities to the diseased
+military ambition of his subordinate, should damage the public cause.
+Lest the rashness of Minucius should now at once run headlong into some
+disaster, he returned back with all privacy and speed to the army; where
+he found Minucius so elevated with his new dignity, that, a
+joint-authority not contenting him, he required by turns to have the
+command of the army every other day.  This Fabius rejected, but was
+contented that the army should be divided; thinking each general singly
+would better command his part, than partially command the whole.  The
+first and fourth legion he took for his own division, the second and
+third he delivered to Minucius; so also of the auxiliary forces each
+had an equal share.
+
+Minucius, thus exalted, could not contain himself from boasting of his
+success in humiliating the high and powerful office of the dictatorship.
+Fabius quietly reminded him that it was, in all wisdom, Hannibal, and
+not Fabius, whom he had to combat; but if he must needs contend with his
+colleague, it had best be in diligence and care for the preservation of
+Rome; that it might not be said, a man so favored by the people served
+them worse than he who had been ill-treated and disgraced by them.
+
+The young general, despising these admonitions as the false humility of
+age, immediately removed with the body of his army, and encamped by
+himself.  Hannibal, who was not ignorant of all these passages, lay
+watching his advantage from them.  It happened that between his army and
+that of Minucius there was a certain eminence, which seemed a very
+advantageous and not difficult post to encamp upon; the level field
+around it appeared, from a distance, to be all smooth and even, though
+it had many inconsiderable ditches and dips in it, not discernible to
+the eye.  Hannibal, had he pleased, could easily have possessed himself
+of this ground; but he had reserved it for a bait, or train, in proper
+season, to draw the Romans to an engagement.  Now that Minucius and
+Fabius were divided, he thought the opportunity fair for his purpose;
+and, therefore, having in the night time lodged a convenient number of
+his men in these ditches and hollow places, early in the morning he sent
+forth a small detachment, who, in the sight of Minucius, proceeded to
+possess themselves of the rising ground.  According to his expectation,
+Minucius swallowed the bait, and first sends out his light troops, and
+after them some horse, to dislodge the enemy; and, at last, when he saw
+Hannibal in person advancing to the assistance of his men, marched down
+with his whole army drawn up.  He engaged with the troops on the
+eminence, and sustained their missiles; the combat for some time was
+equal; but as soon as Hannibal perceived that the whole army was now
+sufficiently advanced within the toils he had set for them, so that
+their backs were open to his men whom he had posted in the hollows, he
+gave the signal; upon which they rushed forth from various quarters, and
+with loud cries furiously attacked Minucius in the rear.  The surprise
+and the slaughter was great, and struck universal alarm and disorder
+through the whole army.  Minucius himself lost all his confidence; he
+looked from officer to officer, and found all alike unprepared to face
+the danger, and yielding to a flight, which, however, could not end in
+safety.  The Numidian horsemen were already in full victory riding about
+the plain, cutting down the fugitives.
+
+Fabius was not ignorant of this danger of his countrymen; he foresaw
+what would happen from the rashness of Minucius, and the cunning of
+Hannibal; and, therefore, kept his men to their arms, in readiness to
+wait the event; nor would he trust to the reports of others, but he
+himself, in front of his camp, viewed all that passed.  When, therefore,
+he saw the army of Minucius encompassed by the enemy, and that by their
+countenance and shifting their ground, they appeared more disposed to
+flight than to resistance, with a great sigh, striking his hand upon his
+thigh, he said to those about him, "O Hercules! how much sooner than I
+expected, though later than he seemed to desire, hath Minucius destroyed
+himself!"  He then commanded the ensigns to be led forward and the army
+to follow, telling them, "We must make haste to rescue Minucius, who is
+a valiant man, and a lover of his country; and if he hath been too
+forward to engage the enemy, at another time we will tell him of it."
+Thus, at the head of his men, Fabius marched up to the enemy, and first
+cleared the plain of the Numidians; and next fell upon those who were
+charging the Romans in the rear, cutting down all that made opposition,
+and obliging the rest to save themselves by a hasty retreat, lest they
+should be environed as the Romans had been.  Hannibal, seeing so sudden
+a change of affairs, and Fabius, beyond the force of his age, opening
+his way through the ranks up the hill-side, that he might join Minucius,
+warily forbore, sounded a retreat, and drew off his men into their camp;
+while the Romans on their part were no less contented to retire in
+safety.  It is reported that upon this occasion Hannibal said jestingly
+to his friends:  "Did not I tell you, that this cloud which always
+hovered upon the mountains would, at some time or other, come down with
+a storm upon us?"
+
+Fabius, after his men had picked up the spoils of the field, retired to
+his own camp, without saying any harsh or reproachful thing to his
+colleague; who also on his part, gathering his army together, spoke and
+said to them:  "To conduct great matters and never commit a fault is
+above the force of human nature; but to learn and improve by the faults
+we have committed, is that which becomes a good and sensible man.  Some
+reasons I may have to accuse fortune, but I have many more to thank her;
+for in a few hours she hath cured a long mistake, and taught me that I
+am not the man who should command others, but have need of another to
+command me; and that we are not to contend for victory over those to
+whom it is our advantage to yield.  Therefore in everything else
+henceforth the dictator must be your commander; only in showing
+gratitude towards him I will still be your leader, and always be the
+first to obey his orders."  Having said this, he commanded the Roman
+eagles to move forward, and all his men to follow him to the camp of
+Fabius.  The soldiers, then, as he entered, stood amazed at the novelty
+of the sight, and were anxious and doubtful what the meaning might be.
+When he came near the dictator's tent, Fabius went forth to meet him, on
+which he at once laid his standards at his feet, calling him with a loud
+voice his father; while the soldiers with him saluted the soldiers here
+as their patrons, the term employed by freedmen to those who gave them
+their liberty.  After silence was obtained, Minucius said, "You have
+this day, O dictator, obtained two victories; one by your valor and
+conduct over Hannibal, and another by your wisdom and goodness over your
+colleague; by one victory you preserved, and by the other instructed us;
+and when we were already suffering one shameful defeat from Hannibal, by
+another welcome one from you we were restored to honor and safety.  I
+can address you by no nobler name than that of a kind father, though a
+father's beneficence falls short of that I have received from you.  From
+a father I individually received the gift of life; to you I owe its
+preservation not for myself only, but for all these who are under me."
+After this, he threw himself into the arms of the dictator; and in the
+same manner the soldiers of each army embraced one another with gladness
+and tears of joy.
+
+Not long after, Fabius laid down the dictatorship, and consuls were
+again created.  Those who immediately succeeded, observed the same
+method in managing the war, and avoided all occasions of fighting
+Hannibal in a pitched battle; they only succored their allies, and
+preserved the towns from falling off to the enemy.  but afterwards, when
+Terentius Varro, a man of obscure birth, but very popular and bold, had
+obtained the consulship, he soon made it appear that by his rashness and
+ignorance he would stake the whole commonwealth on the hazard.  For it
+was his custom to declaim in all assemblies, that, as long as Rome
+employed generals like Fabius there never would be an end of the war;
+vaunting that whenever he should get sight of the enemy, he would that
+same day free Italy from the strangers.  With these promises he so
+prevailed, that he raised a greater army than had ever yet been sent out
+of Rome.  There were enlisted eighty-eight thousand fighting men; but
+what gave confidence to the populace, only terrified the wise and
+experienced, and none more than Fabius; since if so great a body, and
+the flower of the Roman youth, should be cut off, they could not see any
+new resource for the safety of Rome.  They addressed themselves,
+therefore, to the other consul, Aemilius Paulus, a man of great
+experience in war, but unpopular, and fearful also of the people, who
+once before upon some impeachment had condemned him; so that he needed
+encouragement to withstand his colleague's temerity.  Fabius told him,
+if he would profitably serve his country, he must no less oppose Varro's
+ignorant eagerness than Hannibal's conscious readiness, since both alike
+conspired to decide the fate of Rome by a battle.  "It is more
+reasonable," he said to him, "that you should believe me than Varro, in
+matters relating to Hannibal, when I tell you, that if for this year you
+abstain from fighting with him, either his army will perish of itself,
+or else he will be glad to depart of his own will.  This evidently
+appears, inasmuch as, notwithstanding his victories, none of the
+countries or towns of Italy come in to him, and his army is not now the
+third part of what it was at first."  To this Paulus is said to have
+replied, "Did I only consider myself, I should rather choose to be
+exposed to the weapons of Hannibal than once more to the suffrages of my
+fellow-citizens, who are urgent for what you disapprove; yet since the
+cause of Rome is at stake, I will rather seek in my conduct to please
+and obey Fabius than all the world besides."
+
+These good measures were defeated by the importunity of Varro; whom,
+when they were both come to the army, nothing would content but a
+separate command, that each consul should have his day; and when his
+turn came, he posted his army close to Hannibal, at a village called
+Cannae, by the river Aufidus.  It was no sooner day, but he set up the
+scarlet coat flying over his tent, which was the signal of battle.  This
+boldness of the consul, and the numerousness of his army, double theirs,
+startled the Carthaginians; but Hannibal commanded them to their arms,
+and with a small train rode out to take a full prospect of the enemy as
+they were now forming in their ranks, from a rising ground not far
+distant.  One of his followers, called Gisco, a Carthaginian of equal
+rank with himself, told him that the numbers of the enemy were
+astonishing; to which Hannibal replied, with a serious countenance,
+"There is one thing, Gisco, yet more astonishing, which you take no
+notice of;" and when Gisco inquired what, answered, that "in all those
+great numbers before us, there is not one man called Gisco."  This
+unexpected jest of their general made all the company laugh, and as they
+came down from the hill, they told it to those whom they met, which
+caused a general laughter amongst them all, from which they were hardly
+able to recover themselves.  The army, seeing Hannibal's attendants come
+back from viewing the enemy in such a laughing condition, concluded that
+it must be profound contempt of the enemy, that made their general at
+this moment indulge in such hilarity.
+
+According to his usual manner, Hannibal employed stratagems to advantage
+himself.  In the first place, he so drew up his men that the wind was at
+their backs, which at that time blew with a perfect storm of violence,
+and, sweeping over the great plains of sand, carried before it a cloud
+of dust over the Carthaginian army into the faces of the Romans, which
+much disturbed them in the fight.  In the next place, all his best men
+he put into his wings; and in the body, which was somewhat more advanced
+than the wings, placed the worst and the weakest of his army.  He
+commanded those in the wings, that, when the enemy had made a thorough
+charge upon that middle advanced body, which he knew would recoil, as
+not being able to withstand their shock, and when the Romans, in their
+pursuit, should be far enough engaged within the two wings, they should,
+both on the right and the left, charge them in the flank, and endeavor
+to encompass them.  This appears to have been the chief cause of the
+Roman loss.  Pressing upon Hannibal's front, which gave ground, they
+reduced the form of his army into a perfect half-moon, and gave ample
+opportunity to the captains of the chosen troops to charge them right
+and left on their flanks, and to cut off and destroy all who did not
+fall back before the Carthaginian wings united in their rear.  To this
+general calamity, it is also said, that a strange mistake among the
+cavalry much contributed.  For the horse of Aemilius receiving a hurt
+and throwing his master, those about him immediately alighted to aid the
+consul; and the Roman troops, seeing their commanders thus quitting
+their horses, took it for a sign that they should all dismount and
+charge the enemy on foot.  At the sight of this, Hannibal was heard to
+say, "This pleases me better than if they had been delivered to me bound
+hand and foot."  For the particulars of this engagement, we refer our
+reader to those authors who have written at large upon the subject.
+
+The consul Varro, with a thin company, fled to Venusia; Aemilius Paulus,
+unable any longer to oppose the flight of his men, or the pursuit of the
+enemy, his body all covered with wounds, and his soul no less wounded
+with grief, sat himself down upon a stone, expecting the kindness of a
+dispatching blow.  His face was so disfigured, and all his person so
+stained with blood, that his very friends and domestics passing by knew
+him not.  At last Cornelius Lentulus, a young man of patrician race,
+perceiving who he was, alighted from his horse, and, tendering it to
+him, desired him to get up and save a life so necessary to the safety of
+the commonwealth, which, at this time, would dearly want so great a
+captain.  But nothing could prevail upon him to accept of the offer; he
+obliged young Lentulus, with tears in his eyes, to remount his horse;
+then standing up, he gave him his hand, and commanded him to tell Fabius
+Maximus that Aemilius Paulus had followed his directions to his very
+last, and had not in the least deviated from those measures which were
+agreed between them; but that it was his hard fate to be overpowered by
+Varro in the first place, and secondly by Hannibal.  Having dispatched
+Lentulus with this commission, he marked where the slaughter was
+greatest, and there threw himself upon the swords of the enemy.  In this
+battle it is reported that fifty thousand Romans were slain, four
+thousand prisoners taken in the field, and ten thousand in the camp of
+both consuls.
+
+The friends of Hannibal earnestly persuaded him to follow up his
+victory, and pursue the flying Romans into the very gates of Rome,
+assuring him that in five days' time he might sup in the capitol; nor is
+it easy to imagine what consideration hindered him from it.  It would
+seem rather that some supernatural or divine intervention caused the
+hesitation and timidity which he now displayed, and which made Barcas, a
+Carthaginian, tell him with indignation, "You know, Hannibal, how to
+gain a victory, but not how to use it."  Yet it produced a marvelous
+revolution in his affairs; he, who hitherto had not one town, market, or
+seaport in his possession, who had nothing for the subsistence of his
+men but what he pillaged from day to day, who had no place of retreat or
+basis of operation, but was roving, as it were, with a huge troop of
+banditti, now became master of the best provinces and towns of Italy,
+and of Capua itself, next to Rome the most flourishing and opulent city,
+all which came over to him, and submitted to his authority.
+
+It is the saying of Euripides, that "a man is in ill-case when he must
+try a friend," and so neither, it would seem, is a state in a good one,
+when it needs an able general.  And so it was with the Romans; the
+counsels and actions of Fabius, which, before the battle, they had
+branded as cowardice and fear, now, in the other extreme they accounted
+to have been more than human wisdom; as though nothing but a divine
+power of intellect could have seen so far, and foretold, contrary to the
+judgment of all others, a result which, even now it had arrived, was
+hardly credible.  In him, therefore, they placed their whole remaining
+hopes; his wisdom was the sacred altar and temple to which they fled for
+refuge, and his counsels, more than anything, preserved them from
+dispersing and deserting their city, as in the time when the Gauls took
+possession of Rome.  He, whom they esteemed fearful and pusillanimous
+when they were, as they thought, in a prosperous condition, was now the
+only man, in this general and unbounded dejection and confusion, who
+showed no fear, but walked the streets with an assured and serene
+countenance, addressed his fellow-citizens, checked the women's
+lamentations, and the public gatherings of those who wanted thus to vent
+their sorrows.  He caused the senate to meet, he heartened up the
+magistrates, and was himself as the soul and life of every office.
+
+He placed guards at the gates of the city to stop the frighted multitude
+from flying; he regulated and controlled their mournings for their slain
+friends, both as to time and place; ordering that each family should
+perform such observances within private walls, and that they should
+continue only the space of one month, and then the whole city should be
+purified.  The feast of Ceres happening to fall within this time, it was
+decreed that the solemnity should be intermitted, lest the fewness, and
+the sorrowful countenance of those who should celebrate it, might too
+much expose to the people the greatness of their loss; besides that, the
+worship most acceptable to the gods is that which comes from cheerful
+hearts.  But those rites which were proper for appeasing their anger,
+and procuring auspicious signs and presages, were by the direction of
+the augurs carefully performed.  Fabius Pictor, a near kinsman to
+Maximus, was sent to consult the oracle of Delphi; and about the same
+time, two vestals having been detected to have been violated, the one
+killed herself, and the other, according to custom, was buried alive.
+
+Above all, let us admire the high spirit and equanimity of this Roman
+commonwealth; that when the consul Varro came beaten and flying home,
+full of shame and humiliation, after he had so disgracefully and
+calamitously managed their affairs, yet the whole senate and people went
+forth to meet him at the gates of the city, and received him with honor
+and respect.  And, silence being commanded, the magistrates and chief of
+the senate, Fabius amongst them, commended him before the people,
+because he did not despair of the safety of the commonwealth, after so
+great a loss, but was come to take the government into his hands, to
+execute the laws, and aid his fellow-citizens in their prospect of
+future deliverance.
+
+When word was brought to Rome that Hannibal, after the fight, had
+marched with his army into other parts of Italy, the hearts of the
+Romans began to revive, and they proceeded to send out generals and
+armies.  The most distinguished commands were held by Fabius Maximus and
+Claudius Marcellus, both generals of great fame, though upon opposite
+grounds.  For Marcellus, as we have set forth in his life, was a man of
+action and high spirit, ready and bold with his own hand, and, as Homer
+describes his warriors, fierce, and delighting in fights.  Boldness,
+enterprise, and daring, to match those of Hannibal, constituted his
+tactics, and marked his engagements.  But Fabius adhered to his former
+principles, still persuaded that, by following close and not fighting
+him, Hannibal and his army would at last be tired out and consumed, like
+a wrestler in too high condition, whose very excess of strength makes
+him the more likely suddenly to give way and lose it.  Posidonius tells
+us that the Romans called Marcellus their sword, and Fabius their
+buckler; and that the vigor of the one, mixed with the steadiness of the
+other, made a happy compound that proved the salvation of Rome.  So that
+Hannibal found by experience that, encountering the one, he met with a
+rapid, impetuous river, which drove him back, and still made some breach
+upon him; and by the other, though silently and quietly passing by him,
+he was insensibly washed away and consumed; and, at last, was brought to
+this, that he dreaded Marcellus when he was in motion, and Fabius when
+he sat still.  During the whole course of this war, he had still to do
+with one or both of these generals; for each of them was five times
+consul, and, as praetors or proconsuls or consuls, they had always a
+part in the government of the army, till, at last, Marcellus fell into
+the trap which Hannibal had laid for him, and was killed in his fifth
+consulship.  But all his craft and subtlety were unsuccessful upon
+Fabius, who only once was in some danger of being caught, when
+counterfeit letters came to him from the principal inhabitants of
+Metapontum, with promises to deliver up their town if he would come
+before it with his army, and intimations that they should expect him,
+This train had almost drawn him in; he resolved to march to them with
+part of his army, and was diverted only by consulting the omens of the
+birds, which he found to be inauspicious; and not long after it was
+discovered that the letters had been forged by Hannibal, who, for his
+reception, had laid an ambush to entertain him.  This, perhaps, we must
+rather attribute to the favor of the gods than to the prudence of
+Fabius.
+
+In preserving the towns and allies from revolt by fair and gentle
+treatment, and in not using rigor, or showing a suspicion upon every
+light suggestion, his conduct was remarkable.  It is told of him, that,
+being informed of a certain Marsian, eminent for courage and good birth,
+who had been speaking underhand with some of the soldiers about
+deserting, Fabius was so far from using severity against him, that he
+called for him, and told him he was sensible of the neglect that had
+been shown to his merit and good service, which, he said, was a great
+fault in the commanders who reward more by favor than by desert; "but
+henceforward, whenever you are aggrieved," said Fabius, "I shall
+consider it your fault, if you apply yourself to any but to me;" and
+when he had so spoken, he bestowed an excellent horse and other presents
+upon him; and, from that time forwards, there was not a faithfuller and
+more trusty man in the whole army.  With good reason he judged, that, if
+those who have the government of horses and dogs endeavor by gentle
+usage to cure their angry and untractable tempers, rather than by
+cruelty and beating, much more should those who have the command of men
+try to bring them to order and discipline by the mildest and fairest
+means, and not treat them worse than gardeners do those wild plants,
+which, with care and attention, lose gradually the savageness of their
+nature, and bear excellent fruit.
+
+At another time, some of his officers informed him that one of their men
+was very often absent from his place, and out at nights; he asked them
+what kind of man he was; they all answered, that the whole army had not
+a better man, that he was a native of Lucania, and proceeded to speak of
+several actions which they had seen him perform.  Fabius made strict
+inquiry, and discovered at last that these frequent excursions which he
+ventured upon were to visit a young girl, with whom he was in love.
+Upon which he gave private order to some of his men to find out the
+woman and secretly convey her into his own tent; and then sent for the
+Lucanian, and, calling him aside, told him, that he very well knew how
+often he had been out away from the camp at night, which was a capital
+transgression against military discipline and the Roman laws, but he
+knew also how brave he was, and the good services he had done;
+therefore, in consideration of them, he was willing to forgive him his
+fault; but to keep him in good order, he was resolved to place one over
+him to be his keeper, who should be accountable for his good behavior.
+Having said this, he produced the woman, and told the soldier, terrified
+and amazed at the adventure, "This is the person who must answer for
+you; and by your future behavior we shall see whether your night rambles
+were on account of love, or for any other worse design."
+
+Another passage there was, something of the same kind, which gained him
+possession of Tarentum.  There was a young Tarentine in the army that
+had a sister in Tarentum, then in possession of the enemy, who entirely
+loved her brother, and wholly depended upon him.  He, being informed
+that a certain Bruttian, whom Hannibal had made a commander of the
+garrison, was deeply in love with his sister, conceived hopes that he
+might possibly turn it to the advantage of the Romans.  And having first
+communicated his design to Fabius, he left the army as a deserter in
+show, and went over to Tarentum.  The first days passed, and the
+Bruttian abstained from visiting the sister; for neither of them knew
+that the brother had notice of the amour between them.  The young
+Tarentine, however, took an occasion to tell his sister how he had heard
+that a man of station and authority had made his addresses to her; and
+desired her, therefore, to tell him who it was; "for," said he, "if he
+be a man that has bravery and reputation, it matters not what countryman
+he is, since at this time the sword mingles all nations, and makes them
+equal; compulsion makes all things honorable; and in a time when right
+is weak, we may be thankful if might assumes a form of gentleness."
+Upon this the woman sends for her friend, and makes the brother and him
+acquainted; and whereas she henceforth showed more countenance to her
+lover than formerly, in the same degrees that her kindness increased,
+his friendship, also, with the brother advanced.  So that at last our
+Tarentine thought this Bruttian officer well enough prepared to receive
+the offers he had to make him; and that it would be easy for a mercenary
+man, who was in love, to accept, upon the terms proposed, the large
+rewards promised by Fabius.  In conclusion, the bargain was struck, and
+the promise made of delivering the town.  This is the common tradition,
+though some relate the story otherwise, and say, that this woman, by
+whom the Bruttian was inveigled, to betray the town, was not a native of
+Tarentum, but a Bruttian born, and was kept by Fabius as his concubine;
+and being a countrywoman and an acquaintance of the Bruttian governor,
+he privately sent her to him to corrupt him.
+
+Whilst these matters were thus in process, to draw off Hannibal from
+scenting the design, Fabius sends orders to the garrison in Rhegium,
+that they should waste and spoil the Bruttian country, and should also
+lay siege to Caulonia, and storm the place with all their might.  These
+were a body of eight thousand men, the worst of the Roman army, who had
+most of them been runaways, and had been brought home by Marcellus from
+Sicily, in dishonor, so that the loss of them would not be any great
+grief to the Romans.  Fabius, therefore, threw out these men as a bait
+for Hannibal, to divert him from Tarentum; who instantly caught at it,
+and led his forces to Caulonia; in the meantime, Fabius sat down before
+Tarentum.  On the sixth day of the siege, the young Tarentine slips by
+night out of the town, and, having carefully observed the place where
+the Bruttian commander, according to agreement, was to admit the Romans,
+gave an account of the whole matter to Fabius; who thought it not safe
+to rely wholly upon the plot, but, while proceeding with secrecy to the
+post, gave order for a general assault to be made on the other side of
+the town, both by land and sea.  This being accordingly executed, while
+the Tarentines hurried to defend the town on the side attacked, Fabius
+received the signal from the Bruttian, scaled the walls, and entered the
+town unopposed.
+
+Here, we must confess, ambition seems to have overcome him.  To make it
+appear to the world that he had taken Tarentum by force and his own
+prowess, and not by treachery, he commanded his men to kill the
+Bruttians before all others; yet he did not succeed in establishing the
+impression he desired, but merely gained the character of perfidy and
+cruelty.  Many of the Tarentines were also killed, and thirty thousand
+of them were sold for slaves; the army had the plunder of the town, and
+there was brought into the treasury three thousand talents.  Whilst they
+were carrying off everything else as plunder, the officer who took the
+inventory asked what should be done with their gods, meaning the
+pictures and statues; Fabius answered, "Let us leave their angry gods to
+the Tarentines."  Nevertheless, he removed the colossal statue of
+Hercules, and had it set up in the capitol, with one of himself on
+horseback, in brass, near it; proceedings very different from those of
+Marcellus on a like occasion, and which, indeed, very much set off in
+the eyes of the world his clemency and humanity, as appears in the
+account of his life.
+
+Hannibal, it is said, was within five miles of Tarentum, when he was
+informed that the town was taken.  He said openly, "Rome, then, has also
+got a Hannibal; as we won Tarentum, so have we lost it."  And, in
+private with some of his confidants, he told them, for the first time,
+that he always thought it difficult, but now he held it impossible, with
+the forces he then had, to master Italy.
+
+Upon this success, Fabius had a triumph decreed him at Rome, much more
+splendid than his first; they looked upon him now as a champion who had
+learned to cope with his antagonist, and could now easily foil his arts
+and prove his best skill ineffectual.  And, indeed, the army of Hannibal
+was at this time partly worn away with continual action, and partly
+weakened and become dissolute with overabundance and luxury.  Marcus
+Livius, who was governor of Tarentum when it was betrayed to Hannibal,
+and then retired into the citadel, which he kept till the town was
+retaken, was annoyed at these honors and distinctions, and, on one
+occasion, openly declared in the senate, that by his resistance, more
+than by any action of Fabius, Tarentum had been recovered; on which
+Fabius laughingly replied:  "You say very true, for if Marcus Livius had
+not lost Tarentum, Fabius Maximus had never recovered it."  The people,
+amongst other marks of gratitude, gave his son the consulship of the
+next year; shortly after whose entrance upon his office, there being
+some business on foot about provision for the war, his father, either by
+reason of age and infirmity, or perhaps out of design to try his son,
+came up to him on horseback.  While he was still at a distance, the
+young consul observed it, and bade one of his lictors command his father
+to alight, and tell him that, if be had any business with the consul, he
+should come on foot.  The standers by seemed offended at the
+imperiousness of the son towards a father so venerable for his age and
+his authority, and turned their eyes in silence towards Fabius.  He,
+however, instantly alighted from his horse, and with open arms came up,
+almost running, and embraced his son, saying, "Yes, my son, you do well,
+and understand well what authority you have received, and over whom you
+are to use it.  This was the way by which we and our forefathers
+advanced the dignity of Rome, preferring ever her honor and service to
+our own fathers and children."
+
+And, in fact, it is told that the great-grandfather of our Fabius, who
+was undoubtedly the greatest man of Rome in his time, both in reputation
+and authority, who had been five times consul, and had been honored with
+several triumphs for victories obtained by him, took pleasure in serving
+as lieutenant under his own son, when he went as consul to his command.
+And when afterwards his son had a triumph bestowed upon him for his good
+service, the old man followed, on horseback, his triumphant chariot, as
+one of his attendants; and made it his glory, that while he really was,
+and was acknowledged to be, the greatest man in Rome, and held a
+father's full power over his son, he yet submitted himself to the laws
+and the magistrate.
+
+But the praises of our Fabius are not bounded here.  He afterwards lost
+this son, and was remarkable for bearing the loss with the moderation
+becoming a pious father and a wise man, and, as it was the custom
+amongst the Romans, upon the death of any illustrious person, to have a
+funeral oration recited by some of the nearest relations, he took upon
+himself that office, and delivered a speech in the forum, which he
+committed afterwards to writing.
+
+After Cornelius Scipio, who was sent into Spain, had driven the
+Carthaginians, defeated by him in many battles, out of the country, and
+had gained over to Rome many towns and nations with large resources, he
+was received at his coming home with unexampled joy and acclamation of
+the people; who, to show their gratitude, elected him consul for the
+year ensuing.  Knowing what high expectation they had of him, he thought
+the occupation of contesting Italy with Hannibal a mere old man's
+employment, and proposed no less a task to himself than to make Carthage
+the seat of the war, fill Africa with arms and devastation, and so
+oblige Hannibal, instead of invading the countries of others, to draw
+back and defend his own.  And to this end he proceeded to exert all the
+influence he had with the people.  Fabius, on the other side, opposed
+the undertaking with all his might, alarming the city, and telling them
+that nothing but the temerity of a hot young man could inspire them with
+such dangerous counsels, and sparing no means, by word or deed, to
+prevent it.  He prevailed with the senate to espouse his sentiments; but
+the common people thought that he envied the fame of Scipio, and that he
+was afraid lest this young conqueror should achieve some great and noble
+exploit, and have the glory, perhaps, of driving Hannibal out of Italy,
+or even of ending the war, which had for so many years continued and
+been protracted under his management.
+
+To say the truth, when Fabius first opposed this project of Scipio, he
+probably did it out of caution and prudence, in consideration only of
+the public safety, and of the danger which the commonwealth might incur;
+but when he found Scipio every day increasing in the esteem of the
+people, rivalry and ambition led him further, and made him violent and
+personal in his opposition.  For he even applied to Crassus, the
+colleague of Scipio, and urged him not to yield the command to Scipio,
+but that, if his inclinations were for it, he should himself in person
+lead the army to Carthage.  He also hindered the giving money to Scipio
+for the war; so that he was forced to raise it upon his own credit and
+interest from the cities of Etruria, which were extremely attached to
+him.  On the other side, Crassus would not stir against him, nor remove
+out of Italy, being, in his own nature, averse to all contention, and
+also having, by his office of high priest, religious duties to retain
+him.  Fabius, therefore, tried other ways to oppose the design; he
+impeded the levies, and he declaimed, both in the senate and to the
+people, that Scipio was not only himself flying from Hannibal, but was
+also endeavoring to drain Italy of all its forces, and to spirit away
+the youth of the country to a foreign war, leaving behind them their
+parents, wives, and children, and the city itself, a defenseless prey to
+the conquering and undefeated enemy at their doors.  With this he so far
+alarmed the people, that at last they would only allow Scipio for the
+war the legions which were in Sicily, and three hundred, whom he
+particularly trusted, of those men who had served with him in Spain.  In
+these transactions, Fabius seems to have followed the dictates of his
+own wary temper.
+
+But, after that Scipio was gone over into Africa, when news almost
+immediately came to Rome of wonderful exploits and victories, of which
+the fame was confirmed by the spoils he sent home; of a Numidian king
+taken prisoner; of a vast slaughter of their men; of two camps of the
+enemy burnt and destroyed, and in them a great quantity of arms and
+horses; and when, hereupon, the Carthaginians were compelled to send
+envoys to Hannibal to call him home, and leave his idle hopes in Italy,
+to defend Carthage; when, for such eminent and transcending services,
+the whole people of Rome cried up and extolled the actions of Scipio;
+even then, Fabius contended that a successor should be sent in his
+place, alleging for it only the old reason of the mutability of fortune,
+as if she would be weary of long favoring the same person.  With this
+language many did begin to feel offended; it seemed to be morosity and
+ill-will, the pusillanimity of old age, or a fear, that had now become
+exaggerated, of the skill of Hannibal.  Nay, when Hannibal had put his
+army on shipboard, and taken his leave of Italy, Fabius still could not
+forbear to oppose and disturb the universal joy of Rome, expressing his
+fears and apprehensions, telling them that the commonwealth was never in
+more danger than now, and that Hannibal was a more formidable enemy
+under the walls of Carthage than ever he had been in Italy; that it
+would be fatal to Rome, whenever Scipio should encounter his victorious
+army, still warm with the blood of so many Roman generals, dictators,
+and consuls slain.  And the people were, in some degree, startled with
+these declamations, and were brought to believe, that the further off
+Hannibal was, the nearer was their danger.  Scipio, however, shortly
+afterwards fought Hannibal, and utterly defeated him, humbled the pride
+of Carthage beneath his feet, gave his countrymen joy and exultation
+beyond all their hopes, and
+
+"Long shaken on the seas restored the state."
+
+Fabius Maximus, however, did not live to see the prosperous end of this
+war, and the final overthrow of Hannibal, nor to rejoice in the
+reestablished happiness and security of the commonwealth; for about the
+time that Hannibal left Italy, he fell sick and died.  At Thebes,
+Epaminondas died so poor that he was buried at the public charge; one
+small iron coin was all, it is said, that was found in his house.
+Fabius did not need this, but the people, as a mark of their affection,
+defrayed the expenses of his funeral by a private contribution from each
+citizen of the smallest piece of coin; thus owning him their common
+father, and making his end no less honorable than his life.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF PERICLES WITH FABIUS
+
+We have here had two lives rich in examples, both of civil and military
+excellence.  Let us first compare the two men in their warlike capacity.
+Pericles presided in his commonwealth when it was in its most
+flourishing and opulent condition, great and growing in power; so that
+it may be thought it was rather the common success and fortune that kept
+him from any fall or disaster.  But the task of Fabius, who undertook
+the government in the worst and most difficult times, was not to
+preserve and maintain the well-established felicity of a prosperous
+state, but to raise and uphold a sinking and ruinous commonwealth.
+Besides, the victories of Cimon, the trophies of Myronides and
+Leocrates, with the many famous exploits of Tolmides, were employed by
+Pericles rather to fill the city with festive entertainments and
+solemnities than to enlarge and secure its empire.  Whereas Fabius, when
+he took upon him the government, had the frightful object before his
+eyes of Roman armies destroyed, of their generals and consuls slain, of
+lakes and plains and forests strewed with the dead bodies, and rivers
+stained with the blood of his fellow-citizens; and yet, with his mature
+and solid cousels, with the firmness of his resolution, he, as it were,
+put his shoulder to the falling commonwealth, and kept it up from
+foundering through the failings and weakness of others.  Perhaps it may
+be more easy to govern a city broken and tamed with calamities and
+adversity, and compelled by danger and necessity to listen to wisdom,
+than to set a bridle on wantonness and temerity, and rule a people
+pampered and restive with long prosperity as were the Athenians when
+Pericles held the reins of government.  But then again, not to be
+daunted nor discomposed with the vast heap of calamities under which the
+people of Rome at that time groaned and succumbed, argues a courage in
+Fabius and a strength of purpose more than ordinary.
+
+We may set Tarentum retaken against Samos won by Pericles, and the
+conquest of Euboea we may well balance with the towns of Campania;
+though Capua itself was reduced by the consuls Fulvius and Appius.  I do
+not find that Fabius won any set battle but that against the Ligurians,
+for which he had his triumph; whereas Pericles erected nine trophies for
+as many victories obtained by land and by sea.  But no action of
+Pericles can be compared to that memorable rescue of Minucius, when
+Fabius redeemed both him and his army from utter destruction; a noble
+act, combining the highest valor, wisdom, and humanity.  On the other
+side, it does not appear that Pericles was ever so overreached as Fabius
+was by Hannibal with his flaming oxen.  His enemy there had, without his
+agency, put himself accidentally into his power, yet Fabius let him slip
+in the night, and, when day came, was worsted by him, was anticipated in
+the moment of success, and mastered by his prisoner.  If it is the part
+of a good general, not only to provide for the present, but also to have
+a clear foresight of things to come, in this point Pericles is the
+superior; for he admonished the Athenians, and told them beforehand the
+ruin the war would bring upon them, by their grasping more than they
+were able to manage.  But Fabius was not so good a prophet, when he
+denounced to the Romans that the undertaking of Scipio would be the
+destruction of the commonwealth.  So that Pericles was a good prophet of
+bad success, and Fabius was a bad prophet of success that was good.
+And, indeed, to lose an advantage through diffidence is no less blamable
+in a general than to fall into danger for want of foresight; for both
+these faults, though of a contrary nature, spring from the same root,
+want of judgment and experience.
+
+As for their civil policy, it is imputed to Pericles that he occasioned
+the war, since no terms of peace, offered by the Lacedaemonians, would
+content him.  It is true, I presume, that Fabius, also, was not for
+yielding any point to the Carthaginians, but was ready to hazard all,
+rather than lessen the empire of Rome.  The mildness of Fabius towards
+his colleague Minucius does, by way of comparison, rebuke and condemn
+the exertions of Pericles to banish Cimon and Thucydides, noble,
+aristocratic men, who by his means suffered ostracism.  The authority of
+Pericles in Athens was much greater than that of Fabius in Rome.  Hence
+it was more easy for him to prevent miscarriages arising from the
+mistakes and insufficiency of other officers; only Tolmides broke loose
+from him, and, contrary to his persuasions, unadvisedly fought with the
+Boeotians, and was slain.  The greatness of his influence made all
+others submit and conform themselves to his judgment.  Whereas Fabius,
+sure and unerring himself, for want of that general power, had not the
+means to obviate the miscarriages of others; but it had been happy for
+the Romans if his authority had been greater, for so, we may presume,
+their disasters had been fewer.
+
+As to liberality and public spirit, Pericles was eminent in never taking
+any gifts, and Fabius, for giving his own money to ransom his soldiers,
+though the sum did not exceed six talents.  Than Pericles, meantime, no
+man had ever greater opportunities to enrich himself, having had
+presents offered him from so many kings and princes and allies, yet no
+man was ever more free from corruption.  And for the beauty and
+magnificence of temples and public edifices with which he adorned his
+country, it must be confessed, that all the ornaments and structures of
+Rome, to the time of the Caesars, had nothing to compare, either in
+greatness of design or of expense, with the luster of those which
+Pericles only erected at Athens.
+
+
+
+ALCIBIADES
+
+Alcibiades, as it is supposed, was anciently descended from Eurysaces,
+the son of Ajax, by his father's side; and by his mother's side from
+Alcmaeon.  Dinomache, his mother, was the daughter of Megacles.  His
+father Clinias, having fitted out a galley at his own expense, gained
+great honor in the sea-fight at Artemisium, and was afterwards slain in
+the battle of Coronea, fighting against the Boeotians.  Pericles and
+Ariphron, the sons of Xanthippus, nearly related to him, became the
+guardians of Alcibiades.  It has been said not untruly that the
+friendship which Socrates felt for him has much contributed to his fame;
+and certain it is, that, though we have no account from any writer
+concerning the mother of Nicias or Demosthenes, of Lamachus or Phormion,
+of Thrasybulus or Theramenes, notwithstanding these were all illustrious
+men of the same period, yet we know even the nurse of Alcibiades, that
+her country was Lacedaemon, and her name Amycla; and that Zopyrus was
+his teacher and attendant; the one being recorded by Antisthenes, and
+the other by Plato.
+
+It is not, perhaps, material to say anything of the beauty of
+Alcibiades, only that it bloomed with him in all the ages of his life,
+in his infancy, in his youth, and in his manhood; and, in the peculiar
+character becoming to each of these periods, gave him, in every one of
+them, a grace and a charm.  What Euripides says, that
+
+"Of all fair things the autumn, too, is fair,"
+
+is by no means universally true.  But it happened so with Alcibiades,
+amongst few others, by reason of his happy constitution and natural
+vigor of body.  It is said that his lisping, when he spoke, became him
+well, and gave a grace and persuasiveness to his rapid speech.
+Aristophanes takes notice of it in the verses in which he jests at
+Theorus; "How like a colax he is," says Alcibiades, meaning a corax;
+on which it is remarked,
+
+"How very happily he lisped the truth."
+
+Archippus also alludes to it in a passage where he ridicules the son of
+Alcibiades;
+
+"That people may believe him like his father,
+He walks like one dissolved in luxury,
+Lets his robe trail behind him on the ground,
+Carelessly leans his head, and in his talk affects to lisp."
+
+
+His conduct displayed many great inconsistencies and variations, not
+unnaturally, in accordance with the many and wonderful vicissitudes of
+his fortunes; but among the many strong passions of his real character,
+the one most prevailing of all was his ambition and desire of
+superiority, which appears in several anecdotes told of his sayings
+whilst he was a child.  Once being hard pressed in wrestling, and
+fearing to be thrown, he got the hand of his antagonist to his mouth,
+and bit it with all his force; and when the other loosed his hold
+presently, and said, "You bite, Alcibiades, like a woman."  "No,"
+replied he, "like a lion."  Another time as he played at dice in the
+street, being then but a child, a loaded cart came that way, when it was
+his turn to throw; at first he called to the driver to stop, because he
+was to throw in the way over which the cart was to pass; but the man
+giving him no attention and driving on, when the rest of the boys
+divided and gave way, Alcibiades threw himself on his face before the
+cart, and, stretching himself out, bade the carter pass on now if he
+would; which so startled the man, that he put back his horses, while all
+that saw it were terrified, and, crying out, ran to assist Alcibiades.
+When he began to study, he obeyed all his other masters fairly well, but
+refused to learn upon the flute, as a sordid thing, and not becoming a
+free citizen; saying, that to play on the lute or the harp does not in
+any way disfigure a man's body or face, but one is hardly to be known by
+the most intimate friends, when playing on the flute.  Besides, one who
+plays on the harp may speak or sing at the same time; but the use of the
+flute stops the mouth, intercepts the voice, and prevents all
+articulation.  "Therefore," said he, "let the Theban youths pipe, who do
+not know how to speak, but we Athenians, as our ancestors have told us,
+have Minerva for our patroness, and Apollo for our protector, one of
+whom threw away the flute, and the other stripped the Flute-player of
+his skin."  Thus, between raillery and good earnest, Alcibiades kept not
+only himself but others from learning, as it presently became the talk
+of the young boys, how Alcibiades despised playing on the flute, and
+ridiculed those who studied it.  In consequence of which, it ceased to
+be reckoned amongst the liberal accomplishments, and became generally
+neglected.
+
+It is stated in the invective which Antiphon wrote against Alcibiades,
+that once, when he was a boy, he ran away to the house of Democrates,
+one of those who made a favorite of him, and that Ariphron had
+determined to cause proclamation to be made for him, had not Pericles
+diverted him from it, by saying, that if he were dead, the proclaiming
+of him could only cause it to be discovered one day sooner, and if he
+were safe, it would be a reproach to him as long as he lived.  Antiphon
+also says, that he killed one of his own servants with the blow of a
+staff in Sibyrtius's wrestling ground.  But it is unreasonable to give
+credit to all that is objected by an enemy, who makes open profession of
+his design to defame him.
+
+It was manifest that the many well-born persons who were continually
+seeking his company, and making their court to him, were attracted and
+captivated by his brilliant and extraordinary beauty only.  But the
+affection which Socrates entertained for him is a great evidence of the
+natural noble qualities and good disposition of the boy, which Socrates,
+indeed, detected both in and under his personal beauty; and, fearing
+that his wealth and station, and the great number both of strangers and
+Athenians who flattered and caressed him, might at last corrupt him,
+resolved, if possible, to interpose, and preserve so hopeful a plant
+from perishing in the flower, before its fruit came to perfection.  For
+never did fortune surround and enclose a man with so many of those
+things which we vulgarly call goods, or so protect him from every weapon
+of philosophy, and fence him from every access of free and searching
+words, as she did Alcibiades; who, from the beginning, was exposed to
+the flatteries of those who sought merely his gratification, such as
+might well unnerve him, and indispose him to listen to any real adviser
+or instructor.  Yet such was the happiness of his genius, that he
+discerned Socrates from the rest, and admitted him, whilst he drove away
+the wealthy and the noble who made court to him.  And, in a little time,
+they grew intimate, and Alcibiades, listening now to language entirely
+free from every thought of unmanly fondness and silly displays of
+affection, finding himself with one who sought to lay open to him the
+deficiencies of his mind, and repress his vain and foolish arrogance,
+
+"Dropped like the craven cock his conquered wing."
+
+He esteemed these endeavors of Socrates as most truly a means which the
+gods made use of for the care and preservation of youth, and began to
+think meanly of himself, and to admire him; to be pleased with his
+kindness, and to stand in awe of his virtue; and, unawares to himself,
+there became formed in his mind that reflex image and reciprocation of
+Love, or Anteros,@ that Plato talks of.  It was a matter of general
+wonder, when people saw him joining Socrates in his meals and his
+exercises, living with him in the same tent, whilst he was reserved and
+rough to all others who made their addresses to him, and acted, indeed,
+with great insolence to some of them.  As in particular to Anytus, the
+son of Anthemion, one who was very fond of him, and invited him to an
+entertainment which he had prepared for some strangers.  Alcibiades
+refused the invitation; but, having drunk to excess at his own house
+with some of his companions, went thither with them to play some frolic;
+and, standing at the door of the room where the guests were enjoying
+themselves, and seeing the tables covered with gold and silver cups, he
+commanded his servants to take away the one half of them, and carry them
+to his own house; and then, disdaining so much as to enter into the room
+himself, as soon as he had done this, went away.  The company was
+indignant, and exclaimed at his rude and insulting conduct; Anytus,
+however, said, on the contrary he had shown great consideration and
+tenderness in taking only a part, when he might have taken all.
+
+He behaved in the same manner to all others who courted him, except only
+one stranger, who, as the story is told, having but a small estate, sold
+it all for about a hundred staters, which he presented to Alcibiades,
+and besought him to accept.  Alcibiades, smiling and well pleased at the
+thing, invited him to supper, and, after a very kind entertainment, gave
+him his gold again, requiring him, moreover, not to fail to be present
+the next day, when the public revenue was offered to farm, and to outbid
+all others.  The man would have excused himself, because the contract
+was so large, and would cost many talents; but Alcibiades, who had at
+that time a private pique against the existing farmers of the revenue,
+threatened to have him beaten if he refused.  The next morning, the
+stranger, coming to the marketplace, offered a talent more than the
+existing rate; upon which the farmers, enraged and consulting together,
+called upon him to name his sureties, concluding that he could find
+none.  The poor man, being startled at the proposal, began to retire;
+but Alcibiades, standing at a distance, cried out to the magistrates,
+"Set my name down, he is a friend of mine; I will be security for him."
+When the other bidders heard this, they perceived that all their
+contrivance was defeated; for their way was, with the profits of the
+second year to pay the rent for the year preceding; so that, not seeing
+any other way to extricate themselves out of the difficulty, they began
+to entreat the stranger, and offered him a sum of money.  Alcibiades
+would not suffer him to accept of less than a talent; but when that was
+paid down, he commanded him to relinquish the bargain, having by this
+device relieved his necessity.
+
+Though Socrates had many and powerful rivals, yet the natural good
+qualities of Alcibiades gave his affection the mastery.  His words
+overcame him so much, as to draw tears from his eyes, and to disturb his
+very soul.  Yet sometimes he would abandon himself to flatterers, when
+they proposed to him varieties of pleasure, and would desert Socrates;
+who, then, would pursue him, as if he had been a fugitive slave.  He
+despised everyone else, and had no reverence or awe for any but him.
+Cleanthes the philosopher; speaking of one to whom he was attached, says
+his only hold on him was by his ears, while his rivals had all the
+others offered them; and there is no question that Alcibiades was very
+easily caught by pleasures; and the expression used by Thucydides about
+the excesses of his habitual course of living gives occasion to believe
+so.  But those who endeavored to corrupt Alcibiades, took advantage
+chiefly of his vanity and ambition, and thrust him on unseasonably to
+undertake great enterprises, persuading him, that as soon as he began to
+concern himself in public affairs, he would not only obscure the rest of
+the generals and statesmen, but outdo the authority and the reputation
+which Pericles himself had gained in Greece.  But in the same manner as
+iron which is softened by the fire grows hard with the cold, and all its
+parts are closed again; so, as often as Socrates observed Alcibiades to
+be misled by luxury or pride, he reduced and corrected him by his
+addresses, and made him humble and modest, by showing him in how many
+things he was deficient, and how very far from perfection in virtue.
+
+When he was past his childhood, he went once to a grammar-school, and
+asked the master for one of Homer's books; and he making answer that he
+had nothing of Homer's, Alcibiades gave him a blow with his fist, and
+went away.  Another schoolmaster telling him that he had Homer corrected
+by himself; "How," said Alcibiades, "and do you employ your time in
+teaching children to read?  You, who are able to amend Homer, may well
+undertake to instruct men."  Being once desirous to speak with Pericles,
+he went to his house and was told there that he was not at leisure, but
+busied in considering how to give up his accounts to the Athenians;
+Alcibiades, as he went away, said, "It were better for him to consider
+how he might avoid giving up his accounts at all."
+
+Whilst he was very young, he was a soldier in the expedition against
+Potidaea, where Socrates lodged in the same tent with him, and stood
+next him in battle.  Once there happened a sharp skirmish, in which
+they both behaved with signal bravery; but Alcibiades receiving a wound,
+Socrates threw himself before him to defend him, and beyond any question
+saved him and his arms from the enemy, and so in all justice might have
+challenged the prize of valor.  But the generals appearing eager to
+adjudge the honor to Alcibiades, because of his rank, Socrates, who
+desired to increase his thirst after glory of a noble kind, was the
+first to give evidence for him, and pressed them to crown him, and to
+decree to him the complete suit of armor.  Afterwards, in the battle of
+Delium, when the Athenians were routed and Socrates with a few others
+was retreating on foot, Alcibiades, who was on horseback, observing it,
+would not pass on, but stayed to shelter him from the danger, and
+brought him safe off, though the enemy pressed hard upon them, and cut
+off many.  But this happened some time after.
+
+He gave a box on the ear to Hipponicus, the father of Callias, whose
+birth and wealth made him a person of great influence and repute.  And
+this he did unprovoked by any passion or quarrel between them, but only
+because, in a frolic, he had agreed with his companions to do it.
+People were justly offended at this insolence, when it became known
+through the city; but early the next morning, Alcibiades went to his
+house and knocked at the door, and, being admitted to him, took off his
+outer garment, and, presenting his naked body, desired him to scourge
+and chastise him as he pleased.  Upon this Hipponicus forgot all his
+resentment, and not only pardoned him, but soon after gave him his
+daughter Hipparete in marriage.  Some say that it was not Hipponicus,
+but his son Callias, who gave Hipparete to Alcibiades, together with a
+portion of ten talents, and that after, when she had a child, Alcibiades
+forced him to give ten talents more, upon pretense that such was the
+agreement if she brought him any children.  Afterwards, Callias, for
+fear of coming to his death by his means, declared, in a full assembly
+of the people, that if he should happen to die without children, the
+state should inherit his house and all his goods.  Hipparete was a
+virtuous and dutiful wife, but, at last, growing impatient of the
+outrages done to her by her husband's continual entertaining of
+courtesans, as well strangers as Athenians, she departed from him and
+retired to her brother's house.  Alcibiades seemed not at all concerned
+at this, and lived on still in the same luxury; but the law requiring
+that she should deliver to the archon in person, and not by proxy, the
+instrument by which she claimed a divorce, when, in obedience to the
+law, she presented herself before him to perform this, Alcibiades came
+in, caught her up, and carried her home through the marketplace, no one
+daring to oppose him, nor to take her from him.  She continued with him
+till her death, which happened not long after, when Alcibiades had gone
+to Ephesus.  Nor is this violence to be thought so very enormous or
+unmanly.  For the law, in making her who desires to be divorced appear
+in public, seems to design to give her husband an opportunity of
+treating with her, and of endeavoring to retain her.
+
+Alcibiades had a dog which cost him seventy minas, and was a very large
+one, and very handsome.  His tail, which was his principal ornament, he
+caused to be cut off, and his acquaintance exclaiming at him for it, and
+telling him that all Athens was sorry for the dog, and cried out upon
+him for this action, he laughed, and said, "Just what I wanted has
+happened, then.  I wished the Athenians to talk about this, that they
+might not say something worse of me."
+
+It is said that the first time he came into the assembly was upon
+occasion of a largess of money which he made to the people.  This was
+not done by design, but as he passed along he heard a shout, and
+inquiring the cause, and having learned that there was a donative making
+to the people, he went in amongst them and gave money also.  The
+multitude thereupon applauding him, and shouting, he was so transported
+at it, that he forgot a quail which he had under his robe, and the bird,
+being frighted with the noise, flew off; upon which the people made
+louder acclamations than before, and many of them started up to pursue
+the bird; and one Antiochus, a pilot, caught it and restored it to him,
+for which he was ever after a favorite with Alcibiades.
+
+He had great advantages for entering public life; his noble birth, his
+riches, the personal courage he had shown in divers battles, and the
+multitude of his friends and dependents, threw open, so to say, folding
+doors for his admittance.  But he did not consent to let his power with
+the people rest on any thing, rather than on his own gift of eloquence.
+That he was a master in the art of speaking, the comic poets bear him
+witness; and the most eloquent of public speakers, in his oration
+against Midias, allows that Alcibiades, among other perfections, was a
+most accomplished orator.  If, however, we give credit to Theophrastus,
+who of all philosophers was the most curious inquirer, and the greatest
+lover of history, we are to understand that Alcibiades had the highest
+capacity for inventing, for discerning what was the right thing to be
+said for any purpose, and on any occasion; but, aiming not only at
+saying what was required, but also at saying it well, in respect, that
+is, of words and phrases, when these did not readily occur, he would
+often pause in the middle of his discourse for want of the apt word, and
+would be silent and stop till he could recollect himself, and had
+considered what to say.
+
+His expenses in horses kept for the public games, and in the number of
+his chariots, were matter of great observation; never did anyone but
+he, either private person or king, send seven chariots to the Olympic
+games.  And to have carried away at once the first, the second, and the
+fourth prize, as Thucydides says, or the third, as Euripides relates it,
+outdoes far away every distinction that ever was known or thought of in
+that kind.  Euripides celebrates his success in this manner:--
+
+"--But my song to you, Son of Clinias, is due.
+Victory is noble; how much more
+To do as never Greek before;
+To obtain in the great chariot race
+The first, the second, and third place;
+With easy step advanced to fame,
+To bid the herald three times claim
+The olive for one victor's name."
+
+The emulation displayed by the deputations of various states, in the
+presents which they made to him, rendered this success yet more
+illustrious.  The Ephesians erected a tent for him, adorned
+magnificently; the city of Chios furnished him with provender for his
+horses and with great numbers of beasts for sacrifice; and the Lesbians
+sent him wine and other provisions for the many great entertainments
+which he made.  Yet in the midst of all this he escaped not without
+censure, occasioned either by the ill-nature of his enemies or by his
+own misconduct.  For it is said, that one Diomedes, all Athenian, a
+worthy man and a friend to Alcibiades, passionately desiring to obtain
+the victory at the Olympic games, and having heard much of a chariot
+which belonged to the state at Argos, where he knew that Alcibiades had
+great power and many friends, prevailed with him to undertake to buy the
+chariot.  Alcibiades did indeed buy it, but then claimed it for his own,
+leaving Diomedes to rage at him, and to call upon the gods and men to
+bear witness to the injustice.  It would seem there was a suit at law
+commenced upon this occasion, and there is yet extant an oration
+concerning the chariot, written by Isocrates in defense of the son of
+Alcibiades.  But the plaintiff in this action is named Tisias, and not
+Diomedes.
+
+As soon as he began to intermeddle in the government, which was when he
+was very young, he quickly lessened the credit of all who aspired to the
+confidence of the people, except Phaeax, the son of Erasistratus, and
+Nicias, the son of Niceratus, who alone could contest it with him.
+Nicias was arrived at a mature age, and was esteemed their first
+general.  Phaeax was but a rising statesman like Alcibiades; he was
+descended from noble ancestors, but was his inferior, as in many other
+things, so, principally, in eloquence.  He possessed rather the art of
+persuading in private conversation than of debate before the people, and
+was, as Eupolis said of him,
+
+"The best of talkers, and of speakers worst."
+
+There is extant an oration written by Phaeax against Alcibiades, in
+which, amongst other things, it is said, that Alcibiades made daily use
+at his table of many gold and silver vessels, which belonged to the
+commonwealth, as if they had been his own.
+
+There was a certain Hyperbolus, of the township of Perithoedae, whom
+Thucydides also speaks of as a man of bad character, a general butt for
+the mockery of all the comic writers of the time, but quite unconcerned
+at the worst things they could say, and, being careless of glory, also
+insensible of shame; a temper which some people call boldness and
+courage, whereas it is indeed impudence and recklessness.  He was liked
+by nobody, yet the people made frequent use of him, when they had a mind
+to disgrace or calumniate any persons in authority.  At this time, the
+people, by his persuasions, were ready to proceed to pronounce the
+sentence of ten years' banishment, called ostracism.  This they made use
+of to humiliate and drive out of the city such citizens as outdid the
+rest in credit and power, indulging not so much perhaps their
+apprehensions as their jealousies in this way.  And when, at this time,
+there was no doubt but that the ostracism would fall upon one of those
+three, Alcibiades contrived to form a coalition of parties, and,
+communicating his project to Nicias, turned the sentence upon Hyperbolus
+himself.  Others say, that it was not with Nicias, but Phaeax, that he
+consulted, and, by help of his party, procured the banishment of
+Hyperbolus, when he suspected nothing less.  For, before that time, no
+mean or obscure person had ever fallen under that punishment, so that
+Plato, the comic poet, speaking of Hyperbolus, might well say,
+
+"The man deserved the fate; deny 't who can?
+Yes, but the fate did not deserve the man;
+Not for the like of him and his slave-brands
+Did Athens put the sherd into our hands."
+
+But we have given elsewhere a fuller statement of what is known to us of
+the matter.
+
+Alcibiades was not less disturbed at the distinctions which Nicias
+gained amongst the enemies of Athens, than at the honors which the
+Athenians themselves paid to him.  For though Alcibiades was the proper
+appointed person to receive all Lacedaemonians when they came to
+Athens, and had taken particular care of those that were made prisoners
+at Pylos, yet, after they had obtained the peace and restitution of the
+captives, by the procurement chiefly of Nicias, they paid him very
+special attentions.  And it was commonly said in Greece, that the war
+was begun by Pericles, and that Nicias made an end of it, and the peace
+was generally called the peace of Nicias.  Alcibiades was extremely
+annoyed at this, and, being full of envy, set himself to break the
+league.  First, therefore, observing that the Argives, as well out of
+fear as hatred to the Lacedaemonians, sought for protection against
+them, he gave them a secret assurance of alliance with Athens.  And
+communicating, as well in person as by letters, with the chief advisers
+of the people there, he encouraged them not to fear the Lacedaemonians,
+nor make concessions to them, but to wait a little, and keep their eyes
+on the Athenians, who, already, were all but sorry they had made peace,
+and would soon give it up.  And, afterwards, when the Lacedaemonians had
+made a league with the Boeotians, and had not delivered up Panactum
+entire, as they ought to have done by the treaty, but only after first
+destroying it, which gave great offense to the people of Athens,
+Alcibiades laid hold of that opportunity to exasperate them more highly.
+He exclaimed fiercely against Nicias, and accused him of many things,
+which seemed probable enough:  as that, when he was general, he made no
+attempt himself to capture their enemies that were shut up in the isle
+of Sphacteria, but, when they were afterwards made prisoners by others,
+he procured their release and sent them back to the Lacedaemonians, only
+to get favor with them; that he would not make use of his credit with
+them, to prevent their entering into this confederacy with the Boeotians
+and Corinthians, and yet, on the other side, that he sought to stand in
+the way of those Greeks who were inclined to make an alliance and
+friendship with Athens, if the Lacedaemonians did not like it.
+
+It happened, at the very time when Nicias was by these arts brought into
+disgrace with the people, that ambassadors arrived from Lacedaemon, who,
+at their first coming, said what seemed very satisfactory, declaring
+that they had full powers to arrange all matters in dispute upon fair
+and equal terms.  The council received their propositions, and the
+people was to assemble on the morrow to give them audience.  Alcibiades
+grew very apprehensive of this, and contrived to gain a secret
+conference with the ambassadors.  When they were met, he said:  "What is
+it you intend, you men of Sparta?  Can you be ignorant that the council
+always act with moderation and respect towards ambassadors, but that the
+people are full of ambition and great designs?  So that, if you let them
+know what full powers your commission gives you, they will urge and
+press you to unreasonable conditions.  Quit therefore, this indiscreet
+simplicity, if you expect to obtain equal terms from the Athenians, and
+would not have things extorted from you contrary to your inclinations,
+and begin to treat with the people upon some reasonable articles, not
+avowing yourselves plenipotentiaries; and I will be ready to assist you,
+out of good-will to the Lacedaemonians."  When he had said thus, he gave
+them his oath for the performance of what he promised, and by this way
+drew them from Nicias to rely entirely upon himself, and left them full
+of admiration of the discernment and sagacity they had seen in him.  The
+next day, when the people were assembled and the ambassadors introduced,
+Alcibiades, with great apparent courtesy, demanded of them, With what
+powers they were come? They made answer that they were not come as
+plenipotentiaries.
+
+Instantly upon that, Alcibiades, with a loud voice, as though he had
+received and not done the wrong, began to call them dishonest
+prevaricators, and to urge that such men could not possibly come with a
+purpose to say or do anything that was sincere.  The council was
+incensed, the people were in a rage, and Nicias, who knew nothing of the
+deceit and the imposture, was in the greatest confusion, equally
+surprised and ashamed at such a change in the men.  So thus the
+Lacedaemonian ambassadors were utterly rejected, and Alcibiades was
+declared general, who presently united the Argives, the Eleans, and the
+people of Mantinea, into a confederacy with the Athenians.
+
+No man commended the method by which Alcibiades effected all this, yet
+it was a great political feat thus to divide and shake almost all
+Peloponnesus, and to combine so many men in arms against the
+Lacedaemonians in one day before Mantinea; and, moreover, to remove the
+war and the danger so far from the frontier of the Athenians, that even
+success would profit the enemy but little, should they be conquerors,
+whereas, if they were defeated, Sparta itself was hardly safe.
+
+After this battle at Mantinea, the select thousand of the army of the
+Argives attempted to overthrow the government of the people in Argos,
+and make themselves masters of the city; and the Lacedaemonians came to
+their aid and abolished the democracy.  But the people took arms again,
+and gained the advantage, and Alcibiades came in to their aid and
+completed the victory, and persuaded them to build long walls, and by
+that means to join their city to the sea, and so to bring it wholly
+within the reach of the Athenian power.  To this purpose, he procured
+them builders and masons from Athens, and displayed the greatest zeal
+for their service, and gained no less honor and power to himself than to
+the commonwealth of Athens.  He also persuaded the people of Patrae to
+join their city to the sea, by building long walls; and when some one
+told them, by way of warning, that the Athenians would swallow them up
+at last Alcibiades made answer, "Possibly it may be so, but it will be
+by little and little, and beginning at the feet, whereas the
+Lacedaemonians will begin at the head and devour you all at once."  Nor
+did he neglect either to advise the Athenians to look to their interests
+by land, and often put the young men in mind of the oath which they had
+made at Agraulos, to the effect that they would account wheat and
+barley, and vines and olives, to be the limits of Attica; by which they
+were taught to claim a title to all land that was cultivated and
+productive.
+
+But with all these words and deeds, and with all this sagacity and
+eloquence, he intermingled exorbitant luxury and wantonness in his
+eating and drinking and dissolute living; wore long purple robes like a
+woman, which dragged after him as he went through the market-place;
+caused the planks of his galley to be cut away, that so he might lie the
+softer, his bed not being placed on the boards, but hanging upon girths.
+His shield, again, which was richly gilded, had not the usual ensigns of
+the Athenians, but a Cupid, holding a thunderbolt in his hand, was
+painted upon it.  The sight of all this made the people of good repute
+in the city feel disgust and abhorrence, and apprehension also, at his
+free-living, and his contempt of law, as things monstrous in themselves,
+and indicating designs of usurpation.  Aristophanes has well expressed
+the people's feeling towards him:--
+
+"They love, and hate, and cannot do without him."
+
+And still more strongly, under a figurative expression,
+
+"Best rear no lion in your state, 'tis true;
+But treat him like a lion if you do."
+
+The truth is, his liberalities, his public shows, and other munificence
+to the people, which were such as nothing could exceed, the glory of his
+ancestors, the force of his eloquence, the grace of his person, his
+strength of body, joined with his great courage and knowledge in
+military affairs, prevailed upon the Athenians to endure patiently his
+excesses, to indulge many things to him, and, according to their habit,
+to give the softest names to his faults, attributing them to youth and
+good nature.  As, for example, he kept Agatharcus, the painter, a
+prisoner till he had painted his whole house, but then dismissed him
+with a reward.  He publicly struck Taureas, who exhibited certain shows
+in opposition to him and contended with him for the prize.  He selected
+for himself one of the captive Melian women, and had a son by her, whom
+he took care to educate.  This the Athenians styled great humanity; and
+yet he was the principal cause of the slaughter of all the inhabitants
+of the isle of Melos who were of age to bear arms, having spoken in
+favor of that decree.  When Aristophon, the painter, had drawn Nemea
+sitting and holding Alcibiades in her arms, the multitude seemed pleased
+with the piece, and thronged to see it, but older people disliked and
+disrelished it, and looked on these things as enormities, and movements
+towards tyranny.  So that it was not said amiss by Archestratus, that
+Greece could not support a second Alcibiades.  Once, when Alcibiades
+succeeded well in an oration which he made, and the whole assembly
+attended upon him to do him honor, Timon the misanthrope did not pass
+slightly by him, nor avoid him, as he did others, but purposely met him,
+and, taking him by the hand, said, "Go on boldly, my son, and increase
+in credit with the people, for thou wilt one day bring them calamities
+enough."  Some that were present laughed at the saying, and some reviled
+Timon; but there were others upon whom it made a deep impression; so
+various was the judgment which was made of him, and so irregular his own
+character.
+
+The Athenians, even in the lifetime of Pericles, had already cast a
+longing eye upon Sicily; but did not attempt any thing till after his
+death.  Then, under pretense of aiding their confederates, they sent
+succors upon all occasions to those who were oppressed by the
+Syracusans, preparing the way for sending over a greater force.  But
+Alcibiades was the person who inflamed this desire of theirs to the
+height, and prevailed with them no longer to proceed secretly, and by
+little and little, in their design, but to sail out with a great fleet,
+and undertake at once to make themselves masters of the island.  He
+possessed the people with great hopes, and he himself entertained yet
+greater; and the conquest of Sicily, which was the utmost bound of their
+ambition, was but the mere outset of his expectation.  Nicias endeavored
+to divert the people from the expedition, by representing to them that
+the taking of Syracuse would be a work of great difficulty; but
+Alcibiades dreamed of nothing less than the conquest of Carthage and
+Libya, and by the accession of these conceiving himself at once made
+master of Italy and of Peloponnesus, seemed to look upon Sicily as
+little more than a magazine for the war.  The young men were soon
+elevated with these hopes, and listened gladly to those of riper years,
+who talked wonders of the countries they were going to; so that you
+might see great numbers sitting in the wrestling grounds and public
+places, drawing on the ground the figure of the island and the situation
+of Libya and Carthage.  Socrates the philosopher and Meton the
+astrologer are said, however, never to have hoped for any good to the
+commonwealth from this war; the one, it is to be supposed, presaging
+what would ensue, by the intervention of his attendant Genius; and the
+other, either upon rational consideration of the project, or by use of
+the art of divination, conceived fears for its issue, and, feigning
+madness, caught up a burning torch, and seemed as if he would have set
+his own house on fire.  Others report, that he did not take upon him to
+act the madman, but secretly in the night set his house on fire, and the
+next morning besought the people, that for his comfort, after such a
+calamity, they would spare his son from the expedition.  By which
+artifice, he deceived his fellow-citizens, and obtained of them what he
+desired.
+
+Together with Alcibiades, Nicias, much against his will, was appointed
+general:  and he endeavored to avoid the command, not the less on
+account of his colleague.  But the Athenians thought the war would
+proceed more prosperously, if they did not send Alcibiades free from
+all restraint, but tempered his heat with the caution of Nicias.  This
+they chose the rather to do, because Lamachus, the third general, though
+he was of mature years, yet in several battles had appeared no less hot
+and rash than Alcibiades himself.  When they began to deliberate of the
+number of forces, and of the manner of making the necessary provisions,
+Nicias made another attempt to oppose the design, and to prevent the
+war; but Alcibiades contradicted him, and carried his point with the
+people.  And one Demostratus, an orator, proposing to give the generals
+absolute power over the preparations and the whole management of the
+war, it was presently decreed so.  When all things were fitted for the
+voyage, many unlucky omens appeared.  At that very time the feast of
+Adonis happened, in which the women were used to expose, in all parts of
+the city, images resembling dead men carried out to their burial, and to
+represent funeral solemnities by lamentations and mournful songs.  The
+mutilation, however, of the images of Mercury, most of which, in one
+night, had their faces all disfigured, terrified many persons who were
+wont to despise most things of that nature.  It was given out that it
+was done by the Corinthians, for the sake of the Syracusans, who were
+their colony, in hopes that the Athenians, by such prodigies, might be
+induced to delay or abandon the war.  But the report gained no credit
+with the people, nor yet the opinion of those who would not believe that
+there was anything ominous in the matter, but that it was only an
+extravagant action, committed, in that sort of sport which runs into
+license, by wild young men coming from a debauch.  Alike enraged and
+terrified at the thing, looking upon it to proceed from a conspiracy of
+persons who designed some commotions in the state, the council, as well
+as the assembly of the people, which was held frequently in a few days'
+space, examined diligently everything that might administer ground for
+suspicion.  During this examination, Androcles, one of the demagogues,
+produced certain slaves and strangers before them, who accused
+Alcibiades and some of his friends of defacing other images in the same
+manner, and of having profanely acted the sacred mysteries at a drunken
+meeting, where one Theodorus represented the herald, Polytion the torch-
+bearer, and Alcibiades the chief priest, while the rest of the party
+appeared as candidates for initiation, and received the title of
+Initiates.  These were the matters contained in the articles of
+information, which Thessalus, the son of Cimon, exhibited against
+Alcibiades, for his impious mockery of the goddesses, Ceres and
+Proserpine.  The people were highly exasperated and incensed against
+Alcibiades upon this accusation, which, being aggravated by Androcles,
+the most malicious of all his enemies, at first disturbed his friends
+exceedingly.  But when they perceived that all the sea-men designed for
+Sicily were for him, and the soldiers also, and when the Argive and
+Mantinean auxiliaries, a thousand men at arms, openly declared that they
+had undertaken this distant maritime expedition for the sake of
+Alcibiades, and that, if he was ill-used, they would all go home, they
+recovered their courage, and became eager to make use of the present
+opportunity for justifying him.  At this his enemies were again
+discouraged, fearing lest the people should be more gentle to him in
+their sentence, because of the occasion they had for his service.
+Therefore, to obviate this, they contrived that some other orators, who
+did not appear to be enemies to Alcibiades, but really hated him no less
+than those who avowed it, should stand up in the assembly and say, that
+it was a very absurd thing that one who was created general of such an
+army with absolute power, after his troops were assembled, and the
+confederates were come, should lose the opportunity, whilst the people
+were choosing his judges by lot, and appointing times for the hearing of
+the cause.  And, therefore, let him set sail at once; good fortune
+attend him; and when the war should be at an end, he might then in
+person make his defense according to the laws.
+
+Alcibiades perceived the malice of this postponement, and, appearing in
+the assembly represented that it was monstrous for him to be sent with
+the command of so large an army, when he lay under such accusations and
+calumnies; that he deserved to die, if he could not clear himself of the
+crimes objected to him; but when he had so done, and had proved his
+innocence, he should then cheerfully apply himself to the war, as
+standing no longer in fear of false accusers.  But he could not prevail
+with the people, who commanded him to sail immediately.  So he departed,
+together with the other generals, having with them near 140 galleys,
+5,100 men at arms, and about 1,300 archers, slingers, and light-armed
+men, and all the other provisions corresponding.
+
+Arriving on the coast of Italy, he landed at Rhegium, and there stated
+his views of the manner in which they ought to conduct the war.  He was
+opposed by Nicias, but Lamachus being of his opinion, they sailed for
+Sicily forthwith, and took Catana.  This was all that was done while he
+was there, for he was soon after recalled by the Athenians to abide his
+trial.  At first, as we before said, there were only some slight
+suspicions advanced against Alcibiades, and accusations by certain
+slaves and strangers.  But afterwards, in his absence, his enemies
+attacked him more violently, and confounded together the breaking the
+images with the profanation of the mysteries, as though both had been
+committed in pursuance of the same conspiracy for changing the
+government.  The people proceeded to imprison all that were accused,
+without distinction, and without hearing them, and repented now,
+considering the importance of the charge, that they had not immediately
+brought Alcibiades to his trial, and given judgment against him.  Any of
+his friends or acquaintance who fell into the people's hands, whilst
+they were in this fury, did not fail to meet with very severe usage.
+Thucydides has omitted to name the informers, but others mention
+Dioclides and Teucer.  Amongst whom is Phrynichus, the comic poet, in
+whom we find the following:--
+
+"O dearest Hermes! only do take care,
+And mind you do not miss your footing there;
+Should you get hurt, occasion may arise
+For a new Dioclides to tell lies."
+
+To which he makes Mercury return this answer:--
+
+"I will so, for I feel no inclination
+To reward Teucer for more information."
+
+The truth is, his accusers alleged nothing that was certain or solid
+against him.  One of them, being asked how he knew the men who defaced
+the images, replying, that he saw them by the light of the moon, made a
+palpable misstatement, for it was just new moon when the fact was
+committed.  This made all men of understanding cry out upon the thing;
+but the people were as eager as ever to receive further accusations, nor
+was their first heat at all abated, but they instantly seized and
+imprisoned every one that was accused.  Amongst those who were detained
+in prison for their trials was Andocides the orator, whose descent the
+historian Hellanicus deduces from Ulysses.  He was always supposed to
+hate popular government, and to support oligarchy.  The chief ground of
+his being suspected of defacing the images was because the great
+Mercury, which stood near his house, and was an ancient monument of the
+tribe Aegeis, was almost the only statue of all the remarkable ones,
+which remained entire.  For this cause, it is now called the Mercury of
+Andocides, all men giving it that name, though the inscription is
+evidence to the contrary.  It happened that Andocides, amongst the rest
+who were prisoners upon the same account, contracted particular
+acquaintance and intimacy with one Timaeus, a person inferior to him in
+repute, but of remarkable dexterity and boldness.  He persuaded
+Andocides to accuse himself and some few others of this crime, urging
+to him that, upon his confession, he would be, by the decree of the
+people, secure of his pardon, whereas the event of judgment is uncertain
+to all men, but to great persons, such as he was, most formidable.  So
+that it was better for him, if he regarded himself, to save his life by
+a falsity, than to suffer an infamous death, as really guilty of the
+crime.  And if he had regard to the public good, it was commendable to
+sacrifice a few suspected men, by that means to rescue many excellent
+persons from the fury of the people.  Andocides was prevailed upon, and
+accused himself and some others, and, by the terms of the decree,
+obtained his pardon, while all the persons named by him, except some few
+who had saved themselves by flight, suffered death.  To gain the greater
+credit to his information, he accused his own servants amongst others.
+But notwithstanding this, the people's anger was not wholly appeased;
+and being now no longer diverted by the mutilators, they were at leisure
+to pour out their whole rage upon Alcibiades.  And, in conclusion, they
+sent the galley named the Salaminian, to recall him.  But they expressly
+commanded those that were sent, to use no violence, nor seize upon his
+person, but address themselves to him in the mildest terms, requiring
+him to follow them to Athens in order to abide his trial, and clear
+himself before the people.  For they feared mutiny and sedition in the
+army in an enemy's country, which indeed it would have been easy for
+Alcibiades to effect, if he had wished it.  For the soldiers were
+dispirited upon his departure, expecting for the future tedious delays,
+and that the war would be drawn out into a lazy length by Nicias, when
+Alcibiades, who was the spur to action, was taken away.  For though
+Lamachus was a soldier, and a man of courage, poverty deprived him of
+authority and respect in the army.  Alcibiades, just upon his departure,
+prevented Messena from falling into the hands of the Athenians.  There
+were some in that city who were upon the point of delivering it up, but
+he, knowing the persons, gave information to some friends of the
+Syracusans, and so defeated the whole contrivance.  When he arrived at
+Thurii, he went on shore, and, concealing himself there, escaped those
+who searched after him.  But to one who knew him, and asked him if he
+durst not trust his own native country, he made answer, "In everything
+else, yes; but in a matter that touches my life, I would not even my own
+mother, lest she might by mistake throw in the black ball instead of the
+white."  When, afterwards, he was told that the assembly had pronounced
+judgment of death against him, all he said was, "I will make them feel
+that I am alive."
+
+The information against him was conceived in this form:--
+
+"Thessalus, the son of Cimon, of the township of Lacia, lays information
+that Alcibiades, the son of Clinias, of the township of the Scambonidae,
+has committed a crime against the goddesses Ceres and Proserpine, by
+representing in derision the holy mysteries, and showing them to his
+companions in his own house.  Where, being habited in such robes as are
+used by the chief priest when he shows the holy things, he named himself
+the chief priest, Polytion the torch-bearer, and Theodorus, of the
+township of Phegaea, the herald; and saluted the rest of his company as
+Initiates and Novices.  All which was done contrary to the laws and
+institutions of the Eumolpidae, and the heralds and priests of the
+temple at Eleusis."
+
+He was condemned as contumacious upon his not appearing, his property
+confiscated, and it was decreed that all the priests and priestesses
+should solemnly curse him.  But one of them, Theano, the daughter of
+Menon, of the township of Agraule, is said to have opposed that part of
+the decree, saying that her holy office obliged her to make prayers, but
+not execrations.
+
+Alcibiades, lying under these heavy decrees and sentences, when first he
+fled from Thurii, passed over into Peloponnesus and remained some time
+at Argos.  But being there in fear of his enemies and seeing himself
+utterly hopeless of return to his native country, he sent to Sparta,
+desiring safe conduct, and assuring them that he would make them amends
+by his future services for all the mischief he had done them while he
+was their enemy.  The Spartans giving him the security he desired, he
+went eagerly, was well received, and, at his very first coming,
+succeeded in inducing them, without any further caution or delay, to
+send aid to the Syracusans; and so roused and excited them, that they
+forthwith dispatched Gylippus into Sicily, to crush the forces which the
+Athenians had in Sicily.  A second point was, to renew the war upon the
+Athenians at home.  But the third thing, and the most important of all,
+was to make them fortify Decelea, which above everything reduced and
+wasted the resources of the Athenians.
+
+The renown which he earned by these public services was equaled by the
+admiration he attracted to his private life; he captivated and won over
+everybody by his conformity to Spartan habits.  People who saw him
+wearing his hair close cut, bathing in cold water, eating coarse meal,
+and dining on black broth, doubted, or rather could not believe, that he
+ever had a cook in his house, or had ever seen a perfumer, or had worn a
+mantle of Milesian purple.  For he had, as it was observed, this
+peculiar talent and artifice for gaining men's affections, that he could
+at once comply with and really embrace and enter into their habits and
+ways of life, and change faster than the chameleon.  One color, indeed,
+they say the chameleon cannot assume; it cannot make itself appear
+white; but Alcibiades, whether with good men or with bad, could adapt
+himself to his company, and equally wear the appearance of virtue or
+vice.  At Sparta, he was devoted to athletic exercises, was frugal and
+reserved; in Ionia, luxurious, gay, and indolent; in Thrace, always
+drinking; in Thessaly, ever on horseback; and when he lived with
+Tisaphernes, the Persian satrap, he exceeded the Persians themselves in
+magnificence and pomp.  Not that his natural disposition changed so
+easily, nor that his real character was so very variable, but, whenever
+he was sensible that by pursuing his own inclinations he might give
+offense to those with whom he had occasion to converse, he transformed
+himself into any shape, and adopted any fashion, that he observed to be
+most agreeable to them.  So that to have seen him at Lacedaemon, a man,
+judging by the outward appearance, would have said, "'Tis not Achilles's
+son, but he himself, the very man" that Lycurgus designed to form; while
+his real feelings and acts would have rather provoked the exclamation,
+"'Tis the same woman still."  For while king Agis was absent, and abroad
+with the army, he corrupted his wife Timaea, and had a child born by
+her.  Nor did she even deny it, but when she was brought to bed of a
+son, called him in public Leotychides, but, amongst her confidants and
+attendants, would whisper that his name was Alcibiades.  To such a
+degree was she transported by her passion for him.  He, on the other
+side, would say, in his vain way, he had not done this thing out of mere
+wantonness of insult, nor to gratify a passion, but that his race might
+one day be kings over the Lacedaemonians.
+
+There were many who told Agis that this was so, but time itself gave the
+greatest confirmation to the story.  For Agis, alarmed by an earthquake,
+had quitted his wife, and, for ten months after, was never with her;
+Leotychides, therefore, being born after those ten months, he would not
+acknowledge him for his son; which was the reason that afterwards he was
+not admitted to the succession.
+
+After the defeat which the Athenians received in Sicily, ambassadors
+were dispatched to Sparta at once from Chios and Lesbos and Cyzicus, to
+signify their purpose of revolting from the Athenians.  The Boeotians
+interposed in favor of the Lesbians, and Pharnabazus of the Cyzicenes,
+but the Lacedaemonians, at the persuasion of Alcibiades, chose to assist
+Chios before all others.  He himself, also, went instantly to sea,
+procured the immediate revolt of almost all Ionia, and, cooperating with
+the Lacedaemonian generals, did great mischief to the Athenians.  But
+Agis was his enemy, hating him for having dishonored his wife, and also
+impatient of his glory, as almost every enterprise and every success was
+ascribed to Alcibiades.  Others, also, of the most powerful and
+ambitious amongst the Spartans, were possessed with jealousy of him,
+and, at last, prevailed with the magistrates in the city to send orders
+into Ionia that he should be killed.  Alcibiades, however, had secret
+intelligence of this, and, in apprehension of the result, while he
+communicated all affairs to the Lacedaemonians, yet took care not to put
+himself into their power.  At last he retired to Tisaphernes, the king
+of Persia's satrap, for his security, and immediately became the first
+and most influential person about him.  For this barbarian, not being
+himself sincere, but a lover of guile and wickedness, admired his
+address and wonderful subtlety.  And, indeed, the charm of daily
+intercourse with him was more than any character could resist or any
+disposition escape.  Even those who feared and envied him could not but
+take delight, and have a sort of kindness for him, when they saw him and
+were in his company.  So that Tisaphernes, otherwise a cruel character,
+and, above all other Persians, a hater of the Greeks, was yet so won by
+the flatteries of Alcibiades, that he set himself even to exceed him in
+responding to them.  The most beautiful of his parks, containing
+salubrious streams and meadows, where he had built pavilions, and places
+of retirement royally and exquisitely adorned, received by his direction
+the name of Alcibiades, and was always so called and so spoken of.
+
+Thus Alcibiades, quitting the interests of the Spartans, whom he could
+no longer trust, because he stood in fear of Agis, endeavored to do them
+ill offices, and render them odious to Tisaphernes, who, by his means,
+was hindered from assisting them vigorously, and from finally ruining
+the Athenians.  For his advice was to furnish them but sparingly with
+money, and so wear them out, and consume them insensibly; when they had
+wasted their strength upon one another, they would both become ready to
+submit to the king.  Tisaphernes readily pursued his counsel, and so
+openly expressed the liking and admiration which he had for him, that
+Alcibiades was looked up to by the Greeks of both parties, and the
+Athenians, now in their misfortunes, repented them of their severe
+sentence against him.  And he, on the other side, began to be troubled
+for them, and to fear lest, if that commonwealth were utterly destroyed,
+he should fall into the hands of the Lacedaemonians, his enemies.
+
+At that time the whole strength of the Athenians was in Samos.  Their
+fleet maintained itself here, and issued from these head-quarters to
+reduce such as had revolted, and protect the rest of their territories;
+in one way or other still contriving to be a match for their enemies at
+sea.  What they stood in fear of, was Tisaphernes and the Phoenician
+fleet of one hundred and fifty galleys, which was said to be already
+under sail; if those came, there remained then no hopes for the
+commonwealth of Athens.  Understanding this, Alcibiades sent secretly to
+the chief men of the Athenians, who were then at Samos, giving them
+hopes that he would make Tisaphernes their friend; he was willing, he
+implied, to do some favor, not to the people, nor in reliance upon them,
+but to the better citizens, if only, like brave men, they would make the
+attempt to put down the insolence of the people, and, by taking upon
+them the government, would endeavor to save the city from ruin.  All of
+them gave a ready ear to the proposal made by Alcibiades, except only
+Phrynichus of the township of Dirades, one of the generals, who
+suspected, as the truth was, that Alcibiades concerned not himself
+whether the government were in the people or the better citizens, but
+only sought by any means to make way for his return into his native
+country, and to that end inveighed against the people, thereby to gain
+the others, and to insinuate himself into their good opinion.  But when
+Phrynichus found his counsel to be rejected, and that he was himself
+become a declared enemy of Alcibiades, he gave secret intelligence to
+Astyochus, the enemy's admiral, cautioning him to beware of Alcibiades,
+and to seize him as a double dealer, unaware that one traitor was making
+discoveries to another.  For Astyochus, who was eager to gain the favor
+of Tisaphernes, observing the credit Alcibiades had with him, revealed
+to Alcibiades all that Phrynichus had said against him.  Alcibiades at
+once dispatched messengers to Samos, to accuse Phrynichus of the
+treachery.  Upon this, all the commanders were enraged with Phrynichus,
+and set themselves against him, and he, seeing no other way to extricate
+himself from the present danger, attempted to remedy one evil by a
+greater.  He sent to Astyochus to reproach him for betraying him, and to
+make an offer to him at the same time, to deliver into his hands both
+the army and the navy of the Athenians.  This occasioned no damage to
+the Athenians, because Astyochus repeated his treachery, and revealed
+also this proposal to Alcibiades.  But this again was foreseen by
+Phrynichus, who, expecting a second accusation from Alcibiades, to
+anticipate him, advertised the Athenians beforehand that the enemy was
+ready to sail in order to surprise them, and therefore advised them to
+fortify their camp, and to be in a readiness to go aboard their ships.
+While the Athenians were intent upon doing these things, they received
+other letters from Alcibiades, admonishing them to beware of Phrynichus,
+as one who designed to betray their fleet to the enemy, to which they
+then gave no credit at all, conceiving that Alcibiades, who knew
+perfectly the counsels and preparations of the enemy, was merely making
+use of that knowledge, in order to impose upon them in this false
+accusation of Phrynichus.  Yet, afterwards, when Phrynichus was stabbed
+with a dagger in the market-place by Hermon, one of the guard, the
+Athenians, entering into an examination of the cause, solemnly condemned
+Phrynichus of treason, and decreed crowns to Hermon and his associates.
+And now the friends of Alcibiades, carrying all before them at Samos,
+dispatched Pisander to Athens, to attempt a change of government, and to
+encourage the aristocratical citizens to take upon themselves the
+government, and overthrow the democracy, representing to them, that,
+upon these terms, Alcibiades would procure them the friendship and
+alliance of Tisaphernes.
+
+This was the color and pretense made use of by those who desired to
+change the government of Athens to an oligarchy.  But as soon as they
+prevailed, and had got the administration of affairs into their hands,
+under the name of the Five Thousand (whereas, indeed, they were but four
+hundred), they slighted Alcibiades altogether, and prosecuted the war
+with less vigor; partly because they durst not yet trust the citizens,
+who secretly detested this change, and partly because they thought the
+Lacedaemonians, who always befriended the government of the few, would
+be inclined to give them favorable terms.
+
+The people in the city were terrified into submission, many of those who
+had dared openly to oppose the four hundred having been put to death.
+But those who were at Samos, indignant when they heard this news, were
+eager to set sail instantly for the Piraeus; and, sending for
+Alcibiades, they declared him general, requiring him to lead them on to
+put down the tyrants.  He, however, in that juncture, did not, as it
+might have been thought a man would, on being suddenly exalted by the
+favor of a multitude, think himself under an obligation to gratify and
+submit to all the wishes of those who, from a fugitive and an exile, had
+created him general of so great an army, and given him the command of
+such a fleet.  But, as became a great captain, he opposed himself to the
+precipitate resolutions which their rage led them to, and, by
+restraining them from the great error they were about to commit,
+unequivocally saved the commonwealth.  For if they then had sailed to
+Athens, all Ionia and the islands and the Hellespont would have fallen
+into the enemies' hands without opposition, while the Athenians,
+involved in civil war, would have been fighting with one another within
+the circuit of their own walls.  It was Alcibiades alone, or, at least,
+principally, who prevented all this mischief; for he not only used
+persuasion to the whole army, and showed them the danger, but applied
+himself to them, one by one, entreating some, and constraining others.
+He was much assisted, however, by Thrasybulus of Stiria, who, having the
+loudest voice, as we are told of all the Athenians, went along with him,
+and cried out to those who were ready to be gone.  A second great
+service which Alcibiades did for them was, his undertaking that the
+Phoenician fleet, which the Lacedaemonians expected to be sent to them
+by the king of Persia, should either come in aid of the Athenians, or
+otherwise should not come at all.  He sailed off with all expedition in
+order to perform this, and the ships, which had already been seen as
+near as Aspendus, were not brought any further by Tisaphernes, who thus
+deceived the Lacedaemonians; and it was by both sides believed that they
+had been diverted by the procurement of Alcibiades.  The Lacedaemonians,
+in particular, accused him, that he had advised the Barbarian to stand
+still, and suffer the Greeks to waste and destroy one another, as it was
+evident that the accession of so great a force to either party would
+enable them to take away the entire dominion of the sea from the other
+side.
+
+Soon after this, the four hundred usurpers were driven out, the friends
+of Alcibiades vigorously assisting those who were for the popular
+government.  And now the people in the city not only desired, but
+commanded Alcibiades to return home from his exile.  He, however,
+desired not to owe his return to the mere grace and commiseration of the
+people, and resolved to come back, not with empty hands, but with glory,
+and after some service done.  To this end, he sailed from Samos with a
+few ships, and cruised on the sea of Cnidos, and about the isle of Cos;
+but receiving intelligence there that Mindarus, the Spartan admiral, had
+sailed with his whole army into the Hellespont, and that the Athenians
+had followed him, he hurried back to succor the Athenian commanders,
+and, by good fortune, arrived with eighteen galleys at a critical time.
+For both the fleets having engaged near Abydos, the fight between them
+had lasted till night, the one side having the advantage on one quarter,
+and the other on another.  Upon his first appearance, both sides formed
+a false impression; the enemy was encouraged, and the Athenians
+terrified.  But Alcibiades suddenly raised the Athenian ensign in the
+admiral ship, and fell upon those galleys of the Peloponnesians which
+had the advantage and were in pursuit.  He soon put these to flight, and
+followed them so close that he forced them on shore, and broke the ships
+in pieces, the sailors abandoning them and swimming away, in spite of
+all the efforts of Pharnabazus, who had come down to their assistance by
+land, and did what he could to protect them from the shore.  In fine,
+the Athenians, having taken thirty of the enemy's ships, and recovered
+all their own, erected a trophy.  After the gaining of so glorious a
+victory, his vanity made him eager to show himself to Tisaphernes, and,
+having furnished himself with gifts and presents, and an equipage
+suitable to his dignity, he set out to visit him.  But the thing did not
+succeed as he had imagined, for Tisaphernes had been long suspected by
+the Lacedaemonians, and was afraid to fall into disgrace with his king,
+upon that account, and therefore thought that Alcibiades arrived very
+opportunely, and immediately caused him to be seized, and sent away
+prisoner to Sardis; fancying, by this act of injustice, to clear himself
+from all former imputations.
+
+But about thirty days after, Alcibiades escaped from his keepers, and,
+having got a horse, fled to Clazomenae, where he procured Tisaphernes'
+additional disgrace by professing he was a party to his escape.  From
+there he sailed to the Athenian camp, and, being informed there that
+Mindarus and Pharnabazus were together at Cyzicus, he made a speech to
+the soldiers, telling them that sea-fighting, land-fighting, and, by the
+gods, fighting against fortified cities too, must be all one for them,
+as, unless they conquered everywhere, there was no money for them.  As
+soon as ever he got them on shipboard, he hasted to Proconnesus, and
+gave command to seize all the small vessels they met, and guard them
+safely in the interior of the fleet, that the enemy might have no notice
+of his coming; and a great storm of rain, accompanied with thunder and
+darkness, which happened at the same time, contributed much to the
+concealment of his enterprise.  Indeed, it was not only undiscovered by
+the enemy, but the Athenians themselves were ignorant of it, for he
+commanded them suddenly on board, and set sail when they had abandoned
+all intention of it.  As the darkness presently passed away, the
+Peloponnesian fleet were seen riding out at sea in front of the harbor
+of Cyzicus.  Fearing, if they discovered the number of his ships, they
+might endeavor to save themselves by land, he commanded the rest of the
+captains to slacken, and follow him slowly, whilst he, advancing with
+forty ships, showed himself to the enemy, and provoked them to fight.
+The enemy, being deceived as to their numbers; despised them, and,
+supposing they were to contend with those only, made themselves ready
+and began the fight.  But as soon as they were engaged, they perceived
+the other part of the fleet coming down upon them, at which they were so
+terrified that they fled immediately.  Upon that, Alcibiades, breaking
+through the midst of them with twenty of his best ships, hastened to the
+shore, disembarked, and pursued those who abandoned their ships and fled
+to land, and made a great slaughter of them.  Mindarus and Pharnabazus,
+coming to their succor, were utterly defeated.  Mindarus was slain upon
+the place, fighting valiantly; Pharnabazus saved himself by flight.  The
+Athenians slew great numbers of their enemies, won much spoil, and took
+all their ships.  They also made themselves masters of Cyzicus, which
+was deserted by Pharnabazus, and destroyed its Peloponnesian garrison,
+and thereby not only secured to themselves the Hellespont, but by force
+drove the Lacedaemonians from out of all the rest of the sea.  They
+intercepted some letters written to the ephors, which gave an account of
+this fatal overthrow, after their short laconic manner.  "Our hopes are
+at an end.  Mindarus is slain.  The men starve.  We know not what to
+do."
+
+The soldiers who followed Alcibiades in this last fight were so exalted
+with their success, and felt that degree of pride, that, looking on
+themselves as invincible, they disdained to mix with the other soldiers,
+who had been often overcome.  For it happened not long before,
+Thrasyllus had received a defeat near Ephesus, and, upon that occasion,
+the Ephesians erected their brazen trophy to the disgrace of the
+Athenians.  The soldiers of Alcibiades reproached those who were under
+the command of Thrasyllus with this misfortune, at the same time
+magnifying themselves and their own commander, and it went so far that
+they would not exercise with them, nor lodge in the same quarters.  But
+soon after, Pharnabazus, with a great force of horse and foot, falling
+upon the soldiers of Thrasyllus, as they were laying waste the territory
+of Abydos, Alcibiades came to their aid, routed Pharnabazus, and,
+together with Thrasyllus, pursued him till it was night; and in this
+action the troops united, and returned together to the camp, rejoicing
+and congratulating one another.  The next day he erected a trophy, and
+then proceeded to lay waste with fire and sword the whole province which
+was under Pharnabazus, where none ventured to resist; and he took divers
+priests and priestesses, but released them without ransom.  He prepared
+next to attack the Chalcedonians, who had revolted from the Athenians,
+and had received a Lacedaemonian governor and garrison.  But having
+intelligence that they had removed their corn and cattle out of the
+fields, and were conveying it all to the Bithynians, who were their
+friends, he drew down his army to the frontier of the Bithynians, and
+then sent a herald to charge them with this proceeding.  The Bithynians,
+terrified at his approach, delivered up to him the booty, and entered
+into alliance with him.
+
+Afterwards he proceeded to the siege of Chalcedon, and enclosed it with
+a wall from sea to sea.  Pharnabazus advanced with his forces to raise
+the siege, and Hippocrates, the governor of the town, at the same time,
+gathering together all the strength he had, made a sally upon the
+Athenians.  Alcibiades divided his army so as to engage them both at
+once, and not only forced Pharnabazus to a dishonorable flight, but
+defeated Hippocrates, and killed him and a number of the soldiers with
+him.  After this he sailed into the Hellespont, in order to raise
+supplies of money, and took the city of Selymbria, in which action,
+through his precipitation, he exposed himself to great danger.  For some
+within the town had undertaken to betray it into his hands, and, by
+agreement, were to give him a signal by a lighted torch about midnight.
+But one of the conspirators beginning to repent himself of the design,
+the rest, for fear of being discovered, were driven to give the signal
+before the appointed hour.  Alcibiades, as soon as he saw the torch
+lifted up in the air, though his army was not in readiness to march, ran
+instantly towards the walls, taking with him about thirty men only, and
+commanding the rest of the army to follow him with all possible speed.
+When he came thither, he found the gate opened for him, and entered with
+his thirty men, and about twenty more light-armed men, who were come up
+to them.  They were no sooner in the city, but he perceived the
+Selymbrians all armed, coming down upon him; so that there was no hope
+of escaping if he stayed to receive them; and, on the other hand, having
+been always successful till that day, wherever he commanded, he could
+not endure to be defeated and fly.  So, requiring silence by sound of a
+trumpet, he commanded one of his men to make proclamation that the
+Selymbrians should not take arms against the Athenians.  This cooled
+such of the inhabitants as were fiercest for the fight, for they
+supposed that all their enemies were within the walls, and it raised the
+hopes of others who were disposed to an accommodation.  Whilst they were
+parleying, and propositions making on one side and the other,
+Alcibiades's whole army came up to the town.  And now, conjecturing
+rightly, that the Selymbrians were well inclined to peace, and fearing
+lest the city might be sacked by the Thracians, who came in great
+numbers to his army to serve as volunteers, out of kindness for him, he
+commanded them all to retreat without the walls.  And upon the
+submission of the Selymbrians, he saved them from being pillaged, only
+taking of them a sum of money, and, after placing an Athenian garrison
+in the town, departed.
+
+During this action, the Athenian captains who besieged Chalcedon
+concluded a treaty with Pharnabazus upon these articles:  that he should
+give them a sum of money; that the Chalcedonians should return to the
+subjection of Athens; and that the Athenians should make no inroad into
+the province whereof Pharnabazus was governor; and Pharnabazus was also
+to provide safe conducts for the Athenian ambassadors to the king of
+Persia.  Afterwards, when Alcibiades returned thither, Pharnabazus
+required that he also should be sworn to the treaty; but he refused it,
+unless Pharnabazus would swear at the same time.  When the treaty was
+sworn to on both sides Alcibiades went against the Byzantines, who had
+revolted from the Athenians, and drew a line of circumvallation about
+the city.  But Anaxilaus and Lycurgus, together with some others, having
+undertaken to betray the city to him upon his engagement to preserve the
+lives and property of the inhabitants, he caused a report to be spread
+abroad, as if, by reason of some unexpected movement in Ionia, he should
+be obliged to raise the siege.  And, accordingly, that day he made a
+show to depart with his whole fleet; but returned the same night, and
+went ashore with all his men at arms, and, silently and undiscovered,
+marched up to the walls.  At the same time, his ships rowed into the
+harbor with all possible violence, coming on with much fury, and with
+great shouts and outcries.  The Byzantines, thus surprised and
+astonished, while they all hurried to the defense of their port and
+shipping, gave opportunity to those who favored the Athenians, securely
+to receive Alcibiades into the city.  Yet the enterprise was not
+accomplished without fighting, for the Peloponnesians, Boeotians, and
+Megarians not only repulsed those who came out of the ships, and forced
+them on board again, but, hearing that the Athenians were entered on
+the other side, drew up in order, and went to meet them.  Alcibiades,
+however, gained the victory after some sharp fighting, in which he
+himself had the command of the right wing, and Theramenes of the left,
+and took about three hundred, who survived of the enemy, prisoners of
+war.  After the battle, not one of the Byzantines was slain, or driven
+out of the city, according to the terms upon which the city was put into
+his hands, that they should receive no prejudice in life or property.
+And thus Anaxilaus, being afterwards accused at Lacedaemon for this
+treason, neither disowned nor professed to be ashamed of the action; for
+he urged that he was not a Lacedaemonian, but a Byzantine and saw not
+Sparta, but Byzantium, in extreme danger; the city so blockaded that it
+was not possible to bring in any new provisions, and the Peloponnesians
+and Boeotians, who were in garrison, devouring the old stores, whilst
+the Byzantines, with their wives and children, were starving; that he
+had not, therefore, betrayed his country to enemies, but had delivered
+it from the calamities of war, and had but followed the example of the
+most worthy Lacedaemonians, who esteemed nothing to be honorable and
+just, but what was profitable for their country.  The Lacedaemonians,
+upon hearing his defense, respected it, and discharged all that were
+accused.
+
+And now Alcibiades began to desire to see his native country again, or
+rather to show his fellow-citizens a person who had gained so many
+victories for them.  He set sail for Athens, the ships that accompanied
+him being adorned with great numbers of shields and other spoils, and
+towing after them many galleys taken from the enemy, and the ensigns and
+ornaments of many others which he had sunk and destroyed; all of them
+together amounting to two hundred.  Little credit, perhaps, can be given
+to what Duris the Samian, who professed to be descended from Alcibiades,
+adds, that Chrysogonus, who had gained a victory at the Pythian games,
+played upon his flute for the galleys, whilst the oars kept time with
+the music; and that Callippides, the tragedian, attired in his buskins,
+his purple robes, and other ornaments used in the theater, gave the word
+to the rowers, and that the admiral galley entered into the port with a
+purple sail.  Neither Theopompus, nor Ephorus, nor Xenophon, mention
+them.  Nor, indeed, is it credible, that one who returned from so long
+an exile, and such variety of misfortunes, should come home to his
+countrymen in the style of revelers breaking up from a drinking-party.
+On the contrary, he entered the harbor full of fear, nor would he
+venture to go on shore, till, standing on the deck, he saw Euryptolemus,
+his cousin, and others of his friends and acquaintance, who were ready
+to receive him, and invited him to land.  As soon as he was landed, the
+multitude who came out to meet him scarcely seemed so much as to see any
+of the other captains, but came in throngs about Alcibiades, and saluted
+him with loud acclamations, and still followed him; those who could
+press near him crowned him with garlands, and they who could not come up
+so close yet stayed to behold him afar off, and the old men pointed him
+out, and showed him to the young ones.  Nevertheless, this public joy
+was mixed with some tears, and the present happiness was allayed by the
+remembrance of the miseries they had endured.  They made reflections,
+that they could not have so unfortunately miscarried in Sicily, or been
+defeated in any of their other expectations, if they had left the
+management of their affairs formerly, and the command of their forces,
+to Alcibiades, since, upon his undertaking the administration, when they
+were in a manner driven from the sea, and could scarce defend the
+suburbs of their city by land, and, at the same time, were miserably
+distracted with intestine factions, he had raised them up from this low
+and deplorable condition, and had not only restored them to their
+ancient dominion of the sea, but had also made them everywhere
+victorious over their enemies on land.
+
+There had been a decree for recalling him from his banishment already
+passed by the people, at the instance of Critias, the son of
+Callaeschrus, as appears by his elegies, in which he puts Alcibiades in
+mind of this service:--
+
+From my proposal did that edict come,
+Which from your tedious exile brought you home;
+The public vote at first was moved by me,
+And my voice put the seal to the decree.
+
+The people being summoned to an assembly, Alcibiades came in amongst
+them, and first bewailed and lamented his own sufferings, and, in gentle
+terms complaining of the usage he had received, imputed all to his hard
+fortune, and some ill genius that attended him:  then he spoke at large
+of their prospects, and exhorted them to courage and good hope.  The
+people crowned him with crowns of gold, and created him general, both at
+land and sea, with absolute power.  They also made a decree that his
+estate should be restored to him, and that the Eumolpidae and the holy
+heralds should absolve him from the curses which they had solemnly
+pronounced against him by sentence of the people.  Which when all the
+rest obeyed, Theodorus, the high-priest, excused himself, "For," said
+he, "if he is innocent, I never cursed him."
+
+But notwithstanding the affairs of Alcibiades went so prosperously, and
+so much to his glory, yet many were still somewhat disturbed, and looked
+upon the time of his arrival to be ominous.  For on the day that he came
+into the port, the feast of the goddess Minerva, which they call the
+Plynteria, was kept.  It is the twenty-fifth day of Thargelion, when the
+Praxiergidae solemnize their secret rites, taking all the ornaments from
+off her image, and keeping the part of the temple where it stands close
+covered.  Hence the Athenians esteem this day most inauspicious and
+never undertake any thing of importance upon it; and, therefore, they
+imagined that the goddess did not receive Alcibiades graciously and
+propitiously, thus hiding her face and rejecting him.  Yet,
+notwithstanding, everything succeeded according to his wish.  When the
+one hundred galleys, that were to return with him, were fitted out and
+ready to sail, an honorable zeal detained him till the celebration of
+the mysteries was over.  For ever since Decelea had been occupied, as
+the enemy commanded the roads leading from Athens to Eleusis, the
+procession, being conducted by sea, had not been performed with any
+proper solemnity; they were forced to omit the sacrifices and dances and
+other holy ceremonies, which had usually been performed in the way, when
+they led forth Iacchus.  Alcibiades, therefore, judged it would be a
+glorious action, which would do honor to the gods and gain him esteem
+with men, if he restored the ancient splendor to these rites, escorting
+the procession again by land, and protecting it with his army in the
+face of the enemy.  For either, if Agis stood still and did not oppose,
+it would very much diminish and obscure his reputation, or, in the other
+alternative, Alcibiades would engage in a holy war, in the cause of the
+gods, and in defense of the most sacred and solemn ceremonies; and this
+in the sight of his country, where he should have all his fellow-
+citizens witnesses of his valor.  As soon as he had resolved upon this
+design, and had communicated it to the Eumolpidae and heralds, he placed
+sentinels on the tops of the hills, and at the break of day sent forth
+his scouts.  And then taking with him the priests and Initiates and the
+Initiators, and encompassing them with his soldiers, he conducted them
+with great order and profound silence; an august and venerable
+procession, wherein all who did not envy him said, he performed at once
+the office of a high-priest and of a general.  The enemy did not dare to
+attempt any thing against them, and thus he brought them back in safety
+to the city.  Upon which, as he was exalted in his own thought, so the
+opinion which the people had of his conduct was raised to that degree,
+that they looked upon their armies as irresistible and invincible while
+he commanded them; and he so won, indeed, upon the lower and meaner sort
+of people, that they passionately desired to have him "tyrant" over
+them, and some of them did not scruple to tell him so, and to advise him
+to put himself out of the reach of envy, by abolishing the laws and
+ordinances of the people, and suppressing the idle talkers that were
+ruining the state, that so he might act and take upon him the management
+of affairs, without standing in fear of being called to an account.
+
+How far his own inclinations led him to usurp sovereign power, is
+uncertain, but the most considerable persons in the city were so much
+afraid of it, that they hastened him on ship-board as speedily as they
+could, appointing the colleagues whom he chose, and allowing him all
+other things as he desired.  Thereupon he set sail with a fleet of one
+hundred ships, and, arriving at Andros, he there fought with and
+defeated as well the inhabitants as the Lacedaemonians who assisted
+them.  He did not, however, take the city; which gave the first occasion
+to his enemies for all their accusations against him.  Certainly, if
+ever man was ruined by his own glory, it was Alcibiades.  For his
+continual success had produced such an idea of his courage and conduct,
+that, if he failed in anything he undertook, it was imputed to his
+neglect, and no one would believe it was through want of power.  For
+they thought nothing was too hard for him, if he went about it in good
+earnest.  They fancied, every day, that they should hear news of the
+reduction of Chios, and of the rest of Ionia, and grew impatient that
+things were not effected as fast and as rapidly as they could wish for
+them.  They never considered how extremely money was wanting, and that,
+having to carry on war with an enemy who had supplies of all things from
+a great king, he was often forced to quit his armament, in order to
+procure money and provisions for the subsistence of his soldiers.  This
+it was which gave occasion for the last accusation which was made
+against him.  For Lysander, being sent from Lacedaemon with a commission
+to be admiral of their fleet, and being furnished by Cyrus with a great
+sum of money, gave every sailor four obols a day, whereas before they
+had but three.  Alcibiades could hardly allow his men three obols, and
+therefore was constrained to go into Caria to furnish himself with
+money.  He left the care of the fleet, in his absence, to Antiochus, an
+experienced seaman, but rash and inconsiderate, who had express orders
+from Alcibiades not to engage, though the enemy provoked him.  But he
+slighted and disregarded these directions to that degree, that, having
+made ready his own galley and another, he stood for Ephesus, where the
+enemy lay, and, as he sailed before the heads of their galleys, used
+every provocation possible, both in words and deeds.  Lysander at first
+manned out a few ships, and pursued him.  But all the Athenian ships
+coming in to his assistance, Lysander, also, brought up his whole fleet,
+which gained an entire victory.  He slew Antiochus himself, took many
+men and ships, and erected a trophy.
+
+As soon as Alcibiades heard this news, he returned to Samos, and loosing
+from thence with his whole fleet, came and offered battle to Lysander.
+But Lysander, content with the victory he had gained, would not stir.
+Amongst others in the army who hated Alcibiades, Thrasybulus, the son of
+Thrason, was his particular enemy, and went purposely to Athens to
+accuse him, and to exasperate his enemies in the city against him.
+Addressing the people, he represented that Alcibiades had ruined their
+affairs and lost their ships by mere self-conceited neglect of his
+duties, committing the government of the army, in his absence, to men
+who gained his favor by drinking and scurrilous talking, whilst he
+wandered up and down at pleasure to raise money, giving himself up to
+every sort of luxury and excess amongst the courtesans of Abydos and
+Ionia, at a time when the enemy's navy were on the watch close at hand.
+It was also objected to him, that he had fortified a castle near
+Bisanthe in Thrace, for a safe retreat for himself, as one that either
+could not, or would not, live in his own country.  The Athenians gave
+credit to these informations, and showed the resentment and displeasure
+which they had conceived against him, by choosing other generals.
+
+As soon as Alcibiades heard of this, he immediately forsook the army,
+afraid of what might follow; and, collecting a body of mercenary
+soldiers, made war upon his own account against those Thracians who
+called themselves free, and acknowledged no king.  By this means he
+amassed to himself a considerable treasure, and, at the same time,
+secured the bordering Greeks from the incursions of the barbarians.
+
+Tydeus, Menander, and Adimantus, the new-made generals, were at that
+time posted at Aegospotami, with all the ships which the Athenians had
+left.  From whence they were used to go out to sea every morning, and
+offer battle to Lysander, who lay near Lampsacus; and when they had done
+so, returning back again, lay, all the rest of the day, carelessly and
+without order, in contempt of the enemy.  Alcibiades, who was not far
+off, did not think so slightly of their danger, nor neglect to let them
+know it, but, mounting his horse, came to the generals, and represented
+to them that they had chosen a very inconvenient station, where there
+was no safe harbor, and where they were distant from any town; so that
+they were constrained to send for their necessary provisions as far as
+Sestos.  He also pointed out to them their carelessness in suffering the
+soldiers, when they went ashore, to disperse and wander up and down at
+their pleasure, while the enemy's fleet, under the command of one
+general, and strictly obedient to discipline, lay so very near them.  He
+advised them to remove the fleet to Sestos.  But the admirals not only
+disregarded what he said, but Tydeus, with insulting expressions;
+commanded him to be gone, saying, that now not he, but others, had the
+command of the forces.  Alcibiades, suspecting something of treachery in
+them, departed, and told his friends, who accompanied him out of the
+camp, that if the generals had not used him with such insupportable
+contempt, he would within a few days have forced the Lacedaemonians,
+however unwilling, either to have fought the Athenians at sea, or to
+have deserted their ships.  Some looked upon this as a piece of
+ostentation only; others said, the thing was probable, for that he might
+have brought down by land great numbers of the Thracian cavalry and
+archers, to assault and disorder them in their camp.  The event
+however, soon made it evident how rightly he had judged of the errors
+which the Athenians committed.  For Lysander fell upon them on a sudden,
+when they least suspected it, with such fury that Conon alone, with
+eight galleys, escaped him; all the rest, which were about two hundred,
+he took and carried away, together with three thousand prisoners, whom
+he put to death.  And within a short time after, he took Athens itself,
+burnt all the ships which he found there, and demolished their long
+walls.
+
+After this, Alcibiades, standing in dread of the Lacedaemonians, who
+were now masters both at sea and land, retired into Bithynia.  He sent
+thither great treasure before him, took much with him, but left much
+more in the castle where he had before resided.  But he lost great part
+of his wealth in Bithynia, being robbed by some Thracians who lived in
+those parts, and thereupon determined to go to the court of Artaxerxes,
+not doubting but that the king, if he would make trial of his abilities,
+would find him not inferior to Themistocles, besides that he was
+recommended by a more honorable cause.  For he went, not as Themistocles
+did, to offer his service against his fellow-citizens, but against their
+enemies, and to implore the king's aid for the defense of his country.
+He concluded that Pharnabazus would most readily procure him a safe
+conduct, and therefore went into Phrygia to him, and continued to dwell
+there some time, paying him great respect, and being honorably treated
+by him.  The Athenians, in the meantime, were miserably afflicted at
+their loss of empire, but when they were deprived of liberty also, and
+Lysander set up thirty despotic rulers in the city, in their ruin now
+they began to turn to those thoughts which, while safety was yet
+possible, they would not entertain; they acknowledged and bewailed their
+former errors and follies, and judged this second ill-usage of
+Alcibiades to be of all the most inexcusable.  For he was rejected,
+without any fault committed by himself; and only because they were
+incensed against his subordinate for having shamefully lost a few ships,
+they much more shamefully deprived the commonwealth of its most valiant
+and accomplished general.  Yet in this sad state of affairs, they had
+still some faint hopes left them, nor would they utterly despair of the
+Athenian commonwealth, while Alcibiades was safe.  For they persuaded
+themselves that if before, when he was an exile, he could not content
+himself to live idly and at ease, much less now, if he could find any
+favorable opportunity, would he endure the insolence of the
+Lacedaemonians, and the outrages of the Thirty.  Nor was it an absurd
+thing in the people to entertain such imaginations, when the Thirty
+themselves were so very solicitous to be informed and to get
+intelligence of all his actions and designs.  In fine, Critias
+represented to Lysander that the Lacedaemonians could never securely
+enjoy the dominion of Greece, till the Athenian democracy was absolutely
+destroyed; and though now the people of Athens seemed quietly and
+patiently to submit to so small a number of governors, yet so long as
+Alcibiades lived, the knowledge of this fact would never suffer them to
+acquiesce in their present circumstances.
+
+Yet Lysander would not be prevailed upon by these representations, till
+at last he received secret orders from the magistrates of Lacedaemon,
+expressly requiring him to get Alcibiades dispatched:  whether it was
+that they feared his energy and boldness in enterprising what was
+hazardous, or that it was done to gratify king Agis.  Upon receipt of
+this order, Lysander sent away a messenger to Pharnabazus, desiring him
+to put it in execution.  Pharnabazus committed the affair to Magaeus,
+his brother, and to his uncle Susamithres.  Alcibiades resided at that
+time in a small village in Phrygia, together with Timandra, a mistress
+of his.  As he slept, he had this dream:  he thought himself attired in
+his mistress's habit, and that she, holding him in her arms, dressed his
+head and painted his face as if he had been a woman; others say, he
+dreamed that he saw Magaeus cut off his head and burn his body; at any
+rate, it was but a little while before his death that he had these
+visions.  Those who were sent to assassinate him had not courage enough
+to enter the house, but surrounded it first, and set it on fire.
+Alcibiades, as soon as he perceived it, getting together great
+quantities of clothes and furniture, threw them upon the fire to choke
+it, and, having wrapped his cloak about his left arm, and holding his
+naked sword in his right, he cast himself into the middle of the fire,
+and escaped securely through it, before his clothes were burnt.  The
+barbarians, as soon as they saw him, retreated, and none of them durst
+stay to expect him, or to engage with him, but, standing at a distance,
+they slew him with their darts and arrows.  When he was dead, the
+barbarians departed, and Timandra took up his dead body, and, covering
+and wrapping it up in her own robes, she buried it as decently and as
+honorably as her circumstances would allow.  It is said, that the famous
+Lais, who was called the Corinthian, though she was a native of Hyccara,
+a small town in Sicily, from whence she was brought a captive, was the
+daughter of this Timandra.  There are some who agree with this account
+of Alcibiades's death in all points, except that they impute the cause
+of it neither to Pharnabazus, nor Lysander, nor the Lacedaemonians:
+but, they say, he was keeping with him a young lady of a noble house,
+whom he had debauched, and that her brothers, not being able to endure
+the indignity, set fire by night to the house where he was living, and,
+as he endeavored to save himself from the flames, slew him with their
+darts, in the manner just related.
+
+
+
+CORIOLANUS
+
+The patrician house of the Marcii in Rome produced many men of
+distinction, and among the rest, Ancus Marcius, grandson to Numa by his
+daughter, and king after Tullus Hostilius.  Of the same family were also
+Publius and Quintus Marcius, which two conveyed into the city the best
+and most abundant supply of water they have at Rome.  As likewise
+Censorinus, who, having been twice chosen censor by the people,
+afterwards himself induced them to make a law that nobody should bear
+that office twice.  But Caius Marcius, of whom I now write, being left
+an orphan, and brought up under the widowhood of his mother, has shown
+us by experience, that, although the early loss of a father may be
+attended with other disadvantages, yet it can hinder none from being
+either virtuous or eminent in the world, and that it is no obstacle to
+true goodness and excellence; however bad men may be pleased to lay the
+blame of their corruptions upon that misfortune and the neglect of them
+in their minority.  Nor is he less an evidence to the truth of their
+opinion, who conceive that a generous and worthy nature without proper
+discipline, like a rich soil without culture, is apt, with its better
+fruits, to produce also much that is bad and faulty.  While the force
+and vigor of his soul, and a persevering constancy in all he undertook,
+led him successfully into many noble achievements, yet, on the other
+side, also, by indulging the vehemence of his passion, and through all
+obstinate reluctance to yield or accommodate his humors and sentiments
+to those of people about him, he rendered himself incapable of acting
+and associating with others.  Those who saw with admiration how proof
+his nature was against all the softnesses of pleasure, the hardships of
+service, and the allurements of gain, while allowing to that universal
+firmness of his the respective names of temperance, fortitude, and
+justice, yet, in the life of the citizen and the statesman, could not
+choose but be disgusted at the severity and ruggedness of his
+deportment, and with his overbearing, haughty, and imperious temper.
+Education and study, and the favors of the muses, confer no greater
+benefit on those that seek them, than these humanizing and civilizing
+lessons, which teach our natural qualities to submit to the limitations
+prescribed by reason, and to avoid the wildness of extremes.
+
+Those were times at Rome in which that kind of worth was most esteemed
+which displayed itself in military achievements; one evidence of which
+we find in the Latin word for virtue, which is properly equivalent to
+manly courage.  As if valor and all virtue had been the same thing, they
+used as the common term the name of the particular excellence.  But
+Marcius, having a more passionate inclination than any of that age for
+feats of war, began at once, from his very childhood, to handle arms;
+and feeling that adventitious implements and artificial arms would
+effect little, and be of small use to such as have not their native and
+natural weapons well fixed and prepared for service, he so exercised and
+inured his body to all sorts of activity and encounter, that, besides
+the lightness of a racer, he had a weight in close seizures and
+wrestlings with an enemy, from which it was hard for any to disengage
+himself; so that his competitors at home in displays of bravery, loath
+to own themselves inferior in that respect, were wont to ascribe their
+deficiencies to his strength of body, which they said no resistance and
+no fatigue could exhaust.
+
+The first time he went out to the wars, being yet a stripling, was when
+Tarquinius Superbus, who had been king of Rome and was afterwards
+expelled, after many unsuccessful attempts, now entered upon his last
+effort, and proceeded to hazard all as it were upon a single throw.  A
+great number of the Latins and other people of Italy joined their
+forces, and were marching with him toward the city, to procure his
+restoration; not, however, so much out of a desire to serve and
+oblige Tarquin, as to gratify their own fear and envy at the increase of
+the Roman greatness, which they were anxious to check and reduce.  The
+armies met and engaged in a decisive battle, in the vicissitudes of
+which, Marcius, while fighting bravely in the dictator's presence, saw a
+Roman soldier struck down at a little distance, and immediately stepped
+in and stood before him, and slew his assailant.  The general, after
+having gained the victory, crowned him for this act, one of the first,
+with a garland of oaken branches; it being the Roman custom thus to
+adorn those who had saved the life of a citizen; whether that the law
+intended some special honor to the oak, in memory of the Arcadians, a
+people the oracle had made famous by the name of acorn-eaters; or
+whether the reason of it was because they might easily, and in all
+places where they fought, have plenty of oak for that purpose; or,
+finally, whether the oaken wreath, being sacred to Jupiter, the guardian
+of the city, might, therefore, be thought a propel ornament for one who
+preserved a citizen.  And the oak, in truth, is the tree which bears the
+most and the prettiest fruit of any that grow wild, and is the strongest
+of all that are under cultivation; its acorns were the principal diet of
+the first mortals, and the honey found in it gave them drink.  I may
+say, too, it furnished fowl and other creatures as dainties, in
+producing mistletoe for birdlime to ensnare them.  In this battle,
+meantime, it is stated that Castor and Pollux appeared, and, immediately
+after the battle, were seen at Rome just by the fountain where their
+temple now stands, with their horses foaming with sweat, and told the
+news of the victory to the people in the Forum.  The fifteenth of July,
+being the day of this conquest, became consequently a solemn holiday
+sacred to the Twin Brothers.
+
+It may be observed in general, that when young men arrive early at fame
+and repute, if they are of a nature but slightly touched with emulation,
+this early attainment is apt to extinguish their thirst and satiate
+their small appetite; whereas the first distinctions of more solid and
+weighty characters do but stimulate and quicken them and take them away,
+like a wind, in the pursuit of honor; they look upon these marks and
+testimonies to their virtue not as a recompense received for what they
+have already done, but as a pledge given by themselves of what they will
+perform hereafter, ashamed now to forsake or underlive the credit they
+have won, or, rather, not to exceed and obscure all that is gone before
+by the luster of their following actions.  Marcius, having a spirit of
+this noble make, was ambitious always to surpass himself, and did
+nothing, how extraordinary soever, but he thought he was bound to outdo
+it at the next occasion; and ever desiring to give continual fresh
+instances of his prowess he added one exploit to another, and heaped up
+trophies upon trophies, so as to make it a matter of contest also among
+his commanders, the later still vying with the earlier, which should
+pay him the greatest honor and speak highest in his commendation.  Of
+all the numerous wars and conflicts in those days, there was not one
+from which he returned without laurels and rewards.  And, whereas others
+made glory the end of their daring, the end of his glory was his
+mother's gladness; the delight she took to hear him praised and to see
+him crowned, and her weeping for joy in his embraces, rendered him, in
+his own thoughts, the most honored and most happy person in the world.
+Epaminondas is similarly said to have acknowledged his feeling, that it
+was the greatest felicity of his whole life that his father and mother
+survived to hear of his successful generalship and his victory at
+Leuctra.  And he had the advantage, indeed, to have both his parents
+partake with him, and enjoy the pleasure of his good fortune.  But
+Marcius, believing himself bound to pay his mother Volumnia all that
+gratitude and duty which would have belonged to his father, had he also
+been alive, could never satiate himself in his tenderness and respect to
+her.  He took a wife, also, at her request and wish, and continued, even
+after he had children, to live still with his mother, without parting
+families.
+
+The repute of his integrity and courage had, by this time, gained him a
+considerable influence and authority in Rome, when the senate, favoring
+the wealthier citizens, began to be at variance with the common people,
+who made sad complaints of the rigorous and inhuman usage they received
+from the money-lenders.  For as many as were behind with them, and had
+any sort of property, they stripped of all they had, by the way of
+pledges and sales; and such as through former exactions were reduced
+already to extreme indigence, and had nothing more to be deprived of,
+these they led away in person and put their bodies under constraint,
+notwithstanding the scars and wounds that they could show in attestation
+of their public services in numerous campaigns; the last of which had
+been against the Sabines, which they undertook upon a promise made by
+their rich creditors that they would treat them with more gentleness for
+the future, Marcus Valerius, the consul, having, by order from the
+senate, engaged also for the performance of it.  But when, after they
+had fought courageously and beaten the enemy, there was, nevertheless,
+no moderation or forbearance used, and the senate also professed to
+remember nothing of that agreement, and sat without testifying the least
+concern to see them dragged away like slaves and their goods seized upon
+as formerly, there began now to be open disorders and dangerous meetings
+in the city; and the enemy, also, aware of the popular confusion,
+invaded and laid waste the country.  And when the consuls now gave
+notice, that all who were of an age to bear arms should make their
+personal appearance, but found no one regard the summons, the members of
+the government, then coming to consult what course should be taken,
+were themselves again divided in opinion:  some thought it most
+advisable to comply a little in favor of the poor, by relaxing their
+overstrained rights, and mitigating the extreme rigor of the law, while
+others withstood this proposal; Marcius in particular, with more
+vehemence than the rest, alleging that the business of money on either
+side was not the main thing in question, urged that this disorderly
+proceeding was but the first insolent step towards open revolt against
+the laws, which it would become the wisdom of the government to check at
+the earliest moment.
+
+There had been frequent assemblies of the whole senate, within a small
+compass of time, about this difficulty, but without any certain issue;
+the poor commonalty, therefore, perceiving there was likely to be no
+redress of their grievances, on a sudden collected in a body, and,
+encouraging each other in their resolution, forsook the city with one
+accord and seizing the hill which is now called the Holy Mount, sat down
+by the river Anio, without committing any sort of violence or seditious
+outrage, but merely exclaiming, as they went along, that they had this
+long time past been, in fact, expelled and excluded from the city by the
+cruelty of the rich; that Italy would everywhere afford them the benefit
+of air and water and a place of burial, which was all they could expect
+in the city, unless it were, perhaps, the privilege of being wounded and
+killed in time of war for the defense of their creditors.  The senate,
+apprehending the consequences, sent the most moderate and popular men of
+their own order to treat with them.
+
+Menenius Agrippa, their chief spokesman, after much entreaty to the
+people, and much plain speaking on behalf of the senate, concluded, at
+length, with the celebrated fable.  "It once happened," he said, "that
+all the other members of a man mutinied against the stomach, which they
+accused as the only idle, uncontributing part in the whole body, while
+the rest were put to hardships and the expense of much labor to supply
+and minister to its appetites.  The stomach, however, merely ridiculed
+the silliness of the members, who appeared not to be aware that the
+stomach certainly does receive the general nourishment, but only to
+return it again, and redistribute it amongst the rest.  Such is the
+case," he said, "ye citizens, between you and the senate.  The counsels
+and plans that are there duly digested, convey and secure to all of you,
+your proper benefit and support."
+
+A reconciliation ensued, the senate acceding to the request of the
+people for the annual election of five protectors for those in need of
+succor, the same that are now called the tribunes of the people; and the
+first two they pitched upon were Junius Brutus and Sicinnius Vellutus,
+their leaders in the secession.
+
+The city being thus united, the commons stood presently to their arms,
+and followed their commanders to the war with great alacrity.  As for
+Marcius, though he was not a little vexed himself to see the populace
+prevail so far and gain ground of the senators, and might observe many
+other patricians have the same dislike of the late concessions, he yet
+besought them not to yield at least to the common people in the zeal and
+forwardness they now allowed for their country's service, but to prove
+that they were superior to them, not so much in power and riches as in
+merit and worth.
+
+The Romans were now at war with the Volscian nation, whose principal
+city was Corioli; when, therefore, Cominius the consul had invested this
+important place, the rest of the Volscians, fearing it would be taken,
+mustered up whatever force they could from all parts, to relieve it,
+designing to give the Romans battle before the city, and so attack them
+on both sides.  Cominius, to avoid this inconvenience, divided his army,
+marching himself with one body to encounter the Volscians on their
+approach from without, and leaving Titus Lartius, one of the bravest
+Romans of his time, to command the other and continue the siege.  Those
+within Corioli, despising now the smallness of their number, made a
+sally upon them, and prevailed at first, and pursued the Romans into
+their trenches.  Here it was that Marcius, flying out with a slender
+company, and cutting those in pieces that first engaged him, obliged the
+other assailants to slacken their speed; and then, with loud cries,
+called upon the Romans to renew the battle.  For he had, what Cato
+thought a great point in a soldier, not only strength of hand and
+stroke, but also a voice and look that of themselves were a terror to an
+enemy.  Divers of his own party now rallying and making up to him, the
+enemies soon retreated; but Marcius, not content to see them draw off
+and retire, pressed hard upon the rear, and drove them, as they fled
+away in haste, to the very gates of their city; where, perceiving the
+Romans to fall back from their pursuit, beaten off by the multitude of
+darts poured in upon them from the walls, and that none of his followers
+had the hardiness to think of falling in pellmell among the fugitives
+and so entering a city full of enemies in arms, he, nevertheless, stood
+and urged them to the attempt, crying out, that fortune had now set open
+Corioli, not so much to shelter the vanquished, as to receive the
+conquerors.  Seconded by a few that were willing to venture with him, he
+bore along through the crowd, made good his passage, and thrust himself
+into the gate through the midst of them, nobody at first daring to
+resist him.  But when the citizens, on looking about, saw that a very
+small number had entered, they now took courage, and came up and
+attacked them.  A combat ensued of the most extraordinary description,
+in which Marcius, by strength of hand, and swiftness of foot, and daring
+of soul, overpowering every one that he assailed, succeeded in driving
+the enemy to seek refuge, for the most part, in the interior of the
+town, while the remainder submitted, and threw down their arms; thus
+affording Lartius abundant opportunity to bring in the rest of the
+Romans with ease and safety.
+
+Corioli being thus surprised and taken, the greater part of the soldiers
+employed themselves in spoiling and pillaging it, while Marcius
+indignantly reproached them, and exclaimed that it was a dishonorable
+and unworthy thing, when the consul and their fellow-citizens had now
+perhaps encountered the other Volscians, and were hazarding their lives
+in battle, basely to misspend the time in running up and down for booty,
+and, under a pretense of enriching themselves, keep out of danger.  Few
+paid him any attention, but, putting himself at the head of these, he
+took the road by which the consul's army had marched before him,
+encouraging his companions, and beseeching them, as they went along, not
+to give up, and praying often to the gods, too, that he might be so happy
+as to arrive before the fight was over, and come seasonably up to assist
+Cominius, and partake in the peril of the action.
+
+It was customary with the Romans of that age, when they were moving into
+battle array, and were on the point of taking up their bucklers, and
+girding their coats about them, to make at the same time an unwritten
+will, or verbal testament, and to name who should be their heirs, in the
+hearing of three or four witnesses.  In this precise posture Marcius
+found them at his arrival, the enemy being advanced within view.
+
+They were not a little disturbed by his first appearance, seeing him
+covered with blood and sweat, and attended with a small train; but when
+he hastily made up to the consul with gladness in his looks, giving him
+his hand, and recounting to him how the city had been taken, and when
+they saw Cominius also embrace and salute him, every one took fresh
+heart; those that were near enough hearing, and those that were at a
+distance guessing, what had happened; and all cried out to be led to
+battle.  First, however, Marcius desired to know of him how the
+Volscians had arrayed their army, and where they had placed their best
+men, and on his answering that he took the troops of the Antiates in the
+center to be their prime warriors, that would yield to none in bravery,
+"Let me then demand and obtain of you," said Marcius, "that we may be
+posted against them."  The consul granted the request, with much
+admiration of his gallantry.  And when the conflict began by the
+soldiers darting at each other, and Marcius sallied out before the rest,
+the Volscians opposed to him were not able to make head against him;
+wherever he fell in, he broke their ranks, and made a lane through them;
+but the parties turning again, and enclosing him on each side with their
+weapons, the consul, who observed the danger he was in, dispatched some
+of the choicest men he had for his rescue.  The conflict then growing
+warm and sharp about Marcius, and many falling dead in a little space,
+the Romans bore so hard upon the enemies, and pressed them with such
+violence, that they forced them at length to abandon their ground, and
+to quit the field.  And, going now to prosecute the victory, they
+besought Marcius, tired out with his toils, and faint and heavy through
+the loss of blood, that he would retire to the camp.  He replied,
+however, that weariness was not for conquerors, and joined with them in
+the pursuit.  The rest of the Volscian army was in like manner defeated,
+great numbers killed, and no less taken captive.
+
+The day after, when Marcius, with the rest of the army, presented
+themselves at the consul's tent, Cominius rose, and having rendered all
+due acknowledgment to the gods for the success of that enterprise,
+turned next to Marcius, and first of all delivered the strongest
+encomium upon his rare exploits, which he had partly been an eyewitness
+of himself, in the late battle, and had partly learned from the
+testimony of Lartius.  And then he required him to choose a tenth part
+of all the treasure and horses and captives that had fallen into their
+hands, before any division should be made to others; besides which, he
+made him the special present of a horse with trappings and ornaments, in
+honor of his actions.  The whole army applauded; Marcius, however,
+stepped forth, and declaring his thankful acceptance of the horse, and
+his gratification at the praises of his general, said, that all other
+things, which he could only regard rather as mercenary advantages than
+any significations of honor, he must waive, and should be content with
+the ordinary proportion of such rewards.  "I have only," said he; "one
+special grace to beg, and this I hope you will not deny me.  There was a
+certain hospitable friend of mine among the Volscians, a man of probity
+and virtue, who is become a prisoner, and from former wealth and freedom
+is now reduced to servitude.  Among his many misfortunes let my
+intercession redeem him from the one of being sold as a common slave."
+Such a refusal and such a request on the part of Marcius were followed
+with yet louder acclamations; and he had many more admirers of this
+generous superiority to avarice, than of the bravery he had shown in
+battle.  The very persons who conceived some envy and despite to see him
+so specially honored, could not but acknowledge, that one who so nobly
+could refuse reward, was beyond others worthy to receive it; and were
+more charmed with that virtue which made him despise advantage, than
+with any of those former actions that had gained him his title to it.
+It is the hither accomplishment to use money well than to use arms; but
+not to need it is more noble than to use it.
+
+When the noise of approbation and applause ceased, Cominius, resuming,
+said, "It is idle, fellow-soldiers, to force and obtrude those other
+gifts of ours on one who is unwilling to accept them ; let us,
+therefore, give him one of such a kind that he cannot well reject it;
+let us pass a vote, I mean, that he shall hereafter be called
+Coriolanus, unless you think that his performance at Corioli has itself
+anticipated any such resolution."  Hence, therefore, he had his third
+name of Coriolanus, making it all the plainer that Caius was a personal
+proper name, and the second, or surname, Marcius, one common to his
+house and family; the third being a subsequent addition which used to be
+imposed either from some particular act or fortune, bodily
+characteristic, or good quality of the bearer.  Just as the Greeks, too,
+gave additional names in old time, in some cases from some achievement,
+Soter, for example, and Callinicus; or personal appearance, as Physcon
+and Grypus; good qualities, Euergetes and Philadelphus; good fortune,
+Eudaemon, the title of the second Battus.  Several monarchs have also
+had names given them in mockery, as Antigonus was called Doson, and
+Ptolemy, Lathyrus.  This sort of title was yet more common among the
+Romans.  One of the Metelli was surnamed Diadematus, because he walked
+about for a long time with a bandage on his head, to conceal a scar; and
+another, of the same family, got the name of Celer, from the rapidity he
+displayed in giving a funeral entertainment of gladiators within a few
+days after his father's death, his speed and energy in doing which was
+thought extraordinary.  There are some, too, who even at this day take
+names from certain casual incidents at their nativity; a child that is
+born when his father is away from home is called Proculus; or Postumus,
+if after his decease; and when twins come into the world, and one dies
+at the birth, the survivor has the name of Vopiscus.  From bodily
+peculiarities they derive not only their Syllas and Nigers, but their
+Caeci and Claudii; wisely endeavoring to accustom their people not to
+reckon either the loss of sight, or any other bodily misfortune, as a
+matter of disgrace to them, but to answer to such names without shame,
+as if they were really their own.  But this discussion better befits
+another place.
+
+The war against the Volscians was no sooner at an end, than the popular
+orators revived domestic troubles, and raised another sedition, without
+any new cause of complaint or just grievance to proceed upon, but
+merely turning the very mischiefs that unavoidably ensued from their
+former contests into a pretext against the patricians.  The greatest
+part of their arable land had been left unsown and without tillage, and
+the time of war allowing them no means or leisure to import provision
+from other countries, there was an extreme scarcity.  The movers of the
+people then observing, that there was no corn to be bought, and that, if
+there had been, they had no money to buy it, began to calumniate the
+wealthy with false stories, and whisper it about, as if they, out of
+malice, had purposely contrived the famine.  Meanwhile, there came an
+embassy from the Velitrani, proposing to deliver up their city to the
+Romans, and desiring they would send some new inhabitants to people it,
+as a late pestilential disease had swept away so many of the natives,
+that there was hardly a tenth part remaining of their whole community.
+This necessity of the Velitrani was considered by all more prudent
+people as most opportune in the present state of affairs; since the
+dearth made it needful to ease the city of its superfluous members, and
+they were in hope also, at the same time, to dissipate the gathering
+sedition by ridding themselves of the more violent and heated partisans,
+and discharging, so to say, the elements of disease and disorder in the
+state.  The consuls, therefore, singled out such citizens to supply the
+desolation at Velitrae, and gave notice to others, that they should be
+ready to march against the Volscians, with the politic design of
+preventing intestine broils by employment abroad, and in the hope, that
+when rich as well as poor, plebeians and patricians, should be mingled
+again in the same army and the same camp, and engage in one common
+service for the public, it would mutually dispose them to reconciliation
+and friendship.
+
+But Sicinnius and Brutus, the popular orators, interposed, crying out,
+that the consuls disguised the most cruel and barbarous action in the
+world under that mild and plausible name of a colony, and were simply
+precipitating so many poor citizens into a mere pit of destruction,
+bidding them settle down in a country where the air was charged with
+disease, and the ground covered with dead bodies, and expose themselves
+to the evil influence of a strange and angered deity.  And then, as if
+it would not satisfy their hatred to destroy some by hunger, and offer
+others to the mercy of a plague, they must proceed to involve them also
+in a needless war of their own making, that no calamity might be
+wanting to complete the punishment of the citizens for refusing to
+submit to that of slavery to the rich.
+
+By such addresses, the people were so possessed, that none of them would
+appear upon the consular summons to be enlisted for the war; and they
+showed entire aversion to the proposal for a new plantation; so that the
+senate was at a loss what to say or do.  But Marcius, who began now to
+bear himself higher and to feel confidence in his past actions,
+conscious, too, of the admiration of the best and greatest men of Rome,
+openly took the lead in opposing the favorers of the people.  The colony
+was dispatched to Velitrae, those that were chosen by lot being
+compelled to depart upon high penalties; and when they obstinately
+persisted in refusing to enroll themselves for the Volscian service, he
+mustered up his own clients, and as many others as could be wrought upon
+by persuasion, and with these made an inroad into the territories of the
+Antiates, where, finding a considerable quantity of corn, and collecting
+much booty, both of cattle and prisoners, he reserved nothing for
+himself in private, but returned safe to Rome, while those that ventured
+out with him were seen laden with pillage, and driving their prey before
+them.  This sight filled those that had stayed at home with regret for
+their perverseness, with envy at their fortunate fellow-citizens, and
+with feelings of dislike to Marcius, and hostility to his growing
+reputation and power, which might probably be used against the popular
+interest.
+
+Not long after he stood for the consulship; when, however, the people
+began to relent and incline to favor him, being sensible what a shame it
+would be to repulse and affront a man of his birth and merit, after he
+had done them so many signal services.  It was usual for those who stood
+for offices among them to solicit and address themselves personally to
+the citizens, presenting themselves in the forum with the toga on alone,
+and no tunic under it; either to promote their supplications by the
+humility of their dress, or that such as had received wounds might more
+readily display those marks of their fortitude.  Certainly, it was not
+out of suspicion of bribery and corruption that they required all such
+petitioners for their favor to appear ungirt and open, without any close
+garment; as it was much later, and many ages after this, that buying and
+selling crept in at their elections, and money became an ingredient in
+the public suffrages; proceeding thence to attempt their tribunals, and
+even attack their camps, till, by hiring the valiant, and enslaving iron
+to silver, it grew master of the state, and turned their commonwealth
+into a monarchy.  For it was well and truly said that the first
+destroyer of the liberties of a people is he who first gave them
+bounties and largesses.  At Rome the mischief seems to have stolen
+secretly in, and by little and little, not being at once discerned and
+taken notice of.  It is not certainly known who the man was that did
+there first either bribe the citizens, or corrupt the courts; whereas,
+in Athens, Anytus, the son of Anthemion, is said to have been the first
+that gave money to the judges, when on his trial, toward the latter end
+of the Peloponnesian war, for letting the fort of Pylos fall into the
+hands of the enemy; in a period while the pure and golden race of men
+were still in possession of the Roman forum.
+
+Marcius, therefore, as the fashion of candidates was showing the scars
+and gashes that were still visible on his body, from the many conflicts
+in which he had signalized himself during a service of seventeen years
+together they were, so to say, put out of countenance at this display of
+merit, and told one another that they ought in common modesty to create
+him consul.  But when the day of election was now come, and Marcius
+appeared in the forum, with a pompous train of senators attending him;
+and the patricians all manifested greater concern, and seemed to be
+exerting greater efforts, than they had ever done before on the like
+occasion, the commons then fell off again from the kindness they had
+conceived for him, and in the place of their late benevolence, began to
+feel something of indignation and envy; passions assisted by the fear
+they entertained, that if a man of such aristocratic temper, and so
+influential among the patricians, should be invested with the power
+which that office would give him, he might employ it to deprive the
+people of all that liberty which was yet left them.  In conclusion, they
+rejected Marcius.  Two other names were announced, to the great
+mortification of the senators, who felt as if the indignity reflected
+rather upon themselves than on Marcius.  He, for his part, could not
+bear the affront with any patience.  He had always indulged his temper,
+and had regarded the proud and contentious element of human nature as a
+sort of nobleness and magnanimity; reason and discipline had not imbued
+him with that solidity and equanimity which enters so largely into the
+virtues of the statesman.  He had never learned how essential it is for
+any one who undertakes public business, and desires to deal with
+mankind, to avoid above all things that self-will, which, as Plato says,
+belongs to the family of solitude; and to pursue, above all things, that
+capacity so generally ridiculed, of submission to ill treatment.
+Marcius, straightforward and direct, and possessed with the idea that to
+vanquish and overbear all apposition is the true part of bravery, and
+never imagining that it was the weakness and womanishness of his nature
+that broke out, so to say, in these ulcerations of anger, retired, full
+of fury and bitterness against the people.  The young patricians, too,
+all that were proudest and most conscious of their noble birth, had
+always been devoted to his interest, and, adhering to him now, with a
+fidelity that did him no good, aggravated his resentment with the
+expression of their indignation and condolence.  He had been their
+captain, and their willing instructor in the arts of war, when out upon
+expeditions, and their model in that true emulation and love of
+excellence which makes men extol, without envy or jealousy, each other's
+brave achievements.
+
+In the midst of these distempers, a large quantity of corn reached Rome,
+a great part bought up in Italy, but an equal amount sent as a present
+from Syracuse, from Gelo, then reigning there.  Many began now to hope
+well of their affairs, supposing the city, by this means, would be
+delivered at once, both of its want and discord.  A council, therefore,
+being presently held, the people came flocking about the senate-house,
+eagerly awaiting the issue of that deliberation, expecting that the
+market prices would now be less cruel, and that what had come as a gift
+would be distributed as such.  There were some within who so advised the
+senate; but Marcius, standing up, sharply inveighed against those who
+spoke in favor of the multitude, calling them flatterers of the rabble
+traitors to the nobility, and alleging, that, by such gratifications,
+they did but cherish those ill seeds of boldness and petulance that had
+been sown among the people, to their own prejudice, which they should
+have done well to observe and stifle at their first appearance, and not
+have suffered the plebeians to grow so strong, by granting them
+magistrates of such authority as the tribunes.  They were, indeed, even
+now formidable to the state, since everything they desired was granted
+them; no constraint was put on their will; they refused obedience to the
+consuls, and, overthrowing all law and magistracy, gave the title of
+magistrate to their private factious leaders.  "When things are come to
+such a pass, for us to sit here and decree largesses and bounties for
+them, like those Greeks where the populace is supreme and absolute, what
+would it be else," said he, "but to take their disobedience into pay,
+and maintain it for the common ruin of us all?  They certainly cannot
+look upon these liberalities as a reward of public service, which they
+know they have so often deserted; nor yet of those secessions, by which
+they openly renounced their country; much less of the calumnies and
+slanders they have been always so ready to entertain against the senate;
+but will rather conclude that a bounty which seems to have no other
+visible cause or reason, must needs be the effect of our fear and
+flattery; and will, therefore, set no limit to their disobedience, nor
+ever cease from disturbances and sedition.  Concession is mere madness;
+if we have any wisdom and resolution at all, we shall, on the contrary,
+never rest till we have recovered from them that tribunician power they
+have extorted from us; as being a plain subversion of the consulship,
+and a perpetual ground of separation in our city, that is no longer one,
+as heretofore, but has in this received such a wound and rupture, as is
+never likely to close and unite again, or suffer us to be of one mind,
+and to give over inflaming our distempers, and being a torment to each
+other."
+
+Marcius, with much more to this purpose, succeeded, to an extraordinary
+degree, in inspiring the younger men with the same furious sentiments,
+and had almost all the wealthy on his side, who cried him up as the only
+person their city had, superior alike to force and flattery; some of the
+older men, however, opposed him, suspecting the consequences.  As,
+indeed, there came no good of it; for the tribunes, who were present,
+perceiving how the proposal of Marcius took, ran out into the crowd with
+exclamations, calling on the plebeians to stand together, and come in to
+their assistance.  The assembly met, and soon became tumultuous.  The
+sum of what Marcius had spoken, having been reported to the people,
+excited them to such fury, that they were ready to break in upon the
+senate.  The tribunes prevented this, by laying all the blame on
+Coriolanus, whom, therefore, they cited by their messengers to come
+before them, and defend himself.  And when he contemptuously repulsed
+the officers who brought him the summons, they came themselves, with the
+Aediles, or overseers of the market, proposing to carry him away by
+force, and, accordingly, began to lay hold on his person.  The
+patricians, however, coming to his rescue, not only thrust off the
+tribunes, but also beat the Aediles, that were their seconds in the
+quarrel; night, approaching, put an end to the contest.  But, as soon as
+it was day, the consuls, observing the people to be highly exasperated,
+and that they ran from all quarters and gathered in the forum, were
+afraid for the whole city, so that, convening the senate afresh, they
+desired them to advise how they might best compose and pacify the
+incensed multitude by equitable language and indulgent decrees; since,
+if they wisely considered the state of things, they would find that it
+was no time to stand upon terms of honor, and a mere point of glory;
+such a critical conjuncture called for gentle methods, and for temperate
+and humane counsels.  The majority, therefore, of the senators giving
+way, the consuls proceeded to pacify the people in the best manner they
+were able, answering gently to such imputations and charges as had been
+cast upon the senate, and using much tenderness and moderation in the
+admonitions and reproof they gave them.  On the point of the price of
+provisions, they said, there should be no difference at all between
+them.  When a great part of the commonalty was grown cool, and it
+appeared from their orderly and peaceful behavior that they had been
+very much appeased by what they had heard, the tribunes, standing up,
+declared, in the name of the people, that since the senate was pleased
+to act soberly and do them reason, they, likewise, should be ready to
+yield in all that was fair and equitable on their side; they must
+insist, however, that Marcius should give in his answer to the several
+charges as follows:  first, could he deny that he instigated the senate
+to overthrow the government and annul the privileges of the people? and,
+in the next place, when called to account for it, did he not disobey
+their summons? and, lastly, by the blows and other public affronts to
+the Aediles, had he not done all he could to commence a civil war?
+
+These articles were brought in against him, with a design either to
+humble Marcius, and show his submission if, contrary to his nature, he
+should now court and sue the people; or, if he should follow his natural
+disposition, which they rather expected from their judgment of his
+character, then that he might thus make the breach final between himself
+and the people.
+
+He came, therefore, as it were, to make his apology, and clear himself;
+in which belief the people kept silence, and gave him a quiet hearing.
+But when, instead of the submissive and deprecatory language expected
+from him, he began to use not only an offensive kind of freedom, seeming
+rather to accuse than apologize, but, as well by the tone of his voice
+as the air of his countenance, displayed a security that was not far
+from disdain and contempt of them, the whole multitude then became
+angry, and gave evident signs of impatience and disgust; and Sicinnius,
+the most violent of the tribunes, after a little private conference with
+his colleagues, proceeded solemnly to pronounce before them all, that
+Marcius was condemned to die by the tribunes of the people, and bid the
+Aediles take him to the Tarpeian rock, and without delay throw him
+headlong from the precipice.  When they, however, in compliance with the
+order, came to seize upon his body, many, even of the plebeian party,
+felt it to be a horrible and extravagant act; the patricians, meantime,
+wholly beside themselves with distress and horror, hurried up with cries
+to the rescue; and while some made actual use of their hands to hinder
+the arrest, and, surrounding Marcius, got him in among them, others, as
+in so great a tumult no good could be done by words, stretched out
+theirs, beseeching the multitude that they would not proceed to such
+furious extremities; and at length, the friends and acquaintance of the
+tribunes, wisely perceiving how impossible it would be to carry off
+Marcius to punishment without much bloodshed and slaughter of the
+nobility, persuaded them to forbear everything unusual and odious; not
+to dispatch him by any sudden violence, or without regular process, but
+refer the cause to the general suffrage of the people.  Sicinnius then,
+after a little pause, turning to the patricians, demanded what their
+meaning was, thus forcibly to rescue Marcius out of the people's hands,
+as they were going to punish him; when it was replied by them, on the
+other side, and the question put, "Rather, how came it into your minds,
+and what is it you design, thus to drag one of the worthiest men of
+Rome, without trial, to a barbarous and illegal execution?"  "Very
+well," said Sicinnius, "you shall have no ground in this respect for
+quarrel or complaint against the people.  The people grant your request,
+and your partisan shall be tried.  We appoint you, Marcius," directing
+his speech to him, "the third market-day ensuing, to appear and defend
+yourself, and to try if you can satisfy the Roman citizens of your
+innocence, who will then judge your case by vote."  The patricians were
+content with such a truce and respite for that time, and gladly returned
+home, having for the present brought off Marcius in safety.
+
+During the interval before the appointed time (for the Romans hold their
+sessions every ninth day, which from that cause are called nundinae in
+Latin), a war fell out with the Antiates, likely to be of some
+continuance, which gave them hope they might one way or other elude the
+judgment.  The people, they presumed, would become tractable, and their
+indignation lessen and languish by degrees in so long a space, if
+occupation and war did not wholly put it out of their mind.  But when,
+contrary to expectation, they made a speedy agreement with the people of
+Antium, and the army came back to Rome, the patricians were again in
+great perplexity, and had frequent meetings to consider how things might
+be arranged, without either abandoning Marcius, or yet giving occasion
+to the popular orators to create new disorders.  Appius Claudius, whom
+they counted among the senators most averse to the popular interest,
+made a solemn declaration, and told them beforehand, that the senate
+would utterly destroy itself and betray the government, if they should
+once suffer the people to assume the authority of pronouncing sentence
+upon any of the patricians; but the oldest senators and most favorable
+to the people maintained, on the other side, that the people would not
+be so harsh and severe upon them, as some were pleased to imagine, but
+rather become more gentle and humane upon the concession of that power,
+since it was not contempt of the senate, but the impression of being
+contemned by it, which made them pretend to such a prerogative.  Let
+that be once allowed them as a mark of respect and kind feeling, and the
+mere possession of this power of voting would at once dispossess them of
+their animosity.
+
+When, therefore, Marcius saw that the senate was in pain and suspense
+upon his account, divided, as it were, betwixt their kindness for him
+and their apprehensions from the people, he desired to know of the
+tribunes what the crimes were they intended to charge him with, and what
+the heads of the indictment they would oblige him to plead to before the
+people; and being told by them that he was to be impeached for
+attempting usurpation, and that they would prove him guilty of designing
+to establish arbitrary government, stepping forth upon this, "Let me go
+then," he said, "to clear myself from that imputation before an assembly
+of them; I freely offer myself to any sort of trial, nor do I refuse any
+kind of punishment whatsoever; only," he continued, "let what you now
+mention be really made my accusation, and do not you play false with the
+senate."  On their consenting to these terms, he came to his trial.  But
+when the people met together, the tribunes, contrary to all former
+practice, extorted first, that votes should be taken, not by centuries,
+but tribes; a change, by which the indigent and factious rabble, that
+had no respect for honesty and justice, would be sure to carry it
+against those who were rich and well known, and accustomed to serve the
+state in war.  In the next place, whereas they had engaged to prosecute
+Marcius upon no other head but that of tyranny, which could never be
+made out against him, they relinquished this plea, and urged instead,
+his language in the senate against an abatement of the price of corn,
+and for the overthrow of the tribunician power; adding further, as a new
+impeachment, the distribution that was made by him of the spoil and
+booty he had taken from the Antiates, when he overran their country,
+which he had divided among those that had followed him, whereas it ought
+rather to have been brought into the public treasury; which last
+accusation did, they say, more discompose Marcius than all the rest, as
+he had not anticipated he should ever be questioned on that subject,
+and, therefore, was less provided with any satisfactory answer to it on
+the sudden.  And when, by way of excuse, he began to magnify the merits
+of those who had been partakers with him in the action, those that had
+stayed at home, being more numerous than the other, interrupted him with
+outcries.  In conclusion, when they came to vote, a majority of three
+tribes condemned him; the penalty being perpetual banishment.  The
+sentence of his condemnation being pronounced, the people went away with
+greater triumph and exultation than they had ever shown for any victory
+over enemies; while the senate was in grief and deep dejection,
+repenting now and vexed to the soul that they had not done and suffered
+all things rather than give way to the insolence of the people, and
+permit them to assume and abuse so great an authority.  There was no need
+then to look at men's dresses, or other marks of distinction, to know
+one from another:  any one who was glad was, beyond all doubt, a
+plebeian; any one who looked sorrowful, a patrician.
+
+Marcius alone, himself, was neither stunned nor humiliated.  In mien,
+carriage, and countenance, he bore the appearance of entire composure,
+and while all his friends were full of distress, seemed the only man
+that was not touched with his misfortune.  Not that either reflection
+taught him, or gentleness of temper made it natural for him, to submit:
+he was wholly possessed, on the contrary, with a profound and deep-
+seated fury, which passes with many for no pain at all.  And pain, it is
+true, transmuted, so to say, by its own fiery heat into anger, loses
+every appearance of depression and feebleness; the angry man makes a
+show of energy, as the man in a high fever does of natural heat, while,
+in fact, all this action of the soul is but mere diseased palpitation,
+distention, and inflammation.  That such was his distempered state
+appeared presently plainly enough in his actions.  On his return home,
+after saluting his mother and his wife, who were all in tears and full
+of loud lamentations, and exhorting them to moderate the sense they had
+of his calamity, he proceeded at once to the city gates, whither all the
+nobility came to attend him; and so, not so much as taking anything
+with him, or making any request to the company, he departed from them,
+having only three or four clients with him.  He continued solitary for a
+few days in a place in the country, distracted with a variety of
+counsels, such as rage and indignation suggested to him; and proposing
+to himself no honorable or useful end, but only how he might best
+satisfy his revenge on the Romans, he resolved at length to raise up a
+heavy war against them from their nearest neighbors.  He determined,
+first to make trial of the Volscians, whom he knew to be still vigorous
+and flourishing, both in men and treasure, and he imagined their force
+and power was not so much abated, as their spite and auger increased, by
+the late overthrows they had received from the Romans.
+
+There was a man of Antium, called Tullus Aufidius, who, for his wealth
+and bravery and the splendor of his family, had the respect and
+privilege of a king among the Volscians, but whom Marcius knew to have a
+particular hostility to himself, above all other Romans.  Frequent
+menaces and challenges had passed in battle between them, and those
+exchanges of defiance to which their hot and eager emulation is apt to
+prompt young soldiers had added private animosity to their national
+feelings of opposition.  Yet for all this, considering Tullus to have a
+certain generosity of temper, and knowing that no Volscian, so much as
+he, desired an occasion to requite upon the Romans the evils they had
+done, he did what much confirms the saying, that
+
+Hard and unequal is with wrath the strife,
+Which makes us buy its pleasure with our life.
+
+Putting on such a dress as would make him appear to any whom he might
+meet most unlike what he really was, thus, like Ulysses, --
+
+The town he entered of his mortal foes.
+
+His arrival at Antium was about evening, and though several met him in
+the streets, yet he passed along without being known to any, and went
+directly to the house of Tullus, and, entering undiscovered, went up to
+the fire-hearth, and seated himself there without speaking a word,
+covering up his head.  Those of the family could not but wonder, and yet
+they were afraid either to raise or question him, for there was a
+certain air of majesty both in his posture and silence, but they
+recounted to Tullus, being then at supper, the strangeness of this
+accident.  He immediately rose from table and came in, and asked him who
+he was, and for what business he came thither; and then Marcius,
+unmuffling himself, and pausing awhile, "If," said he, "you cannot yet
+call me to mind, Tullus, or do not believe your eyes concerning me, I
+must of necessity be my own accuser.  I am Caius Marcius, the author of
+so much mischief to the Volscians; of which, were I seeking to deny it,
+the surname of Coriolanus I now bear would be a sufficient evidence
+against me.  The one recompense I received for all the hardships and
+perils I have gone through, was the title that proclaims my enmity to
+your nation, and this is the only thing which is still left me.  Of all
+other advantages, I have been stripped and deprived by the envy and
+outrage of the Roman people, and the cowardice and treachery of the
+magistrates and those of my own order.  I am driven out as an exile, and
+become an humble suppliant at your hearth, not so much for safety and
+protection (should I have come hither, had I been afraid to die?), as to
+seek vengeance against those that expelled me; which, methinks, I have
+already obtained, by putting myself into your hands.  If, therefore, you
+have really a mind to attack your enemies, come then, make use of that
+affliction you see me in to assist the enterprise, and convert my
+personal infelicity into a common blessing to the Volscians; as, indeed,
+I am likely to be more serviceable in fighting for than against you,
+with the advantage, which I now possess, of knowing all the secrets of
+the enemy that I am attacking.  But if you decline to make any further
+attempts, I am neither desirous to live myself, nor will it be well in
+you to preserve a person who has been your rival and adversary of old,
+and now, when he offers you his service, appears unprofitable and
+useless to you."
+
+Tullus, on hearing this, was extremely rejoiced, and giving him his
+right hand, exclaimed, "Rise, Marcius, and be of good courage; it is a
+great happiness you bring to Antium, in the present you make us of
+yourself; expect everything that is good from the Volscians."  He then
+proceeded to feast and entertain him with every display of kindness, and
+for several days after they were in close deliberation together on the
+prospects of a war.
+
+While this design was forming, there were great troubles and commotions
+at Rome, from the animosity of the senators against the people,
+heightened just now by the late condemnation of Marcius.  Besides that,
+their soothsayers and priests, and even private persons, reported
+signs and prodigies not to be neglected; one of which is stated to have
+occurred as follows:  Titus Latinus, a man of ordinary condition, but
+of a quiet and virtuous character, free from all superstitious fancies,
+and yet more from vanity and exaggeration, had an apparition in his
+sleep, as if Jupiter came and bade him tell the senate, that it was with
+a bad and unacceptable dancer that they had headed his procession.
+Having beheld the vision, he said, he did not much attend to it at the
+first appearance; but after he had seen and slighted it a second and
+third time, he had lost a hopeful son, and was himself struck with
+palsy.  He was brought into the senate on a litter to tell this, and the
+story goes, that he had no sooner delivered his message there, but he at
+once felt his strength return, and got upon his legs, and went home
+alone, without need of any support.  The senators, in wonder and
+surprise, made a diligent search into the matter.  That which his dream
+alluded to was this:  some citizen had, for some heinous offense, given
+up a servant of his to the rest of his fellows, with charge to whip him
+first through the market, and then to kill him; and while they were
+executing this command, and scourging the wretch, who screwed and turned
+himself into all manner of shapes and unseemly motions, through the pain
+he was in, the solemn procession in honor of Jupiter chanced to follow
+at their heels.  Several of the attendants on which were, indeed,
+scandalized at the sight, yet no one of them interfered, or acted
+further in the matter than merely to utter some common reproaches and
+execrations on a master who inflicted so cruel a punishment.  For the
+Romans treated their slaves with great humanity in these times, when,
+working and laboring themselves, and living together among them, they
+naturally were more gentle and familiar with them.  It was one of the
+severest punishments for a slave who had committed a fault, to have to
+take the piece of wood which supports the pole of a wagon, and carry it
+about through the neighborhood; a slave who had once undergone the shame
+of this, and been thus seen by the household and the neighbors, had no
+longer any trust or credit among them, and had the name of furcifer;
+furca being the Latin word for a prop, or support.
+
+When, therefore, Latinus had related his dream, and the senators were
+considering who this disagreeable and ungainly dancer could be, some of
+the company, having been struck with the strangeness of the punishment,
+called to mind and mentioned the miserable slave who was lashed through
+the streets and afterward put to death.  The priests, when consulted,
+confirmed the conjecture; the master was punished; and orders given for
+a new celebration of the procession and the spectacles in honor of the
+god.  Numa, in other respects also a wise arranger of religious offices,
+would seem to have been especially judicious in his direction, with a
+view to the attentiveness of the people, that, when the magistrates or
+priests performed any divine worship, a herald should go before, and
+proclaim with a loud voice, Hoc age, Do this you are about, and so warn
+them to mind whatever sacred action they were engaged in, and not suffer
+any business or worldly avocation to disturb and interrupt it; most of
+the things which men do of this kind, being in a manner forced from
+them, and effected by constraint.  It is usual with the Romans to
+recommence their sacrifices and processions and spectacles, not only
+upon such a cause as this, but for any slighter reason.  If but one of
+the horses which drew the chariots called Tensae, upon which the images
+of their gods were placed, happened to fail and falter, or if the driver
+took hold of the reins with his left hand, they would decree that the
+whole operation should commence anew; and, in latter ages, one and the
+same sacrifice was performed thirty times over, because of the
+occurrence of some defect or mistake or accident in the service.  Such
+was the Roman reverence and caution in religious matters.
+
+Marcius and Tullus were now secretly discoursing of their project with
+the chief men of Antium, advising them to invade the Romans while they
+were at variance among themselves.  And when shame appeared to hinder
+them from embracing the motion, as they had sworn to a truce and
+cessation of arms for the space of two years, the Romans themselves soon
+furnished them with a pretense, by making proclamation, out of some
+jealousy or slanderous report, in the midst of the spectacles, that all
+the Volscians who had come to see them should depart the city before
+sunset.  Some affirm that this was a contrivance of Marcius, who sent a
+man privately to the consuls, falsely to accuse the Volscians of
+intending to fall upon the Romans during the games, and to set the city
+on fire.  This public affront roused and inflamed their hostility to the
+Romans, and Tullus, perceiving it, made his advantage of it, aggravating
+the fact, and working on their indignation, till he persuaded them, at
+last, to dispatch ambassadors to Rome, requiring the Romans to restore
+that part of their country and those towns which they had taken from the
+Volscians in the late war.  When the Romans heard the message, they
+indignantly replied, that the Volscians were the first that took up
+arms, but the Romans would be the last to lay them down.  This answer
+being brought back, Tullus called a general assembly of the Volscians;
+and the vote passing for a war, he then proposed that they should call
+in Marcius, laying aside the remembrance of former grudges, and
+assuring themselves that the services they should now receive from him
+as a friend and associate, would abundantly outweigh any harm or damage
+he had done them when he was their enemy.  Marcius was accordingly
+summoned, and having made his entrance, and spoken to the people, won
+their good opinion of his capacity, his skill, counsel, and boldness,
+not less by his present words than by his past actions.  They joined him
+in commission with Tullus, to have full power as general of their forces
+in all that related to the war.  And he, fearing lest the time that
+would be requisite to bring all the Volscians together in full
+preparation might be so long as to lose him the opportunity of action,
+left order with the chief persons and magistrates of the city to provide
+other things, while he himself, prevailing upon the most forward to
+assemble and march out with him as volunteers without staying to be
+enrolled, made a sudden inroad into the Roman confines, when nobody
+expected him, and possessed himself of so much booty, that the Volscians
+found they had more than they could either carry away or use in the
+camp.  The abundance of provision which he gained, and the waste and
+havoc of the country which he made, were, however, of themselves and in
+his account, the smallest results of that invasion; the great mischief
+he intended, and his special object in all, was to increase at Rome the
+suspicions entertained of the patricians, and to make them upon worse
+terms with the people.  With this view, while spoiling all the fields
+and destroying the property of other men, he took special care to
+preserve their farms and lands untouched, and would not allow his
+soldiers to ravage there, or seize upon anything which belonged to
+them.  From hence their invectives and quarrels against one another
+broke out afresh, and rose to a greater height than ever; the senators
+reproaching those of the commonalty with their late injustice to
+Marcius; while the plebeians, on their side, did not hesitate to accuse
+them of having, out of spite and revenge, solicited him to this
+enterprise, and thus, when others were involved in the miseries of a war
+by their means, they sat like unconcerned spectators, as being furnished
+with a guardian and protector abroad of their wealth and fortunes, in
+the very person of the public enemy.  After this incursion and exploit,
+which was of great advantage to the Volscians, as they learned by it to
+grow more hardy and to contemn their enemy, Marcius drew them off, and
+returned in safety.
+
+But when the whole strength of the Volscians was brought together into
+the field, with great expedition and alacrity, it appeared so
+considerable a body, that they agreed to leave part in garrison, for the
+security of their towns, and with the other part to march against the
+Romans.  Marcius now desired Tullus to choose which of the two charges
+would be most agreeable to him.  Tullus answered, that since he knew
+Marcius to be equally valiant with himself, and far more fortunate, he
+would have him take the command of those that were going out to the war,
+while he made it his care to defend their cities at home, and provide
+all conveniences for the army abroad.  Marcius thus reinforced, and much
+stronger than before, moved first towards the city called Circaeum, a
+Roman colony.  He received its surrender, and did the inhabitants no
+injury; passing thence, he entered and laid waste the country of the
+Latins, where he expected the Romans would meet him, as the Latins were
+their confederates and allies, and had often sent to demand succors from
+them.  The people, however, on their part, showing little inclination
+for the service, and the consuls themselves being unwilling to run the
+hazard of a battle, when the time of their office was almost ready to
+expire, they dismissed the Latin ambassadors without any effect; so that
+Marcius, finding no army to oppose him, marched up to their cities, and,
+having taken by force Toleria, Lavici, Peda, and Bola, all of which
+offered resistance, not only plundered their houses, but made a prey
+likewise of their persons.  Meantime, he showed particular regard for
+all such as came over to his party, and, for fear they might sustain any
+damage against his will, encamped at the greatest distance he could, and
+wholly abstained from the lands of their property.
+
+After, however, that he had made himself master of Bola, a town not
+above ten miles from Rome, where he found great treasure, and put almost
+all the adults to the sword; and when, on this, the other Volscians that
+were ordered to stay behind and protect their cities, hearing of his
+achievements and success, had not patience to remain any longer at home,
+but came hastening in their arms to Marcius, saying that he alone was
+their general and the sole commander they would own; with all this, his
+name and renown spread throughout all Italy, and universal wonder
+prevailed at the sudden and mighty revolution in the fortunes of two
+nations which the loss and the accession of a single man had effected.
+
+All at Rome was in great disorder; they were utterly averse from
+fighting, and spent their whole time in cabals and disputes and
+reproaches against each other; until news was brought that the enemy had
+laid close siege to Lavinium, where were the images and sacred things of
+their tutelar gods, and from whence they derived the origin of their
+nation, that being the first city which Aeneas built in Italy.  These
+tidings produced a change as universal as it was extraordinary in the
+thoughts inclinations of the people, but occasioned a yet stranger
+revulsion of feeling among the patricians.  The people now were for
+repealing the sentence against Marcius, an calling him back into the
+city; whereas the senate, being assembled to preconsider the decree,
+opposed and finally rejected the proposal, either out of the mere humor
+of contradicting and withstanding the people in whatever they should
+desire, or because they were unwilling, perhaps, that he should owe his
+restoration to their kindness or having now conceived a displeasure
+against Marcius himself, who was bringing distress upon all alike,
+though he had not been ill treated by all, and was become, declared
+enemy to his whole country, though he knew well enough that the
+principal and all the better men condoled with him, and suffered in his
+injuries.
+
+This resolution of theirs being made public, the people could proceed no
+further, having no authority to pass anything by suffrage, and enact it
+for a law, without a previous decree from the senate.  When Marcius
+heard of this, he was more exasperated than ever, and, quitting the
+seige of Lavinium, marched furiously towards Rome, and encamped at a
+place called the Cluilian ditches, about five miles from the city.  The
+nearness of his approach did, indeed, create much terror and
+disturbance, yet it also ended their dissensions for the present; as
+nobody now, whether consul or senator, durst any longer contradict the
+people in their design of recalling Marcius but, seeing their women
+running affrighted up and down the streets, and the old men at prayer in
+every temple with tears and supplications, and that, in short, there was
+a general absence among them both of courage and wisdom to provide for
+their own safety, they came at last to be all of one mind, that the
+people had been in the right to propose as they did a reconciliation
+with Marcius, and that the senate was guilty of a fatal error to begin a
+quarrel with him when it was a time to forget offenses, and they should
+have studied rather to appease him.  It was, therefore, unanimously
+agreed by all parties, that ambassadors should be dispatched, offering
+him return to his country, and desiring he would free them from the
+terrors and distresses of the war.  The persons sent by the senate with
+this message were chosen out of his kindred and acquaintance, who
+naturally expected a very kind reception at their first interview, upon
+the score of that relation and their old familiarity and friendship with
+him; in which, however, they were much mistaken.  Being led through the
+enemy's camp, they found him sitting in state amidst the chief men of
+the Volscians, looking insupportably proud and arrogant.  He bade them
+declare the cause of their coming, which they did in the most gentle and
+tender terms, and with a behavior suitable to their language.  When they
+had made an end of speaking, he returned them a sharp answer, full of
+bitterness and angry resentment, as to what concerned himself, and the
+ill usage he had received from them; but as general of the Volscians, he
+demanded restitution of the cities and the lands which had been seized
+upon during the late war, and that the same rights and franchises should
+be granted them at Rome, which had been before accorded to the Latins;
+since there could be no assurance that a peace would be firm and
+lasting, without fair and just conditions on both sides.  He allowed
+them thirty days to consider and resolve.
+
+The ambassadors being departed, he withdrew his forces out of the Roman
+territory.  This, those of the Volscians who had long envied his
+reputation, and could not endure to see the influence he had with the
+people laid hold of, as the first matter of complaint against him.  Among
+them was also Tullus himself, not for any wrong done him personally by
+Marcius, but through the weakness incident to human nature.  He could
+not help feeling mortified to find his own glory thus totally obscured,
+and himself overlooked and neglected now by the Volscians, who had so
+great an opinion of their new leader that he alone was all to them,
+while other captains, they thought, should be content with that share of
+power, which he might think fit to accord.  From hence the first seeds
+of complaint and accusation were scattered about in secret, and the
+malcontents met and heightened each other's indignation, saying, that to
+retreat as he did was in effect to betray and deliver up, though not
+their cities and their arms, yet what was as bad, the critical times and
+opportunities for action, on which depend the preservation or the loss
+of everything else; since in less than thirty days' space, for which he
+had given a respite from the war, there might happen the greatest
+changes in the world.  Yet Marcius spent not any part of the time idly,
+but attacked the confederates of the enemy ravaged their land, and took
+from them seven great and populous cities in that interval.  The Romans,
+in the meanwhile, durst not venture out to their relief; but were
+utterly fearful, and showed no more disposition or capacity for action,
+than if their bodies had been struck with a palsy, and become destitute
+of sense and motion.  But when the thirty days were expired, and Marcius
+appeared again with his whole army, they sent another embassy- to
+beseech him that he would moderate his displeasure, and would withdraw
+the Volscian army, and then make any proposals he thought best for both
+parties; the Romans would make no concessions to menaces, but if it
+were his opinion that the Volscians ought to have any favor shown them,
+upon laying down their arms they might obtain all they could in reason
+desire.
+
+The reply of Marcius was, that he should make no answer to this as
+general of the Volscians, but, in the quality still of a Roman citizen,
+he would advise and exhort them, as the case stood, not to carry it so
+high, but think rather of just compliance, and return to him, before
+three days were at an end, with a ratification of his previous demands;
+otherwise, they must understand that they could not have any further
+freedom of passing through his camp upon idle errands.
+
+When the ambassadors were come back, and had acquainted the senate with
+the answer, seeing the whole state now threatened as it were by a
+tempest, and the waves ready to overwhelm them, they were forced, as we
+say in extreme perils, to let down the sacred anchor.  A decree was
+made, that the whole order of their priests, those who initiated in the
+mysteries or had the custody of them, and those who, according to the
+ancient practice of the country, divined from birds, should all and
+every one of them go in full procession to Marcius with their pontifical
+array, and the dress and habit which they respectively used in their
+several functions, and should urge him, as before, to withdraw his
+forces, and then treat with his countrymen in favor of the Volscians.
+He consented so far, indeed, as to give the deputation an admittance
+into his camp, but granted nothing at all, nor so much as expressed
+himself more mildly; but, without capitulating or receding, bade them
+once for all choose whether they would yield or fight, since the old
+terms were the only terms of peace.  When this solemn application proved
+ineffectual, the priests, too, returning unsuccessful, they determined to
+sit still within the city, and keep watch about their walls, intending
+only to repulse the enemy, should he offer to attack them, and placing
+their hopes chiefly in time and in extraordinary accidents of fortune;
+as to themselves, they felt incapable of doing any thing for their own
+deliverance; mere confusion and terror and ill-boding reports possessed
+the whole city; till at last a thing happened not unlike what we so
+often find represented, without, however, being accepted as true by
+people in general, in Homer.  On some great and unusual occasion we find
+him say: --
+
+But him the blue-eyed goddess did inspire;
+
+and elsewhere: --
+
+But some immortal turned my mind away,
+To think what others of the deed would say;
+
+and again: --
+
+Were 't his own thought or were 't a god's command.
+
+People are apt, in such passages, to censure and disregard the poet, as
+if, by the introduction of mere impossibilities and idle fictions, he
+were denying the action of a man's own deliberate thought and free
+choice; which is not, in the least, the case in Homer's representation,
+where the ordinary, probable, and habitual conclusions that common
+reason leads to are continually ascribed to our own direct agency.  He
+certainly says frequently enough: --
+
+But I consulted with my own great soul;
+
+or, as in another passage: --
+
+He spoke.  Achilles, with quick pain possessed,
+Revolved two purposes in his strong breast;
+
+and in a third: --
+
+-- Yet never to her wishes won
+The just mind of the brave Bellerophon.
+
+But where the act is something out of the way and extraordinary, and
+seems in a manner to demand some impulse of divine possession and sudden
+inspiration to account for it here he does introduce divine agency, not
+to destroy, but to prompt the human will; not to create in us another
+agency, but offering images to stimulate our own; images that in no sort
+or kind make our action involuntary, but give occasion rather to
+spontaneous action, aided and sustained by feelings of confidence and
+hope.  For either we must totally dismiss and exclude divine influences
+from every kind of causality and origination in what we do, or else what
+other way can we conceive in which divine aid and cooperation can act?
+Certainly we cannot suppose that the divine beings actually and
+literally turn our bodies and direct our hands and our feet this way or
+that, to do what is right:  it is obvious that they must actuate the
+practical and elective element of our nature, by certain initial
+occasions, by images presented to the imagination, and thoughts
+suggested to the mind, such either as to excite it to, or avert and
+withhold it from, any particular course.
+
+In the perplexity which I have described, the Roman women went, some to
+other temples, but the greater part, and the ladies of highest rank, to
+the altar of Jupiter Capitolinus.  Among these suppliants was Valeria,
+sister to the great Poplicola, who did the Romans eminent service both
+in peace and war.  Poplicola himself was now deceased, as is told in the
+history of his life; but Valeria lived still, and enjoyed great respect
+and honor at Rome, her life and conduct no way disparaging her birth.
+She, suddenly seized with the sort of instinct or emotion of mind which
+I have described, and happily lighting, not without divine guidance,
+on the right expedient, both rose herself, and bade the others rise,
+and went directly with them to the house of Volumnia, the mother of
+Marcius.  And coming in and finding her sitting with her daughter-in-
+law, and with her little grandchildren on her lap, Valeria, then
+surrounded by her female companions, spoke in the name of them all:--
+
+"We that now make our appearance, O Volumnia, and you, Vergilia, are
+come as mere women to women, not by direction of the senate, or an order
+from the consuls, or the appointment of any other magistrate; but the
+divine being himself, as I conceive, moved to compassion by prayers,
+prompted us to visit you in a body, and request a thing on which our own
+and the common safety depends, and which, if you consent to it, will
+raise your glory above that of the daughters of the Sabines, who won
+over their fathers and their husbands from mortal enmity to peace and
+friendship.  Arise and come with us to Marcius; join in our
+supplication, and bear for your country this true and just testimony on
+her behalf:  that, notwithstanding the many mischiefs that have been
+done her, yet she has never outraged you, nor so much as thought of
+treating you ill, in all her resentment, but does now restore you safe
+into his hands, though there be small likelihood she should obtain from
+him any equitable terms."
+
+The words of Valeria were seconded by the acclamations of the other
+women, to which Volumnia made answer:--
+
+"I and Vergilia, my countrywomen, have an equal share with you all in
+the common miseries, and we have the additional sorrow, which is wholly
+ours, that we have lost the merit and good fame of Marcius, and see his
+person confined, rather than protected, by the arms of the enemy.  Yet I
+account this the greatest of all misfortunes, if indeed the affairs of
+Rome be sunk to so feeble a state as to have their last dependence upon
+us.  For it is hardly imaginable he should have any consideration left
+for us, when he has no regard for the country which he was wont to
+prefer before his mother and wife and children.  Make use, however, of
+our service; and lead us, if you please, to him; we are able, if nothing
+more, at least to spend our last breath in making suit to him for our
+country."
+
+Having spoken thus, she took Vergilia by the hand, and the young
+children, and so accompanied them to the Volscian camp.  So lamentable a
+sight much affected the enemies themselves, who viewed them in
+respectful silence.  Marcius was then sitting in his place, with his
+chief officers about him, and, seeing the party of women advance toward
+them, wondered what should be the matter; but perceiving at length that
+his mother was at the head of them, he would fain have hardened himself
+in his former inexorable temper, but, overcome by his feelings, and
+confounded at what he saw, he did not endure they should approach him
+sitting in state, but came down hastily to meet them, saluting his
+mother first, and embracing her a long time, and then his wife and
+children, sparing neither tears nor caresses, but suffering himself to
+be borne away and carried headlong, as it were, by the impetuous
+violence of his passion.
+
+When he had satisfied himself, and observed that his mother Volumnia was
+desirous to say something, the Volscian council being first called in,
+he heard her to the following effect:  "Our dress and our very persons,
+my son, might tell you, though we should say nothing ourselves, in how
+forlorn a condition we have lived at home since your banishment and
+absence from us; and now consider with yourself, whether we may not pass
+for the most unfortunate of all women, to have that sight, which should
+be the sweetest that we could see, converted, through I know not what
+fatality, to one of all others the most formidable and dreadful, --
+Volumnia to behold her son, and Vergilia her husband, in arms against
+the walls of Rome.  Even prayer itself, whence others gain comfort and
+relief in all manner of misfortunes, is that which most adds to our
+confusion and distress; since our best wishes are inconsistent with
+themselves, nor can we at the same time petition the gods for Rome's
+victory and your preservation, but what the worst of our enemies would
+imprecate as a curse, is the very object of our vows.  Your wife and
+children are under the sad necessity, that they must either be deprived
+of you, or of their native soil.  As for myself, I am resolved not to
+wait till war shall determine this alternative for me; but if I cannot
+prevail with you to prefer amity and concord to quarrel and hostility,
+and to be the benefactor to both parties, rather than the destroyer of
+one of them, be assured of this from me, and reckon steadfastly upon it,
+that you shall not be able to reach your country, unless you trample
+first upon the corpse of her that brought you into life.  For it will be
+ill in me to wait and loiter in the world till the day come wherein I
+shall see a child of mine, either led in triumph by his own countrymen,
+or triumphing over them.  Did I require you to save your country by
+ruining the Volscians, then, I confess, my son, the case would be hard
+for you to solve.  It is base to bring destitution on our fellow-
+citizens; it is unjust to betray those who have placed their confidence
+in us.  But, as it is, we do but desire a deliverance equally expedient
+for them and us; only more glorious and honorable on the Volscian side,
+who, as superior in arms, will be thought freely to bestow the two
+greatest of blessings, peace and friendship, even when they themselves
+receive the same.  If we obtain these, the common thanks will be chiefly
+due to you as the principal cause; but if they be not granted, you alone
+must expect to bear the blame from both nations.  The chance of all war
+is uncertain, yet thus much is certain in the present, that you, by
+conquering Rome, will only get the reputation of having undone your
+country; but if the Volscians happen to be defeated under your conduct,
+then the world will say, that, to satisfy a revengeful humor, you
+brought misery on your friends and patrons."
+
+Marcius listened to his mother while she spoke, without answering her a
+word; and Volumnia, seeing him stand mute also for a long time after she
+had ceased, resumed:  "O my son," said she, "what is the meaning of this
+silence?  Is it a duty to postpone everything to a sense of injuries,
+and wrong to gratify a mother in a request like this?  Is it the
+characteristic of a great man to remember wrongs that have been done
+him, and not the part of a great and good man to remember benefits such
+as those that children receive from parents, and to requite them with
+honor and respect?  You, methinks, who are so relentless in the
+punishment of the ungrateful, should not be more careless than others to
+be grateful yourself.  You have punished your country already; you have
+not yet paid your debt to me.  Nature and religion, surely, unattended
+by any constraint, should have won your consent to petitions so worthy
+and so just as these; but if it must be so, I will even use my last
+resource."  Having said this, she threw herself down at his feet, as did
+also his wife and children; upon which Marcius, crying out, "O mother!
+what is it you have done to me?" raised her up from the ground, and
+pressing her right hand with more than ordinary vehemence, "You have
+gained a victory," said he, "fortunate enough for the Romans, but
+destructive to your son; whom you, though none else, have defeated."
+After which, and a little private conference with his mother and his
+wife, he sent them back again to Rome, as they desired of him.
+
+The next morning, he broke up his camp, and led the Volscians homeward,
+variously affected with what he had done; some of them complaining of
+him and condemning his act, others, who were inclined to a peaceful
+conclusion, unfavorable to neither.  A third party, while much disliking
+his proceedings, yet could not look upon Marcius as a treacherous
+person, but thought it pardonable in him to be thus shaken and driven to
+surrender at last, under such compulsion.  None, however, opposed his
+commands; they all obediently followed him, though rather from
+admiration of his virtue, than any regard they now had to his authority.
+The Roman people, meantime, more effectually manifested how much fear
+and danger they had been in while the war lasted, by their deportment
+after they were freed from it.  Those that guarded the walls had no
+sooner given notice that the Volscians were dislodged and drawn off, but
+they set open all their temples in a moment, and began to crown
+themselves with garlands and prepare for sacrifice, as they were wont to
+do upon tidings brought of any signal victory.  But the joy and
+transport of the whole city was chiefly remarkable in the honors and
+marks of affection paid to the women, as well by the senate as the
+people in general; every one declaring that they were, beyond all
+question, the instruments of the public safety.  And the senate having
+passed a decree that whatsoever they would ask in the way of any favor
+or honor should be allowed and done for them by the magistrates, they
+demanded simply that a temple might be erected to Female Fortune, the
+expense of which they offered to defray out of their own contributions,
+if the city would be at the cost of sacrifices, and other matters
+pertaining to the due honor of the gods, out of the common treasury.
+The senate, much commending their public spirit, caused the temple to be
+built and a statue set up in it at the public charge; they, however,
+made up a sum among themselves, for a second image of Fortune, which
+the Romans say uttered, as it was putting up, words to this effect,
+"Blessed of the gods, O women, is your gift."
+
+These words they profess were repeated a second time, expecting our
+belief for what seems pretty nearly an impossibility.  It may be
+possible enough, that statues may seem to sweat, and to run with tears,
+and to stand with certain dewy drops of a sanguine color; for timber and
+stones are frequently known to contract a kind of scurf and rottenness,
+productive of moisture; and various tints may form on the surfaces, both
+from within and from the action of the air outside; and by these signs
+it is not absurd to imagine that the deity may forewarn us.  It may
+happen, also, that images and statues may sometimes make a noise not
+unlike that of a moan or groan, through a rupture or violent internal
+separation of the parts; but that an articulate voice, and such express
+words, and language so clear and exact and elaborate, should proceed
+from inanimate things, is, in my judgment, a thing utterly out of
+possibility.  For it was never known that either the soul of man, or the
+deity himself, uttered vocal sounds and language, alone, without an
+organized body and members fitted for speech.  But where history seems
+in a manner to force our assent by the concurrence of numerous and
+credible witnesses, we are to conclude that an impression distinct from
+sensation affects the imaginative part of our nature, and then carries
+away the judgment, so as to believe it to be a sensation:  just as in
+sleep we fancy we see and hear, without really doing either.  Persons,
+however, whose strong feelings of reverence to the deity, and tenderness
+for religion, will not allow them to deny or invalidate anything of
+this kind, have certainly a strong argument for their faith, in the
+wonderful and transcendent character of the divine power; which admits
+no manner of comparison with ours, either in its nature or its action,
+the modes or the strength of its operations.  It is no contradiction to
+reason that it should do things that we cannot do, and effect what for
+us is impracticable:  differing from us in all respects, in its acts yet
+more than in other points we may well believe it to be unlike us and
+remote from us.  Knowledge of divine things for the most part, as
+Heraclitus says, is lost to us by incredulity.
+
+When Marcius came back to Antium, Tullus, who thoroughly hated and
+greatly feared him, proceeded at once to contrive how he might
+immediately dispatch him; as, if he escaped now, he was never likely to
+give him such another advantage.  Having, therefore, got together and
+suborned several partisans against him, he required Marcius to resign
+his charge, and give the Volscians all account of his administration.
+He, apprehending the danger of a private condition, while Tullus held
+the office of general and exercised the greatest power among his fellow-
+citizens, made answer, that he was ready to lay down his commission,
+whenever those from whose common authority he had received it, should
+think fit to recall it; and that in the meantime he was ready to give
+the Antiates satisfaction, as to all particulars of his conduct, if they
+were desirous of it.
+
+An assembly was called, and popular speakers, as had been concerted,
+came forward to exasperate and incense the multitude; but when Marcius
+stood up to answer, the more unruly and tumultuous part of the people
+became quiet on a sudden, and out of reverence allowed him to speak
+without the least disturbance; while all the better people, and such as
+were satisfied with a peace, made it evident by their whole behavior,
+that they would give him a favorable hearing, and judge and pronounce
+according to equity.
+
+Tullus, therefore, began to dread the issue of the defense he was going
+to make for himself; for he was an admirable speaker, and the former
+services he had done the Volscians had procured and still preserved for
+him greater kindness than could be outweighed by any blame for his late
+conduct.  Indeed, the very accusation itself was a proof and testimony
+of the greatness of his merits, since people could never have complained
+or thought themselves wronged, because Rome was not brought into their
+power, but that by his means they had come so near to taking it.  For
+these reasons, the conspirators judged it prudent not to make any
+further delays, nor to test the general feeling; but the boldest of
+their faction, crying out that they ought not to listen to a traitor,
+nor allow him still to retain office and play the tyrant among them,
+fell upon Marcius in a body, and slew him there, none of those that were
+present offering to defend him.  But it quickly appeared that the action
+was in nowise approved by the majority of the Volscians, who hurried out
+of their several cities to show respect to his corpse; to which they
+gave honorable interment, adorning his sepulchre with arms and trophies,
+as the monument of a noble hero and a famous general.  When the Romans
+heard tidings of his death, they gave no other signification either of
+honor or of anger towards him, but simply granted the request of the
+women, that they might put themselves into mourning and bewail him for
+ten months, as the usage was upon the loss of a father or a son or a
+brother; that being the period fixed for the longest lamentation by the
+laws of Numa Pompilius, as is more amply told in the account of him.
+
+Marcius was no sooner deceased, but the Volscians felt the need of his
+assistance.  They quarreled first with the Aequians, their confederates
+and their friends, about the appointment of the general of their joint
+forces, and carried their dispute to the length of bloodshed and
+slaughter; and were then defeated by the Romans in a pitched battle,
+where not only Tullus lost his life, but the principal flower of their
+whole army was cut in pieces; so that they were forced to submit and
+accept of peace upon very dishonorable terms, becoming subjects of Rome,
+and pledging themselves to submission.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF ALCIBIADES WITH CORIOLANUS
+
+Having described all their actions that seem to deserve commemoration,
+their military ones, we may say, incline the balance very decidedly upon
+neither side.  They both, in pretty equal measure, displayed on numerous
+occasions the daring and courage of the soldier, and the skill and
+foresight of the general; unless, indeed, the fact that Alcibiades was
+victorious and successful in many contests both by sea and land, ought
+to gain him the title of a more complete commander.  That so long as
+they remained and held command in their respective countries, they
+eminently sustained, and when they were driven into exile, yet more
+eminently damaged the fortunes of those countries, is common to both.
+All the sober citizens felt disgust at the petulance, the low flattery,
+and base seductions which Alcibiades, in his public life, allowed
+himself to employ with the view of winning the people's favor; and the
+ungraciousness, pride, and oligarchical haughtiness which Marcius, on
+the other hand, displayed in his, were the abhorrence of the Roman
+populace.  Neither of these courses can be called commendable; but a man
+who ingratiates himself by indulgence and flattery, is hardly so
+censurable as one who, to avoid the appearance of flattering, insults.
+To seek power by servility to the people is a disgrace, but to maintain
+it by terror, violence, and oppression, is not a disgrace only, but an
+injustice.
+
+Marcius, according to our common conceptions of his character, was
+undoubtedly simple and straightforward; Alcibiades, unscrupulous as a
+public man, and false.  He is more especially blamed for the
+dishonorable and treacherous way in which, as Thucydides relates, he
+imposed upon the Lacedaemonian ambassadors, and disturbed the
+continuance of the peace.  Yet this policy, which engaged the city again
+in war, nevertheless placed it in a powerful and formidable position, by
+the accession, which Alcibiades obtained for it, of the alliance of
+Argos and Mantinea.  And Coriolanus also, Dionysius relates, used unfair
+means to excite war between the Romans and the Volscians, in the false
+report which he spread about the visitors at the Games; and the motive
+of this action seems to make it the worse of the two; since it was not
+done, like the other, out of ordinary political jealousy, strife, and
+competition.  Simply to gratify anger, from which, as Ion says, no one
+ever yet got any return, he threw whole districts of Italy into
+confusion, and sacrificed to his passion against his country numerous
+innocent cities.  It is true, indeed, that Alcibiades also, by his
+resentment, was the occasion of great disasters to his country, but he
+relented as soon as he found their feelings to be changed; and after he
+was driven out a second time, so far from taking pleasure in the errors
+and inadvertencies of their commanders, or being indifferent to the
+danger they were thus incurring, he did the very thing that Aristides is
+so highly commended for doing to Themistocles: he came to the generals
+who were his enemies, and pointed out to them what they ought to do.
+Coriolanus, on the other hand, first of all attacked the whole body of
+his countrymen, though only one portion of them had done him any wrong,
+while the other, the better and nobler portion, had actually suffered,
+as well as sympathized, with him.  And, secondly, by the obduracy with
+which he resisted numerous embassies and supplications, addressed in
+propitiation of his single anger and offense, he showed that it had been
+to destroy and overthrow, not to recover and regain his country, that he
+had excited bitter and implacable hostilities against it.  There is,
+indeed, one distinction that may be drawn.  Alcibiades, it may be said,
+was not safe among the Spartans, and had the inducements at once of fear
+and of hatred to lead him again to Athens; whereas Marcius could not
+honorably have left the Volscians, when they were behaving so well to
+him: he, in the command of their forces and the enjoyment of their
+entire confidence, was in a very different position from Alcibiades,
+whom the Lacedaemonians did not so much wish to adopt into their
+service, as to use, and then abandon.  Driven about from house to house
+in the city, and from general to general in the camp, the latter had no
+resort but to place himself in the hands of Tisaphernes; unless, indeed,
+we are to suppose that his object in courting favor with him was to
+avert the entire destruction of his native city, whither he wished
+himself to return.
+
+As regards money, Alcibiades, we are told, was often guilty of procuring
+it by accepting bribes, and spent it in in luxury and dissipation.
+Coriolanus declined to receive it, even when pressed upon him by his
+commanders as all honor; and one great reason for the odium he incurred
+with the populace in the discussions about their debts was, that he
+trampled upon the poor, not for money's sake, but out of pride and
+insolence.
+
+Antipater, in a letter written upon the death of Aristotle the
+philosopher, observes, "Amongst his other gifts he had that of
+persuasiveness;" and the absence of this in the character of Marcius
+made all his great actions and noble qualities unacceptable to those
+whom they benefited: pride, and self-will, the consort, as Plato calls
+it, of solitude, made him insufferable.  With the skill which Alcibiades
+on the contrary, possessed to treat every one in the way most agreeable
+to him, we cannot wonder that all his successes were attended with the
+most exuberant favor and honor; his very errors, at times, being
+accompanied by something of grace and felicity.  And so, in spite of
+great and frequent hurt that he had done the city, he was repeatedly
+appointed to office and command; while Coriolanus stood in vain for a
+place which his great services had made his due.  The one, in spite of
+the harm he occasioned, could not make himself hated, nor the other,
+with all the admiration he attracted, succeed in being beloved by his
+countrymen.
+
+Coriolanus, moreover, it should be said, did not as a general obtain any
+successes for his country, but only for his enemies against his country.
+Alcibiades was often of service to Athens, both as a soldier and as a
+commander.  So long as he was personally present, he had the perfect
+mastery of his political adversaries; calumny only succeeded in his
+absence.  Coriolanus was condemned in person at Rome; and in like manner
+killed by the Volscians, not indeed with any right or justice, yet not
+without some pretext occasioned by his own acts; since, after rejecting
+all conditions of peace in public, in private he yielded to the
+solicitations of the women, and, without establishing peace, threw up
+the favorable chances of war.  He ought, before retiring, to have
+obtained the consent of those who had placed their trust in him; if
+indeed he considered their claims on him to be the strongest.  Or, if we
+say that he did not care about the Volscians, but merely had prosecuted
+the war, which he now abandoned, for the satisfaction of his own
+resentment, then the noble thing would have been, not to spare his
+country for his mother's sake, but his mother in and with his country;
+since both his mother and his wife were part and parcel of that
+endangered country.  After harshly repelling public supplications, the
+entreaties of ambassadors, and the prayers of priests, to concede all as
+a private favor to his mother was less an honor to her than a dishonor
+to the city which thus escaped, in spite, it would seem, of its own
+demerits, through the intercession of a single woman.  Such a grace
+could, indeed, seem merely invidious, ungracious, and unreasonable in
+the eyes of both parties; he retreated without listening to the
+persuasions of his opponents, or asking the consent of his friends.  The
+origin of all lay in his unsociable, supercilious, and self-willed
+disposition, which, in all cases, is offensive to most people; and when
+combined with a passion for distinction passes into absolute savageness
+and mercilessness.  Men decline to ask favors of the people, professing
+not to need any honors from them; and then are indignant if they do not
+obtain them.  Metellus, Aristides, and Epaminondas certainly did not beg
+favors of the multitude; but that was because they, in real truth, did
+not value the gifts which a popular body can either confer or refuse;
+and when they were more than once driven into exile, rejected at
+elections, and condemned in courts of justice, they showed no resentment
+at the ill-humor of their fellow-citizens, but were willing and
+contented to return and be reconciled when the feeling altered and they
+were wished for.  He who least likes courting favor, ought also least to
+think of resenting neglect: to feel wounded at being refused a
+distinction can only arise from an overweening appetite to have it.
+
+Alcibiades never professed to deny that it was pleasant to him to be
+honored, and distasteful to him to be overlooked; and, accordingly, he
+always tried to place himself upon good terms with all that he met;
+Coriolanus's pride forbade him to pay attentions to those who could have
+promoted his advancement, and yet his love of distinction made him feel
+hurt and angry when he was disregarded.  Such are the faulty parts of
+his character, which in all other respects was a noble one.  For his
+temperance, continence, and probity, he might claim to be compared with
+the best and purest of the Greeks; not in any sort or kind with
+Alcibiades, the least scrupulous and most entirely careless of human
+beings in all these points.
+
+
+
+TIMOLEON
+
+It was for the sake of others that I first commenced writing
+biographies; but I find myself proceeding and attaching myself to it
+for my own; the virtues of these great men serving me as a sort of
+looking-glass, in which I may see how to adjust and adorn my own
+life.  Indeed, it can be compared to nothing but daily living and
+associating together; we receive, as it were, in our inquiry, and
+entertain each successive guest, view
+
+Their stature and their qualities,
+
+and select from their actions all that is noblest and worthiest to
+know.
+
+Ah, and what greater pleasure could one have?
+
+or, what more effective means to one's moral improvement? Democritus
+tells us we ought to pray that of the phantasms appearing in the
+circumambient air, such may present themselves to us as are
+propitious, and that we may rather meet with those that are agreeable
+to our natures and are good, than the evil and unfortunate; which is
+simply introducing into philosophy a doctrine untrue in itself, and
+leading to endless superstitions.  My method, on the contrary, is, by
+the study of history, and by the familiarity acquired in writing, to
+habituate my memory to receive and retain images of the best and
+worthiest characters.  I thus am enabled to free myself from any
+ignoble, base, or vicious impressions, contracted from the contagion
+of ill company that I may be unavoidably engaged in, by the remedy of
+turning my thoughts in a happy and calm temper to view these noble
+examples.  Of this kind are those of Timoleon the Corinthian, and
+Paulus Aemilius, to write whose lives is my present business; men
+equally famous, not only for their virtues, but success; insomuch
+that they have left it doubtful whether they owe their greatest
+achievements to good fortune, or their own prudence and conduct.
+
+The affairs of the Syracusans, before Timoleon was sent into Sicily,
+were in this posture:  after Dion had driven out Dionysius the
+tyrant, he was slain by treachery, and those that had assisted him in
+delivering Syracuse were divided among themselves; and thus the city,
+by a continual change of governors, and a train of mischiefs that
+succeeded each other, became almost abandoned; while of the rest of
+Sicily, part was now utterly depopulated and desolate through long
+continuance of war, and most of the cities that had been left
+standing were in the hands of barbarians and soldiers out of
+employment, that were ready to embrace every turn of government.
+Such being the state of things, Dionysius takes the opportunity, and
+in the tenth year of his banishment, by the help of some mercenary
+troops he had got together, forces out Nysaeus, then master of
+Syracuse, recovers all afresh, and is again settled in his dominion;
+and as at first he had been strangely deprived of the greatest and
+most absolute power that ever was, by a very small party, so now in a
+yet stranger manner; when in exile and of mean condition, he became
+the sovereign of those who had ejected him.  All, therefore, that
+remained in Syracuse, had to serve under a tyrant, who at the best
+was of an ungentle nature, and exasperated now to a degree of
+savageness by the late misfortunes and calamities he had suffered.
+The better and more distinguished citizens, having timely retired
+thence to Hicetes, ruler of the Leontines, put themselves under his
+protection, and chose him for their general in the war; not that he
+was much preferable to any open and avowed tyrant; but they had no
+other sanctuary at present, and it gave them some ground of
+confidence, that he was of a Syracusan family, and had forces able to
+encounter those of Dionysius.
+
+In the meantime, the Carthaginians appeared before Sicily with a
+great navy, watching when and where they might make a descent upon
+the island; and terror at this fleet made the Sicilians incline to
+send an embassy into Greece to demand succors from the Corinthians,
+whom they confided in rather than others, not only upon the account
+of their near kindred, and the great benefits they had often received
+by trusting them, but because Corinth had ever shown herself attached
+to freedom and averse from tyranny, and had engaged in many noble
+wars, not for empire or aggrandizement, but for the sole liberty of
+the Greeks.  But Hicetes, who made it the business of his command not
+so much to deliver the Syracusans from other tyrants, as to enslave
+them to himself, had already entered into some secret conferences
+with those of Carthage, while in public he commended the design of
+his Syracusan clients, and dispatched ambassadors from himself,
+together with theirs, into Peloponnesus; not that he really desired
+any relief to come from there, but, in case the Corinthians, as was
+likely enough, on account of the troubles of Greece and occupation at
+home, should refuse their assistance, hoping then he should be able
+with less difficulty to dispose and incline things for the
+Carthaginian interest, and so make use of these foreign pretenders,
+as instruments and auxiliaries for himself, either against the
+Syracusans or Dionysius, as occasion served.  This was discovered a
+while after.
+
+The ambassadors being arrived, and their request known, the
+Corinthians, who had always a great concern for all their colonies
+and plantations, but especially for Syracuse, since by good fortune
+there was nothing to molest them in their own country, where they
+were enjoying peace and leisure at that time, readily and with one
+accord passed a vote for their assistance.  And when they were
+deliberating about the choice of a captain for the expedition, and
+the magistrates were urging the claims of various aspirants for
+reputation, one of the crowd stood up and named Timoleon, son of
+Timodemus, who had long absented himself from public business, and
+had neither any thoughts of, nor the least pretension to, an
+employment of that nature.  Some god or other, it might rather seem,
+had put it in the man's heart to mention him; such favor and
+good-will on the part of Fortune seemed at once to be shown in his
+election, and to accompany all his following actions, as though it
+were on purpose to commend his worth, and add grace and ornament to
+his personal virtues.  As regards his parentage, both Timodemus his
+father, and his mother Demariste, were of high rank in the city; and
+as for himself, he was noted for his love of his country, and his
+gentleness of temper, except in his extreme hatred to tyrants and
+wicked men.  His natural abilities for war were so happily tempered,
+that while a rare prudence might be seen in all the enterprises of
+his younger years, an equal courage showed itself in the last
+exploits of his declining age.  He had an elder brother, whose name
+was Timophanes, who was every way unlike him, being indiscreet and
+rash, and infected by the suggestions of some friends and foreign
+soldiers, whom he kept always about him, with a passion for absolute
+power.  He seemed to have a certain force and vehemence in all
+military service, and even to delight in dangers, and thus he took
+much with the people, and was advanced to the highest charges, as a
+vigorous and effective warrior; in the obtaining of which offices and
+promotions, Timoleon much assisted him, helping to conceal or at
+least to extenuate his errors, embellishing by his praise whatever
+was commendable in him, and setting off his good qualities to the
+best advantage.
+
+It happened once in the battle fought by the Corinthians against the
+forces of Argos and Cleonae, that Timoleon served among the infantry,
+when Timophanes, commanding their cavalry, was brought into extreme
+danger; as his horse being wounded fell forward, and threw him
+headlong amidst the enemies, while part of his companions dispersed
+at once in a panic, and the small number that remained, bearing up
+against a great multitude, had much ado to maintain any resistance.
+As soon, therefore, as Timoleon was aware of the accident, he ran
+hastily in to his brother's rescue, and covering the fallen
+Timophanes with his buckler, after having received abundance of
+darts, and several strokes by the sword upon his body and his armor,
+he at length with much difficulty obliged the enemies to retire, and
+brought off his brother alive and safe.  But when the Corinthians, for
+fear of losing their city a second time, as they had once before, by
+admitting their allies, made a decree to maintain four hundred
+mercenaries for its security, and gave Timophanes the command over
+them, he, abandoning all regard to honor and equity, at once
+proceeded to put into execution his plans for making himself
+absolute, and bringing the place under his own power; and having cut
+off many principal citizens, uncondemned and without trial, who were
+most likely to hinder his design, he declared himself tyrant of
+Corinth; a procedure that infinitely afflicted Timoleon, to whom the
+wickedness of such a brother appeared to be his own reproach and
+calamity.  He undertook to persuade him by reasoning, that, desisting
+from that wild and unhappy ambition, he would bethink himself how he
+should make the Corinthians some amends, and find out an expedient to
+remedy and correct the evils he had done them.  When his single
+admonition was rejected and contemned by him, he makes a second
+attempt, taking with him Aeschylus his kinsman, brother to the wife
+of Timophanes, and a certain diviner, that was his friend, whom
+Theopompus in his history calls Satyrus, but Ephorus and Timaeus
+mention in theirs by the name of Orthagoras.  After a few days, then,
+he returns to his brother with this company, all three of them
+surrounding and earnestly importuning him upon the same subject, that
+now at length he would listen to reason, and be of another mind.  But
+when Timophanes began first to laugh at the men's simplicity, and
+presently broke out into rage and indignation against them, Timoleon
+stepped aside from him and stood weeping with his face covered, while
+the other two, drawing out their swords, dispatched him in a moment.
+
+On the rumor of this act being soon scattered about, the better and
+more generous of the Corinthians highly applauded Timoleon for the
+hatred of wrong and the greatness of soul that had made him, though
+of a gentle disposition and full of love and kindness for his family,
+think the obligations to his country stronger than the ties of
+consanguinity, and prefer that which is good and just before gain and
+interest and his own particular advantage.  For the same brother, who
+with so much bravery had been saved by him when he fought valiantly
+in the cause of Corinth, he had now as nobly sacrificed for enslaving
+her afterward by a base and treacherous usurpation.  But then, on the
+other side, those that knew not how to live in a democracy, and had
+been used to make their humble court to the men of power, though they
+openly professed to rejoice at the death of the tyrant, nevertheless,
+secretly reviling Timoleon, as one that had committed an impious and
+abominable act, drove him into melancholy and dejection.  And when he
+came to understand how heavily his mother took it, and that she
+likewise uttered the saddest complaints and most terrible
+imprecations against him, he went to satisfy and comfort her as to
+what had happened; and finding that she would not endure so much as
+to look upon him, but caused her doors to be shut, that he might have
+no admission into her presence, with grief at this he grew so
+disordered in his mind and so disconsolate, that he determined to put
+an end to his perplexity with his life, by abstaining from all manner
+of sustenance.  But through the care and diligence of his friends,
+who were very instant with him, and added force to their entreaties,
+he came to resolve and promise at last, that he would endure living,
+provided it might be in solitude, and remote from company; so that,
+quitting all civil transactions and commerce with the world, for a
+long while after his first retirement he never came into Corinth, but
+wandered up and down the fields, full of anxious and tormenting
+thoughts, and spent his time in desert places, at the farthest
+distance from society and human intercourse.  So true it is that the
+minds of men are easily shaken and carried off from their own
+sentiments through the casual commendation or reproof of others,
+unless the judgments that we make, and the purposes we conceive, be
+confirmed by reason and philosophy, and thus obtain strength and
+steadiness.  An action must not only be just and laudable in its own
+nature, but it must proceed likewise from solid motives and a lasting
+principle, that so we may fully and constantly approve the thing, and
+be perfectly satisfied in what we do; for otherwise, after having put
+our resolution into practice, we shall out of pure weakness come to
+be troubled at the performance, when the grace and goodliness, which
+rendered it before so amiable and pleasing to us, begin to decay and
+wear out of our fancy; like greedy people, who, seizing on the more
+delicious morsels of any dish with a keen appetite, are presently
+disgusted when they grow full, and find themselves oppressed and
+uneasy now by what they before so greedily desired.  For a succeeding
+dislike spoils the best of actions, and repentance makes that which
+was never so well done, become base and faulty; whereas the choice
+that is founded upon knowledge and wise reasoning, does not change by
+disappointment, or suffer us to repent, though it happen perchance to
+be less prosperous in the issue.  And thus Phocion, of Athens, having
+always vigorously opposed the measures of Leosthenes, when success
+appeared to attend them, and he saw his countrymen rejoicing and
+offering sacrifice in honor of their victory, "I should have been as
+glad," said he to them, "that I myself had been the author of what
+Leosthenes has achieved for you, as I am that I gave you my own
+counsel against it."  A more vehement reply is recorded to have been
+made by Aristides the Locrian, one of Plato's companions, to
+Dionysius the elder, who demanded one of his daughters in marriage:
+"I had rather," said he to him, "see the virgin in her grave, than in
+the palace of a tyrant."  And when Dionysius, enraged at the affront,
+made his sons be put to death a while after, and then again
+insultingly asked, whether he were still in the same mind as to the
+disposal of his daughters, his answer was, "I cannot but grieve at
+the cruelty of your deeds, but am not sorry for the freedom of my own
+words."  Such expressions as these may belong perhaps to a more
+sublime and accomplished virtue.
+
+The grief, however, of Timoleon at what had been done, whether it
+arose from commiseration of his brother's fate, or the reverence he
+bore his mother, so shattered and broke his spirits, that for the
+space of almost twenty years, he had not offered to concern himself
+in any honorable or public action.  When, therefore, he was pitched
+upon for a general, and joyfully accepted as such by the suffrages of
+the people, Teleclides, who was at that time the most powerful and
+distinguished man in Corinth, began to exhort him that he would act
+now like a man of worth and gallantry:  "For," said he, "if you do
+bravely in this service, we shall believe that you delivered us from
+a tyrant; but if otherwise, that you killed your brother."  While he
+was yet preparing to set sail, and enlisting soldiers to embark with
+him, there came letters to the Corinthians from Hicetes, plainly
+disclosing his revolt and treachery.  For his ambassadors were no
+sooner gone for Corinth, but he openly joined the Carthaginians,
+negotiating that they might assist him to throw out Dionysius, and
+become master of Syracuse in his room.  And fearing he might be
+disappointed of his aim, if troops and a commander should come from
+Corinth before this were effected, he sent a letter of advice
+thither, in all haste, to prevent their setting out, telling them
+they need not be at any cost and trouble upon his account, or run the
+hazard of a Sicilian voyage, especially since the Carthaginians,
+alliance with whom against Dionysius the slowness of their motions
+had compelled him to embrace, would dispute their passage, and lay in
+wait to attack them with a numerous fleet.  This letter being
+publicly read, if any had been cold and indifferent before as to the
+expedition in hand, the indignation they now conceived against
+Hicetes so exasperated and inflamed them all, that they willingly
+contributed to supply Timoleon, and endeavored, with one accord, to
+hasten his departure.
+
+When the vessels were equipped, and his soldiers every way provided
+for, the female priests of Proserpina had a dream or vision, wherein
+she and her mother Ceres appeared to them in a traveling garb, and
+were heard to say that they were going to sail with Timoleon into
+Sicily; whereupon the Corinthians, having built a sacred galley,
+devoted it to them, and called it the galley of the goddesses.
+Timoleon went in person to Delphi, where he sacrificed to Apollo,
+and, descending into the place of prophecy, was surprised with the
+following marvelous occurrence.  A riband with crowns and figures of
+victory embroidered upon it, slipped off from among the gifts that
+were there consecrated and hung up in the temple, and fell directly
+down upon his head; so that Apollo seemed already to crown him with
+success, and send him thence to conquer and triumph.  He put to sea
+only with seven ships of Corinth, two of Corcyra, and a tenth which
+was furnished by the Leucadians; and when he was now entered into the
+deep by night, and carried with a prosperous gale, the heaven seemed
+all on a sudden to break open, and a bright spreading flame to issue
+forth from it, and hover over the ship he was in; and, having formed
+itself into a torch, not unlike those that are used in the mysteries,
+it began to steer the same course, and run along in their company,
+guiding them by its light to that quarter of Italy where they
+designed to go ashore.  The soothsayers affirmed, that this
+apparition agreed with the dream of the holy women, since the
+goddesses were now visibly joining in the expedition, and sending
+this light from heaven before them:  Sicily being thought sacred to
+Proserpina, as poets feign that the rape was committed there, and
+that the island was given her in dowry when she married Pluto.
+
+These early demonstrations of divine favor greatly encouraged his
+whole army; so that, making all the speed they were able, by a voyage
+across the open sea, they were soon passing along the coast of Italy.
+But the tidings that came from Sicily much perplexed Timoleon, and
+disheartened his soldiers.  For Hicetes, having already beaten
+Dionysius out of the field, and reduced most of the quarters of
+Syracuse itself, now hemmed him in and besieged him in the citadel
+and what is called the Island, whither he was fled for his last
+refuge; while the Carthaginians, by agreement, were to make it their
+business to hinder Timoleon from landing in any port of Sicily; so
+that he and his party being driven back, they might with ease and at
+their own leisure divide the island among themselves.  In pursuance
+of which design, the Carthaginians sent away twenty of their galleys
+to Rhegium, having aboard them certain ambassadors from Hicetes to
+Timoleon, who carried instructions suitable to these proceedings,
+specious amusements and plausible stories, to color and conceal
+dishonest purposes.  They had order to propose and demand that
+Timoleon himself, if he liked the offer, should come to advise with
+Hicetes, and partake of all his conquests, but that he might send
+back his ships and forces to Corinth, since the war was in a manner
+finished, and the Carthaginians had blocked up the passage,
+determined to oppose them if they should try to force their way
+towards the shore.  When, therefore, the Corinthians met with these
+envoys at Rhegium, and received their message, and saw the Phoenician
+vessels riding at anchor in the bay, they became keenly sensible of
+the abuse that was put upon them, and felt a general indignation
+against Hicetes, and great apprehensions for the Siceliots, whom they
+now plainly perceived to be as it were a prize and recompense to
+Hicetes on one side for his perfidy, and to the Carthaginians on the
+other for the sovereign power they secured to him.  For it seemed
+utterly impossible to force and overbear the Carthaginian ships that
+lay before them and were double their number, as also to vanquish the
+victorious troops which Hicetes had with him in Syracuse, to take the
+lead of which very troops they had undertaken their voyage.
+
+The case being thus, Timoleon, after some conference with the envoys
+of Hicetes and the Carthaginian captains, told them he should readily
+submit to their proposals (to what purpose would it be to refuse
+compliance?):  he was desirous only, before his return to Corinth,
+that what had passed between them in private might be solemnly
+declared before the people of Rhegium, a Greek city, and a common
+friend to the parties; this, he said, would very much conduce to his
+own security and discharge; and they likewise would more strictly
+observe articles of agreement, on behalf of the Syracusans, which
+they had obliged themselves to in the presence of so many witnesses.
+The design of all which was, only to divert their attention, while he
+got an opportunity of slipping away from their fleet:  a contrivance
+that all the principal Rhegians were privy and assisting to, who had
+a great desire that the affairs of Sicily should fall into Corinthian
+hands, and dreaded the consequences of having barbarian neighbors.
+An assembly was therefore called, and the gates shut, that the
+citizens might have no liberty to turn to other business; and a
+succession of speakers came forward, addressing the people at great
+length, to the same effect, without bringing the subject to any
+conclusion, making way each for another and purposely spinning out
+the time, till the Corinthian galleys should get clear of the haven;
+the Carthaginian commanders being detained there without any
+suspicion, as also Timoleon still remained present, and gave signs as
+if he were just preparing to make an oration.  But upon secret notice
+that the rest of the galleys were already gone on, and that his alone
+remained waiting for him, by the help and concealment of those
+Rhegians that were about the hustings and favored his departure, he
+made shift to slip away through the crowd, and, running down to the
+port, set sail with all speed; and having reached his other vessels,
+they came all safe to Tauromenium in Sicily, whither they had been
+formerly invited, and where they were now kindly received by
+Andromachus, then ruler of the city.  This man was father of Timaeus
+the historian, and incomparably the best of all those that bore sway
+in Sicily at that time, governing his citizens according to law and
+justice, and openly professing an aversion and enmity to all tyrants;
+upon which account he gave Timoleon leave to muster up his troops
+there, and to make that city the seat of war, persuading the
+inhabitants to join their arms with the Corinthian forces, and assist
+them in the design of delivering Sicily.
+
+But the Carthaginians who were left in Rhegium perceiving, when the
+assembly was dissolved, that Timoleon had given them the go by, were
+not a little vexed to see themselves outwitted, much to the amusement
+of the Rhegians, who could not but smile to find Phoenicians complain
+of being cheated.  However, they dispatched a messenger aboard one of
+their galleys to Tauromenium, who, after much blustering in the
+insolent barbaric way, and many menaces to Andromachus if he did not
+forthwith send the Corinthians off, stretched out his hand with the
+inside upward, and then turning it down again, threatened he would
+handle their city even so, and turn it topsy-turvy in as little time,
+and with as much ease.  Andromachus, laughing at the man's
+confidence, made no other reply, but, imitating his gesture, bid him
+hasten his own departure, unless he had a mind to see that kind of
+dexterity practiced first upon the galley which brought him thither.
+
+Hicetes, informed that Timoleon had made good his passage, was in
+great fear of what might follow, and sent to desire the Carthaginians
+that a large number of galleys might be ordered to attend and secure
+the coast.  And now it was that the Syracusans began wholly to
+despair of safety, seeing the Carthaginians possessed of their haven,
+Hicetes master of the town, and Dionysius supreme in the citadel;
+while Timoleon had as yet but a slender hold of Sicily, as it were by
+the fringe or border of it, in the small city of the Tauromenians,
+with a feeble hope and a poor company; having but a thousand soldiers
+at the most, and no more provisions, either of corn or money, than
+were just necessary for the maintenance and the pay of that
+inconsiderable number.  Nor did the other towns of Sicily confide in
+him, overpowered as they were with violence and outrage, and
+embittered against all that should offer to lead armies, by the
+treacherous conduct chiefly of Callippus, an Athenian, and Pharax, a
+Lacedaemonian captain, both of whom, after giving out that the design
+of their coming was to introduce liberty and depose tyrants, so
+tyrannized themselves, that the reign of former oppressors seemed to
+be a golden age in comparison, and the Sicilians began to consider
+those more happy who had expired in servitude, than any that had
+lived to see such a dismal freedom.
+
+Looking, therefore, for no better usage from the Corinthian general,
+but imagining that it was only the same old course of things once
+more, specious presences and false professions to allure them by fair
+hopes and kind promises into the obedience of a new master, they all,
+with one accord, unless it were the people of Adranum, suspected the
+exhortations, and rejected the overtures that were made them in his
+name.  These were inhabitants of a small city, consecrated to
+Adranus, a certain god that was in high veneration throughout Sicily,
+and, as it happened, they were then at variance among themselves,
+insomuch that one party called in Hicetes and the Carthaginians to
+assist them, while the other sent proposals to Timoleon.  It so fell
+out that these auxiliaries, striving which should be soonest, both
+arrived at Adranum about the same time; Hicetes bringing with him at
+least five thousand fighting men, while all the force Timoleon could
+make did not exceed twelve hundred.  With these he marched out of
+Tauromenium, which was about three hundred and forty furlongs distant
+from that city.  The first day he moved but slowly, and took up his
+quarters betimes after a short journey; but the day following he
+quickened his pace, and, having passed through much difficult ground,
+towards evening received advice that Hicetes was just approaching
+Adranum, and pitching his camp before it; upon which intelligence,
+his captains and other officers caused the vanguard to halt, that the
+army being refreshed, and having reposed a while, might engage the
+enemy with better heart.  But Timoleon, coming up in haste, desired
+them not to stop for that reason, but rather use all possible
+diligence to surprise the enemy, whom probably they would now find in
+disorder, as having lately ended their march, and being taken up at
+present in erecting tents and preparing supper; which he had no
+sooner said, but laying hold of his buckler and putting himself in
+the front, he led them on as it were to certain victory.  The
+braveness of such a leader made them all follow him with like courage
+and assurance.  They were now within less than thirty furlongs of
+Adranum, which they quickly traversed, and immediately fell in upon
+the enemy, who were seized with confusion, and began to retire at
+their first approaches; one consequence of which was that amidst so
+little opposition, and so early and general a flight, there were not
+many more than three hundred slain, and about twice the number made
+prisoners.  Their camp and baggage, however, was all taken.  The
+fortune of this onset soon induced the Adranitans to unlock their
+gates, and embrace the interest of Timoleon, to whom they recounted,
+with a mixture of affright and admiration, how, at the very minute of
+the encounter, the doors of their temple flew open of their own
+accord, that the javelin also, which their god held in his hand, was
+observed to tremble at the point, and that drops of sweat had been
+seen running down his face:  prodigies that not only presaged the
+victory then obtained, but were an omen, it seems, of all his future
+exploits, to which this first happy action gave the occasion.
+
+For now the neighboring cities and potentates sent deputies, one upon
+another, to seek his friendship and make offer of their service.
+Among the rest, Mamercus, the tyrant of Catana, an experienced
+warrior and a wealthy prince, made proposals of alliance with him,
+and, what was of greater importance still, Dionysius himself being
+now grown desperate, and wellnigh forced to surrender, despising
+Hicetes who had been thus shamefully baffled, and admiring the valor
+of Timoleon, found means to advertise him and his Corinthians that he
+should be content to deliver up himself and the citadel into their
+hands.  Timoleon, gladly embracing this unlooked for advantage, sends
+away Euclides and Telemachus, two Corinthian captains, with four
+hundred men, for the seizure and custody of the castle, with
+directions to enter not all at once, or in open view, that being
+impracticable so long as the enemy kept guard, but by stealth, and in
+small companies.  And so they took possession of the fortress, and
+the palace of Dionysius, with all the stores and ammunition he had
+prepared and laid up to maintain the war.  They found a good number
+of horses, every variety of engines, a multitude of darts, and
+weapons to arm seventy thousand men (a magazine that had been formed
+from ancient time), besides two thousand soldiers that were then with
+him, whom he gave up with the rest for Timoleon's service.  Dionysius
+himself, putting his treasure aboard, and taking a few friends,
+sailed away unobserved by Hicetes, and being brought to the camp of
+Timoleon, there first appeared in the humble dress of a private
+person, and was shortly after sent to Corinth with a single ship and
+a small sum of money.  Born and educated in the most splendid court
+and the most absolute monarchy that ever was, which he held and kept
+up for the space of ten years succeeding his father's death, he had,
+after Dion's expedition, spent twelve other years in a continual
+agitation of wars and contests, and great variety of fortune, during
+which time all the mischiefs he had committed in his former reign
+were more than repaid by the ills he himself then suffered; since he
+lived to see the deaths of his sons in the prime and vigor of their
+age, and the rape of his daughters in the flower of their virginity,
+and the wicked abuse of his sister and his wife, who, after being
+first exposed to all the lawless insults of the soldiery, was then
+murdered with her children, and cast into the sea; the particulars of
+which are more exactly given in the life of Dion.
+
+Upon the news of his landing at Corinth, there was hardly a man in
+Greece who had not the curiosity to come and view the late formidable
+tyrant, and say some words to him; part, rejoicing at his disasters,
+were led thither out of mere spite and hatred, that they might have
+the pleasure of trampling, as it were, on the ruins of his broken
+fortune; but others, letting their attention and their sympathy turn
+rather to the changes and revolutions of his life, could not but see
+in them a proof of the strength and potency with which divine and
+unseen causes operate amidst the weakness of human and visible
+things.  For neither art nor nature did in that age produce anything
+comparable to this work and wonder of fortune, which showed the very
+same man, that was not long before supreme monarch of Sicily,
+loitering about perhaps in the fish-market, or sitting in a
+perfumer's shop, drinking the diluted wine of taverns, or squabbling
+in the street with common women, or pretending to instruct the
+singing women of the theater, and seriously disputing with them about
+the measure and harmony of pieces of music that were performed there.
+Such behavior on his part was variously criticized.  He was thought
+by many to act thus out of pure compliance with his own natural
+indolent and vicious inclinations; while finer judges were of
+opinion, that in all this he was playing a politic part, with a
+design to be contemned among them, and that the Corinthians might not
+feel any apprehension or suspicion of his being uneasy under his
+reverse of fortune, or solicitous to retrieve it; to avoid which
+dangers, he purposely and against his true nature affected an
+appearance of folly and want of spirit in his private life and
+amusements.
+
+However it be, there are sayings and repartees of his left still upon
+record, which seem to show that he not ignobly accommodated himself
+to his present circumstances; as may appear in part from the
+ingenuousness of the avowal he made on coming to Leucadia, which, as
+well as Syracuse, was a Corinthian colony, where he told the
+inhabitants, that he found himself not unlike boys who have been in
+fault, who can talk cheerfully with their brothers, but are ashamed
+to see their father; so, likewise, he, he said, could gladly reside
+with them in that island, whereas he felt a certain awe upon his
+mind, which made him averse to the sight of Corinth, that was a
+common mother to them both.  The thing is further evident from the
+reply he once made to a stranger in Corinth, who deriding him in a
+rude and scornful manner about the conferences he used to have with
+philosophers, whose company had been one of his pleasures while yet a
+monarch, and demanding, in fine, what he was the better now for all
+those wise and learned discourses of Plato, "Do you think," said he,
+"I have made no profit of his philosophy, when you see me bear my
+change of fortune as I do?"  And when Aristoxenus the musician, and
+several others, desired to know how Plato offended him, and what had
+been the ground of his displeasure with him, he made answer, that, of
+the many evils attaching to the condition of sovereignty, the one
+greatest infelicity was that none of those who were accounted friends
+would venture to speak freely, or tell the plain truth; and that by
+means of such he had been deprived of Plato's kindness.  At another
+time, when one of those pleasant companions that are desirous to pass
+for wits, in mockery to Dionysius, as if he were still the tyrant,
+shook out the folds of his cloak, as he was entering into the room
+where he was, to show there were no concealed weapons about him,
+Dionysius, by way of retort, observed, that he would prefer he would
+do so on leaving the room, as a security that he was carrying nothing
+off with him.  And when Philip of Macedon, at a drinking party, began
+to speak in banter about the verses and tragedies which his father,
+Dionysius the elder, had left behind him, and pretended to wonder how
+he could get any time from his other business to compose such
+elaborate and ingenious pieces, he replied, very much to the purpose,
+"It was at those leisurable hours, which such as you and I, and those
+we call happy men, bestow upon our cups."  Plato had not the
+opportunity to see Dionysius at Corinth, being already dead before he
+came thither; but Diogenes of Sinope, at their first meeting in the
+street there, saluted him with the ambiguous expression, "O
+Dionysius, how little you deserve your present life!"  Upon which
+Dionysius stopped and replied, "I thank you, Diogenes, for your
+condolence."  "Condole with you!" replied Diogenes; "do you not
+suppose that, on the contrary, I am indignant that such a slave as
+you, who, if you had your due, should have been let alone to grow
+old, and die in the state of tyranny, as your father did before you,
+should now enjoy the ease of private persons, and be here to sport
+and frolic it in our society?"  So that when I compare those sad
+stories of Philistus, touching the daughters of Leptines, where he
+makes pitiful moan on their behalf, as fallen from all the blessings
+and advantages of powerful greatness to the miseries of a humble
+life, they seem to me like the lamentations of a woman who has lost
+her box of ointment, her purple dresses, and her golden trinkets.
+Such anecdotes will not, I conceive, be thought either foreign to my
+purpose of writing Lives, or unprofitable in themselves, by such
+readers as are not in too much haste, or busied and taken up with
+other concerns.
+
+But if the misfortune of Dionysius appear strange and extraordinary,
+we shall have no less reason to wonder at the good fortune of
+Timoleon, who, within fifty days after his landing in Sicily, both
+recovered the citadel of Syracuse, and sent Dionysius an exile into
+Peloponnesus.  This lucky beginning so animated the Corinthians, that
+they ordered him a supply of two thousand foot and two hundred horse,
+who, reaching Thurii, intended to cross over thence into Sicily; but
+finding the whole sea beset with Carthaginian ships, which made their
+passage impracticable, they were constrained to stop there, and watch
+their opportunity:  which time, however, was employed in a noble
+action.  For the Thurians, going out to war against their Bruttian
+enemies, left their city in charge with these Corinthian strangers,
+who defended it as carefully as if it had been their own country, and
+faithfully resigned it up again.
+
+Hicetes, in the interim, continued still to besiege the castle of
+Syracuse, and hindered all provisions from coming in by sea to
+relieve the Corinthians that were in it.  He had engaged also, and
+dispatched towards Adranum, two unknown foreigners to assassinate
+Timoleon, who at no time kept any standing guard about his person,
+and was then altogether secure, diverting himself, without any
+apprehension, among the citizens of the place, it being a festival in
+honor of their gods.  The two men that were sent, having casually
+heard that Timoleon was about to sacrifice, came directly into the
+temple with poniards under their cloaks, and pressing in among the
+crowd, by little and little got up close to the altar; but, as they
+were just looking for a sign from each other to begin the attempt, a
+third person struck one of them over the head with a sword, upon
+whose sudden fall, neither he that gave the blow, nor the partisan of
+him that received it, kept their stations any longer; but the one,
+making way with his bloody sword, put no stop to his flight, till he
+gained the top of a certain lofty precipice, while the other, laying
+hold of the altar, besought Timoleon to spare his life, and he would
+reveal to him the whole conspiracy.  His pardon being granted, he
+confessed that both himself and his dead companion were sent thither
+purposely to slay him.  While this discovery was made, he that killed
+the other conspirator had been fetched down from his sanctuary of the
+rock, loudly and often protesting, as he came along, that there was
+no injustice in the fact, as he had only taken righteous vengeance
+for his father's blood, whom this man had murdered before in the city
+of Leontini; the truth of which was attested by several there
+present, who could not choose but wonder too at the strange dexterity
+of fortune's operations, the facility with which she makes one event
+the spring and motion to something wholly different, uniting every
+scattered accident and lose particular and remote action, and
+interweaving them together to serve her purposes; so that things that
+in themselves seem to have no connection or interdependence
+whatsoever, become in her hands, so to say, the end and the beginning
+of each other.  The Corinthians, satisfied as to the innocence of
+this seasonable feat, honored and rewarded the author with a present
+of ten pounds in their money, since he had, as it were, lent the use
+of his just resentment to the tutelar genius that seemed to be
+protecting Timoleon, and had not preexpended this anger, so long ago
+conceived, but had reserved and deferred, under fortune's guidance,
+for his preservation, the revenge of a private quarrel.
+
+But this fortunate escape had effects and consequences beyond the
+present, as it inspired the highest hopes and future expectations of
+Timoleon, making people reverence and protect him as a sacred person
+sent by heaven to avenge and redeem Sicily.  Hicetes, having missed
+his aim in this enterprise, and perceiving, also, that many went off
+and sided with Timoleon, began to chide himself for his foolish
+modesty, that, when so considerable a force of the Carthaginians lay
+ready to be commanded by him, he had employed them hitherto by
+degrees and in small numbers, introducing their reinforcements by
+stealth and clandestinely, as if he had been ashamed of the action.
+Therefore, now laying aside his former nicety, he calls in Mago,
+their admiral, with his whole navy, who presently set sail, and
+seized upon the port with a formidable fleet of at least a hundred
+and fifty vessels, landing there sixty thousand foot which were all
+lodged within the city of Syracuse; so that, in all men's opinion,
+the time anciently talked of and long expected, wherein Sicily should
+be subjugated by barbarians, was now come to its fatal period.  For
+in all their preceding wars and many desperate conflicts with Sicily,
+the Carthaginians had never been able, before this, to take Syracuse;
+whereas Hicetes now receiving them, and putting the city into their
+hands, you might see it become now as it were a camp of barbarians.
+By this means, the Corinthian soldiers that kept the castle found
+themselves brought into great danger and hardship; as, besides that
+their provision grew scarce, and they began to be in want, because
+the havens were strictly guarded and blocked up, the enemy exercised
+them still with skirmishes and combats about their walls, and they
+were not only obliged to be continually in arms, but to divide and
+prepare themselves for assaults and encounters of every kind, and to
+repel every variety of the means of offense employed by a besieging
+army.
+
+Timoleon made shift to relieve them in these straits, sending corn
+from Catana by small fishing-boats and little skiffs, which commonly
+gained a passage through the Carthaginian galleys in times of storm,
+stealing up when the blockading ships were driven apart and dispersed
+by the stress of weather; which Mago and Hicetes observing, they
+agreed to fall upon Catana, from whence these supplies were brought
+in to the besieged, and accordingly put off from Syracuse, taking
+with them the best soldiers in their whole army.  Upon this, Neon the
+Corinthian, who was captain of those that kept the citadel, taking
+notice that the enemies who stayed there behind were very negligent
+and careless in keeping guard, made a sudden sally upon them as they
+lay scattered, and, killing some and putting others to flight, he
+took and possessed himself of that quarter which they call Acradina,
+and was thought to be the strongest and most impregnable part of
+Syracuse, a city made up and compacted as it were, of several towns
+put together.  Having thus stored himself with corn and money, he did
+not abandon the place, nor retire again into the castle, but
+fortifying the precincts of Acradina, and joining it by works to the
+citadel, he undertook the defense of both.  Mago and Hicetes were now
+come near to Catana, when a horseman, dispatched from Syracuse,
+brought them tidings that Acradina was taken; upon which they
+returned, in all haste, with great disorder and confusion, having
+neither been able to reduce the city they went against, nor to
+preserve that they were masters of.
+
+These successes, indeed, were such as might leave foresight and
+courage a pretence still of disputing it with fortune, which
+contributed most to the result.  But the next following event can
+scarcely be ascribed to anything but pure felicity.  The Corinthian
+soldiers who stayed at Thurii, partly for fear of the Carthaginian
+galleys which lay in wait for them under the command of Hanno, and
+partly because of tempestuous weather which had lasted for many days,
+and rendered the sea dangerous, took a resolution to march by land
+over the Bruttian territories, and, what with persuasion and force
+together, made good their passage through those barbarians to the
+city of Rhegium, the sea being still rough and raging as before.  But
+Hanno, not expecting the Corinthians would venture out, and supposing
+it would be useless to wait there any longer, bethought himself, as
+he imagined, of a most ingenious and clever stratagem apt to delude
+and ensnare the enemy; in pursuance of which he commanded the seamen
+to crown themselves with garlands, and, adorning his galleys with
+bucklers both of the Greek and Carthaginian make, he sailed away for
+Syracuse in this triumphant equipage, and using all his oars as he
+passed under the castle with much shouting and laughter, cried out,
+on purpose to dishearten the besieged, that he was come from
+vanquishing and taking the Corinthian succors, which he fell upon at
+sea as they were passing over into Sicily.  While he was thus biding
+and playing his tricks before Syracuse, the Corinthians, now come as
+far as Rhegium, observing the coast clear, and that the wind was laid
+as it were by miracle, to afford them in all appearance a quiet and
+smooth passage, went immediately aboard on such little barks and
+fishing-boats as were then at hand, and got over to Sicily with such
+complete safety and in such an extraordinary calm, that they drew
+their horses by the reins, swimming along by them as the vessels went
+across.
+
+When they were all landed, Timoleon came to receive them, and by
+their means at once obtained possession of Messena, from whence he
+marched in good order to Syracuse, trusting more to his late
+prosperous achievements than his present strength, as the whole army
+he had then with him did not exceed the number of four thousand;
+Mago, however, was troubled and fearful at the first notice of his
+coming, and grew more apprehensive and jealous still upon the
+following occasion.  The marshes about Syracuse, that receive a great
+deal of fresh water, as well from springs as from lakes and rivers
+discharging themselves into the sea, breed abundance of eels, which
+may be always taken there in great quantities by any that will fish
+for them.  The mercenary soldiers that served on both sides, were
+wont to follow the sport together at their vacant hours, and upon any
+cessation of arms, who being all Greeks, and having no cause of
+private enmity to each other, as they would venture bravely in fight,
+so in times of truce used to meet and converse amicably together.
+And at this present time, while engaged about this common business of
+fishing, they fell into talk together; and some expressing their
+admiration of the neighboring sea, and others telling how much they
+were taken with the convenience and commodiousness of the buildings
+and public works, one of the Corinthian party took occasion to demand
+of the others:  "And is it possible that you who are Grecians born,
+should be so forward to reduce a city of this greatness, and enjoying
+so many rare advantages, into the state of barbarism; and lend your
+assistance to plant Carthaginians, that are the worst and bloodiest
+of men, so much the nearer to us? whereas you should rather wish
+there were many more Sicilies to lie between them and Greece.  Have
+you so little sense as to believe, that they come hither with an
+army, from the Pillars of Hercules and the Atlantic Sea, to hazard
+themselves for the establishment of Hicetes? who, if he had had the
+consideration which becomes a general, would never have thrown out
+his ancestors and founders to bring in the enemies of his country in
+the room of them, when he might have enjoyed all suitable honor and
+command, with consent of Timoleon and the rest of Corinth."  The
+Greeks that were in pay with Hicetes, noising these discourses about
+their camp, gave Mago some ground to suspect, as indeed he had long
+sought for a pretence to be gone, that there was treachery contrived
+against him; so that, although Hicetes entreated him to tarry, and
+made it appear how much stronger they were than the enemy, yet,
+conceiving they came far more short of Timoleon in respect of courage
+and fortune, than they surpassed him in number, he presently went
+aboard, and set sail for Africa, letting Sicily escape out of his
+hands with dishonor to himself, and for such uncertain causes, that
+no human reason could give an account of his departure.
+
+The day after he went away, Timoleon came up before the city, in
+array for a battle.  But when he and his company heard of this sudden
+flight, and saw the docks all empty, they could not forbear laughing
+at the cowardice of Mago, and in mockery caused proclamation to be
+made through the city, that a reward would be given to any one who
+could bring them tidings whither the Carthaginian fleet had conveyed
+itself from them.  However, Hicetes resolving to fight it out alone,
+and not quitting his hold of the city, but sticking close to the
+quarters he was in possession of, places that were well fortified and
+not easy to be attacked, Timoleon divided his forces into three
+parts, and fell himself upon the side where the river Anapus ran,
+which was most strong and difficult of access; and he commanded those
+that were led by Isias, a Corinthian captain, to make their assault
+from the post of Acradina, while Dinarchus and Demaretus, that
+brought him the last supply from Corinth, were, with a third
+division, to attempt the quarter called Epipolae.  A considerable
+impression being made from every side at once, the soldiers of
+Hicetes were beaten off and put to flight; and this, -- that the city
+came to be taken by storm, and fall suddenly into their hands, upon
+the defeat and rout of the enemy, -- we must in all justice ascribe
+to the valor of the assailants, and the wise conduct of their
+general; but that not so much as a man of the Corinthians was either
+slain or wounded in the action, this the good fortune of Timoleon
+seems to challenge for her own work, as though, in a sort of rivalry
+with his own personal exertions, she made it her aim to exceed and
+obscure his actions by her favors, that those who heard him commended
+for his noble deeds might rather admire the happiness, than the merit
+of them.  For the fame of what was done not only passed through all
+Sicily, and filled Italy with wonder, but even Greece itself, after a
+few days, came to ring with the greatness of his exploit; insomuch
+that those of Corinth, who had as yet no certainty that their
+auxiliaries were landed on the island, had tidings brought them at
+the same time that they were safe and were conquerors.  In so
+prosperous a course did affairs run, and such was the speed and
+celerity of execution with which fortune, as with a new ornament, set
+off the native lustres of the performance.
+
+Timoleon, being master of the citadel, avoided the error which Dion
+had been guilty of.  He spared not the place for the beauty and
+sumptuousness of its fabric, and, keeping clear of those suspicions
+which occasioned first the unpopularity and afterwards the fall of
+Dion, made a public crier give notice, that all the Syracusans who
+were willing to have a hand in the work, should bring pick-axes and
+mattocks, and other instruments, and help him to demolish the
+fortifications of the tyrants.  When they all came up with one
+accord, looking upon that order and that day as the surest foundation
+of their liberty, they not only pulled down the castle, but
+overturned the palaces and monuments adjoining, and whatever else
+might preserve any memory of former tyrants.  Having soon leveled and
+cleared the place, he there presently erected courts for
+administration of justice, gratifying the citizens by this means, and
+building popular government on the fall and ruin of tyranny.  But
+since he had recovered a city destitute of inhabitants, some of
+them dead in civil wars and insurrections, and others being fled to
+escape tyrants, so that through solitude and want of people the great
+marketplace of Syracuse was overgrown with such quantity of rank
+herbage that it became a pasture for their horses, the grooms lying
+along in the grass as they fed by them; while also other towns, very
+few excepted, were become full of stags and wild boars, so that those
+who had nothing else to do went frequently a hunting, and found game
+in the suburbs and about the walls; and not one of those who had
+possessed themselves of castles, or made garrisons in the country,
+could be persuaded to quit their present abode, or would accept an
+invitation to return back into the city, so much did they all dread
+and abhor the very name of assemblies and forms of government and
+public speaking, that had produced the greater part of those usurpers
+who had successively assumed a dominion over them, -- Timoleon,
+therefore, with the Syracusans that remained, considering this vast
+desolation, and how little hope there was to have it otherwise
+supplied, thought good to write to the Corinthians, requesting that
+they would send a colony out of Greece to repeople Syracuse.  For
+else the land about it would lie unimproved; and besides this, they
+expected to be involved in a greater war from Africa, having news
+brought them that Mago had killed himself, and that the
+Carthaginians, out of rage for his ill conduct in the late
+expedition, had caused his body to be nailed upon a cross, and that
+they were raising a mighty force, with design to make their descent
+upon Sicily the next summer.
+
+These letters from Timoleon being delivered at Corinth, and the
+ambassadors of Syracuse beseeching them at the same time, that they
+would take upon them the care of their poor city, and once again
+become the founders of it, the Corinthians were not tempted by any
+feeling of cupidity to lay hold of the advantage.  Nor did they seize
+and appropriate the city to themselves, but going about first to the
+games that are kept as sacred in Greece, and to the most numerously
+attended religious assemblages, they made publication by heralds,
+that the Corinthians, having destroyed the usurpation at Syracuse and
+driven out the tyrant, did thereby invite the Syracusan exiles, and
+any other Siceliots, to return and inhabit the city, with full
+enjoyment of freedom under their own laws, the land being divided
+among them in just and equal proportions.  And after this, sending
+messengers into Asia and the several islands where they understood
+that most of the scattered fugitives were then residing, they bade
+them all repair to Corinth, engaging that the Corinthians would
+afford them vessels and commanders, and a safe convoy, at their own
+charges, to Syracuse.  Such generous proposals, being thus spread
+about, gained them the just and honorable recompense of general
+praise and benediction, for delivering the country from oppressors,
+and saving it from barbarians, and restoring it at length to the
+rightful owners of the place.  These, when they were assembled at
+Corinth, and found how insufficient their company was, besought the
+Corinthians that they might have a supplement of other persons, as
+well out of their city as the rest of Greece, to go with them as
+joint-colonists; and so raising themselves to the number of ten
+thousand, they sailed together to Syracuse.  By this time great
+multitudes, also, from Italy and Sicily, had flocked in to Timoleon,
+so that, as Athanis reports, their entire body amounted now to sixty
+thousand men.  Among these he divided the whole territory, and sold
+the houses for a thousand talents; by which method, he both left it
+in the power of the old Syracusans to redeem their own, and made it a
+means also for raising a stock for the community, which had been so
+much impoverished of late, and was so unable to defray other
+expenses, and especially those of a war, that they exposed their very
+statues to sale, a regular process being observed, and sentence of
+auction passed upon each of them by majority of votes, as if they had
+been so many criminals taking their trial:  in the course of which it
+is said that while condemnation was pronounced upon all other
+statues, that of the ancient usurper Gelo was exempted, out of
+admiration and honor and for the sake of the victory he gained over
+the Carthaginian forces at the river Himera.
+
+Syracuse being thus happily revived, and replenished again by the
+general concourse of inhabitants from all parts, Timoleon was
+desirous now to rescue other cities from the like bondage, and wholly
+and once for all to extirpate arbitrary government out of Sicily.
+And for this purpose, marching into the territories of those that
+used it, he compelled Hicetes first to renounce the Carthaginian
+interest, and, demolishing the fortresses which were held by him, to
+live henceforth among the Leontinians as a private person.  Leptines,
+also, the tyrant of Apollonia and divers other little towns, after
+some resistance made, seeing the danger he was in of being taken by
+force, surrendered himself; upon which Timoleon spared his life, and
+sent him away to Corinth, counting it a glorious thing that the
+mother city should expose to the view of other Greeks these Sicilian
+tyrants, living now in an exiled and a low condition.  After this he
+returned to Syracuse, that he might have leisure to attend to the
+establishment of the new constitution, and assist Cephalus and
+Dionysius, who were sent from Corinth to make laws, in determining
+the most important points of it.  In the meanwhile, desirous that his
+hired soldiers should not want action, but might rather enrich
+themselves by some plunder from the enemy, he dispatched Dinarchus
+and Demaretus with a portion of them into the part of the island
+belonging to the Carthaginians, where they obliged several cities to
+revolt from the barbarians, and not only lived in great abundance
+themselves, but raised money from their spoil to carry on the war.
+
+Meantime, the Carthaginians landed at the promontory of Lilybaeum,
+bringing with them an army of seventy thousand men on board two
+hundred galleys, besides a thousand other vessels laden with engines
+of battery, chariots, corn, and other military stores, as if they did
+not intend to manage the war by piecemeal and in parts as heretofore,
+but to drive the Greeks altogether and at once out of all Sicily.
+And indeed it was a force sufficient to overpower the Siceliots, even
+though they had been at perfect union among themselves, and had never
+been enfeebled by intestine quarrels.  Hearing that part of their
+subject territory was suffering devastation, they forthwith made
+toward the Corinthians with great fury, having Asdrubal and Hamilcar
+for their generals; the report of whose numbers and strength coming
+suddenly to Syracuse, the citizens were so terrified, that hardly
+three thousand, among so many myriads of them, had the courage to
+take up arms and join Timoleon.  The foreigners, serving for pay,
+were not above four thousand in all, and about a thousand of these
+grew fainthearted by the way, and forsook Timoleon in his march
+towards the enemy, looking on him as frantic and distracted,
+destitute of the sense which might have been expected from his time
+of life, thus to venture out against an army of seventy thousand men,
+with no more than five thousand foot and a thousand horse; and, when
+he should have kept those forces to defend the city, choosing rather
+to remove them eight days' journey from Syracuse, so that if they
+were beaten from the field, they would have no retreat, nor any
+burial if they fell upon it.  Timoleon, however, reckoned it some
+kind of advantage, that these had thus discovered themselves before
+the battle, and, encouraging the rest, led them with all speed to the
+river Crimesus, where it was told him the Carthaginians were drawn
+together.
+
+As he was marching up an ascent, from the top of which they expected
+to have a view of the army and of the strength of the enemy, there
+met him by chance a train of mules loaded with parsley; which his
+soldiers conceived to be an ominous occurrence or ill-boding token,
+because this is the herb with which we not unfrequently adorn the
+sepulchres of the dead; and there is a proverb derived from the
+custom, used of one who is dangerously sick, that he has need of
+nothing but parsley.  So, to ease their minds, and free them from
+any superstitious thoughts or forebodings of evil, Timoleon halted,
+and concluded an address, suitable to the occasion, by saying, that a
+garland of triumph was here luckily brought them, and had fallen into
+their hands of its own accord, as an anticipation of victory:  the
+same with which the Corinthians crown the victors in the Isthmian
+games, accounting chaplets of parsley the sacred wreath proper to
+their country; parsley being at that time still the emblem of victory
+at the Isthmian, as it is now at the Nemean sports; and it is not so
+very long ago that the pine first began to be used in its place.
+
+Timoleon, therefore, having thus bespoke his soldiers, took part of
+the parsley, and with it made himself a chaplet first, his captains
+and their companies all following the example of their leader.  The
+soothsayers then, observing also two eagles on the wing towards them,
+one of which bore a snake struck through with her talons, and the
+other, as she flew, uttered a loud cry indicating boldness and
+assurance, at once showed them to the soldiers, who with one consent
+fell to supplicate the gods, and call them in to their assistance.
+It was now about the beginning of summer, and conclusion of the month
+called Thargelion, not far from the solstice; and the river sending
+up a thick mist, all the adjacent plain was at first darkened with
+the fog, so that for a while they could discern nothing from the
+enemy's camp; only a confused buzz and undistinguished mixture of
+voices came up to the hill from the distant motions and clamors of so
+vast a multitude.  When the Corinthians had mounted, and stood on the
+top, and had laid down their bucklers to take breath and repose
+themselves, the sun coming round and drawing up the vapors from
+below, the gross foggy air that was now gathered and condensed above
+formed in a cloud upon the mountains; and, all the under places being
+clear and open, the river Crimesus appeared to them again, and they
+could descry the enemies passing over it, first with their formidable
+four horse chariots of war, and then ten thousand footmen bearing
+white shields, whom they guessed to be all Carthaginians, from the
+splendor of their arms, and the slowness and order of their march.  And
+when now the troops of various other nations, flowing in behind them,
+began to throng for passage in a tumultuous and unruly manner,
+Timoleon, perceiving that the river gave them opportunity to single
+off whatever number of their enemies they had a mind to engage at
+once, and bidding his soldiers observe how their forces were divided
+into two separate bodies by the intervention of the stream, some
+being already over, and others still to ford it, gave Demaretus
+command to fall in upon the Carthaginians with his horse, and disturb
+their ranks before they should be drawn up into form of battle; and
+coming down into the plain himself, forming his right and left wing
+of other Sicilians, intermingling only a few strangers in each, he
+placed the natives of Syracuse in the middle, with the stoutest
+mercenaries he had about his own person; and, waiting a little to
+observe the action of his horse, when he saw they were not only
+hindered from grappling with the Carthaginians by the armed chariots
+that ran to and fro before the army, but forced continually to wheel
+about to escape having their ranks broken, and so to repeat their
+charges anew, he took his buckler in his hand, and crying out to the
+foot that they should follow him with courage and confidence, he
+seemed to speak with a more than human accent, and a voice stronger
+than ordinary; whether it were that he naturally raised it so high in
+the vehemence and ardor of his mind to assault the enemy, or else, as
+many then thought, some god or other spoke with him.  When his
+soldiers quickly gave an echo to it, all besought him to lead them on
+without any further delay, he made a sign to the horse, that they
+should draw off from the front where the chariots were, and pass
+sidewards to attack their enemies in the flank; then, making his
+vanguard firm by joining man to man and buckler to buckler, he caused
+the trumpet to sound, and so bore in upon the Carthaginians.
+
+They, for their part, stoutly received and sustained his first onset;
+and having their bodies armed with breastplates of iron, and helmets
+of brass on their heads, besides great bucklers to cover and secure
+them, they could easily repel the charge of the Greek spears.  But
+when the business came to a decision by the sword, where mastery
+depends no less upon art than strength, all on a sudden from the
+mountain tops violent peals of thunder and vivid dashes of lightning
+broke out; following upon which the darkness, that had been hovering
+about the higher grounds and the crests of the hills, descending to
+the place of battle and bringing a tempest of rain and of wind and
+hail along with it, was driven upon the Greeks behind, and fell only
+at their backs, but discharged itself in the very faces of the
+barbarians, the rain beating on them, and the lightning dazzling them
+without cessation; annoyances that in many ways distressed at any
+rate the inexperienced, who had not been used to such hardships, and,
+in particular, the claps of thunder, and the noise of the rain and
+hail beating on their arms, kept them from hearing the commands of
+their officers.  Besides which, the very mud also was a great
+hindrance to the Carthaginians, who were not lightly equipped, but,
+as I said before, loaded with heavy armor; and then their shirts
+underneath getting drenched, the foldings about the bosom filled with
+water, grew unwieldy and cumbersome to them as they fought, and made
+it easy for the Greeks to throw them down, and, when they were once
+down, impossible for them, under that weight, to disengage themselves
+and rise again with weapons in their hand.  The river Crimesus, too,
+swollen partly by the rain, and partly by the stoppage of its course
+with the numbers that were passing through, overflowed its banks; and
+the level ground by the side of it, being so situated as to have a
+number of small ravines and hollows of the hill-side descending upon
+it, was now filled with rivulets and currents that had no certain
+channel, in which the Carthaginians stumbled and rolled about, and
+found themselves in great difficulty.  So that, in fine, the storm
+bearing still upon them, and the Greeks having cut in pieces four
+hundred men of their first ranks, the whole body of their army began
+to fly.  Great numbers were overtaken in the plain, and put to the
+sword there; and many of them, as they were making their way back
+through the river, falling foul upon others that were yet coming
+over, were borne away and overwhelmed by the waters; but the major
+part, attempting to get up the hills and so make their escape, were
+intercepted and destroyed by the light-armed troops.  It is said,
+that of ten thousand who lay dead after the fight, three thousand, at
+least, were Carthaginian citizens; a heavy loss and great grief to
+their countrymen; those that fell being men inferior to none among
+them as to birth, wealth, or reputation.  Nor do their records
+mention that so many native Carthaginians were ever cut off before in
+any one battle; as they usually employed Africans, Spaniards, and
+Numidians in their wars, so that if they chanced to be defeated, it
+was still at the cost and damage of other nations.
+
+The Greeks easily discovered of what condition and account the slain
+were, by the richness of their spoils; for when they came to collect
+the booty, there was little reckoning made either of brass or iron,
+so abundant were better metals, and so common were silver and gold
+Passing over the river, they became masters of their camp and
+carriages.  As for captives, a great many of them were stolen away,
+and sold privately by the soldiers, but about five thousand were
+brought in and delivered up for the benefit of the public; two
+hundred of their chariots of war were also taken.  The tent of
+Timoleon then presented a most glorious and magnificent appearance,
+being heaped up and hung round with every variety of spoils and
+military ornaments, among which there were a thousand breastplates of
+rare workmanship and beauty, and bucklers to the number of ten
+thousand.  The victors being but few to strip so many that were
+vanquished, and having such valuable booty to occupy them, it was the
+third day after the fight before they could erect and finish the
+trophy of their conquest.  Timoleon sent tidings of his victory to
+Corinth, with the best and goodliest arms he had taken as a proof of
+it; that he thus might render his country an object of emulation to
+the whole world, when, of all the cities of Greece, men should there
+alone behold the chief temples adorned, not with Grecian spoils, nor
+offerings obtained by the bloodshed and plunder of their own
+countrymen and kindred, and attended, therefore, with sad and unhappy
+remembrances, but with such as had been stripped from barbarians and
+enemies to their nation, with the noblest titles inscribed upon them,
+titles telling of the justice as well as fortitude of the conquerors;
+namely, that the people of Corinth, and Timoleon their general,
+having redeemed the Greeks of Sicily from Carthaginian bondage, made
+oblation of these to the gods, in grateful acknowledgment of their
+favor.
+
+Having done this, he left his hired soldiers in the enemy's country,
+to drive and carry away all they could throughout the
+subject-territory of Carthage, and so marched with the rest of his
+army to Syracuse, where he issued an edict for banishing the thousand
+mercenaries who had basely deserted him before the battle, and
+obliged them to quit the city before sunset.  They, sailing into
+Italy, lost their lives there by the hands of the Bruttians, in spite
+of a public assurance of safety previously given them; thus
+receiving, from the divine power, a just reward of their own
+treachery.  Mamercus, however, the tyrant of Catana, and Hicetes,
+after all, either envying Timoleon the glory of his exploits, or
+fearing him as one that would keep no agreement, nor have any peace
+with tyrants, made a league with the Carthaginians, and pressed them
+much to send a new army and commander into Sicily, unless they would
+be content to hazard all, and to be wholly ejected out of that
+island.  And in consequence of this, Gisco was dispatched with a navy
+of seventy sail.  He took numerous Greek mercenaries also into pay,
+that being the first time they had ever been enlisted for the
+Carthaginian service; but then it seems the Carthaginians began to
+admire them, as the most irresistible soldiers of all mankind.
+Uniting their forces in the territory of Messena, they cut off four
+hundred of Timoleon's paid soldiers, and within the dependencies of
+Carthage, at a place called Hierae, destroyed, by an ambuscade, the
+whole body of mercenaries that served under Euthymus the Leucadian;
+which accidents, however, made the good fortune of Timoleon accounted
+all the more remarkable, as these were the men that, with Philomelus
+of Phocis and Onomarchus, had forcibly broken into the temple of
+Apollo at Delphi, and were partakers with them in the sacrilege; so
+that, being hated and shunned by all, as persons under a curse, they
+were constrained to wander about in Peloponnesus; when, for want of
+others, Timoleon was glad to take them into service in his expedition
+for Sicily, where they were successful in whatever enterprise they
+attempted under his conduct.  But now, when all the important dangers
+were past, on his sending them out for the relief and defense of his
+party in several places, they perished and were destroyed at a
+distance from him, not all together, but in small parties; and the
+vengeance which was destined for them, so accommodating itself to the
+good fortune which guarded Timoleon as not to allow any harm or
+prejudice for good men to arise from the punishment of the wicked,
+the benevolence and kindness which the gods had for Timoleon was thus
+as distinctly recognized in his disasters as in his successes.
+
+What most annoyed the Syracusans was their being insulted and mocked
+by the tyrants; as, for example, by Mamercus, who valued himself much
+upon his gift for writing poems and tragedies, and took occasion,
+when coming to present the gods with the bucklers of the hired
+soldiers whom he had killed, to make a boast of his victory in an
+insulting elegiac inscription:
+
+These shields, with purple, gold, and ivory wrought,
+Were won by us that but with poor ones fought.
+
+After this, while Timoleon marched to Calauria, Hicetes made an
+inroad into the borders of Syracuse, where he met with considerable
+booty, and having done much mischief and havoc, returned back by
+Calauria itself, in contempt of Timoleon, and the slender force he
+had then with him.  He, suffering Hicetes to pass forward, pursued
+him with his horsemen and light infantry, which Hicetes perceiving,
+crossed the river Damyrias, and then stood in a posture to receive
+him; the difficulty of the passage, and the height and steepness of
+the bank on each side, giving advantage enough to make him confident.
+A strange contention and dispute, meantime, among the officers of
+Timoleon, a little retarded the conflict; no one of them was willing
+to let another pass over before him to engage the enemy; each man
+claiming it as a right, to venture first and begin the onset; so that
+their fording was likely to be tumultuous and without order, a mere
+general struggle which should be the foremost.  Timoleon, therefore,
+desiring to decide the quarrel by lot, took a ring from each of the
+pretenders, which he cast into his own cloak, and, after he had
+shaken all together, the first he drew out had, by good fortune, the
+figure of a trophy engraved as a seal upon it; at the sight of which
+the young captains all shouted for joy, and, without waiting any
+longer to see how chance would determine it for the rest, took every
+man his way through the river with all the speed they could make, and
+fell to blows with the enemies, who were not able to bear up against
+the violence of their attack, but fled in haste and left their arms
+behind them all alike, and a thousand dead upon the place.
+
+Not long after, Timoleon, marching up to the city of the Leontines,
+took Hicetes alive, and his son Eupolemus, and Euthymus, the
+commander of his horse, who were bound and brought to him by their
+own soldiers.  Hicetes and the stripling his son were then executed
+as tyrants and traitors; and Euthymus, though a brave man, and one of
+singular courage, could obtain no mercy, because he was charged with
+contemptuous language in disparagement of the Corinthians when they
+first sent their forces into Sicily:  it is said that he told the
+Leontini in a speech, that the news did not sound terrible, nor was
+any great danger to be feared because of
+
+Corinthian women coming out of doors.
+
+So true is it that men are usually more stung and galled by
+reproachful words than hostile actions; and they bear an affront with
+less patience than an injury:  to do harm and mischief by deeds is
+counted pardonable from enemies, as nothing less can be expected in a
+state of war whereas virulent and contumelious words appear to be the
+expression of needless hatred, and to proceed from an excess of
+rancor.
+
+When Timoleon came back to Syracuse, the citizens brought the wives
+and daughters of Hicetes and his son to a public trial, and condemned
+and put them to death.  This seems to be the least pleasing action of
+Timoleon's life; since if he had interposed, the unhappy women would
+have been spared.  He would appear to have disregarded the thing, and
+to have given them up to the citizens, who were eager to take
+vengeance for the wrongs done to Dion, who expelled Dionysius; since
+it was this very Hicetes, who took Arete the wife, and Aristomache
+the sister of Dion, with a son that had not yet passed his childhood,
+and threw them all together into the sea alive, as related in the
+life of Dion.
+
+After this, he moved towards Catana against Mamercus, who gave him
+battle near the river Abolus, and was overthrown and put to flight,
+losing above two thousand men, a considerable part of whom were the
+Phoenician troops sent by Gisco to his assistance.  After this
+defeat, the Carthaginians sued for peace; which was granted on the
+conditions that they should confine themselves to the country within
+the river Lycus,@ that those of the inhabitants who wished to remove
+to the Syracusan territories should be allowed to depart with their
+whole families and fortunes, and, lastly, that Carthage should
+renounce all engagements to the tyrants.  Mamercus, now forsaken and
+despairing of success, took ship for Italy with the design of
+bringing in the Lucanians against Timoleon and the people of
+Syracuse; but the men in his galleys turning back and landing again
+and delivering up Catana to Timoleon, thus obliged him to fly for his
+own safety to Messena, where Hippo was tyrant.  Timoleon, however,
+coming up against them, and besieging the city both by sea and land,
+Hippo, fearful of the event, endeavored to slip away in a vessel;
+which the people of Messena surprised as it was putting off, and
+seizing on his person, and bringing all their children from school
+into the theater, to witness the glorious spectacle of a tyrant
+punished, they first publicly scourged and then put him to death.
+Mamercus made surrender of himself to Timoleon, with the proviso,
+that he should be tried at Syracuse, and Timoleon should take no part
+in his accusation.  Thither he was brought accordingly, and
+presenting himself to plead before the people, he essayed to
+pronounce an oration he had long before composed in his own defense;
+but finding himself interrupted by noise and clamors, and observing
+from their aspect and demeanor that the assembly was inexorable, he
+threw off his upper garment, and running across the theater as hard
+as he could, dashed his head against one of the stones under the
+seats with intention to have killed himself; but he had not the
+fortune to perish, as he designed, but was taken up alive, and
+suffered the death of a robber.
+
+Thus did Timoleon cut the nerves of tyranny, and put a period to
+their wars; and, whereas, at his first entering upon Sicily, the
+island was as it were become wild again, and was hateful to the very
+natives on account of the evils and miseries they suffered there, he
+so civilized and restored it, and rendered it so desirable to all
+men, that even strangers now came by sea to inhabit those towns and
+places which their own citizens had formerly forsaken and left
+desolate.  Agrigentum and Gela, two famous cities that had been
+ruined and laid waste by the Carthaginians after the Attic war, were
+then peopled again, the one by Megellus and Pheristus from Elea, the
+other by Gorgus, from the island of Ceos, partly with new settlers,
+partly with the old inhabitants whom they collected again from
+various parts; to all of whom Timoleon not only afforded a secure and
+peaceable abode after so obstinate a war, but was further so zealous
+in assisting and providing for them that he was honored among them as
+their founder.  Similar feelings also possessed to such a degree all
+the rest of the Sicilians, that there was no proposal for peace, nor
+reformation of laws, nor assignation of land, nor reconstitution of
+government, which they could think well of, unless he lent his aid as
+a chief architect, to finish and adorn the work, and superadd some
+touches from his own hand, which might render it pleasing both to God
+and man.
+
+Although Greece had in his time produced several persons of
+extraordinary worth, and much renowned for their achievements, such
+as Timotheus and Agesilaus and Pelopidas and (Timoleon's chief model)
+Epaminondas, yet the lustre of their best actions was obscured by a
+degree of violence and labor, insomuch that some of them were matter
+of blame and of repentance; whereas there is not any one act of
+Timoleon's, setting aside the necessity he was placed under in
+reference to his brother, to which, as Timaeus observes, we may not
+fitly apply that exclamation of Sophocles:
+
+O gods! what Venus, or what grace divine,
+Did here with human workmanship combine?
+
+For as the poetry of Antimachus, and the painting of Dionysius, the
+artists of Colophon, though full of force and vigor, yet appeared to
+be strained and elaborate in comparison with the pictures of
+Nicomachus and the verses of Homer, which, besides their general
+strength and beauty, have the peculiar charm of seeming to have been
+executed with perfect ease and readiness; so the expeditions and acts
+of Epaminondas or Agesilaus, that were full of toil and effort, when
+compared with the easy and natural as well as noble and glorious
+achievements of Timoleon, compel our fair and unbiased judgment to
+pronounce the latter not indeed the effect of fortune, but the
+success of fortunate merit.  Though he himself indeed ascribed that
+success to the sole favor of fortune; and both in the letters which
+he wrote to his friends at Corinth, and in the speeches he made to
+the people of Syracuse, he would say, that he was thankful unto God,
+who, designing to save Sicily, was pleased to honor him with the name
+and title of the deliverance he vouchsafed it.  And having built a
+chapel in his house, he there sacrificed to Good Hap, as a deity
+that had favored him, and devoted the house itself to the Sacred
+Genius; it being a house which the Syracusans had selected for him,
+as a special reward and monument of his brave exploits, granting him
+together with it the most agreeable and beautiful piece of land in
+the whole country, where he kept his residence for the most part, and
+enjoyed a private life with his wife and children, who came to him
+from Corinth.  For he returned thither no more, unwilling to be
+concerned in the broils and tumults of Greece, or to expose himself
+to public envy (the fatal mischief which great commanders continually
+run into, from the insatiable appetite for honors and authority); but
+wisely chose to spend the remainder of his days in Sicily, and there
+partake of the blessings he himself had procured, the greatest of
+which was, to behold so many cities flourish, and so many thousands
+of people live happy through his means.
+
+As, however, not only, as Simonides says, "On every lark must grow a
+crest," but also in every democracy there must spring up a false
+accuser, so was it at Syracuse:  two of their popular spokesmen,
+Laphystius and Demaenetus by name, fell to slander Timoleon.  The
+former of whom requiring him to put in sureties that he would answer
+to an indictment that would be brought against him, Timoleon would
+not suffer the citizens, who were incensed at this demand, to oppose
+it or hinder the proceeding, since he of his own accord had been, he
+said, at all that trouble, and run so many dangerous risks for this
+very end and purpose, that every one who wished to try matters by law
+should freely have recourse to it.  And when Demaenetus, in a full
+audience of the people, laid several things to his charge which had
+been done while he was general, he made no other reply to him, but
+only said he was much indebted to the gods for granting the request
+he had so often made them, namely, that he might live to see the
+Syracusans enjoy that liberty of speech which they now seemed to be
+masters of.
+
+Timoleon, therefore, having by confession of all done the greatest
+and the noblest things of any Greek of his age, and alone
+distinguished himself in those actions to which their orators and
+philosophers, in their harangues and panegyrics at their solemn
+national assemblies, used to exhort and incite the Greeks, and being
+withdrawn beforehand by happy fortune, unspotted and without blood,
+from the calamities of civil war, in which ancient Greece was soon
+after involved; having also given full proof, as of his sage conduct
+and manly courage to the barbarians and tyrants, so of his justice
+and gentleness to the Greeks, and his friends in general; having
+raised, too, the greater part of those trophies he won in battle,
+without any tears shed or any mourning worn by the citizens either of
+Syracuse or Corinth, and within less than eight years' space
+delivered Sicily from its inveterate grievances and intestine
+distempers, and given it up free to the native inhabitants, began, as
+he was now growing old, to find his eyes fail, and awhile after
+became perfectly blind.  Not that he had done anything himself which
+might occasion this defect, or was deprived of his sight by any
+outrage of fortune; it seems rather to have been some inbred and
+hereditary weakness that was founded in natural causes, which by
+length of time came to discover itself.  For it is said, that several
+of his kindred and family were subject to the like gradual decay, and
+lost all use of their eyes, as he did, in their declining years.
+Athanis the historian tells us, that even during the war against
+Hippo and Mamercus, while he was in his camp at Mylae, there appeared
+a white speck within his eye, from whence all could foresee the
+deprivation that was coming on him; this, however, did not hinder him
+then from continuing the siege, and prosecuting the war, till he got
+both the tyrants into his power; but upon his coming back to
+Syracuse, he presently resigned the authority of sole commander, and
+besought the citizens to excuse him from any further service, since
+things were already brought to so fair an issue.  Nor is it so much
+to be wondered, that he himself should bear the misfortune without
+any marks of trouble; but the respect and gratitude which the
+Syracusans showed him when he was entirely blind, may justly deserve
+our admiration.  They used to go themselves to visit him in troops,
+and brought all the strangers that traveled through their country to
+his house and manor, that they also might have the pleasure to see
+their noble benefactor; making it the great matter of their joy and
+exultation, that when, after so many brave and happy exploits, he
+might have returned with triumph into Greece, he should disregard all
+the glorious preparations that were there made to receive him, and
+choose rather to stay here and end his days among them.  Of the
+various things decreed and done in honor of Timoleon, I consider one
+most signal testimony to have been the vote which they passed, that,
+whenever they should be at war with any foreign nation, they should
+make use of none but a Corinthian general.  The method, also, of
+their proceeding in council, was a noble demonstration of the same
+deference for his person.  For, determining matters of less
+consequence themselves, they always called him to advise in the more
+difficult cases, and such as were of greater moment.  He was, on
+these occasions, carried through the market-place in a litter, and
+brought in, sitting, into the theater, where the people with one
+voice saluted him by his name; and then, after returning the
+courtesy, and pausing for a time, till the noise of their
+gratulations and blessings began to cease, he heard the business in
+debate, and delivered his opinion.  This being confirmed by a general
+suffrage, his servants went back with the litter through the midst of
+the assembly, the people waiting on him out with acclamations and
+applauses, and then returning to consider other public matters, which
+they could dispatch in his absence.  Being thus cherished in his old
+age, with all the respect and tenderness due to a common father, he
+was seized with a very slight indisposition, which however was
+sufficient, with the aid of time, to put a period to his life.  There
+was an allotment then of certain days given, within the space of
+which the Syracusans were to provide whatever should be necessary for
+his burial, and all the neighboring country people and strangers were
+to make their appearance in a body; so that the funeral pomp was set
+out with great splendor and magnificence in all other respects, and
+the bier, decked with ornaments and trophies, was borne by a select
+body of young men over that ground where the palace and castle of
+Dionysius stood, before they were demolished by Timoleon.  There
+attended on the solemnity several thousands of men and women, all
+crowned with flowers, and arrayed in fresh and clean attire, which
+made it look like the procession of a public festival; while the
+language of all, and their tears mingling with their praise and
+benediction of the dead Timoleon, manifestly showed that it was not
+any superficial honor, or commanded homage, which they paid him, but
+the testimony of a just sorrow for his death, and the expression of
+true affection.  The bier at length being placed upon the pile of
+wood that was kindled to consume his corpse, Demetrius, one of their
+loudest criers, proceeded to read a proclamation to the following
+purpose:  "The people of Syracuse has made a special decree to inter
+Timoleon, the son of Timodemus, the Corinthian, at the common expense
+of two hundred minas, and to honor his memory forever, by the
+establishment of annual prizes to be competed for in music, and horse
+races, and all sorts of bodily exercise; and this, because he
+suppressed the tyrants, overthrew the barbarians, replenished the
+principal cities, that were desolate, with new inhabitants, and then
+restored the Sicilian Greeks to the privilege of living by their own
+laws."  Besides this, they made a tomb for him in the marketplace,
+which they afterwards built round with colonnades, and attached to it
+places of exercise for the young men, and gave it the name of the
+Timoleonteum.  And keeping to that form and order of civil policy and
+observing those laws and constitutions which he left them, they lived
+themselves a long time in great prosperity.
+
+
+
+AEMILIUS PAULUS
+
+Almost all historians agree that the Aemilii were one of the ancient and
+patrician houses in Rome; and those authors who affirm that king Numa was
+pupil to Pythagoras, tell us that the first who gave the name to his
+posterity was Mamercus, the son of Pythagoras, who, for his grace and
+address in speaking, was called Aemilius.  Most of this race that have
+risen through their merit to reputation, also enjoyed good fortune; and
+even the misfortune of Lucius Paulus at the battle of Cannae, gave
+testimony to his wisdom and valor.  For, not being able to persuade his
+colleague not to hazard the battle, he, though against his judgment,
+joined with him in the contest, but was no companion in his flight:  on
+the contrary, when he that was so resolute to engage deserted him in the
+midst of danger, he kept the field, and died fighting.  This Aemilius had
+a daughter named Aemilia, who was married to Scipio the Great, and a son
+Paulus, who is the subject of my present history.
+
+In his early manhood, which fell at a time when Rome was flourishing with
+illustrious characters, he was distinguished for not attaching himself to
+the studies usual with the young men of mark of that age, nor treading
+the same paths to fame.  For he did not practice oratory with a view to
+pleading causes, nor would he stoop to salute, embrace, and entertain the
+vulgar, which were the usual insinuating arts by which many grew popular.
+Not that he was incapable of either, but he chose to purchase a much more
+lasting glory by his valor, justice, and integrity, and in these virtues
+he soon outstripped all his equals.
+
+The first honorable office he aspired to was that of aedile, which he
+carried against twelve competitors of such merit, that all of them in
+process of time were consuls.  Being afterwards chosen into the number of
+priests called augurs, appointed amongst the Romans to observe and
+register divinations made by the flight of birds or prodigies in the air,
+he so carefully studied the ancient customs of his country, and so
+thoroughly understood the religion of his ancestors, that this office,
+which was before only esteemed a title of honor and merely upon that
+account sought after, by his means rose to the rank of one of the highest
+arts, and gave a confirmation to the correctness of the definition which
+some philosophers have given of religion, that it is the science of
+worshiping the gods.  When he performed any part of his duty, he did it
+with great skill and utmost care, making it, when he was engaged in it,
+his only business, not omitting any one ceremony, or adding the least
+circumstance, but always insisting, with his companions of the same
+order, even on points that might seem inconsiderable, and urging upon
+them, that though they might think the deity was easily pacified, and
+ready to forgive faults of inadvertency, yet any such laxity was a very
+dangerous thing for a commonwealth to allow:  because no man ever began
+the disturbance of his country's peace by a notorious breach of its laws;
+and those who are careless in trifles, give a precedent for remissness in
+important duties.  Nor was he less severe, in requiring and observing the
+ancient Roman discipline in military affairs; not endeavoring, when he
+had the command, to ingratiate himself with his soldiers by popular
+flattery, though this custom prevailed at that time amongst many, who, by
+favor and gentleness to those that were under them in their first
+employment, sought to be promoted to a second; but, by instructing them
+in the laws of military discipline with the same care and exactness a
+priest would use in teaching ceremonies and dreadful mysteries, and by
+severity to such as transgressed and contemned those laws, he maintained
+his country in its former greatness, esteeming victory over enemies
+itself but as an accessory to the proper training and disciplining of the
+citizens.
+
+Whilst the Romans were engaged in war with Antiochus the Great, against
+whom their most experienced commanders were employed, there arose another
+war in the west, and they were all up in arms in Spain.  Thither they
+sent Aemilius, in the quality of praetor, not with six axes, which number
+other praetors were accustomed to have carried before them, but with
+twelve; so that in his praetorship he was honored with the dignity of a
+consul.  He twice overcame the barbarians in battle, thirty thousand of
+whom were slain:  successes chiefly to be ascribed to the wisdom and
+conduct of the commander, who by his great skill in choosing the
+advantage of the ground, and making the onset at the passage of a river,
+gave his soldiers an easy victory.  Having made himself master of two
+hundred and fifty cities, whose inhabitants voluntarily yielded, and
+bound themselves by oath to fidelity, he left the province in peace, and
+returned to Rome, not enriching himself a drachma by the war.  And,
+indeed, in general, he was but remiss in making money; though he always
+lived freely and generously on what he had, which was so far from being
+excessive, that after his death there was but barely enough left to
+answer his wife's dowry.
+
+His first wife was Papiria, the daughter of Maso, who had formerly been
+consul.  With her he lived a considerable time in wedlock, and then
+divorced her, though she had made him the father of noble children; being
+mother of the renowned Scipio, and Fabius Maximus.  The reason of this
+separation has not come to our knowledge; but there seems to be a truth
+conveyed in the account of another Roman's being divorced from his wife,
+which may be applicable here.  This person being highly blamed by his
+friends, who demanded, Was she not chaste? was she not fair? was she
+not fruitful? holding out his shoe, asked them, Whether it was not new?
+and well made?  Yet, added he, none of you can tell where it pinches
+me.  Certain it is, that great and open faults have often led to no
+separation; while mere petty repeated annoyances, arising from
+unpleasantness or incongruity of character, have been the occasion of
+such estrangement as to make it impossible for man and wife to live
+together with any content.
+
+Aemilius, having thus put away Papiria, married a second wife, by whom he
+had two sons, whom he brought up in his own house, transferring the two
+former into the greatest and most noble families of Rome.  The elder was
+adopted into the house of Fabius Maximus, who was five times consul; the
+younger, by the son of Scipio Africanus, his cousin-german, and was by
+him named Scipio.
+
+Of the daughters of Aemilius, one was married to the son of Cato, the
+other to Aelius Tubero, a most worthy man, and the one Roman who best
+succeeded in combining liberal habits with poverty.  For there were
+sixteen near relations, all of them of the family of the Aelii, possessed
+of but one farm, which sufficed them all, whilst one small house, or
+rather cottage, contained them, their numerous offspring, and their
+wives; amongst whom was the daughter of our Aemilius, who, although her
+father had been twice consul, and had twice triumphed, was not ashamed
+of her husband's poverty, but proud of his virtue that kept him poor.
+Far otherwise it is with the brothers and relations of this age, who,
+unless whole tracts of land, or at least walls and rivers, part their
+inheritances, and keep them at a distance, never cease from mutual
+quarrels.  History suggests a variety of good counsel of this sort, by
+the way, to those who desire to learn and improve.
+
+To proceed:  Aemilius, being chosen consul, waged war with the Ligurians,
+or Ligustines, a people near the Alps.  They were a bold and warlike
+nation, and their neighborhood to the Romans had begun to give them skill
+in the arts of war.  They occupy the further parts of Italy ending under
+the Alps, and those parts of the Alps themselves which are washed by the
+Tuscan sea and face towards Africa, mingled there with Gauls and Iberians
+of the coast.  Besides, at that time they had turned their thoughts to
+the sea, and sailing as far as the Pillars of Hercules in light vessels
+fitted for that purpose, robbed and destroyed all that trafficked in
+those parts.  They, with an army of forty thousand, waited the coming of
+Aemilius, who brought with him not above eight thousand, so that the
+enemy was five to one when they engaged; yet he vanquished and put them
+to flight, forcing them to retire into their walled towns, and in this
+condition offered them fair conditions of accommodation; it being the
+policy of the Romans not utterly to destroy the Ligurians, because they
+were a sort of guard and bulwark against the frequent attempts of the
+Gauls to overrun Italy.  Trusting wholly therefore to Aemilius, they
+delivered up their towns and shipping into his hands.  He, at the utmost,
+razed only the fortifications, and delivered their towns to them again,
+but took away all their shipping with him, leaving them no vessels bigger
+than those of three oars, and set at liberty great numbers of prisoners
+they had taken both by sea and land, strangers as well as Romans.  These
+were the acts most worthy of remark in his first consulship.
+
+Afterwards he frequently intimated his desire of being a second time
+consul, and was once candidate; but, meeting with a repulse and being
+passed by, he gave up all thought of it, and devoted himself to his
+duties as augur, and to the education of his children, whom he not only
+brought up, as he himself had been, in the Roman and ancient discipline,
+but also with unusual zeal in that of Greece.  To this purpose he not
+only procured masters to teach them grammar, logic, and rhetoric, but had
+for them also preceptors in modeling and drawing, managers of horses and
+dogs, and instructors in field sports, all from Greece.  And, if he was
+not hindered by public affairs, he himself would be with them at their
+studies, and see them perform their exercises, being the most
+affectionate father in Rome.
+
+This was the time, in public matters, when the Romans were engaged in war
+with Perseus, king of the Macedonians, and great complaints were made of
+their commanders, who, either through their want of skill or courage,
+were conducting matters so shamefully, that they did less hurt to the
+enemy than they received from him.  They that not long before had forced
+Antiochus the Great to quit the rest of Asia, to retire beyond Mount
+Taurus, and confine himself to Syria, glad to buy his peace with fifteen
+thousand talents; they that not long since had vanquished king Philip in
+Thessaly, and freed the Greeks from the Macedonian yoke; nay, had
+overcome Hannibal himself, who far surpassed all kings in daring and
+power,—thought it scorn that Perseus should think himself an enemy fit to
+match the Romans, and to be able to wage war with them so long on equal
+terms, with the remainder only of his father's routed forces; not being
+aware that Philip after his defeat had greatly improved both the strength
+and discipline of the Macedonian army.  To make which appear, I shall
+briefly recount the story from the beginning.
+
+Antigonus, the most powerful amongst the captains and successors of
+Alexander, having obtained for himself and his posterity the title of
+king, had a son named Demetrius, father to Antigonus, called Gonatas, and
+he had a son Demetrius, who, reigning some short time, died and left a
+young son called Philip.  The chief men of Macedon, fearing great
+confusion might arise in his minority, called in Antigonus, cousin-german
+to the late king, and married him to the widow, the mother of Philip.  At
+first they only styled him regent and general, but, when they found by
+experience that he governed the kingdom with moderation and to general
+advantage, gave him the title of king.  This was he that was surnamed
+Doson, as if he was a great promiser, and a bad performer.  To him
+succeeded Philip, who in his youth gave great hopes of equaling the best
+of kings, and that he one day would restore Macedon to its former state
+and dignity, and prove himself the one man able to check the power of the
+Romans, now rising and extending over the whole world.  But, being
+vanquished in a pitched battle by Titus Flamininus near Scotussa, his
+resolution failed, and he yielded himself and all that he had to the
+mercy of the Romans, well contented that he could escape with paying a
+small tribute.  Yet afterwards, recollecting himself, he bore it with
+great impatience, and thought he lived rather like a slave that was
+pleased with ease, than a man of sense and courage, whilst he held his
+kingdom at the pleasure of his conquerors; which made him turn his whole
+mind to war, and prepare himself with as much cunning and privacy as
+possible.  To this end, he left his cities on the high roads and
+sea-coast ungarrisoned, and almost desolate, that they might seem
+inconsiderable; in the mean time, collecting large forces up the country,
+and furnishing his inland posts, strongholds, and towns, with arms,
+money, and men fit for service, he thus provided himself for war, and yet
+kept his preparations close.  He had in his armory arms for thirty
+thousand men; in granaries in places of strength, eight millions of
+bushels of corn, and as much ready money as would defray the charge of
+maintaining ten thousand mercenary soldiers for ten years in defense of
+the country.  But before he could put these things into motion, and carry
+his designs into effect, he died for grief and anguish of mind, being
+sensible he had put his innocent son Demetrius to death, upon the
+calumnies of one that was far more guilty.  Perseus, his son that
+survived, inherited his hatred to the Romans as well as his kingdom, but
+was incompetent to carry out his designs, through want of courage, and
+the viciousness of a character in which, among faults and diseases of
+various sorts, covetousness bore the chief place.  There is a statement
+also of his not being true born; that the wife of king Philip took him
+from his mother Gnathaenion (a woman of Argos, that earned her living as
+a seamstress), as soon as he was born, and passed him upon her husband as
+her own.  And this might be the chief cause of his contriving the death
+of Demetrius; as he might well fear, that so long as there was a lawful
+successor in the family, there was no security that his spurious birth
+might not be revealed.
+
+Notwithstanding all this, and though his spirit was so mean, and temper
+so sordid, yet, trusting to the strength of his resources, he engaged in
+a war with the Romans, and for a long time maintained it; repulsing and
+even vanquishing some generals of consular dignity, and some great armies
+and fleets.  He routed Publius Licinius, who was the first that invaded
+Macedonia, in a cavalry battle, slew twenty-five hundred practiced
+soldiers, and took six hundred prisoners; and, surprising their fleet as
+they rode at anchor before Oreus, he took twenty ships of burden with all
+their lading, sunk the rest that were freighted with corn, and, besides
+this, made himself master of four galleys with five banks of oars.  He
+fought a second battle with Hostilius, a consular officer, as he was
+making his way into the country at Elimiae, and forced him to retreat;
+and, when he afterwards by stealth designed an invasion through Thessaly,
+challenged him to fight, which the other feared to accept.  Nay more, to
+show his contempt of the Romans, and that he wanted employment, as a war
+by the by, he made an expedition against the Dardanians, in which he slew
+ten thousand of those barbarian people, and brought a great spoil away.
+He privately, moreover, solicited the Gauls (also called Basternae), a
+warlike nation, and famous for horsemen, dwelling near the Danube; and
+incited the Illyrians, by the means of Genthius their king, to join with
+him in the war.  It was also reported, that the barbarians, allured by
+promise of rewards, were to make an irruption into Italy, through the
+lower Gaul by the shore of the Adriatic Sea.
+
+The Romans, being advertised of these things, thought it necessary no
+longer to choose their commanders by favor or solicitation, but of their
+own motion to select a general of wisdom and capacity for the management
+of great affairs.  And such was Paulus Aemilius, advanced in years, being
+nearly threescore, yet vigorous in his own person, and rich in valiant
+sons and sons-in-law, besides a great number of influential relations and
+friends, all of whom joined in urging him to yield to the desires of the
+people, who called him to the consulship.  He at first manifested some
+shyness of the people, and withdrew himself from their importunity,
+professing reluctance to hold office; but, when they daily came to his
+doors, urging him to come forth to the place of election, and pressing
+him with noise and clamor, he acceded to their request.  When he appeared
+amongst the candidates, it did not look as if it were to sue for the
+consulship, but to bring victory and success, that he came down into the
+Campus; they all received him there with such hopes and such gladness,
+unanimously choosing him a second time consul; nor would they suffer the
+lots to be cast, as was usual, to determine which province should fall to
+his share, but immediately decreed him the command of the Macedonian war.
+It is told, that when he had been proclaimed general against Perseus, and
+was honorably accompanied home by great numbers of people, he found his
+daughter Tertia, a very little girl, weeping, and taking her to him asked
+her why she was crying.  She, catching him about the neck and kissing
+him, said, "O father, do you not know that Perseus is dead?" meaning a
+little dog of that name that was brought up in the house with her; to
+which Aemilius replied, "Good fortune, my daughter; I embrace the omen."
+This Cicero, the orator, relates in his book on divination.
+
+It was the custom for such as were chosen consuls, from a stage designed
+for such purposes, to address the people, and return them thanks for
+their favor.  Aemilius, therefore, having gathered an assembly, spoke and
+said, that he sued for the first consulship, because he himself stood in
+need of such honor; but for the second, because they wanted a general;
+upon which account he thought there was no thanks due:  if they judged
+they could manage the war by any other to more advantage, he would
+willingly yield up his charge; but, if they confided in him, they were
+not to make themselves his colleagues in his office, or raise reports,
+and criticize his actions, but, without talking, supply him with means
+and assistance necessary to the carrying on of the war; for, if they
+proposed to command their own commander, they would render this
+expedition more ridiculous than the former.  By this speech he inspired
+great reverence for him amongst the citizens, and great expectations of
+future success; all were well pleased, that they had passed by such as
+sought to be preferred by flattery, and fixed upon a commander endued
+with wisdom and courage to tell them the truth.  So entirely did the
+people of Rome, that they might rule, and become masters of the world,
+yield obedience and service to reason and superior virtue.
+
+That Aemilius, setting forward to the war, by a prosperous voyage and
+successful journey, arrived with speed and safety at his camp, I
+attribute to good fortune; but, when I see how the war under his command
+was brought to a happy issue, partly by his own daring boldness, partly
+by his good counsel, partly by the ready administration of his friends,
+partly by his presence of mind and skill to embrace the most proper
+advice in the extremity of danger, I cannot ascribe any of his remarkable
+and famous actions (as I can those of other commanders) to his so much
+celebrated good fortune; unless you will say that the covetousness of
+Perseus was the good fortune of Aemilius.  The truth is, Perseus' fear of
+spending his money was the destruction and utter ruin of all those
+splendid and great preparations with which the Macedonians were in high
+hopes to carry on the war with success.  For there came at his request
+ten thousand horsemen of the Basternae, and as many foot, who were to
+keep pace with them, and supply their places in case of failure; all of
+them professed soldiers, men skilled neither in tilling of land, nor in
+navigation of ships, nor able to get their livings by grazing, but whose
+only business and single art and trade it was to fight and conquer all
+that resisted them.  When these came into the district of Maedica, and
+encamped and mixed with the king's soldiers, being men of great stature,
+admirable at their exercises, great boasters, and loud in their threats
+against their enemies, they gave new courage to the Macedonians, who were
+ready to think the Romans would not be able to confront them, but would
+be struck with terror at their looks and motions, they were so strange
+and so formidable to behold.  When Perseus had thus encouraged his men,
+and elevated them with these great hopes, as soon as a thousand gold
+pieces were demanded for each captain, he was so amazed and beside
+himself at the vastness of the amount, that out of mere stinginess he
+drew back and let himself lose their assistance, as if he had been some
+steward, not the enemy of the Romans, and would have to give an exact
+account of the expenses of the war, to those with whom he waged it.  Nay,
+when he had his foes as tutors, to instruct him what he had to do, who,
+besides their other preparations, had a hundred thousand men drawn
+together and in readiness for their service; yet he that was to engage
+against so considerable a force, and in a war that was maintaining such
+numbers as this, nevertheless doled out his money, and put seals on his
+bags, and was as fearful of touching it, as if it had belonged to some
+one else.  And all this was done by one, not descended from Lydians or
+Phoenicians, but who could pretend to some share of the virtues of
+Alexander and Philip, whom he was allied to by birth; men who conquered
+the world by judging that empire was to be purchased by money, not money
+by empire.  Certainly it became a proverb, that not Philip, but his gold
+took the cities of Greece.  And Alexander, when he undertook his
+expedition against the Indians, and found his Macedonians encumbered, and
+appear to march heavily with their Persian spoils, first set fire to his
+own carriages, and thence persuaded the rest to imitate his example, that
+thus freed they might proceed to the war without hindrance.  Whereas
+Perseus, abounding in wealth, would not preserve himself; his children,
+and his kingdom, at the expense of a small part of his treasure; but
+chose rather to be carried away with numbers of his subjects with the
+name of the wealthy captive, and show the Romans what great riches he had
+husbanded and preserved for them.  For he not only played false with the
+Gauls, and sent them away, but also, after alluring Genthius, king of the
+Illyrians, by the hopes of three hundred talents, to assist him in the
+war, he caused the money to be counted out in the presence of his
+messengers, and to be sealed up.  Upon which Genthius, thinking himself
+possessed of what he desired, committed a wicked and shameful act:  he
+seized and imprisoned the ambassadors sent to him from the Romans.
+Whence Perseus, concluding that there was now no need of money to make
+Genthius an enemy to the Romans, but that he had given a lasting earnest
+of his enmity, and by his flagrant injustice sufficiently involved
+himself in the war, defrauded the unfortunate king of his three hundred
+talents, and without any concern beheld him, his wife, and children, in a
+short time after, carried out of their kingdom, as from their nest, by
+Lucius Anicius, who was sent against him with an army.
+
+Aemilius, coming against such an adversary, made light indeed of him, but
+admired his preparation and power.  For he had four thousand horse, and
+not much fewer than forty thousand full-armed foot of the phalanx; and
+planting himself along the seaside, at the foot of Mount Olympus, in
+ground with no access on any side, and on all sides fortified with fences
+and bulwarks of wood, remained in great security, thinking by delay and
+expense to weary out Aemilius.  But he, in the meantime, busy in
+thought, weighed all counsels and all means of attack, and perceiving his
+soldiers, from their former want of discipline, to be impatient of delay,
+and ready on all occasions to teach their general his duty, rebuked them,
+and bade them not meddle with what was not their concern, but only take
+care that they and their arms were in readiness, and to use their swords
+like Romans when their commander should think fit to employ them.
+Further he ordered, that the sentinels by night should watch without
+javelins, that thus they might be more careful and surer to resist sleep,
+having no arms to defend themselves against any attacks of an enemy.
+
+What most annoyed the army was the want of water; for only a little, and
+that foul, flowed out, or rather came by drops from a spring adjoining
+the sea; but Aemilius, considering that he was at the foot of the high
+and woody mountain Olympus, and conjecturing by the flourishing growth of
+the trees that there were springs that had their course under ground, dug
+a great many holes and wells along the foot of the mountain, which were
+presently filled with pure water escaping from its confinement into the
+vacuum they afforded.  Although there are some, indeed, who deny that
+there are reservoirs of water lying ready provided out of sight, in the
+places from whence springs flow, and that when they appear, they merely
+issue and run out; on the contrary, they say, they are then formed and
+come into existence for the first time, by the liquefaction of the
+surrounding matter; and that this change is caused by density and cold,
+when the moist vapor, by being closely pressed together, becomes fluid.
+As women's breasts are not like vessels full of milk always prepared and
+ready to flow from them; but their nourishment being changed in their
+breasts, is there made milk, and from thence is pressed out.  In like
+manner, places of the earth that are cold and full of springs, do not
+contain any hidden waters or receptacles which are capable, as from a
+source always ready and furnished, of supplying all the brooks and deep
+rivers; but, by compressing and condensing the vapors and air, they turn
+them into that substance.  And thus places that are dug open flow by that
+pressure, and afford the more water (as the breasts of women do milk by
+their being sucked), the vapor thus moistening and becoming fluid;
+whereas ground that remains idle and undug is not capable of producing
+any water, whilst it wants that motion which is the cause of
+liquefaction.  But those that assert this opinion, give occasion to the
+doubtful to argue, that on the same ground there should be no blood in
+living creatures, but that it must be formed by the wound, some sort of
+spirit or flesh being changed into a liquid and flowing matter.
+Moreover, they are refuted by the fact that men who dig mines, either in
+sieges or for metals, meet with rivers, which are not collected by little
+and little (as must necessarily be, if they had their being at the very
+instant the earth was opened), but break out at once with violence; and
+upon the cutting through a rock, there often gush out great quantities of
+water, which then as suddenly cease.  But of this enough.
+
+Aemilius lay still for some days, and it is said, that there were never
+two great armies so nigh, that enjoyed so much quiet.  When he had tried
+and considered all things, he was informed that there was yet one passage
+left unguarded, through Perrhaebia by the temple of Apollo and the Rock.
+Gathering, therefore, more hope from the place being left defenseless
+than fear from the roughness and difficulty of the passage, he proposed
+it for consultation.  Amongst those that were present at the council,
+Scipio, surnamed Nasica, son-in-law to Scipio Africanus, who afterwards
+was so powerful in the senate-house, was the first that offered himself
+to command those that should be sent to encompass the enemy.  Next to
+him, Fabius Maximus, eldest son of Aemilius, although yet very young,
+offered himself with great zeal.  Aemilius, rejoicing, gave them, not so
+many as Polybius states, but, as Nasica himself tells us in a brief
+letter which he wrote to one of the kings with an account of the
+expedition, three thousand Italians that were not Romans, and his left
+wing consisting of five thousand.  Taking with him, besides these, one
+hundred and twenty horsemen, and two hundred Thracians and Cretans
+intermixed that Harpalus had sent, he began his journey towards the sea,
+and encamped near the temple of Hercules, as if he designed to embark,
+and so to sail round and environ the enemy.  But when the soldiers had
+supped and it was dark, he made the captains acquainted with his real
+intentions, and marching all night in the opposite direction, away from
+the sea, till he came under the temple of Apollo, there rested his army.
+At this place Mount Olympus rises in height more than ten furlongs, as
+appears by the epigram made by the man that measured it:
+
+The summit of Olympus, at the site
+Where stands Apollo's temple, has a height
+Of full ten furlongs by the line, and more,
+Ten furlongs, and one hundred feet, less four.
+Eumelus' son Xenagoras, reached the place.
+Adieu, O king, and do thy pilgrim grace.
+
+It is allowed, say the geometricians, that no mountain in height or sea
+in depth exceeds ten furlongs, and yet it seems probable that Xenagoras
+did not take his admeasurement carelessly, but according to the rules of
+art, and with instruments for the purpose.  Here it was that Nasica
+passed the night.
+
+A Cretan deserter, who fled to the enemy during the march, discovered to
+Perseus the design which the Romans had to encompass him:  for he, seeing
+that Aemilius lay still, had not suspected any such attempt.  He was
+startled at the news, yet did not put his army in motion, but sent ten
+thousand mercenary soldiers and two thousand Macedonians, under command
+of Milo, with order to hasten and possess themselves of the passes.
+Polybius relates that the Romans found these men asleep when they
+attacked them; but Nasica says there was a sharp and severe conflict on
+the top of the mountain, that he himself encountered a mercenary
+Thracian, pierced him through with his javelin, and slew him; and that
+the enemy being forced to retreat, Milo stripped to his coat and fled
+shamefully without his armor, while he followed without danger, and
+conveyed the whole army down into the country.
+
+After this event, Perseus, now grown fearful, and fallen from his hopes,
+removed his camp in all haste; he was under the necessity either to stop
+before Pydna, and there run the hazard of a battle, or disperse his army
+into cities, and there expect the event of the war, which, having once
+made its way into his country, could not be driven out without great
+slaughter and bloodshed.  But Perseus, being told by his friends that he
+was much superior in number, and that men fighting in the defense of
+their wives and children must needs feel all the more courage, especially
+when all was done in the sight of their king, who himself was engaged in
+equal danger, was thus again encouraged; and, pitching his camp, prepared
+himself to fight, viewed the country, and gave out the commands, as if he
+designed to set upon the Romans as soon as they approached.  The place
+was a field fit for the action of a phalanx, which requires smooth
+standing and even ground, and also had divers little hills, one joining
+another, fit for the motions whether in retreat or advance of light
+troops and skirmishers.  Through the middle ran the rivers Aeson and
+Leucus, which, though not very deep, it being the latter end of summer,
+yet were likely enough to give the Romans some trouble.
+
+As soon as Aemilius had rejoined Nasica, he advanced in battle array
+against the enemy; but when he found how they were drawn up, and the
+number of their forces, he regarded them with admiration and surprise,
+and halted, considering within himself.  The young commanders, eager to
+fight, riding along, by his side, pressed him not to delay, and most of
+all Nasica, flushed with his late success on Olympus.  To whom Aemilius
+answered with a smile:  "So would I do, were I of your age; but many
+victories have taught me the ways in which men are defeated, and forbid
+me to engage soldiers weary with a long march, against an army drawn up
+and prepared for battle."
+
+Then he gave command that the front of his army, and such as were in
+sight of the enemy, should form as if ready to engage, and those in the
+rear should cast up the trenches and fortify the camp; so that the
+hindmost in succession wheeling off by degrees and withdrawing, their
+whole order was insensibly broken up, and the army encamped without noise
+or trouble.
+
+When it was night, and, supper being over, all were turning to sleep and
+rest, on a sudden the moon, which was then at full and high in the
+heavens, grew dark, and by degrees losing her light, passed through
+various colors, and at length was totally eclipsed.  The Romans,
+according to their custom, clattering brass pans and lifting up
+firebrands and torches into the air, invoked the return of her light; the
+Macedonians behaved far otherwise:  terror and amazement seized their
+whole army, and a rumor crept by degrees into their camp that this
+eclipse portended even that of their king.  Aemilius was no novice in
+these things, nor was ignorant of the nature of the seeming
+irregularities of eclipses, that in a certain revolution of time, the
+moon in her course enters the shadow of the earth and is there obscured,
+till, passing the region of darkness, she is again enlightened by the
+Sun.  Yet being a devout man, a religious observer of sacrifices and the
+art of divination, as soon as he perceived the moon beginning to regain
+her former lustre, he offered up to her eleven heifers.  At the break of
+day he sacrificed as many as twenty in succession to Hercules, without
+any token that his offering was accepted; but at the one and twentieth,
+the signs promised victory to defenders.  He then vowed a hecatomb and
+solemn sports to Hercules, and commanded his captains to make ready for
+battle, staying only till the sun should decline and come round to the
+west, lest, being in their faces in the morning, it should dazzle the
+eyes of his soldiers.  Thus he whiled away the time in his tent, which
+was open towards the plain where his enemies were encamped.
+
+When it grew towards evening, some tell us, Aemilius himself used a
+stratagem to induce the enemy to begin the fight; that he turned loose a
+horse without a bridle, and sent some of the Romans to catch him, upon
+whose following the beast, the battle began.  Others relate that the
+Thracians, under the command of one Alexander, set upon the Roman beasts
+of burden that were bringing forage to the camp; that to oppose these, a
+party of seven hundred Ligurians were immediately detached; and that,
+relief coming still from both armies, the main bodies at last engaged.
+Aemilius, like a wise pilot, foreseeing by the present waves and motion
+of the armies, the greatness of the following storm, came out of his
+tent, went through the legions, and encouraged his soldiers.  Nasica, in
+the mean time, who had ridden out to the skirmishers, saw the whole force
+of the enemy on the point of engaging.  First marched the Thracians, who,
+he himself tells us, inspired him with most terror; they were of great
+stature, with bright and glittering shields and black frocks under them,
+their legs armed with greaves, and they brandished, as they moved,
+straight and heavily-ironed spears over their right shoulders.  Next the
+Thracians marched the mercenary soldiers, armed after different fashions;
+with these the Paeonians were mingled.  These were succeeded by a third
+division, of picked men, native Macedonians, the choicest for courage and
+strength, in the prime of life, gleaming with gilt armor and scarlet
+coats.  As these were taking their places they were followed from the
+camp by the troops in phalanx called the Brazen Shields, so that the
+whole plain seemed alive with the flashing of steel and the glistening of
+brass; and the hills also with their shouts, as they cheered each other
+on.  In this order they marched, and with such boldness and speed, that
+those that were first slain died at but two furlongs distance from the
+Roman camp.
+
+The battle being begun, Aemilius came in and found that the foremost of
+the Macedonians had already fixed the ends of their spears into the
+shields of his Romans, so that it was impossible to come near them with
+their swords.  When he saw this, and observed that the rest of the
+Macedonians took the targets that hung on their left shoulders, and
+brought them round before them, and all at once stooped their pikes
+against their enemies' shields, and considered the great strength of this
+wall of shields, and the formidable appearance of a front thus bristling
+with arms, he was seized with amazement and alarm; nothing he had ever
+seen before had been equal to it; and in after times he frequently used
+to speak both of the sight and of his own sensations.  These, however, he
+dissembled, and rode through his army without either breast-plate or
+helmet, with a serene and cheerful countenance.
+
+On the contrary, as Polybius relates, no sooner was the battle begun, but
+the Macedonian king basely withdrew to the city Pydna, under a pretence
+of sacrificing to Hercules:  a God that is not wont to regard the faint
+offerings of cowards, or to fulfill unsanctioned vows.  For truly it can
+hardly be a thing that heaven would sanction, that he that never shoots
+should carry away the prize; he triumph that slinks from the battle; he
+that takes no pains meet with success, or the wicked man prosper.  But to
+Aemilius's petitions the god listened; he prayed for victory with his
+sword in his hand, and fought while entreating divine assistance.
+
+A certain Posidonius, who has at some length written a history of
+Perseus, and professes to have lived at the time, and to have been
+himself engaged in these events, denies that Perseus left the field
+either through fear or pretence of sacrificing, but that, the very day
+before the fight, he received a kick from a horse on his thigh; that
+though very much disabled, and dissuaded by all his friends, he commanded
+one of his riding-horses to be brought, and entered the field unarmed;
+that amongst an infinite number of darts that flew about on all sides,
+one of iron lighted on him, and though not with the point, yet by a
+glance struck him with such force on his left side, that it tore his
+clothes and so bruised his flesh that the mark remained a long time
+after.  This is what Posidonius says in defense of Perseus.
+
+The Romans not being able to make a breach in the phalanx, one Salius, a
+commander of the Pelignians, snatched the ensign of his company and
+threw it amongst the enemies; on seeing which, the Pelignians (as amongst
+the Italians it is always thought the greatest breach of honor to abandon
+a standard) rushed with great violence towards the place, where the
+conflict grew very fierce, and the slaughter terrible on both sides.  For
+these endeavored to cut the spears asunder with their swords, or to beat
+them back with their shields, or put them by with their hands; and, on
+the other side, the Macedonians held their long sarissas in both hands,
+and pierced those that came in their way quite through their armor, no
+shield or corslet being able to resist the force of that weapon.  The
+Pelignians and Marrucinians were thrown headlong to the ground, having
+without consideration, with mere animal fury, rushed upon a certain
+death.  Their first ranks being slain, those that were behind were forced
+to give back; it cannot be said they fled, but they retreated towards
+Mount Olocrus.  When Aemilius saw this, Posidonius relates, he rent his
+clothes, some of his men being ready to fly, and the rest not willing to
+engage with a phalanx into which they could not hope to make any
+entrance, a sort of palisade, as it were, impregnable and unapproachable,
+with its close array of long spears everywhere meeting the assailant.
+Nevertheless, the unequalness of the ground would not permit a widely
+extended front to be so exactly drawn up as to have their shields
+everywhere joined; and Aemilius perceived that there were a great many
+interstices and breaches in the Macedonian phalanx; as it usually happens
+in all great armies, according to the different efforts of the
+combatants, who in one part press forward with eagerness, and in another
+are forced to fall back.  Taking, therefore, this occasion, with all
+speed he broke up his men into their cohorts, and gave them order to fall
+into the intervals and openings of the enemy's body, and not to make one
+general attack upon them all, but to engage, as they were divided, in
+several partial battles.  These commands Aemilius gave to his captains,
+and they to their soldiers; and no sooner had they entered the spaces and
+separated their enemies, but they charged them, some on their side where
+they were naked and exposed, and others, making a circuit, behind; and
+thus destroyed the force of the phalanx, which consisted in common action
+and close union.  And now, come to fight man to man, or in small parties,
+the Macedonians smote in vain upon firm and long shields with their
+little swords, whilst their slight bucklers were not able to sustain the
+weight and force of the Roman swords, which pierced through all their
+armor to their bodies; they turned, in fine, and fled.
+
+The conflict was obstinate.  And here Marcus, the son of Cato, and son-
+in-law of Aemilius, whilst he showed all possible courage, let fall his
+sword.  Being a young man, carefully brought up and disciplined, and, as
+son of so renowned a father, bound to give proof of more than ordinary
+virtue, he thought his life but a burden, should he live and permit his
+enemies to enjoy this spoil.  He hurried hither and thither, and wherever
+he espied a friend or companion, declared his misfortune, and begged
+their assistance; a considerable number of brave men being thus
+collected, with one accord they made their way through their fellows
+after their leader, and fell upon the enemy; whom, after a sharp
+conflict, many wounds, and much slaughter, they repulsed, possessed the
+place that was now deserted and free, and set themselves to search for
+the sword, which at last they found covered with a great heap of arms and
+dead bodies.  Overjoyed with this success, they raised the song of
+triumph, and with more eagerness than ever, charged the foes that yet
+remained firm and unbroken.  In the end, three thousand of the chosen
+men, who kept their ground and fought valiantly to the last, were all cut
+in pieces, while the slaughter of such as fled was also very great.  The
+plain and the lower part of the hills were filled with dead bodies, and
+the water of the river Leucus, which the Romans did not pass till the
+next day after the battle, was then mingled with blood.  For it is said
+there fell more than twenty-five thousand of the enemy; of the Romans, as
+Posidonius relates, a hundred; as Nasica, only fourscore.  This battle,
+though so great, was very quickly decided, it being three in the
+afternoon when they first engaged, and not four when the enemy was
+vanquished; the rest of the day was spent in the pursuit of the
+fugitives, whom they followed about thirteen or fourteen miles, so that
+it was far in the night when they returned.
+
+All the others were met by their servants with torches, and brought back
+with joy and great triumph to their tents, which were set out with
+lights, and decked with wreaths of ivy and laurel.  But the general
+himself was in great grief.  Of the two sons that served under him in the
+war, the youngest was missing, whom he held most dear, and whose courage
+and good qualities he perceived much to excel those of his brothers.
+Bold and eager for distinction, and still a mere child in age, he
+concluded that he had perished, whilst for want of experience he had
+engaged himself too far amongst his enemies.  His sorrow and fears became
+known to the army; the soldiers, quitting their suppers, ran about with
+lights, some to Aemilius's tent, some out of the trenches, to seek him
+amongst such as were slain in the first onset.  There was nothing but
+grief in the camp, and the plain was filled with the cries of men calling
+out for Scipio; for, from his very youth, he was an object of admiration;
+endowed above any of his equals with the good qualities requisite either
+for command or counsel.  At length, when it was late, and they almost
+despaired, he returned from the pursuit with only two or three of his
+companions, all covered with the fresh blood of his enemies, having been,
+like some dog of noble breed, carried away by the pleasure, greater than
+he could control, of his first victory.  This was that Scipio
+that afterwards destroyed Carthage and Numantia, and was, without
+dispute, the first of the Romans in merit, and had the greatest authority
+amongst them.  Thus Fortune, deferring her displeasure and jealousy of
+such great success to some other time, let Aemilius at present enjoy this
+victory, without any detraction or diminution.
+
+As for Perseus, from Pydna he fled to Pella with his cavalry, which was
+as yet almost entire.  But when the foot came up with them, and,
+upbraiding them as cowards and traitors, tried to pull them off their
+horses, and fell to blows, Perseus, fearing the tumult, forsook the
+common road, and, lest he should be known, pulled off his purple, and
+carried it before him, and took his crown in his hand, and, that he might
+the better converse with his friends, alighted from his horse and led
+him.  Of those that were about him, one stopped, pretending to tie his
+shoe that was loose, another to water his horse, a third to drink
+himself; and thus lagging behind, by degrees left him, they having not so
+much reason to fear their enemies, as his cruelty; for he, disordered by
+his misfortune, sought to clear himself by laying the cause of the
+overthrow upon everybody else.  He arrived at Pella in the night, where
+Euctus and Eudaeus, two of his treasurers, came to him, and, what with
+their reflecting on his former faults, and their free and ill-timed
+admonitions and counsels, so exasperated him, that he killed them both,
+stabbing them with his own dagger.  After this, nobody stuck to him but
+Evander the Cretan, Archedemus the Aetolian, and Neon the Boeotian.  Of
+the common soldiers there followed him only those from Crete, not out of
+any good-will, but because they were as constant to his riches as the
+bees to their hive.  For he carried a great treasure with him, out of
+which he had suffered them to take cups, bowls, and other vessels of
+silver and gold, to the value of fifty talents.  But when he was come to
+Amphipolis, and afterwards to Galepsus, and his fears were a little
+abated, he relapsed into his old and constitutional disease of
+covetousness, and lamented to his friends that he had, through
+inadvertency, allowed some gold plate which had belonged to Alexander the
+Great to go into the hands of the Cretans, and besought those that had
+it, with tears in his eyes, to exchange with him again for money.  Those
+that understood him thoroughly knew very well he only played the Cretan
+with the Cretans, but those that believed him, and restored what they
+had, were cheated; as he not only did not pay the money, but by craft got
+thirty talents more of his friends into his hands (which in a short time
+after fell to the enemy), and with them sailed to Samothrace, and there
+fled to the temple of Castor and Pollux for refuge.
+
+The Macedonians were always accounted great lovers of their kings, but
+now, as if their chief prop was broken, they all gave way together, and
+submitted to Aemilius, and in two days made him master of their whole
+country.  This seems to confirm the opinion which ascribes whatever he
+did to good fortune.  The omen, also, that happened at Amphipolis, has a
+supernatural character.  When he was sacrificing there, and the holy
+rites were just begun, on a sudden, lightning fell upon the altar, set
+the wood on fire, and completed the immolation of the sacrifice.  The
+most signal manifestation, however, of preternatural agency appears in
+the story of the rumor of his success.  For on the fourth day after
+Perseus was vanquished at Pydna, whilst the people at Rome were seeing
+the horse-races, a report suddenly arose at the entrance of the theater
+that Aemilius had defeated Perseus in a great battle, and was reducing
+all Macedonia under his power; and from thence it spread amongst the
+people, and created general joy, with shoutings and acclamations for that
+whole day through the city.  But when no certain author was found of the
+news, and every one alike had taken it at random, it was abandoned for
+the present and thought no more of, until, a few days after, certain
+intelligence came, and then the first was looked upon as no less than a
+miracle, having, under an appearance of fiction, contained what was real
+and true.  It is reported, also, that the news of the battle fought in
+Italy, near the river Sagra, was conveyed into Peloponnesus the same day,
+and of that at Mycale against the Medes, to Plataea.  When the Romans had
+defeated the Tarquins, who were combined with the Latins, a little after,
+there were seen at Rome two tall and comely men, who professed to bring
+the news from the camp.  They were conjectured to be Castor and Pollux.
+The first man that spoke to them in the forum, near the fountain where
+they were cooling their horses, which were all of a foam, expressed
+surprise at the report of the victory, when, it is said, they smiled, and
+gently touched his beard with their hands, the hair of which from being
+black was, on the spot, changed to yellow.  This gave credit to what they
+said, and fixed the name of Ahenobarbus, or Brazen-beard, on the man.
+And a thing which happened in our own time will make all these credible.
+For when Antonius rebelled against Domitian, and Rome was in
+consternation, expecting great wars from the quarter of Germany, all on a
+sudden, and nobody knows upon what account, the people spontaneously gave
+out a rumor of victory, and the news ran current through the city, that
+Antonius himself was slain, his whole army destroyed, and not so much as
+a part of it escaped; nay, this belief was so strong and positive, that
+many of the magistrates offered up sacrifice.  But when, at length, the
+author was sought for, and none was to be found, it vanished by degrees,
+every one shifting it off from himself to another, and, at last, was lost
+in the numberless crowd, as in a vast ocean, and, having no solid ground
+to support its credit, was, in a short time, not so much as named in the
+city.  Nevertheless, when Domitian marched out with his forces to the
+war, he met with messengers and letters that gave him a relation of the
+victory; and the rumor, it was found, had come the very day it was
+gained, though the distance between the places was more than twenty-five
+hundred miles.  The truth of this no man of our time is ignorant of.
+
+But to proceed.  Cnaeus Octavius, who was joined in command with
+Aemilius, came to an anchor with his fleet under Samothrace, where, out
+of respect to the gods, he permitted Perseus to enjoy the benefit of
+refuge, but took care that he should not escape by sea.  Notwithstanding,
+Perseus secretly persuaded Oroandes of Crete, master of a small vessel,
+to convey him and his treasure away.  He, however, playing the true
+Cretan, took in the treasure, and bade him come, in the night, with his
+children and most necessary attendants, to the port by the temple of
+Ceres; but, as soon as it was evening, set sail without him.  It had been
+sad enough for Perseus to be forced to let down himself, his wife and
+children, through a narrow window by a wall, -- people altogether
+unaccustomed to hardship and flying; but that which drew a far sadder
+sigh from his heart was, when he was told by a man, as he wandered on the
+shore, that he had seen Oroandes under sail in the main sea; it being now
+about daybreak.  So, there being no hopes left of escaping, he fled back
+again to the wall, which he and his wife recovered, though they were seen
+by the Romans, before they could reach them.  His children he
+himself had delivered into the hands of Ion, one that had been his
+favorite, but now proved his betrayer, and was the chief cause that
+forced him (beasts themselves will do so when their young ones are taken)
+to come and yield himself up to those that had them in their power.  His
+greatest confidence was in Nasica, and it was for him he called, but he
+not being there, he bewailed his misfortune, and, seeing there was no
+possible remedy, surrendered himself to Octavius.  And here, in
+particular, he made it manifest that he was possessed with a vice more
+sordid than covetousness itself, namely, the fondness of life; by which
+he deprived himself even of pity, the only thing that fortune never takes
+away from the most wretched.  He desired to be brought to Aemilius, who
+arose from his seat, and accompanied with his friends went to receive
+him, with tears in his eyes, as a great man fallen by the anger of the
+gods and his own ill fortune; when Perseus -- the most shameful of sights
+-- threw himself at his feet, embraced his knees, and uttered unmanly
+cries and petitions, such as Aemilius was not able to bear, nor would
+vouchsafe to hear:  but looking on him with a sad and angry countenance
+he said, "Why, unhappy man, do you thus take pains to exonerate fortune
+of your heaviest charge against her, by conduct that will make it seem
+that you are not unjustly in calamity, and that it is not your present
+condition, but your former happiness, that was more than your deserts?
+And why depreciate also my victory, and make my conquests insignificant,
+by proving yourself a coward, and a foe beneath a Roman?  Distressed
+valor challenges great respect, even from enemies; but cowardice, though
+never so successful, from the Romans has always met with scorn."  Yet for
+all this he took him up, gave him his hand, and delivered him into the
+custody of Tubero.  Meantime, he himself carried his sons, his
+son-in-law, and others of chief rank, especially of the younger sort,
+back with him into his tent, where for a long time he sat down without
+speaking one word, insomuch that they all wondered at him.  At last, he
+began to discourse of fortune and human affairs.  "Is it meet," said he,
+"for him that knows he is but man, in his greatest prosperity to pride
+himself, and be exalted at the conquest of a city, nation, or kingdom,
+and not rather well to weigh this change of fortune, in which all
+warriors may see an example of their common frailty, and learn a lesson
+that there is nothing durable or constant?  For what time can men select
+to think themselves secure, when that of victory itself forces us more
+than any to dread our own fortune?  and a very little consideration on
+the law of things, and how all are hurried round, and each man's station
+changed, will introduce sadness in the midst of the greatest joy.  Or can
+you, when you see before your eyes the succession of Alexander himself,
+who arrived at the height of power and ruled the greatest empire, in the
+short space of an hour trodden under foot, -- when you behold a king, that
+was but even now surrounded with so numerous an army, receiving
+nourishment to support his life from the hands of his conquerors, -- can
+you, I say, believe there is any certainty in what we now possess, whilst
+there is such a thing as chance?  No, young men, cast off that vain
+pride and empty boast of victory; sit down with humility, looking always
+for what is yet to come, and the possible future reverses which the
+divine displeasure may eventually make the end of our present happiness."
+It is said that Aemilius, having spoken much more to the same purpose,
+dismissed the young men properly humbled, and with their vain-glory and
+insolence thoroughly chastened and curbed by his address.
+
+When this was done, he put his army into garrisons, to refresh
+themselves, and went himself to visit Greece, and to spend a short time
+in relaxations equally honorable and humane.  For, as he passed, he eased
+the people's grievances, reformed their governments, and bestowed gifts
+upon them; to some, corn, to others, oil out of the king's storehouses,
+in which, they report, there were such vast quantities laid up, that
+receivers and petitioners were lacking before they could be exhausted.
+In Delphi he found a great square pillar of white marble, designed for
+the pedestal of king Perseus' golden statue, on which he commanded his
+own to be placed, alleging that it was but just that the conquered should
+give place to the conquerors.  In Olympia he is said to have uttered the
+saying everybody has heard, that Phidias had carved Homer's Jupiter.
+When the ten commissioners arrived from Rome, he delivered up again to
+the Macedonians their cities and country, granting them to live at
+liberty, and according to their own laws, only paying the Romans the
+tribute of a hundred talents, double which sum they had been wont to pay
+to their kings.  Then he celebrated all manner of shows and games, and
+sacrifices to the gods, and made great entertainments and feasts; the
+charge of all which he liberally defrayed out of the king's treasury; and
+showed that he understood the ordering and placing of his guests, and how
+every man should be received, answerably to their rank and quality, with
+such nice exactness, that the Greeks were full of wonder, finding the
+care of these matters of pleasure did not escape him, and that though
+involved in such important business, he could observe correctness in
+these bides.  Nor was it least gratifying to him, that, amidst all the
+magnificent and splendid preparations, he himself was always the most
+grateful sight, and greatest pleasure to those he entertained.  And he
+told those that seemed to wonder at his diligence, that there was the
+same spirit shown in marshaling a banquet as an army; in rendering the
+one formidable to the enemy, the other acceptable to the guests.  Nor did
+men less praise his liberality, and the greatness of his soul, than his
+other virtues; for he would not so much as see those great quantities of
+silver and gold, which were heaped together out of the king's palaces,
+but delivered them to the quaestors, to be put into the public treasury.
+He only permitted his own sons, who were great lovers of learning, to
+take the king's books; and when he distributed rewards due to
+extraordinary valor, he gave his son-in-law, Aelius Tubero, a bowl that
+weighed five pounds.  This is that Tubero we have already mentioned, who
+was one of sixteen relations that lived together, and were all maintained
+out of one little farm; and it is said, that this was the first plate
+that ever entered the house of the Aelii, brought thither as an honor and
+reward of virtue; before this time, neither they nor their wives ever
+made use either of silver or gold.
+
+Having thus settled everything well, taking his leave of the Greeks, and
+exhorting the Macedonians, that, mindful of the liberty they had received
+from the Romans, they should endeavor to maintain it by their obedience
+to the laws, and concord amongst themselves, he departed for Epirus,
+having orders from the senate, to give the soldiers that followed him in
+the war against Perseus the pillage of the cities of that country.  That
+he might set upon them all at once by surprise and unawares, he summoned
+ten of the principal men out of each, whom he commanded, on such an
+appointed day, to bring all the gold and silver they had either in their
+private houses or temples; and, with every one of these, as if it were
+for this very purpose, and under a presence of searching for and
+receiving the gold, he sent a centurion and a guard of soldiers; who, the
+set day being come, rose all at once, and at the very self-same time fell
+upon them, and proceeded to ransack the cities; so that in one hour a
+hundred and fifty thousand persons were made slaves, and threescore and
+ten cities sacked.  Yet what was given to each soldier, out of so vast a
+destruction and utter ruin, amounted to no more than eleven drachmas; so
+that men could only shudder at the issue of a war, where the wealth of a
+whole nation, thus divided, turned to so little advantage and profit to
+each particular man.
+
+When Aemilius had done this, -- an action perfectly contrary to his gentle
+and mild nature, -- he went down to Oricus, where he embarked his army for
+Italy.  He sailed up the river Tiber in the king's galley, that had
+sixteen banks of oars, and was richly adorned with captured arms and with
+cloths of purple and scarlet; so that, the vessel rowing slowly against
+the stream, the Romans that crowded on the shore to meet him had a
+foretaste of his following triumph.  But the soldiers, who had cast a
+covetous eye on the treasures of Perseus, when they did not obtain as
+much as they thought they deserved, were secretly enraged and angry with
+Aemilius for this, but openly complained that he had been a severe and
+tyrannical commander over them; nor were they ready to show their desire
+of his triumph.  When Servius Galba, who was Aemilius's enemy, though he
+commanded as tribune under him, understood this, he had the boldness
+plainly to affirm that a triumph was not to be allowed him; and sowed
+various calumnies amongst the soldiers, which yet further increased their
+ill-will.  Nay more, he desired the tribunes of the people, because the
+four hours that were remaining of the day could not suffice for the
+accusation, to let him put it off till another.  But when the tribunes
+commanded him to speak then, if he had anything to say, he began a long
+oration, filled with all manner of reproaches, in which he spent the
+remaining part of the time, and the tribunes, when it was dark, dismissed
+the assembly.  The soldiers, growing more vehement on this, thronged all
+to Galba, and entering into a conspiracy, early in the morning beset the
+capitol, where the tribunes had appointed the following assembly to be
+held.
+
+As soon as it was day, it was put to the vote, and the first tribe was
+proceeding to refuse the triumph; and the news spread amongst the people
+and to the senate.  The people were indeed much grieved that Aemilius
+should meet with such ignominy; but this was only in words, which had no
+effect.  The chief of the senate exclaimed against it as a base action,
+and excited one another to repress the boldness and insolence of the
+soldiers, which would erelong become altogether ungovernable and violent,
+were they now permitted to deprive Aemilius of his triumph.  Forcing a
+passage through the crowd, they came up in great numbers, and desired the
+tribunes to defer polling, till they had spoken what they had to say to
+the people.  All things thus suspended, and silence being made, Marcus
+Servilius stood up, a man of consular dignity, and who had killed
+twenty-three of his enemies that had challenged him in single combat.
+"It is now more than ever," said he, "clear to my mind how great a
+commander our Aemilius Paulus is, when I see he was able to perform such
+famous and great exploits with an army so full of sedition and baseness;
+nor can I sufficiently wonder, that a people that seemed to glory in the
+triumphs over Illyrians and Ligurians, should now through envy refuse to
+see the Macedonian king led alive, and all the glory of Philip and
+Alexander in captivity to the Roman power.  For is it not a strange thing
+for you who, upon a slight rumor of victory that came by chance into the
+city, did offer sacrifices and put up your requests unto the gods that
+you might see the report verified, now, when the general is returned with
+an undoubted conquest, to defraud the gods of honor, and yourselves of
+joy, as if you feared to behold the greatness of his warlike deed, or
+were resolved to spare your enemy?  And of the two, much better were it
+to put a stop to the triumph, out of pity to him, than out of envy to
+your general; yet to such a height of power is malice arrived amongst
+you, that a man without one scar to show on his skin, that is smooth and
+sleek with ease and home-keeping habits, will undertake to define the
+office and duties of a general before us, who with our own wounds have
+been taught how to judge of the valor or the cowardice of commanders."
+And, at the same time, putting aside his garment, he showed an infinite
+number of scars upon his breast, and, turning about, he exposed some
+parts of his person which it is usual to conceal; and, addressing Galba,
+said:  "You deride me for these, in which I glory before my
+fellow-citizens, for it is in their service, in which I have ridden night
+and day, that I received them; but go collect the votes, whilst I follow
+after, and note the base and ungrateful, and such as choose rather to be
+flattered and courted than commanded by their general."  It is said, this
+speech so stopped the soldiers' mouths, and altered their minds, that all
+the tribes decreed a triumph for Aemilius; which was performed after this
+manner.
+
+The people erected scaffolds in the Forum, in the circuses, as they call
+their buildings for horse-races, and in all other parts of the city where
+they could best behold the show.  The spectators were clad in white
+garments; all the temples were open, and full of garlands and perfumes;
+the ways were cleared and kept open by numerous officers, who drove back
+all who crowded into or ran across the main avenue.  This triumph lasted
+three days.  On the first, which was scarcely long enough for the sight,
+were to be seen the statues, pictures, and colossal images, which were
+taken from the enemy, drawn upon two hundred and fifty chariots.  On the
+second, was carried in a great many wagons the finest and richest armor
+of the Macedonians, both of brass and steel, all newly polished and
+glittering; the pieces of which were piled up and arranged purposely with
+the greatest art, so as to seem to be tumbled in heaps carelessly and by
+chance; helmets were thrown upon shields, coats of mail upon greaves;
+Cretan targets, and Thracian bucklers and quivers of arrows, lay huddled
+amongst horses' bits, and through these there appeared the points of
+naked swords, intermixed with long Macedonian sarissas.  All these arms
+were fastened together with just so much looseness that they struck
+against one another as they were drawn along, and made a harsh and
+alarming noise, so that, even as spoils of a conquered enemy, they could
+not be beheld without dread.  After these wagons loaded with armor, there
+followed three thousand men who carried the silver that was coined, in
+seven hundred and fifty vessels, each of which weighed three talents, and
+was carried by four men.  Others brought silver bowls and goblets and
+cups, all disposed in such order as to make the best show, and all
+curious as well for their size as the solidity of their embossed work.
+
+On the third day, early in the morning, first came the trumpeters, who
+did not sound as they were wont in a procession or solemn entry, but such
+a charge as the Romans use when they encourage the soldiers to fight.
+Next followed young men wearing frocks with ornamented borders, who led
+to the sacrifice a hundred and twenty stalled oxen, with their horns
+gilded, and their heads adorned with ribbons and garlands; and with these
+were boys that carried basins for libation, of silver and gold.  After
+this was brought the gold coin, which was divided into vessels that
+weighed three talents, like those that contained the silver; they were in
+number seventy-seven.  These were followed by those that brought the
+consecrated bowl which Aemilius had caused to be made, that weighed ten
+talents, and was set with precious stones.  Then were exposed to view the
+cups of Antigonus and Seleucus, and those of the Thericlean make, and
+all the gold plate that was used at Perseus' table.  Next to these came
+Perseus' chariot, in which his armor was placed, and on that his diadem.
+And, after a little intermission, the king's children were led captives,
+and with them a train of their attendants, masters, and teachers, all
+shedding tears, and stretching out hands to the spectators, and making
+the children themselves also beg and entreat their compassion.  There
+were two sons and a daughter, whose tender age made them but little
+sensible of the greatness of their misery, which very insensibility of
+their condition rendered it the more deplorable; insomuch that Perseus
+himself was scarcely regarded as he went along, whilst pity fixed the
+eyes of the Romans upon the infants; and many of them could not forbear
+tears, and all beheld the sight with a mixture of sorrow and pleasure,
+until the children were passed.
+
+After his children and their attendants came Perseus himself, clad all in
+black, and wearing the boots of his country; and looking like one
+altogether stunned and deprived of reason, through the greatness of his
+misfortunes.  Next followed a great company of his friends and familiars,
+whose countenances were disfigured with grief, and who let the spectators
+see, by their tears and their continual looking upon Perseus, that it was
+his fortune they so much lamented, and that they were regardless of their
+own.  Perseus sent to Aemilius to entreat that he might not be led in
+pomp, but be left out of the triumph; who, deriding, as was but just, his
+cowardice and fondness of life, sent him this answer, that as for that,
+it had been before, and was now, in his own power; giving him to
+understand that the disgrace could be avoided by death; which the
+fainthearted man not having the spirit for, and made effeminate by I know
+not what hopes, allowed himself to appear as a part of his own spoils.
+After these were carried four hundred crowns, all made of gold, sent from
+the cities by their respective deputations to Aemilius, in honor of his
+victory.  Then he himself came, seated on a chariot magnificently adorned
+(a man well worthy to be looked at, even without these ensigns of power),
+dressed in a robe of purple, interwoven with gold, and holding a laurel
+branch in his right hand.  All the army, in like manner, with boughs of
+laurel in their hands, divided into their bands and companies, followed
+the chariot of their commander; some singing verses, according to the
+usual custom, mingled with raillery; others, songs of triumph, and the
+praise of Aemilius's deeds; who, indeed, was admired and accounted happy
+by all men, and unenvied by every one that was good; except so far as it
+seems the province of some god to lessen that happiness which is too
+great and inordinate, and so to mingle the affairs of human life that no
+one should be entirely free and exempt from calamities; but, as we read
+in Homer, that those should think themselves truly blessed to whom
+fortune has given an equal share of good and evil.
+
+Aemilius had four sons, of whom Scipio and Fabius, as is already related,
+were adopted into other families; the other two, whom he had by a second
+wife, and who were yet but young, he brought up in his own house.  One of
+these died at fourteen years of age, five days before his father's
+triumph; the other at twelve, three days after:  so that there was no
+Roman without a deep sense of his suffering, and who did not shudder at
+the cruelty of fortune, that had not scrupled to bring so much sorrow
+into a house replenished with happiness, rejoicing, and sacrifices, and
+to intermingle tears and laments with songs of victory and triumph.
+
+Aemilius, however, reasoning justly that courage and resolution was not
+merely to resist armor and spears, but all the shocks of ill fortune, so
+met and so adapted himself to these mingled and contrasting
+circumstances, as to outbalance the evil with the good, and his private
+concerns with those of the public; and thus did not allow anything
+either to take away from the grandeur, or sully the dignity of his
+victory.  For as soon as he had buried the first of his sons, (as we have
+already said,) he triumphed; and the second dying almost as soon as his
+triumph was over, he gathered together an assembly of the people, and
+made an oration to them, not like a man that stood in need of comfort
+from others, but one that undertook to support his fellow-citizens in
+their grief for the sufferings he himself underwent.
+
+"I," he said, "who never yet feared anything that was human, have,
+amongst such as were divine, always had a dread of fortune as faithless
+and inconstant; and, for the very reason that in this war she had been as
+a favorable gale in all my affairs, I still expected some change and
+reflux of things.  In one day I passed the Ionian sea, and reached
+Corcyra from Brundisium; thence in five more I sacrificed at Delphi, and
+in other five days came to my forces in Macedonia, where, after I had
+finished the usual sacrifices for the purifying of the army, I entered on
+my duties, and, in the space of fifteen days, put an honorable period to
+the war.  Still retaining a jealousy of fortune, even from the smooth
+current of my affairs, and seeing myself secure and free from the danger
+of any enemy, I chiefly dreaded the change of the goddess at sea, whilst
+conveying home my victorious army, vast spoils, and a captive king.  Nay,
+indeed, after I was returned to you safe, and saw the city full of joy,
+congratulating, and sacrifices, yet still I distrusted, well knowing that
+fortune never conferred any great benefits that were unmixed and
+unattended with probabilities of reverse.  Nor could my mind, that was
+still as it were in labor, and always foreseeing something to befall this
+city, free itself from this fear, until this great misfortune befell me
+in my own family, and till, in the midst of those days set apart for
+triumph, I carried two of the best of sons, my only destined successors,
+one after another to their funerals.  Now, therefore, I am myself safe
+from danger, at least as to what was my greatest care; and I trust and am
+verily persuaded, that for the time to come Fortune will prove constant
+and harmless unto you; since she has sufficiently wreaked her jealousy at
+our great successes on me and mine, and has made the conqueror as marked
+an example of human instability as the captive whom he led in triumph,
+with this only difference, that Perseus, though conquered, does yet enjoy
+his children, while the conqueror, Aemilius, is deprived of his."  This
+was the generous and magnanimous oration Aemilius is said to have spoken
+to the people, from a heart truly sincere and free from all artifice.
+
+Although he very much pitied the condition of Perseus, and studied to
+befriend him in what he was able, yet he could procure no other favor,
+than his removal from the common prison, the Carcer, into a more cleanly
+and humane place of security, where, whilst he was guarded, it is said,
+he starved himself to death.  Others state his death to have been of the
+strangest and most unusual character:  that the soldiers who were his
+guard, having conceived a spite and hatred against him for some reason,
+and finding no other way to grieve and afflict him, kept him from sleep,
+took pains to disturb him when he was disposed to rest, and found out
+contrivances to keep him continually awake, by which means at length he
+was utterly worn out, and expired.  Two of his children, also, died soon
+after him; the third, who was named Alexander, they say proved an
+exquisite artist in turning and graving small figures, and learned so
+perfectly to speak and write the Roman language, that he became clerk to
+the magistrates, and behaved himself in his office with great skill and
+conduct.
+
+They ascribe to Aemilius's conquest of Macedonia, this most acceptable
+benefit to the people, that he brought so vast a quantity of money into
+the public treasury, that they never paid any taxes, until Hirtius and
+Pansa were consuls, which was in the first war between Antony and Caesar.
+This also was peculiar and remarkable in Aemilius, that though he was
+extremely beloved and honored by the people, yet he always sided with the
+nobles; nor would he either say or do anything to ingratiate himself
+with the multitude, but constantly adhered to the nobility, in all
+political matters, which in after-times was cast in Scipio Africanus's
+teeth by Appius; these two being in their time the most considerable men
+in the city, and standing in competition for the office of censor.  The
+one had on his side the nobles and the senate, to which party the Appii
+were always attached; the other, although his own interest was great, yet
+made use of the favor and love of the people.  When, therefore, Appius
+saw Scipio come to the market-place, surrounded with men of mean rank,
+and such as were but newly made free, yet were very fit to manage a
+debate, to gather together the rabble, and to carry whatsoever they
+designed by importunity and noise, crying out with a loud voice:  "Groan
+now," said he, "O Aemilius Paulus, if you have knowledge in your grave of
+what is done above, that your son aspires to be censor, by the help of
+Aemilius, the common crier, and Licinius Philonicus."  Scipio always had
+the good-will of the people, because he was constantly heaping favors on
+them; but Aemilius, although he still took part with the nobles, yet was
+as much the people's favorite as those who most sought popularity and
+used every art to obtain it.  This they made manifest, when, amongst
+other dignities, they thought him worthy of the office of censor, a trust
+accounted most sacred and of great authority, as well in other things, as
+in the strict examination into men's lives.  For the censors had power to
+expel a senator, and enroll whom they judged most fit in his room, and to
+disgrace such young men as lived licentiously, by taking away their
+horses.  Besides this, they were to value and assess each man's estate,
+and register the number of the people.  There were numbered by Aemilius,
+337,452 men.  He declared Marcus Aemilius Lepidus first senator, who had
+already four times held that honor, and he removed from their office
+three of the senators of the least note.  The same moderation he and his
+fellow censor, Marcius Philippus, used at the muster of the knights.
+
+Whilst he was thus busy about many and weighty affairs, he fell sick of a
+disease, which at first seemed hazardous; and although after awhile it
+proved without danger, yet was troublesome and difficult to be cured:  so
+that by the advice of his physicians he sailed to Velia, in South Italy,
+and there dwelt a long time near the sea, where he enjoyed all possible
+quietness.  The Romans, in the meanwhile, longed for his return, and
+oftentimes by their expressions in the theaters, gave public testimony of
+their great desire and impatience to see him.  When, therefore, the time
+drew nigh that a solemn sacrifice was of necessity to be offered, and he
+found, as he thought, his body strong enough, he came back again to Rome,
+and there performed the holy rites with the rest of the priests, the
+people in the mean time crowding about him, and congratulating his
+return.  The next day he sacrificed again to the gods for his recovery;
+and, having finished the sacrifice, returned to his house and sat down to
+dinner, when, all on a sudden and when no change was expected, he fell
+into a fit of delirium, and, being quite deprived of his senses, the
+third day after ended a life, in which he had wanted no manner of thing
+which is thought to conduce to happiness.  Nay, his very funeral pomp had
+something in it remarkable and to be admired, and his virtue was graced
+with the most solemn and happy rites at his burial; consisting, not in
+gold and ivory, or in the usual sumptuousness and splendor of such
+preparations, but in the good-will, honor, and love, not only of his
+fellow-citizens, but of his enemies themselves.  For as many Spaniards,
+Ligurians, and Macedonians, as happened to be present at the solemnity,
+that were young and of vigorous bodies, took up the bier and carried it
+whilst the more aged followed, calling Aemilius the benefactor and
+preserver of their countries.  For not only at the time of his conquest
+had he acted to all with kindness and clemency, but, through the whole
+course of his life, he continued to do them good and look after their
+concerns, as if they had been his familiars and relations.  They report,
+that the whole of his estate scarce amounted to three hundred and seventy
+thousand drachmas; to which he left his two sons coheirs; but Scipio, who
+was the youngest, being adopted into the more wealthy family of
+Africanus, gave it all to his brother.  Such are said to have been the
+life and manners of Aemilius.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF TIMOLEON WITH AEMILIUS PAULUS
+
+Such being the story of these two great men's lives, without doubt in the
+comparison very little difference will be found between them.  They made
+war with two powerful enemies: the one against the Macedonians, and the
+other with the Carthaginians; and the success was in both cases glorious.
+One conquered Macedon from the seventh succeeding heir of Antigonus; the
+other freed Sicily from usurping tyrants, and restored the island to its
+former liberty.  Unless, indeed, it be made a point on Aemilius's side,
+that he engaged with Perseus when his forces were entire, and composed of
+men that had often successfully fought with the Romans; whereas, Timoleon
+found Dionysius in a despairing condition, his affairs being reduced to
+the last extremity: or, on the contrary, it be urged in favor of
+Timoleon, that he vanquished several tyrants, and a powerful Carthaginian
+army, with an inconsiderable number of men gathered together from all
+parts, not with such an army as Aemilius had, of well disciplined
+soldiers, experienced in war, and accustomed to obey; but with such as
+through the hopes of gain resorted to him, unskilled in fighting and
+ungovernable.  And when actions are equally glorious, and the means to
+compass them unequal, the greatest esteem is certainly due to that
+general who conquers with the smaller power.
+
+Both have the reputation of having behaved themselves with an uncorrupted
+integrity, in all the affairs they managed:  but Aemilius had the
+advantage of being, from his infancy, by the laws and customs of his
+country, brought up to the proper management of public affairs, which
+Timoleon brought himself to by his own efforts.  And this is plain; for
+at that time all the Romans were uniformly orderly and obedient,
+respectful to the laws and to their fellow-citizens: whereas it is
+remarkable, that not one of the Greek generals commanding in Sicily,
+could keep himself uncorrupted, except Dion, and of him many entertained
+a jealousy that he would establish a monarchy there, after the
+Lacedaemonian manner.  Timaeus writes, that the Syracusans sent even
+Gylippus home dishonorably, and with a reputation lost by the unsatiable
+covetousness he displayed when he commanded the army.  And numerous
+historians tell us of the wicked and perfidious acts committed by Pharax
+the Spartan, and Callippus the Athenian, with the view of making
+themselves kings of Sicily.  Yet what were these men, and what strength
+had they, to entertain such a thought?  The first of them was a follower
+of Dionysius, when he was expelled from Syracuse, and the other a hired
+captain of foot under Dion, and came into Sicily with him.  But Timoleon
+at the request and prayers of the Syracusans, was sent to be their
+general, and had no need to seek for power, but had a perfect title,
+founded on their own offers, to hold it; and yet no sooner had he freed
+Sicily from her oppressors, but he willingly surrendered it.
+
+It is truly worthy our admiration in Aemilius, that, though he conquered
+so great and so rich a realm as that of Macedon, yet he would not touch,
+nor see any of the money, nor did he advantage himself one farthing by
+it, though he was very generous of his own to others.  I would not intend
+any reflection on Timoleon, for accepting of a house and handsome estate
+in the country, which the Syracusans presented him with; there is no
+dishonor in accepting; but yet there is greater glory in a refusal, and
+the supremest virtue is shown in not wanting what it might fairly take.
+And as that body is, without doubt, the most strong and healthful, which
+can the easiest support extreme cold and excessive heat in the change of
+seasons, and that the most firm and collected mind which is not puffed up
+with prosperity, nor dejected with adversity; so the virtue of Aemilius
+was eminently seen in his countenance and behavior continuing as noble
+and lofty upon the loss of two dear sons, as when he achieved his
+greatest victories and triumphs.  But Timoleon, after he had justly
+punished his brother, a truly heroic action, let his reason yield to a
+causeless sorrow, and, humiliated with grief and remorse, forbore for
+twenty years to appear in any public place, or meddle with any affairs of
+the commonwealth.  It is truly very commendable to abhor and shun the
+doing any base action; but to stand in fear of every kind of censure or
+disrepute, may argue a gentle and open-hearted, but not a heroic temper.
+
+
+
+PELOPIDAS
+
+Cato Major, hearing some commend one that was rash, and inconsiderately
+daring in a battle, said, "There is a difference between a man's prizing
+valor at a great rate, and valuing life at little;" a very just remark.
+Antigonus, we know, at least, had a soldier, a venturous fellow, but of
+wretched health and constitution; the reason of whose ill looks he took
+the trouble to inquire into; and, on understanding from him that it was a
+disease, commanded his physicians to employ their utmost skill, and if
+possible recover him; which brave hero, when once cured, never afterwards
+sought danger or showed himself venturous in battle; and, when Antigonus
+wondered and upbraided him with his change, made no secret of the reason,
+and said, "Sir, you are the cause of my cowardice, by freeing me from
+those miseries which made me care little for life."  With the same
+feeling, the Sybarite seems to have said of the Spartans, that it was no
+commendable thing in them to be so ready to die in the wars, since by
+that they were freed from such hard labor, and miserable living.  In
+truth, the Sybarites, a soft and dissolute people, might very well
+imagine they hated life, because in their eager pursuit of virtue and
+glory, they were not afraid to die:  but, in fact, the Lacedaemonians
+found their virtue secured them happiness alike in living or in dying; as
+we see in the epitaph that says:
+
+They died, but not as lavish of their blood,
+Or thinking death itself was simply good;
+Their wishes neither were to live nor die,
+But to do both alike commendably.
+
+An endeavor to avoid death is not blamable, if we do not basely desire to
+live; nor a willingness to die good and virtuous, if it proceeds from a
+contempt of life.  And therefore Homer always takes care to bring his
+bravest and most daring heroes well armed into battle; and the Greek
+lawgivers punished those that threw away their shields, but not him that
+lost his sword or spear; intimating that self-defense is more a man's
+business than offense.  This is especially true of a governor of a city,
+or a general; for if, as Iphicrates divides it out, the light-armed are
+the hands; the horse the feet; the infantry the breast; and the general
+the head; he, when he puts himself upon danger, not only ventures his own
+person, but all those whose safety depends on his; and so on the
+contrary.  Callicratidas, therefore, though otherwise a great man, was
+wrong in his answer to the augur who advised him, the sacrifice being
+unlucky, to be careful of his life; "Sparta," said he, "will not miss one
+man."  It was true, Callicratidas, when simply serving in any engagement
+either at sea or land, was but a single person, but as general, he united
+in his life the lives of all, and could hardly be called one, when his
+death involved the ruin of so many.  The saying of old Antigonus was
+better, who, when he was to fight at Andros, and one told him, "The
+enemy's ships are more than ours;" replied, "For how many then wilt thou
+reckon me?" intimating that a brave and experienced commander is to be
+highly valued, one of the first duties of whose office indeed it is to
+save him on whose safety depends that of others.  And therefore I applaud
+Timotheus, who, when Chares showed the wounds he had received, and his
+shield pierced by a dart, told him, "Yet how ashamed I was, at the siege
+of Samos, when a dart fell near me, for exposing myself, more like a boy
+than like a general in command of a large army.  "Indeed, where the
+general's hazarding himself will go far to decide the result, there he
+must fight and venture his person, and not mind their maxims, who would
+have a general die, if not of, at least in old age; but when the
+advantage will be but small if he gets the better, and the loss
+considerable if he falls, who then would desire, at the risk of the
+commander's life, a piece of success which a common soldier might obtain?
+This I thought fit to premise before the lives of Pelopidas and
+Marcellus, who were both great men, but who both fell by their own
+rashness.  For, being gallant men, and having gained their respective
+countries great glory and reputation by their conduct in war against
+terrible enemies, the one, as history relates, overthrowing Hannibal, who
+was till then invincible; the other, in a set battle beating the
+Lacedaemonians, then supreme both at sea and land; they ventured at last
+too far, and were heedlessly prodigal of their lives, when there was the
+greatest need of men and commanders such as they.  And this agreement in
+their characters and their deaths, is the reason why I compare their
+lives.
+
+Pelopidas, the son of Hippoclus, was descended, as likewise Epaminondas
+was, from an honorable family in Thebes; and, being brought up to
+opulence, and having a fair estate left him whilst he was young, he made
+it his business to relieve the good and deserving amongst the poor, that
+he might show himself lord and not slave of his estate.  For amongst men,
+as Aristotle observes, some are too narrow-minded to use their wealth,
+and some are loose and abuse it; and these live perpetual slaves to their
+pleasures, as the others to their gain.  Others permitted themselves to
+be obliged by Pelopidas, and thankfully made use of his liberality and
+kindness; but amongst all his friends, he could never persuade
+Epaminondas to be a sharer in his wealth.  He, however, stepped down into
+his poverty, and took pleasure in the same poor attire, spare diet,
+unwearied endurance of hardships, and unshrinking boldness in war:  like
+Capaneus in Euripides, who had
+
+Abundant wealth and in that wealth no pride;
+
+he was ashamed any one should think that he spent more upon his person
+than the meanest Theban.  Epaminondas made his familiar and hereditary
+poverty more light and easy, by his philosophy and single life; but
+Pelopidas married a woman of good family, and had children; yet still
+thinking little of his private interests, and devoting all his time to
+the public, he ruined his estate:  and, when his friends admonished and
+told him how necessary that money which he neglected was; "Yes," he
+replied, "necessary to Nicodemus," pointing to a blind cripple.
+
+Both seemed equally fitted by nature for all sorts of excellence; but
+bodily exercises chiefly delighted Pelopidas, learning Epaminondas; and
+the one spent his spare hours in hunting, and the Palaestra, the other in
+hearing lectures or philosophizing.  And, amongst a thousand points for
+praise in both, the judicious esteem nothing equal to that constant
+benevolence and friendship, which they inviolably preserved in all their
+expeditions, public actions, and administration of the commonwealth.  For
+if any one looks on the administrations of Aristides and Themistocles, of
+Cimon and Pericles, of Nicias and Alcibiades, what confusion, what envy,
+what mutual jealousy appears?  And if he then casts his eye on the
+kindness and reverence that Pelopidas showed Epaminondas, he must needs
+confess, that these are more truly and more justly styled colleagues in
+government and command than the others, who strove rather to overcome one
+another, than their enemies The true cause of this was their virtue;
+whence it came that they did not make their actions aim at wealth and
+glory, an endeavor sure to lead to bitter and contentious jealousy; but
+both from the beginning being inflamed with a divine desire of seeing
+their country glorious by their exertions, they used to that end one
+another's excellences as their own.  Many, indeed, think this strict and
+entire affection is to be dated from the battle at Mantinea, where they
+both fought, being part of the succors that were sent from Thebes to the
+Lacedaemonians, their then friends and allies.  For, being placed
+together amongst the infantry, and engaging the Arcadians, when the
+Lacedaemonian wing, in which they fought, gave ground, and many fled,
+they closed their shields together and resisted the assailants.
+Pelopidas, having received seven wounds in the forepart of his body, fell
+upon a heap of slain friends and enemies; but Epaminondas, though he
+thought him past recovery, advanced to defend his arms and body, and
+singly fought a multitude, resolving rather to die than forsake his
+helpless Pelopidas.  And now, he being much distressed, being wounded in
+the breast by a spear, and in the arm by a sword, Agesipolis, the king of
+the Spartans, came to his succor from the other wing, and beyond hope
+delivered both.
+
+After this the Lacedaemonians pretended to be friends to Thebes, but in
+truth looked with jealous suspicions on the designs and power of the
+city, and chiefly hated the party of Ismenias and Androclides, in which
+Pelopidas also was an associate, as tending to liberty, and the
+advancement of the commonalty.  Therefore Archias, Leontidas, and Philip,
+all rich men, and of oligarchical principles, and immoderately ambitious,
+urged Phoebidas the Spartan, as he was on his way past the city with a
+considerable force, to surprise the Cadmea, and, banishing the contrary
+faction, to establish an oligarchy, and by that means subject the city to
+the supremacy of the Spartans.  He, accepting the proposal, at the
+festival of Ceres unexpectedly fell on the Thebans, and made himself
+master of the citadel.  Ismenias was taken, carried to Sparta, and in a
+short time murdered; but Pelopidas, Pherenicus, Androclides, and many
+more that fled were publicly proclaimed outlaws.  Epaminondas stayed at
+home, being not much looked after, as one whom philosophy had made
+inactive, and poverty incapable.
+
+The Lacedaemonians cashiered Phoebidas, and fined him one hundred
+thousand drachmas, yet still kept a garrison in the Cadmea; which made
+all Greece wonder at their inconsistency, since they punished the doer,
+but approved the deed.  And though the Thebans, having lost their polity,
+and being enslaved by Archias and Leontidas, had no hopes to get free
+from this tyranny, which they saw guarded by the whole military power of
+the Spartans, and had no means to break the yoke, unless these could be
+deposed from their command of sea and land; yet Leontidas and his
+associates, understanding that the exiles lived at Athens in favor with
+the people, and with honor from all the good and virtuous, formed secret
+designs against their lives, and, suborning some unknown fellows,
+dispatched Androclides, but were not successful on the rest.  Letters,
+besides, were sent from Sparta to the Athenians, warning them neither to
+receive nor countenance the exiles, but expel them as declared common
+enemies of the confederacy.  But the Athenians, from their natural
+hereditary inclination to be kind, and also to make a grateful return to
+the Thebans, who had very much assisted them in restoring their
+democracy, and had publicly enacted, that if any Athenian would march
+armed through Boeotia against the tyrants, that no Boeotian should either
+see or hear it, did the Thebans no harm.
+
+Pelopidas, though one of the youngest, was active in privately exciting
+each single exile; and often told them at their meetings, that it was
+both dishonorable and impious to neglect their enslaved and engarrisoned
+country, and, lazily contented with their own lives and safety, depend on
+the decrees of the Athenians, and through fear fawn on every
+smooth-tongued orator that was able to work upon the people:  now they
+must venture for this great prize, taking Thrasybulus' bold courage for
+example, and as he advanced from Thebes and broke the power of the
+Athenian tyrants, so they should march from Athens and free Thebes.  When
+by this method he had persuaded them, they privately dispatched some
+persons to those friends they had left at Thebes, and acquainted them
+with their designs.  Their plans being approved, Charon, a man of the
+greatest distinction, offered his house for their reception; Phillidas
+contrived to get himself made secretary to Archias and Philip, who then
+held the office of polemarch or chief captain; and Epaminondas had
+already inflamed the youth.  For, in their exercises, he had encouraged
+them to challenge and wrestle with the Spartans, and again, when he saw
+them puffed up with victory and success, sharply told them, it was the
+greater shame to be such cowards as to serve those whom in strength they
+so much excelled.
+
+The day for action being fixed, it was agreed upon by the exiles, that
+Pherenicus with the rest should stay in the Thriasian plain, while some
+few of the younger men tried the first danger, by endeavoring to get into
+the city; and, if they were surprised by their enemies, the others should
+take care to provide for their children and parents.  Pelopidas first
+offered to undertake the business; then Melon, Damoclides, and
+Theopompus, men of noble families, who, in other things loving and
+faithful to one another, were constant rivals only in glory and
+courageous exploits.  They were twelve in all, and having taken leave of
+those that stayed behind, and sent a messenger to Charon, they went
+forward, clad in short coats, and carrying hounds and hunting poles with
+them, that they might be taken for hunters beating over the fields, and
+prevent all suspicion in those that met them on the way.  When the
+messenger came to Charon, and told him they were approaching, he did not
+change his resolution at the sight of danger, but, being a man of his
+word, offered them his house.  But one Hipposthenidas, a man of no ill
+principles, a lover of his country, and a friend to the exiles, but not
+of as much resolution as the shortness of time and the character of the
+action required, being as it were dizzied at the greatness of the
+approaching enterprise; and beginning now for the first time to
+comprehend that, relying on that weak assistance which could be expected
+from the exiles, they were undertaking no less a task than to shake the
+government, and overthrow the whole power of Sparta; went privately to
+his house, and sent a friend to Melon and Pelopidas, desiring them to
+forbear for the present, to return to Athens and expect a better
+opportunity.  The messenger's name was Chlidon, who, going home in haste
+and bringing out his horse, asked for the bridle; but, his wife not
+knowing where it was, and, when it could not be found, telling him she
+had lent it to a friend, first they began to chide, then to curse one
+another, and his wife wished the journey might prove ill to him, and
+those that sent him; insomuch that Chlidon's passion made him waste a
+great part of the day in this quarreling, and then, looking on this
+chance as an omen, he laid aside all thoughts of his journey, and went
+away to some other business.  So nearly had these great and glorious
+designs, even in their very birth, lost their opportunity.
+
+But Pelopidas and his companions, dressing themselves like countrymen,
+divided, and, whilst it was yet day, entered at different quarters of the
+city.  It was, besides, a windy day, and it now just began to snow, which
+contributed much to their concealment, because most people were gone in
+doors to avoid the weather.  Those, however, that were concerned in the
+design, received them as they came, and conducted them to Charon's house,
+where the exiles and the others made up forty-eight in number.  The
+tyrants' affairs stood thus:  the secretary, Phillidas, as I have already
+observed, was an accomplice in, and privy to all the contrivance of the
+exiles, and he a while before had invited Archias, with others, to an
+entertainment on that day, to drink freely, and meet some women of the
+town, on purpose that when they were drunk, and given up to their
+pleasures, he might deliver them over to the conspirators.  But before
+Archias was thoroughly heated, notice was given him that the exiles were
+privately in the town; a true report indeed, but obscure, and not well
+confirmed:  nevertheless, though Phillidas endeavored to divert the
+discourse, Archias sent one of his guard to Charon, and commanded him to
+attend immediately.  It was evening, and Pelopidas and his friends with
+him in the house, were putting themselves into a fit posture for action,
+having their breastplates on already, and their swords girt:  but at the
+sudden knocking at the door, one stepping forth to inquire the matter,
+and learning from the officer that Charon was sent for by the polemarchs,
+returned in great confusion and acquainted those within; and all
+immediately conjectured that the whole plot was discovered, and they
+should be cut in pieces, before so much as achieving any action to do
+credit to their bravery; yet all agreed that Charon should obey, and
+attend the polemarchs, to prevent suspicion.  Charon was, indeed, a man
+of courage and resolution in all dangers, yet in this case he was
+extremely concerned, lest any should suspect that he was the traitor, and
+the death of so many brave citizens be laid on him.  And, therefore, when
+he was ready to depart, he brought his son out of the women's
+apartment, a little boy as yet, but one of the best looking and strongest
+of all those of his age, and delivered him to Pelopidas with these words:
+"If you find me a traitor, treat this boy as an enemy without any mercy."
+The concern which Charon showed, drew tears from many; but all protested
+vehemently against his supposing any one of them so mean-spirited and
+base, at the appearance of approaching danger, as to suspect or blame
+him; and therefore, desired him not to involve his son, but to set him
+out of harm's way; that so he, perhaps, escaping the tyrant's power,
+might live to revenge the city and his friends.  Charon, however, refused
+to remove him, and asked, "What life, what safety could be more
+honorable, than to die bravely with his father, and such generous
+companions?"  Thus, imploring the protection of the gods, and saluting
+and encouraging them all, he departed, considering with himself, and
+composing his voice and countenance, that he might look as little like as
+possible to what in fact he really was.
+
+When he was come to the door, Archias with Phillidas came out to him, and
+said, "I have heard, Charon, that there are some men just come, and
+lurking in the town, and that some of the citizens are resorting to
+them."  Charon was at first disturbed, but asking, "Who are they? and who
+conceals them?" and finding Archias did not thoroughly understand the
+matter, he concluded that none of those privy to the design had given
+this information, and replied, "Do not disturb yourselves for an empty
+rumor:  I will look into it, however, for no report in such a case is to
+be neglected."  Phillidas, who stood by, commended him, and leading back
+Archias, got him deep in drink, still prolonging the entertainment with
+the hopes of the women's company at last.  But when Charon returned, and
+found the men prepared, not as if they hoped for safety and success, but
+to die bravely and with the slaughter of their enemies, he told Pelopidas
+and his friends the truth, but pretended to others in the house that
+Archias talked to him about something else, inventing a story for the
+occasion.  This storm was just blowing over, when fortune brought
+another; for a messenger came with a letter from one Archias, the
+Hierophant at Athens, to his namesake Archias, who was his friend and
+guest.  This did not merely contain a vague conjectural suspicion, but,
+as appeared afterwards, disclosed every particular of the design.  The
+messenger being brought in to Archias, who was now pretty well drunk, and
+delivering the letter, said to him, "The writer of this desired it might
+be read at once; it is on urgent business."  Archias, with a smile,
+replied, "Urgent business tomorrow," and so receiving the letter, he put
+it under his pillow, and returned to what he had been speaking of with
+Phillidas; and these words of his are a proverb to this day amongst the
+Greeks.
+
+Now when the opportunity seemed convenient for action, they set out in
+two companies; Pelopidas and Damoclides with their party went against
+Leontidas and Hypates, that lived near together; Charon and Melon against
+Archias and Philip, having put on women's apparel over their
+breastplates, and thick garlands of fir and pine to shade their faces;
+and so, as soon as they came to the door, the guests clapped and gave a
+huzza, supposing them to be the women they expected.  But when the
+conspirators had looked about the room, and carefully marked all that
+were at the entertainment, they drew their swords, and making at Archias
+and Philip amongst the tables, disclosed who they were.  Phillidas
+persuaded some few of his guests to sit still, and those that got up and
+endeavored to assist the polemarchs, being drunk were easily dispatched.
+But Pelopidas and his party met with a harder task; as they attempted
+Leontidas, a sober and formidable man, and when they came to his house
+found his doors shut, he being already gone to bed.  They knocked a long
+time before any one would answer, but, at last, a servant that heard
+them, coming out and unbarring the door, as soon as the gate gave way,
+they rushed in, and, overturning the man, made all haste to Leontidas's
+chamber.  But Leontidas, guessing at the matter by the noise and running,
+leaped from his bed and drew his dagger, but forgot to put out the
+lights, and by that means make them fall foul on one another in the dark.
+As it was, being easily seen by reason of the light, he received them at
+his chamber door, and stabbed Cephisodorus, the first man that entered:
+on his falling, the next that he engaged was Pelopidas; and the passage
+being narrow and Cephisodorus's body lying in the way, there was a fierce
+and dangerous conflict.  At last Pelopidas prevailed, and having killed
+Leontidas, he and his companions went in pursuit of Hypates, and after
+the same manner broke into his house.  He perceived the design, and fled
+to his neighbors; but they closely followed, and caught and killed him.
+
+This done they joined Melon, and sent to hasten the exiles they had left
+in Attica:  and called upon the citizens to maintain their liberty, and
+taking down the spoils from the porches, and breaking open all the
+armorers' shops that were near, equipped those that came to their
+assistance.  Epaminondas and Gorgidas came in already armed, with a
+gallant train of young men, and the best of the old.  Now the city was in
+a great excitement and confusion, a great noise and hurry, lights set up
+in every house, men running here and there; however, the people did not
+as yet gather into a body, but, amazed at the proceedings, and not
+clearly understanding the matter waited for the day.  And, therefore, the
+Spartan officers were thought to have been in fault for not falling on at
+once, since their garrison consisted of about fifteen hundred men, and
+many of the citizens ran to them; but, alarmed with the noise, the fires,
+and the confused running of the people, they kept quietly within the
+Cadmea.  As soon as day appeared, the exiles from Attica came in armed,
+and there was a general assembly of the people.  Epaminondas and Gorgidas
+brought forth Pelopidas and his party, encompassed by the priests, who
+held out garlands, and exhorted the people to fight for their country and
+their gods.  The assembly, at their appearance, rose up in a body, and
+with shouts and acclamations received the men as their deliverers and
+benefactors.
+
+Then Pelopidas, being chosen chief captain of Boeotia, together with
+Melon and Charon, proceeded at once to blockade the citadel, and stormed
+it on all sides, being extremely desirous to expel the Lacedaemonians,
+and free the Cadmea, before an army could come from Sparta to their
+relief.  And he just so narrowly succeeded, that they, having surrendered
+on terms and departed, on their way home met Cleombrotus at Megara
+marching towards Thebes with a considerable force.  The Spartans
+condemned and executed Herippidas and Arcissus, two of their governors@
+at Thebes, and Lysanoridas the third being severely fined, fled
+Peloponnesus.  This action so closely resembling that of Thrasybulus, in
+the courage of the actors, the danger, the encounters, and equally
+crowned with success, was called the sister of it by the Greeks.  For we
+can scarcely find any other examples where so small and weak a party of
+men by bold courage overcame such numerous and powerful enemies, or
+brought greater blessings to their country by so doing.  But the
+subsequent change of affairs made this action the more famous; for the
+war which forever ruined the pretensions of Sparta to command, and put an
+end to the supremacy she then exercised alike by sea and by land,
+proceeded from that night, in which Pelopidas not surprising any fort, or
+castle, or citadel, but coming, the twelfth man, to a private house,
+loosed and broke, if we may speak truth in metaphor, the chains of the
+Spartan sway, which before seemed of adamant and indissoluble.
+
+But now the Lacedaemonians invading Boeotia with a great army, the
+Athenians, affrighted at the danger, declared themselves no allies to
+Thebes, and prosecuting those that stood for the Boeotian interest,
+executed some, and banished and fined others:  and the cause of Thebes,
+destitute of allies, seemed in a desperate condition.  But Pelopidas and
+Gorgidas, holding the office of captains of Boeotia, designing to breed a
+quarrel between the Lacedaemonians and Athenians, made this contrivance.
+One Sphodrias, a Spartan, a man famous indeed for courage in battle, but
+of no sound judgment, full of ungrounded hopes and foolish ambition, was
+left with an army at Thespiae, to receive and succor the Theban
+renegades.  To him Pelopidas and his colleagues privately sent a
+merchant, one of their friends, with money, and, what proved more
+efficient, advice, -- that it more became a man of his worth to set upon
+some great enterprise, and that he should, making a sudden incursion on
+the unprotected Athenians, surprise the Piraeus; since nothing could be
+so grateful to Sparta, as to take Athens; and the Thebans, of course,
+would not stir to the assistance of men whom they now hated and looked
+upon as traitors.  Sphodrias, being at last wrought upon, marched into
+Attica by night with his army, and advanced as far as Eleusis; but there
+his soldiers' hearts failing, after exposing his project and involving
+the Spartans in a dangerous war, he retreated to Thespiae.  After this,
+the Athenians zealously sent supplies to Thebes, and putting to sea,
+sailed to many places, and offered support and protection to all those of
+the Greeks who were willing to revolt.
+
+The Thebans, meantime, singly, having many skirmishes with the Spartans
+in Boeotia, and fighting some battles, not great indeed, but important as
+training and instructing them, thus had their minds raised, and their
+bodies inured to labor, and gained both experience and courage by these
+frequent encounters; insomuch that we have it related that Antalcidas,
+the Spartan, said to Agesilaus, returning wounded from Boeotia, "Indeed,
+the Thebans have paid you handsomely for instructing them in the art of
+war, against their wills."  In real truth, however, Agesilaus was not
+their master in this, but those that prudently and opportunely, as men do
+young dogs, set them on their enemies, and brought them safely off after
+they had tasted the sweets of victory and resolution.  Of all those
+leaders, Pelopidas deserves the most honor:  as after they had once
+chosen him general, he was every year in command as long as he lived;
+either captain of the sacred band, or, what was most frequent, chief
+captain  of Boeotia.  About Plataea and Thespiae the Spartans were
+routed and put to flight, and Phoebidas, that surprised the Cadmea,
+slain; and at Tanagra a considerable force was worsted, and the leader
+Panthoides killed.  But these encounters, though they raised the victor's
+spirits, did not thoroughly dishearten the unsuccessful; for there was no
+set battle, or regular fighting, but mere incursions on advantage, in
+which, according to occasion, they charged, retired again, or pursued.
+But the battle at Tegyrae, which seemed a prelude to Leuctra, won
+Pelopidas a great reputation; for none of the other commanders could
+claim any hand in the design, nor the enemies any show of victory.  The
+city of the Orchomenians siding with the Spartans, and having received
+two companies for its guard, he kept a constant eye upon it, and
+watched his opportunity.  Hearing that the garrison had moved into
+Locris, and hoping to find Orchomenus defenseless, he marched with his
+sacred band, and some few horsemen.  But when he approached the city, and
+found that a reinforcement of the garrison was on its march from Sparta,
+he made a circuit round the foot of the mountains, and retreated with his
+little army through Tegyrae, that being the only way he could pass.  For
+the river Melas, almost as soon as it rises, spreads itself into marshes
+and navigable pools, and makes all the plain between impassable.  A
+little below the marshes stands the temple and oracle of Apollo
+Tegyraeus, forsaken not long before that time, having flourished till the
+Median wars, Echecrates then being priest.  Here they profess that the god
+was born; the neighboring mountain is called Delos, and there the river
+Melas comes again into a channel; behind the temple rise two springs,
+admirable for the sweetness, abundance, and coolness of the streams; one
+they call Phoenix, the other Elaea, even to the present time, as if
+Lucina had not been delivered between two trees, but fountains.  A place
+hard by, called Ptoum, is shown, where they say she was affrighted by the
+appearance of a boar; and the stories of the Python and Tityus are in
+like manner appropriated by these localities.  I omit many of the points
+that are used as arguments.  For our tradition does not rank this god
+amongst those that were born, and then made immortal, as Hercules and
+Bacchus, whom their virtue raised above a mortal and passable condition;
+but Apollo is one of the eternal unbegotten deities, if we may collect
+any certainty concerning these things, from the statements of the oldest
+and wisest in such subjects.
+
+As Thebans were retreating from Orchomenus towards Tegyrae, the
+Spartans, at the same time marching from Locris, met them.  As soon as
+they came in view, advancing through the straits, one told Pelopidas, "We
+are fallen into our enemy's hands;" he replied, "And why not they into
+ours?" and immediately commanded his horse to come up from the rear and
+charge, while he himself drew his infantry, being three hundred in
+number, into a close body, hoping by that means, at whatsoever point he
+made the attack, to break his way through his more numerous enemies.  The
+Spartans had two companies, (the company consisting, as Ephorus states,
+of five hundred; Callisthenes says seven hundred; others, as Polybius,
+nine hundred) and their leaders, Gorgoleon and Theopompus, confident of
+success, advanced upon the Thebans.  The charge being made with much
+fury, chiefly where the commanders were posted, the Spartan captains that
+engaged Pelopidas were first killed; and those immediately around them
+suffering severely, the whole army was thus disheartened, and opened a
+lane for the Thebans, as if they desired to pass through and escape.  But
+when Pelopidas entered, and turning against those that stood their
+ground, still went on with a bloody slaughter, an open fight ensued
+amongst the Spartans.  The pursuit was carried but a little way, because
+they feared the neighboring Orchomenians, and the reinforcement from
+Lacedaemon; they had succeeded, however, in fighting a way through their
+enemies, and overpowering their whole force; and, therefore, erecting a
+trophy, and spoiling the slain, they returned home extremely encouraged
+with their achievements.  For in all the great wars there had ever been
+against Greeks or barbarians, the Spartans were never before beaten by a
+smaller company than their own; nor, indeed, in a set battle, when their
+number was equal.  Hence their courage was thought irresistible, and
+their high repute before the battle made a conquest already of enemies,
+who thought themselves no match for the men of Sparta even on equal
+terms.  But this battle first taught the other Greeks, that not only
+Eurotas, or the country between Babyce and Cnacion, breeds men of courage
+and resolution; but that where the youth are ashamed of baseness, and
+ready to venture in a good cause, where they fly disgrace more than
+danger, there, wherever it be, are found the bravest and most formidable
+opponents.
+
+Gorgidas, according to some, first formed the Sacred Band of three
+hundred chosen men, to whom, as being a guard for the citadel, the State
+allowed provision, and all things necessary for exercise:  and hence they
+were called the city band, as citadels of old were usually called cities.
+Others say that it was composed of young men attached to each other by
+personal affection, and a pleasant saying of Pammenes is current, that
+Homer's Nestor was not well skilled in ordering an army, when he advised
+the Greeks to rank tribe and tribe, and family and family together, that
+
+So tribe might tribe, and kinsmen kinsmen aid,
+
+but that he should have joined lovers and their beloved.  For men of the
+same tribe or family little value one another when dangers press; but a
+band cemented by friendship grounded upon love, is never to be broken,
+and invincible; since the lovers, ashamed to be base in sight of their
+beloved, and the beloved before their lovers, willingly rush into danger
+for the relief of one another.  Nor can that be wondered at; since they
+have more regard for their absent lovers than for others present; as in
+the instance of the man, who, when his enemy was going to kill him,
+earnestly requested him to run him through the breast, that his lover
+might not blush to see him wounded in the back.  It is a tradition
+likewise, that Iolaus, who assisted Hercules in his labors and fought at
+his side, was beloved of him; and Aristotle observes, that even in his
+time, lovers plighted their faith at Iolaus's tomb.  It is likely,
+therefore, that this band was called sacred on this account; as Plato
+calls a lover a divine friend.  It is stated that it was never beaten
+till the battle at Chaeronea:  and when Philip, after the fight, took a
+view of the slain, and came to the place where the three hundred that
+fought his phalanx lay dead together, he wondered, and understanding that
+it was the band of lovers, he shed tears and said, "Perish any man who
+suspects that these men either did or suffered anything that was base."
+
+It was not the disaster of Laius, as the poets imagine, that first gave
+rise to this form of attachment amongst the Thebans, but their
+law-givers, designing to soften, whilst they were young, their natural
+fierceness, brought, for example, the pipe into great esteem, both in
+serious and sportive occasions, and gave great encouragement to these
+friendships in the Palaestra, to temper the manners and characters of the
+youth.  With a view to this they did well, again, to make Harmony, the
+daughter of Mars and Venus, their tutelar deity; since, where force and
+courage is joined with gracefulness and winning behavior a harmony ensues
+that combines all the elements of society in perfect consonance and
+order.  -- Gorgidas distributed this Sacred Band all through the front
+ranks of the infantry and thus made their gallantry less conspicuous; not
+being united in one body, but mingled with so many others of inferior
+resolution, they had no fair opportunity of showing what they could do.
+But Pelopidas, having sufficiently tried their bravery at Tegyrae, where
+they had fought alone, and around his own person, never afterward
+divided them, but keeping them entire, and as one man, gave them the
+first duty in the greatest battles.  For as horses run brisker in a
+chariot than singly, not that their joint force divides the air with
+greater ease, but because being matched one against the other, emulation
+kindles and inflames their courage; thus he thought, brave men, provoking
+one another to noble actions, would prove most serviceable and most
+resolute, where all were united together.
+
+Now when the Lacedaemonians had made peace with the other Greeks, and
+united all their strength against the Thebans only, and their king,
+Cleombrotus, had passed the frontier with ten thousand foot and one
+thousand horse, and not only subjection, as heretofore, but total
+dispersion and annihilation threatened, and Boeotia was in a greater fear
+than ever, -- Pelopidas, leaving his house, when his wife followed him on
+his way, and with tears begged him to be careful of his life, made
+answer, "Private men, my wife, should be advised to look to themselves,
+generals to save others."  And when he came to the camp, and found the
+chief captains disagreeing, he, first, joined the side of Epaminondas,
+who advised to fight the enemy; though Pelopidas himself was not then in
+office as chief captain of Boeotia, but in command of the Sacred Band,
+and trusted as it was fit a man should be, who had given his country such
+proofs of his zeal for its freedom.  And so, when a battle was agreed on,
+and they encamped in front of the Spartans at Leuctra, Pelopidas saw a
+vision, which much discomposed him.  In that plain lie the bodies of the
+daughters of one Scedasus, called from the place Leuctridae, having been
+buried there, after having been ravished by some Spartan strangers.  When
+this base and lawless deed was done, and their father could get no
+satisfaction at Lacedaemon, with bitter imprecations on the Spartans, he
+killed himself at his daughters' tombs:  and, from that time, the
+prophecies and oracles still warned them to have a great care of the
+divine vengeance at Leuctra.  Many, however, did not understand the
+meaning, being uncertain about the place, because there was a little
+maritime town of Laconia called Leuctron, and near Megalopolis in Arcadia
+a place of the same name; and the villainy was committed long before this
+battle.
+
+Now Pelopidas, being asleep in the camp, thought he saw the maidens
+weeping about their tombs, and cursing the Spartans, and Scedasus
+commanding, if they desired the victory, to sacrifice a virgin with
+chestnut hair to his daughters.  Pelopidas looked on this as an harsh and
+impious injunction, but rose and told it to the prophets and commanders
+of the army, some of whom contended, that it was fit to obey, and adduced
+as examples from the ancients, Menoeceus, son of Creon; Macaria, daughter
+of Hercules; and from later times, Pherecydes the philosopher, slain by
+the Lacedaemonians, and his skin, as the oracles advised, still kept by
+their kings.  Leonidas, again, warned by the oracle, did as it were
+sacrifice himself for the good of Greece; Themistocles offered human
+victims to Bacchus Omestes, before the engagement at Salamis; and success
+showed their actions to be good.  On the contrary, Agesilaus going from
+the same place, and against the same enemies that Agamemnon did, and,
+being commanded in a dream at Aulis to sacrifice his daughter, was so
+weak as to disobey; the consequence of which was, that his expedition was
+unsuccessful and inglorious.  But some on the other side urged, that such
+a barbarous and impious oblation could not be pleasing to any Superior
+Beings:  that typhons and giants did not preside over the world, but the
+general father of gods and men; that it was absurd to imagine any
+divinities or powers delighted in slaughter and sacrifices of men; or, if
+there were an, such, they were to be neglected, as weak and unable to
+assist; such unreasonable and cruel desires could only proceed from, and
+live in weak and depraved minds.
+
+The commanders thus disputing, and Pelopidas being in a great perplexity,
+a mare colt, breaking from the herd, ran through the camp, and when she
+came to the place where they were, stood still; and whilst some admired
+her bright chestnut color, others her mettle, or the strength and fury of
+her neighing, Theocritus, the augur, took thought, and cried out to
+Pelopidas, "O good friend! look, the sacrifice is come; expect no other
+virgin, but use that which the gods have sent thee."  With that they took
+the colt, and, leading her to the maidens' sepulchres, with the usual
+solemnity and prayers, offered her with joy, and spread through the whole
+army the account of Pelopidas's dream, and how they had given the
+required sacrifice.
+
+In the battle, Epaminondas, bending his phalanx to the left, that, as
+much as possible, he might divide the right wing, composed of Spartans,
+from the other Greeks, and distress Cleombrotus, by a fierce charge in
+column on that wing, the enemies perceived the design, and began to
+change their order, to open and extend their right wing, and, as they far
+exceeded him in number, to encompass Epaminondas.  But Pelopidas with the
+three hundred came rapidly up, before Cleombrotus could extend his line,
+and close up his divisions, and so fell upon the Spartans while in
+disorder; though the Lacedaemonians, the expertest and most practiced
+soldiers of all mankind, used to train and accustom themselves to nothing
+so much as to keep themselves from confusion upon any change of position,
+and to follow any leader, or right hand man, and form in order, and fight
+on what part soever dangers press.  In this battle, however, Epaminondas
+with his phalanx, neglecting the other Greeks, and charging them alone,
+and Pelopidas coming up with such incredible speed and fury, so broke
+their courage, and baffled their art, that there began such a flight and
+slaughter amongst the Spartans, as was never before known.  And so
+Pelopidas, though in no high office, but only captain of a small band,
+got as much reputation by the victory, as Epaminondas, who was general
+and chief captain of Boeotia.
+
+Into Peloponnesus, however, they both advanced together as colleagues in
+supreme command, and gained the greater part of the nations there from
+the Spartan confederacy; Elis, Argo, all Arcadia, and much of Laconia
+itself.  It was the dead of winter, and but few of the last days of the
+month remained, and, in the beginning of the next, new officers were to
+succeed, and whoever failed to deliver up his charge, forfeited his head.
+Therefore, the other chief captains fearing the law, and to avoid the
+sharpness of the winter, advised a retreat.  But Pelopidas joined with
+Epaminondas, and, encouraging his countrymen, led them against Sparta,
+and, passing the Eurotas, took many of the towns, and wasted the country
+as far as the sea.  This army consisted of seventy thousand Greeks, of
+which number the Thebans could not make the twelfth part; but the
+reputation of the men made all their allies contented to follow them as
+leaders, though no articles to that effect had been made.  For, indeed,
+it seems the first and paramount law, that he that wants a defender, is
+naturally a subject to him that is able to defend:  as mariners, though
+in a calm or in the port they grow insolent, and brave the pilot, yet
+when a storm comes, and danger is at hand, they all attend, and put their
+hopes in him.  So the Argives, Eleans, and Arcadians, in their
+congresses, would contend with the Thebans for superiority in command,
+yet in a battle, or any hazardous undertaking, of their own will followed
+their Theban captains.  In this expedition, they united all Arcadia into
+one body, and, expelling the Spartans that inhabited Messenia, they
+called back the old Messenians, and established them in Ithome in one
+body; -- and, returning through Cenchreae, they dispersed the Athenians, who
+designed to set upon them in the straits, and hinder their march.
+
+For these exploits, all the other Greeks loved their courage, and admired
+their success; but among their own citizens, envy, still increasing with
+their glory, prepared them no pleasing nor agreeable reception.  Both
+were tried for their lives, because they did not deliver up their command
+in the first month, Bucatius, as the law required, but kept it four
+months longer, in which time they did these memorable actions in
+Messenia, Arcadia, and Laconia.  Pelopidas was first tried, and therefore
+in greatest danger, but both were acquitted.  Epaminondas bore the
+accusation and trial very patiently, esteeming it a great and essential
+part of courage and generosity, not to resent injuries in political life.
+But Pelopidas, being a man of a fiercer temper, and stirred on by his
+friends to revenge the affront, took the following occasion.  Meneclidas,
+the orator, was one of those that had met with Melon and Pelopidas at
+Charon's house; but not receiving equal honor, and being powerful in his
+speech, but loose in his manners, and ill-natured, he abused his natural
+endowments, even after this trial, to accuse and calumniate his betters.
+He excluded Epaminondas from the chief captaincy, and for a long time
+kept the upper hand of him; but he was not powerful enough to bring
+Pelopidas out of the people's favor, and therefore endeavored to raise a
+quarrel between him and Charon.  And since it is some comfort to the
+envious, to make those men, whom themselves cannot excel, appear worse
+than others, he studiously enlarged upon Charon's actions in his speeches
+to the people, and made panegyrics on his expeditions and victories; and,
+of the victory which the horsemen won at Plataea, before the battle at
+Leuctra, under Charon's command, he endeavored to make the following
+sacred memorial.  Androcydes, the Cyzicenian, had undertaken to paint a
+previous battle for the city, and was at work in Thebes; and when the
+revolt began, and the war came on, the Thebans kept the picture that was
+then almost finished.  This picture Meneclidas persuaded them to
+dedicate, inscribed with Charon's name, designing by that means to
+obscure the glory of Epaminondas and Pelopidas.  This was a ludicrous
+piece of pretension; to set a single victory, where only one Gerandas, an
+obscure Spartan, and forty more were slain, above such numerous and
+important battles.  This motion Pelopidas opposed, as contrary to law,
+alleging that it was not the custom of the Thebans to honor any single
+man, but to attribute the victory to their country; yet in all the
+contest, he extremely commended Charon, and confined himself to showing
+Meneclidas to be a troublesome and envious fellow, asking the Thebans, if
+they had done nothing that was excellent, .... insomuch that
+Meneclidas was severely fined; and he, being unable to pay, endeavored
+afterwards to disturb the government.  These things give us some light
+into Pelopidas's life.
+
+Now when Alexander, the tyrant of Pherae, made open war against some of
+the Thessalians, and had designs against all, the cities sent an embassy
+to Thebes, to desire succors and a general; and Pelopidas, knowing that
+Epaminondas was detained by the Peloponnesian affairs, offered himself to
+lead the Thessalians, being unwilling to let his courage and skill lie
+idle, and thinking it unfit that Epaminondas should be withdrawn from his
+present duties.  When he came into Thessaly with his army, he presently
+took Larissa, and endeavored to reclaim Alexander, who submitted, and
+bring him, from being a tyrant, to govern gently, and according to law;
+but finding him untractable and brutish, and hearing great complaints of
+his lust and cruelty, Pelopidas began to be severe, and used him roughly,
+insomuch that the tyrant stole away privately with his guard.  But
+Pelopidas, leaving the Thessalians fearless of the tyrant, and friends
+amongst themselves, marched into Macedonia, where Ptolemy was then at war
+with Alexander, the king of Macedon; both parties having sent for him to
+hear and determine their differences, and assist the one that appeared
+injured.  When he came, he reconciled them, called back the exiles, and,
+receiving for hostages Philip the king's brother, and thirty children of
+the nobles, he brought them to Thebes; showing the other Greeks how wide
+a reputation the Thebans had gained for honesty and courage.  This was
+that Philip who afterward endeavored to enslave the Greeks:  then he was
+a boy, and lived with Pammenes in Thebes; and hence some conjecture, that
+he took Epaminondas's actions for the rule of his own; and perhaps,
+indeed, he did take example from his activity and skill in war, which,
+however, was but a small portion of his virtues; of his temperance,
+justice, generosity, and mildness, in which he was truly great, Philip
+enjoyed no share, either by nature or imitation.
+
+After this, upon a second complaint of the Thessalians against Alexander
+of Pherae, as a disturber of the cities, Pelopidas was joined with
+Ismenias, in an embassy to him; but led no forces from Thebes, not
+expecting any war, and therefore was necessitated to make use of the
+Thessalians upon the emergency.  At the same time, also, Macedon was in
+confusion again, as Ptolemy had murdered the king, and seized the
+government:  but the king's friends sent for Pelopidas, and he, being
+willing to interpose in the matter, but having no soldiers of his own,
+enlisted some mercenaries in the country, and with them marched against
+Ptolemy.  When they faced one another, Ptolemy corrupted these
+mercenaries with a sum of money, and persuaded them to revolt to him; but
+yet, fearing the very name and reputation of Pelopidas, he came to him as
+his superior, submitted, begged his pardon, and protested that he kept
+the government only for the brothers of the dead king, and would prove a
+friend to the friends, and an enemy to the enemies of Thebes; and, to
+confirm this, he gave his son, Philoxenus, and fifty of his companions,
+for hostages.  These Pelopidas sent to Thebes; but he himself, being
+vexed at the treachery of the mercenaries, and understanding that most of
+their goods, their wives and children, lay at Pharsalus, so that if he
+could take them, the injury would be sufficiently revenged, got together
+some of the Thessalians, and marched to Pharsalus.  When he had just
+entered the city, Alexander, the tyrant, appeared before it with an army;
+but Pelopidas and his friends, thinking that he came to clear himself
+from those crimes that were laid to his charge, went to him; and though
+they knew very well that he was profligate and cruel, yet they imagined
+that the authority of Thebes, and their own dignity and reputation, would
+secure them from violence.  But the tyrant, seeing them come unarmed and
+alone, seized them, and made himself master of Pharsalus.  Upon this his
+subjects were much intimidated, thinking that after so great and so bold
+an iniquity, he would spare none, but behave himself toward all, and in
+all matters, as one despairing of his life.  The Thebans, when they heard
+of this, were very much enraged, and dispatched an army, Epaminondas
+being then in disgrace, under the command of other leaders.  When the
+tyrant brought Pelopidas to Pherae, at first he permitted those that
+desired it to speak with him, imagining that this disaster would break
+his spirit, and make him appear contemptible.  But when Pelopidas advised
+the complaining Pheraeans to be comforted, as if the tyrant was now
+certain in a short time to smart for his injuries, and sent to tell him,
+"That it was absurd daily to torment and murder his wretched innocent
+subjects, and yet spare him, who, he well knew, if ever he got his
+liberty, would be bitterly revenged;" the tyrant, wondering at his
+boldness and freedom of speech, replied, "And why is Pelopidas in haste
+to die?"  He, hearing of it, rejoined, "That you may be the sooner
+ruined, being then more hated by the gods than now."  From that time he
+forbade any to converse with him; but Thebe, the daughter of Jason and
+wife to Alexander, hearing from the keepers of the bravery and noble
+behavior of Pelopidas, had a great desire to see and speak with him.  Now
+when she came into the prison, and, as a woman, could not at once discern
+his greatness in his calamity, only, judging by the meanness of his
+attire and general appearance, that he was used basely and not befitting
+a man of his reputation, she wept.  Pelopidas, at first not knowing who
+she was, stood amazed; but when he understood, saluted her by her
+father's name -- Jason and he having been friends and familiars -- and
+she saying, "I pity your wife, Sir," he replied, "And I you, that though
+not in chains, can endure Alexander."  This touched the woman, who
+already hated Alexander for his cruelty and injustice, for his general
+debaucheries, and for his abuse of her youngest brother.  She, therefore,
+often went to Pelopidas, and, speaking freely of the indignities she
+suffered, grew more enraged, and more exasperated against Alexander.
+
+The Theban generals that were sent into Thessaly did nothing, but, being
+either unskillful or unfortunate, made a dishonorable retreat, for which
+the city fined each of them ten thousand drachmas, and sent Epaminondas
+with their forces.  The Thessalians, inspirited by the fame of this
+general, at once began to stir, and the tyrant's affairs were at the
+verge of destruction; so great was the fear that possessed his captains
+and his friends, and so eager the desire of his subjects to revolt, in
+hope of his speedy punishment.  But Epaminondas, more solicitous for the
+safety of Pelopidas than his own glory, and fearing that if things came
+to extremity, Alexander would grow desperate, and, like a wild beast,
+turn and worry him, did not prosecute the war to the utmost; but,
+hovering still over him with his army, he so handled the tyrant as not to
+leave him any confidence, and yet not to drive him to despair and fury.
+He was aware of his savageness, and the little value he had for right and
+justice, insomuch that sometimes he buried men alive, and sometimes
+dressed them in bear's and boar's skins, and then baited them with dogs,
+or shot at them for his divertisement.  At Meliboea and Scotussa, two
+cities, his allies, he called all the inhabitants to an assembly, and
+then surrounded them and cut them to pieces with his guards.  He
+consecrated the spear with which he killed his uncle Polyphron, and,
+crowning it with garlands, sacrificed to it as a god, and called it
+Tychon.  And once seeing a tragedian act Euripides's Troades, he left the
+theater; but sending for the actor, bade him not to be concerned at his
+departure, but act as he had been used to do, as it was not in contempt
+of him that he departed, but because he was ashamed that his citizens
+should see him, who never pitied any man that he murdered, weep at the
+sufferings of Hecuba and Andromache.  This tyrant, however, alarmed at
+the very name, report, and appearance of an expedition under the conduct
+of Epaminondas, presently
+
+Dropped like a craven cock his conquered wing,
+
+and sent an embassy to entreat and offer satisfaction.  Epaminondas
+refused to admit such a man as an ally to the Thebans, but granted him a
+truce of thirty days, and, Pelopidas and Ismenias being delivered up,
+returned home.
+
+Now the Thebans, understanding that the Spartans and Athenians had sent
+an embassy to the Persians for assistance, themselves, likewise, sent
+Pelopidas; an excellent design to increase his glory, no man having ever
+before passed through the dominions of the king with greater fame and
+reputation.  For the glory that he won against the Spartans, did not
+creep slowly or obscurely; but, after the fame of the first battle at
+Leuctra was gone abroad, the report of new victories continually
+following, exceedingly increased, and spread his celebrity far and near.
+Whatever satraps or generals or commanders he met, he was the object of
+their wonder and discourse; "This is the man," they said, "who hath
+beaten the Lacedaemonians from sea and land, and confined that Sparta
+within Taygetus and Eurotas, which, but a little before, under the
+conduct of Agesilaus, was entering upon a war with the great king about
+Susa and Ecbatana."  This pleased Artaxerxes, and he was the more
+inclined to show Pelopidas attention and honor, being desirous to seem
+reverenced, and attended by the greatest.  But when he saw him and heard
+his discourse, more solid than the Athenians, and not so haughty as the
+Spartans, his regard was heightened, and, truly acting like a king, he
+openly showed the respect that he felt for him; and this the other
+ambassadors perceived.  Of all other Greeks he had been thought to have
+done Antalcidas, the Spartan, the greatest honor, by sending him that
+garland dipped in an unguent, which he himself had worn at an
+entertainment.  Indeed, he did not deal so delicately with Pelopidas,
+but, according to the custom, gave him the most splendid and considerable
+presents, and granted him his desires, that the Grecians should be free,
+Messenia inhabited, and the Thebans accounted the king's hereditary
+friends.  With these answers, but not accepting one of the presents,
+except what was a pledge of kindness and good-will, he returned.  This
+behavior of Pelopidas ruined the other ambassadors:  the Athenians
+condemned and executed their Timagoras, and, indeed, if they did it for
+receiving so many presents from the king, their sentence was just and
+good; as he not only took gold and silver, but a rich bed, and slaves to
+make it, as if the Greeks were unskillful in that art; besides eighty
+cows and herdsmen, professing he needed cow's milk for some distemper;
+and, lastly, he was carried in a litter to the seaside, with a present of
+four talents for his attendants.  But the Athenians, perhaps, were not so
+much irritated at his greediness for the presents.  For Epicrates the
+baggage-carrier not only confessed to the people that he had received
+gifts from the king, but made a motion, that instead of nine archons,
+they should yearly choose nine poor citizens to be sent ambassadors to
+the king, and enriched by his presents, and the people only laughed at
+the joke.  But they were vexed that the Thebans obtained their desires,
+never considering that Pelopidas's fame was more powerful than all their
+rhetorical discourse, with a man who still inclined to the victorious in
+arms.  This embassy, having obtained the restitution of Messenia, and the
+freedom of the other Greeks, got Pelopidas a great deal of good-will at
+his return.
+
+At this time, Alexander the Pheraean falling back to his old nature, and
+having seized many of the Thessalian cities, and put garrisons upon the
+Achaeans of Phthiotis, and the Magnesians, the cities, hearing that
+Pelopidas was returned, sent an embassy to Thebes, requesting succors,
+and him for their leader.  The Thebans willingly granted their desire;
+and now when all things were prepared, and the general beginning to
+march, the sun was eclipsed, and darkness spread over the city at
+noonday.  Now when Pelopidas saw them startled at the prodigy, he did not
+think it fit to force on men who were afraid and out of heart, nor to
+hazard seven thousand of his citizens; and therefore with only three
+hundred horse volunteers, set forward himself to Thessaly, much against
+the will of the augurs and his fellow-citizens in general, who all
+imagined this marked portent to have reference to this great man.  But he
+was heated against Alexander for the injuries he had received, and hoped
+likewise, from the discourse which formerly he had with Thebe, that his
+family by this time was divided and in disorder.  But the glory of the
+expedition chiefly excited him; for he was extremely desirous at this
+time, when the Lacedaemonians were sending out military officers to
+assist Dionysius the Sicilian tyrant, and the Athenians took Alexander's
+pay, and honored him with a brazen statue as a benefactor, that the
+Thebans should be seen, alone, of all the Greeks, undertaking the cause
+of those who were oppressed by tyrants, and destroying the violent and
+illegal forms of government in Greece.
+
+When Pelopidas was come to Pharsalus, he formed an army, and presently
+marched against Alexander; and Alexander understanding that Pelopidas had
+few Thebans with him, and that his own infantry was double the number of
+the Thessalians, faced him at Thetidium.  Some one told Pelopidas, "The
+tyrant meets us with a great army;" "So much the better," he replied,
+"for then we shall overcome the more."  Between the two armies lay some
+steep high hills about Cynoscephalae, which both parties endeavored to
+take by their foot.  Pelopidas commanded his horse, which were good and
+many, to charge that of the enemies; they routed and pursued them through
+the plain.  But Alexander, meantime, took the hills, and charging the
+Thessalian foot that came up later, and strove to climb the steep and
+craggy ascent, killed the foremost, and the others, much distressed,
+could do the enemies no harm.  Pelopidas, observing this, sounded a
+retreat to his horse, and gave orders that they should charge the enemies
+that kept their ground; and he himself, taking his shield, quickly
+joined those that fought about the hills, and, advancing to the front,
+filled his men with such courage and alacrity, that the enemies imagined
+they came with other spirits and other bodies to the onset.  They stood
+two or three charges, but finding these come on stoutly, and the horse,
+also, returning from the pursuit, gave ground, and retreated in order.
+Pelopidas now perceiving, from the rising ground, that the enemy's army
+was, though not yet routed, full of disorder and confusion, stood and
+looked about for Alexander; and when he saw him in the right wing,
+encouraging and ordering his mercenaries, he could not moderate his
+anger, but inflamed at the sight, and blindly following his passion,
+regardless alike of his own life and his command, advanced far before his
+soldiers, crying out and challenging the tyrant who did not dare to
+receive him, but retreating, hid himself amongst his guard.  The foremost
+of the mercenaries that came hand to hand were driven back by Pelopidas,
+and some killed; but many at a distance shot through his armor and
+wounded him, till the Thessalians, in anxiety for the result, ran down
+from the hill to his relief, but found him already slain.  The horse came
+up, also, and routed the phalanx, and, following the pursuit a great way,
+filled the whole country with the slain, which were above three thousand.
+
+No one can wonder that the Thebans then present, should show great grief
+at the death of Pelopidas, calling him their father, deliverer, and
+instructor in all that was good and commendable.  But the Thessalians and
+the allies out-doing in their public edicts all the just honors that
+could be paid to human courage, gave, in their display of feeling, yet
+stronger demonstrations of the kindness they had for him.  It is stated,
+that none of the soldiers, when they heard of his death, would put off
+their armor, unbridle their horses, or dress their wounds, but, still hot
+and with their arms on, ran to the corpse, and, as if he had been yet
+alive and could see what they did, heaped up spoils about his body.  They
+cut off their horses' manes and their own hair, many kindled no fire in
+their tents, took no supper, and silence and sadness was spread over all
+the army; as if they had not gained the greatest and most glorious
+victory, but were overcome by the tyrant, and enslaved.  As soon as it
+was known in the cities, the magistrates, youths, children, and priests,
+came out to meet the body, and brought trophies, crowns, and suits of
+golden armor; and, when he was to be interred, the elders of the
+Thessalians came and begged the Thebans, that they might give the
+funeral; and one of them said, "Friends, we ask a favor of you, that will
+prove both an honor and comfort to us in this our great misfortune.  The
+Thessalians shall never again wait on the living Pelopidas, never give
+honors, of which he can be sensible, but if we may have his body, adorn
+his funeral, and inter him, we shall hope to show that we esteem his
+death a greater loss to the Thessalians than to the Thebans.  You have
+lost only a good general, we both a general and our liberty.  For how
+shall we dare to desire from you another captain, since we cannot restore
+Pelopidas?"
+
+The Thebans granted their request, and there was never a more splendid
+funeral in the opinion of those, who do not think the glory of such
+solemnities consists only in gold, ivory, and purple; as Philistus did,
+who extravagantly celebrates the funeral of Dionysius, in which his
+tyranny concluded like the pompous exit of some great tragedy.  Alexander
+the Great, at the death of Hephaestion, not only cut off the manes of his
+horses and his mules, but took down the battlements from the city walls,
+that even the towns might seem mourners, and, instead of their former
+beauteous appearance, look bald at his funeral.  But such honors, being
+commanded and forced from the mourners, attended with feelings of
+jealousy towards those who received them, and of hatred towards those who
+exacted them, were no testimonies of love and respect, but of the
+barbaric pride, luxury, and insolence of those who lavished their wealth
+in these vain and undesirable displays.  But that a man of common rank,
+dying in a strange country, neither his wife, children, nor kinsmen
+present, none either asking or compelling it, should be attended, buried,
+and crowned by so many cities that strove to exceed one another in the
+demonstrations of their love, seems to be the sum and completion of happy
+fortune.  For the death of happy men is not, as Aesop observes, most
+grievous, but most blessed, since it secures their felicity, and puts it
+out of fortune's power.  And that Spartan advised well, who, embracing
+Diagoras, that had himself been crowned in the Olympic Games, and saw his
+sons and grandchildren victors, said, "Die, Diagoras, for thou canst not
+be a god."  And yet who would compare all the victories in the Pythian
+and Olympian Games put together, with one of those enterprises of
+Pelopidas, of which he successfully performed so many?  Having spent his
+life in brave and glorious actions, he died at last in the chief command,
+for the thirteenth time, of the Boeotians, fighting bravely and in the
+act of slaying a tyrant, in defense of the liberty of the Thessalians.
+
+His death, as it brought grief, so likewise it produced advantage to the
+allies; for the Thebans, as soon as they heard of his fall, delayed not
+their revenge, but presently sent seven thousand foot and seven hundred
+horse, under the command of Malcitas and Diogiton.  And they, finding
+Alexander weak and without forces, compelled him to restore the cities he
+had taken, to withdraw his garrisons from the Magnesians and Achaeans of
+Phthiotis, and swear to assist the Thebans against whatsoever enemies
+they should require.  This contented the Thebans, but punishment overtook
+the tyrant for his wickedness, and the death of Pelopidas was revenged by
+Heaven in the following manner.  Pelopidas, as I have already mentioned,
+had taught his wife Thebe not to fear the outward splendor and show of
+the tyrant's defenses, since she was admitted within them.  She, of
+herself, too, dreaded his inconstancy, and hated his cruelty; and,
+therefore, conspiring with her three brothers, Tisiphonus, Pytholaus, and
+Lycophron, made the following attempt upon him.  All the other apartments
+were full of the tyrant's night guards, but their bed-chamber was an
+upper room, and before the door lay a chained dog to guard it, which
+would fly at all but the tyrant and his wife and one servant that fed
+him.  When Thebe, therefore, designed to kill her husband, she hid her
+brothers all day in a room hard by, and she, going in alone, according to
+her usual custom, to Alexander who was asleep already, in a little time
+came out again, and commanded the servant to lead away the dog, for
+Alexander wished to rest quietly.  She covered the stairs with wool, that
+the young men might make no noise as they came up; and then, bringing up
+her brothers with their weapons, and leaving them at the chamber door,
+she went in, and brought away the tyrant's sword that hung over his head
+and showed it them for a confirmation that he was fast asleep.  The young
+men appearing fearful, and unwilling to do the murder, she chid them, and
+angrily vowed she would wake Alexander, and discover the conspiracy; and
+so, with a lamp in her hand, she conducted them in, they being both
+ashamed and afraid, and brought them to the bed; when one of them caught
+him by the feet, the other pulled him backward by the hair, and the third
+ran him through.  The death was more speedy, perhaps, than was fit; but,
+in that he was the first tyrant that was killed by the contrivance of his
+wife, and as his corpse was abused, thrown out, and trodden under foot by
+the Pheraeans, he seems to have suffered what his villainies deserved.
+
+
+
+MARCELLUS
+
+They say that Marcus Claudius, who was five times consul of the Romans,
+was the son of Marcus; and that he was the first of his family called
+Marcellus; that is, martial, as Posidonius affirms.  He was, indeed, by
+long experience skillful in the art of war, of a strong body, valiant of
+hand, and by natural inclination addicted to war.  This high temper and
+heat he showed conspicuously in battle; in other respects he was modest
+and obliging, and so far studious of Greek learning and discipline, as to
+honor and admire those that excelled in it, though he did not himself
+attain a proficiency in them equal to his desire, by reason of his
+employments.  For if ever there were any men, whom, as Homer says,
+Heaven,
+
+From their first youth unto their utmost age
+Appointed the laborious wars to wage,
+
+certainly they were the chief Romans of that time; who in their youth had
+war with the Carthaginians in Sicily, in their middle age with the Gauls
+in the defense of Italy itself; and, at last, when now grown old,
+struggled again with Hannibal and the Carthaginians, and wanted in their
+latest years what is granted to most men, exemption from military toils;
+their rank and their great qualities still making them be called upon to
+undertake the command.
+
+Marcellus, ignorant or unskillful of no kind of fighting, in single
+combat surpassed himself; he never declined a challenge, and never
+accepted without killing his challenger.  In Sicily, he protected and
+saved his brother Otacilius when surrounded in battle, and slew the
+enemies that pressed upon him; for which act he was by the generals,
+while he was yet but young, presented with crowns and other honorable
+rewards; and, his good qualities more and more displaying themselves, he
+was created Curule Aedile by the people, and by the high-priests Augur;
+which is that priesthood to which chiefly the law assigns the observation
+of auguries.  In his aedileship, a certain mischance brought him to the
+necessity of bringing an impeachment into the senate.  He had a son named
+Marcus, of great beauty, in the flower of his age, and no less admired
+for the goodness of his character.  This youth, Capitolinus, a bold and
+ill-mannered man, Marcellus's colleague, sought to abuse.  The boy at
+first himself repelled him; but when the other again persecuted him, told
+his father.  Marcellus, highly indignant, accused the man in the senate,
+where he, having appealed to the tribunes of the people, endeavored by
+various shifts and exceptions to elude the impeachment; and, when the
+tribunes refused their protection, by flat denial rejected the charge.
+As there was no witness of the fact, the senate thought fit to call the
+youth himself before them; on witnessing whose blushes and tears, and
+shame mixed with the highest indignation, seeking no further evidence of
+the crime, they condemned Capitolinus, and set a fine upon him; of the
+money of which, Marcellus caused silver vessels for libation to be made,
+which he dedicated to the gods.
+
+After the end of the first Punic war, which lasted one and twenty years,
+the seeds of Gallic tumults sprang up, and began again to trouble Rome.
+The Insubrians, a people inhabiting the subalpine region of Italy, strong
+in their own forces, raised from among the other Gauls aids of mercenary
+soldiers, called Gaesatae.  And it was a sort of miracle, and special
+good fortune for Rome, that the Gallic war was not coincident with the
+Punic, but that the Gauls had with fidelity stood quiet as spectators,
+while the Punic war continued, as though they had been under engagements
+to await and attack the victors, and now only were at liberty to come
+forward.  Still the position itself, and the ancient renown of the Gauls,
+struck no little fear into the minds of the Romans, who were about to
+undertake a war so near home and upon their own borders; and regarded the
+Gauls, because they had once taken their city, with more apprehension
+than any people, as is apparent from the enactment which from that time
+forth provided, that the high-priests should enjoy an exemption from all
+military duty, except only in Gallic insurrections.
+
+The great preparations, also, made by the Romans for war, (for it is not
+reported that the people of Rome ever had at one time so many legions in
+arms, either before or since,) and their extraordinary sacrifices, were
+plain arguments of their fear.  For though they were most averse to
+barbarous and cruel rites, and entertained more than any nation the same
+pious and reverent sentiments of the gods with the Greeks; yet, when this
+war was coming upon them, they then, from some prophecies in the Sibyls'
+books, put alive under ground a pair of Greeks, one male, the other
+female; and likewise two Gauls, one of each sex, in the market called the
+beast-market:  continuing even to this day to offer to these Greeks and
+Gauls certain secret ceremonial observances in the month of November.
+
+In the beginning of this war, in which the Romans sometimes obtained
+remarkable victories, sometimes were shamefully beaten, nothing was done
+toward the determination of the contest, until Flaminius and Furius,
+being consuls, led large forces against the Insubrians.  At the time of
+their departure, the river that runs through the country of Picenum was
+seen flowing with blood; there was a report, that three moons had been
+seen at once at Ariminum; and, in the consular assembly, the augurs
+declared, that the consuls had been unduly and inauspiciously created.
+The senate, therefore, immediately sent letters to the camp, recalling
+the consuls to Rome with all possible speed, and commanding them to
+forbear from acting against the enemies, and to abdicate the consulship
+on the first opportunity.  These letters being brought to Flaminius, he
+deferred to open them till, having defeated and put to flight the enemy's
+forces, he wasted and ravaged their borders.  The people, therefore, did
+not go forth to meet him when he returned with huge spoils; nay, because
+he had not instantly obeyed the command in the letters, by which he was
+recalled, but slighted and contemned them, they were very near denying
+him the honor of a triumph.  Nor was the triumph sooner passed than they
+deposed him, with his colleague, from the magistracy, and reduced them to
+the state of private citizens.  So much were all things at Rome made to
+depend upon religion; they would not allow any contempt of the omens and
+the ancient rites, even though attended with the highest success;
+thinking it to be of more importance to the public safety, that the
+magistrates should reverence the gods, than that they should overcome
+their enemies.  Thus Tiberius Sempronius, whom for his probity and virtue
+the citizens highly esteemed, created Scipio Nasica and Caius Marcius,
+consuls to succeed him:  and when they were gone into their provinces,
+lit upon books concerning the religious observances, where he found
+something he had not known before; which was this.  When the consul took
+his auspices, he sat without the city in a house, or tent, hired for that
+occasion; but, if it happened that he, for any urgent cause, returned
+into the city, without having yet seen any certain signs, he was obliged
+to leave that first building, or tent, and to seek another to repeat the
+survey from.  Tiberius, it appears, in ignorance of this, had twice used
+the same building before announcing the new consuls.  Now, understanding
+his error, he referred the matter to the senate:  nor did the senate
+neglect this minute fault, but soon wrote expressly of it to Scipio
+Nasica and Caius Marcius; who, leaving their provinces and without delay
+returning to Rome, laid down their magistracy.  This happened at a later
+period.  About the same time, too, the priesthood was taken away from two
+men of very great honor, Cornelius Cethegus and Quintus Sulpicius:  from
+the former, because he had not rightly held out the entrails of a beast
+slain for sacrifice; from the latter, because, while he was immolating,
+the tufted cap which the Flamens wear had fallen from his head.
+Minucius, the dictator, who had already named Caius Flaminius master of
+the horse, they deposed from his command, because the squeak of a mouse
+was heard, and put others into their places.  And yet, notwithstanding,
+by observing so anxiously these little niceties they did not run into any
+superstition, because they never varied from nor exceeded the observances
+of their ancestors.
+
+So soon as Flaminius with his colleague had resigned the consulate,
+Marcellus was declared consul by the presiding officers called
+Interrexes; and, entering into the magistracy, chose Cnaeus Cornelius his
+colleague.  There was a report that, the Gauls proposing a pacification,
+and the senate also inclining to peace, Marcellus inflamed the people to
+war; but a peace appears to have been agreed upon, which the Gaesatae
+broke; who, passing the Alps, stirred up the Insubrians, (they being
+thirty thousand in number, and the Insubrians more numerous by far) and,
+proud of their strength, marched directly to Acerrae, a city seated on
+the north of the river Po.  From thence Britomartus, king of the
+Gaesatae, taking with him ten thousand soldiers, harassed the country
+round about. News of which being brought to Marcellus, leaving his
+colleague at Acerrae with the foot and all the heavy arms and a third
+part of the horse, and carrying with him the rest of the horse and six
+hundred light armed foot, marching night and day without remission, he
+staid not till he came up to these ten thousand near a Gaulish village
+called Clastidium, which not long before had been reduced under the Roman
+jurisdiction.  Nor had he time to refresh his soldiers, or to give them
+rest.  For the barbarians, that were then present, immediately observed
+his approach, and contemned him, because he had very few foot with him.
+The Gauls were singularly skillful in horsemanship, and thought to excel
+in it; and as at present they also exceeded Marcellus in number, they
+made no account of him.  They, therefore, with their king at their head,
+instantly charged upon him, as if they would trample him under their
+horses' feet, threatening all kind of cruelties.  Marcellus, because his
+men were few, that they might not be encompassed and charged on all sides
+by the enemy, extended his wings of horse, and, riding about, drew out
+his wings of foot in length, till he came near to the enemy.  Just as he
+was in the act of turning round to face the enemy, it so happened that
+his horse, startled with their fierce look and their cries, gave back,
+and carried him forcibly aside.  Fearing lest this accident, if converted
+into an omen, might discourage his soldiers, he quickly brought his horse
+round to confront the enemy, and made a gesture of adoration to the sun,
+as if he had wheeled about not by chance, but for a purpose of devotion.
+For it was customary to the Romans, when they offered worship to the
+gods, to turn round; and in this moment of meeting the enemy, he is said
+to have vowed the best of the arms to Jupiter Feretrius.
+
+The king of the Gauls beholding Marcellus, and from the badges of his
+authority conjecturing him to be the general, advanced some way before
+his embattled army, and with a loud voice challenged him, and,
+brandishing his lance, fiercely ran in full career at him; exceeding the
+rest of the Gauls in stature, and with his armor, that was adorned with
+gold and silver and various colors, shining like lightning.  These arms
+seeming to Marcellus, while he viewed the enemy's army drawn up in
+battalia, to be the best and fairest, and thinking them to be those he
+had vowed to Jupiter, he instantly ran upon the king, and pierced through
+his breastplate with his lance; then pressing upon him with the weight of
+his horse, threw him to the ground, and with two or three strokes more,
+slew him.  Immediately he leapt from his horse, laid his hand upon the
+dead king's arms, and, looking up toward Heaven, thus spoke:  "O Jupiter
+Feretrius, arbiter of the exploits of captains, and of the acts of
+commanders in war and battles, be thou witness that I, a general, have
+slain a general; I, a consul, have slain a king with my own hand, third
+of all the Romans; and that to thee I consecrate these first and most
+excellent of the spoils.  Grant to us to dispatch the relics of the war,
+with the same course of fortune."  Then the Roman horse joining battle
+not only with the enemy's horse, but also with the foot who attacked
+them, obtained a singular and unheard of victory.  For never before or
+since have so few horse defeated such numerous forces of horse and foot
+together.  The enemies being to a great number slain, and the spoils
+collected, he returned to his colleague, who was conducting the war, with
+ill success, against the enemies near the greatest and most populous of
+the Gallic cities, Milan.  This was their capital, and, therefore,
+fighting valiantly in defense of it, they were not so much besieged by
+Cornelius, as they besieged him.  But Marcellus having returned, and the
+Gaesatae retiring as soon as they were certified of the death of the king
+and the defeat of his army, Milan was taken.  The rest of their towns,
+and all they had, the Gauls delivered up of their own accord to the
+Romans, and had peace upon equitable conditions granted to them.
+
+Marcellus alone, by a decree of the senate, triumphed. The triumph was in
+magnificence, opulence, spoils, and the gigantic bodies of the captives,
+most remarkable.  But the most grateful and most rare spectacle of all
+was the general himself, carrying the arms of the barbarian king to the
+god to whom he had vowed them.  He had taken a tall and straight stock of
+an oak, and had lopped and formed it to a trophy.  Upon this he fastened
+and hung round about the arms of the king, arranging all the pieces in
+their suitable places.  The procession advancing solemnly, he, carrying
+this trophy, ascended the chariot; and thus, himself the fairest and most
+glorious triumphant image, was conveyed into the city.  The army adorned
+with shining armor followed in order, and with verses composed for the
+occasion and with songs of victory celebrated the praises of Jupiter and
+of their general.  Then entering the temple of Jupiter Feretrius, he
+dedicated his gift; the third, and to our memory the last, that ever did
+so.  The first was Romulus, after having slain Acron, king of the
+Caeninenses:  the second, Cornelius Cossus, who slew Tolumnius the
+Etruscan:  after them Marcellus, having killed Britomartus king of the
+Gauls; after Marcellus, no man.  The god to whom these spoils were
+consecrated is called Jupiter Feretrius, from the trophy carried on the
+feretrum, one of the Greek words which at that time still existed in
+great numbers in Latin:  or, as others say, it is the surname of the
+Thundering Jupiter, derived from ferire, to strike.  Others there are who
+would have the name to be deduced from the strokes that are given in
+fight; since even now in battles, when they press upon their enemies,
+they constantly call out to each other, strike, in Latin, feri.  Spoils
+in general they call Spolia, and these in particular Opima; though,
+indeed, they say that Numa Pompilius in his commentaries, makes mention
+of first, second, and third Spolia Opima; and that he prescribes that the
+first taken be consecrated to Jupiter Feretrius, the second to Mars, the
+third to Quirinus; as also that the reward of the first be three hundred
+asses; of the second, two hundred; of the third, one hundred.  The
+general account, however, prevails, that those spoils only are Opima,
+which the general first takes in set battle, and takes from the enemy's
+chief captain whom he has slain with his own hand.  But of this enough.
+The victory and the ending of the war was so welcome to the people of
+Rome, that they sent to Apollo of Delphi, in testimony of their
+gratitude, a present of a golden cup of a hundred pound weight, and gave
+a great part of the spoil to their associate cities, and took care that
+many presents should be sent also to Hiero, king of the Syracusans, their
+friend and ally.
+
+When Hannibal invaded Italy, Marcellus was dispatched with a fleet into
+Sicily.  And when the army had been defeated at Cannae, and many
+thousands of them perished, and few had saved themselves by flying to
+Canusium, and all feared lest Hannibal, who had destroyed the strength of
+the Roman army, should advance at once with his victorious troops to
+Rome, Marcellus first sent for the protection of the city fifteen hundred
+solders, from the fleet.  Then, by decree of the senate, going to
+Canusium, having heard that many of the soldiers had come together in
+that place, he led them out of the fortifications to prevent the enemy
+from ravaging the country.  The chief Roman commanders had most of them
+fallen in battles; and the citizens complained, that the extreme caution
+of Fabius Maximus, whose integrity and wisdom gave him the highest
+authority, verged upon timidity and inaction.  They confided in him to
+keep them out of danger, but could not expect that he would enable them
+to retaliate.  Fixing, therefore, their thoughts upon Marcellus, and
+hoping to combine his boldness, confidence, and promptitude with Fabius's
+caution and prudence, and to temper the one by the other, they sent,
+sometimes both with consular command, sometimes one as consul, the other
+as proconsul, against the enemy.  Posidonius writes, that Fabius was
+called the buckler, Marcellus the sword of Rome.  Certainly, Hannibal
+himself confessed that he feared Fabius as a schoolmaster, Marcellus as
+an adversary:  the former, lest he should be hindered from doing
+mischief; the latter, lest he should receive harm himself.
+
+And first, when among Hannibal's soldiers, proud of their victory,
+carelessness and boldness had grown to a great height, Marcellus,
+attacking all their stragglers and plundering parties, cut them off, and
+by little and little diminished their forces.  Then carrying aid to the
+Neapolitans and Nolans, he confirmed the minds of the former, who,
+indeed, were of their own accord faithful enough to the Romans; but in
+Nola he found a state of discord, the senate not being able to rule and
+keep in the common people, who were generally favorers of Hannibal.
+There was in the town one Bantius, a man renowned for his high birth and
+courage.  This man, after he had fought most fiercely at Cannae, and had
+killed many of the enemies, at last was found lying in a heap of dead
+bodies, covered with darts, and was brought to Hannibal, who so honored
+him, that he not only dismissed him without ransom, but also contracted
+friendship with him, and made him his guest.  In gratitude for this great
+favor, he became one of the strongest of the partisans of Hannibal, and
+urged the people to revolt.  Marcellus could not be induced to put to
+death a man of such eminence, and who had endured such dangers in
+fighting on the Roman side; but, knowing himself able, by the general
+kindliness of his disposition and in particular by the attractiveness of
+his address, to gain over a character whose passion was for honor, one
+day when Bantius saluted him, he asked him who he was; not that he knew
+him not before, but seeking an occasion of further conference.  When
+Bantius had told who he was, Marcellus, seeming surprised with joy and
+wonder, replied:  "Are you that Bantius, whom the Romans commend above
+the rest that fought at Cannae, and praise as the one man that not only
+did not forsake the consul Paulus Aemilius, but received in his own body
+many darts thrown at him?"  Bantius owning himself to be that very man,
+and showing his scars:  "Why then," said Marcellus, "did not you, having
+such proofs to show of your affection to us, come to me at my first
+arrival here?  Do you think that we are unwilling to requite with favor
+those who have well deserved, and who are honored even by our enemies?"
+He followed up his courtesies by a present of a war-horse, and five
+hundred drachmas in money.  From that time Bantius became the most
+faithful assistant and ally of Marcellus, and a most keen discoverer of
+those that attempted innovation and sedition.
+
+These were many, and had entered into a conspiracy to plunder the baggage
+of the Romans, when they should make an irruption against the enemy.
+Marcellus, therefore, having marshaled his army within the city, placed
+the baggage near to the gates, and, by an edict, forbade the Nolans to go
+to the walls.  Thus, outside the city, no arms could be seen; by which
+prudent device he allured Hannibal to move with his army in some disorder
+to the city, thinking that things were in a tumult there.  Then
+Marcellus, the nearest gate being, as he had commanded, thrown open,
+issuing forth with the flower of his horse in front, charged the enemy.
+By and by the foot, sallying out of another gate, with a loud shout
+joined in the battle.  And while Hannibal opposes part of his forces to
+these, the third gate also is opened, out of which the rest break forth,
+and on all quarters fall upon the enemies, who were dismayed at this
+unexpected encounter, and did but feebly resist those with whom they had
+been first engaged, because of their attack by these others that sallied
+out later.  Here Hannibal's soldiers, with much bloodshed and many
+wounds, were beaten back to their camp, and for the first time turned
+their backs to the Romans.  There fell in this action, as it is related,
+more than five thousand of them; of the Romans, not above five hundred.
+Livy does not affirm, that either the victory, or the slaughter of the
+enemy was so great; but certain it is, that the adventure brought great
+glory to Marcellus, and to the Romans, after their calamities, a great
+revival of confidence, as they began now to entertain a hope, that the
+enemy with whom they contended was not invincible, but liable like
+themselves to defeats.
+
+Therefore, the other consul being deceased, the people recalled
+Marcellus, that they might put him into his place; and, in spite of the
+magistrates, succeeded in postponing the election till his arrival, when
+he was by all the suffrages created consul.  But because it happened to
+thunder, the augurs accounting that he was not legitimately created, and
+yet not daring, for fear of the people, to declare their sentence openly,
+Marcellus voluntarily resigned the consulate, retaining however his
+command.  Being created proconsul, and returning to the camp at Nola, he
+proceeded to harass those that followed the party of the Carthaginian; on
+whose coming with speed to succor them, Marcellus declined a challenge to
+a set battle, but when Hannibal had sent out a party to plunder, and now
+expected no fight, he broke out upon him with his army.  He had
+distributed to the foot long lances, such as are commonly used in naval
+fights; and instructed them to throw them with great force at convenient
+distance against the enemies who were inexperienced in that way of
+darting, and used to fight with short darts hand to hand.  This seems to
+have been the cause of the total rout and open flight of all the
+Carthaginians who were then engaged:  there fell of them five thousand;
+four elephants were killed, and two taken; but, what was of greatest
+moment, on the third day after, more than three hundred horse, Spaniards
+and Numidians mixed, deserted to him, a disaster that had never to that
+day happened to Hannibal, who had long kept together in harmony an army
+of barbarians, collected out of many various and discordant nations.
+Marcellus and his successors in all this war made good use of the
+faithful service of these horsemen.
+
+He now was a third time created consul, and sailed over into Sicily.  For
+the success of Hannibal had excited the Carthaginians to lay claim to
+that whole island; chiefly because after the murder of the tyrant
+Hieronymus, all things had been in tumult and confusion at Syracuse.  For
+which reason the Romans also had sent before to that city a force under
+the conduct of Appius, as praetor.  While Marcellus was receiving that
+army, a number of Roman soldiers cast themselves at his feet, upon
+occasion of the following calamity.  Of those that survived the battle at
+Cannae, some had escaped by flight, and some were taken alive by the
+enemy; so great a multitude, that it was thought there were not remaining
+Romans enough to defend the walls of the city.  And yet the magnanimity
+and constancy of the city was such, that it would not redeem the captives
+from Hannibal, though it might have done so for a small ransom; a decree
+of the senate forbade it, and chose rather to leave them to be killed by
+the enemy, or sold out of Italy; and commanded that all who had saved
+themselves by flight should be transported into Sicily, and not permitted
+to return into Italy, until the war with Hannibal should be ended.
+These, therefore, when Marcellus was arrived in Sicily, addressed
+themselves to him in great numbers; and casting themselves at his feet,
+with much lamentation and tears humbly besought him to admit them to
+honorable service; and promised to make it appear by their future
+fidelity and exertions, that that defeat had been received rather by
+misfortune than by cowardice.  Marcellus, pitying them, petitioned the
+senate by letters, that he might have leave at all times to recruit his
+legions out of them.  After much debate about the thing, the senate
+decreed they were of opinion that the commonwealth did not require the
+service of cowardly soldiers; if Marcellus perhaps thought otherwise, he
+might make use of them, provided no one of them be honored on any
+occasion with a crown or military gift, as a reward of his virtue or
+courage.  This decree stung Marcellus; and on his return to Rome, after
+the Sicilian war was ended, he upbraided the senate, that they had denied
+to him, who had so highly deserved of the republic, liberty to relieve so
+great a number of citizens in great calamity.
+
+At this time Marcellus, first incensed by injures done him by
+Hippocrates, commander of the Syracusans, (who, to give proof of his good
+affection to the Carthaginians, and to acquire the tyranny to himself,
+had killed a number of Romans at Leontini,) besieged and took by force
+the city of Leontini; yet violated none of the townsmen; only deserters,
+as many as he took, he subjected to the punishment of the rods and axe.
+But Hippocrates, sending a report to Syracuse, that Marcellus had put all
+the adult population to the sword, and then coming upon the Syracusans,
+who had risen in tumult upon that false report, made himself master of
+the city.  Upon this Marcellus moved with his whole army to Syracuse,
+and, encamping near the wall, sent ambassadors into the city to relate to
+the Syracusans the truth of what had been done in Leontini.  When these
+could not prevail by treaty, the whole power being now in the hands of
+Hippocrates, he proceeded to attack the city both by land and by sea.  The
+land forces were conducted by Appius Marcellus, with sixty galleys, each
+with five rows of oars, furnished with all sorts of arms and missiles,
+and a huge bridge of planks laid upon eight ships chained together, upon
+which was carried the engine to cast stones and darts, assaulted the
+walls, relying on the abundance and magnificence of his preparations, and
+on his own previous glory; all which, however, were, it would seem, but
+trifles for Archimedes and his machines.
+
+These machines he had designed and contrived, not as matters of any
+importance, but as mere amusements in geometry; in compliance with king
+Hiero's desire and request, some little time before, that he should
+reduce to practice some part of his admirable speculations in science,
+and by accommodating the theoretic truth to sensation and ordinary use,
+bring it more within the appreciation of people in general.  Eudoxus and
+Archytas had been the first originators of this far-famed and highly
+prized art of mechanics, which they employed as an elegant illustration
+of geometrical truths, and as a means of sustaining experimentally, to
+the satisfaction of the senses, conclusions too intricate for proof by
+words and diagrams.  As, for example, to solve the problem, so often
+required in constructing geometrical figures, given the two extreme, to
+find the two mean lines of a proportion, both these mathematicians had
+recourse to the aid of instruments, adapting to their purpose certain
+curves and sections of lines. But what with Plato's indignation at it,
+and his invectives against it as the mere corruption and annihilation of
+the one good of geometry, -- which was thus shamefully turning its back
+upon the unembodied objects of pure intelligence to recur to sensation,
+and to ask help (not to be obtained without base subservience and
+depravation) from matter; so it was that mechanics came to be separated
+from geometry, and, repudiated and neglected by philosophers, took its
+place as a military art.  Archimedes, however, in writing to king Hiero,
+whose friend and near relation he was, had stated, that given the force,
+any given weight might be moved, and even boasted, we are told, relying
+on the strength of demonstration, that if there were another earth, by
+going into it he could remove this.  Hiero being struck with amazement at
+this, and entreating him to make good this problem by actual experiment,
+and show some great weight moved by a small engine, he fixed accordingly
+upon a ship of burden out of the king's arsenal, which could not be drawn
+out of the dock without great labor and many men; and, loading her with
+many passengers and a full freight, sitting himself the while far off,
+with no great endeavor, but only holding the head of the pulley in his
+hand and drawing the cord by degrees, he drew the ship in a straight
+line, as smoothly and evenly, as if she had been in the sea.  The king,
+astonished at this, and convinced of the power of the art, prevailed upon
+Archimedes to make him engines accommodated to all the purposes,
+offensive and defensive, of a siege.  These the king himself never made
+use of, because he spent almost all his life in a profound quiet, and the
+highest affluence.  But the apparatus was, in a most opportune time, ready
+at hand for the Syracusans, and with it also the engineer himself.
+
+When, therefore, the Romans assaulted the walls in two places at once,
+fear and consternation stupefied the Syracusans, believing that nothing
+was able to resist that violence and those forces.  But when Archimedes
+began to ply his engines, he at once shot against the land forces all
+sorts of missile weapons, and immense masses of stone that came down with
+incredible noise and violence, against which no man could stand; for they
+knocked down those upon whom they fell, in heaps, breaking all their
+ranks and files.  In the meantime huge poles thrust out from the walls
+over the ships, sunk some by the great weights which they let down from
+on high upon them; others they lifted up into the air by an iron hand or
+beak like a crane's beak, and, when they had drawn them up by the prow,
+and set them on end upon the poop, they plunged them to the bottom of the
+sea; or else the ships, drawn by engines within, and whirled about, were
+dashed against steep rocks that stood jutting out under the walls, with
+great destruction of the soldiers that were aboard them.  A ship was
+frequently lifted up to a great height in the air (a dreadful thing to
+behold), and was rolled to and fro, and kept swinging, until the mariners
+were all thrown out, when at length it was dashed against the rocks, or
+let fall.  At the engine that Marcellus brought upon the bridge of ships,
+which was called Sambuca from some resemblance it had to an instrument of
+music, while it was as yet approaching the wall, there was discharged a
+piece of a rock of ten talents' weight, then a second and a third, which,
+striking upon it with immense force and with a noise like thunder, broke
+all its foundation to pieces, shook out all its fastenings, and
+completely dislodged it from the bridge.  So Marcellus, doubtful what
+counsel to pursue, drew off his ships to a safer distance, and sounded a
+retreat to his forces on land.  They then took a resolution of coming up
+under the walls, if it were possible, in the night; thinking that as
+Archimedes used ropes stretched at length in playing his engines, the
+soldiers would now be under the shot, and the darts would, for want of
+sufficient distance to throw them, fly over their heads without effect.
+But he, it appeared, had long before framed for such occasion engines
+accommodated to any distance, and shorter weapons; and had made numerous
+small openings in the walls, through which, with engines of a shorter
+range, unexpected blows were inflicted on the assailants.  Thus, when
+they who thought to deceive the defenders came close up to the walls,
+instantly a shower of darts and other missile weapons was again cast upon
+them.  And when stones came tumbling down perpendicularly upon their
+heads, and, as it were, the whole wall shot out arrows at them, they
+retired.  And now, again, as they were going off, arrows and darts of a
+longer range indicted a great slaughter among them, and their ships were
+driven one against another; while they themselves were not able to
+retaliate in any way.  For Archimedes had provided and fixed most of his
+engines immediately under the wall; whence the Romans, seeing that
+infinite mischiefs overwhelmed them from no visible means, began to think
+they were fighting with the gods.
+
+Yet Marcellus escaped unhurt, and, deriding his own artificers and
+engineers, "What," said he, "must we give up fighting with this
+geometrical Briareus, who plays pitch and toss with our ships, and, with
+the multitude of darts which he showers at a single moment upon us,
+really outdoes the hundred-handed giants of mythology?"  And, doubtless,
+the rest of the Syracusans were but the body of Archimedes' designs, one
+soul moving and governing all; for, laying aside all other arms, with his
+alone they infested the Romans, and protected themselves.  In fine, when
+such terror had seized upon the Romans, that, if they did but see a
+little rope or a piece of wood from the wall, instantly crying out, that
+there it was again, Archimedes was about to let fly some engine at them,
+they turned their backs and fled, Marcellus desisted from conflicts and
+assaults, putting all his hope in a long siege.  Yet Archimedes possessed
+so high a spirit, so profound a soul, and such treasures of scientific
+knowledge, that though these inventions had now obtained him the renown
+of more than human sagacity, he yet would not deign to leave behind him
+any commentary or writing on such subjects; but, repudiating as sordid
+and ignoble the whole trade of engineering, and every sort of art that
+lends itself to mere use and profit, he placed his whole affection and
+ambition in those purer speculations where there can be no reference to
+the vulgar needs of life; studies, the superiority of which to all others
+is unquestioned, and in which the only doubt can be, whether the beauty
+and grandeur of the subjects examined, or the precision and cogency of
+the methods and means of proof, most deserve our admiration.  It is not
+possible to find in all geometry more difficult and intricate questions,
+or more simple and lucid explanations.  Some ascribe this to his natural
+genius; while others think that incredible effort and toil produced
+these, to all appearance, easy and unlabored results.  No amount of
+investigation of yours would succeed in attaining the proof, and yet,
+once seen, you immediately believe you would have discovered it; by so
+smooth and so rapid a path he leads you to the conclusion required.  And
+thus it ceases to be incredible that (as is commonly told of him), the
+charm of his familiar and domestic Siren made him forget his food and
+neglect his person, to that degree that when he was occasionally carried
+by absolute violence to bathe, or have his body anointed, he used to
+trace geometrical figures in the ashes of the fire, and diagrams in the
+oil on his body, being in a state of entire preoccupation, and, in the
+truest sense, divine possession with his love and delight in science.
+His discoveries were numerous and admirable; but he is said to have
+requested his friends and relations that when he was dead, they would
+place over his tomb a sphere containing a cylinder, inscribing it with
+the ratio which the containing solid bears to the contained.
+
+Such was Archimedes, who now showed himself, and, so far as lay in him,
+the city also, invincible.  While the siege continued, Marcellus took
+Megara, one of the earliest founded of the Greek cities in Sicily, and
+capturing also the camp of Hippocrates at Acilae, killed above eight
+thousand men, having attacked them whilst they were engaged in forming
+their fortifications.  He overran a great part of Sicily; gained over
+many towns from the Carthaginians, and overcame all that dared to
+encounter him.  As the siege went on, one Damippus, a Lacedaemonian,
+putting to sea in a ship from Syracuse, was taken.  When the Syracusans
+much desired to redeem this man, and there were many meetings and
+treaties about the matter betwixt them and Marcellus, he had opportunity
+to notice a tower into which a body of men might be secretly introduced,
+as the wall near to it was not difficult to surmount, and it was itself
+carelessly guarded.  Coming often thither, and entertaining conferences
+about the release of Damippus, he had pretty well calculated the height
+of the tower, and got ladders prepared.  The Syracusans celebrated a
+feast to Diana; this juncture of time, when they were given up entirely
+to wine and sport, Marcellus laid hold of, and, before the citizens
+perceived it, not only possessed himself of the tower, but, before the
+break of day, filled the wall around with soldiers, and made his way into
+the Hexapylum.  The Syracusans now beginning to stir, and to be alarmed
+at the tumult, he ordered the trumpets everywhere to sound, and thus
+frightened them all into flight, as if all parts of the city were already
+won, though the most fortified, and the fairest, and most ample quarter
+was still ungained.  It is called Acradina, and was divided by a wall
+from the outer city, one part of which they call Neapolis, the other
+Tycha.  Possessing himself of these, Marcellus, about break of day,
+entered through the Hexapylum, all his officers congratulating him.  But
+looking down from the higher places upon the beautiful and spacious city
+below, he is said to have wept much, commiserating the calamity that hung
+over it, when his thoughts represented to him, how dismal and foul the
+face of the city would in a few hours be, when plundered and sacked by
+the soldiers.  For among the officers of his army there was not one man
+that durst deny the plunder of the city to the soldiers' demands; nay,
+many were instant that it should be set on fire and laid level to the
+ground:  but this Marcellus would not listen to.  Yet he granted, but
+with great unwillingness and reluctance, that the money and slaves should
+be made prey; giving orders, at the same time, that none should violate
+any free person, nor kill, misuse, or make a slave of any of the
+Syracusans.  Though he had used this moderation, he still esteemed the
+condition of that city to be pitiable, and, even amidst the
+congratulations and joy, showed his strong feelings of sympathy and
+commiseration at seeing all the riches accumulated during a long
+felicity, now dissipated in an hour.  For it is related, that no less
+prey and plunder was taken here, than afterward in Carthage.  For not
+long after, they obtained also the plunder of the other parts of the city,
+which were taken by treachery; leaving nothing untouched but the king's
+money, which was brought into the public treasury.  But nothing afflicted
+Marcellus so much as the death of Archimedes; who was then, as fate would
+have it, intent upon working out some problem by a diagram, and having
+fixed his mind alike and his eyes upon the subject of his speculation, he
+never noticed the incursion of the Romans, nor that the city was taken.
+In this transport of study and contemplation, a soldier, unexpectedly
+coming up to him, commanded him to follow to Marcellus; which he
+declining to do before he had worked out his problem to a demonstration,
+the soldier, enraged, drew his sword and ran him through.  Others write,
+that a Roman soldier, running upon him with a drawn sword, offered to
+kill him; and that Archimedes, looking back, earnestly besought him to
+hold his hand a little while, that he might not leave what he was then at
+work upon inconclusive and imperfect; but the soldier, nothing moved by
+his entreaty, instantly killed him.  Others again relate, that as
+Archimedes was carrying to Marcellus mathematical instruments, dials,
+spheres, and angles, by which the magnitude of the sun might be measured
+to the sight, some soldiers seeing him, and thinking that he carried gold
+in a vessel, slew him.  Certain it is, that his death was very afflicting
+to Marcellus; and that Marcellus ever after regarded him that killed him
+as a murderer; and that he sought for his kindred and honored them with
+signal favors.
+
+Indeed, foreign nations had held the Romans to be excellent soldiers and
+formidable in battle; but they had hitherto given no memorable example of
+gentleness, or humanity, or civil virtue; and Marcellus seems first to
+have shown to the Greeks, that his countrymen were most illustrious for
+their justice.  For such was his moderation to all with whom he had
+anything to do, and such his benignity also to many cities and private
+men, that, if anything hard or severe was decreed concerning the people of
+Enna, Megara, or Syracuse, the blame was thought to belong rather to
+those upon whom the storm fell, than to those who brought it upon them.
+One example of many I will commemorate.  In Sicily there is a town called
+Engyium, not indeed great, but very ancient and ennobled by the presence
+of the goddesses, called the Mothers.  The temple, they say, was built by
+the Cretans; and they show some spears and brazen helmets, inscribed with
+the names of Meriones, and (with the same spelling as in Latin) of
+Ulysses, who consecrated them to the goddesses.  This city highly
+favoring the party of the Carthaginians, Nicias, the most eminent of the
+citizens, counseled them to go over to the Romans; to that end acting
+freely and openly in harangues to their assemblies, arguing the
+imprudence and madness of the opposite course.  They, fearing his power
+and authority, resolved to deliver him in bonds to the Carthaginians.
+Nicias, detecting the design, and seeing that his person was secretly
+kept in watch, proceeded to speak irreligiously to the vulgar of the
+Mothers, and showed many signs of disrespect, as if he denied and
+contemned the received opinion of the presence of those goddesses; his
+enemies the while rejoicing, that he, of his own accord, sought the
+destruction hanging over his head.  When they were just now about to lay
+hands upon him, an assembly was held, and here Nicias, making a speech to
+the people concerning some affair then under deliberation, in the midst
+of his address, cast himself upon the ground; and soon after, while
+amazement (as usually happens on such surprising occasions) held the
+assembly immovable, raising and turning his head round, he began in a
+trembling and deep tone, but by degrees raised and sharpened his voice.
+When he saw the whole theater struck with horror and silence, throwing
+off his mantle and rending his tunic, he leaps up half naked, and runs
+towards the door, crying out aloud that he was driven by the wrath of the
+Mothers.  When no man durst, out of religious fear, lay hands upon him or
+stop him, but all gave way before him, he ran out of the gate, not
+omitting any shriek or gesture of men possessed and mad.  His wife,
+conscious of his counterfeiting, and privy to his design, taking her
+children with her, first cast herself as a suppliant before the temple of
+the goddesses; then, pretending to seek her wandering husband, no man
+hindering her, went out of the town in safety; and by this means they all
+escaped to Marcellus at Syracuse.  After many other such affronts offered
+him by the men of Engyium, Marcellus, having taken them all prisoners and
+cast them into bonds, was preparing to inflict upon them the last
+punishment; when Nicias, with tears in his eyes, addressed himself to
+him.  In fine, casting himself at Marcellus's feet, and deprecating for
+his citizens, he begged most earnestly their lives, chiefly those of his
+enemies.  Marcellus, relenting, set them all at liberty, and rewarded
+Nicias with ample lands and rich presents.  This history is recorded by
+Posidonius the philosopher.
+
+Marcellus, at length recalled by the people of Rome to the immediate war
+at home, to illustrate his triumph, and adorn the city, carried away with
+him a great number of the most beautiful ornaments of Syracuse.  For,
+before that, Rome neither had, nor had seen, any of those fine and
+exquisite rarities; nor was any pleasure taken in graceful and elegant
+pieces of workmanship.  Stuffed with barbarous arms and spoils stained
+with blood, and everywhere crowned with triumphal memorials and trophies,
+she was no pleasant or delightful spectacle for the eyes of peaceful or
+refined spectators:  but, as Epaminondas named the fields of Boeotia the
+stage of Mars; and Xenophon called Ephesus the workhouse of war; so, in
+my judgment, may you call Rome, at that time, (to use the words of
+Pindar,) "the precinct of the peaceless Mars."  Whence Marcellus was more
+popular with the people in general, because he had adorned the city with
+beautiful objects that had all the charms of Grecian grace and symmetry;
+but Fabius Maximus, who neither touched nor brought away anything of
+this kind from Tarentum, when he had taken it, was more approved of by
+the elder men.  He carried off the money and valuables, but forbade the
+statues to be moved; adding, as it is commonly related, "Let us leave to
+the Tarentines these offended gods."  They blamed Marcellus, first, for
+placing the city in an invidious position, as it seemed now to celebrate
+victories and lead processions of triumph, not only over men, but also
+over the gods as captives; then, that he had diverted to idleness, and
+vain talk about curious arts and artificers, the common people, which,
+bred up in wars and agriculture, had never tasted of luxury and sloth,
+and, as Euripides said of Hercules, had been
+
+Rude, unrefined, only for great things good,
+
+so that now they misspent much of their time in examining and criticizing
+trifles.  And yet, notwithstanding this reprimand, Marcellus made it his
+glory to the Greeks themselves, that he had taught his ignorant
+countrymen to esteem and admire the elegant and wonderful productions of
+Greece.
+
+But when the envious opposed his being brought triumphant into the city,
+because there were some relics of the war in Sicily, and a third triumph
+would be looked upon with jealousy, he gave way.  He triumphed upon the
+Alban mount, and thence entered the city in ovation, as it is called in
+Latin, in Greek eua; but in this ovation he was neither carried in a
+chariot, nor crowned with laurel, nor ushered by trumpets sounding; but
+went afoot with shoes on, many flutes or pipes sounding in concert, while
+he passed along, wearing a garland of myrtle, in a peaceable aspect,
+exciting rather love and respect than fear.  Whence I am, by conjecture,
+led to think that, originally, the difference observed betwixt ovation
+and triumph, did not depend upon the greatness of the achievements, but
+the manner of performing them.  For they who, having fought a set battle,
+and slain the enemy, returned victors, led that martial, terrible
+triumph, and, as the ordinary custom then was, in lustrating the army,
+adorned the arms and the soldiers with a great deal of laurel.  But they
+who, without force, by colloquy, persuasion, and reasoning, had done the
+business, to these captains custom gave the honor of the unmilitary and
+festive ovation.  For the pipe is the badge of peace, and myrtle the
+plant of Venus, who more than the rest of the gods and goddesses abhors
+force and war.  It is called ovation, not, as most think, from the Greek
+euasmus, because they act it with shouting and cries of Eau:  for so do
+they also the proper triumphs.  The Greeks have wrested the word to their
+own language, thinking that this honor, also, must have some connection
+with Bacchus, who in Greek has the titles of Euius and Thriambus. But
+the thing is otherwise.  For it was the custom for commanders, in their
+triumph, to immolate an ox, but in their ovation, a sheep:  hence they
+named it Ovation, from the Latin ovis.  It is worth observing, how
+exactly opposite the sacrifices appointed by the Spartan legislator are,
+to those of the Romans.  For at Lacedaemon, a captain, who had performed
+the work he undertook by cunning, or courteous treaty, on laying down his
+command immolated an ox; he that did the business by battle, offered a
+cock; the Lacedaemonians, though most warlike, thinking an exploit
+performed by reason and wisdom, to be more excellent and more congruous
+to man, than one effected by mere force and courage.  Which of the two is
+to be preferred, I leave to the determination of others.
+
+Marcellus being the fourth time consul, his enemies suborned the
+Syracusans to come to Rome to accuse him, and to complain that they had
+suffered indignities and wrongs, contrary to the conditions granted them.
+It happened that Marcellus was in the capitol offering sacrifice when the
+Syracusans petitioned the senate, yet sitting, that they might have leave
+to accuse him and present their grievances.  Marcellus's colleague, eager
+to protect him in his absence, put them out of the court.  But Marcellus
+himself came as soon as he heard of it.  And first, in his curule chair
+as consul, he referred to the senate the cognizance of other matters; but
+when these were transacted, rising from his seat, he passed as a private
+man into the place where the accused were wont to make their defense, and
+gave free liberty to the Syracusans to impeach him.  But they, struck
+with consternation by his majesty and confidence, stood astonished, and
+the power of his presence now, in his robe of state, appeared far more
+terrible and severe than it had done when he was arrayed in armor.  Yet
+reanimated at length by Marcellus's rivals, they began their impeachment,
+and made an oration in which pleas of justice mingled with lamentation
+and complaint; the sum of which was, that being allies and friends of the
+people of Rome, they had, notwithstanding, suffered things which other
+commanders had abstained from inflicting upon enemies.  To this Marcellus
+answered; that they had committed many acts of hostility against the
+people of Rome, and had suffered nothing but what enemies conquered and
+captured in war cannot possibly be protected from suffering:  that it
+was their own fault they had been made captives, because they refused to
+give ear to his frequent attempts to persuade them by gentle means:
+neither were they forced into war by the power of tyrants, but had rather
+chosen the tyrants themselves for the express object that they might make
+war.  The orations ended, and the Syracusans, according to the custom,
+having retired, Marcellus left his colleague to ask the sentences, and
+withdrawing with the Syracusans, staid expecting at the doors of the
+senate-house; not in the least discomposed in spirit, either with alarm
+at the accusation, or by anger against the Syracusans; but with perfect
+calmness and serenity attending the issue of the cause.  The sentences at
+length being all asked, and a decree of the senate made in vindication of
+Marcellus, the Syracusans, with tears flowing from their eyes, cast
+themselves at his knees, beseeching him to forgive themselves there
+present, and to be moved by the misery of the rest of their city, which
+would ever be mindful of, and grateful for, his benefits.  Thus
+Marcellus, softened by their tears and distress, was not only reconciled
+to the deputies, but ever afterwards continued to find opportunity of
+doing kindness to the Syracusans.  The liberty which he had restored to
+them, and their rights, laws, and goods that were left, the senate
+confirmed.  Upon which account the Syracusans, besides other signal
+honors, made a law, that if Marcellus should at anytime come into Sicily,
+or any of his posterity, the Syracusans should wear garlands and offer
+public sacrifice to the gods.
+
+After this he moved against Hannibal.  And whereas the other consuls and
+commanders, since the defeat received at Cannae, had all made use of the
+same policy against Hannibal, namely, to decline coming to a battle with
+him; and none had had the courage to encounter him in the field, and put
+themselves to the decision by the sword; Marcellus entered upon the
+opposite course, thinking that Italy would be destroyed by the very delay
+by which they looked to wear out Hannibal; and that Fabius, who, adhering
+to his cautious policy, waited to see the war extinguished, while Rome
+itself meantime wasted away, (like timid physicians, who, dreading to
+administer remedies, stay waiting, and believe that what is the decay of
+the patient's strength is the decline of the disease,) was not taking a
+right course to heal the sickness of his country.  And first, the great
+cities of the Samnites, which had revolted, came into his power; in which
+he found a large quantity of corn and money, and three thousand of
+Hannibal's soldiers, that were left for the defense.  After this, the
+proconsul Cnaeus Fulvius with eleven tribunes of the soldiers being slain
+in Apulia, and the greatest part of the army also at the same time cut
+off, he dispatched letters to Rome, and bade the people be of good
+courage, for that he was now upon the march against Hannibal, to turn his
+triumph into sadness.  On these letters being read, Livy writes, that the
+people were not only not encouraged, but more discouraged, than before.
+For the danger, they thought, was but the greater in proportion as
+Marcellus was of more value than Fulvius.  He, as he had written,
+advancing into the territories of the Lucanians, came up to him at
+Numistro, and, the enemy keeping himself upon the hills, pitched his camp
+in a level plain, and the next day drew forth his army in order for
+fight.  Nor did Hannibal refuse the challenge.  They fought long and
+obstinately on both sides, victory yet seeming undecided, when, after
+three hours conflict, night hardly parted them.  The next day, as soon as
+the sun was risen, Marcellus again brought forth his troops, and ranged
+them among the dead bodies of the slain, challenging Hannibal to solve
+the question by another trial.  When he dislodged and drew off,
+Marcellus, gathering up the spoils of the enemies, and burying the bodies
+of his slain soldiers, closely followed him.  And though Hannibal often
+used stratagems, and laid ambushes to entrap Marcellus, yet he could
+never circumvent him.  By skirmishes, meantime, in all of which he was
+superior, Marcellus gained himself such high repute, that, when the time
+of the Comitia at Rome was near at hand, the senate thought fit rather to
+recall the other consul from Sicily, than to withdraw Marcellus from his
+conflict with Hannibal; and on his arrival they bid him name Quintus
+Fulvius dictator.  For the dictator is created neither by the people, nor
+by the senate; but the consul or the praetor, before the popular
+assembly, pronounces him to be dictator, whom he himself chooses.  Hence
+he is called dictator, dicere meaning to name.  Others say, that he is
+named dictator, because his word is a law, and he orders what he pleases,
+without submitting it to the vote.  For the Romans call the orders of
+magistrates, Edicts.
+
+And now because Marcellus's colleague, who was recalled from Sicily, had
+a mind to name another man dictator, and would not be forced to change
+his opinion, he sailed away by night back to Sicily.  So the common
+people made an order, that Quintus Fulvius should be chosen dictator:
+and the senate, by an express, commanded Marcellus to nominate him.  He
+obeying proclaimed him dictator according to the order of the people; but
+the office of proconsul was continued to himself for a year.  And having
+arranged with Fabius Maximus, that while he besieged Tarentum, he himself
+would, by following Hannibal and drawing him up and down, detain him from
+coming to the relief of the Tarentines, he overtook him at Canusium:  and
+as Hannibal often shifted his camp, and still declined the combat, he
+everywhere sought to engage him.  At last pressing upon him while
+encamping, by light skirmishes he provoked him to a battle; but night
+again divided them in the very heat of the conflict.  The next day
+Marcellus again showed himself in arms, and brought up his forces in
+array.  Hannibal, in extreme grief, called his Carthaginians together to
+an harangue; and vehemently prayed them, to fight today worthily of all
+their former successes; "For you see," said he, "how, after such great
+victories, we have not liberty to respire, nor to repose ourselves,
+though victors; unless we drive this man back."  Then the two armies
+joining battle, fought fiercely; when the event of an untimely movement
+showed Marcellus to have been guilty of an error.  The right wing being
+hard pressed upon, he commanded one of the legions to be brought up to
+the front.  This change disturbing the array and posture of the legions,
+gave the victory to the enemies; and there fell two thousand seven
+hundred Romans.  Marcellus, after he had retreated into his camp, called
+his soldiers together; "I see," said he, "many Roman arms and bodies, but
+I see not so much as one Roman."  To their entreaties for his pardon, he
+returned a refusal while they remained beaten, but promised to give it so
+soon as they should overcome; and he resolved to bring them into the
+field again the next day, that the fame of their victory might arrive at
+Rome before that of their flight.  Dismissing the assembly, he commanded
+barley instead of wheat to be given to those companies that had turned
+their backs.  These rebukes were so bitter to the soldiers, that though a
+great number of them were grievously wounded, yet they relate there was
+not one to whom the general's oration was not more painful and smarting
+than his wounds.
+
+The day breaking, a scarlet toga, the sign of instant battle, was
+displayed.  The companies marked with ignominy, begged they might be
+posted in the foremost place, and obtained their request.  Then the
+tribunes bring forth the rest of the forces, and draw them up.  On news
+of which, "O strange!" said Hannibal, "what will you do with this man,
+who can bear neither good nor bad fortune?  He is the only man who
+neither suffers us to rest when he is victor, nor rests himself when he
+is overcome.  We shall have, it seems, perpetually to fight with him; as
+in good success his confidence, and in ill success his shame, still urges
+him to some further enterprise?"  Then the armies engaged.  When the
+fight was doubtful, Hannibal commanded the elephants to be brought into
+the first battalion, and to be driven upon the van of the Romans.  When
+the beasts, trampling upon many, soon caused disorder, Flavius, a tribune
+of soldiers, snatching an ensign, meets them, and wounding the first
+elephant with the spike at the bottom of the ensign staff, puts him to
+flight.  The beast turned round upon the next, and drove back both him
+and the rest that followed.  Marcellus, seeing this, pours in his horse
+with great force upon the elephants, and upon the enemy disordered by
+their flight.  The horse, making a fierce impression, pursued the
+Carthaginians home to their camp, while the elephants, wounded, and
+running upon their own party, caused a considerable slaughter.  It is
+said, more than eight thousand were slain; of the Roman army three
+thousand, and almost all wounded.  This gave Hannibal opportunity to
+retire in the silence of the night, and to remove to greater distance
+from Marcellus; who was kept from pursuing by the number of his wounded
+men, and removed, by gentle marches, into Campania, and spent the summer
+at Sinuessa, engaged in restoring them.
+
+But as Hannibal, having disentangled himself from Marcellus, ranged with
+his army round about the country, and wasted Italy free from all fear, at
+Rome Marcellus was evil spoken of.  His detractors induced Publicius
+Bibulus, tribune of the people, an eloquent and violent man, to undertake
+his accusation.  He, by assiduous harangues, prevailed upon the people to
+withdraw from Marcellus the command of the army; "Seeing that Marcellus,"
+said he, "after brief exercise in the war, has withdrawn as it might be
+from the wrestling ground to the warm baths to refresh himself."
+Marcellus, on hearing this, appointed lieutenants over his camp, and
+hasted to Rome to refute the charges against him:  and there found ready
+drawn up an impeachment consisting of these calumnies.  At the day
+prefixed, in the Flaminian circus, into which place the people had
+assembled themselves, Bibulus rose and accused him.  Marcellus himself
+answered, briefly and simply:  but the first and most approved men of the
+city spoke largely and in high terms, very freely advising the people not
+to show themselves worse judges than the enemy, condemning Marcellus of
+timidity, from whom alone of all their captains the enemy fled, and as
+perpetually endeavored to avoid fighting with him, as to fight with
+others.  When they made an end of speaking, the accuser's hope to obtain
+judgment so far deceived him, that Marcellus was not only absolved, but
+the fifth time created consul.
+
+No sooner had he entered upon this consulate, but he suppressed a great
+commotion in Etruria, that had proceeded near to revolt, and visited and
+quieted the cities.  Then, when the dedication of the temple, which he had
+vowed out of his Sicilian spoils to Honor and Virtue, was objected to by
+the priests, because they denied that one temple could be lawfully
+dedicated to two gods, he began to adjoin another to it, resenting the
+priests' opposition, and almost converting the thing into an omen.  And,
+truly, many other prodigies also affrighted him; some temples had been
+struck with lightning, and in Jupiter's temple mice had gnawed the gold;
+it was reported also, that an ox had spoke, and that a boy had been born
+with a head like an elephant's.  All which prodigies had indeed been
+attended to, but due reconciliation had not been obtained from the gods.
+The aruspices therefore detained him at Rome, glowing and burning with
+desire to return to the war.  For no man was ever inflamed with so great
+desire of any thing, as was he to fight a battle with Hannibal.  It was
+the subject of his dreams in the night, the topic of all his
+consultations with his friends and familiars, nor did he present to the
+gods any other wish, but that he might meet Hannibal in the field.  And I
+think, that he would most gladly have set upon him, with both armies
+environed within a single camp.  Had he not been even loaded with honors,
+and had he not given proofs in many ways of his maturity of judgment and
+of prudence equal to that of any commander, you might have said, that he
+was agitated by a youthful ambition, above what became a man of that age:
+for he had passed the sixtieth year of his life when he began his fifth
+consulship.
+
+The sacrifices having been offered, and all that belonged to the
+propitiation of the gods performed, according to the prescription of the
+diviners, he at last with his colleague went forth to carry on the war.
+He tried all possible means to provoke Hannibal, who at that time had a
+standing camp betwixt Bantia and Venusia.  Hannibal declined an engagement,
+but having obtained intelligence that some troops were on their way to
+the town of Locri Epizephyrii, placing an ambush under the little hill of
+Petelia, he slew two thousand five hundred soldiers.  This incensed
+Marcellus to revenge; and he therefore moved nearer Hannibal.  Betwixt
+the two camps was a little hill, a tolerably secure post, covered with
+wood; it had steep descents on either side, and there were springs of
+water seen trickling down.  This place was so fit and advantageous, that
+the Romans wondered that Hannibal, who had come thither before them, had
+not seized upon it, but had left it to the enemies.  But to him the place
+had seemed commodious indeed for a camp, but yet more commodious for an
+ambuscade; and to that use he chose to put it.  So in the wood and the
+hollows he hid a number of archers and spearmen, confident that the
+commodiousness of the place would allure the Romans.  Nor was he deceived
+in his expectation.  For presently in the Roman camp they talked and
+disputed, as if they had all been captains, how the place ought to be
+seized, and what great advantage they should thereby gain upon the
+enemies, chiefly if they transferred their camp thither, at any rate, if
+they strengthened the place with a fort.  Marcellus resolved to go, with
+a few horse, to view it.  Having called a diviner he proceeded to
+sacrifice.  In the first victim the aruspex showed him the liver without
+a head; in the second the head appeared of unusual size, and all the
+other indications highly promising.  When these seemed sufficient to free
+them from the dread of the former, the diviners declared, that they were
+all the more terrified by the latter:  because entrails too fair and
+promising, when they appear after others that are maimed and monstrous,
+render the change doubtful and suspicious But
+
+Nor fire nor brazen wall can keep out fate;
+
+as Pindar observes.  Marcellus, therefore, taking with him his colleague
+Crispinus, and his son, a tribune of soldiers, with two hundred and
+twenty horse at most, (among whom there was not one Roman, but all were
+Etruscans, except forty Fregellans, of whose courage and fidelity he had
+on all occasions received full proof,) goes to view the place.  The hill
+was covered with woods all over; on the top of it sat a scout concealed
+from the sight of the enemy, but having the Roman camp exposed to his
+view.  Upon signs received from him, the men that were placed in ambush,
+stirred not till Marcellus came near; and then all starting up in an
+instant, and encompassing him from all sides, attacked him with darts,
+struck about and wounded the backs of those that fled, and pressed upon
+those who resisted.  These were the forty Fregellans.  For though the
+Etruscans fled in the very beginning of the fight, the Fregellans formed
+themselves into a ring, bravely defending the consuls, till Crispinus,
+struck with two darts, turned his horse to fly away; and Marcellus's side
+was run through with a lance with a broad head.  Then the Fregellans,
+also, the few that remained alive, leaving the fallen consul, and
+rescuing young Marcellus, who also was wounded, got into the camp by
+flight.  There were slain not much above forty; five lictors and eighteen
+horsemen came alive into the enemy's hands.  Crispinus also died of his
+wounds a few days after.  Such a disaster as the loss of both consuls in
+a single engagement, was one that had never before befallen the Romans.
+
+Hannibal, little valuing the other events, so soon as he was told of
+Marcellus's death, immediately hasted to the hilt.  Viewing the body, and
+continuing for some time to observe its strength and shape, he allowed
+not a word to fall from him expressive of the least pride or arrogancy,
+nor did he show in his countenance any sign of gladness, as another
+perhaps would have done, when his fierce and troublesome enemy had been
+taken away; but amazed by so sudden and unexpected an end, taking off
+nothing but his ring, gave order to have the body properly clad and
+adorned, and honorably burned.  The relics, put into a silver urn, with a
+crown of gold to cover it, he sent back to his son.  But some of the
+Numidians setting upon those that were carrying the urn, took it from
+them by force, and cast away the bones; which being told to Hannibal, "It
+is impossible, it seems then," he said, "to do anything against the will
+of God!"  He punished the Numidians; but took no further care of sending
+or recollecting the bones; conceiving that Marcellus so fell, and so lay
+unburied, by a certain fate.  So Cornelius Nepos and Valerius Maximus
+have left upon record:  but Livy and Augustus Caesar affirm, that the urn
+was brought to his son, and honored with a magnificent funeral.  Besides
+the monuments raised for him at Rome, there was dedicated to his memory
+at Catana in Sicily, an ample wrestling place called after him; statues
+and pictures, out of those he took from Syracuse, were set up in
+Samothrace, in the temple of the gods, named Cabiri, and in that of
+Minerva at Lindus, where also there was a statue of him, says Posidonius,
+with the following inscription:
+
+This was, O stranger, once Rome's star divine,
+Claudius Marcellus of an ancient line;
+To fight her wars seven times her consul made,
+Low in the dust her enemies he laid.
+
+The writer of the inscription has added to Marcellus's five consulates,
+his two proconsulates.  His progeny continued in high honor even down to
+Marcellus, son of Octavia, sister of Augustus, whom she bore to her
+husband Caius Marcellus; and who died, a bridegroom, in the year of his
+aedileship, having not long before married Caesar's daughter.  His
+mother, Octavia, dedicated the library to his honor and memory, and
+Caesar, the theater which bears his name.
+
+
+
+COMPARISION OF PELOPIDAS WITH MARCELLUS
+
+These are the memorable things I have found in historians, concerning
+Marcellus and Pelopidas.  Betwixt which two great men, though in natural
+character and manners they nearly resembled each other, because both were
+valiant and diligent, daring and high-spirited, there was yet some
+diversity in the one point, that Marcellus in many cities which he
+reduced under his power, committed great slaughter; but Epaminondas and
+Pelopidas never after any victory put men to death, or reduced citizens
+to slavery.  And we are told, too, that the Thebans would not, had these
+been present, have taken the measures they did, against the Orchomenians.
+Marcellus's exploits against the Gauls are admirable and ample; when,
+accompanied by a few horse, he defeated and put to fight a vast number of
+horse and foot together, (an action you cannot easily in historians find
+to have been done by any other captain,) and took their king prisoner.
+To which honor Pelopidas aspired, but did not attain; he was killed by
+the tyrant in the attempt.  But to these you may perhaps oppose those two
+most glorious battles at Leuctra and Tegyrae; and we have no statement of
+any achievement of Marcellus, by stealth or ambuscade, such as were those
+of Pelopidas, when he returned from exile, and killed the tyrants at
+Thebes; which, indeed, may claim to be called the first in rank of all
+achievements ever performed by secrecy and cunning.  Hannibal was,
+indeed, a most formidable enemy for the Romans but so for that matter
+were the Lacedaemonians for the Thebans.  And that these were, in the
+fights of Leuctra and Tegyrae, beaten and put to fight by Pelopidas, is
+confessed; whereas, Polybius writes, that Hannibal was never so much as
+once vanquished by Marcellus, but remained invincible in all encounters,
+till Scipio came.  I myself, indeed, have followed rather Livy, Caesar,
+Cornelius Nepos, and, among the Greeks, king Juba, in stating that the
+troops of Hannibal were in some encounters routed and put to flight by
+Marcellus; but certainly these defeats conduced little to the sum of the
+war.  It would seem as if they had been merely feints of some sort on the
+part of the Carthaginian.  What was indeed truly and really admirable
+was, that the Romans, after the defeat of so many armies, the slaughter
+of so many captains, and, in fine, the confusion of almost the whole
+Roman empire, still showed a courage equal to their losses, and were as
+willing as their enemies to engage in new battles.  And Marcellus was the
+one man who overcame the great and inveterate fear and dread, and
+revived, raised, and confirmed the spirits of the soldiers to that degree
+of emulation and bravery, that would not let them easily yield the
+victory, but made them contend for it to the last.  For the same men,
+whom continual defeats had accustomed to think themselves happy, if they
+could but save themselves by running from Hannibal, were by him taught to
+esteem it base and ignominious to return safe but unsuccessful; to be
+ashamed to confess that they had yielded one step in the terrors of the
+fight; and to grieve to extremity if they were not victorious.
+
+In short, as Pelopidas was never overcome in any battle, where himself
+was present and commanded in chief, and as Marcellus gained more
+victories than any of his contemporaries, truly he that could not be
+easily overcome, considering his many successes, may fairly be compared
+with him who was undefeated.  Marcellus took Syracuse; whereas Pelopidas
+was frustrated of his hope of capturing Sparta.  But in my judgment, it
+was more difficult to advance his standard even to the walls of Sparta,
+and to be the first of mortals that ever passed the river Eurotas in
+arms, than it was to reduce Sicily; unless, indeed, we say that that
+adventure is with more of right to be attributed to Epaminondas, as was
+also the Leuctrian battle; whereas Marcellus's renown, and the glory of
+his brave actions came entire and undiminished to him alone.  For he
+alone took Syracuse; and without his colleague's help defeated the Gauls,
+and, when all others declined, alone, without one companion, ventured to
+engage with Hannibal; and changing the aspect of the war first showed the
+example of daring to attack him.
+
+I cannot commend the death of either of these great men; the suddenness
+and strangeness of their ends gives me a feeling rather of pain and
+distress.  Hannibal has my admiration, who, in so many severe conflicts,
+more than can be reckoned in one day, never received so much as one
+wound.  I honor Chrysantes also, (in Xenophon's Cyropaedia,) who, having
+raised his sword in the act of striking his enemy, so soon as a retreat
+was sounded, left him, and retired sedately and modestly.  Yet the anger
+which provoked Pelopidas to pursue revenge in the heat of fight, may
+excuse him.
+
+The first thing for a captain is to gain
+Safe victory; the next to be with honor slain,
+
+as Euripides says.  For then he cannot be said to suffer death; it is
+rather to be called an action.  The very object, too, of Pelopidas's
+victory, which consisted in the slaughter of the tyrant, presenting
+itself to his eyes, did not wholly carry him away unadvisedly: he could
+not easily expect again to have another equally glorious occasion for the
+exercise of his courage, in a noble and honorable cause.  But Marcellus,
+when it made little to his advantage, and when no such violent ardor as
+present danger naturally calls out transported him to passion, throwing
+himself into danger, fell into an unexplored ambush; he, namely, who had
+borne five consulates, led three triumphs, won the spoils and glories of
+kings and victories, to act the part of a mere scout or sentinel, and to
+expose all his achievements to be trod under foot by the mercenary
+Spaniards and Numidians, who sold themselves and their lives to the
+Carthaginians; so that even they themselves felt unworthy, and almost
+grudged themselves the unhoped for success of having cut off, among a few
+Fregellan scouts, the most valiant, the most potent, and most renowned of
+the Romans.  Let no man think that we have thus spoken out of a design to
+accuse these noble men; it is merely an expression of frank indignation
+in their own behalf, at seeing them thus wasting all their other virtues
+upon that of bravery, and throwing away their lives, as if the loss would
+be only felt by themselves, and not by their country, allies, and
+friends.
+
+After Pelopidas's death, his friends, for whom he died, made a funeral
+for him; the enemies, by whom he had been killed, made one for Marcellus.
+A noble and happy lot indeed the former, yet there is something higher
+and greater in the admiration rendered by enemies to the virtue that had
+been their own obstacle, than in the grateful acknowledgments of friends.
+Since, in the one case, it is virtue alone that challenges itself the
+honor; while, in the other, it may be rather men's personal profit and
+advantage that is the real origin of what they do.
+
+
+
+ARISTIDES
+
+Aristides, the son of Lysimachus, was of the tribe Antiochis, and
+township of Alopece.  As to his wealth, statements differ; some say
+he passed his life in extreme poverty, and left behind him two
+daughters whose indigence long kept them unmarried:  but Demetrius,
+the Phalerian, in opposition to this general report, professes in his
+Socrates, to know a farm at Phalerum going by Aristides's name, where
+he was interred; and, as marks of his opulence, adduces first, the
+office of archon eponymus, which he obtained by the lot of the bean;
+which was confined to the highest assessed families, called the
+Pentacosiomedimni; second, the ostracism, which was not usually
+inflicted on the poorer citizens, but on those of great houses, whose
+elation exposed them to envy; third and last, that he left certain
+tripods in the temple of Bacchus, offerings for his victory in
+conducting the representation of dramatic performances, which were
+even in our age still to be seen, retaining this inscription upon
+them, "The tribe Antiochis obtained the victory:  Aristides defrayed
+the charges:  Archestratus's play was acted."  But this argument,
+though in appearance the strongest, is of the least moment of any.
+For Epaminondas, who all the world knows was educated, and lived his
+whole life, in much poverty, and also Plato, the philosopher,
+exhibited magnificent shows, the one an entertainment of flute-players
+the other of dithyrambic singers; Dion, the Syracusan, supplying the
+expenses of the latter, and Pelopidas those of Epaminondas.  For good
+men do not allow themselves in any inveterate and irreconcilable
+hostility to receiving presents from their friends, but while looking
+upon those that are accepted to be hoarded up and with avaricious
+intentions, as sordid and mean, they do not refuse such as, apart from
+all profit, gratify the pure love of honor and magnificence.
+Panaetius, again, shows that Demetrius was deceived concerning the
+tripod by an identity of name.  For, from the Persian war to the end
+of the Peloponnesian, there are upon record only two of the name of
+Aristides, who defrayed the expense of representing plays and gained
+the prize neither of which was the same with the son of Lysimachus;
+but the father of the one was Xenophilus, and the other lived at a
+much later time, as the way of writing, which is that in use since the
+time of Euclides, and the addition of the name of Archestratus prove,
+a name which, in the time of the Persian war, no writer mentions, but
+which several, during the Peloponnesian war, record as that of a
+dramatic poet.  The argument of Panaetius requires to be more closely
+considered.  But as for the ostracism, everyone was liable to it,
+whom his reputation, birth, or eloquence raised above the common
+level; insomuch that even Damon, preceptor to Pericles, was thus
+banished, because he seemed a man of more than ordinary sense.  And,
+moreover, Idomeneus says, that Aristides was not made archon by the
+lot of the bean, but the free election of the people.  And if he held
+the office after the battle of Plataea, as Demetrius himself has
+written, it is very probable that his great reputation and success in
+the war, made him be preferred for his virtue to an office which
+others received in consideration of their wealth.  But Demetrius
+manifestly is eager not only to exempt Aristides but Socrates
+likewise, from poverty, as from a great evil; telling us that the
+latter had not only a house of his own, but also seventy minae put out
+at interest with Crito.
+
+Aristides being the friend and supporter of that Clisthenes, who
+settled the government after the expulsion of the tyrants, and
+emulating and admiring Lycurgus the Lacedaemonian above all
+politicians, adhered to the aristocratical principles of government;
+and had Themistocles, son to Neocles, his adversary on the side of the
+populace.  Some say that, being boys and bred up together from their
+infancy, they were always at variance with each other in all their
+words and actions as well serious as playful, and that in this their
+early contention they soon made proof of their natural inclinations;
+the one being ready, adventurous, and subtle, engaging readily and
+eagerly in everything; the other of a staid and settled temper,
+intent on the exercise of justice, not admitting any degree of
+falsity, indecorum, or trickery, no, not so much as at his play.
+Ariston of Chios says the first origin of the enmity which rose to so
+great a height, was a love affair; they were rivals for the affection
+of the beautiful Stesilaus of Ceos, and were passionate beyond all
+moderation, and did not lay aside their animosity when the beauty that
+had excited it passed away; but, as if it had only exercised them in
+it, immediately carried their heats and differences into public
+business.
+
+Themistocles, therefore, joining an association of partisans,
+fortified himself with considerable strength; insomuch that when some
+one told him that were he impartial, he would make a good magistrate;
+"I wish," replied he, "I may never sit on that tribunal where my
+friends shall not plead a greater privilege than strangers."  But
+Aristides walked, so to say, alone on his own path in politics, being
+unwilling, in the first place, to go along with his associates in ill
+doing, or to cause them vexation by not gratifying their wishes; and,
+secondly, observing that many were encouraged by the support they had
+in their friends to act injuriously, he was cautious; being of opinion
+that the integrity of his words and actions was the only right
+security for a good citizen.
+
+However, Themistocles making many dangerous alterations, and
+withstanding and interrupting him in the whole series of his actions,
+Aristides also was necessitated to set himself against all
+Themistocles did, partly in self-defense, and partly to impede his
+power from still increasing by the favor of the multitude; esteeming
+it better to let slip some public conveniences, rather than that he by
+prevailing should become powerful in all things.  In fine, when he
+once had opposed Themistocles in some measures that were expedient,
+and had got the better of him, he could not refrain from saying, when
+he left the assembly, that unless they sent Themistocles and himself
+to the barathrum, there could be no safety for Athens.  Another time,
+when urging some proposal upon the people, though there were much
+opposition and stirring against it, he yet was gaining the day; but
+just as the president of the assembly was about to put it to the vote,
+perceiving by what had been said in debate the inexpediency of his
+advice, he let it fall.  Also he often brought in his bills by other
+persons, lest Themistocles, through party spirit against him, should
+be any hindrance to the good of the public.
+
+In all the vicissitudes of public affairs, the constancy he showed was
+admirable, not being elated with honors, and demeaning himself
+tranquilly and sedately in adversity; holding the opinion that he
+ought to offer himself to the service of his country without mercenary
+news and irrespectively of any reward, not only of riches, but even of
+glory itself.  Hence it came, probably, that at the recital of these
+verses of Aeschylus in the theater, relating to Amphiaraus,
+
+For not at seeming just, but being so
+He aims; and from his depth of soil below,
+Harvests of wise and prudent counsels grow,
+
+the eyes of all the spectators turned on Aristides, as if this virtue,
+in an especial manner, belonged to him.
+
+He was a most determined champion for justice, not only against
+feelings of friendship and favor, but wrath and malice.  Thus it is
+reported of him that when prosecuting the law against one who was his
+enemy, on the judges after accusation refusing to hear the criminal,
+and proceeding immediately to pass sentence upon him, he rose in haste
+from his seat and joined in petition with him for a hearing, and that
+he might enjoy the privilege of the law.  Another time, when judging
+between two private persons, on the one declaring his adversary had
+very much injured Aristides; "Tell me rather, good friend," he said,
+"what wrong he has done you:  for it is your cause, not my own, which
+I now sit judge of."  Being chosen to the charge of the public
+revenue, he made it appear that not only those of his time, but the
+preceding officers, had alienated much treasure, and especially
+Themistocles:--
+
+Well known he was an able man to be,
+But with his fingers apt to be too flee.
+
+Therefore, Themistocles associating several persons against
+Aristides, and impeaching him when he gave in his accounts, caused him
+to be condemned of robbing the public; so Idomeneus states; but the
+best and chiefest men of the city much resenting it, he was not only
+exempted from the fine imposed upon him, but likewise again called to
+the same employment.  Pretending now to repent him of his former
+practice, and carrying himself with more remissness, he became
+acceptable to such as pillaged the treasury, by not detecting or
+calling them to an exact account.  So that those who had their fill of
+the public money began highly to applaud Aristides, and sued to the
+people, making interest to have him once more chosen treasurer.  But
+when they were upon the point of election, he reproved the Athenians.
+"When I discharged my office well and faithfully," said he, "I was
+insulted and abused; but now that I have allowed the public thieves in
+a variety of malpractices, I am considered an admirable patriot.  I am
+more ashamed, therefore, of this present honor than of the former
+sentence; and I commiserate your condition, with whom it is more
+praiseworthy to oblige ill men than to conserve the revenue of the
+public."  Saying thus, and proceeding to expose the thefts that had
+been committed, he stopped the mouths of those who cried him up and
+vouched for him, but gained real and true commendation from the best
+men.
+
+When Datis, being sent by Darius under pretense of punishing the
+Athenians for their burning of Sardis, but in reality to reduce the
+Greeks under his dominion, landed at Marathon and laid waste the
+country, among the ten commanders appointed by the Athenians for the
+war, Militiades was of the greatest name; but the second place, both
+for reputation and power, was possessed by Aristides:  and when his
+opinion to join battle was added to that of Miltiades, it did much to
+incline the balance.  Every leader by his day having the command in
+chief when it came to Aristides' turn, he delivered it into the hands
+of Miltiades, showing his fellow officers, that it is not dishonorable
+to obey and follow wise and able men, but, on the contrary, noble and
+prudent.  So appeasing their rivalry, and bringing them to acquiesce
+in one and the best advice, he confirmed Miltiades in the strength of
+an undivided and unmolested authority.  For now everyone, yielding
+his day of command, looked for orders only to him.  During the fight
+the main body of the Athenians being the hardest put to it, the
+barbarians, for a long time, making opposition there against the
+tribes Leontis and Antiochis, Themistocles and Aristides being ranged
+together, fought valiantly; the one being of the tribe Leontis, the
+other of the Antiochis.  But after they had beaten the barbarians back
+to their ships, and perceived that they sailed not for the isles, but
+were driven in by the force of sea and wind towards the country of
+Attica; fearing lest they should take the city, unprovided of defense,
+they hurried away thither with nine tribes, and reached it the same
+day.  Aristides, being left with his tribe at Marathon to guard the
+plunder and prisoners, did not disappoint the opinion they had of him.
+Amidst the profusion of gold and silver, all sorts of apparel, and
+other property, more than can be mentioned, that were in the tents and
+the vessels which they had taken, he neither felt the desire to meddle
+with anything himself, nor suffered others to do it; unless it might
+be some who took away anything unknown to him; as Callias, the
+torchbearer, did.  One of the barbarians, it seems, prostrated
+himself before this man, supposing him to be a king by his hair and
+fillet; and, when he had so done, taking him by the hand, showed him a
+great quantity of gold hid in a ditch.  But Callias, most cruel and
+impious of men, took away the treasure, but slew the man, lest he
+should tell of him.  Hence, they say, the comic poets gave his family
+the name of Laccopluti, or enriched by the ditch, alluding to the
+place where Callias found the gold.  Aristides, immediately after
+this, was archon; although Demetrius, the Phalerian, says he held the
+office a little before he died, after the battle of Plataea.  But in
+the records of the successors of Xanthippides, in whose year Mardonius
+was overthrown at Plataea, amongst very many there mentioned, there is
+not so much as one of the same name as Aristides:  while immediately
+after Phaenippus, during whose term of office they obtained the
+victory of Marathon, Aristides is registered.
+
+Of all his virtues, the common people were most affected with his
+justice, because of its continual and common use; and thus, although
+of mean fortune and ordinary birth, he possessed himself of the most
+kingly and divine appellation of Just; which kings, however, and
+tyrants have never sought after; but have taken delight to be surnamed
+besiegers of cities, thunderers, conquerors, or eagles again, and
+hawks ; affecting, it seems, the reputation which proceeds from power
+and violence, rather than that of virtue.  Although the divinity, to
+whom they desire to compare and assimilate themselves, excels, it is
+supposed, in three things, immortality, power, and virtue; of which
+three, the noblest and divinest is virtue.  For the elements and
+vacuum have an everlasting existence; earthquakes, thunders, storms,
+and torrents have great power; but in justice and equity nothing
+participates except by means of reason and the knowledge of that which
+is divine.  And thus, taking the three varieties of feeling commonly
+entertained towards the deity, the sense of his happiness, fear, and
+honor of him, people would seem to think him blest and happy for his
+exemption from death and corruption, to fear and dread him for his
+power and dominion, but to love, honor, and adore him for his justice.
+Yet though thus disposed, they covet that immortality which our nature
+is not capable of, and that power the greatest part of which is at the
+disposal of fortune; but give virtue, the only divine good really in
+our reach, the last place, most unwisely; since justice makes the life
+of such as are in prosperity, power, and authority the life of a god,
+and injustice turns it to that of a beast.
+
+Aristides, therefore, had at first the fortune to be beloved for this
+surname, but at length envied.  Especially when Themistocles spread a
+rumor amongst the people, that, by determining and judging all matters
+privately, he had destroyed the courts of judicature, and was secretly
+making way for a monarchy in his own person, without the assistance of
+guards.  Moreover, the spirit of the people, now grown high, and
+confident with their late victory, naturally entertained feelings of
+dislike to all of more than common fame and reputation.  Coming
+together, therefore, from all parts into the city, they banished
+Aristides by the ostracism, giving their jealousy of his reputation
+the name of fear of tyranny.  For ostracism was not the punishment of
+any criminal act, but was speciously said to be the mere depression
+and humiliation of excessive greatness and power; and was in fact a
+gentle relief and mitigation of envious feeling, which was thus
+allowed to vent itself in inflicting no intolerable injury, only a ten
+years' banishment.  But after it came to be exercised upon base and
+villainous fellows, they desisted from it; Hyperbolus, being the last
+whom they banished by the ostracism.
+
+The cause of Hyperbolus's banishment is said to have been this.
+Alcibiades and Nicias, men that bore the greatest sway in the city,
+were of different factions.  As the people, therefore, were about to
+vote the ostracism, and obviously to decree it against one of them,
+consulting together and uniting their parties, they contrived the
+banishment of Hyperbolus.  Upon which the people, being offended, as
+if some contempt or affront was put upon the thing, left off and quite
+abolished it.  It was performed, to be short, in this manner.  Every
+one taking an ostracon, a sherd, that is, or piece of earthenware,
+wrote upon it the citizen's name he would have banished, and carried
+it to a certain part of the market-place surrounded with wooden rails.
+First, the magistrates numbered all the sherds in gross (for if there
+were less than six thousand, the ostracism was imperfect); then,
+laying every name by itself, they pronounced him whose name was
+written by the larger number, banished for ten years, with the
+enjoyment of his estate.  As, therefore, they were writing the names
+on the sherds, it is reported that an illiterate clownish fellow,
+giving Aristides his sherd, supposing him a common citizen, begged him
+to write Aristides upon it; and he being surprised and asking if
+Aristides had ever done him any injury, "None at all," said he,
+"neither know I the man; but I am tired of hearing him everywhere
+called the Just."  Aristides, hearing this, is said to have made no
+reply, but returned the sherd with his own name inscribed.  At his
+departure from the city, lifting up his hands to heaven, he made a
+prayer, (the reverse, it would seem, of that of Achilles,) that the
+Athenians might never have any occasion which should constrain them to
+remember Aristides.
+
+Nevertheless, three years after, when Xerxes marched through Thessaly
+and Boeotia into the country of Attica, repealing the law, they
+decreed the return of the banished:  chiefly fearing Aristides, lest,
+joining himself to the enemy, he should corrupt and bring over many of
+his fellow-citizens to the party of the barbarians; much mistaking the
+man, who, already before the decree, was exerting himself to excite
+and encourage the Greeks to the defense of their liberty.  And
+afterwards, when Themistocles was general with absolute power, he
+assisted him in all ways both in action and counsel; rendering, in
+consideration of the common security, the greatest enemy he had the
+most glorious of men.  For when Eurybiades was deliberating to desert
+the isle of Salamis, and the gallies of the barbarians putting out by
+night to sea surrounded and beset the narrow passage and islands, and
+nobody was aware how they were environed, Aristides, with great
+hazard, sailed from Aegina through the enemy's fleet; and coming by
+night to Themistocles's tent, and calling him out by himself; "If we
+have any discretion," said he, "Themistocles, laying aside at this
+time our vain and childish contention, let us enter upon a safe and
+honorable dispute, vying with each other for the preservation of
+Greece; you in the ruling and commanding, I in the subservient and
+advising part; even, indeed, as I now understand you to be alone
+adhering to the best advice, in counseling without any delay to engage
+in the straits.  And in this, though our own party oppose, the enemy
+seems to assist you.  For the sea behind, and all around us, is
+covered with their fleet; so that we are under a necessity of
+approving ourselves men of courage, and fighting, whether we will or
+no; for there is no room left us for flight."  To which Themistocles
+answered, "I would not willingly, Aristides, be overcome by you on
+this occasion; and shall endeavor, in emulation of this good
+beginning, to outdo it in my actions."  Also relating to him the
+stratagem he had framed against the barbarians, he entreated him to
+persuade Eurybiades and show him how it was impossible they should
+save themselves without an engagement; as he was the more likely to be
+believed.  Whence, in the council of war, Cleocritus, the Corinthian,
+telling Themistocles that Aristides did not like his advice, as he was
+present and said nothing, Aristides answered, That he should not have
+held his peace if Themistocles had not been giving the best advice;
+and that he was now silent not out of any good-will to the person, but
+in approbation of his counsel.
+
+Thus the Greek captains were employed.  But Aristides perceiving
+Psyttalea, a small island that lies within the straits over against
+Salamis, to be filled by a body of the enemy, put aboard his small
+boats the most forward and courageous of his countrymen, and went
+ashore upon it; and, joining battle with the barbarians, slew them
+all, except such more remarkable persons as were taken alive.  Amongst
+these were three children of Sandauce, the king's sister, whom he
+immediately sent away to Themistocles, and it is stated that in
+accordance with a certain oracle, they were, by the command of
+Euphrantides, the seer, sacrificed to Bacchus, called Omestes, or the
+devourer.  But Aristides, placing armed men all around the island, lay
+in wait for such as were cast upon it, to the intent that none of his
+friends should perish, nor any of his enemies escape.  For the closest
+engagement of the ships, and the main fury of the whole battle, seems
+to have been about this place; for which reason a trophy was erected
+in Psyttalea.
+
+After the fight, Themistocles, to sound Aristides, told him they had
+performed a good piece of service, but there was a better yet to be
+done, the keeping Asia in Europe, by sailing forthwith to the
+Hellespont, and cutting in sunder the bridge.  But Aristides, with an
+exclamation, bid him think no more of it, but deliberate and find out
+means for removing the Mede, as quickly as possible, out of Greece;
+lest being enclosed, through want of means to escape, necessity should
+compel him to force his way with so great an army.  So Themistocles
+once more dispatched Arnaces, the eunuch, his prisoner, giving him in
+command privately to advertise the king that he had diverted the
+Greeks from their intention of setting sail for the bridges, out of
+the desire he felt to preserve him.
+
+Xerxes, being much terrified with this, immediately hasted to the
+Hellespont.  But Mardonius was left with the most serviceable part of
+the army, about three hundred thousand men, and was a formidable
+enemy, confident in his infantry, and writing messages of defiance to
+the Greeks:  "You have overcome by sea men accustomed to fight on
+land, and unskilled at the oar; but there lies now the open country of
+Thessaly; and the plains of Boeotia offer a broad and worthy field for
+brave men, either horse or foot, to contend in."  But he sent
+privately to the Athenians, both by letter and word of mouth from the
+king, promising to rebuild their city, to give them a vast sum of
+money, and constitute them lords of all Greece on condition they were
+not engaged in the war.  The Lacedaemonians, receiving news of this,
+and fearing, dispatched an embassy to the Athenians, entreating that
+they would send their wives and children to Sparta, and receive
+support from them for their superannuated.  For, being despoiled both
+of their city and country, the people were suffering extreme distress.
+Having given audience to the ambassadors, they returned an answer,
+upon the motion of Aristides, worthy of the highest admiration;
+declaring, that they forgave their enemies if they thought all things
+purchasable by wealth, than which they knew nothing of greater value;
+but that they felt offended at the Lacedaemonians, for looking only to
+their present poverty and exigence, without any remembrance of their
+valor and magnanimity, offering them their victuals, to fight in the
+cause of Greece.  Aristides, making this proposal and bringing back
+the ambassadors into the assembly, charged them to tell the
+Lacedaemonians that all the treasure on the earth or under it, was of
+less value with the people of Athens, than the liberty of Greece.
+And, showing the sun to those who came from Mardonius, "as long as
+that retains the same course, so long," said he, "shall the citizens
+of Athens wage war with the Persians for the country which has been
+wasted, and the temples that have been profaned and burnt by them."
+Moreover, he proposed a decree, that the priests should anathematize
+him who sent any herald to the Medes, or deserted the alliance of
+Greece.
+
+When Mardonius made a second incursion into the country of Attica, the
+people passed over again into the isle of Salamis.  Aristides, being
+sent to Lacedaemon, reproved them for their delay and neglect in
+abandoning Athens once more to the barbarians; and demanded their
+assistance for that part of Greece, which was not yet lost.  The
+Ephori, hearing this, made show of sporting all day, and of carelessly
+keeping holy day, (for they were then celebrating the Hyacinthian
+festival,) but in the night, selecting five thousand Spartans, each of
+whom was attended by seven Helots, they sent them forth unknown to
+those from Athens.  And when Aristides again reprehended them, they
+told him in derision that he either doted or dreamed, for the army was
+already at Oresteum, in their march towards the strangers; as they
+called the Persians.  Aristides answered that they jested
+unseasonably, deluding their friends, instead of their enemies.  Thus
+says Idomeneus.  But in the decree of Aristides, not himself, but
+Cimon, Xanthippus, and Myronides are appointed ambassadors.
+
+Being chosen general for the war, he repaired to Plattea, with eight
+thousand Athenians, where Pausanias, generalissimo of all Greece,
+joined him with the Spartans; and the forces of the other Greeks came
+in to them.  The whole encampment of the barbarians extended all along
+the bank of the river Asopus, their numbers being so great, there was
+no enclosing them all, but their baggage and most valuable things were
+surrounded with a square bulwark, each side of which was the length of
+ten furlongs.
+
+Tisamenus, the Elean, had prophesied to Pausanias and all the Greeks,
+and foretold them victory if they made no attempt upon the enemy, but
+stood on their defense.  But Aristides sending to Delphi, the god
+answered, that the Athenians should overcome their enemies, in case
+they made supplication to Jupiter and Juno of Cithaeron, Pan, and the
+nymphs Sphragitides, and sacrificed to the heroes Androcrates, Leucon,
+Pisander, Damocrates, Hypsion, Actaeon, and Polyidus; and if they
+fought within their own territories in the plain of Ceres Eleusinia
+and Proserpine.  Aristides was perplexed upon the tidings of this
+oracle:  since the heroes to whom it commanded him to sacrifice had
+been chieftains of the Plataeans, and the cave of the nymphs
+Sphragitides was on the top of Mount Cithaeron, on the side facing the
+setting sun of summer time; in which place, as the story goes, there
+was formerly an oracle, and many that lived in the district were
+inspired with it, whom they called Nympholepti, possessed with the
+nymphs.  But the plain of Ceres Eleusinia, and the offer of victory to
+the Athenians, if they fought in their own territories, recalled them
+again, and transferred the war into the country of Attica.  In this
+juncture, Arimnestus, who commanded the Plataeans, dreamed that
+Jupiter, the Saviour, asked him what the Greeks had resolved upon; and
+that he answered, "Tomorrow, my Lord, we march our army to Eleusis,
+and there give the barbarians battle according to the directions of
+the oracle of Apollo."  And that the god replied, they were utterly
+mistaken, for that the places spoken of by the oracle were within the
+bounds of Plataea, and if they sought there they should find them.
+This manifest vision having appeared to Arimnestus, when he awoke he
+sent for the most aged and experienced of his countrymen, with whom
+communicating and examining the matter, he found that near Hysiae, at
+the foot of Mount Cithaeron, there was a very ancient temple called
+the temple of Ceres Eleusinia and Proserpine.  He therefore forthwith
+took Aristides to the place, which was very convenient for drawing up
+an army of foot, because the slopes at the bottom of the mountain
+Cithaeron rendered the plain, where it comes up to the temple, unfit
+for the movements of cavalry.  Also, in the same place, there was the
+fane of Androcrates, environed with a thick shady grove.  And that the
+oracle might be accomplished in all particulars for the hope of
+victory, Arimnestus proposed, and the Plataeans decreed, that the
+frontiers of their country towards Attica should be removed, and the
+land given to the Athenians, that they might fight in defense of
+Greece in their own proper territory.  This zeal and liberality of the
+Plataeans became so famous, that Alexander, many years after, when he
+had obtained the dominion of all Asia, upon erecting the walls of
+Plataea, caused proclamation to be made by the herald at the Olympic
+games, that the king did the Plataeans this favor in consideration of
+their nobleness and magnanimity, because, in the war with the Medes,
+they freely gave up their land and zealously fought with the Greeks.
+
+The Tegeatans, contesting the post of honor with the Athenians,
+demanded, that, according to custom, the Lacedaemonians being ranged
+on the right wing of the battle, they might have the left, alleging
+several matters in commendation of their ancestors.  The Athenians
+being indignant at the claim, Aristides came forward; "To contend with
+the Tegeatans," said he, "for noble descent and valor, the present
+time permits not:  but this we say to you, O you Spartans, and you the
+rest of the Greeks, that place neither takes away nor contributes
+courage:  we shall endeavor by crediting and maintaining the post you
+assign us, to reflect no dishonor on our former performances.  For we
+are come, not to differ with our friends, but to fight our enemies;
+not to extol our ancestors, but ourselves to behave as valiant men.
+This battle will manifest how much each city, captain, and private
+soldier is worth to Greece."  The council of war, upon this address,
+decided for the Athenians, and gave them the other wing of the battle.
+
+All Greece being in suspense, and especially the affairs of the
+Athenians unsettled, certain persons of great families and possessions
+having been impoverished by the war, and seeing all their authority
+and reputation in the city vanished with their wealth, and others in
+possession of their honors and places, convened privately at a house
+in Plataea, and conspired for the dissolution of the democratic
+government; and, if the plot should not succeed, to ruin the cause and
+betray all to the barbarians.  These matters being in agitation in the
+camp, and many persons already corrupted, Aristides, perceiving the
+design, and dreading the present juncture of time, determined neither
+to let the business pass unanimadverted upon, nor yet altogether to
+expose it; not knowing how many the accusation might reach, and
+willing to set bounds to his justice with a view to the public
+convenience.  Therefore, of many that were concerned, he apprehended
+eight only, two of whom, who were first proceeded against and most
+guilty, Aeschines of Lampra, and Agesias of Acharnae, made their
+escape out of the camp.  The rest he dismissed; giving opportunity to
+such as thought themselves concealed, to take courage and repent;
+intimating that they had in the war a great tribunal, where they might
+clear their guilt by manifesting their sincere and good intentions
+towards their country.
+
+After this, Mardonius made trial of the Grecian courage, by sending
+his whole number of horse, in which he thought himself much the
+stronger, against them, while they were all pitched at the foot of
+Mount Cithaeron, in strong and rocky places, except the Megarians.
+They, being three thousand in number, were encamped on the plain,
+where they were damaged by the horse charging and making inroads upon
+them on all hands.  They sent, therefore, in haste to Pausanias,
+demanding relief, as not being able alone to sustain the great numbers
+of the barbarians.  Pausanias, hearing this, and perceiving the tents
+of the Megarians already hid by the multitude of darts and arrows, and
+themselves driven together into a narrow space, was at a loss himself
+how to aid them with his battalion of heavy-armed Lacedaemonians.  He
+proposed it, therefore, as a point of emulation in valor and love of
+distinction, to the commanders and captains who were around him, if
+any would voluntarily take upon them the defense and succor of the
+Megarians.  The rest being backward, Aristides undertook the
+enterprise for the Athenians, and sent Olympiodorus, the most valiant
+of his inferior officers, with three hundred chosen men and some
+archers under his command.  These being soon in readiness, and running
+upon the enemy, as soon as Masistius, who commanded the barbarians'
+horse, a man of wonderful courage and of extraordinary bulk and
+comeliness of person, perceived it, turning his steed he made towards
+them.  And they sustaining the shock and joining battle with him,
+there was a sharp conflict, as though by this encounter they were to
+try the success of the whole war.  But after Masistius's horse
+received a wound, and flung him, and he falling could hardly raise
+himself through the weight of his armor, the Athenians, pressing upon
+him with blows, could not easily get at his person, armed as he was,
+his breast, his head, and his limbs all over, with gold and brass and
+iron; but one of them at last, running him in at the visor of his
+helmet, slew him; and the rest of the Persians, leaving the body, fled.
+The greatness of the Greek success was known, not by the multitude of
+the slain, (for an inconsiderable number were killed,) but by the
+sorrow the barbarians expressed.  For they shaved themselves, their
+horses, and mules for the death of Masistius, and filled the plain
+with howling and lamentation; having lost a person, who, next to
+Mardonius himself, was by many degrees the chief among them, both for
+valor and authority.
+
+After this skirmish of the horse, they kept from fighting a long time;
+for the soothsayers, by the sacrifices, foretold the victory both to
+Greeks and Persians, if they stood upon the defensive part only, but
+if they became aggressors, the contrary.  At length Mardonius, when he
+had but a few days' provision, and the Greek forces increased
+continually by some or other that came in to them, impatient of delay,
+determined to lie still no longer, but, passing Asopus by daybreak, to
+fall unexpectedly upon the Greeks; and signified the same over night
+to the captains of his host.  But about midnight, a certain horseman
+stole into the Greek camp, and coming to the watch, desired them to
+call Aristides, the Athenian, to him.  He coming speedily; "I am,"
+said the stranger, "Alexander, king of the Macedonians, and am arrived
+here through the greatest danger in the world for the good-will I bear
+you, lest a sudden onset should dismay you, so as to behave in the
+fight worse than usual.  For tomorrow Mardonius will give you battle,
+urged, not by any hope of success or courage, but by want of victuals;
+since, indeed, the prophets prohibit him the battle, the sacrifices
+and oracles being unfavorable; and the army is in despondency and
+consternation; but necessity forces him to try his fortune, or sit
+still and endure the last extremity of want."  Alexander, thus saying,
+entreated Aristides to take notice and remember him, but not to tell
+any other.  But he told him, it was not convenient to conceal the
+matter from Pausanias (because he was general); as for any other, he
+would keep it secret from them till the battle was fought; but if the
+Greeks obtained the victory, that then no one should be ignorant of
+Alexander's good-will and kindness towards them.  After this, the king
+of the Macedonians rode back again, and Aristides went to Pausanias's
+tent and told him; and they sent for the rest of the captains and gave
+orders that the army should be in battle array.
+
+Here, according to Herodotus, Pausanias spoke to Aristides, desiring
+him to transfer the Athenians to the right wing of the army opposite
+to the Persians, (as they would do better service against them, having
+been experienced in their way of combat, and emboldened with former
+victories,) and to give him the left, where the Medizing Greeks were
+to make their assault.  The rest of the Athenian captains regarded
+this as an arrogant and interfering act on the part of Pausanias;
+because, while permitting the rest of the army to keep their stations,
+he removed them only from place to place, like so many Helots,
+opposing them to the greatest strength of the enemy.  But Aristides
+said, they were altogether in the wrong.  If so short a time ago they
+contested the left wing with the Tegeatans, and gloried in being
+preferred before them, now, when the Lacedaemonians give them place in
+the right, and yield them in a manner the leading of the army, how is
+it they are discontented with the honor that is done them, and do not
+look upon it as an advantage to have to fight, not against their
+countrymen and kindred, but barbarians, and such as were by nature
+their enemies?  After this, the Athenians very readily changed places
+with the Lacedaemonians, and there went words amongst them as they
+were encouraging each other, that the enemy approached with no better
+arms or stouter hearts than those who fought the battle of Marathon;
+but had the same bows and arrows, and the same embroidered coats and
+gold, and the same delicate bodies and effeminate minds within; "while
+we have the same weapons and bodies, and our courage augmented by our
+victories; and fight not like others in defense of our country only,
+but for the trophies of Salamis and Marathon; that they may not be
+looked upon as due to Miltiades or fortune, but to the people of
+Athens."  Thus, therefore, were they making haste to change the order
+of their battle.  But the Thebans, understanding it by some deserters,
+forthwith acquainted Mardonius; and he, either for fear of the
+Athenians, or a desire to engage the Lacedaemonians, marched over his
+Persians to the other wing, and commanded the Greeks of his party to
+be posted opposite to the Athenians.  But this change was observed on
+the other side, and Pausanias, wheeling about again, ranged himself on
+the right, and Mardonius, also, as at first, took the left wing over
+against the Lacedaemonians.  So the day passed without action.
+
+After this, the Greeks determined in council to remove their camp some
+distance, to possess themselves of a place convenient for watering;
+because the springs near them were polluted and destroyed by the
+barbarian cavalry.  But night being come, and the captains setting out
+towards the place designed for their encamping, the soldiers were not
+very ready to follow, and keep in a body, but, as soon as they had
+quitted their first entrenchments, made towards the city of Plataea;
+and there was much tumult and disorder as they dispersed to various
+quarters and proceeded to pitch their tents.  The Lacedaemonians,
+against their will, had the fortune to be left by the rest.  For
+Amompharetus, a brave and daring man, who had long been burning with
+desire of the fight, and resented their many lingerings and delays,
+calling the removal of the camp a mere running away and flight,
+protested he would not desert his post, but would there remain with
+his company, and sustain the charge of Mardonius.  And when Pausanias
+came to him and told him he did these things by the common vote and
+determination of the Greeks, Amompharetus taking up a great stone and
+flinging it at Pausanias' feet, and "by this token," said he, "do I
+give my suffrage for the battle, nor have I any concern with the
+cowardly consultations and decrees of other men."  Pausanias, not
+knowing what to do in the present juncture, sent to the Athenians, who
+were drawing off, to stay to accompany him; and so he himself set off
+with the rest of the army for Plataea, hoping thus to make
+Amompharetus move.
+
+Meantime, day came upon them; and Mardonius (for he was not ignorant
+of their deserting their camp) having his army in array, fell upon the
+Lacedaemonians with great shouting and noise of barbarous people, as
+if they were not about to join battle, but crush the Greeks in their
+flight.  Which within a very little came to pass.  For Pausanias,
+perceiving what was done, made a halt, and commanded every one to put
+themselves in order for the battle; but either through his anger with
+Amompharetus, or the disturbance he was in by reason of the sudden
+approach of the enemy, he forgot to give the signal to the Greeks in
+general.  Whence it was, that they did not come in immediately, or in
+a body, to their assistance, but by small companies and straggling,
+when the fight was already begun.  Pausanias, offering sacrifice,
+could not procure favorable omens, and so commanded the
+Lacedaemonians, setting down their shields at their feet to abide
+quietly and attend his directions, making no resistance to any of
+their enemies.  And, he sacrificing again a second time, the horse
+charged, and some of the Lacedaemonians were wounded.  At this time,
+also, Callicrates, who, we are told, was the most comely man in the
+army, being shot with an arrow and upon the point of expiring, said,
+that he lamented not his death (for he came from home to lay down his
+life in the defense of Greece) but that he died without action.  The
+case was indeed hard, and the forbearance of the men wonderful; for
+they let the enemy charge without repelling them; and, expecting their
+proper opportunity from the gods and their general, suffered
+themselves to be wounded and slain in their ranks.  And some say, that
+while Pausanias was at sacrifice and prayers, some space out of the
+battle-array, certain Lydians, falling suddenly upon him, plundered
+and scattered the sacrifice:  and that Pausanias and his company,
+having no arms, beat them with staves and whips; and that in imitation
+of this attack, the whipping the boys about the altar, and after it
+the Lydian procession, are to this day practiced in Sparta.
+
+Pausanias, therefore, being troubled at these things, while the priest
+went on offering one sacrifice after another, turns himself towards
+the temple with tears in his eyes, and, lifting up his hands to
+heaven, besought Juno of Cithaeron, and the other tutelar gods of the
+Plataeans, if it were not in the fates for the Greeks to obtain the
+victory, that they might not perish, without performing some
+remarkable thing, and by their actions demonstrating to their enemies,
+that they waged war with men of courage, and soldiers.  While
+Pausanias was thus in the act of supplication, the sacrifices appeared
+propitious, and the soothsayers foretold victory.  The word being
+given, the Lacedaemonian battalion of foot seemed, on the sudden, like
+some one fierce animal, setting up his bristles, and betaking himself
+to the combat; and the barbarians perceived that they encountered with
+men who would fight it to the death.  Therefore, holding their
+wicker-shields before them, they shot their arrows amongst the
+Lacedaemonians.  But they, keeping together in the order of a phalanx,
+and falling upon the enemies, forced their shields out of their hands,
+and, striking with their pikes at the breasts and faces of the
+Persians, overthrew many of them; who, however, fell not either
+unrevenged or without courage.  For taking hold of the spears with
+their bare hands, they broke many of them, and betook themselves not
+without effect to the sword; and making use of their falchions and
+scimitars, and wresting the Lacedaemonians' shields from them, and
+grappling with them, it was a long time that they made resistance.
+
+Meanwhile, for some time, the Athenians stood still, waiting for the
+Lacedaemonians to come up.  But when they heard much noise as of men
+engaged in fight, and a messenger, they say, came from Pausanias, to
+advertise them of what was going on, they soon hasted to their
+assistance.  And as they passed through the plain to the place where
+the noise was, the Greeks, who took part with the enemy, came upon
+them.  Aristides, as soon as he saw them, going a considerable space
+before the rest, cried out to them, conjuring them by the guardian
+gods of Greece to forbear the fight, and be no impediment or stop to
+those, who were going to succor the defenders of Greece.  But when he
+perceived they gave no attention to him, and had prepared themselves
+for the battle, then turning from the present relief of the
+Lacedaemonians, he engaged them, being five thousand in number.  But
+the greatest part soon gave way and retreated, as the barbarians also
+were put to flight.  The sharpest conflict is said to have been
+against the Thebans, the chiefest and most powerful persons among them
+at that time siding zealously with the Medes, and leading the
+multitude not according to their own inclinations, but as being
+subjects of an oligarchy.
+
+The battle being thus divided, the Lacedaemonians first beat off the
+Persians; and a Spartan, named Arimnestus, slew Mardonius by a blow on
+the head with a stone, as the oracle in the temple of Amphiaraus had
+foretold to him.  For Mardonius sent a Lydian thither, and another
+person, a Carian, to the cave of Trophonius.  This latter, the priest of
+the oracle answered in his own language.  But the Lydian sleeping in
+the temple of Amphiaraus, it seemed to him that a minister of the
+divinity stood before him and commanded him to be gone; and on his
+refusing to do it, flung a great stone at his head, so that he thought
+himself slain with the blow.  Such is the story. -- They drove the
+fliers within their walls of wood; and, a little time after, the
+Athenians put the Thebans to flight, killing three hundred of the
+chiefest and of greatest note among them in the actual fight itself.
+For when they began to fly, news came that the army of the barbarians
+was besieged within their palisade:  and so giving the Greeks
+opportunity to save themselves, they marched to assist at the
+fortifications; and coming in to the Lacedaemonians, who were
+altogether unhandy and inexperienced in storming, they took the camp
+with great slaughter of the enemy.  For of three hundred thousand,
+forty thousand only are said to have escaped with Artabazus; while on
+the Greeks' side there perished in all thirteen hundred and sixty:  of
+which fifty-two were Athenians, all of the tribe Aeantis, that fought,
+says Clidemus, with the greatest courage of any; and for this reason
+the men of this tribe used to offer sacrifice for the victory, as
+enjoined by the oracle, to the nymphs Sphragitides at the expense of
+the public:  ninety-one were Lacedaemonians and sixteen Tegeatans.  It
+is strange, therefore, upon what grounds Herodotus can say, that they
+only, and none other, encountered the enemy; for the number of the
+slain and their monuments testify that the victory was obtained by all
+in general; and if the rest had been standing still, while the
+inhabitants of three cities only had been engaged in the fight, they
+would not have set on the altar the inscription:  --
+
+The Greeks, when by their courage and their might,
+They had repelled the Persian in the fight,
+The common altar of freed Greece to be,
+Reared this to Jupiter who guards the free.
+
+They fought this battle on the fourth day of the month Boedromion,
+according to the Athenians, but according to the Boeotians, on the
+twenty-seventh of Panemus; -- on which day there is still a convention
+of the Greeks at Plataea, and the Plataeans still offer sacrifice for
+the victory to Jupiter of freedom.  As for the difference of days, it
+is not to be wondered at, since even at the present time, when there
+is a far more accurate knowledge of astronomy, some begin the month at
+one time, and some at another.
+
+After this, the Athenians not yielding the honor of the day to the
+Lacedaemonians, nor consenting they should erect a trophy, things were
+not far from being ruined by dissension amongst the armed Greeks; had
+not Aristides, by much soothing and counseling the commanders,
+especially Leocrates and Myronides, pacified and persuaded them to
+leave the thing to the decision of the Greeks.  And on their
+proceeding to discuss the matter, Theogiton, the Megarian, declared
+the honor of the victory was to be given some other city, if they
+would prevent a civil war; after him Cleocritus of Corinth rising up,
+made people think he would ask the palm for the Corinthians, (for next
+to Sparta and Athens, Corinth was in greatest estimation); but he
+delivered his opinion, to the general admiration, in favor of the
+Plataeans; and counseled to take away all contention by giving them
+the reward and glory of the victory, whose being honored could be
+distasteful to neither party.  This being said, first Aristides gave
+consent in the name of the Athenians, and Pausanias, then, for the
+Lacedaemonians.  So, being reconciled, they set apart eighty talents
+for the Plataeans, with which they built the temple and dedicated the
+image to Minerva, and adorned the temple with pictures, which even to
+this very day retain their luster.  But the Lacedaemonians and
+Athenians each erected a trophy apart by themselves.  On their
+consulting the oracle about offering sacrifice, Apollo answered that
+they should dedicate an altar to Jupiter of freedom, but should not
+sacrifice till they had extinguished the fires throughout the country,
+as having been defiled by the barbarians, and had kindled unpolluted
+fire at the common altar at Delphi.  The magistrates of Greece,
+therefore, went forthwith and compelled such as had fire to put it
+out; and Euchidas, a Plataean, promising to fetch fire, with all
+possible speed, from the altar of the god, went to Delphi, and having
+sprinkled and purified his body, crowned himself with laurel; and
+taking the fire from the altar ran back to Plataea, and got back there
+before sunset, performing in one day a journey of a thousand furlongs;
+and saluting his fellow-citizens and delivering them the fire, he
+immediately fell down, and in a short time after expired.  But the
+Plataeans, taking him up, interred him in the temple of Diana Euclia,
+setting this inscription over him:  "Euchidas ran to Delphi and back
+again in one day."  Most people believe that Euclia is Diana, and call
+her by that name.  But some say she was the daughter of Hercules, by
+Myrto, the daughter of Menoetius, and sister of Patroclus, and, dying
+a virgin, was worshipped by the Boeotians and Locrians.  Her altar and
+image are set up in all their marketplaces, and those of both sexes
+that are about marrying, sacrifice to her before the nuptials.
+
+A general assembly of all the Greeks being called, Aristides proposed
+a decree, that the deputies and religious representatives of the Greek
+states should assemble annually at Plataea, and every fifth year
+celebrate the Eleutheria, or games of freedom.  And that there should
+be a levy upon all Greece, for the war against the barbarians, of ten
+thousand spearmen, one thousand horse, and a hundred sail of ships;
+but the Plataeans to be exempt, and sacred to the service of the gods,
+offering sacrifice for the welfare of Greece.  These things begin
+ratified, the Plataeans undertook the performance of annual sacrifice
+to such as were slain and buried in that place; which they still
+perform in the following manner.  On the sixteenth day of Maemacterion
+(which with the Boeotians is Alalcomenus) they make their procession,
+which, beginning by break of day, is led by a trumpeter sounding for
+onset; then follow certain chariots loaded with myrrh and garlands;
+and then a black bull; then come the young men of free birth carrying
+libations of wine and milk in large two-handed vessels, and jars of
+oil and precious ointments, none of servile condition being permitted
+to have any hand in this ministration, because the men died in defense
+of freedom; after all comes the chief magistrate of Plataea, (for whom
+it is unlawful at other times either to touch iron, or wear any other
+colored garment but white,) at that time appareled in a purple robe;
+and, taking a water-pot out of the city record-office, he proceeds,
+bearing a sword in his hand, through the middle of the town to the
+sepulchres.  Then drawing water out of a spring, he washes and anoints
+the monument, and sacrificing the bull upon a pile of wood, and
+making supplication to Jupiter and Mercury of the earth, invites those
+valiant men who perished in the defense of Greece, to the banquet and
+the libations of blood.  After this, mixing a bowl of wine, and
+pouring out for himself, he says, "I drink to those who lost their
+lives for the liberty of Greece."  These solemnities the Plataeans
+observe to this day.
+
+Aristides perceived that the Athenians, after their return into the
+city, were eager for a democracy; and deeming the people to deserve
+consideration on account of their valiant behavior, as also that it
+was a matter of difficulty, they being well armed, powerful, and full
+of spirit with their victories, to oppose them by force, he brought
+forward a decree, that every one might share in the government, and
+the archons be chosen out of the whole body of the Athenians.  And on
+Themistocles telling the people in assembly that he had some advice
+for them, which could not be given in public, but was most important
+for the advantage and security of the city, they appointed Aristides
+alone to hear and consider it with him.  And on his acquainting
+Aristides that his intent was to set fire to the arsenal of the
+Greeks, for by that means should the Athenians become supreme masters
+of all Greece, Aristides, returning to the assembly, told them, that
+nothing was more advantageous than what Themistocles designed, and
+nothing more unjust.  The Athenians, hearing this, gave Themistocles
+order to desist; such was the love of justice felt by the people, and
+such the credit and confidence they reposed in Aristides.
+
+Being sent in joint commission with Cimon to the war, he took notice
+that Pausanias and the other Spartan captains made themselves
+offensive by imperiousness and harshness to the confederates; and by
+being himself gentle and considerate with them and by the courtesy and
+disinterested temper which Cimon, after his example, manifested in the
+expeditions, he stole away the chief command from the Lacedaemonians,
+neither by weapons, ships, or horses, but by equity and wise policy.
+For the Athenians being endeared to the Greeks by the justice of
+Aristides and by Cimon's moderation, the tyranny and selfishness of
+Pausanias rendered them yet more desirable.  He on all occasions
+treated the commanders of the confederates haughtily and roughly; and
+the common soldiers he punished with stripes, or standing under the
+iron anchor for a whole day together; neither was it permitted for any
+to provide straw for themselves to lie on, or forage for their horses,
+or to come near the springs to water before the Spartans were
+furnished, but servants with whips drove away such as approached.  And
+when Aristides once was about to complain and expostulate with
+Pausanias, he told him, with an angry look, that he was not at
+leisure, and gave no attention to him.  The consequence was that the
+sea captains and generals of the Greeks, in particular, the Chians,
+Samians, and Lesbians, came to Aristides and requested him to be their
+general, and to receive the confederates into his command, who had
+long desired to relinquish the Spartans and come over to the
+Athenians.  But he answered, that he saw both equity and necessity in
+what they said, but their fidelity required the test of some action,
+the commission of which would make it impossible for the multitude to
+change their minds again.  Upon which Uliades, the Samian, and
+Antagoras of Chios, conspiring together, ran in near Byzantium on
+Pausanias's galley, getting her between them as she was sailing before
+the rest.  But when Pausanias, beholding them, rose up and furiously
+threatened soon to make them know that they had been endangering not
+his galley, but their own countries, they bid him go his way, and
+thank Fortune that fought for him at Plataea; for hitherto, in
+reverence to that, the Greeks had forborne from indicting on him the
+punishment he deserved.  In fine, they all went off and joined the
+Athenians.  And here the magnanimity of the Lacedaemonians was
+wonderful.  For when they perceived that their generals were becoming
+corrupted by the greatness of their authority, they voluntarily laid
+down the chief command, and left off sending any more of them to the
+wars, choosing rather to have citizens of moderation and consistent in
+the observance of their customs, than to possess the dominion of all
+Greece.
+
+Even during the command of the Lacedaemonians, the Greeks paid a
+certain contribution towards the maintenance of the war; and being
+desirous to be rated city by city in their due proportion, they
+desired Aristides of the Athenians, and gave him command, surveying
+the country and revenue, to assess every one according to their
+ability and what they were worth.  But he, being so largely empowered,
+Greece as it were submitting all her affairs to his sole management,
+went out poor, and returned poorer; laying the tax not only without
+corruption and injustice, but to the satisfaction and convenience of
+all.  For as the ancients celebrated the age of Saturn, so did the
+confederates of Athens Aristides's taxation, terming it the happy time
+of Greece; and that more especially, as the sum was in a short time
+doubled, and afterwards trebled.  For the assessment which Aristides
+made, was four hundred and sixty talents.  But to this Pericles added
+very near one third part more; for Thucydides says, that in the
+beginning of the Peloponnesian war, the Athenians had coming in from
+their confederates six hundred talents.  But after Pericles's death,
+the demagogues, increasing by little and little, raised it to the sum
+of thirteen hundred talents; not so much through the war's being so
+expensive and chargeable either by its length or ill success, as by
+their alluring the people to spend upon largesses and play-house
+allowances, and in erecting statues and temples.  Aristides,
+therefore, having acquired a wonderful and great reputation by this
+levy of the tribute, Themistocles is said to have derided him, as if
+this had been not the commendation of a man, but a money-bag; a
+retaliation, though not in the same kind, for some free words which
+Aristides had used.  For he, when Themistocles once was saying that he
+thought the highest virtue of a general was to understand and foreknow
+the measures the enemy would take, replied, "This, indeed,
+Themistocles, is simply necessary, but the excellent thing in a
+general is to keep his hands from taking money."
+
+Aristides, moreover, made all the people of Greece swear to keep the
+league, and himself took the oath in the name of the Athenians,
+flinging wedges of red hot iron into the sea, after curses against
+such as should make breach of their vow.  But afterwards, it would
+seem, when things were in such a state as constrained them to govern
+with a stronger hand, he bade the Athenians to throw the perjury upon
+him, and manage affairs as convenience required.  And, in general,
+Theophrastus tells us, that Aristides was, in his own private affairs,
+and those of his fellow-citizens, rigorously just, but that in public
+matters he acted often in accordance with his country's policy, which
+demanded, sometimes, not a little injustice.  It is reported of him
+that he said in a debate, upon the motion of the Samians for removing
+the treasure from Delos to Athens, contrary to the league, that the
+thing indeed was not just, but was expedient.
+
+In fine, having established the dominion of his city over so many
+people, he himself remained indigent; and always delighted as much in
+the glory of being poor, as in that of his trophies; as is evident
+from the following story.  Callias, the torchbearer, was related to
+him:  and was prosecuted by his enemies in a capital cause, in which,
+after they had slightly argued the matters on which they indicted him,
+they proceeded, beside the point, to address the judges:  "You know,"
+said they, "Aristides, the son of Lysimachus, who is the admiration of
+all Greece.  In what a condition do you think his family is in at his
+house, when you see him appear in public in such a threadbare cloak?
+Is it not probable that one who, out of doors, goes thus exposed to
+the cold, must want food and other necessaries at home?  Callias, the
+wealthiest of the Athenians, does nothing to relieve either him or his
+wife and children in their poverty, though he is his own cousin, and
+has made use of him in many cases, and often reaped advantage by his
+interest with you."  But Callias, perceiving the judges were moved
+more particularly by this, and were exasperated against him, called in
+Aristides, requiring him to testify that when he frequently offered
+him divers presents, and entreated him to accept them, he had refused,
+answering, that it became him better to be proud of his poverty than
+Callias of his wealth:  since there are many to be seen that make a
+good, or a bad use of riches, but it is difficult, comparatively, to
+meet with one who supports poverty in a noble spirit; those only
+should be ashamed of it who incurred it against their wills.  On
+Aristides deposing these facts in favor of Callias, there was none who
+heard them, that went not away desirous rather to be poor like
+Aristides, than rich as Callias.  Thus Aeschines, the scholar of
+Socrates, writes.  But Plato declares, that of all the great and
+renowned men in the city of Athens, he was the only one worthy of
+consideration; for Themistocles, Cimon, and Pericles filled the city
+with porticoes, treasure, and many other vain things, but Aristides
+guided his public life by the rule of justice.  He showed his
+moderation very plainly in his conduct towards Themistocles himself.
+For though Themistocles had been his adversary in all his
+undertakings, and was the cause of his banishment, yet when he
+afforded a similar opportunity of revenge, being accused to the city,
+Aristides bore him no malice; but while Alcmaeon, Cimon, and many
+others, were prosecuting and impeaching him, Aristides alone, neither
+did, nor said any ill against him, and no more triumphed over his
+enemy in his adversity, than he had envied him his prosperity.
+
+Some say Aristides died in Pontus, during a voyage upon the affairs of
+the public.  Others that he died of old age at Athens, being in great
+honor and veneration amongst his fellow-citizens.  But Craterus, the
+Macedonian, relates his death as follows.  After the banishment of
+Themistocles, he says, the people growing insolent, there sprung up a
+number of false and frivolous accusers, impeaching the best and most
+influential men and exposing them to the envy of the multitude, whom
+their good fortune and power had filled with self-conceit.  Amongst
+these, Aristides was condemned of bribery, upon the accusation of
+Diophantus of Amphitrope, for taking money from the Ionians when he
+was collector of the tribute; and being unable to pay the fine, which
+was fifty minae, sailed to Ionia, and died there.  But of this
+Craterus brings no written proof, neither the sentence of his
+condemnation, nor the decree of the people; though in general it is
+tolerably usual with him to set down such things and to cite his
+authors.  Almost all others who have spoken of the misdeeds of the
+people towards their generals, collect them all together, and tell us
+of the banishment of Themistocles, Miltiades's bonds, Pericles's fine,
+and the death of Paches in the judgment hall, who, upon receiving
+sentence, killed himself on the hustings, with many things of the like
+nature.  They add the banishment of Aristides; but of this his
+condemnation, they make no mention.
+
+Moreover, his monument is to be seen at Phalerum, which they say was
+built him by the city, he not having left enough even to defray
+funeral charges.  And it is stated, that his two daughters were
+publicly married out of the prytaneum, or state-house, by the city,
+which decreed each of them three thousand drachmas for her portion;
+and that upon his son Lysimachus, the people bestowed a hundred minas
+of money, and as many acres of planted land, and ordered him besides,
+upon the motion of Alcibiades, four drachmas a day.  Furthermore,
+Lysimachus leaving a daughter, named Polycrite, as Callisthenes says,
+the people voted her, also, the same allowance for food with those
+that obtained the victory in the Olympic Games.  But Demetrius the
+Phalerian, Hieronymus the Rhodian, Aristoxenus the musician, and
+Aristotle, (if the Treatise of Nobility is to be reckoned among the
+genuine pieces of Aristotle,) say that Myrto, Aristides's
+granddaughter, lived with Socrates the philosopher, who indeed had
+another wife, but took her into his house, being a widow, by reason of
+her indigence, and want of the necessaries of life.  But Panaetius
+sufficiently confutes this in his books concerning Socrates.
+Demetrius the Phalerian, in his Socrates, says, he knew one
+Lysimachus, son to the daughter of Aristides, extremely poor, who used
+to sit near what is called the Iaccheum, and sustained himself by a
+table for interpreting dreams; and that, upon his proposal and
+representations, a decree was passed by the people, to give the mother
+and aunt of this man half a drachma a day.  The same Demetrius, when
+he was legislating himself, decreed each of these women a drachma per
+diem.  And it is not to be wondered at, that the people of Athens
+should take such care of people living in the city, since hearing the
+granddaughter of Aristogiton was in a low condition in the isle of
+Lemnos, and so poor nobody would marry her they brought her back to
+Athens, and, marrying her to a man of good birth, gave a farm at
+Potamus as her marriage-portion; and of similar humanity and bounty
+the city of Athens, even in our age, has given numerous proofs, and is
+justly admired and respected in consequence.
+
+
+
+MARCUS CATO
+
+Marcus Cato, we are told, was born at Tusculum, though (till he
+betook himself to civil and military affairs) he lived and was bred
+up in the country of the Sabines, where his father's estate lay.  His
+ancestors seeming almost entirely unknown, he himself praises his
+father Marcus, as a worthy man and a brave soldier, and Cato, his
+great grandfather too, as one who had often obtained military prizes,
+and who, having lost five horses under him, received, on the account
+of his valor, the worth of them out of the public exchequer.  Now it
+being the custom among the Romans to call those who, having no repute
+by birth, made themselves eminent by their own exertions, new men or
+upstarts, they called even Cato himself so, and so he confessed
+himself to be as to any public distinction or employment, but yet
+asserted that in the exploits and virtues of his ancestors he was
+very ancient.  His third name originally was not Cato, but Priscus,
+though afterwards he had the surname of Cato, by reason of his
+abilities; for the Romans call a skillful or experienced man, Catus.
+He was of a ruddy complexion, and gray-eyed; as the writer, who, with
+no good-will, made the following epigram upon him, lets us see:--
+
+Porcius, who snarls at all in every place,
+With his gray eyes, and with his fiery face,
+Even after death will scarce admitted be
+Into the infernal realms by Hecate.
+
+He gained, in early life, a good habit of body by working with his
+own hands, and living temperately, and serving in war; and seemed to
+have an equal proportion troth of health and strength.  And he
+exerted and practiced his eloquence through all the neighborhood and
+little villages; thinking it as requisite as a second body, and an
+all but necessary organ to one who looks forward to something above a
+mere humble and inactive life.  He would never refuse to be counsel
+for those who needed him, and was, indeed, early reckoned a good
+lawyer, and, ere long, a capable orator.
+
+Hence his solidity and depth of character showed itself gradually,
+more and more to those with whom he was concerned, and claimed, as it
+were, employment in great affairs, and places of public command.  Nor
+did he merely abstain from taking fees for his counsel and pleading,
+but did not even seem to put any high price on the honor which
+proceeded from such kind of combats, seeming much more desirous to
+signalize himself in the camp and in real fights; and while yet but a
+youth, had his breast covered with scars he had received from the
+enemy; being (as he himself says) but seventeen years old, when he
+made his first campaign; in the time when Hannibal, in the height of
+his success, was burning and pillaging all Italy.  In engagements he
+would strike boldly, without flinching, stand firm to his ground, fix
+a bold countenance upon his enemies, and with a harsh threatening
+voice accost them, justly thinking himself and telling others, that
+such a rugged kind of behavior sometimes terrifies the enemy more
+than the sword itself.  In his marches, he bore his own arms on foot,
+whilst one servant only followed, to carry the provisions for his
+table, with whom he is said never to have been angry or hasty, whilst
+he made ready his dinner or supper, but would, for the most part,
+when he was free from military duty, assist and help him himself to
+dress it.  When he was with the army, he used to drink only water;
+unless, perhaps, when extremely thirsty, he might mingle it with a
+little vinegar; or if he found his strength fail him, take a little
+wine.
+
+The little country house of Manius Curius, who had been thrice
+carried in triumph, happened to be near his farm; so that often going
+thither, and contemplating the small compass of the place, and
+plainness of the dwelling, he formed an idea of the mind of the
+person, who, being one of the greatest of the Romans, and having
+subdued the most warlike nations, nay, had driven Pyrrhus out of
+Italy, now, after three triumphs, was contented to dig in so small a
+piece of ground, and live in such a cottage.  Here it was that the
+ambassadors of the Samnites, finding him boiling turnips in the
+chimney corner, offered him a present of gold; but he sent them away
+with this saying; that he, who was content with such a supper, had no
+need of gold; and that he thought it more honorable to conquer those
+who possessed the gold, than to possess the gold itself.  Cato, after
+reflecting upon these things, used to return, and reviewing his own
+farm, his servants, and housekeeping, increase his labor, and
+retrench all superfluous expenses.
+
+When Fabius Maximus took Tarentum, Cato, being then but a youth, was
+a soldier under him; and being lodged with one Nearchus, a
+Pythagorean, desired to understand some of his doctrine, and hearing
+from him the language, which Plato also uses, -- that pleasure is
+evil's chief bait; the body the principal calamity of the soul; and
+that those thoughts which most separate and take it off from the
+affections of the body, most enfranchise and purify it; he fell in
+love the more with frugality and temperance.  With this exception, he
+is said not to have studied Greek until when he was pretty old; and
+rhetoric, to have then profited a little by Thucydides, but more by
+Demosthenes:  his writings, however, are considerably embellished
+with Greek sayings and stories; nay, many of these, translated word
+for word, are placed with his own apothegms and sentences.
+
+There was a man of the highest rank, and very influential among the
+Romans, called Valerius Flaccus, who was singularly skillful in
+discerning excellence yet in the bud, and, also, much disposed to
+nourish and advance it.  He, it seems, had lands bordering upon
+Cato's; nor could he but admire, when he understood from his servants
+the manner of his living, how he labored with his own hands, went on
+foot betimes in the morning to the courts to assist those who wanted
+his counsel; how, returning home again, when it was winter, he would
+throw a loose frock  over his shoulders, and in the summer time
+would work without anything on among his domestics, sit down with
+them, eat of the same bread, and drink of the same wine.  When they
+spoke, also, of other good qualities, his fair dealing and
+moderation, mentioning also some of his wise sayings, he ordered,
+that he should be invited to supper; and thus becoming personally
+assured of his fine temper and his superior character which, like a
+plant, seemed only to require culture and a better situation, he
+urged and persuaded him to apply himself to state affairs at Rome.
+Thither, therefore, he went, and by his pleading soon gained many
+friends and admirers; but, Valerius chiefly assisting his promotion,
+he first of all got appointed tribune in the army, and afterwards was
+made quaestor, or treasurer.  And now becoming eminent and noted, he
+passed, with Valerius himself, through the greatest commands, being
+first his colleague as consul, and then censor.  But among all the
+ancient senators, he most attached himself to Fabius Maximus; not so
+much for the honor of his person, and greatness of his power, as that
+he might have before him his habit and manner of life, as the best
+examples to follow:  and so he did not hesitate to oppose Scipio the
+Great, who, being then but a young man, seemed to set himself against
+the power of Fabius, and to be envied by him.  For being sent
+together with him as treasurer, when he saw him, according to his
+natural custom, make great expenses, and distribute among the
+soldiers without sparing, he freely told him that the expense in
+itself was not the greatest thing to be considered, but that he was
+corrupting the ancient frugality of the soldiers, by giving them the
+means to abandon themselves to unnecessary pleasures and luxuries.
+Scipio answered, that he had no need for so accurate a treasurer,
+(bearing on as he was, so to say, full sail to the war,) and that he
+owed the people an account of his actions, and not of the money he
+spent.  Hereupon Cato returned from Sicily, and, together with
+Fabius, made loud complaints in the open senate of Scipio's lavishing
+unspeakable sums, and childishly loitering away his time in wrestling
+matches and comedies, as if he were not to make war, but holiday; and
+thus succeeded in getting some of the tribunes of the people sent to
+call him back to Rome, in case the accusations should prove true.
+But Scipio demonstrating, as it were, to them, by his preparations,
+the coming victory, and, being found merely to be living pleasantly
+with his friends, when there was nothing else to do, but in no
+respect because of that easiness and liberality at all the more
+negligent in things of consequence and moment, without impediment,
+set sail towards the war.
+
+Cato grew more and more powerful by his eloquence, so that he was
+commonly called the Roman Demosthenes; but his manner of life was yet
+more famous and talked of.  For oratorical skill was, as an
+accomplishment, commonly studied and sought after by all young men;
+but he was very rare who would cultivate the old habits of bodily
+labor, or prefer a light supper, and a breakfast which never saw the
+fire; or be in love with poor clothes and a homely lodging, or could
+set his ambition rather on doing without luxuries than on possessing
+them.  For now the state, unable to keep its purity by reason of its
+greatness, and having so many affairs, and people from all parts
+under its government, was fain to admit many mixed customs, and new
+examples of living.  With reason, therefore, everybody admired Cato,
+when they saw others sink under labors, and grow effeminate by
+pleasures; and yet beheld him unconquered by either, and that not
+only when he was young and desirous of honor, but also when old and
+greyheaded, after a consulship and triumph; like some famous victor
+in the games, persevering in his exercise and maintaining his
+character to the very last.  He himself says, that he never wore a
+suit of clothes which cost more than a hundred drachmas; and that,
+when he was general and consul, he drank the same wine which his
+workmen did; and that the meat or fish which was bought in the market
+for his dinner, did not cost above thirty asses.  All which was for
+the sake of the commonwealth, that so his body might be the hardier
+for the war.  Having a piece of embroidered Babylonian tapestry left
+him, he sold it; because none of his farm-houses were so much as
+plastered.  Nor did he ever buy a slave for above fifteen hundred
+drachmas; as he did not seek for effeminate and handsome ones, but
+able, sturdy workmen, horse-keepers and cow-herds:  and these he
+thought ought to be sold again, when they grew old, and no useless
+servants fed in a house.  In short, he reckoned nothing a good
+bargain, which was superfluous; but whatever it was, though sold for
+a farthing, he would think it a great price, if you had no need of it;
+and was for the purchase of lands for sowing and feeding, rather than
+grounds for sweeping and watering.
+
+Some imputed these things to petty avarice, but others approved of
+him, as if he had only the more strictly denied himself for the
+rectifying and amending of others.  Yet certainly, in my judgment, it
+marks an over-rigid temper, for a man to take the work out of his
+servants as out of brute beasts, turning them off and selling them in
+their old age, and thinking there ought to be no further commerce
+between man and man, than whilst there arises some profit by it.  We
+see that kindness or humanity has a larger field than bare justice to
+exercise itself in; law and justice we cannot, in the nature of
+things, employ on others than men; but we may extend our goodness and
+charity even to irrational creatures; and such acts flow from a
+gentle nature, as water from an abundant spring.  It is doubtless the
+part of a kind-natured man to keep even worn-out horses and dogs, and
+not only take care of them when they are foals and whelps, but also
+when they are grown old.  The Athenians, when they built their
+Hecatompedon, turned those mules loose to feed freely, which they
+had observed to have done the hardest labor.  One of these (they say)
+came once of itself to offer its service, and ran along with, nay,
+and went before, the teams which drew the wagons up to the acropolis,
+as if it would incite and encourage them to draw more stoutly; upon
+which there passed a vote, that the creature should be kept at the
+public charge even till it died.  The graves of Cimon's horses, which
+thrice won the Olympian races, are yet to be seen close by his own
+monument.  Old Xanthippus, too, (amongst many others who buried the
+dogs they had bred up,) entombed his which swam after his galley to
+Salamis, when the people fled from Athens, on the top of a cliff,
+which they call the dog's tomb to this day.  Nor are we to use living
+creatures like old shoes or dishes, and throw them away when they are
+worn out or broken with service; but if it were for nothing else, but
+by way of study and practice in humanity, a man ought always to
+prehabituate himself in these things to be of a kind and sweet
+disposition.  As to myself, I would not so much as sell my draught ox
+on the account of his age, much less for a small piece of money sell
+a poor old man, and so chase him, as it were, from his own country,
+by turning him not only out of the place where he has lived a long
+while, but also out of the manner of living he has been accustomed
+to, and that more especially when he would be as useless to the buyer
+as to the seller.  Yet Cato for all this glories that he left that
+very horse in Spain, which he used in the wars when he was consul,
+only because he would not put the public to the charge of his
+freight.  Whether these acts are to be ascribed to the greatness or
+pettiness of his spirit, let every one argue as they please.
+
+For his general temperance, however, and self-control, he really
+deserves the highest admiration.  For when he commanded the army, he
+never took for himself, and those that belonged to him, above three
+bushels of wheat for a month, and somewhat less than a bushel and a
+half a day of barley for his baggage-cattle.  And when he entered
+upon the government of Sardinia, where his predecessors had been used
+to require tents, bedding, and clothes upon the public account, and
+to charge the state heavily with the cost of provisions and
+entertainments for a great train of servants and friends, the
+difference he showed in his economy was something incredible.  There
+was nothing of any sort for which he put the public to expense; he
+would walk without a carriage to visit the cities, with one only of
+the common town officers, who carried his dress, and a cup to offer
+libation with.  Yet, though he seemed thus easy and sparing to all
+who were under his power, he, on the other hand, showed most
+inflexible severity and strictness, in what related to public
+justice, and was rigorous, and precise in what concerned the
+ordinances of the commonwealth; so that the Roman government, never
+seemed more terrible, nor yet more mild, than under his
+administration.
+
+
+His very manner of speaking seemed to have such a kind of idea with
+it; for it was courteous, and yet forcible; pleasant, yet
+overwhelming; facetious, yet austere; sententious, and yet vehement:
+like Socrates, in the description of Plato, who seemed outwardly to
+those about him to be but a simple, talkative, blunt fellow; whilst
+at the bottom he was full of such gravity and matter, as would even
+move tears, and touch the very hearts of his auditors.  And,
+therefore, I know not what has persuaded some to say, that Cato's
+style was chiefly like that of Lysias.  However, let us leave those
+to judge of these things, who profess most to distinguish between the
+several kinds of oratorical style in Latin; whilst we write down some
+of his memorable sayings; being of the opinion that a man's character
+appears much more by his words, than, as some think it does, by his
+looks.
+
+Being once desirous to dissuade the common people of Rome, from their
+unseasonable and impetuous clamor for largesses and distributions of
+corn, he began thus to harangue them:  "It is a difficult task, O
+citizens, to make speeches to the belly, which has no ears."
+Reproving, also, their sumptuous habits, he said, it was hard to
+preserve a city, where a fish sold for more than an ox.  He had a
+saying, also, that the Roman people were like sheep; for they, when
+single, do not obey, but when altogether in a flock, they follow
+their leaders:  "So you," said he, "when you have got together in a
+body, let yourselves be guided by those whom singly you would never
+think of being advised by."  Discoursing of the power of women:
+"Men," said he, "usually command women; but we command all men, and
+the women command us."  But this, indeed, is borrowed from the
+sayings of Themistocles, who, when his son was making many demands of
+him by means of the mother, said, "O woman, the Athenians govern the
+Greeks; I govern the Athenians, but you govern me, and your son
+governs you; so let him use his power sparingly, since, simple as he
+is, he can do more than all the Greeks together."  Another saying of
+Cato's was, that the Roman people did not only fix the value of such
+and such purple dyes, but also of such and such habits of life:
+"For," said he, "as dyers most of all dye such colors as they see to
+be most agreeable, so the young men learn, and zealously affect what
+is most popular with you."  He also exhorted them, that if they were
+grown great by their virtue and temperance, they should not change
+for the worse; but if intemperance and vice had made them great, they
+should change for the better; for by that means they were grown
+indeed quite great enough.  He would say, likewise, of men who wanted
+to be continually in office, that apparently they did not know their
+road; since they could not do without beadles to guide them on it.
+He also reproved the citizens for choosing still the same men as
+their magistrates:  "For you will seem," said he, "either not to
+esteem government worth much, or to think few worthy to hold it."
+Speaking, too, of a certain enemy of his, who lived a very base and
+discreditable life:  "It is considered," he said, "rather as a curse
+than a blessing on him, that this fellow's mother prays that she may
+leave him behind her."  Pointing at one who had sold the land which
+his father had left him, and which lay near the sea-side, he
+pretended to express his wonder at his being stronger even than the
+sea itself; for what it washed away with a great deal of labor, he
+with a great deal of ease drank away.  When the senate, with a great
+deal of splendor, received king Eumenes on his visit to Rome, and the
+chief citizens strove who should be most about him, Cato appeared to
+regard him with suspicion and apprehension; and when one that stood
+by, too, took occasion to say, that he was a very good prince, and a
+great lover of the Romans:  "It may be so," said Cato, "but by nature
+this same animal of a king, is a kind of man-eater;" nor, indeed,
+were there ever kings who deserved to be compared with Epaminondas,
+Pericles, Themistocles, Manius Curius, or Hamilcar, surnamed Barcas.
+He used to say, too, that his enemies envied him; because he had to
+get up every day before light, and neglect his own business to follow
+that of the public.  He would also tell you, that he had rather be
+deprived of the reward for doing well, than not to suffer the
+punishment for doing ill; and that he could pardon all offenders but
+himself.
+
+The Romans having sent three ambassadors to Bithynia, of whom one was
+gouty, another had his skull trepanned, and the other seemed little
+better than a fool; Cato, laughing, gave out, that the Romans had
+sent an embassy, which had neither feet, head, nor heart. His
+interest being entreated by Scipio, on account of Polybius, for the
+Achaean exiles, and there happening to be a great discussion in the
+senate about it, some being for, and some against their return; Cato,
+standing up, thus delivered himself:  "Here do we sit all day long,
+as if we had nothing to do, but beat our brains whether these old
+Greeks should be carried to their graves by the bearers here or by
+those in Achaea."  The senate voting their return, it seems that a
+few days after Polybius's friends further wished that it should be
+moved in the senate, that the said banished persons should receive
+again the honors which they first had in Achaea; and, to this
+purpose, they sounded Cato for his opinion; but he, smiling,
+answered, that Polybius, Ulysses-like, having escaped out of the
+Cyclops' den, wanted, it would seem, to go back again because he had
+left his cap and belt behind him. He used to assert, also, that wise
+men profited more by fools, than fools by wise men; for that wise men
+avoided the faults of fools, but that fools would not imitate the
+good examples of wise men.  He would profess, too, that he was more
+taken with young men that blushed, than with those who looked pale;
+and that he never desired to have a soldier that moved his hands too
+much in marching, and his feet too much in fighting; or snored louder
+than he shouted.  Ridiculing a fat overgrown man:  "What use," said
+he, "can the state turn a man's body to, when all between the throat
+and groin is taken up by the belly?"  When one who was much given to
+pleasures desired his acquaintance, begging his pardon, he said, he
+could not live with a man whose palate was of a quicker sense than
+his heart.  He would likewise say, that the soul of a lover lived in
+the body of another:  and that in his whole life he most repented of
+three things; one was, that he had trusted a secret to a woman;
+another, that he went by water when he might have gone by land; the
+third, that he had remained one whole day without doing any business
+of moment. Applying himself to an old man who was committing some
+vice:  "Friend," said he, "old age has of itself blemishes enough; do
+not you add to it the deformity of vice."  Speaking to a tribune, who
+was reputed a poisoner, and was very violent for the bringing in of a
+bill, in order to make a certain law:  "Young man," cried he, "I know
+not which would be better, to drink what you mix, or confirm what you
+would put up for a law."  Being reviled by a fellow who lived a
+profligate and wicked life:  "A contest," replied he, "is unequal
+between you and me; for you can hear ill words easily, and can as
+easily give them; but it is unpleasant to me to give such, and
+unusual to hear them."  Such was his manner of expressing himself in
+his memorable sayings.
+
+Being chosen consul, with his friend and familiar Valerius Flaccus,
+the government of that part of Spain which the Romans call the Hither
+Spain, fell to his lot.  Here, as he was engaged in reducing some of
+the tribes by force, and bringing over others by good words, a large
+army of barbarians fell upon him, so that there was danger of being
+disgracefully forced out again.  He therefore called upon his
+neighbors, the Celtiberians, for help; and on their demanding two
+hundred talents for their assistance, everybody else thought it
+intolerable, that ever the Romans should promise barbarians a reward
+for their aid; but Cato said, there was no discredit or harm in it;
+for if they overcame, they would pay them out of the enemy's purse,
+and not out of their own; but if they were overcome, there would be
+nobody left either to demand the reward or to pay it.  However, he
+won that battle completely, and after that, all his other affairs
+succeeded splendidly.  Polybius says, that by his command the walls
+of all the cities, on this side the river Baetis, were in one day's
+time demolished, and yet there were a great many of them full of
+brave and warlike men.  Cato himself says, that he took more cities
+than he stayed days in Spain.  Neither is this a mere rhodomontade,
+if it be true, that the number was four hundred.  And though the
+soldiers themselves had got much in the fights, yet he distributed a
+pound of silver to every man of them, saying, it was better, that
+many of the Romans should return home with silver, rather than a few
+with gold.  For himself he affirms, that of all the things that were
+taken, nothing came to him beyond what he ate and drank.  "Neither do
+I find fault," continued he, "with those that seek to profit by these
+spoils, but I had rather compete in valor with the best, than in
+wealth with the richest, or with the most covetous in love of money."
+Nor did he merely keep himself clear from taking anything, but even
+all those who more immediately belonged to him.  He had five servants
+with him in the army; one of whom called Paccus, bought three boys,
+out of those who were taken captive; which Cato coming to understand,
+the man rather than venture into his presence, hanged himself.  Cato
+sold the boys, and carried the price he got for them into the public
+exchequer.
+
+Scipio the Great, being his enemy, and desiring, whiles he was
+carrying all things so successfully, to obstruct him, and take the
+affairs of Spain into his own hands, succeeded in getting himself
+appointed his successor in the government, and, making all possible
+haste, put a term to Cato's authority.  But he, taking with him a
+convoy of five cohorts of foot, and five hundred horse to attend him
+home, overthrew by the way the Lacetanians, and salting from them six
+hundred deserters, caused them all to be beheaded; upon which Scipio
+seemed to be in indignation, but Cato, in mock disparagement of
+himself, said, "Rome would become great indeed, if the most honorable
+and great men would not yield up the first place of valor to those
+who were more obscure, and when they who were of the commonalty (as
+he himself was) would contend in valor with those who were most
+eminent in birth and honor."  The senate having voted to change
+nothing of what had been established by Cato, the government passed
+away under Scipio to no manner of purpose, in idleness and doing
+nothing; and so diminished his credit much more than Cato's.  Nor did
+Cato, who now received a triumph, remit after this and slacken the
+reins of virtue, as many do, who strive not so much for virtue's
+sake, as for vainglory, and having attained the highest honors, as
+the consulship and triumphs, pass the rest of their life in pleasure
+and idleness, and quit all public affairs.  But he, like those who
+are just entered upon public life for the first time, and thirst
+after gaining honor and glory in some new office, strained himself,
+as if he were but just setting out; and offering still publicly his
+service to his friends and citizens, would give up neither his
+pleadings nor his soldiery.
+
+He accompanied and assisted Tiberius Sempronius, as his lieutenant,
+when he went into Thrace and to the Danube; and, in the quality of
+tribune, went with Manius Acilius into Greece, against Antiochus the
+Great, who, after Hannibal, more than anyone struck terror into the
+Romans.  For having reduced once more under a single command almost
+the whole of Asia, all, namely, that Seleucus Nicator had possessed,
+and having brought into obedience many warlike nations of the
+barbarians, he longed to fall upon the Romans, as if they only were
+now worthy to fight with him.  So across he came with his forces,
+pretending, as a specious cause of the war, that it was to free the
+Greeks, who had indeed no need of it, they having been but newly
+delivered from the power of king Philip and the Macedonians, and made
+independent, with the free use of their own laws, by the goodness of
+the Romans themselves; so that all Greece was in commotion and
+excitement, having been corrupted by the hopes of royal aid which the
+popular leaders in their cities put them into.  Manius, therefore,
+sent ambassadors to the different cities; and Titus Flamininus (as is
+written in the account of him) suppressed and quieted most of the
+attempts of the innovators, without any trouble.  Cato brought over
+the Corinthians, those of Patrae and of Aegium, and spent a good deal
+of time at Athens.  There is also an oration of his said to be
+extant, which he spoke in Greek to the people; in which he expressed
+his admiration of the virtue of the ancient Athenians, and signified
+that he came with a great deal of pleasure to be a spectator of the
+beauty and greatness of their city.  But this is a fiction; for he
+spoke to the Athenians by an interpreter, though he was able to have
+spoken himself; but he wished to observe the usage of his own
+country, and laughed at those who admired nothing but what was in
+Greek.  Jesting upon Postumius Albinus, who had written a historical
+work in Greek, and requested that allowances might be made for his
+attempt, he said, that allowance indeed might be made, if he had done
+it under the express compulsion of an Amphictyonic decree.  The
+Athenians, he says, admired the quickness and vehemence of his
+speech; for an interpreter would be very long in repeating what he
+expressed with a great deal of brevity; but on the whole he professed
+to believe, that the words of the Greeks came only from their lips,
+whilst those of the Romans came from their hearts.
+
+Now Antiochus, having occupied with his army the narrow passages
+about Thermopylae, and added palisades and walls to the natural
+fortifications of the place, sat down there, thinking he had done
+enough to divert the war; and the Romans, indeed, seemed wholly to
+despair of forcing the passage; but Cato, calling to mind the compass
+and circuit which the Persians had formerly made to come at this
+place, went forth in the night, taking along with him part of the
+army.  Whilst they were climbing up, the guide, who was a prisoner,
+missed the way, and wandering up and down by impracticable and
+precipitous paths, filled the soldiers with fear and despondency.
+Cato, perceiving the danger, commanded all the rest to halt, and stay
+where they were, whilst he himself, taking along with him one Lucius
+Manlius, a most expert man at climbing mountains, went forward with a
+great deal of labor and danger, in the dark night, and without the
+least moonshine, among the wild olive trees, and steep craggy rocks,
+there being nothing but precipices and darkness before their eyes,
+till they struck into a little pass which they thought might lead
+down into the enemy's camp.  There they put up marks upon some
+conspicuous peaks which surmount the hill called Callidromon, and
+returning again, they led the army along with them to the said marks,
+till they got into their little path again, and there once made a
+halt; but when they began to go further, the path deserted them at a
+precipice, where they were in another strait and fear; nor did they
+perceive that they were all this while near the enemy.  And now the
+day began to give some light, when they seemed to hear a noise, and
+presently after to see the Greek trenches and the guard at the foot
+of the rock.  Here, therefore, Cato halted his forces, and commanded
+the troops from Firmum only, without the rest, to stick by him, as he
+had always found them faithful and ready.  And when they came up and
+formed around him in close order, he thus spoke to them.  "I desire,"
+he said, "to take one of the enemy alive, that so I may understand
+what men these are who guard the passage; their number; and with what
+discipline, order, and preparation they expect us; but this feat,"
+continued he, "must be an act of a great deal of quickness and
+boldness, such as that of lions, when they dart upon some timorous
+animal."  Cato had no sooner thus expressed himself, but the Firmans
+forthwith rushed down the mountain, just as they were, upon the
+guard, and, falling unexpectedly upon them, affrighted and dispersed
+them all.  One armed man they took, and brought to Cato, who quickly
+learned from him, that the rest of the forces lay in the narrow
+passage about the king; that those who kept the tops of the rocks
+were six hundred choice Aetolians.  Cato, therefore, despising the
+smallness of their number and carelessness, forthwith drawing his
+sword, fell upon them with a great noise of trumpets and shouting.
+The enemy, perceiving them thus tumbling, as it were, upon them from
+the precipices, flew to the main body, and put all things into
+disorder there.
+
+In the meantime, whilst Manius was forcing the works below, and
+pouring the thickest of his forces into the narrow passages,
+Antiochus was hit in the mouth with a stone, so that his teeth being
+beaten out by it, he felt such excessive pain, that he was fain to
+turn away with his horse; nor did any part of his army stand the
+shock of the Romans.  Yet, though there seemed no reasonable hope of
+flight, where all paths were so difficult, and where there were deep
+marshes and steep rocks, which looked as if they were ready to
+receive those who should stumble, the fugitives, nevertheless,
+crowding and pressing together.  In the narrow passages, destroyed even
+one another in their terror of the swords and blows of the enemy.  Cato
+(as it plainly appears) was never oversparing of his own praises, and
+seldom shunned boasting of any exploit; which quality, indeed, he
+seems to have thought the natural accompaniment of great actions; and
+with these particular exploits he was highly puffed up; he says, that
+those who saw him that day pursuing and slaying the enemies, were
+ready to assert, that Cato owed not so much to the public, as the
+public did to Cato; nay, he adds, that Manius the consul, coming hot
+from the fight, embraced him for a great while, when both were all in
+a sweat; and then cried out with joy, that neither he himself, no,
+nor all the people together, could make him a recompense equal to his
+actions.  After the fight he was sent to Rome, that he himself might
+be the messenger of it; and so, with a favorable wind, he sailed to
+Brundusium, and in one day got from thence to Tarentum; and having
+traveled four days more, upon the fifth, counting from the time of
+his landing, he arrived at Rome, and so brought the first news of the
+victory himself; and filled the whole city with joy and sacrifices,
+and the people with the belief, that they were able to conquer every
+sea and every land.
+
+These are pretty nearly all the eminent actions of Cato, relating to
+military affairs:  in civil policy, he was of opinion, that one chief
+duty consisted in accusing and indicting criminals.  He himself
+prosecuted many, and he would also assist others who prosecuted them,
+nay would even procure such, as he did the Petilii against Scipio;
+but not being able to destroy him, by reason of the nobleness of his
+family, and the real greatness of his mind, which enabled him to
+trample all calumnies underfoot, Cato at last would meddle no more
+with him; yet joining with the accusers against Scipio's brother
+Lucius, he succeeded in obtaining a sentence against him, which
+condemned him to the payment of a large sum of money to the state;
+and being insolvent, and in danger of being thrown into jail, he was,
+by the interposition of the tribunes of the people, with much ado
+dismissed.  It is also said of Cato, that when he met a certain
+youth, who had effected the disgrace of one of his father's enemies,
+walking in the market-place, he shook him by the hand, telling him,
+that this was what we ought to sacrifice to our dead parents-- not
+lambs and goats, but the tears and condemnations of their
+adversaries.  But neither did he himself escape with impunity in his
+management of affairs; for if he gave his enemies but the least hold,
+he was still in danger, and exposed to be brought to justice.  He is
+reported to have escaped at least fifty indictments; and one above
+the rest, which was the last, when he was eighty-six years old, about
+which time he uttered the well-known saying, that it was hard for him
+who had lived with one generation of men, to plead now before
+another.  Neither did he make this the last of his lawsuits; for,
+four years after, when he was fourscore and ten, he accused Servilius
+Galba:  so that his life and actions extended, we may say, as
+Nestor's did, over three ordinary ages of man.  For, having had many
+contests, as we have related, with Scipio the Great, about affairs of
+state, he continued them down even to Scipio the younger, who was the
+adopted grandson of the former, and the son of that Paulus, who
+overthrew Perseus and the Macedonians.
+
+Ten years after his consulship, Cato stood for the office of censor,
+which was indeed the summit of all honor, and in a manner the highest
+step in civil affairs; for besides all other power, it had also that
+of an inquisition into everyone's life and manners.  For the Romans
+thought that no marriage, or rearing of children, nay, no feast or
+drinking-bout ought to be permitted according to everyone's appetite
+or fancy, without being examined and inquired into; being indeed of
+opinion, that a man's character was much sooner perceived in things
+of this sort, than in what is done publicly and in open day.  They
+chose, therefore, two persons, one out of the patricians, the other
+out of the commons, who were to watch, correct, and punish, if any
+one ran too much into voluptuousness, or transgressed the usual
+manner of life of his country; and these they called Censors.  They
+had power to take away a horse, or expel out of the senate any one
+who lived intemperately and out of order.  It was also their business
+to take an estimate of what everyone was worth, and to put down in
+registers everybody's birth and quality; besides many other
+prerogatives.  And therefore the chief nobility opposed his
+pretensions to it.  Jealousy prompted the patricians, who thought
+that it would be a stain to everybody's nobility, if men of no
+original honor should rise to the highest dignity and power; while
+others, conscious of their own evil practices, and of the violation
+of the laws and customs of their country, were afraid of the
+austerity of the man; which, in an office of such great power was
+likely to prove most uncompromising and severe.  And so consulting
+among themselves, they brought forward seven candidates in opposition
+to him, who sedulously set themselves to court the people's favor by
+fair promises, as though what they wished for was indulgent and easy
+government.  Cato, on the contrary, promising no such mildness, but
+plainly threatening evil livers, from the very hustings openly
+declared himself; and exclaiming, that the city needed a great and
+thorough purgation, called upon the people, if they were wise, not to
+choose the gentlest, but the roughest of physicians; such a one, he
+said, he was, and Valerius Flaccus, one of the patricians, another;
+together with him, he doubted not but he should do something worth
+the while, and that, by cutting to pieces and burning like a hydra,
+all luxury and voluptuousness.  He added, too, that he saw all the rest
+endeavoring after the office with ill intent, because they were
+afraid of those who would exercise it justly, as they ought.  And so
+truly great and so worthy of great men to be its leaders was, it
+would seem, the Roman people, that they did not fear the severity end
+grim countenance of Cato, but rejecting those smooth promisers who
+were ready to do all things to ingratiate themselves, they took him,
+together with Flaccus; obeying his recommendations not as though he
+were a candidate, but as if he had had the actual power of commanding
+and governing already.
+
+Cato named as chief of the senate, his friend and colleague Lucius
+Valerius Flaccus, and expelled, among many others, Lucius Quintius,
+who had been consul seven years before, and (which was greater honor
+to him than the consulship) brother to that Titus Flamininus, who
+overthrew king Philip.  The reason he had for his expulsion, was
+this.  Lucius, it seems, took along with him in all his commands, a
+youth, whom he had kept as his companion from the flower of his age,
+and to whom he gave as much power and respect as to the chiefest of
+his friends and relations.
+
+Now it happened that Lucius being consular governor of one of the
+provinces, the youth setting himself down by him, as he used to do,
+among other flatteries with which he played upon him, when he wee in
+his cups, told him he loved him so dearly that, "though there was a
+show of gladiators to be seen at Rome, and I," he said, "had never
+beheld one in my life; and though I, as it were, longed to see a man
+killed, yet I made all possible haste to come to you."  Upon this
+Lucius, returning his fondness, replied, "Do not be melancholy on
+that account; I can remedy that."  Ordering therefore, forthwith, one
+of those condemned to die to be brought to the feast, together with
+the headsman and axe, he asked the youth if he wished to see him
+executed.  The boy answering that he did, Lucius commanded the
+executioner to cut off his neck; and this several historians mention;
+and Cicero, indeed, in his dialogue de Senectute, introduces Cato
+relating it himself.  But Livy says, that he that was killed was a
+Gaulish deserter, and that Lucius did not execute him by the stroke
+of the executioner, but with his own hand; and that it is so stated
+in Cato's speech.
+
+Lucius being thus expelled out of the senate by Cato, his brother
+took it very ill, and appealing to the people, desired that Cato
+should declare his reasons; and when he began to relate this
+transaction of the feast, Lucius endeavored to deny it; but Cato
+challenging him to a formal investigation, he fell off and refused
+it, so that he was then acknowledged to suffer deservedly.
+Afterwards, however, when there was some show at the theater, he
+passed by the seats where those who had been consuls used to be
+placed, and taking his seat a great way off, excited the compassion
+of the common people, who presently with a great noise made him go
+forward, and as much as they could, tried to set right and salve over
+what had happened.  Manilius, also, who, according to the public
+expectation, would have been next consul, he threw out of the senate,
+because, in the presence of his daughter, and in open day, he had
+kissed his wife.  He said, that as for himself, his wife never came
+into his arms except when there was great thunder; so that it was a
+jest with him, that it was a pleasure for him, when Jupiter
+thundered.
+
+His treatment of Lucius, likewise, the brother of Scipio, and one who
+had been honored with a triumph, occasioned some odium against Cato;
+for he took his horse from him, and was thought to do it with a
+design of putting an affront on Scipio Africanus, now dead.  But he
+gave most general annoyance, by retrenching people's luxury; for
+though (most of the youth being thereby already corrupted) it seemed
+almost impossible to take it away with an open hand and directly, yet
+going, as it were, obliquely around, he caused all dress, carriages,
+women's ornaments, household furniture, whose price exceeded one
+thousand five hundred drachmas, to be rated at ten times as much as
+they were worth; intending by thus making the assess-ments greater,
+to increase the taxes paid upon them.  He also ordained that upon
+every thousand asses of property of this kind, three should be
+paid, so that people, burdened with these extra charges, and seeing
+others of as good estates, but more frugal and sparing, paying less
+into the public exchequer, might be tired out of their prodigality.
+And thus, on the one side, not only those were disgusted at Cato, who
+bore the taxes for the sake of their luxury, but those, too, who on
+the other side laid by their luxury for fear of the taxes.  For people
+in general reckon, that an order not to display their riches, is
+equivalent to the taking away their riches; because riches are seen
+much more in superfluous, than in necessary, things.  Indeed, this
+was what excited the wonder of Ariston the philosopher; that we
+account those who possess superfluous things more happy than those
+who abound with what is necessary and useful.  But when one of his
+friends asked Scopas, the rich Thessalian, to give him some article
+of no great utility, saying that it was not a thing that he had any
+great need or use for himself, "In truth," replied he, "it is just
+these useless and unnecessary things that make my wealth and
+happiness."  Thus the desire of riches does not proceed from a
+natural passion within us, but arises rather from vulgar out-of-doors
+opinion of other people.
+
+Cato, notwithstanding, being little solicitous as to those who
+exclaimed against him, increased his austerity.  He caused the pipes,
+through which some persons brought the public water into their own
+houses and gardens, to be cut, and threw down all buildings which
+jutted out into the common streets.  He beat down also the price in
+contracts for public works to the lowest, and raised it in contracts
+for farming the taxes to the highest sum; by which proceedings he
+drew a great deal of hatred on himself.  Those who were of Titus
+Flamininus's party canceled in the senate all the bargains and
+contracts made by him for the repairing and carrying on of the sacred
+and public buildings, as unadvantageous to the commonwealth.  They
+incited also the boldest of the tribunes of the people to accuse him,
+and to fine him two talents.  They likewise much opposed him in
+building the court or basilica, which he caused to be erected at the
+common charge, just by the senate-house, in the market-place, and
+called by his own name, the Porcian.  However, the people, it seems,
+liked his censorship wondrously well; for, setting up a statue for
+him in the temple of the goddess of Health, they put an inscription
+under it, not recording his commands in war or his triumph, but to
+the effect, that this was Cato the Censor, who, by his good
+discipline and wise and temperate ordinances, reclaimed the Roman
+commonwealth when it was declining and sinking down into vice.
+Before this honor was done to himself, he used to laugh at those who
+loved such kind of things, saying, that they did not see that they
+were taking pride in the workmanship of brass-founders and painters;
+whereas the citizens bore about his best likeness in their breasts.
+And when any seemed to wonder, that he should have never a statue,
+while many ordinary persons had one; "I would," said he, "much rather
+be asked, why I have not one, than why I have one."  In short, he
+would not have any honest citizen endure to be praised, except it
+might prove advantageous to the commonwealth.  Yet still he had
+passed the highest commendation on himself; for he tells us that
+those who did anything wrong, and were found fault with, used to
+say, it was not worthwhile to blame them; for they were not Catos.
+He also adds, that they who awkwardly mimicked some of his actions,
+were called left-handed Catos; and that the senate in perilous times
+would cast their eyes on him, as upon a pilot in a ship, and that
+often when he was not present they put off affairs of greatest
+consequence.  These things are indeed also testified of him by
+others; for he had a great authority in the city, alike for his life,
+his eloquence, and his age.
+
+He was also a good father, an excellent husband to his wife, and an
+extraordinary economist; and as he did not manage his affairs of this
+kind carelessly, and as things of little moment, I think I ought to
+record a little further whatever was commendable in him in these
+points.  He married a wife more noble than rich; being of opinion
+that the rich and the high-born are equally haughty and proud; but
+that those of noble blood, would be more ashamed of base things, and
+consequently more obedient to their husbands in all that was fit and
+right.  A man who beat his wife or child, laid violent hands, he
+said, on what was most sacred; and a good husband he reckoned worthy
+of more praise than a great senator; and he admired the ancient
+Socrates for nothing so much as for having lived a temperate and
+contented life with a wife who was a scold, and children who were
+half-witted.
+
+As soon as he had a son born, though he had never such urgent
+business upon his hands, unless it were some public matter, he would
+be by when his wife washed it, and dressed it in its swaddling
+clothes.  For she herself suckled it, nay, she often too gave her
+breast to her servants' children, to produce, by sucking the same
+milk, a kind of natural love in them to her son.  When he began to
+come to years of discretion, Cato himself would teach him to read,
+although he had a servant, a very good grammarian, called Chilo, who
+taught many others; but he thought not fit, as he himself said, to
+have his son reprimanded by a slave, or pulled, it may be, by the
+ears when found tardy in his lesson:  nor would he have him owe to a
+servant the obligation of so great a thing as his learning; he
+himself, therefore, (as we were saying,) taught him his grammar, law,
+and his gymnastic exercises.  Nor did he only show him, too, how to
+throw a dart, to fight in armor, and to ride, but to box also and to
+endure both heat and cold, and to swim over the most rapid and rough
+rivers.  He says, likewise, that he wrote histories, in large
+characters, with his own hand, that so his son, without stirring out
+of the house, might learn to know about his countrymen and
+forefathers:  nor did he less abstain from speaking anything obscene
+before his son, than if it had been in the presence of the sacred
+virgins, called vestals.  Nor would he ever go into the bath with
+him; which seems indeed to have been the common custom of the Romans.
+Sons-in-law used to avoid bathing with fathers-in-law, disliking to
+see one another naked:  but having, in time, learned of the Greeks to
+strip before men, they have since taught the Greeks to do it even
+with the women themselves.
+
+Thus, like an excellent work, Cato formed and fashioned his son to
+virtue; nor had he any occasion to find fault with his readiness and
+docility; but as he proved to be of too weak a constitution for
+hardships, he did not insist on requiring of him any very austere way
+of living.  However, though delicate in health, he proved a stout man
+in the field, and behaved himself valiantly when Paulus Aemilius
+fought against Perseus; where when his sword was struck from him by a
+blow, or rather slipped out of his hand by reason of its moistness,
+he so keenly resented it, that he turned to some of his friends about
+him, and taking them along with him again, fell upon the enemy; and
+having by a long fight and much force cleared the place, at length
+found it among great heaps of arms, and the dead bodies of friends as
+well as enemies piled one upon another.  Upon which Paulus, his
+general, much commended the youth; and there is a letter of Cato's to
+his son, which highly praises his honorable eagerness for the
+recovery of his sword.  Afterwards he married Tertia, Aemilius
+Paulus's daughter, and sister to Scipio; nor was he admitted into
+this family less for his own worth than his father's.  So that Cato's
+care in his son's education came to a very fitting result.
+
+He purchased a great many slaves out of the captives taken in war,
+but chiefly bought up the young ones, who were capable to be, as it
+were, broken and taught like whelps and colts.  None of these ever
+entered another man's house, except sent either by Cato himself or
+his wife.  If any one of them were asked what Cato did, they answered
+merely, that they did not know.  When a servant was at home, he was
+obliged either to do some work or sleep; for indeed Cato loved those
+most who used to lie down often to sleep, accounting them more docile
+than those who were wakeful, and more fit for anything when they were
+refreshed with a little slumber.  Being also of opinion, that the
+great cause of the laziness and misbehavior of slaves was their
+running after their pleasures, he fixed a certain price for them to
+pay for permission amongst themselves, but would suffer no
+connections out of the house.  At first, when he was but a poor
+soldier, he would not be difficult in anything which related to his
+eating, but looked upon it as a pitiful thing to quarrel with a
+servant for the belly's sake; but afterwards, when he grew richer,
+and made any feasts for his friends and colleagues in office, as soon
+as supper was over he used to go with a leathern thong and scourge
+those who had waited or dressed the meat carelessly.  He always
+contrived, too, that his servants should have some difference one
+among another, always suspecting and fearing a good understanding
+between them.  Those who had committed anything worthy of death, he
+punished, if they were found guilty by the verdict of their
+fellow-servants.  But being after all much given to the desire of gain,
+he looked upon agriculture rather as a pleasure than profit;
+resolving, therefore, to lay out his money in safe and solid things,
+he purchased ponds, hot baths, grounds full of fuller's earth,
+remunerative lands, pastures, and woods; from all which he drew large
+returns, nor could Jupiter himself, he used to say, do him much
+damage.  He was also given to the form of usury, which is considered
+most odious, in traffic by sea; and that thus: -- he desired that those
+whom he put out his money to, should have many partners; and when the
+number of them and their ships came to be fifty, he himself took one
+share through Quintio his freedman, who therefore was to sail with
+the adventurers, and take a part in all their proceedings; so that
+thus there was no danger of losing his whole stock, but only a little
+part, and that with a prospect of great profit.  He likewise lent
+money to those of his slaves who wished to borrow, with which they
+bought also other young ones, whom, when they had taught and bred up
+at his charges, they would sell again at the year's end; but some of
+them Cato would keep for himself, giving just as much for them as
+another had offered.  To incline his son to be of this kind of
+temper, he used to tell him, that it was not like a man, but rather
+like a widow woman, to lessen an estate.  But the strongest
+indication of Cato's avaricious humor was when he took the boldness
+to affirm, that he was a most wonderful, nay, a godlike man, who left
+more behind him than he had received.
+
+He was now grown old, when Carneades the Academic, and Diogenes the
+Stoic, came as deputies from Athens to Rome, praying for release from
+a penalty of five hundred talents laid on the Athenians, in a suit,
+to which they did not appear, in which the Oropians were plaintiffs,
+and Sicyonians judges.  All the most studious youth immediately
+waited on these philosophers, and frequently, with admiration, heard
+them speak.  But the gracefulness of Carneades's oratory, whose
+ability was really greatest, and his reputation equal to it, gathered
+large and favorable audiences, and erelong filled, like a wind, all
+the city with the sound of it.  So that it soon began to be told,
+that a Greek, famous even to admiration, winning and carrying all
+before him, had impressed so strange a love upon the young men, that
+quitting all their pleasures and pastimes, they ran mad, as it were,
+after philosophy; which indeed much pleased the Romans in general;
+nor could they but with much pleasure see the youth receive so
+welcomely the Greek literature, and frequent the company of learned
+men.  But Cato, on the other side, seeing this passion for words
+flowing into the city, from the beginning, took it ill, fearing lest
+the youth should be diverted that way, and so should prefer the glory
+of speaking well before that of arms, and doing well.  And when the
+fame of the philosophers increased in the city, and Caius Acilius, a
+person of distinction, at his own request, became their interpreter
+to the senate at their first audience, Cato resolved, under some
+specious presence, to have all philosophers cleared out of the city;
+and, coming into the senate, blamed the magistrates for letting these
+deputies stay so long a time without being dispatched, though they
+were persons that could easily persuade the people to what they
+pleased; that therefore in all haste something should be determined
+about their petition, that so they might go home again to their own
+schools, and declaim to the Greek children, and leave the Roman
+youth, to be obedient, as hitherto, to their own laws and governors.
+
+Yet he did this not out of any anger, as some think, to Carneades;
+but because he wholly despised philosophy, and out of a kind of
+pride, scoffed at the Greek studies and literature; as, for example,
+he would say, that Socrates was a prating seditious fellow, who did
+his best to tyrannize over his country, to undermine the ancient
+customs, and to entice and withdraw the citizens to opinions contrary
+to the laws.  Ridiculing the school of Isocrates, he would add, that
+his scholars grew old men before they had done learning with him, as
+if they were to use their art and plead causes in the court of Minos
+in the next world.  And to frighten his son from anything that was
+Greek, in a more vehement tone than became one of his age, he
+pronounced, as it were, with the voice of an oracle, that the Romans
+would certainly be destroyed when they began once to be infected with
+Greek literature; though time indeed has shown the vanity of this his
+prophecy; as, in truth, the city of Rome has risen to its highest
+fortune, while entertaining Grecian learning.  Nor had he an aversion
+only against the Greek philosophers, but the physicians also; for
+having, it seems, heard how Hippocrates, when the king of Persia sent
+for him, with offers of a fee of several talents, said, that he would
+never assist barbarians who were enemies to the Greeks; he affirmed,
+that this was now become a common oath taken by all physicians, and
+enjoined his son to have a care and avoid them; for that he himself
+had written a little book of prescriptions for curing those who were
+sick in his family; he never enjoined fasting to anyone, but ordered
+them either vegetables, or the meat of a duck, pigeon, or leveret;
+such kind of diet being of light digestion, and fit for sick folks,
+only it made those who ate it dream a little too much; and by the
+use of this kind of physic, he said, he not only made himself and
+those about him well, but kept them so.
+
+However, for this his presumption, he seemed not to have escaped
+unpunished; for he lost both his wife and his son; though he himself,
+being of a strong robust constitution, held out longer; so that he
+would often, even in his old days, address himself to women, and when
+he was past a lover's age, married a young woman, upon the following
+pretense.  Having lost his own wife, he married his son to the
+daughter of Paulus Aemilius, who was sister to Scipio; so that being
+now a widower himself, he had a young girl who came privately to
+visit him; but the house being very small, and a daughter-in-law also
+in it, this practice was quickly discovered; for the young woman
+seeming once to pass through it a little too boldly, the youth, his
+son, though he said nothing, seemed to look somewhat indignantly upon
+her.  The old man perceiving and understanding that what he did was
+disliked, without finding any fault, or saying a word, went away
+as his custom was, with his usual companions to the market:  and
+among the rest, he called aloud to one Salonius, who had been a clerk
+under him, and asked him whether he had married his daughter? He
+answered, no, nor would he, till he had consulted him.  Said Cato,
+"Then I have found out a fit son-in-law for you, if he should not
+displease by reason of his age; for in all other points there is no
+fault to be found in him; but he is indeed, as I said, extremely
+old."  However, Salonius desired him to undertake the business, and
+to give the young girl to whom he pleased, she being a humble servant
+of his, who stood in need of his care and patronage.  Upon this Cato,
+without any more ado, told him, he desired to have the damsel
+himself.  These words, as may well be imagined, at first astonished
+the man, conceiving that Cato was as far off from marrying, as he
+from a likelihood of being allied to the family of one who had been
+consul, and had triumphed; but perceiving him in earnest, he
+consented willingly; and, going onwards to the forum, they quickly
+completed the bargain.
+
+Whilst the marriage was in hand, Cato's son, taking some of his
+friends along with him, went and asked his father if it were for any
+offense he brought in a stepmother upon him?  But Cato cried out, "Far
+from it, my son, I have no fault to find with you nor anything of
+yours; only I desire to have many children, and to leave the
+commonwealth more such citizens as you are."  Pisistratus, the tyrant
+of Athens, made, they say, this answer to his sons, when they were
+grown men, when he married his second wife, Timonassa of Argos, by
+whom he had, it is said, Iophon and Thessalus.  Cato had a son by
+this second wife, to whom from his mother, he gave the surname of
+Salonius.  In the mean time, his eldest died in his praetorship; of
+whom Cato often makes mention in his books, as having been a good
+man.  He is said, however, to have borne the loss moderately, and
+like a philosopher, and was nothing the more remiss in attending to
+affairs of state; so that he did not, as Lucius Lucullus and Metellus
+Pius did, grow languid in his old age, as though public business were
+a duty once to be discharged, and then quitted; nor did he, like
+Scipio Africanus, because envy had struck at his glory, turn from the
+public, and change and pass away the rest of his life without doing
+anything; but as one persuaded Dionysius, that the most honorable
+tomb he could have, would be to die in the exercise of his dominion;
+so Cato thought that old age to be the most honorable, which was
+busied in public affairs; though he would, now and then, when he had
+leisure, recreate himself with husbandry and writing.
+
+And, indeed, he composed various books and histories; and in his
+youth, he addicted himself to agriculture for profit's sake; for he
+used to say, he had but two ways of getting -- agriculture and
+parsimony; and now, in his old age, the first of these gave him both
+occupation and a subject of study.  He wrote one book on country
+matters, in which he treated particularly even of making cakes, and
+preserving fruit; it being his ambition to be curious and singular in
+all things.  His suppers, at his country-house, used also to be
+plentiful; he daily invited his friends and neighbors about him, and
+passed the time merrily with them; so that his company was not only
+agreeable to those of the same age, but even to younger men; for he
+had had experience in many things, and had been concerned in much,
+both by word and deed, that was worth the hearing.  He looked upon a
+good table, as the best place for making friends; where the
+commendations of brave and good citizens were usually introduced, and
+little said of base and unworthy ones; as Cato would not give leave
+in his company to have anything, either good or ill, said about
+them.
+
+Some will have the overthrow of Carthage to have been one of his last
+acts of state; when, indeed, Scipio the younger, did by his valor
+give it the last blow, but the war, chiefly by the counsel and advice
+of Cato, was undertaken on the following occasion.  Cato was sent to
+the Carthaginians and Masinissa, king of Numidia, who were at war
+with one another, to know the cause of their difference.  He, it
+seems, had been a friend of the Romans from the beginning; and they,
+too, since they were conquered by Scipio, were of the Roman
+confederacy, having been shorn of their power by loss of territory,
+and a heavy tax.  Finding Carthage, not (as the Romans thought) low
+and in an ill condition, but well manned, full of riches and all
+sorts of arms and ammunition, and perceiving the Carthaginians carry
+it high, he conceived that it was not a time for the Romans to adjust
+affairs between them and Masinissa; but rather that they themselves
+would fall into danger, unless they should find means to check this
+rapid new growth of Rome's ancient irreconcilable enemy.  Therefore,
+returning quickly to Rome, he acquainted the senate, that the former
+defeats and blows given to the Carthaginians, had not so much
+diminished their strength, as it had abated their imprudence and
+folly; that they were not become weaker, but more experienced in war,
+and did only skirmish with the Numidians, to exercise themselves the
+better to cope with the Romans:  that the peace and league they had
+made was but a kind of suspension of war which awaited a fairer
+opportunity to break out again.
+
+Moreover, they say that, shaking his gown, he took occasion to let
+drop some African figs before the senate.  And on their admiring the
+size and beauty of them, he presently added, that the place that bore
+them was but three days' sail from Rome.  Nay, he never after this
+gave his opinion, but at the end he would be sure to come out with
+this sentence, "Also, Carthage, methinks, ought utterly to be
+destroyed."  But Publius Scipio Nasica would always declare his
+opinion to the contrary, in these words, "It seems requisite to me
+that Carthage should still stand."  For seeing his countrymen to be
+grown wanton and insolent, and the people made, by their prosperity,
+obstinate and disobedient to the senate, and drawing the whole city,
+whither they would, after them, he would have had the fear of
+Carthage to serve as a bit to hold in the contumacy of the multitude;
+and he looked upon the Carthaginians as too weak to overcome the
+Romans, and too great to be despised by them.  On the other side, it
+seemed a perilous thing to Cato, that a city which had been always
+great, and was now grown sober and wise, by reason of its former
+calamities, should still lie, as it were, in wait for the follies and
+dangerous excesses of the overpowerful Roman people; so that he
+thought it the wisest course to have all outward dangers removed,
+when they had so many inward ones among themselves.
+
+Thus Cato, they say, stirred up the third and last war against the
+Carthaginians:  but no sooner was the said war begun, than he died,
+prophesying of the person that should put an end to it, who was then
+only a young man; but, being tribune in the army, he in several
+fights gave proof of his courage and conduct.  The news of which
+being brought to Cato's ears at Rome, he thus expressed himself: --
+
+The only wise man of them all is he,
+The others e'en as shadows flit and flee.
+
+This prophecy Scipio soon confirmed by his actions.
+
+Cato left no posterity, except one son by his second wife, who was
+named, as we said, Cato Salonius; and a grandson by his eldest son,
+who died.  Cato Salonius died when he was praetor, but his son Marcus
+was afterwards consul, and he was grandfather of Cato the
+philosopher, who for virtue and renown was one of the most eminent
+personages of his time.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF ARISTIDES WITH MARCUS CATO.
+
+Having mentioned the most memorable actions of these great men, if we
+now compare the whole life of the one with that of the other, it will
+not be easy to discern the difference between them, lost as it is
+amongst such a number of circumstances in which they resemble each
+other.  If, however, we examine them in detail as we might some piece
+of poetry, or some picture, we shall find this common to them both,
+that they advanced themselves to great honor and dignity in the
+commonwealth, by no other means than their own virtue and industry.
+But it seems when Aristides appeared, Athens was not at its height of
+grandeur and plenty, the chief magistrates and officers of his time
+being men only of moderate and equal fortunes among themselves.  The
+estimate of the greatest estates then, was five hundred medimns; that
+of the second, or knights, three hundred; of the third and last called
+Zeugitae, two hundred.  But Cato, out of a petty village from a
+country life, leaped into the commonwealth, as it were into a vast
+ocean; at a time when there were no such governors as the Curii,
+Fabricii, and Hostilii.  Poor laboring men were not then advanced from
+the plow and spade to be governors and magistrates; but greatness of
+family, riches, profuse gifts, distributions, and personal application
+were what the city looked to; keeping a high hand, and, in a manner,
+insulting over those that courted preferment.  It was not as great a
+matter to have Themistocles for an adversary, a person of mean
+extraction and small fortune, (for he was not worth, it is said, more
+than four or five talents when he first applied himself to public
+affairs,) as to contest with a Scipio Africanus, a Servius Galba, and
+a Quintius Flamininus, having no other aid but a tongue free to assert
+right.
+
+Besides, Aristides at Marathon, and again at Plataea, was but one
+commander out of ten; whereas Cato was chosen consul with a single
+colleague, having many competitors, and with a single colleague, also,
+was preferred before seven most noble and eminent pretenders to be
+censor.  But Aristides was never principal in any action; for
+Miltiades carried the day at Marathon, at Salamis Themistocles, and at
+Plataea, Herodotus tells us, Pausanias got the glory of that noble
+victory: and men like Sophanes, and Aminias, Callimachus, and
+Cynaegyrus, behaved themselves so well in all those engagements, as to
+contest it with Aristides even for the second place.  But Cato not
+only in his consulship was esteemed the chief in courage and conduct
+in the Spanish war, but even whilst he was only serving as tribune at
+Thermopylae, under another's command, he gained the glory of the
+victory, for having, as it were, opened a wide gate for the Romans to
+rush in upon Antiochus, and for having brought the war on his back,
+whilst he only minded what was before his face.  For that victory,
+which was beyond dispute all Cato's own work, cleared Asia out of
+Greece, and by that means made way afterwards for Scipio into Asia.
+Both of them, indeed, were always victorious in war; but at home
+Aristides stumbled, being banished and oppressed by the faction of
+Themistocles; yet Cato, notwithstanding he had almost all the chief
+and most powerful of Rome for his adversaries, and wrestled with them
+even to his old age, kept still his footing.  Engaging also in many
+public suits, sometimes plaintiff, sometimes defendant, he cast the
+most, and came off clear with all; thanks to his eloquence, that
+bulwark and powerful instrument to which more truly, than to chance or
+his fortune, he owed it, that he sustained himself unhurt to the last.
+Antipater justly gives it as a high commendation to Aristotle the
+philosopher, writing of him after his death, that among his other
+virtues, he was endowed with a faculty of persuading people which way
+he pleased.
+
+Questionless, there is no perfecter endowment in man than political
+virtue, and of this Economics is commonly esteemed not the least
+part; for a city, which is a collection of private households, grows
+into a stable commonwealth by the private means of prosperous citizens
+that compose it.  Lycurgus by prohibiting gold and silver in Sparta,
+and making iron, spoiled by the fire, the only currency, did not by
+these measures discharge them from minding their household affairs,
+but cutting off luxury, the corruption and tumor of riches, he
+provided there should be an abundant supply of all necessary and
+useful things for all persons, as much as any other lawmaker ever did;
+being more apprehensive of a poor, needy, and indigent member of a
+community, than of the rich and haughty.  And in this management of
+domestic concerns, Cato was as great as in the government of public
+affairs; for he increased his estate, and became a master to others in
+economy and husbandry; upon which subjects he collected in his
+writings many useful observations.  On the contrary Aristides, by his
+poverty, made justice odious, as if it were the pest and impoverisher
+of a family and beneficial to all, rather than to those that were
+endowed with it.  Yet Hesiod urges us alike to just dealing and to
+care of our households, and inveighs against idleness as the origin of
+injustice; and Homer admirably says: --
+
+Work was not dear, nor household cares to me,
+Whose increase rears the thriving family;
+But well-rigged ships were always my delight,
+And wars, and darts, and arrows of the fight:
+
+as if the same characters carelessly neglected their own estates, and
+lived by injustice and rapine from others.  For it is not as the
+physicians say of oil, that outwardly applied, it is very wholesome,
+but taken inwardly detrimental, that thus a just man provides
+carefully for others, and is heedless of himself and his own affairs:
+but in this Aristides's political virtues seem to be defective; since,
+according to most authors, he took no care to leave his daughters a
+portion, or himself enough to defray his funeral charges: whereas
+Cato's family produced senators and generals to the fourth generation;
+his grandchildren, and their children, came to the highest
+preferments.  But Aristides, who was the principal man of Greece,
+through extreme poverty reduced some of his to get their living by
+juggler's tricks, others, for want, to hold out their hands for public
+alms; leaving none means to perform any noble action, or worthy his
+dignity.
+
+Yet why should this needs follow? since poverty is dishonorable not
+in itself, but when it is a proof of laziness, intemperance, luxury,
+and carelessness; whereas in a person that is temperate, industrious,
+just, and valiant, and who uses all his virtues for the public good,
+it shows a great and lofty mind.  For he has no time for great
+matters, who concerns himself with petty ones; nor can he relieve many
+needs of others, who himself has many needs of his own.  What most of
+all enables a man to serve the public is not wealth, but content and
+independence; which, requiring no superfluity at home, distracts not
+the mind from the common good.  God alone is entirely exempt from all
+want:  of human virtues, that which needs least, is the most absolute
+and most divine.  For as a body bred to a good habit requires nothing
+exquisite either in clothes or food, so a sound man and a sound
+household keep themselves up with a small matter.  Riches ought to be
+proportioned to the use we have of them; for he that scrapes together
+a great deal, making use of but little, is not independent; for if he
+wants them not, it is folly in him to make provision for things which
+he does not desire; or if he does desire them, and restrains his
+enjoyment out of sordidness, he is miserable.  I would fain know of
+Cato himself, if we seek riches that we may enjoy them, why is he
+proud of having a great deal, and being contented with little?  But if
+it be noble, as it is, to feed on coarse bread, and drink the same
+wine with our hinds, and not to covet purple, and plastered houses,
+neither Aristides, nor Epaminondas, nor Manius Curius, nor Caius
+Fabricius wanted necessaries, who took no pains to get those things
+whose use they approved not.  For it was not worth the while of a man
+who esteemed turnips a most delicate food, and who boiled them
+himself, whilst his wife made bread, to brag so often of a halfpenny,
+and write a book to show how a man may soonest grow rich; the very
+good of being contented with little is because it cuts off at once the
+desire and the anxiety for superfluities.  Hence Aristides, it is
+told, said, on the trial of Callias, that it was for them to blush at
+poverty, who were poor against their wills; they who like him were
+willingly so, might glory in it.  For it is ridiculous to think
+Aristides's neediness imputable to his sloth, who might fairly enough
+by the spoil of one barbarian, or seizing one tent, have become
+wealthy.  But enough of this.
+
+Cato's expeditions added no great matter to the Roman empire, which
+already was so great, as that in a manner it could receive no
+addition; but those of Aristides are the noblest, most splendid, and
+distinguished actions the Grecians ever did, the battles at Marathon,
+Salamis, and Plataea.  Nor indeed is Antiochus, nor the destruction of
+the walls of the Spanish towns, to be compared with Xerxes, and the
+destruction by sea and land of so many myriads of enemies; in all of
+which noble exploits Aristides yielded to none, though he left the
+glory and the laurels, like the wealth and money, to those who
+needed and thirsted more greedily after them:  because he was superior
+to those also.  I do not blame Cato for perpetually boasting and
+preferring himself before all others, though in one of his orations he
+says, that it is equally absurd to praise and dispraise one's self:
+yet he who does not so much as desire others' praises, seems to me
+more perfectly virtuous, than he who is always extolling himself.  A
+mind free from ambition is a main help to political gentleness:
+ambition, on the contrary, is hard-hearted, and the greatest fomenter
+of envy; from which Aristides was wholly exempt; Cato very subject to
+it.  Aristides assisted Themistocles in matters of highest importance,
+and, as his subordinate officer, in a manner raised Athens: Cato, by
+opposing Scipio, almost broke and defeated his expedition against the
+Carthaginians, in which he overthrew Hannibal, who till then was even
+invincible; and, at last, by continually raising suspicions and
+calumnies against him, he chased him from the city, and inflicted a
+disgraceful sentence on his brother for robbing the state.
+
+Finally, that temperance which Cato always highly cried up, Aristides
+preserved truly pure and untainted.  But Cato's marriage, unbecoming
+his dignity and age, is a considerable disparagement, in this respect,
+to his character.  For it was not decent for him at that age to bring
+home to his son and his wife a young woman, the daughter of a common
+paid clerk in the public service: but whether it were for his own
+gratification or out of anger at his son, both the fact and the
+presence were unworthy.  For the reason he pretended to his son was
+false: for if he desired to get more as worthy children, he ought to
+have married a well-born wife; not to have contented himself, so long
+as it was unnoticed, with a woman to whom he was not married; and,
+when it was discovered, he ought not to have chosen such a
+father-in-law as was easiest to be got, instead of one whose affinity
+might be honorable to him.
+
+
+
+PHILOPOEMEN
+
+Cleander was a man of high birth and great power in the city of
+Mantinea, but by the chances of the time happened to be driven from
+thence.  There being an intimate friendship betwixt him and Craugis,
+the father of Philopoemen, who was a person of great distinction, he
+settled at Megalopolis, where, while his friend lived, he had all he
+could desire.  When Craugis died, he repaid the father's hospitable
+kindness in the care of the orphan son; by which means Philopoemen
+was educated by him, as Homer says Achilles was by Phoenix, and from
+his infancy molded to lofty and noble inclinations.  But Ecdemus and
+Demophanes had the principal tuition of him, after he was past the
+years of childhood.  They were both Megalopolitans; they had been
+scholars in the academic philosophy, and friends to Arcesilaus, and
+had, more than any of their contemporaries, brought philosophy to
+bear upon action, and state affairs.  They had freed their country
+from tyranny by the death of Aristodemus, whom they caused to be
+killed; they had assisted Aratus in driving out the tyrant Nicocles
+from Sicyon; and, at the request of the Cyreneans, whose city was in
+a state of extreme disorder and confusion, went thither by sea, and
+succeeded in establishing good government and happily settling their
+commonwealth.  And among their best actions they themselves counted
+the education of Philopoemen, thinking they had done a general good
+to Greece, by giving him the nurture of philosophy.  And indeed all
+Greece (which looked upon him as a kind of latter birth brought
+forth, after so many noble leaders, in her decrepit age) loved him
+wonderfully; and, as his glory grew, increased his power.  And one of
+the Romans, to praise him, calls him the last of the Greeks; as if
+after him Greece had produced no great man, nor who deserved the name
+of Greek.
+
+His person was not, as some fancy, deformed; for his likeness is yet
+to be seen at Delphi.  The mistake of the hostess of Megara was
+occasioned, it would seem, merely by his easiness of temper and his
+plain manners.  This hostess having word brought her, that the
+General of the Achaeans was coming to her house in the absence of
+her husband, was all in a hurry about providing his supper.
+Philopoemen, in an ordinary cloak, arriving in this point of time,
+she took him for one of his own train who had been sent on before,
+and bid him lend her his hand in her household work.  He forthwith
+threw off his cloak, and fell to cutting up the fire-wood.  The
+husband returning, and seeing him at it, "What," says he, "may this
+mean, O Philopoemen?"  "I am," replied he in his Doric dialect,
+"paying the penalty of my ugly looks."  Titus Flamininus, jesting
+with him upon his figure, told him one day, he had well-shaped hands
+and feet, but no belly:  and he was indeed slender in the waist.  But
+this raillery was meant to the poverty of his fortune; for he had
+good horse and foot, but often wanted money to entertain and pay
+them.  These are the common anecdotes told of Philopoemen.
+
+The love of honor and distinction was, in his character, not
+unalloyed with feelings of personal rivalry and resentment.  He made
+Epaminondas his great example, and came not far behind him in
+activity, sagacity, and incorruptible integrity; but his hot
+contentious temper continually carried him out of the bounds of that
+gentleness, composure, and humanity which had marked Epaminondas, and
+this made him thought a pattern rather of military than of civil
+virtue.  He was strongly inclined to the life of a soldier even from
+his childhood, and he studied and practiced all that belonged to it,
+taking great delight in managing of horses, and handling of weapons.
+Because he was naturally fitted to excel in wrestling, some of his
+friends and tutors recommended his attention to athletic exercises.
+But he would first be satisfied whether it would not interfere with
+his becoming a good soldier.  They told him, as was the truth, that
+the one life was directly opposite to the other; the requisite state
+of body, the ways of living, and the exercises all different:  the
+professed athlete sleeping much, and feeding plentifully, punctually
+regular in his set times of exercise and rest, and apt to spoil all
+by every little excess, or breach of his usual method; whereas the
+soldier ought to train himself in every variety of change and
+irregularity, and, above all, to bring himself to endure hunger and
+loss of sleep without difficulty.  Philopoemen, hearing this, not
+only laid by all thoughts of wrestling and contemned it then, but
+when he came to be general, discouraged it by all marks of reproach
+and dishonor he could imagine, as a thing which made men, otherwise
+excellently fit for war, to be utterly useless and unable to fight on
+necessary occasions.
+
+When he left off his masters and teachers, and began to bear arms in
+the incursions which his citizens used to make upon the
+Lacedaemonians for pillage and plunder, he would always march out the
+first, and return the last.  When there was nothing to do, he sought
+to harden his body, and make it strong and active by hunting, or
+laboring in his ground.  He had a good estate about twenty furlongs
+from the town, and thither he would go every day after dinner and
+supper; and when night came, throw himself upon the first mattress in
+his way, and there sleep as one of the laborers.  At break of day he
+would rise with the rest, and work either in the vineyard or at the
+plow; from thence return again to the town, and employ his time with
+his friends, or the magistrates in public business.  What he got in
+the wars, he laid out on horses, or arms, or in ransoming captives;
+but endeavored to improve his own property the justest way, by
+tillage; and this not slightly, by way of diversion, but thinking it
+his strict duty, so to manage his own fortune, as to be out of the
+temptation of wronging others.
+
+He spent much time on eloquence and philosophy, but selected his
+authors, and cared only for those by whom he might profit in virtue.
+In Homer's fictions his attention was given to whatever he thought
+apt to raise the courage.  Of all other books he was most devoted to
+the commentaries of Evangelus on military tactics, and also took
+delight, at leisure hours, in the histories of Alexander; thinking
+that such reading, unless undertaken for mere amusement and idle
+conversation, was to the purpose for action.  Even in speculations on
+military subjects it was his habit to neglect maps and diagrams, and
+to put the theorems to practical proof on the ground itself.  He
+would be exercising his thoughts, and considering, as he traveled,
+and arguing with those about him of the difficulties of steep or
+broken ground, what might happen at rivers, ditches, or
+mountain-passes, in marching in close or in open, in this or in that
+particular form of battle.  The truth is, he indeed took an
+immoderate pleasure in military operations and in warfare, to which
+he devoted himself, as the special means for exercising all sorts of
+virtue, and utterly contemned those who were not soldiers, as drones
+and useless in the commonwealth.
+
+When he was thirty years of age, Cleomenes, king of the
+Lacedaemonians, surprised Megalopolis by night, forced the guards,
+broke in, and seized the marketplace.  Philopoemen came out upon the
+alarm, and fought with desperate courage, but could not beat the
+enemy out again; yet he succeeded in effecting the escape of the
+citizens, who got away while he made head against the pursuers, and
+amused Cleomenes, till, after losing his horse and receiving several
+wounds, with much ado he came off himself, being the last man in the
+retreat.  The Megalopolitans escaped to Messene, whither Cleomenes
+sent to offer them their town and goods again.  Philopoemen
+perceiving them to be only too glad at the news, and eager to return,
+checked them with a speech, in which he made them sensible, that what
+Cleomenes called restoring the city, was, rather, possessing himself
+of the citizens, and through their means securing also the city for
+the future.  The mere solitude would, of itself, erelong force him
+away, since there was no staying to guard empty houses and naked
+walls.  These reasons withheld the Megalopolitans, but gave Cleomenes
+a pretext to pillage and destroy a great part of the city, and carry
+away a great booty.
+
+Awhile after king Antigonus coming down to succor the Achaeans, they
+marched with their united forces against Cleomenes; who, having
+seized the avenues, lay advantageously posted on the hills of
+Sellasia.  Antigonus drew up close by him, with a resolution to force
+him in his strength.  Philopoemen, with his citizens, was that day
+placed among the horse, next to the Illyrian foot, a numerous body of
+bold fighters, who completed the line of battle, forming, together
+with the Achaeans, the reserve.  Their orders were to keep their
+ground, and not engage till from the other wing, where the king
+fought in person, they should see a red coat lifted up on the point
+of a spear.  The Achaeans obeyed their order, and stood fast; but the
+Illyrians were led on by their commanders to the attack.  Euclidas,
+the brother of Cleomenes, seeing the foot thus severed from the
+horse, detached the best of his light-armed men, commanding them to
+wheel about, and charge the unprotected Illyrians in the rear.  This
+charge putting things in confusion, Philopoemen, considering those
+light-armed men would be easily repelled, went first to the king's
+officers to make them sensible what the occasion required.  But they
+not minding what he said, but slighting him as a hare-brained fellow,
+(as indeed he was not yet of any repute sufficient to give credit to
+a proposal of such importance,) he charged with his own citizens, and
+at the first encounter disordered, and soon after put the troops to
+flight with great slaughter.  Then, to encourage the king's army
+further, to bring them all upon the enemy while he was in confusion,
+he quitted his horse, and fighting with extreme difficulty in his
+heavy horseman's dress, in rough uneven ground, full of watercourses
+and hollows, had both his thighs struck through with a thonged
+javelin.  It was thrown with great force, so that the head came out
+on the other side, and made a severe, though not a mortal, wound.
+There he stood awhile, as if he had been shackled, unable to move.
+The fastening which joined the thong to the javelin made it difficult
+to get it drawn out, nor would any about him venture to do it.  But
+the fight being now at the hottest, and likely to be quickly decided,
+he was transported with the desire of partaking in it, and struggled
+and strained so violently, setting one leg forward, the other back,
+that at last he broke the shaft in two; and thus got the pieces
+pulled out.  Being in this manner set at liberty, he caught up his
+sword, and running through the midst of those who were fighting in
+the first ranks, animated his men, and set them afire with emulation.
+Antigonus, after the victory, asked the Macedonians, to try them, how
+it happened the horse had charged without orders before the signal?
+They answering, that they were against their wills forced to it by a
+young man of Megalopolis, who had fallen in before his time:  "that
+young man," replied Antigonus, smiling, "did like an experienced
+commander."
+
+This, as was natural, brought Philopoemen into great reputation.
+Antigonus was earnest to have him in his service, and offered him
+very advantageous conditions, both as to command and pay.  But
+Philopoemen, who knew that his nature brooked not to be under
+another, would not accept them; yet not enduring to live idle, and
+hearing of wars in Crete, for practice' sake he passed over thither.
+He spent some time among those very warlike, and, at the same time,
+sober and temperate men, improving much by experience in all sorts of
+service; and then returned with so much fame, that the Achaeans
+presently chose him commander of the horse.  These horsemen at that
+time had neither experience nor bravery, it being the custom to take
+any common horses, the first and cheapest they could procure, when
+they were to march; and on almost all occasions they did not go
+themselves, but hired others in their places, and staid at home.
+Their former commanders winked at this, because, it being an honor
+among the Achaeans to serve on horseback, these men had great power
+in the commonwealth, and were able to gratify or molest whom they
+pleased.  Philopoemen, finding them in this condition, yielded not to
+any such considerations, nor would pass it over as formerly; but
+went himself from town to town, where, speaking with the young men,
+one by one, he endeavored to excite a spirit of ambition and love of
+honor among them, using punishment also, where it was necessary.  And
+then by public exercises, reviews, and contests in the presence of
+numerous spectators, in a little time he made them wonderfully strong
+and bold, and, which is reckoned of greatest consequence in military
+service, light and agile.  With use and industry they grew so
+perfect, to such a command of their horses, such a ready exactness in
+wheeling round in their troops, that in any change of posture the
+whole body seemed to move with all the facility and promptitude, and,
+as it were, with the single will of one man.  In the great battle,
+which they fought with the Aetolians and Eleans by the river
+Larissus, he set them an example himself.  Damophantus, general of
+the Elean horse, singled out Philopoemen, and rode with full speed at
+him.  Philopoemen awaited his charge, and, before receiving the
+stroke, with a violent blow of his spear threw him dead to the
+ground:  upon whose fall the enemy fled immediately.  And now
+Philopoemen was in everybody's mouth, as a man who in actual fighting
+with his own hand yielded not to the youngest, nor in good conduct to
+the oldest, and than whom there came not into the field any better
+soldier or commander.
+
+Aratus, indeed, was the first who raised the Achaeans, inconsiderable
+till then, into reputation and power, by uniting their divided cities
+into one commonwealth, and establishing amongst them a humane and
+truly Grecian form of government; and hence it happened, as in
+running waters, where when a few little particles of matter once
+stop, others stick to them, and one part strengthening another, the
+whole becomes firm and solid; so in a general weakness, when every
+city relying only on itself, all Greece was giving way to an easy
+dissolution, the Achaeans, first forming themselves into a body, then
+drawing in their neighbors round about, some by protection,
+delivering them from their tyrants, others by peaceful consent and by
+naturalization, designed at last to bring all Peloponnesus into one
+community.  Yet while Aratus lived, they depended much on the
+Macedonians, courting first Ptolemy, then Antigonus and Philip, who
+all took part continually in whatever concerned the affairs of
+Greece.  But when Philopoemen came to command, the Achaeans, feeling
+themselves a match for the most powerful of their enemies, declined
+foreign support.  The truth is, Aratus, as we have written in his
+life, was not of so warlike a temper, but did most by policy and
+gentleness, and friendships with foreign princes; but Philopoemen
+being a man both of execution and command, a great soldier, and
+fortunate in his first attempts, wonderfully heightened both the
+power and courage of the Achaeans, accustomed to victory under his
+conduct.
+
+But first he altered what he found amiss in their arms, and form of
+battle.  Hitherto they had used light, thin bucklers, too narrow to
+cover the body, and javelins much shorter than pikes.  By which means
+they were skillful in skirmishing at a distance, but in a close fight
+had much the disadvantage.  Then in drawing their forces up for
+battle, they were never accustomed to form in regular divisions; and
+their line being unprotected either by the thick array of projecting
+spears or by their shields, as in the Macedonian phalanx, where the
+soldiers shoulder close and their shields touch, they were easily
+opened, and broken.  Philopoemen reformed all this, persuading them
+to change the narrow target and short javelin, into a large shield
+and long pike; to arm their heads, bodies, thighs, and legs; and
+instead of loose skirmishing, fight firmly and foot to foot.  After
+he had brought them all to wear full armor, and by that means into
+the confidence of thinking themselves now invincible, he turned what
+before had been idle profusion and luxury into an honorable expense.
+For being long used to vie with each other in their dress, the
+furniture of their houses, and service of their tables, and to glory
+in outdoing one another, the disease by custom was grown incurable,
+and there was no possibility of removing it altogether.  But he
+diverted the passion, and brought them, instead of these
+superfluities, to love useful and more manly display, and, reducing
+their other expenses, to take delight in appearing magnificent in
+their equipage of war.  Nothing then was to be seen in the shops but
+plate breaking up, or melting down, gilding of breastplates, and
+studding bucklers and bits with silver; nothing in the places of
+exercise, but horses managing, and young men exercising their arms;
+nothing in the hands of the women, but helmets and crests of feathers
+to be dyed, and military cloaks and riding-frocks to be embroidered;
+the very sight of all which quickening and raising their spirits,
+made them contemn dangers, and feel ready to venture on any honorable
+dangers.  Other kinds of sumptuosity give us pleasure, but make us
+effeminate; the tickling of the sense slackening the vigor of the
+mind; but magnificence of this kind strengthens and heightens the
+courage; as Homer makes Achilles at the sight of his new arms
+exulting with joy, and on fire to use them.  When Philopoemen had
+obtained of them to arm, and set themselves out in this manner, he
+proceeded to train them, mustering and exercising them perpetually;
+in which they obeyed him with great zeal and eagerness.  For they
+were wonderfully pleased with their new form of battle, which, being
+so knit and cemented together, seemed almost incapable of being
+broken.  And then their arms, which for their riches and beauty they
+wore with pleasure, becoming light and easy to them with constant
+use, they longed for nothing more than to try them with an enemy, and
+fight in earnest.
+
+The Achaeans at that time were at war with Machanidas, the tyrant of
+Lacedaemon, who, having a strong army watched all opportunities of
+becoming entire master of Peloponnesus.  When intelligence came that
+he was fallen upon the Mantineans, Philopoemen forthwith took the
+field, and marched towards him.  They met near Mantinea, and drew up
+in sight of the city.  Both, besides the whole strength of their
+several cities, had a good number of mercenaries in pay.  When they
+came to fall on, Machanidas, with his hired soldiers, beat the
+spearmen and the Tarentines whom Philopoemen had placed in the front.
+But when he should have charged immediately into the main battle,
+which stood close and firm, he hotly followed the chase; and instead
+of attacking the Achaeans, passed on beyond them, while they remained
+drawn up in their place.  With so untoward a beginning the rest of
+the confederates gave themselves up for lost; but Philopoemen,
+professing to make it a matter of small consequence, and observing
+the enemy's oversight, who had thus left an opening in their main
+body, and exposed their own phalanx, made no sort of motion to oppose
+them, but let them pursue the chase freely, till they had placed
+themselves at a great distance from him.  Then seeing the
+Lacedaemonians before him deserted by their horse, with their flanks
+quite bare, he charged suddenly, and surprised them without a
+commander, and not so much as expecting an encounter, as, when they
+saw Machanidas driving the beaten enemy before him, they thought the
+victory already gained.  He overthrew them with great slaughter,
+(they report above four thousand killed in the place,) and then faced
+about against Machanidas, who was returning with his mercenaries from
+the pursuit.  There happened to be a broad deep ditch between them,
+along side of which both rode their horses for awhile, the one trying
+to get over and fly, the other to hinder him.  It looked less like
+the contest between two generals than like the last defense of some
+wild beast, brought to bay by the keen huntsman Philopoemen, and
+forced to fight for his life.  The tyrant's horse was mettled and
+strong; and feeling the bloody spurs in his sides, ventured to take
+the ditch.  He had already so far reached the other side, as to have
+planted his fore-feet upon it, and was struggling to raise himself
+with these, when Simmias and Polyaenus, who used to fight by the side
+of Philopoemen, came up on horseback to his assistance.  But
+Philopoemen, before either of them, himself met Machanidas; and
+perceiving that the horse with his head high reared, covered his
+master's body, he turned his own a little, and holding his javelin by
+the middle, drove it against the tyrant with all his force, and
+tumbled him dead into the ditch.  Such is the precise posture in
+which he stands at Delphi in the brazen statue which the Achaeans set
+up of him, in admiration of his valor in this single combat, and
+conduct during the whole day.
+
+We are told that at the Nemean games, a little after this victory,
+Philopoemen being then General the second time, and at leisure on the
+occasion of the solemnity, first showed the Greeks his army drawn up
+in full array as if they were to fight, and executed with it all the
+maneuvers of a battle with wonderful order, strength, and celerity.
+After which he went into the theater, while the musicians were
+singing for the prize, followed by the young soldiers in their
+military cloaks and their scarlet frocks under their armor, all in
+the very height of bodily vigor, and much alike in age, showing a
+high respect to their general; yet breathing at the same time a noble
+confidence in themselves, raised by success in many glorious
+encounters.  Just at their coming in, it so happened, that the
+musician Pylades, with a voice well suited to the lofty style of the
+poet, was in the act of commencing the Persians of Timotheus,
+
+Under his conduct Greece was glorious and was free.
+
+The whole theater at once turned to look at Philopoemen, and clapped
+with delight; their hopes venturing once more to return to their
+country's former reputation; and their feelings almost rising to the
+height of their ancient spirit.
+
+It was with the Achaeans as with young horses, which go quietly with
+their usual riders, but grow unruly and restive under strangers.  The
+soldiers, when any service was in hand, and Philopoemen not at their
+head, grew dejected and looked about for him; but if he once
+appeared, came presently to themselves, and recovered their
+confidence and courage, being sensible that this was the only one of
+their commanders whom the enemy could not endure to face; but, as
+appeared in several occasions, were frighted with his very name.
+Thus we find that Philip, king of Macedon, thinking to terrify the
+Achaeans into subjection again, if he could rid his hands of
+Philopoemen, employed some persons privately to assassinate him.  But
+the treachery coming to light, he became infamous, and lost his
+character through Greece.  The Boeotians besieging Megara, and ready
+to carry the town by storm, upon a groundless rumor that Philopoemen
+was at hand with succor, ran away, and left their scaling ladders at
+the wall behind them.  Nabis, (who was tyrant of Lacedaemon after
+Machanidas,) had surprised Messene at a time when Philopoemen was out
+of command.  He tried to persuade Lysippus, then General of the
+Achaeans, to succor Messene:  but not prevailing with him, because,
+he said, the enemy being now within it, the place was irrecoverably
+lost, he resolved to go himself, without order or commission,
+followed merely by his own immediate fellow-citizens who went with
+him as their general by commission from nature, which had made him
+fittest to command.  Nabis, hearing of his coming, though his army
+quartered within the town, thought it not convenient to stay; but
+stealing out of the furthest gate with his men, marched away with all
+the speed he could, thinking himself a happy man if he could get off
+with safety.  And he did escape; but Messene was rescued.
+
+All hitherto makes for the praise and honor of Philopoemen.  But when
+at the request of the Gortynians he went away into Crete to command
+for them, at a time when his own country was distressed by Nabis, he
+exposed himself to the charge of either cowardice, or unseasonable
+ambition of honor amongst foreigners.  For the Megalopolitans were
+then so pressed, that, the enemy being master of the field and
+encamping almost at their gates, they were forced to keep themselves
+within their walls, and sow their very streets.  And he in the mean
+time, across the seas, waging war and commanding in chief in a
+foreign nation, furnished his ill-wishers with matter enough for
+their reproaches.  Some said he took the offer of the Gortynians,
+because the Achaeans chose other generals, and left him but a private
+man.  For he could not endure to sit still, but looking upon war and
+command in it as his great business, always coveted to be employed.
+And this agrees with what he once aptly said of king Ptolemy.
+Somebody was praising him for keeping his army and himself in an
+admirable state of discipline and exercise:  "And what praise,"
+replied Philopoemen, "for a king of his years, to be always
+preparing, and never performing?"  However, the Megalopolitans,
+thinking themselves betrayed, took it so ill, that they were about to
+banish him.  But the Achaeans put an end to that design, by sending
+their General, Aristaeus, to Megalopolis, who, though he were at
+difference with Philopoemen about affairs of the commonwealth, yet
+would not suffer him to be banished.  Philopoemen finding himself
+upon this account out of favor with his citizens, induced divers of
+the little neighboring places to renounce obedience to them,
+suggesting to them to urge that from the beginning they were not
+subject to their taxes, or laws, or any way under their command.  In
+these pretenses he openly took their part, and fomented seditious
+movements amongst the Achaeans in general against Megalopolis.  But
+these things happened a while after.
+
+While he stayed in Crete, in the service of the Gortynians, he made
+war not like a Peloponnesian and Arcadian, fairly in the open field,
+but fought with them at their own weapon, and turning their
+stratagems and tricks against themselves, showed them they played
+craft against skill, and were but children to an experienced soldier.
+Having acted here with great bravery, and great reputation to
+himself, he returned into Peloponnesus, where he found Philip beaten
+by Titus Quintius, and Nabis at war both with the Romans and
+Achaeans.  He was at once chosen general against Nabis, but venturing
+to fight by sea, met, like Epaminondas, with a result very contrary
+to the general expectation, and his own former reputation.
+Epaminondas, however, according to some statements, was backward by
+design, unwilling to give his countrymen an appetite for the
+advantages of the sea, lest from good soldiers, they should by
+little and little turn, as Plato says, to ill mariners.  And
+therefore he returned from Asia and the Islands without doing any
+thing, on purpose.  Whereas Philopoemen, thinking his skill in
+land-service would equally avail at sea, learned how great a part of
+valor experience is, and how much it imports in the management of
+things to be accustomed to them.  For he was not only put to the
+worst in the fight for want of skill, but having rigged up an old
+ship, which had been a famous vessel forty years before, and shipped
+his citizens in her, she foundering, he was in danger of losing them
+all.  But finding the enemy, as if he had been driven out of the sea,
+had, in contempt of him, besieged Gythium, he presently set sail
+again, and, taking them unexpectedly, dispersed and careless after
+their victory, landed in the night, burnt their camp, and killed a
+great number.
+
+A few days after, as he was marching through a rough country, Nabis
+came suddenly upon him.  The Achaeans were dismayed, and in such
+difficult ground where the enemy had secured the advantage, despaired
+to get off with safety.  Philopoemen made a little halt, and, viewing
+the ground, soon made it appear, that the one important thing in war
+is skill in drawing up an army.  For by advancing only a few paces,
+and, without any confusion or trouble, altering his order according
+to the nature of the place, he immediately relieved himself from
+every difficulty, and then charging, put the enemy to flight.  But
+when he saw they fled, not towards the city, but dispersed every man
+a different way all over the field, which for wood and hills, brooks
+and hollows was not passable by horse, he sounded a retreat, and
+encamped by broad daylight.  Then foreseeing the enemy would endeavor
+to steal scatteringly into the city in the dark, he posted strong
+parties of the Achaeans all along the watercourses and sloping ground
+near the walls.  Many of Nabis's men fell into their hands.  For
+returning not in a body, but as the chance of flight had disposed of
+every one, they were caught like birds ere they could enter into the
+town.
+
+These actions obtained him distinguished marks of affection and honor
+in all the theaters of Greece, but not without the secret ill-will of
+Titus Flamininus, who was naturally eager for glory, and thought it
+but reasonable a consul of Rome should be otherwise esteemed by the
+Achaeans, than a common Arcadian; especially as there was no
+comparison between what he, and what Philopoemen had done for them,
+he having by one proclamation restored all Greece, as much as had
+been subject to Philip and the Macedonians, to liberty.  After this,
+Titus made peace with Nabis, and Nabis was circumvented and slain by
+the Aetolians.  Things being then in confusion at Sparta, Philopoemen
+laid hold of the occasion, and coming upon them with an army,
+prevailed with some by persuasion, with others by fear, till he
+brought the whole city over to the Achaeans.  As it was no small
+matter for Sparta to become a member of Achaea, this action gained
+him infinite praise from the Achaeans, for having strengthened their
+confederacy by the addition of so great and powerful a city, and not
+a little good-will from the nobility of Sparta itself, who hoped they
+had now procured an ally, who would defend their freedom.
+Accordingly, having raised a sum of one hundred and twenty silver
+talents by the sale of the house and goods of Nabis, they decreed him
+the money, and sent a deputation in the name of the city to present
+it.  But here the honesty of Philopoemen showed itself clearly to be
+a real, uncounterfeited virtue.  For first of all, there was not a
+man among them who would undertake to make him this offer of a
+present, but every one excusing himself, and shifting it off upon his
+fellow, they laid the office at last on Timolaus, with whom he had
+lodged at Sparta.  Then Timolaus came to Megalopolis, and was
+entertained by Philopoemen; but struck into admiration with the
+dignity of his life and manners, and the simplicity of his habits,
+judging him to be utterly inaccessible to any such considerations, he
+said nothing, but pretending other business, returned without a word
+mentioned of the present.  He was sent again, and did just as
+formerly.  But the third time with much ado, and faltering in his
+words, he acquainted Philopoemen with the good-will of the city of
+Sparta to him.  Philopoemen listened obligingly and gladly; and then
+went himself to Sparta, where he advised them, not to bribe good men
+and their friends, of whose virtue they might be sure without charge
+to themselves; but to buy off and silence ill citizens, who
+disquieted the city with their seditious speeches in the public
+assemblies; for it was better to bar liberty of speech in enemies,
+than friends.  Thus it appeared how much Philopoemen was above
+bribery.
+
+Diophanes being afterwards General of the Achaeans, and hearing the
+Lacedaemonians were bent on new commotions, resolved to chastise
+them; they, on the other side, being set upon war, were embroiling
+all Peloponnesus.  Philopoemen on this occasion did all he could to
+keep Diophanes quiet and to make him sensible that as the times went,
+while Antiochus and the Romans were disputing their pretensions with
+vast armies in the heart of Greece, it concerned a man in his
+position to keep a watchful eye over them, and dissembling, and
+putting up with any less important grievances, to preserve all quiet
+at home.  Diophanes would not be ruled, but joined with Titus, and
+both together falling into Laconia, marched directly to Sparta.
+Philopoemen, upon this, took, in his indignation, a step which
+certainly was not lawful, nor in the strictest sense just, but boldly
+and loftily conceived.  Entering into the town himself, he, a private
+man as he was, refused admission to both the consul of Rome, and the
+General of the Achaeans, quieted the disorders in the city, and
+reunited it on the same terms as before to the Achaean confederacy.
+
+Yet afterwards, when he was General himself, upon some new
+misdemeanor of the Lacedaemonians, he brought back those who had been
+banished, put, as Polybius writes, eighty, according to Aristocrates
+three hundred and fifty, Spartans to death, razed the walls, took
+away a good part of their territory and transferred it to the
+Megalopolitans, forced out of the country and carried into Achaea all
+who had been made citizens of Sparta by tyrants, except three
+thousand who would not submit to banishment.  These he sold for
+slaves, and with the money, as if to insult over them, built a
+colonnade at Megalopolis.  Lastly, unworthily trampling upon the
+Lacedaemonians in their calamities, and gratifying his hostility by a
+most oppressive and arbitrary action, he abolished the laws of
+Lycurgus, and forced them to educate their children, and live after
+the manner of the Achaeans; as though, while they kept to the
+discipline of Lycurgus, there was no humbling their haughty spirits.
+In their present distress and adversity they allowed Philopoemen thus
+to cut the sinews of their commonwealth asunder, and behaved
+themselves humbly and submissively.  But afterwards in no long time,
+obtaining the support of the Romans, they abandoned their new Achaean
+citizenship; and as much as in so miserable and ruined a condition
+they could, reestablished their ancient discipline.
+
+When the war betwixt Antiochus and the Romans broke out in Greece,
+Philopoemen was a private man.  He repined grievously, when he saw
+Antiochus lay idle at Chalcis, spending his time in unseasonable
+courtship and weddings, while his men lay dispersed in several towns,
+without order or commanders, and minding nothing but their pleasures.
+He complained much that he was not himself in office, and said he
+envied the Romans their victory; and that if he had had the fortune
+to be then in command, he would have surprised and killed the whole
+army in the taverns.
+
+When Antiochus was overcome, the Romans pressed harder upon Greece,
+and encompassed the Achaeans with their power; the popular leaders in
+the several cities yielded before them; and their power speedily,
+under the divine guidance, advanced to the consummation due to it in
+the revolutions of fortune.  Philopoemen, in this conjuncture,
+carried himself like a good pilot in a high sea, sometimes shifting
+sail, and sometimes yielding, but still steering steady; and omitting
+no opportunity nor effort to keep all who were considerable, whether
+for eloquence or riches, fast to the defense of their common liberty.
+
+Aristaenus, a Megalopolitan of great credit among the Achaeans, but
+always a favorer of the Romans, saying one day in the senate, that
+the Romans should not be opposed, or displeased in any way,
+Philopoemen heard him with an impatient silence; but at last, not
+able to hold longer, said angrily to him, "And why be in such haste,
+wretched man, to behold the end of Greece?"  Manius, the Roman
+consul, after the defeat of Antiochus, requested the Achaeans to
+restore the banished Lacedaemonians to their country, which motion
+was seconded and supported by all the interest of Titus.  But
+Philopoemen crossed it, not from ill-will to the men, but that they
+might be beholden to him and the Achaeans, not to Titus and the
+Romans.  For when he came to be General himself, he restored them.
+So impatient was his spirit of any subjection, and so prone his
+nature to contest everything with men in power.
+
+Being now threescore and ten, and the eighth time General, he was in
+hope to pass in quiet, not only the year of his magistracy, but his
+remaining life.  For as our diseases decline, as it is supposed, with
+our declining bodily strength, so the quarreling humor of the Greeks
+abated much with their failing political greatness.  But fortune or
+some divine retributive power threw him down the in close of his life,
+like a successful runner who stumbles at the goal.  It is reported,
+that being in company where one was praised for a great commander, he
+replied, there was no great account to be made of a man, who had
+suffered himself to be taken alive by his enemies.
+
+A few days after, news came that Dinocrates the Messenian, a
+particular enemy to Philopoemen, and for his wickedness and villanies
+generally hated, had induced Messene to revolt from the Achaeans, and
+was about to seize upon a little place called Colonis.  Philopoemen
+lay then sick of a fever at Argos.  Upon the news he hasted away, and
+reached Megalopolis, which was distant above four hundred furlongs,
+in a day.  From thence he immediately led out the horse, the noblest
+of the city, young men in the vigor of their age, and eager to
+proffer their service, both from attachment to Philopoemen, and zeal
+for the cause.  As they marched towards Messene, they met with
+Dinocrates, near the hill of Evander, charged and routed him.  But
+five hundred fresh men, who, being left for a guard to the country,
+came in late, happening to appear, the flying enemy rallied again
+about the hills.  Philopoemen, fearing to be enclosed, and solicitous
+for his men, retreated over ground extremely disadvantageous,
+bringing up the rear himself.  As he often faced, and made charges
+upon the enemy, he drew them upon himself; though they merely made
+movements at a distance, and shouted about him, nobody daring to
+approach him.  In his care to save every single man, he left his main
+body so often, that at last he found himself alone among the thickest
+of his enemies.  Yet even then none durst come up to him, but being
+pelted at a distance, and driven to stony steep places, he had great
+difficulty, with much spurring, to guide his horse aright.  His age
+was no hindrance to him, for with perpetual exercise it was both
+strong and active; but being weakened with sickness, and tired with
+his long journey, his horse stumbling, he fell encumbered with his
+arms, and faint, upon a hard and rugged piece of ground.  His head
+received such a shock with the fall, that he lay awhile speechless,
+so that the enemy, thinking him dead, began to turn and strip him.
+But when they saw him lift up his head and open his eyes, they threw
+themselves all together upon him, bound his hands behind him, and
+carried him off, every kind of insult and contumely being lavished on
+him who truly had never so much as dreamed of being led in triumph by
+Dinocrates.
+
+The Messenians, wonderfully elated with the news, thronged in swarms
+to the city gates.  But when they saw Philopoemen in a posture so
+unsuitable to the glory of his great actions and famous victories,
+most of them, struck with grief and cursing the deceitful vanity of
+human fortune, even shed tears of compassion at the spectacle.  Such
+tears by little and little turned to kind words, and it was almost in
+everybody's mouth that they ought to remember what he had done for
+them, and how he had preserved the common liberty, by driving away
+Nabis.  Some few, to make their court to Dinocrates, were for
+torturing and then putting him to death as a dangerous and
+irreconcilable enemy; all the more formitable to Dinocrates, who had
+taken him prisoner, should he after this misfortune, regain his
+liberty.  They put him at last into a dungeon underground, which they
+called the treasury, a place into which there came no air nor light
+from abroad; and, which, having no doors, was closed with a great
+stone.  This they rolled into the entrance and fixed, and placing a
+guard about it, left him.  In the mean time Philopoemen's soldiers,
+recovering themselves after their flight, and fearing he was dead
+when he appeared nowhere, made a stand, calling him with loud cries,
+and reproaching one another with their unworthy and shameful escape;
+having betrayed their general, who, to preserve their lives, had lost
+his own.  Then returning after much inquiry and search, hearing at
+last that he was taken, they sent away messengers round about with
+the news.  The Achaeans resented the misfortune deeply, and decreed
+to send and demand him; and, in the meantime, drew their army
+together for his rescue.
+
+While these things passed in Achaea, Dinocrates, fearing that any
+delay would save Philopoemen, and resolving to be beforehand with the
+Achaeans, as soon as night had dispersed the multitude, sent in the
+executioner with poison, with orders not to stir from him till he had
+taken it.  Philopoemen had then laid down, wrapt up in his cloak, not
+sleeping, but oppressed with grief and trouble; but seeing light, and
+a man with poison by him, struggled to sit up; and, taking the cup,
+asked the man if he heard anything of the horsemen, particularly
+Lycortas?  The fellow answering, that the most part had got off safe,
+he nodded, and looking cheerfully upon him, "It is well," he said,
+"that we have not been every way unfortunate;" and without a word
+more, drank it off, and laid him down, again.  His weakness offering
+but little resistance to the poison, it dispatched him presently.
+
+The news of his death filled all Achaea with grief and lamentation.
+The youth, with some of the chief of the several cities, met at
+Megalopolis with a resolution to take revenge without delay.  They
+chose Lycortas general, and falling upon the Messenians, put all to
+fire and sword, till they all with one consent made their submission.
+Dinocrates, with as many as had voted for Philopoemen's death,
+anticipated their vengeance and killed themselves.  Those who would
+have had him tortured, Lycortas put in chains and reserved for
+severer punishment.  They burnt his body, and put the ashes into an
+urn, and then marched homeward, not as in an ordinary march, but with
+a kind of solemn pomp, half triumph, half funeral, crowns of victory
+on their heads, and tears in their eyes, and their captive enemies in
+fetters by them.  Polybius, the general's son, carried the urn, so
+covered with garlands and ribbons as scarcely to be visible; and the
+noblest of the Achaeans accompanied him.  The soldiers followed fully
+armed and mounted, with looks neither altogether sad as in mourning,
+nor lofty as in victory.  The people from all towns and villages in
+their way, flocked out to meet him, as at his return from conquest,
+and, saluting the urn, fell in with the company, and followed on to
+Megalopolis; where, when the old men, the women and children were
+mingled with the rest, the whole city was filled with sighs,
+complaints, and cries, the loss of Philopoemen seeming to them the
+loss of their own greatness, and of their rank among the Achaeans.
+Thus he was honorably buried according to his worth, and the
+prisoners were stoned about his tomb.
+
+Many statues were set up, and many honors decreed to him by the
+several cities.  One of the Romans in the time of Greece's
+affliction, after the destruction of Corinth, publicly accusing
+Philopoemen, as if he had been still alive, of having been the enemy
+of Rome, proposed that these memorials should all be removed.  A
+discussion ensued, speeches were made, and Polybius answered the
+sycophant at large.  And neither Mummius nor the lieutenants would
+suffer the honorable monuments of so great a man to be defaced,
+though he had often crossed both Titus and Manius.  They justly
+distinguished, and as became honest men, betwixt usefulness and
+virtue, -- what is good in itself, and what is profitable to
+particular parties, -- judging thanks and reward due to him who does
+a benefit, from him who receives it, and honor never to be denied by
+the good to the good.  And so much concerning Philopoemen.
+
+
+
+FLAMININUS
+
+What Titus Quintius Flamininus, whom we select as a parallel to
+Philopoemen, was in personal appearance, those who are curious may
+see by the brazen statue of him, which stands in Rome near that of
+the great Apollo, brought from Carthage, opposite to the Circus
+Maximus, with a Greek inscription upon it.  The temper of his mind is
+said to have been of the warmest both in anger and in kindness; not
+indeed equally so in both respects; as in punishing, he was ever
+moderate, never inflexible; but whatever courtesy or good turn he set
+about, he went through with it, and was as perpetually kind and
+obliging to those on whom he had poured his favors, as if they, not
+he, had been the benefactors:  exerting himself for the security and
+preservation of what he seemed to consider his noblest possessions,
+those to whom he had done good.  But being ever thirsty after honor,
+and passionate for glory, if anything of a greater and more
+extraordinary nature were to be done, he was eager to be the doer of
+it himself; and took more pleasure in those that needed, than in
+those that were capable of conferring favors; looking on the former
+as objects for his virtue, and on the latter as competitors in glory.
+
+Rome had then many sharp contests going on, and her youth betaking
+themselves early to the wars, learned betimes the art of commanding;
+and Flamininus, having passed through the rudiments of soldiery,
+received his first charge in the war against Hannibal, as tribune
+under Marcellus, then consul.  Marcellus, indeed, falling into an
+ambuscade, was cut off.  But Titus, receiving the appointment of
+governor, as well of Tarentum, then retaken, as of the country about
+it, grew no less famous for his administration of justice, than for
+his military skill.  This obtained him the office of leader and
+founder of two colonies which were sent into the cities of Narnia and
+Cossa; which filled him with loftier hopes, and made him aspire to
+step over those previous honors which it was usual first to pass
+through, the offices of tribune of the people, praetor and aedile,
+and to level his aim immediately at the consulship.  Having these
+colonies, and all their interest ready at his service, he offered
+himself as candidate; but the tribunes of the people, Fulvius and
+Manius, and their party, strongly opposed him; alleging how
+unbecoming a thing it was, that a man of such raw years, one who was
+yet, as it were, untrained, uninitiated in the first sacred rites and
+mysteries of government, should, in contempt of the laws, intrude and
+force himself into the sovereignty.
+
+However, the senate remitted it to the people's choice and suffrage;
+who elected him (though not then arrived at his thirtieth year)
+consul with Sextus Aelius.  The war against Philip and the
+Macedonians fell to Titus by lot, and some kind fortune, propitious
+at that time to the Romans, seems to have so determined it; as
+neither the people nor the state of things which were now to be dealt
+with, were such as to require a general who would always be upon the
+point of force and mere blows, but rather were accessible to
+persuasion and gentle usage.  It is true that the kingdom of Macedon
+furnished supplies enough to Philip for actual battle with the
+Romans; but to maintain a long and lingering war, he must call in aid
+from Greece; must thence procure his supplies; there find his means
+of retreat; Greece, in a word, would be his resource for all the
+requisites of his army.  Unless, therefore, the Greeks could be
+withdrawn from siding with Philip, this war with him must not expect
+its decision from a single battle.  Now Greece (which had not
+hitherto held much correspondence with the Romans, but first began an
+intercourse on this occasion) would not so soon have embraced a
+foreign authority, instead of the commanders she had been inured to,
+had not the general of these strangers been of a kind gentle nature,
+one who worked rather by fair means than force; of a persuasive
+address in all applications to others, and no less courteous, and
+open to all addresses of others to him; and above all bent and
+determined on justice.  But the story of his actions will best
+illustrate these particulars.
+
+Titus observed that both Sulpicius and Publius, who had been his
+predecessors in that command, had not taken the field against the
+Macedonians till late in the year; and then, too, had not set their
+hands properly to the war, but had kept skirmishing and scouting here
+and there for passes and provisions, and never came to close fighting
+with Philip.  He resolved not to trifle away a year, as they had
+done, at home in ostentation of the honor, and in domestic
+administration, and only then to join the army, with the pitiful hope
+of protracting the term of office through a second year, acting as
+consul in the first, and as general in the latter.  He was, moreover,
+infinitely desirous to employ his authority with effect upon the war,
+which made him slight those home-honors and prerogatives.
+Requesting, therefore, of the senate, that his brother Lucius might
+act with him as admiral of the navy, and taking with him to be the
+edge, as it were, of the expedition three thousand still young and
+vigorous soldiers, of those who, under Scipio, had defeated Asdrubal
+in Spain, and Hannibal in Africa, he got safe into Epirus; and found
+Publius encamped with his army, over against Philip, who had long
+made good the pass over the river Apsus, and the straits there;
+Publius not having been able, for the natural strength of the place,
+to effect anything against him.  Titus therefore took upon himself
+the conduct of the army, and, having dismissed Publius, examined the
+ground.  The place is in strength not inferior to Tempe, though it
+lacks the trees and green woods, and the pleasant meadows and walks
+that adorn Tempe.  The Apsus, making its way between vast and lofty
+mountains which all but meet above a single deep ravine in the midst,
+is not unlike the river Peneus, in the rapidity of its current, and
+in its general appearance.  It covers the foot of those hills, and
+leaves only a craggy, narrow path cut out beside the stream, not
+easily passable at any time for an army, but not at all when guarded
+by an enemy.
+
+There were some, therefore, who would have had Titus make a circuit
+through Dassaretis, and take an easy and safe road by the district of
+Lyncus.  But he, fearing that if he should engage himself too far
+from the sea in barren and untilled countries, and Philip should
+decline fighting, he might, through want of provisions, be
+constrained to march back again to the seaside without effecting
+anything, as his predecessor had done before him, embraced the
+resolution of forcing his way over the mountains.  But Philip, having
+possessed himself of them with his army, showered down his darts and
+arrows from all parts upon the Romans.  Sharp encounters took place,
+and many fell wounded and slain on both sides, and there seemed but
+little likelihood of thus ending the war; when some of the men, who
+fed their cattle thereabouts, came to Titus with a discovery, that
+there was a roundabout way which the enemy neglected to guard;
+through which they undertook to conduct his army, and to bring it
+within three days at furthest, to the top of the hills.  To gain the
+surer credit with him, they said that Charops, son of Machatas, a
+leading man in Epirus, who was friendly to the Romans, and aided them
+(though, for fear of Philip, secretly), was privy to the design.
+Titus gave their information belief, and sent a captain with four
+thousand foot, and three hundred horse; these herdsmen being their
+guides, but kept in bonds.  In the daytime they lay still under the
+covert of the hollow and woody places, but in the night they marched
+by moonlight, the moon being then at the full.  Titus, having
+detached this party, lay quiet with his main body, merely keeping up
+the attention of the enemy by some slight skirmishing.  But when the
+day arrived, that those who stole round, were expected upon the top
+of the hill, he drew up his forces early in the morning, as well the
+light-armed as the heavy, and, dividing them into three parts,
+himself led the van, marching his men up the narrow passage along the
+bank, darted at by the Macedonians, and engaging, in this difficult
+ground, hand to hand with his assailants; whilst the other two
+divisions on either side of him, threw themselves with great alacrity
+among the rocks.  Whilst they were struggling forward, the sun rose,
+and a thin smoke, like a mist, hanging on the hills, was seen rising
+at a distance, unperceived by the enemy, being behind them, as they
+stood on the heights; and the Romans, also, as yet under suspense, in
+the toil and difficulty they were in, could only doubtfully construe
+the sight according to their desires.  But as it grew thicker and
+thicker, blackening the air, and mounting to a greater height, they
+no longer doubted but it was the fire-signal of their companions;
+and, raising a triumphant shout, forcing their way onwards, they
+drove the enemy back into the roughest ground; while the other party
+echoed back their acclamations from the top of the mountain.
+
+The Macedonians fled with all the speed they could make; there fell,
+indeed, not more than two thousand of them; for the difficulties of
+the place rescued them from pursuit.  But the Romans pillaged their
+camp, seized upon their money and slaves, and, becoming absolute
+masters of the pass, traversed all Epirus; but with such order and
+discipline, with such temperance and moderation, that, though they
+were far from the sea, at a great distance from their vessels, and
+stinted of their monthly allowance of corn, and though they had much
+difficulty in buying, they nevertheless abstained altogether from
+plundering the country, which had provisions enough of all sorts in
+it.  For intelligence being received that Philip making a flight,
+rather than a march, through Thessaly, forced the inhabitants from
+the towns to take shelter in the mountains, burnt down the towns
+themselves, and gave up as spoil to his soldiers all the property
+which it had been found impossible to remove, abandoning, as it would
+seem, the whole country to the Romans.  Titus was, therefore, very
+desirous, and entreated his soldiers that they would pass through it
+as if it were their own, or as if a place trusted into their hands;
+and, indeed, they quickly perceived, by the event, what benefit they
+derived from this moderate and orderly conduct.  For they no sooner
+set foot in Thessaly, but the cities opened their gates, and the
+Greeks, within Thermopylae, were all eagerness and excitement to ally
+themselves with them.  The Achaeans abandoned their alliance with
+Philip, and voted to join with the Romans in actual arms against him;
+and the Opuntians, though the Aetolians, who were zealous allies of
+the Romans, were willing and desirous to undertake the protection of
+the city, would not listen to proposals from them; but, sending for
+Titus, entrusted and committed themselves to his charge.
+
+It is told of Pyrrhus, that when first, from an adjacent hill or
+watchtower which gave him a prospect of the Roman army, he descried
+them drawn up in order, he observed, that he saw nothing
+barbarian-like in this barbarian line of battle.  And all who came
+near Titus, could not choose but say as much of him, at their first
+view.  For they who had been told by the Macedonians of an invader,
+at the head of a barbarian army, carrying everywhere slavery and
+destruction on his sword's point; when in lieu of such an one, they
+met a man, in the flower of his age, of a gentle and humane aspect, a
+Greek in his voice and language, and a lover of honor, were
+wonderfully pleased and attracted; and when they left him, they
+filled the cities, wherever they went, with favorable feelings for
+him, and with the belief that in him they might find the protector
+and asserter of their liberties.  And when afterwards, on Philip's
+professing a desire for peace, Titus made a tender to him of peace
+and friendship, upon the condition that the Greeks be left to their
+own laws, and that he should withdraw his garrisons, which he refused
+to comply with, now after these proposals, the universal belief even
+of the favorers and partisans of Philip, was, that the Romans came
+not to fight against the Greeks, but for the Greeks, against the
+Macedonians.
+
+Accordingly, all the rest of Greece came to peaceable terms with him.
+But as he marched into Boeotia, without committing the least act of
+hostility, the nobility and chief men of Thebes came out of their
+city to meet him, devoted under the influence of Brachylles to the
+Macedonian alliance, but desirous at the same time to show honor and
+deference to Titus; as they were, they conceived, in amity with both
+parties.  Titus received them in the most obliging and courteous
+manner, but kept going gently on, questioning and inquiring of them,
+and sometimes entertaining them with narratives of his own, till his
+soldiers might a little recover from the weariness of their journey.
+Thus passing on, he and the Thebans came together into their city not
+much to their satisfaction; but yet they could not well deny him
+entrance, as a good number of his men attended him in.  Titus,
+however, now he was within, as if he had not had the city at his
+mercy, came forward and addressed them, urging them to join the Roman
+interest.  King Attalus followed to the same effect.  And he, indeed,
+trying to play the advocate, beyond what it seems his age could bear,
+was seized, in the midst of his speech, with a sudden flux or
+dizziness, and swooned away; and, not long after, was conveyed by
+ship into Asia, and died there.  The Boeotians joined the Roman
+alliance.
+
+But now, when Philip sent an embassy to Rome, Titus dispatched away
+agents on his part, too, to solicit the senate, if they should
+continue the war, to continue him in his command, or if they
+determined an end to that, that he might have the honor of concluding
+the peace.  Having a great passion for distinction, his fear was,
+that if another general were commissioned to carry on the war, the
+honor even of what was passed, would be lost to him; and his friends
+transacted matters so well on his behalf, that Philip was
+unsuccessful in his proposals, and the management of the war was
+confirmed in his hands.  He no sooner received the senate's
+determination, but, big with hopes, he marches directly into
+Thessaly, to engage Philip; his army consisting of twenty-six
+thousand men, out of which the Aetolians furnished six thousand foot
+and four hundred horse.  The forces of Philip were much about the
+same number.  In this eagerness to encounter, they advanced against
+each other, till both were near Scotussa, where they resolved to
+hazard a battle.  Nor had the approach of these two formidable armies
+the effect that might have been supposed, to strike into the generals
+a mutual terror of each other; it rather inspired them with ardor and
+ambition; on the Romans' part, to be the conquerors of Macedon, a
+name which Alexander had made famous amongst them for strength and
+valor; whilst the Macedonians, on the other hand, esteeming of the
+Romans as an enemy very different from the Persians, hoped, if
+victory stood on their side, to make the name of Philip more glorious
+than that of Alexander.  Titus, therefore, called upon his soldiers
+to play the part of valiant men, because they were now to act their
+parts upon the most illustrious theater of the world, Greece, and to
+contend with the bravest antagonists.  And Philip, on the other side,
+commenced an harangue to his men, as usual before an engagement, and
+to be the better heard, (whether it were merely a mischance, or the
+result of unseasonable haste, not observing what he did,) mounted an
+eminence outside their camp, which proved to be a burying-place; and
+much disturbed by the despondency that seized his army at the
+unluckiness of the omen, all that day kept in his camp, and declined
+fighting.
+
+But on the morrow, as day came on, after a soft and rainy night, the
+clouds changing into a mist filled all the plain with thick darkness;
+and a dense foggy air descending, by the time it was full day, from
+the adjacent mountains into the ground betwixt the two camps,
+concealed them from each other's view.  The parties sent out on
+either side, some for ambuscade, some for discovery, falling in upon
+one another quickly after they were thus detached, began the fight at
+what are called the Cynos Cephalae, a number of sharp tops of hills
+that stand close to one another, and have the name from some
+resemblance in their shape.  Now many vicissitudes and changes
+happening, as may well be expected, in such an uneven field of
+battle, sometimes hot pursuit, and sometimes as rapid a flight, the
+generals on both sides kept sending in succors from the main bodies,
+as they saw their men pressed or giving ground, till at length the
+heavens clearing up, let them see what was going on, upon which the
+whole armies engaged.  Philip, who was in the right wing, from the
+advantage of the higher ground which he had, threw on the Romans the
+whole weight of his phalanx, with a force which they were unable to
+sustain; the dense array of spears, and the pressure of the compact
+mass overpowering them.  But the king's left wing being broken up by
+the hilliness of the place, Titus observing it, and cherishing little
+or no hopes on that side where his own gave ground, makes in all
+haste to the other, and there charges in upon the Macedonians; who,
+in consequence of the inequality and roughness of the ground, could
+not keep their phalanx entire, nor line their ranks to any great
+depth, (which is the great point of their strength,) but were forced
+to fight man for man under heavy and unwieldy armor.  For the
+Macedonian phalanx is like some single powerful animal, irresistible
+so long as it is embodied into one, and keeps its order, shield
+touching shield, all as in a piece; but if it be once broken, not
+only is the joint-force lost, but the individual soldiers also who
+composed it; lose each one his own single strength, because of the
+nature of their armor; and because each of them is strong, rather, as
+he makes a part of the whole, than in himself.  When these were
+routed, some gave chase to the flyers, others charged the flanks of
+those Macedonians who were still fighting, so that the conquering
+wing, also, was quickly disordered, took to flight, and threw down
+its arms.  There were then slain no less than eight thousand, and
+about five thousand were taken prisoners; and the Aetolians were
+blamed as having been the main occasion that Philip himself got safe
+off.  For whilst the Romans were in pursuit, they fell to ravaging
+and plundering the camp, and did it so completely, that when the
+others returned, they found no booty in it.
+
+This bred at first hard words, quarrels, and misunderstandings
+betwixt them.  But, afterwards, they galled Titus more, by ascribing
+the victory to themselves, and prepossessing the Greeks with reports
+to that effect; insomuch that poets, and people in general in the
+songs that were sung or written in honor of the action, still ranked
+the Aetolians foremost.  One of the pieces most current was the
+following epigram: --
+
+Naked and tombless see, O passer-by,
+The thirty thousand men of Thessaly,
+Slain by the Aetolians and the Latin band,
+That came with Titus from Italia's land:
+Alas for mighty Macedon! that day,
+Swift as a roe, king Philip fled away.
+
+This was composed by Alcaeus in mockery of Philip, exaggerating the
+number of the slain.  However, being everywhere repeated, and by
+almost everybody, Titus was more nettled at it than Philip.  The
+latter merely retorted upon Alcaeus with some elegiac verses of his
+own: --
+
+Naked and leafless see, O passer-by,
+The cross that shall Alcaeus crucify.
+
+But such little matters extremely fretted Titus, who was ambitious of
+a reputation among the Greeks; and he, therefore, acted in all
+after-occurrences by himself, paying but very slight regard to the
+Aetolians.  This offended them in their turn; and when Titus listened
+to terms of accommodation, and admitted an embassy upon the proffers
+of the Macedonian king, the Aetolians made it their business to
+publish through all the cities of Greece, that this was the
+conclusion of all; that he was selling Philip a peace, at a time when
+it was in his hand to destroy the very roots of the war, and to
+overthrow the power which had first inflicted servitude upon Greece.
+But whilst with these and the like rumors, the Aetolians labored to
+shake the Roman confederates, Philip, making overtures of submission
+of himself and his kingdom to the discretion of Titus and the Romans,
+puts an end to those jealousies, as Titus by accepting them, did to
+the war.  For he reinstated Philip in his kingdom of Macedon, but
+made it a condition that he should quit Greece, and that he should
+pay one thousand talents; he took from him also, all his shipping,
+save ten vessels; and sent away Demetrius, one of his sons, hostage
+to Rome; improving his opportunity to the best advantage, and taking
+wise precautions for the future.  For Hannibal the African, a
+professed enemy to the Roman name, an exile from his own country, and
+not long since arrived at king Antiochus's court, was already
+stimulating that prince, not to be wanting to the good fortune that
+had been hitherto so propitious to his affairs; the magnitude of his
+successes having gained him the surname of the Great.  He had begun
+to level his aim at universal monarchy, but above all he was eager to
+measure himself with the Romans.  Had not, therefore, Titus upon a
+principle of prudence and foresight, lent all ear to peace, and had
+Antiochus found the Romans still at war in Greece with Philip, and
+had these two, the most powerful and warlike princes of that age,
+confederated for their common interests against the Roman state, Rome
+might once more have run no less a risk, and been reduced to no less
+extremities than she had experienced under Hannibal.  But now, Titus
+opportunely introducing this peace between the wars, dispatching the
+present danger before the new one had arrived, at once disappointed
+Antiochus of his first hopes, and Philip of his last.
+
+When the ten commissioners, delegated to Titus from the senate;
+advised him to restore the rest of Greece to their liberty, but that
+Corinth, Chalcis, and Demetrias should be kept garrisoned for
+security against Antiochus; the Aetolians, on this, breaking out into
+loud accusations, agitated all the cities, calling upon Titus to
+strike off the shackles of Greece, (so Philip used to term those
+three cities,) and asking the Greeks, whether it were not matter of
+much consolation to them, that, though their chains weighed heavier,
+yet they were now smoother and better polished than formerly, and
+whether Titus were not deservedly admired by them as their
+benefactor, who had unshackled the feet of Greece, and tied her up by
+the neck?  Titus, vexed and angry at this, made it his request to the
+senate, and at last prevailed in it, that the garrisons in these
+cities should be dismissed, that so the Greeks might be no longer
+debtors to him for a partial, but for an entire, favor.  It was now
+the time of the celebration of the Isthmian games; and the seats
+around the racecourse were crowded with an unusual multitude of
+spectators; Greece, after long wars, having regained not only peace,
+but hopes of liberty, and being able once more to keep holiday in
+safety.  A trumpet sounded to command silence; and the crier,
+stepping forth amidst the spectators, made proclamation, that the
+Roman senate, and Titus Quintius, the proconsular general, having
+vanquished king Philip and the Macedonians, restored the Corinthians,
+Locrians, Phocians, Euboeans, Achaeans of Phthiotis, Magnetians,
+Thessalians, and Perrhaebians to their own lands, laws, and
+liberties; remitting all impositions upon them, and withdrawing all
+garrisons from their cities.  At first, many heard not at all, and
+others not distinctly, what was said; but there was a confused and
+uncertain stir among the assembled people, some wondering, some
+asking, some calling out to have it proclaimed again.  When,
+therefore, fresh silence was made, the crier raising his voice,
+succeeded in making himself generally heard; and recited the decree
+again.  A shout of joy followed it, so loud that it was heard as far
+as the sea.  The whole assembly rose and stood up; there was no
+further thought of the entertainment; all were only eager to leap up
+and salute and address their thanks to the deliverer and champion of
+Greece.  What we often hear alleged, in proof of the force of human
+voices, was actually verified upon this occasion.  Crows that were
+accidentally flying over the course, fell down dead into it.  The
+disruption of the air must be the cause of it; for the voices being
+numerous, and the acclamation violent, the air breaks with it, and
+can no longer give support to the birds; but lets them tumble, like
+one that should attempt to walk upon a vacuum; unless we should
+rather imagine them to fall and die, shot with the noise as with a
+dart.  It is possible, too, that there may be a circular agitation of
+the air, which, like marine whirlpools, may have a violent direction
+of this sort given to it from the excess of its fluctuation.
+
+But for Titus, the sports being now quite at an end, so beset was he
+on every side, and by such multitudes, that had he not, foreseeing
+the probable throng and concourse of the people, timely withdrawn, he
+would scarce, it is thought, have ever got clear of them.  When they
+had tired themselves with acclamations all about his pavilion, and
+night was now come, wherever friends or fellow-citizens met, they
+joyfully saluted and embraced each other, and went home to feast and
+carouse together.  And there, no doubt, redoubling their joy, they
+began to recollect and talk of the state of Greece, what wars she had
+incurred in defense of her liberty, and yet was never perhaps
+mistress of a more settled or grateful one that this which other
+men's labors had won for her:  almost without one drop of blood, or
+one citizen's loss to be mourned for, she had this day had put into
+her hands the most glorious of rewards, and best worth the contending
+for.  Courage and wisdom are, indeed, rarities amongst men, but of
+all that is good, a just man it would seem is the most scarce.  Such
+as Agesilaus, Lysander, Nicias, and Alcibiades, knew how to play the
+general's part, how to manage a war, how to bring off their men
+victorious by land and sea; but how to employ that success to
+generous and honest purposes, they had not known.  For should a man
+except the achievement at Marathon, the sea-fight at Salamis, the
+engagements at Plataea and Thermopylae, Cimon's exploits at
+Eurymedon, and on the coasts of Cyprus, Greece fought all her battles
+against, and to enslave, herself; she erected all her trophies to her
+own shame and misery, and was brought to ruin and desolation almost
+wholly by the guilt and ambition of her great men.  A foreign people,
+appearing just to retain some embers, as it were, some faint
+remainders of a common character derived to them from their ancient
+sires, a nation from whom it was a mere wonder that Greece should
+reap any benefit by word or thought, these are they who have
+retrieved Greece from her severest dangers and distresses, have
+rescued her out of the hands of insulting lords and tyrants, and
+reinstated her in her former liberties.
+
+Thus they entertained their tongues and thoughts; whilst Titus by his
+actions made good what had been proclaimed.  For he immediately
+dispatched away Lentulus to Asia, to set the Bargylians free,
+Titillius to Thrace, to see the garrisons of Philip removed out of
+the towns and islands there, while Publius Villius set sail, in order
+to treat with Antiochus about the freedom of the Greeks under him.
+Titus himself passed on to Chalcis, and sailing thence to Magnesia,
+dismantled the garrisons there, and surrendered the government into
+the people's hands.  Shortly after, he was appointed at Argos to
+preside in the Nemean games, and did his part in the management of
+that solemnity singularly well; and made a second publication there
+by the crier, of liberty to the Greeks; and, visiting all the cities,
+he exhorted them to the practice of obedience to law, of constant
+justice, and unity, and friendship one towards another.  He
+suppressed their factions, brought home their political exiles; and,
+in short, his conquest over the Macedonians did not seem to give him
+a more lively pleasure, than to find himself prevalent in reconciling
+Greeks with Greeks; so that their liberty seemed now the least part
+of the kindness he conferred upon them.
+
+The story goes, that when Lycurgus the orator had rescued Xenocrates
+the philosopher from the collectors who were hurrying him away to
+prison for non-payment of the alien tax, and had them punished for
+the license they had been guilty of, Xenocrates afterwards meeting
+the children of Lycurgus, "My sons," said he, "I am nobly repaying
+your father for his kindness; he has the praises of the whole people
+in return for it."  But the returns which attended Titus Quintius and
+the Romans, for their beneficence to the Greeks, terminated not in
+empty praises only; for these proceedings gained them, deservedly,
+credit and confidence, and thereby power, among all nations, for many
+not only admitted the Roman commanders, but even sent and entreated
+to be under their protection; neither was this done by popular
+governments alone, or by single cities; but kings oppressed by kings,
+cast themselves into these protecting hands.  Insomuch that in a very
+short time (though perchance not without divine influence in it) all
+the world did homage to them.  Titus himself thought more highly of
+his liberation of Greece than of any other of his actions, as appears
+by the inscription with which he dedicated some silver targets,
+together with his own shield, to Apollo at Delphi: --
+
+Ye Spartan Tyndarids, twin sons of Jove,
+Who in swift horsemanship have placed your love,
+Titus, of great Aeneas' race, leaves this
+In honor of the liberty of Greece.
+
+He offered also to Apollo a golden crown, with this inscription: --
+
+This golden crown upon thy locks divine,
+O blest Latona's son, was set to shine
+By the great captain of the Aenean name.
+O Phoebus, grant the noble Titus fame!
+
+
+The same event has twice occurred to the Greeks in the city of
+Corinth.  Titus, then, and Nero again in our days, both at Corinth,
+and both alike at the celebration of the Isthmian games, permitted
+the Greeks to enjoy their own laws and liberty.  The former (as has
+been said) proclaimed it by the crier; but Nero did it in the public
+meeting place from the tribunal, in a speech which he himself made to
+the people.  This, however, was long after.
+
+Titus now engaged in a most gallant and just war upon Nabis, that
+most profligate and lawless tyrant of the Lacedaemonians, but in the
+end disappointed the expectations of the Greeks.  For when he had an
+opportunity of taking him, he purposely let it slip, and struck up a
+peace with him, leaving Sparta to bewail an unworthy slavery; whether
+it were that he feared, if the war should be protracted, Rome would
+send a new general who might rob him of the glory of it; or that
+emulation and envy of Philopoemen (who had signalized himself among
+the Greeks upon all other occasions, but in that war especially had
+done wonders both for matter of courage and counsel, and whom the
+Achaeans magnified in their theaters, and put into the same balance
+of glory with Titus,) touched him to the quick; and that he scorned
+that an ordinary Arcadian, who had but commanded in a few re-
+encounters upon the confines of his native district, should be spoken
+of in terms of equality with a Roman consul, waging war as the
+protector of Greece in general.  But, besides, Titus was not without
+an apology too for what he did, namely, that he put an end to the war
+only when he foresaw that the tyrant's destruction must have been
+attended with the ruin of the other Spartans.
+
+The Achaeans, by various decrees, did much to show Titus honor:  none
+of these returns, however, seemed to come up to the height of the
+actions that merited them, unless it were one present they made him,
+which affected and pleased him beyond all the rest; which was this.
+The Romans, who in the war with Hannibal had the misfortune to be
+taken captives, were sold about here and there, and dispersed into
+slavery; twelve hundred in number were at that time in Greece.  The
+reverse of their fortune always rendered them objects of
+compassion; but more particularly, as well might be, when they now
+met, some with their sons, some with their brothers, others with
+their acquaintance; slaves with their free, and captives with their
+victorious countrymen.  Titus, though deeply concerned on their
+behalf, yet took none of them from their masters by constraint.  But
+the Achaeans, redeeming them at five pounds a man, brought them
+altogether into one place, and made a present of them to him, as he
+was just going on shipboard, so that he now sailed away with the
+fullest satisfaction; his generous actions having procured him as
+generous returns, worthy a brave man and a lover of his country.
+This seemed the most glorious part of all his succeeding triumph; for
+these redeemed Romans (as it is the custom for slaves, upon their
+manumission, to shave their heads and wear felt-hats) followed in
+that habit in the procession.  To add to the glory of this show,
+there were the Grecian helmets, the Macedonian targets and long
+spears, borne with the rest of the spoils in public view, besides
+vast sums of money; Tuditanus says, 3,713 pounds weight of massy
+gold, 43,270 of silver, 14,514 pieces of coined gold, called
+Philippics, which was all over and above the thousand talents which
+Philip owed, and which the Romans were afterwards prevailed upon,
+chiefly by the mediation of Titus, to remit to Philip, declaring him
+their ally and confederate, and sending him home his hostage son.
+
+Shortly after, Antiochus entered Greece with a numerous fleet, and a
+powerful army, soliciting the cities there to sedition and revolt;
+abetted in all and seconded by the Aetolians, who for this long time
+had borne a grudge and secret enmity to the Romans, and now suggested
+to him, by way of a cause and pretext of war, that he came to bring
+the Greeks liberty.  When, indeed, they never wanted it less, as they
+were free already, but, in lack of really honorable grounds, he was
+instructed to employ these lofty professions.  The Romans, in the
+interim, in great apprehension of revolutions and revolt in Greece,
+and of his great reputation for military strength, dispatched the
+consul Manius Acilius to take the charge of the war, and Titus, as
+his lieutenant, out of regard to the Greeks; some of whom he no
+sooner saw, but he confirmed them in the Roman interests; others, who
+began to falter, like a timely physician, by the use of the strong
+remedy of their own affection for himself, he was able to arrest in
+the first stage of the disease, before they had committed themselves
+to any great error.  Some few there were whom the Aetolians were
+beforehand with, and had so wholly perverted that he could do no good
+with them; yet these, however angry and exasperated before, he saved
+and protected when the engagement was over.  For Antiochus, receiving
+a defeat at Thermopylae, not only fled the field, but hoisted sail
+instantly for Asia.  Manius, the consul, himself invaded and besieged
+a part of the Aetolians, while king Philip had permission to reduce
+the rest.  Thus while, for instance, the Dolopes and Magnetians on
+the one hand, the Athamanes and Aperantians on the other, were
+ransacked by the Macedonians, and while Manius laid Heraclea waste,
+and besieged Naupactus, then in the Aetolians' hands, Titus, still
+with a compassionate care for Greece, sailed across from Peloponnesus
+to the consul; and began first of all to chide him, that the victory
+should be owing alone to his arms, and yet he should suffer Philip to
+bear away the prize and profit of the war, and sit wreaking his anger
+upon a single town, whilst the Macedonians overran several nations
+and kingdoms.  But as he happened to stand then in view of the
+besieged, they no sooner spied him out, but they call to him from
+their wall, they stretch forth their hands, they supplicate and
+entreat him.  At the time, he said not a word more, but turning about
+with tears in his eyes, went his way.  Some little while after, he
+discussed the matter so effectually with Manius, that he won him over
+from his passion, and prevailed with him to give a truce and time to
+the Aetolians, to send deputies to Rome to petition the senate for
+terms of moderation.
+
+But the hardest task, and that which put Titus to the greatest
+difficulty was, to entreat with Manius for the Chalcidians, who had
+incensed him on account of a marriage which Antiochus had made in
+their city, even whilst the war was on foot; a match noways suitable
+in point of age, he an elderly man being enamored with a mere girl;
+and as little proper for the time, in the midst of a war.  She was
+the daughter of one Cleoptolemus, and is said to have been
+wonderfully beautiful.  The Chalcidians, in consequence, embraced the
+king's interests with zeal and alacrity, and let him make their city
+the basis of his operations during the war.  Thither, therefore, he
+made with all speed, when he was routed, and fled; and reaching
+Chalcis, without making any stay, taking this young lady, and his
+money and friends with him, away he sails to Asia.  And now Manius's
+indignation carrying him in all haste against the Chalcidians, Titus
+hurried after him, endeavoring to pacify and to entreat him; and, at
+length, succeeded both with him and the chief men among the Romans.
+
+The Chalcidians, thus owing their lives to Titus, dedicated to him
+all the best and most magnificent of their sacred buildings,
+inscriptions upon which may be seen to run thus to this day:  THE
+PEOPLE DEDICATE THIS GYMNASIUM TO TITUS AND TO HERCULES; so again:
+THE PEOPLE CONSECRATE THE DELPHINIUM TO TITUS AND TO HERCULES; and
+what is yet more, even in our time, a priest of Titus was formally
+elected and declared; and after sacrifice and libation, they sing a
+set song, much of which for the length of it we omit, but shall
+transcribe the closing verses: --
+
+The Roman Faith, whose aid of yore,
+Our vows were offered to implore,
+We worship now and evermore.
+To Rome, to Titus, and to Jove,
+O maidens, in the dances move.
+Dances and Io-Paeans too
+Unto the Roman Faith are due,
+O Savior Titus, and to you.
+
+Other parts of Greece also heaped honors upon him suitable to his
+merits, and what made all those honors true and real, was the
+surprising good-will and affection which his moderation and equity of
+character had won for him.  For if he were at any time at variance
+with anybody in matters of business, or out of emulation and rivalry,
+(as with Philopoemen, and again with Diophanes, when in office as
+General of the Achaeans,) his resentment never went far, nor did it
+ever break out into acts; but when it had vented itself in some
+citizen-like freedom of speech, there was an end of it.  In fine,
+nobody charged malice or bitterness upon his nature, though many
+imputed hastiness and levity to it; in general, he was the most
+attractive and agreeable of companions, and could speak too, both
+with grace, and forcibly.  For instance, to divert the Achaeans from
+the conquest of the isle of Zacynthus, "If," said he, "they put their
+head too far out of Peloponnesus, they may hazard themselves as much
+as a tortoise out of its shell."  Again, when he and Philip first met
+to treat of a cessation and peace, the latter complaining that Titus
+came with a mighty train, while he himself came alone and unattended,
+"Yes," replied Titus, "you have left yourself alone by killing your
+friends."  At another time, Dinocrates the Messenian, having drunk
+too much at a merry-meeting in Rome, danced there in woman's clothes,
+and the next day addressed himself to Titus for assistance in his
+design to get Messene out of the hands of the Achaeans.  "This,"
+replied Titus, "will be matter for consideration; my only surprise is
+that a man with such purposes on his hands should be able to dance
+and sing at drinking parties."  When, again, the ambassadors of
+Antiochus were recounting to those of Achaea, the various multitudes
+composing their royal master's forces, and ran over a long catalog of
+hard names, "I supped once," said Titus, "with a friend, and could
+not forbear expostulating with him at the number of dishes he had
+provided, and said I wondered where he had furnished himself with
+such a variety; 'Sir,' replied he, 'to confess the truth, it is all
+hog's flesh differently cooked.'  And so, men of Achaea, when you are
+told of Antiochus's lancers, and pikemen, and foot guards, I advise
+you not to be surprised; since in fact they are all Syrians
+differently armed."
+
+After his achievements in Greece, and when the war with Antiochus was
+at an end, Titus was created censor; the most eminent office, and, in
+a manner, the highest preferment in the commonwealth.  The son of
+Marcellus, who had been five times consul, was his colleague.  These,
+by virtue of their office, cashiered four senators of no great
+distinction, and admitted to the roll of citizens all freeborn
+residents.  But this was more by constraint than their own choice;
+for Terentius Culeo, then tribune of the people, to spite the
+nobility, spurred on the populace to order it to be done.  At this
+time, the two greatest and most eminent persons in the city,
+Africanus Scipio and Marcus Cato, were at variance.  Titus named
+Scipio first member of the senate;  and involved himself in a
+quarrel with Cato, on the following unhappy occasion.  Titus had a
+brother, Lucius Flamininus, very unlike him in all points of
+character, and, in particular, low and dissolute in his pleasures,
+and flagrantly regardless of all decency.  He kept as a companion a
+boy whom he used to carry about with him, not only when he had troops
+under his charge, but even when the care of a province was committed
+to him.  One day at a drinking-bout, when the youngster was wantoning
+with Lucius, "I love you, Sir, so dearly," said he, "that, preferring
+your satisfaction to my own, I came away without seeing the
+gladiators, though I have never seen a man killed in my life."
+Lucius, delighted with what the boy said, answered, "Let not that
+trouble you; I can satisfy that longing," and with that, orders a
+condemned man to be fetched out of the prison, and the executioner to
+be sent for, and commands him to strike off the man's head, before
+they rose from table.  Valerius Antias only so far varies the story
+as to make it woman for whom he did it.  But Livy says that in Cato's
+own speech the statement is, that a Gaulish deserter coming with his
+wife and children to the door, Lucius took him into the
+banqueting-room, and killed him with his own hand, to gratify his
+paramour.  Cato, it is probable, might say this by way of aggravation
+of the crime; but that the slain was no such fugitive, but a
+prisoner, and one condemned to die, not to mention other authorities,
+Cicero tells us in his treatise On Old Age, where he brings in Cato,
+himself, giving that account of the matter.
+
+However, this is certain; Cato during his censorship, made a severe
+scrutiny into the senators' lives in order to the purging and
+reforming the house, and expelled Lucius, though he had been once
+consul before, and though the punishment seemed to reflect dishonor
+on his brother also.  Both of them presented themselves to the
+assembly of the people in a suppliant manner, not without tears in
+their eyes, requesting that Cato might show the reason and cause of
+his fixing such a stain upon so honorable a family.  The citizens
+thought it a modest and moderate request.  Cato, however, without any
+retraction or reserve, at once came forward, and standing up with his
+colleague interrogated Titus, as to whether he knew the story of the
+supper.  Titus answering in the negative, Cato related it, and
+challenged Lucius to a formal denial of it.  Lucius made no reply,
+whereupon the people adjudged the disgrace just and suitable, and
+waited upon Cato home from the tribunal in great state.  But Titus
+still so deeply resented his brother's degradation, that he allied
+himself with those who had long borne a grudge against Cato; and
+winning over a major part of the senate, he revoked and made void all
+the contracts, leases, and bargains made by Cato, relating to the
+public revenues, and also got numerous actions and accusations
+brought against him; carrying on against a lawful magistrate and
+excellent citizen, for the sake of one who was indeed his relation,
+but was unworthy to be so, and had but gotten his deserts, a course
+of bitter and violent attacks, which it would be hard to say were
+either right or patriotic.  Afterwards, however, at a public
+spectacle in the theater, at which the senators appeared as usual,
+sitting, as became their rank, in the first seats, when Lucius was
+spied at the lower end, seated in a mean, dishonorable place, it made
+a great impression upon the people, nor could they endure the sight,
+but kept calling out to him to move, until he did move, and went in
+among those of consular dignity, who received him into their seats.
+
+This natural ambition of Titus was well enough looked upon by the
+world, whilst the wars we have given a relation of afforded competent
+fuel to feed it; as, for instance, when after the expiration of his
+consulship, he had a command as military tribune, which nobody
+pressed upon him.  But being now out of all employ in the government,
+and advanced in years, he showed his defects more plainly; allowing
+himself, in this inactive remainder of life, to be carried away with
+the passion for reputation, as uncontrollably as any youth.  Some
+such transport, it is thought, betrayed him into a proceeding against
+Hannibal, which lost him the regard of many.  For Hannibal, having
+fled his country, first took sanctuary with Antiochus; but he having
+been glad to obtain a peace, after the battle in Phrygia, Hannibal
+was put to shift for himself, by a second flight, and, after
+wandering through many countries, fixed at length in Bithynia,
+proffering his service to king Prusias.  Every one at Rome knew where
+he was, but looked upon him, now in his weakness and old age, with no
+sort of apprehension, as one whom fortune had quite cast off.  Titus,
+however, coming thither as ambassador, though he was sent from the
+senate to Prusias upon another errand, yet, seeing Hannibal resident
+there, it stirred up resentment in him to find that he was yet alive.
+And though Prusias used much intercession and entreaties in favor of
+him, as his suppliant and familiar friend, Titus was not to be
+entreated.  There was an ancient oracle, it seems, which prophesied
+thus of Hannibal's end: --
+
+Libyssan shall Hannibal enclose.
+
+He interpreted this to be meant of the African Libya, and that he
+should be buried in Carthage; as if he might yet expect to return and
+end his life there.  But there is a sandy place in Bithynia,
+bordering on the sea, and near it a little village called Libyssa.
+It was Hannibal's chance to be staying here, and having ever from the
+beginning had a distrust of the easiness and cowardice of Prusias,
+and a fear of the Romans, he had, long before, ordered seven
+underground passages to be dug from his house, leading from his
+lodging, and running a considerable distance in various opposite
+directions, all undiscernible from without.  As soon, therefore, as
+he heard what Titus had ordered, he attempted to make his escape
+through these mines; but finding them beset with the king's guards,
+he resolved upon making away with himself.  Some say that wrapping
+his upper garment about his neck, he commanded his servant to set his
+knee against his back, and not to cease twisting and pulling it, till
+he had completely strangled him.  Others say, he drank bull's blood,
+after the example of Themistocles and Midas.  Livy writes that he had
+poison in readiness, which he mixed for the purpose, and that taking
+the cup into his hand, "Let us ease," said he, "the Romans of their
+continual dread and care, who think it long and tedious to await the
+death of a hated old man.  Yet Titus will not bear away a glorious
+victory, nor one worthy of those ancestors who sent to caution
+Pyrrhus, an enemy, and a conqueror too, against the poison prepared
+for him by traitors."
+
+Thus venous are the reports of Hannibal's death; but when the news of
+it came to the senators' ears, some felt indignation against Titus
+for it, blaming as well his officiousness as his cruelty; who, when
+there was nothing to urge it, out of mere appetite for distinction,
+to have it said that he had caused Hannibal's death, sent him to his
+grave when he was now like a bird that in its old age has lost its
+feathers, and incapable of flying is let alone to live tamely without
+molestation.
+
+They began also now to regard with increased admiration the clemency
+and magnanimity of Scipio Africanus, and called to mind how he, when
+he had vanquished in Africa the till then invincible and terrible
+Hannibal, neither banished him his country, nor exacted of his
+countrymen that they should give him up.  At a parley just before
+they joined battle, Scipio gave him his hand, and in the peace made
+after it, he put no hard article upon him, nor insulted over his
+fallen fortune.  It is told, too, that they had another meeting
+afterwards, at Ephesus, and that when Hannibal, as they were walking
+together, took the upper hand, Africanus let it pass, and walked on
+without the least notice of it; and that then they began to talk of
+generals, and Hannibal affirmed that Alexander was the greatest
+commander the world had seen, next to him Pyrrhus, and the third was
+himself; Africanus, with a smile, asked, "What would you have said,
+if I had not defeated you?"  "I would not then, Scipio," he replied,
+"have made myself the third, but the first commander."  Such conduct
+was much admired in Scipio, and that of Titus, who had as it were
+insulted the dead whom another had slain, was no less generally found
+fault with.  Not but that there were some who applauded the action,
+looking upon a living Hannibal as a fire, which only wanted blowing
+to become a flame.  For when he was in the prime and flower of his
+age, it was not his body, nor his hand, that had been so formidable,
+but his consummate skill and experience, together with his innate
+malice and rancor against the Roman name, things which do not impair
+with age.  For the temper and bent of the soul remains constant,
+while fortune continually varies; and some new hope might easily
+rouse to a fresh attempt those whose hatred made them enemies to the
+last.  And what really happened afterwards does to a certain extent
+tend yet further to the exculpation of Titus.  Aristonicus, of the
+family of a common musician, upon the reputation of being the son of
+Eumenes, filled all Asia with tumults and rebellion.  Then again,
+Mithridates, after his defeats by Sylla and Fimbria, and vast
+slaughter, as well among his prime officers as common soldiers, made
+head again, and proved a most dangerous enemy, against Lucullus, both
+by sea and land.  Hannibal was never reduced to so contemptible a
+state as Caius Marius; he had the friendship of a king, and the free
+exercise of his faculties, employment and charge in the navy, and
+over the horse and foot, of Prusias; whereas those who but now were
+laughing to hear of Marius wandering about Africa, destitute and
+begging, in no long time after were seen entreating his mercy in
+Rome, with his rods at their backs, and his axes at their necks.  So
+true it is, that looking to the possible future, we can call nothing
+that we see either great or small; as nothing puts an end to the
+mutability and vicissitude of things, but what puts an end to their
+very being.  Some authors accordingly tell us, that Titus did not do
+this of his own head, but that he was joined in commission with
+Lucius Scipio, and that the whole object of the embassy was, to
+effect Hannibal's death.  And now, as we find no further mention in
+history of anything done by Titus, either in war or in the
+administration of the government, but simply that he died in peace;
+it is time to look upon him as he stands in comparison with
+Philopoemen.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF PHILOPOEMEN WITH FLAMININUS
+
+First, then, as for the greatness of the benefits which Titus
+conferred on Greece, neither Philopoemen, nor many braver men than
+he, can make good the parallel.  They were Greeks fighting against
+Greeks, but Titus, a stranger to Greece, fought for her.  And at the
+very time when Philopoemen went over into Crete, destitute of means
+to succor his besieged countrymen, Titus, by a defeat given to Philip
+in the heart of Greece, set them and their cities free.  Again, if we
+examine the battles they fought, Philopoemen, whilst he was the
+Achaeans' general, slew more Greeks than Titus, in aiding the Greeks,
+slew Macedonians.  As to their failings, ambition was Titus's weak
+side, and obstinacy Philopoemen's; in the former, anger was easily
+kindled, in the latter, it was as hardly quenched.  Titus reserved to
+Philip the royal dignity; he pardoned the Aetolians, and stood their
+friend; but Philopoemen, exasperated against his country, deprived it
+of its supremacy over the adjacent villages.  Titus was ever constant
+to those he had once befriended, the other, upon any offense, as
+prone to cancel kindnesses.  He who had once been a benefactor to the
+Lacedaemonians, afterwards laid their walls level with the ground,
+wasted their country, and in the end changed and destroyed the whole
+frame of their government.  He seems, in truth, to have prodigalled
+away his own life, through passion and perverseness; for he fell upon
+the Messenians, not with that conduct and caution that characterized
+the movements of Titus, but with unnecessary and unreasonable haste.
+
+The many battles he fought, and the many trophies he won, may make
+us ascribe to Philopoemen the more thorough knowledge of war.  Titus
+decided the matter betwixt Philip and himself in two engagements; but
+Philopoemen came off victorious in ten thousand encounters, to all
+which fortune had scarcely any presence, so much were they owing to
+his skill.  Besides, Titus got his renown, assisted by the power of a
+flourishing Rome; the other flourished under a declined Greece, so
+that his successes may be accounted his own; in Titus's glory Rome
+claims a share.  The one had brave men under him, the other made his
+brave, by being over them.  And though Philopoemen was unfortunate
+certainly, in always being opposed to his countrymen, yet this
+misfortune is at the same time a proof of his merit.  Where the
+circumstances are the same, superior success can only be ascribed to
+superior merit.  And he had, indeed, to do with the two most warlike
+nations of all Greece, the Cretans on the one hand, and the
+Lacedaemonians on the other, and he mastered the craftiest of them by
+art and the bravest of them by valor.  It may also be said that
+Titus, having his men armed and disciplined to his hand, had in a
+manner his victories made for him; whereas Philopoemen was forced to
+introduce a discipline and tactics of his own, and to new-mold and
+model his soldiers; so that what is of greatest import towards
+insuring a victory was in his case his own creation, while the other
+had it ready provided for his benefit.  Philopoemen effected many
+gallant things with his own hand, but Titus none; so much so that one
+Archedemus, an Aetolian, made it a jest against him that while he,
+the Aetolian, was running with his drawn sword, where he saw the
+Macedonians drawn up closest and fighting hardest, Titus was standing
+still, and with hands stretched out to heaven, praying to the gods
+for aid.
+
+It is true, Titus acquitted himself admirably, both as a governor,
+and as an ambassador; but Philopoemen was no less serviceable and
+useful to the Achaeans in the capacity of a private man, than in that
+of a commander.  He was a private citizen when he restored the
+Messenians to their liberty, and delivered their city from Nabis; he
+was also a private citizen when he rescued the Lacedaemonians, and
+shut the gates of Sparta against the General Diophanes, and Titus.
+He had a nature so truly formed for command that he could govern even
+the laws themselves for the public good; he did not need to wait for
+the formality of being elected into command by the governed, but
+employed their service, if occasion required, at his own discretion;
+judging that he who understood their real interests, was more truly
+their supreme magistrate, than he whom they had elected to the
+office.  The equity, clemency, and humanity of Titus towards the
+Greeks, display a great and generous nature; but the actions of
+Philopoemen, full of courage, and forward to assert his country's
+liberty against the Romans, have something yet greater and nobler in
+them.  For it is not as hard a task to gratify the indigent and
+distressed, as to bear up against, and to dare to incur the anger of
+the powerful.  To conclude, since it does not appear to be easy, by
+any review or discussion, to establish the true difference of their
+merits, and decide to which a preference is due, will it be an unfair
+award in the case, if we let the Greek bear away the crown for
+military conduct and warlike skill, and the Roman for justice and
+clemency?
+
+
+
+PYRRHUS
+
+Of the Thesprotians and Molossians after the great inundation, the
+first king, according to some historians, was Phaethon, one of those
+who came into Epirus with Pelasgus.  Others tell us that Deucalion
+and Pyrrha, having set up the worship of Jupiter at Dodona, settled
+there among the Molossians.  In after time, Neoptolemus, Achilles's
+son, planting a colony, possessed these parts himself, and left a
+succession of kings, who, after him, were named Pyrrhidae; as he in
+his youth was called Pyrrhus, and of his legitimate children, one
+born of Lanassa, daughter of Cleodaeus, Hyllus's son, had also that
+name.  From him, Achilles came to have divine honors in Epirus, under
+the name of Aspetus, in the language of the country.  After these
+first kings, those of the following intervening times becoming
+barbarous, and insignificant both in their power and their lives,
+Tharrhypas is said to have been the first, who by introducing Greek
+manners and learning, and humane laws into his cities, left any fame
+of himself.  Alcetas was the son of Tharrhypas, Arybas of Alcetas,
+and of Arybas and Troas his queen, Aeacides:  he married Phthia, the
+daughter of Menon, the Thessalian, a man of note at the time off the
+Lamiac war, and of highest command in the confederate army next to
+Leosthenes.  To Aeacides were born of Phthia, Deidamia and Troas
+daughters, and Pyrrhus a son.
+
+The Molossians, afterwards falling into factions, and expelling
+Aeacides, brought in the sons of Neoptolemus, and such friends of
+Aeacides as they could take were all cut off; Pyrrhus, yet an infant,
+and searched for by the enemy, had been stolen away and carried off
+by Androclides end Angelus; who, however, being obliged to take with
+them a few servants, and women to nurse the child, were much impeded
+and retarded in their flight, and when they were now overtaken, they
+delivered the infant to Androcleon, Hippias, and Neander, faithful
+and able young fellows, giving them in charge to make for Megara, a
+town of Macedon, with all their might, while they themselves, partly
+by entreaty, and partly by force, stopped the course of the pursuers
+till late in the evening.  At last, having hardly forced them back,
+they joined those who had the care of Pyrrhus; but the sun being
+already set, at the point of attaining their object they suddenly
+found themselves cut off from it.  For on reaching the river that
+runs by the city they found it looking formidable and rough, and
+endeavoring to pass over, they discovered it was not fordable; late
+rains having heightened the water, and made the current violent.  The
+darkness of the night added to the horror of all, so that they durst
+not venture of themselves to carry over the child and the women that
+attended it; but, perceiving some of the country people on the other
+side, they desired them to assist their passage, and showed them
+Pyrrhus, calling out aloud, and importuning them.  They, however,
+could not hear for the noise and roaring of the water.  Thus time was
+spent while those called out, and the others did not understand what
+was said, till one recollecting himself, stripped off a piece of bark
+from an oak, and wrote on it with the tongue of a buckle, stating the
+necessities and the fortunes of the child, and then rolling it about
+a stone, which was made use of to give force to the motion, threw it
+over to the other side, or, as some say, fastened it to the end of a
+javelin, and darted it over.  When the men on the other shore read
+what was on the bark, and saw how time pressed, without delay they
+cut down some trees, and lashing them together, came over to them.
+And it so fell out, that he who first got ashore, and took Pyrrhus in
+his arms, was named Achilles, the rest being helped over by others as
+they came to hand.
+
+Thus being safe, and out of the reach of pursuit, they addressed
+themselves to Glaucias, then king of the Illyrians, and finding him
+sitting at home with his wife, they laid down the child before them.
+The king began to weigh the matter, fearing Cassander, who was a
+mortal enemy of Aeacides, and, being in deep consideration, said
+nothing for a long time; while Pyrrhus, crawling about on the ground,
+gradually got near and laid hold with his hand upon the king's robe,
+and so helping himself upon his feet against the knees of Glaucias,
+first moved laughter, and then pity, as a little humble, crying
+petitioner.  Some say he did not throw himself before Glaucias, but
+catching hold of an altar of the gods, and spreading his hands about
+it, raised himself up by that; and that Glaucias took the act as an
+omen.  At present, therefore, he gave Pyrrhus into the charge of his
+wife, commanding he should be brought up with his own children; and a
+little after, the enemies sending to demand him, and Cassander
+himself offering two hundred talents, he would not deliver him up;
+but when he was twelve years old, bringing him with an army into
+Epirus, made him king.  Pyrrhus in the air of his face had something
+more of the terrors, than of the augustness of kingly power; he had
+not a regular set of upper teeth, but in the place of them one
+continued bone, with small lines marked on it, resembling the
+divisions of a row of teeth.  It was a general belief he could cure
+the spleen, by sacrificing a white cock, and gently pressing with his
+right foot on the spleen of the persons as they lay down on their
+backs, nor was any one so poor or inconsiderable as not to be
+welcome, if he desired it, to the benefit of his touch.  He accepted
+the cock for the sacrifice as a reward, and was always much pleased
+with the present.  The large toe of that foot was said to have a
+divine virtue; for after his death, the rest of the body being
+consumed, this was found unhurt and untouched by the fire.  But of
+these things hereafter.
+
+Being now about seventeen years old, and the government in appearance
+well settled, he took a journey out of the kingdom to attend the
+marriage of one of Glaucias's sons, with whom he was brought up; upon
+which opportunity the Molossians again rebelling, turned out all of
+his party, plundered his property, and gave themselves up to
+Neoptolemus.  Pyrrhus, having thus lost the kingdom, and being in
+want of all things, applied to Demetrius the son of Antigonus, the
+husband of his sister Deidamia, who, while she was but a child, had
+been in name the wife of Alexander, son of Roxana, but their affairs
+afterwards proving unfortunate, when she came to age, Demetrius
+married her.  At the great battle of Ipsus, where so many kings were
+engaged, Pyrrhus, taking part with Demetrius, though yet but a youth,
+routed those that encountered him, and highly signalized himself
+among all the soldiery; and afterwards, when Demetrius's fortunes
+were low, he did not forsake him then, but secured for him the cities
+of Greece with which he was entrusted; and upon articles of agreement
+being made between Demetrius and Ptolemy, he went over as an hostage
+for him into Egypt, where both in hunting and other exercises, he
+gave Ptolemy an ample proof of his courage and strength.  Here
+observing Berenice in greatest power, and of all Ptolemy's wives
+highest in esteem for virtue and understanding, he made his court
+principally to her.  He had a particular art of gaining over the
+great to his own interest, as on the other hand he readily overlooked
+such as were below him; and being also well-behaved and temperate in
+his life, among all the young princes then at court, he was thought
+most fit to have Antigone for his wife, one of the daughters of
+Berenice by Philip, before she married Ptolemy.
+
+After this match, advancing in honor, and Antigone being a very good
+wife to him, having procured a sum of money, and raised an army, he
+so ordered matters as to be sent into his kingdom of Epirus, and
+arrived there to the great satisfaction of many, from their hate to
+Neoptolemus, who was governing in a violent and arbitrary way.  But
+fearing lest Neoptolemus should enter into alliance with some
+neighboring princes, he came to terms and friendship with him,
+agreeing that they should share the government between them.  There
+were people, however, who, as time went on, secretly exasperated
+them, and fomented jealousies between them.  The cause chiefly moving
+Pyrrhus is said to have had this beginning.  It was customary for the
+kings to offer sacrifice to Mars, at Passaro, a place in the
+Molossian country, and that done to enter into a solemn covenant with
+the Epirots; they to govern according to law, these to preserve the
+government as by law established.  This was performed in the presence
+of both kings, who were there with their immediate friends, giving
+and receiving many presents; here Gelo, one of the friends of
+Neoptolemus, taking Pyrrhus by the hand, presented him with two pair
+of draught oxen.  Myrtilus, his cup-bearer, being then by, begged
+these of Pyrrhus, who not giving them to him, but to another,
+Myrtilus extremely resented it, which Gelo took notice of, and,
+inviting him to a banquet, (amidst drinking and other excesses, as
+some relate, Myrtilus being then in the flower of his youth,) he
+entered into discourse, persuading him to adhere to Neoptolemus, and
+destroy Pyrrhus by poison.  Myrtilus received the design, appearing
+to approve and consent to it, but privately discovered it to Pyrrhus,
+by whose command he recommended Alexicrates, his chief cup-bearer, to
+Gelo, as a fit instrument for their design, Pyrrhus being very
+desirous to have proof of the plot by several evidences.  So Gelo
+being deceived, Neoptolemus, who was no less deceived, imagining the
+design went prosperously on, could not forbear, but in his joy spoke
+of it among his friends, and once at an entertainment at his sister
+Cadmea's, talked openly of it, thinking none heard but themselves.
+Nor was anyone there but Phaenarete the wife of Samon, who had the
+care of Neoptolemus's flocks and herds.  She, turning her face
+towards the wall upon a couch, seemed fast asleep, and having heard
+all that passed, unsuspected, next day came to Antigone, Pyrrhus's
+wife, and told her what she had heard Neoptolemus say to his sister.
+On understanding which Pyrrhus for the present said little, but on a
+sacrifice day, making an invitation for Neoptolemus, killed him;
+being satisfied before that the great men of the Epirots were his
+friends, and that they were eager for him to rid himself of
+Neoptolemus, and not to content himself with a mere petty share of
+the government, but to follow his own natural vocation to great
+designs, and now when just ground of suspicion appeared, to
+anticipate Neoptolemus by taking him off first.
+
+In memory of Berenice and Ptolemy, he named his son by Antigone,
+Ptolemy, and having built a city in the peninsula of Epirus, called
+it Berenicis.  From this time he began to revolve many and vast
+projects in his thoughts; but his first special hope and design lay
+near home, and he found means to engage himself in the Macedonian
+affairs under the following pretext.  Of Cassander's sons, Antipater,
+the eldest, killed Thessalonica his mother, and expelled his brother
+Alexander, who sent to Demetrius entreating his assistance, and also
+called in Pyrrhus; but Demetrius being retarded by multitude of
+business, Pyrrhus, coming first, demanded in reward of his service
+the districts called Tymphaea and Parauaea in Macedon itself, and, of
+their new conquests, Ambracia, Acarnania, and Amphilochia.  The young
+prince giving way, he took possession of these countries, and secured
+them with good garrisons, and proceeded to reduce for Alexander
+himself other parts of the kingdom which he gained from Antipater.
+Lysimachus, designing to send aid to Antipater, was involved in much
+other business, but knowing Pyrrhus would not disoblige Ptolemy, or
+deny him anything, sent pretended letters to him as from Ptolemy,
+desiring him to give up his expedition, upon the payment of three
+hundred talents to him by Antipater.  Pyrrhus, opening the letter,
+quickly discovered the fraud of Lysimachus; for it had not the
+accustomed style of salutation, "The father to the son, health," but
+"King Ptolemy to Pyrrhus, the king, health;" and reproaching
+Lysimachus, he notwithstanding made a peace, and they all met to
+confirm it by a solemn oath upon sacrifice.  A goat, a bull, and a
+ram being brought out, the ram on a sudden fell dead.  The others
+laughed, but Theodotus the prophet forbade Pyrrhus to swear,
+declaring that Heaven by that portended the death of one of the three
+kings, upon which he refused to ratify the peace.
+
+The affairs of Alexander being now in some kind of settlement,
+Demetrius arrived, contrary, as soon appeared, to the desire and
+indeed not without the alarm of Alexander.  After they had been a few
+days together, their mutual jealousy led them to conspire against
+each other; and Demetrius taking advantage of the first occasion, was
+beforehand with the young king, and slew him, and proclaimed himself
+king of Macedon.  There had been formerly no very good understanding
+between him and Pyrrhus; for besides the inroads he made into
+Thessaly, the innate disease of princes, ambition of greater empire,
+had rendered them formidable and suspected neighbors to each other,
+especially since Deidamia's death; and both having seized Macedon,
+they came into conflict for the same object, and the difference
+between them had the stronger motives.  Demetrius having first
+attacked the Aetolians and subdued them, left Pantauchus there with a
+considerable army, and marched direct against Pyrrhus, and Pyrrhus,
+as he thought, against him; but by mistake of the ways they passed by
+one another, and Demetrius falling into Epirus wasted the country,
+and Pyrrhus, meeting with Pantauchus, prepared for an engagement.
+The soldiers fell to, and there was a sharp and terrible conflict,
+especially where the generals were.  Pantauchus, in courage,
+dexterity, and strength of body, being confessedly the best of all
+Demetrius's captains, and having both resolution and high spirit,
+challenged Pyrrhus to fight hand to hand; on the other side Pyrrhus,
+professing not to yield to any king in valor and glory, and esteeming
+the fame of Achilles more truly to belong to him for his courage than
+for his blood, advanced against Pantauchus through the front of the
+army.  First they used their lances, then came to a close fight, and
+managed their swords both with art and force; Pyrrhus receiving one
+wound, but returning two for it, one in the thigh, the other near the
+neck, repulsed and overthrew Pantauchus, but did not kill him
+outright, as he was rescued by his friends.  But the Epirots
+exulting in the victory of their king, and admiring his courage,
+forced through and cut in pieces the phalanx of the Macedonians, and
+pursuing those that fled, killed many, and took five thousand
+prisoners.
+
+This fight did not so much exasperate the Macedonians with anger for
+their loss, or with hatred to Pyrrhus, as it caused esteem, and
+admiration of his valor, and great discourse of him among those that
+saw what he did, and were engaged against him in the action.  They
+thought his countenance, his swiftness, and his motions expressed
+those of the great Alexander, and that they beheld here an image and
+resemblance of his rapidity and strength in fight; other kings merely
+by their purple and their guards, by the formal bending of their
+necks, and lofty tone of speech, Pyrrhus only by arms, and in action,
+represented Alexander.  Of his knowledge of military tactics and the
+art of a general, and his great ability that way, we have the best
+information from the commentaries he left behind him.  Antigonus,
+also, we are told, being asked who was the greatest soldier, said,
+"Pyrrhus, if he lives to be old," referring only to those of his own
+time; but Hannibal of all great commanders esteemed Pyrrhus for skill
+and conduct the first, Scipio the second, and himself the third, as
+is related in the life of Scipio.  In a word, he seemed ever to make
+this all his thought and philosophy, as the most kingly part of
+learning; other curiosities he held in no account.  He is reported,
+when asked at a feast whether he thought Python or Caphisias the best
+musician, to have said, Polysperchon was the best soldier, as though
+it became a king to examine and understand only such things.  Towards
+his familiars he was mild, and not easily incensed; zealous, and even
+vehement in returning kindnesses.  Thus when Aeropus was dead, he
+could not bear it with moderation, saying, he indeed had suffered
+what was common to human nature, but condemning and blaming himself,
+that by puttings off and delays he had not returned his kindness in
+time.  For our debts may be satisfied to the creditor's heirs, but
+not to have made the acknowledgment of received favors, while they to
+whom it is due can be sensible of it, afflicts a good and a worthy
+nature.  Some thinking it fit that Pyrrhus should banish a certain
+ill-tongued fellow in Ambracia, who had spoken very indecently of
+him, "Let him rather," said he, "speak against us here to a few, than
+rambling about to a great many."  And others who in their wine had
+made redactions upon him, being afterward questioned for it, and
+asked by him whether they had said such words, on one of the young
+fellows answering, "Yes, all that, king; and should have said more if
+we had had more wine;" he laughed and discharged them.  After
+Antigone's death, he married several wives to enlarge his interest
+and power.  He had the daughter of Autoleon, king of the Paeonians,
+Bircenna, Bardyllis the Illyrian's daughter, Lanassa, daughter of
+Agathocles the Syracusan, who brought with her in dower the city of
+Corcyra which had been taken by Agathocles.  By Antigone he had
+Ptolemy, Alexander by Lanassa, and Helenus, his youngest son, by
+Bircenna; he brought them up all in arms, hot and eager youths, and
+by him sharpened and whetted to war from their very infancy.  It is
+said, when one of them, while yet a child, asked him to which he
+would leave the kingdom, he replied, to him that had the sharpest
+sword, which indeed was much like that tragical curse of Oedipus to
+his sons:
+
+Not by the lot decide.
+But with the sword the heritage divide.
+
+So unsocial and wild-beast-like is the nature of ambition and
+cupidity.
+
+After this battle Pyrrhus, returning gloriously home, enjoyed his
+fame and reputation, and being called "Eagle" by the Epirots, "By
+you," said he, "I am an eagle; for how should I not be such, while I
+have your arms as wings to sustain me?"  A little after, having
+intelligence that Demetrius was dangerously sick, he entered on a
+sudden into Macedonia, intending only an incursion, and to harass the
+country; but was very near seizing upon all, and taking the kingdom
+without a blow.  He marched as far as Edessa unresisted, great
+numbers deserting, and coming in to him.  This danger excited
+Demetrius beyond his strength, and his friends and commanders in a
+short time got a considerable army together, and with all their
+forces briskly attacked Pyrrhus, who, coming only to pillage, would
+not stand a fight but retreating lost part of his army, as he went
+off, by the close pursuit of the Macedonians.  Demetrius, however,
+although he had easily and quickly forced Pyrrhus out of the country,
+yet did not slight him, but having resolved upon great designs, and
+to recover his father's kingdom with an army of one hundred thousand
+men, and a fleet of five hundred ships, would neither embroil himself
+with Pyrrhus, nor leave the Macedonians so active and troublesome a
+neighbor; and since he had no leisure to continue the war with him,
+he was willing to treat and conclude a peace, and to turn his forces
+upon the other kings.  Articles being agreed upon, the designs of
+Demetrius quickly discovered themselves by the greatness of his
+preparation.  And the other kings, being alarmed, sent to Pyrrhus
+ambassadors and letters, expressing their wonder that he should
+choose to let his own opportunity pass by, and wait till Demetrius
+could use his; and whereas he was now able to chase him out of
+Macedon, involved in designs and disturbed, he should expect till
+Demetrius at leisure, and grown great, should bring the war home to
+his own door, and make him fight for his temples and sepulchers in
+Molossia; especially having so lately, by his means, lost Corcyra and
+his wife together.  For Lanassa had taken offense at Pyrrhus for too
+great an inclination to those wives of his that were barbarians, and
+so withdrew to Corcyra, and desiring to marry some king, invited
+Demetrius, knowing of all the kings he was most ready to entertain
+offers of marriage; so he sailed thither, married Lanassa, and placed
+a garrison in the city.  The kings having written thus to Pyrrhus,
+themselves likewise contrived to find Demetrius work, while he was
+delaying and making his preparations.  Ptolemy, setting out with a
+great fleet, drew off many of the Greek cities.  Lysimachus out of
+Thrace wasted the upper Macedon; and Pyrrhus, also, taking arms at
+the same time, marched to Beroea, expecting, as it fell out, that
+Demetrius, collecting his forces against Lysimachus, would leave the
+lower country undefended.  That very night he seemed in his sleep to
+be called by Alexander the Great, and approaching saw him sick abed,
+but was received with very kind words and much respect, and promised
+zealous assistance.  He making bold to reply:  "How, Sir, can you,
+being sick, assist me?"  "With my name," said he, and mounting a
+Nisaean horse, seemed to lead the way.  At the sight of this vision
+he was much assured, and with swift marches overrunning all the
+interjacent places, takes Beroea, and making his head-quarters there,
+reduced the rest of the country by his commanders.  When Demetrius
+received intelligence of this, and perceived likewise the Macedonians
+ready to mutiny in the army, he was afraid to advance further, lest
+coming near Lysimachus, a Macedonian king, and of great fame, they
+should revolt to him.  So returning, he marched directly against
+Pyrrhus, as a stranger, and hated by the Macedonians.  But while he
+lay encamped there near him, many who came out of Beroea infinitely
+praised Pyrrhus as invincible in arms, a glorious warrior, who
+treated those he had taken kindly and humanely.  Several of these
+Pyrrhus himself sent privately, pretending to be Macedonians, and
+saying, now was the time to be delivered from the severe government
+of Demetrius, by coming over to Pyrrhus, a gracious prince, and a
+lover of soldiers.  By this artifice a great part of the army was in
+a state of excitement, and the soldiers began to look every way
+about, inquiring for Pyrrhus.  It happened he was without his helmet,
+till understanding they did not know him, he put it on again, and so
+was quickly recognized by his lofty crest, and the goat's horns he
+wore upon it.  Then the Macedonians, running to him, desired to be
+told his password, and some put oaken boughs upon their heads,
+because they saw them worn by the soldiers about him.  Some persons
+even took the confidence to say to Demetrius himself, that he would
+be well advised to withdraw, and lay down the government.  And he,
+indeed, seeing the mutinous movements of the army to be only too
+consistent with what they said, privately got away, disguised in a
+broad hat, and a common soldier's coat.  So Pyrrhus became master of
+the army without fighting, and was declared king of the Macedonians.
+
+But Lysimachus now arriving, and claiming the defeat of Demetrius as
+the joint exploit of them both, and that therefore the kingdom should
+be shared between them, Pyrrhus, not as yet quite assured of the
+Macedonians, and in doubt of their faith, consented to the
+proposition of Lysimachus, and divided the country and cities between
+them accordingly.  This was for the present useful, and prevented a
+war; but shortly after they found the partition not so much a
+peaceful settlement, as an occasion of further complaint and
+difference.  For men whose ambition neither seas nor mountains, nor
+unpeopled deserts can limit, nor the bounds dividing Europe from Asia
+confine their vast desires, it would be hard to expect to forbear
+from injuring one another when they touch, and are close together.
+These are ever naturally at war, envying and seeking advantages of
+one another, and merely make use of those two words, peace and war,
+like current coin, to serve their occasions, not as justice but as
+expediency suggests, and are really better men when they openly enter
+on a war, than when they give to the mere forbearance from doing
+wrong, for want of opportunity, the sacred names of justice and
+friendship.  Pyrrhus was an instance of this; for setting himself
+against the rise of Demetrius again, and endeavoring to hinder the
+recovery of his power, as it were from a kind of sickness, he
+assisted the Greeks, and came to Athens, where, having ascended the
+Acropolis, he offered sacrifice to the goddess, and the same day came
+down again, and told the Athenians he was much gratified by the
+good-will and the confidence they had shown to him; but if they were
+wise, he advised them never to let any king come thither again, or
+open their city gates to him.  He concluded also a peace with
+Demetrius, but shortly after he was gone into Asia, at the persuasion
+of Lysimachus, he tampered with the Thessalians to revolt, and
+besieged his cities in Greece; finding he could better preserve the
+attachment of the Macedonians in war than in peace, and being of his
+own inclination not much given to rest.  At last, after Demetrius had
+been overthrown in Syria, Lysimachus, who had secured his affairs,
+and had nothing to do, immediately turned his whole forces upon
+Pyrrhus, who was in quarters at Edessa, and falling upon and seizing
+his convoy of provisions, brought first a great scarcity into the
+army; then partly by letters, partly by spreading rumors abroad, he
+corrupted the principal officers of the Macedonians, reproaching them
+that they had made one their master who was both a stranger and
+descended from those who had ever been servants to the Macedonians,
+and that they had thrust the old friends and familiars of Alexander
+out of the country.  The Macedonian soldiers being much prevailed
+upon, Pyrrhus withdrew himself with his Epirots and auxiliary forces,
+relinquishing Macedon just after the same manner he took it.  So
+little reason have kings to condemn popular governments for changing
+sides as suits their interests, as in this they do but imitate them
+who are the great instructors of unfaithfulness and treachery;
+holding him the wisest that makes the least account of being an
+honest man.
+
+Pyrrhus having thus retired into Epirus, and left Macedon, fortune
+gave him a fair occasion of enjoying himself in quiet, and peaceably
+governing his own subjects; but he who thought it a nauseous course
+of life not to be doing mischief to others, or receiving some from
+them, like Achilles, could not endure repose,
+
+-- But sat and languished far,
+Desiring battle and the shout of war,
+
+and gratified his inclination by the following pretext for new
+troubles.  The Romans were at war with the Tarentines, who, not being
+able to go on with the war, nor yet, through the foolhardiness and
+the viciousness of their popular speakers, to come to terms and give
+it up, proposed now to make Pyrrhus their general, and engage him in
+it, as of all the neighboring kings the most at leisure, and the most
+skillful as a commander.  The more grave and discreet citizens
+opposing these counsels, were partly overborne by the noise and
+violence of the multitude; while others, seeing this, absented
+themselves from the assemblies; only one Meton, a very sober man, on
+the day this public decree was to be ratified, when the people were
+now seating themselves, came dancing into the assembly like one quite
+drunk, with a withered garland and a small lamp in his hand, and a
+woman playing on a flute before him.  And as in great multitudes met
+at such popular assemblies, no decorum can be well observed, some
+clapped him, others laughed, none forbade him, but called to the
+woman to play, and to him to sing to the company, and when they
+thought he was going to do so, "'Tis only right of you, O men of
+Tarentum," he said, "not to hinder any from making themselves merry,
+that have a mind to it, while it is yet in their power; and if you
+are wise, you will take out your pleasure of your freedom while you
+can, for you must change your course of life, and follow other diet
+when Pyrrhus comes to town."  These words made a great impression
+upon many of the Tarentines, and a confused murmur went about, that
+he had spoken much to the purpose; but some who feared they should be
+sacrificed if a peace were made with the Romans, reviled the whole
+assembly for so tamely suffering themselves to be abused by a drunken
+sot, and crowding together upon Meton, thrust him out.  So the public
+order was passed, and ambassadors sent into Epirus, not only in their
+own names, but in those of all the Italian Greeks, carrying presents
+to Pyrrhus, and letting him know they wanted a general of reputation
+and experience; and that they could furnish him with large forces of
+Lucanians, Messapians, Samnites, and Tarentines, amounting to twenty
+thousand horse, and three hundred and fifty thousand foot.  This did
+not only quicken Pyrrhus, but raised an eager desire for the
+expedition in the Epirots.
+
+There was one Cineas, a Thessalian, considered to be a man of very
+good sense, a disciple of the great orator Demosthenes, who of all
+that were famous at that time for speaking well, most seemed, as in a
+picture, to revive in the minds of the audience the memory of his
+force and vigor of eloquence; and being always about Pyrrhus, and
+sent about in his service to several cities, verified the saying of
+Euripides, that
+
+-- the force of words
+Can do whate'er is done by conquering swords.
+
+And Pyrrhus was used to say, that Cineas had taken more towns with
+his words, than he with his arms, and always did him the honor to
+employ him in his most important occasions.  This person, seeing
+Pyrrhus eagerly preparing for Italy, led him one day when he was at
+leisure into the following reasonings:  "The Romans, sir, are
+reported to be great warriors and conquerors of many warlike nations;
+if God permit us to overcome them, how should we use our victory?"
+"You ask," said Pyrrhus, "a thing evident of itself.  The Romans once
+conquered, there is neither Greek nor barbarian city that will resist
+us, but we shall presently be masters of all Italy, the extent and
+resources and strength of which anyone should rather profess to be
+ignorant of, than yourself."  Cineas, after a little pause, "And
+having subdued Italy, what shall we do next?"  Pyrrhus not yet
+discovering his intention, "Sicily," he replied, "next holds out her
+arms to receive us, a wealthy and populous island, and easy to be
+gained; for since Agathocles left it, only faction and anarchy, and
+the licentious violence of the demagogues prevail."  "You speak,"
+said Cineas, "what is perfectly probable, but will the possession of
+Sicily put an end to the war?"  "God grant us," answered Pyrrhus,
+"victory and success in that, and we will use these as forerunners of
+greater things; who could forbear from Libya and Carthage then within
+reach, which Agathocles, even when forced to fly from Syracuse, and
+passing the sea only with a few ships, had all but surprised?
+These conquests once perfected, will any assert that of the enemies
+who now pretend to despise us, anyone will dare to make further
+resistance?"  "None," replied Cineas, "for then it is manifest we may
+with such mighty forces regain Macedon, and make all absolute
+conquest of Greece; and when all these are in our power, what shall
+we do then?"  Said Pyrrhus, smiling, "we will live at our ease, my
+dear friend, and drink all day, and divert ourselves with pleasant
+conversation."  When Cineas had led Pyrrhus with his argument to this
+point:  "And what hinders us now, sir, if we have a mind to be merry,
+and entertain one another, since we have at hand without trouble all
+those necessary things, to which through much blood and great labor,
+and infinite hazards and mischief done to ourselves and to others, we
+design at last to arrive?"  Such reasonings rather troubled Pyrrhus
+with the thought of the happiness he was quitting, than any way
+altered his purpose, being unable to abandon the hopes of what he so
+much desired.
+
+And first, he sent away Cineas to the Tarentines with three thousand
+men; presently after, many vessels for transport of horse, and
+galleys, and flat-bottomed boats of all sorts arriving from Tarentum,
+he shipped upon them twenty elephants, three thousand horse, twenty
+thousand foot, two thousand archers, and five hundred slingers.  All
+being thus in readiness, he set sail, and being half way over, was
+driven by the wind, blowing, contrary to the season of the year,
+violently from the north, and carried from his course, but by the
+great skill and resolution of his pilots and seamen, he made the land
+with infinite labor, and beyond expectation.  The rest of the fleet
+could not get up, and some of the dispersed ships, losing the coast
+of Italy, were driven into the Libyan and Sicilian Sea; others not
+able to double the Cape of Japygium, were overtaken by the night; and
+with a boisterous and heavy sea, throwing them upon a dangerous and
+rocky shore, they were all very much disabled except the royal
+galley.  She, while the sea bore upon her sides, resisted with her
+bulk and strength, and avoided the force of it, till the wind coming
+about, blew directly in their teeth from the shore, and the vessel
+keeping up with her head against it, was in danger of going to
+pieces; yet on the other hand, to suffer themselves to be driven off
+to sea again, which was thus raging and tempestuous, with the wind
+shifting about every way, seemed to them the most dreadful of all
+their present evils.  Pyrrhus, rising up, threw himself overboard.
+His friends and guards strove eagerly who should be most ready to
+help him, but night and the sea with its noise and violent surge,
+made it extremely difficult to do this; so that hardly, when with the
+morning the wind began to subside, he got ashore, breathless, and
+weakened in body, but with high courage and strength of mind
+resisting his hard fortune.  The Messapians, upon whose shore they
+were thrown by the tempest, came up eagerly to help them in the best
+manner they could; and some of the straggling vessels that had
+escaped the storm arrived; in which were a very few horse, and not
+quite two thousand foot, and two elephants.
+
+With these Pyrrhus marched straight to Tarentum, where Cineas, being
+informed of his arrival, led out the troops to meet him.  Entering
+the town, he did nothing unpleasing to the Tarentines, nor put any
+force upon them, till his ships were all in harbor, and the greatest
+part of the army got together; but then perceiving that the people,
+unless some strong compulsion was used to them, were not capable
+either of saving others or being saved themselves, and were rather
+intending, while he engaged for them in the field, to remain at home
+bathing and feasting themselves, he first shut up the places of
+public exercise, and the walks where, in their idle way, they fought
+their country's battles and conducted her campaigns in their talk; he
+prohibited likewise all festivals, revels, and drinking-parties, as
+unseasonable, and summoning them to arms, showed himself rigorous and
+inflexible in carrying out the conscription for service in the war.
+So that many, not understanding what it was to be commanded, left the
+town, calling it mere slavery not to do as they pleased.  He now
+received intelligence that Laevinus, the Roman consul, was upon his
+march with a great army, and plundering Lucania as he went.  The
+confederate forces were not come up to him, yet he thought it
+impossible to suffer so near an approach of an enemy, and drew out
+with his army, but first sent an herald to the Romans to know if
+before the war they would decide the differences between them and the
+Italian Greeks by his arbitrament and mediation.  But Laevinus
+returning answer, that the Romans neither accepted him as arbitrator.
+nor feared him as an enemy, Pyrrhus advanced, and encamped in the
+plain between the cities of Pandosia and Heraclea, and having notice
+the Romans were near, and lay on the other side of the river Siris,
+he rode up to take a view of them, and seeing their order, the
+appointment of the watches, their method and the general form of
+their encampment, he was amazed, and addressing one of his friends
+next to him:  "This order," said he, "Megacles, of the barbarians, is
+not at all barbarian in character; we shall see presently what they
+can do;" and, growing a little more thoughtful of the event, resolved
+to expect the arriving of the confederate troops.  And to hinder the
+Romans, if in the meantime they should endeavor to pass the river,
+he planted men all along the bank to oppose them.  But they,
+hastening to anticipate the coming up of the same forces which he had
+determined to wait for, attempted the passage with their infantry,
+where it was fordable, and with the horse in several places, so that
+the Greeks, fearing to be surrounded, were obliged to retreat, and
+Pyrrhus, perceiving this and being much surprised, bade his foot
+officers draw their men up in line of battle, and continue in arms,
+while he himself, with three thousand horse, advanced, hoping to
+attack the Romans as they were coming over, scattered and disordered.
+But when he saw a vast number of shields appearing above the water,
+and the horse following them in good order, gathering his men in a
+closer body, himself at the head of them, he began the charge,
+conspicuous by his rich and beautiful armor, and letting it be seen
+that his reputation had not outgone what he was able effectually to
+perform.  While exposing his hands and body in the fight, and bravely
+repelling all that engaged him, he still guided the battle with a
+steady and undisturbed reason, and such presence of mind, as if he
+had been out of the action and watching it from a distance, passing
+still from point to point, and assisting those whom he thought most
+pressed by the enemy.  Here Leonnatus the Macedonian, observing one
+of the Italians very intent upon Pyrrhus, riding up towards him, and
+changing places as he did, and moving as he moved:  "Do you see,
+sir," said he, "that barbarian on the black horse with white feet? he
+seems to me one that designs some great and dangerous thing, for he
+looks constantly at you, and fixes his whole attention, full of
+vehement purpose, on you alone, taking no notice of others.  Be on
+your guard, sir, against him."  "Leonnatus," said Pyrrhus, "it is
+impossible for any man to avoid his fate; but neither he nor any
+other Italian shall have much satisfaction in engaging with me."
+While they were in this discourse, the Italian, lowering his spear
+and quickening his horse, rode furiously at Pyrrhus, and run his
+horse through with his lance; at the same instant Leonnatus ran his
+through.  Both horses falling, Pyrrhus's friends surrounded him and
+brought him off safe, and killed the Italian, bravely defending
+himself.  He was by birth a Frentanian, captain of a troop, and named
+Oplacus.
+
+This made Pyrrhus use greater caution, and now seeing his horse give
+ground, he brought up the infantry against the enemy, and changing
+his scarf and his arms with Megacles, one of his friends, and,
+obscuring himself, as it were, in his, charged upon the Romans, who
+received and engaged him, and a great while the success of the battle
+remained undetermined; and it is said there were seven turns of
+fortune both of pursuing and being pursued.  And the change of his
+arms was very opportune for the safety of his person, but had like to
+have overthrown his cause and lost him the victory; for several
+falling upon Megacles, the first that gave him his mortal wound was
+one Dexous, who, snatching away his helmet and his robe, rode at
+once to Laevinus, holding them up, and saying aloud he had killed
+Pyrrhus.  These spoils being carried about and shown among the ranks,
+the Romans were transported with joy, and shouted aloud; while equal
+discouragement and terror prevailed among the Greeks, until Pyrrhus,
+understanding what had happened, rode about the army with his face
+bare, stretching out his hand to his soldiers, and telling them aloud
+it was he.  At last, the elephants more particularly began to
+distress the Romans, whose horses, before they came near, not
+enduring them, went back with their riders; and upon this, he
+commanded the Thessalian cavalry to charge them in their disorder,
+and routed them with great loss.  Dionysius affirms near fifteen
+thousand of the Romans fell; Hieronymus, no more than seven thousand.
+On Pyrrhus's side, the same Dionysius makes thirteen thousand slain,
+the other under four thousand; but they were the flower of his men,
+and amongst them his particular friends as well as officers whom he
+most trusted and made use of.  However, be possessed himself of the
+Romans' camp which they deserted, and gained over several confederate
+cities, and wasted the country round about, and advanced so far that
+he was within about thirty-seven miles of Rome itself.  After the
+fight many of the Lucanians and Samnites came in and joined him, whom
+he chid for their delay, but yet he was evidently well pleased and
+raised in his thoughts, that he had defeated so great an army of the
+Romans with the assistance of the Tarentines alone.
+
+The Romans did not remove Laevinus from the consulship; though it is
+told that Caius Fabricius said, that the Epirots had not beaten the
+Romans, but only Pyrrhus, Laevinus; insinuating that their loss was
+not through want of valor but of conduct; but filled up their
+legions, and enlisted fresh men with all speed, talking high and
+boldly of war, which struck Pyrrhus with amazement.  He thought it
+advisable by sending first to make an experiment whether they had any
+inclination to treat, thinking that to take the city and make an
+absolute conquest was no work for such an army as his was at that
+time, but to settle a friendship, and bring them to terms, would be
+highly honorable after his victory.  Cineas was dispatched away, and
+applied himself to several of the great ones, with presents for
+themselves and their ladies from the king; but not a person would
+receive any, and answered, as well men as women, that if an agreement
+were publicly concluded, they also should be ready, for their parts,
+to express their regard to the king.  And Cineas, discoursing; with
+the senate in the most persuasive and obliging manner in the world,
+yet was not heard with kindness or inclination, although Pyrrhus
+offered also to return all the prisoners he had taken in the fight
+without ransom, and promised his assistance for the entire conquest
+of all Italy, asking only their friendship for himself, and security
+for the Tarentines, and nothing further.  Nevertheless, most were
+well-inclined to a peace, having already received one great defeat,
+and fearing another from an additional force of the native Italians,
+now joining with Pyrrhus.  At this point Appius Claudius, a man of
+great distinction, but who, because of his great age and loss of
+sight, had declined the fatigue of public business, after these
+propositions had been made by the king, hearing a report that the
+senate was ready to vote the conditions of peace, could not forbear,
+but commanding his servants to take him up, was carried in his chair
+through the forum to the senate house.  When he was set down at the
+door, his sons and sons-in-law took him up in their arms, and,
+walking close round about him, brought him into the senate.  Out of
+reverence for so worthy a man, the whole assembly was respectfully
+silent.
+
+And a little after raising up himself:  "I bore," said he, "until
+this time, the misfortune of my eyes with some impatience, but now
+while I hear of these dishonorable motions and resolves of yours,
+destructive to the glory of Rome, it is my affliction, that being
+already blind, I am not deaf too.  Where is now that discourse of
+yours that became famous in all the world, that if he, the great
+Alexander, had come into Italy, and dared to attack us when we were
+young men, and our fathers, who were then in their prime, he had not
+now been celebrated as invincible, but either flying hence, or
+falling here, had left Rome more glorious?  You demonstrate now that
+all that was but foolish arrogance and vanity, by fearing Molossians
+and Chaonians, ever the Macedonian's prey, and by trembling at
+Pyrrhus who was himself but a humble servant to one of Alexander's
+life-guard, and comes here, not so much to assist the Greeks that
+inhabit among us, as to escape from his enemies at home, a wanderer
+about Italy, and yet dares to promise you the conquest of it all by
+that army which has not been able to preserve for him a little part
+of Macedon.  Do not persuade yourselves that making him your friend
+is the way to send him back, it is the way rather to bring over other
+invaders from thence, contemning you as easy to be reduced, if
+Pyrrhus goes off without punishment for his outrages on you, but,
+on the contrary, with the reward of having enabled the Tarentines and
+Samnites to laugh at the Romans."  When Appius had done, eagerness
+for the war seized on every man, and Cineas was dismissed with this
+answer, that when Pyrrhus had withdrawn his forces out of Italy,
+then, if he pleased, they would treat with him about friendship and
+alliance, but while he stayed there in arms, they were resolved to
+prosecute the war against him with all their force, though he should
+have defeated a thousand Laevinuses.  It is said that Cineas, while
+he was managing this affair, made it his business carefully to
+inspect the manners of the Romans, and to understand their methods of
+government, and having conversed with their noblest citizens, he
+afterwards told Pyrrhus, among other things, that the senate seemed
+to him an assembly of kings, and as for the people, he feared lest it
+might prove that they were fighting with a Lernaean hydra, for the
+consul had already raised twice as large an army as the former, and
+there were many times over the same number of Romans able to bear
+arms.
+
+Then Caius Fabricius came in embassy from the Romans to treat about
+the prisoners that were taken, one whom Cineas had reported to be a
+man of highest consideration among them as an honest man and a good
+soldier, but extremely poor.  Pyrrhus received him with much
+kindness, and privately would have persuaded him to accept of his
+gold, not for any evil purpose, but calling it a mark of respect and
+hospitable kindness.  Upon Fabricius's refusal, he pressed him no
+further, but the next day, having a mind to discompose him, as he had
+never seen an elephant before, he commanded one of the largest,
+completely armed, to be placed behind the hangings, as they were
+talking together.  Which being done, upon a sign given the hanging
+was drawn aside, and the elephant, raising his trunk over the head of
+Fabricius, made an horrid and ugly noise.  He, gently turning about
+and smiling, said to Pyrrhus, "neither your money yesterday, nor this
+beast today make any impression upon me."  At supper, amongst all
+sorts of things that were discoursed of, but more particularly Greece
+and the philosophers there, Cineas, by accident, had occasion to
+speak of Epicurus, and explained the opinions his followers hold
+about the gods and the commonwealth, and the object of life, placing
+the chief happiness of man in pleasure, and declining public affairs
+as an injury and disturbance of a happy life, removing the gods afar
+off both from kindness or anger, or any concern for us at all, to a
+life wholly without business and flowing in pleasures.  Before he had
+done speaking, "O Hercules!" Fabricius cried out to Pyrrhus, "may
+Pyrrhus and the Samnites entertain themselves with this sort of
+opinions as long as they are in war with us."  Pyrrhus, admiring the
+wisdom and gravity of the man, was the more transported with desire
+of making friendship instead of war with the city, and entreated him,
+personally, after the peace should be concluded, to accept of living
+with him as the chief of his ministers and generals.  Fabricius
+answered quietly, "Sir, this will not be for your advantage, for they
+who now honor and admire you, when they have had experience of me,
+will rather choose to be governed by me, than by you."  Such was
+Fabricius.  And Pyrrhus received his answer without any resentment or
+tyrannic passion; nay, among his friends he highly commended the
+great mind of Fabricius, and entrusted the prisoners to him alone, on
+condition that if the senate should not vote a peace, after they had
+conversed with their friends and celebrated the festival of Saturn,
+they should be remanded.  And, accordingly, they were sent back after
+the holidays; it being decreed pain of death for any that stayed
+behind.
+
+After this, Fabricius taking the consulate, a person came with a
+letter to the camp written by the king's principal physician,
+offering to take off Pyrrhus by poison, and so end the war without
+further hazard to the Romans, if he might have a reward
+proportionable to his service.  Fabricius, hating the villainy of the
+man, and disposing the other consul to the same opinion, sent
+dispatches immediately to Pyrrhus to caution him against the treason.
+His letter was to this effect:  "Caius Fabricius and Quintus
+Aemilius, consuls of the Romans, to Pyrrhus the king, health.  You
+seem to have made an ill judgment both of your friends and enemies;
+you will understand by reading this letter sent to us, that you are
+at war with honest men, and trust villains and knaves.  Nor do we
+disclose this to you out of any favor to you, but lest your ruin
+might bring a reproach upon us, as if we had ended the war by
+treachery, as not able to do it by force."  When Pyrrhus had read the
+letter, and made inquiry into the treason, he punished the physician,
+and as an acknowledgment to the Romans sent to Rome the prisoners
+without ransom, and again employed Cineas to negotiate a peace for
+him.  But they, regarding it as at once too great a kindness from an
+enemy, and too great a reward of not doing an ill thing to accept
+their prisoners so, released in return an equal number of the
+Tarentines and Samnites, but would admit of no debate of alliance or
+peace until he had removed his arms and forces out of Italy, and
+sailed back to Epirus with the same ships that brought him over.
+Afterwards, his affairs demanding a second fight, when he had
+refreshed his men, he decamped, and met the Romans about the city
+Asculum, where, however, he was much incommoded by a woody country
+unfit for his horse, and a swift river, so that the elephants, for
+want of sure treading, could not get up with the infantry.  After
+many wounded and many killed, night put an end to the engagement.
+Next day, designing to make the fight on even ground, and have the
+elephants among the thickest of the enemy, he caused a detachment to
+possess themselves of those incommodious grounds, and, mixing
+slingers and archers among the elephants, with full strength and
+courage, he advanced in a close and well-ordered body.  The Romans,
+not having those advantages of retreating and falling on as they
+pleased, which they had before, were obliged to fight man to man upon
+plain ground, and, being anxious to drive back the infantry before
+the elephants could get up, they fought fiercely with their swords
+among the Macedonian spears, not sparing themselves, thinking only to
+wound and kill, without regard of what they suffered.  After a long
+and obstinate fight, the first giving ground is reported to have been
+where Pyrrhus himself engaged with extraordinary courage; but they
+were most carried away by the overwhelming force of the elephants,
+not being able to make use of their valor, but overthrown as it were
+by the irruption of a sea or an earthquake, before which it seemed
+better to give way than to die without doing anything, and not gain
+the least advantage by suffering the utmost extremity, the retreat to
+their camp not being far.  Hieronymus says, there fell six thousand
+of the Romans, and of Pyrrhus's men, the king's own commentaries
+reported three thousand five hundred and fifty lost in this action.
+Dionysius, however, neither gives any account of two engagements at
+Asculum, nor allows the Romans to have been certainly beaten, stating
+that once only, after they had fought till sunset, both armies were
+unwillingly separated by the night, Pyrrhus being wounded by a
+javelin in the arm, and his baggage plundered by the Samnites, that
+in all there died of Pyrrhus's men and the Romans above fifteen
+thousand.  The armies separated; and, it is said, Pyrrhus replied to
+one that gave him joy of his victory, that one other such would
+utterly undo him.  For he had lost a great part of the forces he
+brought with him, and almost all his particular friends and principal
+commanders; there were no others there to make recruits, and he found
+the confederates in Italy backward.  On the other hand, as from a
+fountain continually flowing out of the city, the Roman camp was
+quickly and plentifully filled up with fresh men, not at all abating
+in courage for the losses they sustained, but even from their very
+anger gaining new force and resolution to go on with the war.
+
+Among these difficulties he fell again into new hopes and projects
+distracting his purposes.  For at the same time some persons arrived
+from Sicily, offering into his hands the cities of Agrigentum,
+Syracuse, and Leontini, and begging his assistance to drive out the
+Carthaginians, and rid the island of tyrants; and others brought him
+news out of Greece that Ptolemy, called Ceraunus, was slain in a
+fight, and his army cut in pieces by the Gauls, and that now, above
+all others, was his time to offer himself to the Macedonians, in
+great need of a king.  Complaining much of fortune for bringing him
+so many occasions of great things all together at a time, and
+thinking that to have both offered to him, was to lose one of them,
+he was doubtful, balancing in his thoughts.  But the affairs of
+Sicily seeming to hold out the greater prospects, Africa lying so
+near, he turned himself to them, and presently dispatched away
+Cineas, as he used to do, to make terms beforehand with the cities.
+Then he placed a garrison in Tarentum, much to the Tarentines'
+discontent, who required him either to perform what he came for, and
+continue with them in a war against the Romans, or leave the city as
+he found it.  He returned no pleasing answer, but commanded them to
+be quiet and attend his time, and so sailed away.  Being arrived in
+Sicily, what he had designed in his hopes was confirmed effectually,
+and the cities frankly surrendered to him; and wherever his arms and
+force were necessary, nothing at first made any considerable
+resistance.  For advancing with thirty thousand foot, and twenty-five
+hundred horse, and two hundred ships, he totally routed the
+Phoenicians, and overran their whole province, and Eryx being the
+strongest town they held, and having a great garrison in it, he
+resolved to take it by storm.  The army being in readiness to give
+the assault, he put on his arms, and coming to the head of his men,
+made a vow of plays and sacrifices in honor to Hercules, if he
+signalized himself in that day's action before the Greeks that dwelt
+in Sicily, as became his great descent and his fortunes.  The sign
+being given by sound of trumpet, he first scattered the barbarians
+with his shot, and then brought his ladders to the wall, and was the
+first that mounted upon it himself, and, the enemy appearing in great
+numbers, he beat them back; some he threw down from the walls on each
+side, others he laid dead in a heap round about him with his sword,
+nor did he receive the least wound, but by his very aspect inspired
+terror in the enemy; and gave a clear demonstration that Homer was in
+the right, and pronounced according to the truth of fact, that
+fortitude alone, of all the virtues, is wont to display itself in
+divine transports and frenzies.  The city being taken, he offered to
+Hercules most magnificently, and exhibited all varieties of shows and
+plays.
+
+A sort of barbarous people about Messena, called Mamertines, gave
+much trouble to the Greeks, and put several of them under
+contribution.  These being numerous and valiant (from whence they had
+their name, equivalent in the Latin tongue to warlike), he first
+intercepted the collectors of the contribution money, and cut them
+off, then beat them in open fight, and destroyed many of their places
+of strength.  The Carthaginians being now inclined to composition,
+and offering him a round sum of money, and to furnish him with
+shipping, if a peace were concluded, he told them plainly, aspiring
+still to greater things, there was but one way for a friendship and
+right understanding between them, if they, wholly abandoning Sicily,
+would consent to make the African sea the limit between them and the
+Greeks.  And being elevated with his good fortune, and the strength
+of his forces, and pursuing those hopes in prospect of which he first
+sailed thither, his immediate aim was at Africa; and as he had
+abundance of shipping, but very ill equipped, he collected seamen,
+not by fair and gentle dealing with the cities, but by force in a
+haughty and insolent way, and menacing them with punishments.  And as
+at first he had not acted thus, but had been unusually indulgent and
+kind, ready to believe, and uneasy to none; now of a popular leader
+becoming a tyrant by these severe proceedings, he got the name of an
+ungrateful and a faithless man.  However, they gave way to these
+things as necessary, although they took them very ill from him; and
+especially when he began to show suspicion of Thoenon and
+Sosistratus, men of the first position in Syracuse, who invited him
+over into Sicily, and when he was come, put the cities into his
+power, and were most instrumental in all he had done there since his
+arrival, whom he now would neither suffer to be about his person, nor
+leave at home; and when Sosistratus out of fear withdrew himself, and
+then he charged Thoenon, as in a conspiracy with the other, and put
+him to death, with this all his prospects changed, not by little and
+little, nor in a single place only, but a mortal hatred being raised
+in the cities against him, some fell off to the Carthaginians, others
+called in the Mamertines.  And seeing revolts in all places, and
+desires of alteration, and a potent faction against him, at the same
+time he received letters from the Samnites and Tarentines, who were
+beaten quite out of the field, and scarce able to secure their towns
+against the war, earnestly begging his help.  This served as a color
+to make his relinquishing Sicily no flight, nor a despair of good
+success; but in truth not being able to manage Sicily, which was as a
+ship laboring in a storm, and willing to be out of her, he suddenly
+threw himself over into Italy.  It is reported that at his going off
+he looked back upon the island, and said to those about him, "How
+brave a field of war do we leave, my friends, for the Romans and
+Carthaginians to fight in," which, as he then conjectured, fell out
+indeed not long after.
+
+When he was sailing off, the barbarians having conspired together, he
+was forced to a fight with the Carthaginians in the very road, and
+lost many of his ships; with the rest he fled into Italy.  There,
+about one thousand Mamertines, who had crossed the sea a little
+before, though afraid to engage him in open field, setting upon him
+where the passages were difficult, put the whole army in confusion.
+Two elephants fell, and a great part of his rear was cut off.  He,
+therefore, coming up in person, repulsed the enemy, but ran into
+great danger among men long trained and bold in war.  His being
+wounded in the head with a sword, and retiring a little out of the
+fight, much increased their confidence, and one of them advancing a
+good way before the rest, large of body and in bright armor, with an
+haughty voice challenged him to come forth if he were alive.
+Pyrrhus, in great anger, broke away violently from his guards, and,
+in his fury, besmeared with blood, terrible to look upon, made his
+way through his own men, and struck the barbarian on the head with
+his sword such a blow, as with the strength of his arm, and the
+excellent temper of the weapon, passed downward so far that his body
+being cut asunder fell in two pieces.  This stopped the course of the
+barbarians, amazed and confounded at Pyrrhus, as one more than man;
+so that continuing his march all the rest of the way undisturbed, he
+arrived at Tarentum with twenty thousand foot and three thousand
+horse, where, reinforcing himself with the choicest troops of the
+Tarentines, he advanced immediately against the Romans, who then lay
+encamped in the territories of the Samnites, whose affairs were
+extremely shattered, and their counsels broken, having been in many
+fights beaten by the Romans.  There was also a discontent amongst
+them at Pyrrhus for his expedition into Sicily, so that not many came
+in to join him.
+
+He divided his army into two parts, and dispatched the first into
+Lucania to oppose one of the consuls there, so that he should not
+come in to assist the other; the rest he led against Manius Curius,
+who had posted himself very advantageously near Beneventum, and
+expected the other consul's forces, and partly because the priests
+had dissuaded him by unfavorable omens, was resolved to remain
+inactive.  Pyrrhus, hastening to attack these before the other could
+arrive, with his best men, and the most serviceable elephants,
+marched in the night toward their camp.  But being forced to go round
+about, and through a very woody country, their lights failed them,
+and the soldiers lost their way.  A council of war being called,
+while they were in debate, the night was spent, and, at the break of
+day, his approach, as he came down the hills, was discovered by the
+enemy, and put the whole camp into disorder and tumult.  But the
+sacrifices being auspicious, and the time absolutely obliging them to
+fight, Manius drew his troops out of the trenches, and attacked the
+vanguard, and, having routed them all, put the whole army into
+consternation, so that many were cut off, and some of the elephants
+taken.  This success drew on Manius into the level plain, and here,
+in open battle, he defeated part of the enemy; but, in other
+quarters, finding himself overpowered by the elephants and forced
+back to his trenches, he commanded out those who were left to guard
+them, a numerous body, standing thick at the ramparts, all in arms
+and fresh.  These coming down from their strong position, and
+charging the elephants, forced them to retire; and they in the flight
+turning back upon their own men, caused great disorder and confusion,
+and gave into the hands of the Romans the victory, and the future
+supremacy.  Having obtained from these efforts and these contests the
+feeling, as well as the fame of invincible strength, they at once
+reduced Italy under their power, and not long after Sicily too.
+
+Thus fell Pyrrhus from his Italian and Sicilian hopes, after he had
+consumed six years in these wars, and though unsuccessful in his
+affairs, yet preserved his courage unconquerable among all these
+misfortunes, and was held, for military experience, and personal
+valor and enterprise much the bravest of all the princes of his time,
+only what he got by great actions he lost again by vain hopes, and by
+new desires of what he had not, kept nothing of what he had.  So that
+Antigonus used to compare him to a player with dice, who had
+excellent throws, but knew not how to use them.  He returned into
+Epirus with eight thousand foot and five hundred horse, and for want
+of money to pay them, was fain to look out for a new war to maintain
+the army.  Some of the Gauls joining him, he invaded Macedonia, where
+Antigonus, son of Demetrius, governed, designing merely to plunder
+and waste the country.  But after he had made himself master of
+several towns, and two thousand men came over to him, he began to
+hope for something greater, and adventured upon Antigonus himself,
+and meeting him at a narrow passage, put the whole army in disorder.
+The Gauls, who brought up Antigonus's rear, were very numerous and
+stood firm, but after a sharp encounter, the greatest part of them
+were cut off, and they who had the charge of the elephants being
+surrounded every way, delivered up both themselves and the beasts.
+Pyrrhus, taking this advantage, and advising more with his good
+fortune than his reason, boldly set upon the main body of the
+Macedonian foot, already surprised with fear, and troubled at the
+former loss.  They declined any action or engagement with him; and
+he, holding out his hand and calling aloud both to the superior and
+under officers by name, brought over the foot from Antigonus, who,
+flying away secretly, was only able to retain some of the seaport
+towns.  Pyrrhus, among all these kindnesses of fortune, thinking what
+he had effected against the Gauls the most advantageous for his
+glory, hung up their richest and goodliest spoils in the temple of
+Minerva Itonis, with this inscription: --
+
+Pyrrhus, descendant of Molossian kings,
+These shields to thee, Itonian goddess, brings,
+Won from the valiant Gauls when in the fight
+Antigonus and all his host took flight;
+'Tis not today nor yesterday alone
+That for brave deeds the Aeacidae are known.
+
+After this victory in the field, he proceeded to secure the cities,
+and having possessed himself of Aegae, beside other hardships put
+upon the people there, he left in the town a garrison of Gauls, some
+of those in his own army, who, being insatiably desirous of wealth,
+instantly dug up the tombs of the kings that lay buried there, and
+took away the riches, and insolently scattered about their bones.
+Pyrrhus, in appearance, made no great matter of it, either deferring
+it on account of the pressure of other business, or wholly passing it
+by, out of a fear of punishing those barbarians; but this made him
+very ill spoken of among the Macedonians, and his affairs being yet
+unsettled and brought to no firm consistence, he began to entertain
+new hopes and projects, and in raillery called Antigonus a shameless
+man, for still wearing his purple and not changing it for an ordinary
+dress; but upon Cleonymus, the Spartan, arriving and inviting him to
+Lacedaemon, he frankly embraced the overture.  Cleonymus was of royal
+descent, but seeming too arbitrary and absolute, had no great respect
+nor credit at home; and Areus was king there.  This was the occasion
+of an old and public grudge between him and the citizens; but, beside
+that, Cleonymus, in his old age, had married a young lady of great
+beauty and royal blood, Chilonis, daughter of Leotychides, who,
+falling desperately in love with Acrotatus, Areus's son, a youth in
+the flower of manhood, rendered this match both uneasy and
+dishonorable to Cleonymus, as there was none of the Spartans who did
+not very well know how much his wife slighted him; so these domestic
+troubles added to his public discontent.  He brought Pyrrhus to
+Sparta with an army of twenty-five thousand foot, two thousand horse,
+and twenty-four elephants.  So great a preparation made it evident to
+the whole world, that he came not so much to gain Sparta for
+Cleonymus, as to take all Peloponnesus for himself, although he
+expressly denied this to the Lacedaemonian ambassadors that came to
+him at Megalopolis, affirming he came to deliver the cities from the
+slavery of Antigonus, and declaring he would send his younger sons to
+Sparta, if he might, to be brought up in Spartan habits, that so they
+might be better bred than all other kings.  With these pretensions
+amusing those who came to meet him in his march, as soon as ever he
+entered Laconia, he began to plunder and waste the country, and on
+the ambassadors complaining that he began the war upon them before it
+was proclaimed:  "We know," said he, "very well, that neither do you
+Spartans, when you design anything, talk of it beforehand."  One
+Mandroclidas, then present, told him, in the broad Spartan dialect:
+"If you are a god, you will do us no harm, we are wronging no man;
+but if you are a man, there may be another stronger than you."
+
+He now marched away directly for Lacedaemon, and being advised by
+Cleonymus to give the assault as soon as he arrived, fearing, as it
+is said, lest the soldiers, entering by night, should plunder the
+city, he answered, they might do it as well next morning, because
+there were but few soldiers in town, and those unprovided against his
+sudden approach, as Areus was not there in person, but gone to aid
+the Gortynians in Crete.  And it was this alone that saved the town,
+because he despised it as not tenable, and so imagining no defense
+would be made, he sat down before it that night.  Cleonymus's
+friends, and the Helots, his domestic servants, had made great
+preparation at his house, as expecting Pyrrhus there at supper.  In
+the night the Lacedaemonians held a consultation to ship over all the
+women into Crete, but they unanimously refused, and Archidamia came
+into the senate with a sword in her hand, in the name of them all,
+asking if the men expected the women to survive the ruins of Sparta.
+It was next resolved to draw a trench in a line directly over against
+the enemy's camp, and, here and there in it, to sink wagons in the
+ground, as deep as the naves of the wheels, that, so being firmly
+fixed, they might obstruct the passage of the elephants.  When they
+had just begun the work, both maids and women came to them, the
+married women with their robes tied like girdles round their
+underfrocks, and the unmarried girls in their single frocks only, to
+assist the elder men at the work.  As for the youth that were next
+day to engage, they left them to their rest, and undertaking their
+proportion, they themselves finished a third part of the trench,
+which was in breadth six cubits, four in depth, and eight hundred
+feet long, as Phylarchus says; Hieronymus makes it somewhat less.
+The enemy beginning to move by break of day, they brought their arms
+to the young men, and giving them also in charge the trench, exhorted
+them to defend and keep it bravely, as it would be happy for them to
+conquer in the view of their whole country, and glorious to die in
+the arms of their mothers and wives, falling as became Spartans.  As
+for Chilonis, she retired with a halter about her neck, resolving to
+die so rather than fall into the hands of Cleonymus, if the city were
+taken.
+
+Pyrrhus himself, in person, advanced with his foot to force through
+the shields of the Spartans ranged against him, and to get over the
+trench, which was scarce passable, because the looseness of the fresh
+earth afforded no firm footing for the soldiers.  Ptolemy, his son,
+with two thousand Gauls, and some choice men of the Chaonians, went
+around the trench, and endeavored to get over where the wagons were.
+But they, being so deep in the ground, and placed close together, not
+only made his passage, but also the defense of the Lacedaemonians
+very troublesome.  Yet now the Gauls had got the wheels out of the
+ground, and were drawing off the wagons toward the river, when young
+Acrotatus, seeing the danger, passing through the town with three
+hundred men, surrounded Ptolemy undiscerned, taking the advantage of
+some slopes of the ground, until he fell upon his rear, and forced
+him to wheel about.  And thrusting one another into the ditch, and
+falling among the wagons, at last with much loss, not without
+difficulty, they withdrew.  The elderly men and all the women saw
+this brave action of Acrotatus, and when he returned back into the
+town to his first post, all covered with blood, and fierce and elate
+with victory, he seemed to the Spartan women to have become taller
+and more beautiful than before, and they envied Chilonis so worthy a
+lover.  And some of the old men followed him, crying aloud, "Go on,
+Acrotatus, be happy with Chilonis, and beget brave sons for Sparta."
+Where Pyrrhus himself fought was the hottest of the action, and many
+of the Spartans did gallantly, but in particular one Phyllius
+signalized himself, made the best resistance, and killed most
+assailants; and when he found himself ready to sink with the many
+wounds he had received, retiring a little out of his place behind
+another, he fell down among his fellow-soldiers, that the enemy might
+not carry off his body.  The fight ended with the day, and Pyrrhus,
+in his sleep, dreamed that he threw thunderbolts upon Lacedaemon, and
+set it all on fire, and rejoiced at the sight; and waking, in this
+transport of joy, he commanded his officers to get all things ready
+for a second assault, and relating his dream among his friends,
+supposing it to mean that he should take the town by storm, the rest
+assented to it with admiration, but Lysimachus was not pleased with
+the dream, and told him he feared, lest as places struck with
+lightning are held sacred, and not to be trodden upon, so the gods
+might by this let him know the city should not be taken.  Pyrrhus
+replied, that all these things were but idle talk, full of
+uncertainty, and only fit to amuse the vulgar; their thought, with
+their swords in their hands, should always be
+
+The one good omen is king Pyrrhus' cause,
+
+and so got up, and drew out his army to the walls by break of day.
+The Lacedaemonians, in resolution and courage, made a defense even
+beyond their power; the women were all by, helping them to arms, and
+bringing bread and drink to those that desired it, and taking care of
+the wounded.  The Macedonians attempted to fill up the trench,
+bringing huge quantities of materials and throwing them upon the arms
+and dead bodies, that lay there and were covered over.  While the
+Lacedaemonians opposed this with all their force, Pyrrhus, in person,
+appeared on their side of the trench and the wagons, pressing on
+horseback toward the city, at which the men who had that post calling
+out, and the women shrieking and running about, while Pyrrhus
+violently pushed on, and beat down all that disputed his way, his
+horse received a shot in the belly from a Cretan arrow, and, in his
+convulsions as he died, threw off Pyrrhus on slippery and steep
+ground.  And all about him being in confusion at this, the Spartans
+came boldly up, and making good use of their missiles, forced them
+off again.  After this Pyrrhus, in other quarters also, put an end to
+the combat, imagining the Lacedaemonians would be inclined to yield,
+as almost all of them were wounded, and very great numbers killed
+outright; but the good fortune of the city, either satisfied with the
+experiment upon the bravery of the citizens, or willing to prove how
+much even in the last extremities such interposition may effect,
+brought, when the Lacedaemonians had now but very slender hopes left,
+Aminias, the Phocian, one of Antigonus's commanders, from Corinth to
+their assistance, with a force of mercenaries; and they were no
+sooner received into the town, but Areus, their king, arrived there
+himself, too, from Crete, with two thousand men more.  The women upon
+this went all home to their houses, finding it no longer necessary
+for them to meddle with the business of the war; and they also were
+sent back, who, though not of military age, were by necessity forced
+to take arms, while the rest prepared to fight Pyrrhus.
+
+He, upon the coming of these additional forces, was indeed possessed
+with a more eager desire and ambition than before, to make himself
+master of the town; but his designs not succeeding, and receiving
+fresh losses every day, he gave over the siege, and fell to
+plundering the country, determining to winter thereabout.  But fate
+is unavoidable, and a great feud happening at Argos between Aristeas
+and Aristippus, two principal citizens, after Aristippus had resolved
+to make use of the friendship of Antigonus, Aristeas, to anticipate
+him, invited Pyrrhus thither.  And he always revolving hopes upon
+hopes, and treating all his successes as occasions of more, and his
+reverses as defects to be amended by new enterprises, allowed neither
+losses nor victories to limit him in his receiving or giving trouble,
+and so presently went for Argos.  Areus, by frequent ambushes, and
+seizing positions where the ways were most unpracticable, harassed
+the Gauls and Molossians that brought up the rear.  It had been told
+Pyrrhus by one of the priests that found the liver of the sacrificed
+beast imperfect, that some of his near relations would be lost; in
+this tumult and disorder of his rear, forgetting the prediction, he
+commanded out his son Ptolemy with some of his guards to their
+assistance, while he himself led on the main body rapidly out of the
+pass.  And the fight being very warm where Ptolemy was, (for the most
+select men of the Lacedaemonians, commanded by Evalcus, were there
+engaged,) one Oryssus of Aptera in Crete, a stout man and swift of
+foot, running on one side of the young prince, as he was fighting
+bravely, gave him a mortal wound and slew him.  On his fall those
+about him turned their backs, and the Lacedaemonian horse, pursuing
+and cutting off many, got into the open plain, and found themselves
+engaged with the enemy before they were aware, without their
+infantry; Pyrrhus, who had received the ill news of his son, and was
+in great affliction, drew out his Molossian horse against them, and
+charging at the head of his men, satiated himself with the blood and
+slaughter of the Lacedaemonians, as indeed he always showed himself a
+terrible and invincible hero in actual fight, but now he exceeded all
+he had ever done before in courage and force.  On his riding his
+horse up to Evalcus, he, by declining a little to one side, had
+almost cut off Pyrrhus's hand in which he held the reins, but
+lighting on the reins, only cut them; at the same instant Pyrrhus,
+running him through with his spear, fell from his horse, and there on
+foot as he was, proceeded to slaughter all those choice men that
+fought about the body of Evalcus; a severe additional loss to Sparta,
+incurred after the war itself was now at an end, by the mere
+animosity of the commanders.  Pyrrhus having thus offered, as it
+were, a sacrifice to the ghost of his son, and fought a glorious
+battle in honor of his obsequies, and having vented much of his pain
+in action against the enemy, marched away to Argos.  And having
+intelligence that Antigonus was already in possession of the high
+grounds, he encamped about Nauplia, and the next day dispatched a
+herald to Antigonus, calling him a villain, and challenging him to
+descend into the plain field and fight with him for the kingdom.  He
+answered, that his conduct should be measured by times as well as by
+arms, and that if Pyrrhus had no leisure to live, there were ways
+enough open to death.  To both the kings, also, came ambassadors from
+Argos, desiring each party to retreat, and to allow the city to
+remain in friendship with both, without falling into the hands of
+either.  Antigonus was persuaded, and sent his son as a hostage to
+the Argives; but, Pyrrhus, although he consented to retire, yet, as
+he sent no hostage, was suspected.  A remarkable portent happened at
+this time to Pyrrhus; the heads of the sacrificed oxen, lying apart
+from the bodies, were seen to thrust out their tongues and lick up
+their own gore.  And in the city of Argos, the priestess of Apollo
+Lycius rushed out of the temple, crying she saw the city full of
+carcasses and slaughter, and an eagle coming out to fight, and
+presently vanishing again.
+
+In the dead of the night, Pyrrhus, approaching the walls, and finding
+the gate called Diamperes set open for them by Aristeas, was
+undiscovered long enough to allow all his Gauls to enter and take
+possession of the marketplace.  But the gate being too low to let in
+the elephants, they were obliged to take down the towers which they
+carried on their backs, and put them on again in the dark and in
+disorder, so that time being lost, the city took the alarm, and the
+people ran, some to Aspis the chief citadel, and others to other
+places of defense, and sent away to Antigonus to assist them.  He,
+advancing within a short distance, made an halt, but sent in some of
+his principal commanders, and his son with a considerable force.
+Areus came thither, too, with one thousand Cretans, and some of the
+most active men among the Spartans, and all falling on at once upon
+the Gauls, put them in great disorder.  Pyrrhus, entering in with
+noise and shouting near the Cylarabis, when the Gauls returned the
+cry, noticed that it did not express courage and assurance, but was
+the voice of men distressed, and that had their hands full.  He,
+therefore, pushed forward in haste the van of his horse that marched
+but slowly and dangerously, by reason of the drains and sinks of
+which the city is full.  In this night engagement, there was infinite
+uncertainty as to what was being done, or what orders were given;
+there was much mistaking and straggling in the narrow streets; all
+generalship was useless in that darkness and noise and pressure; so
+both sides continued without doing anything, expecting daylight.  At
+the first dawn, Pyrrhus, seeing the great citadel Aspis full of
+enemies, was disturbed, and remarking, among a variety of figures
+dedicated in the market-place, a wolf and bull of brass, as it were
+ready to attack one another, he was struck with alarm, recollecting
+an oracle that formerly predicted fate had determined his death when
+he should see a wolf fighting with a bull.  The Argives say, these
+figures were set up in record of a thing that long ago had happened
+there.  For Danaus, at his first landing in the country, near the
+Pyramia in Thyreatis, as he was on his way towards Argos, espied a
+wolf fighting with a bull, and conceiving the wolf to represent him,
+(for this stranger fell upon a native, as he designed to do,) stayed
+to see the issue of the fight, and the wolf prevailing, he offered
+vows to Apollo Lycius, and thus made his attempt upon the town, and
+succeeded; Gelanor, who was then king, being displaced by a faction.
+And this was the cause of dedicating those figures.
+
+Pyrrhus, quite out of heart at this sight, and seeing none of his
+designs succeed, thought best to retreat, but fearing the narrow
+passage at the gate, sent to his son Helenus, who was left without
+the town with a great part of his forces, commanding him to break
+down part of the wall, and assist the retreat if the enemy pressed
+hard upon them.  But what with haste and confusion, the person that
+was sent delivered nothing clearly; so that quite mistaking, the
+young prince with the best of his men and the remaining elephants
+marched straight through the gates into the town to assist his
+father.  Pyrrhus was now making good his retreat, and while the
+marketplace afforded them ground enough both to retreat and fight,
+frequently repulsed the enemy that bore upon him.  But when he was
+forced out of that broad place into the narrow street leading to the
+gate, and fell in with those who came the other way to his assistance
+some did not hear him call out to them to give back, and those who
+did, however eager to obey him, were pushed forward by others behind,
+who poured in at the gate.  Besides, the largest of his elephants
+falling down on his side in the very gate, and lying roaring on the
+ground, was in the way of those that would have got out.  Another of
+the elephants already in the town, called Nicon, striving to take up
+his rider, who, after many wounds received, was fallen off his back,
+bore forward upon those that were retreating, and, thrusting upon
+friends as well as enemies, tumbled them all confusedly upon one
+another, till having found the body, and taken it up with his trunk,
+he carried it on his tusks, and, returning in a fury, trod down all
+before him.  Being thus pressed and crowded together, not a man could
+do anything for himself, but being wedged, as it were, together into
+one mass, the whole multitude rolled and swayed this way and that all
+together, and did very little execution either upon the enemy in
+their rear, or on any of them who were intercepted in the mass, but
+very much harm to one another.  For he who had either drawn his sword
+or directed his lance, could neither restore it again, nor put his
+sword up; with these weapons they wounded their own men, as they
+happened to come in the way, and they were dying by mere contact with
+each other.
+
+Pyrrhus, seeing this storm and confusion of things, took off the
+crown he wore upon his helmet, by which he was distinguished, and
+gave it to one nearest his person, and trusting to the goodness of
+his horse, rode in among the thickest of the enemy, and being wounded
+with a lance through his breastplate, but not dangerously, nor indeed
+very much, he turned about upon the man who struck him, who was an
+Argive, not of any illustrious birth, but the son of a poor old
+woman; she was looking upon the fight among other women from the top
+of a house, and perceiving her son engaged with Pyrrhus, and
+affrighted at the danger he was in, took up a tile with both hands,
+and threw it at Pyrrhus.  This falling on his head below the helmet,
+and bruising the vertebrae of the lower part of the neck, stunned and
+blinded him; his hands let go the reins, and sinking down from his
+horse, he fell just by the tomb of Licymnius.  The common soldiers
+knew not who it was; but one Zopyrus, who served under Antigonus, and
+two or three others running thither, and knowing it was Pyrrhus,
+dragged him to a door way hard by, just as he was recovering a little
+from the blow.  But when Zopyrus drew out an Illyrian sword, ready to
+cut off his head, Pyrrhus gave him so fierce a look, that confounded
+with terror, and sometimes his hands trembling, and then again
+endeavoring to do it, full of fear and confusion, he could not strike
+him right, but cutting over his mouth and chin, it was a long time
+before he got off the head.  By this time what had happened was known
+to a great many, and Alcyoneus hastening to the place, desired to
+look upon the head, and see whether he knew it, and taking it in his
+hand rode away to his father, and threw it at his feet, while he was
+sitting with some of his particular favorites.  Antigonus, looking
+upon it, and knowing it, thrust his son from him, and struck him with
+his staff, calling him wicked and barbarous, and covering his eyes
+with his robe, shed tears, thinking of his own father and
+grandfather, instances in his own family of the changefulness of
+fortune, and caused the head and body of Pyrrhus to be burned with
+all due solemnity.  After this, Alcyoneus, discovering Helenus under
+a mean disguise in a threadbare coat, used him very respectfully, and
+brought him to his father.  When Antigonus saw him, "This, my son,"
+said he, "is better; and yet even now you have not done wholly well
+in allowing these clothes to remain, to the disgrace of those who it
+seems now are the victors."  And treating Helenus with great
+kindness, and as became a prince, he restored him to his kingdom of
+Epirus, and gave the same obliging reception to all Pyrrhus's
+principal commanders, his camp and whole army having fallen into his
+hands.
+
+
+
+CAIUS MARIUS
+
+We are altogether ignorant of any third name of Caius Marius; as also
+of Quintus Sertorius, that possessed himself of Spain; or of Lucius
+Mummius that destroyed Corinth, though this last was surnamed
+Achaicus from his conquests, as Scipio was called Africanus, and
+Metellus, Macedonicus.  Hence Posidonius draws his chief argument to
+confute those that hold the third to be the Roman proper name, as
+Camillus, Marcellus, Cato; as in this case, those that had but two
+names would have no proper name at all.  He did not, however, observe
+that by his own reasoning he must rob the women absolutely of their
+names; for none of them have the first, which Posidonius imagines the
+proper name with the Romans.  Of the other two, one was common to the
+whole family, Pompeii, Manlii, Cornelii, (as with us Greeks, the
+Heraclidae, and Pelopidae,) the other titular, and personal, taken
+either from their natures, or actions, or bodily characteristics, as
+Macrinus, Torquatus, Sylla; such as are Mnemon, Grypus, or Callinicus
+among the Greeks.  On the subject of names, however, the irregularity
+of custom, would we insist upon it, might furnish us with discourse
+enough.
+
+There is a likeness of Marius in stone at Ravenna, in Gaul, which I
+myself saw, quite corresponding with that roughness and harshness of
+character that is ascribed to him.  Being naturally valiant and
+warlike, and more acquainted also with the discipline of the camp
+than of the city, he could not moderate his passion when in
+authority.  He is said never to have either studied Greek, or to have
+made use of that language in any matter of consequence; thinking it
+ridiculous to bestow time in that learning, the teachers of which
+were little better than slaves.  So after his second triumph, when at
+the dedication of a temple he presented some shows after the Greek
+fashion, coming into the theater, he only sat down and immediately
+departed.  And, accordingly, as Plato often used to say to Xenocrates
+the philosopher, who was thought to show more than ordinary harshness
+of disposition, "I pray you, good Xenocrates, sacrifice to the
+Graces"; so if any could have persuaded Marius to pay his devotions
+to the Greek Muses and Graces, he had never brought his incomparable
+actions, both in war and peace, to so unworthy a conclusion, or
+wrecked himself, so to say, upon an old age of cruelty and
+vindictiveness, through passion, ill-timed ambition, and insatiable
+cupidity.  But this will further appear by and by from the facts.
+
+He was born of parents altogether obscure and indigent, who supported
+themselves by their daily labor; his father of the same name with
+himself, his mother called Fulcinia.  He had spent a considerable
+part of his life before he saw and tasted the pleasures of the city;
+having passed previously in Cirrhaeaton, a village of the territory
+of Arpinum, a life, compared with city delicacies, rude and
+unrefined, yet temperate, and conformable to the ancient Roman
+severity.  He first served as a soldier in the war against the
+Celtiberians, when Scipio Africanus besieged Numantia; where he
+signalized himself to his general by courage far above his comrades,
+and, particularly, by his cheerfully complying with Scipio's
+reformation of his army, before almost ruined by pleasures and
+luxury.  It is stated, too, that he encountered and vanquished an
+enemy in single combat, in his general's sight.  In consequence of
+all this he had several honors conferred upon him; and once when at
+an entertainment a question arose about commanders, and one of the
+company (whether really desirous to know, or only in complaisance)
+asked Scipio where the Romans, after him, should obtain such another
+general, Scipio, gently clapping Marius on the shoulder as he sat
+next him, replied, "Here, perhaps."  So promising was his early youth
+of his future greatness, and so discerning was Scipio to detect the
+distant future in the present first beginnings.  It was this speech
+of Scipio, we are told, which, like a divine admonition, chiefly
+emboldened Marius to aspire to a political career.  He sought, and by
+the assistance of Caecilius Metellus, of whose family he as well as
+his father were dependents, obtained the office of tribune of the
+people.  In which place, when he brought forward a bill for the
+regulation of voting, which seemed likely to lessen the authority of
+the great men in the courts of justice, the consul Cotta opposed him,
+and persuaded the senate to declare against the law, and call Marius
+to account for it.  He, however, when this decree was prepared,
+coming into the senate, did not behave like a young man newly and
+undeservedly advanced to authority, but, assuming all the courage
+that his future actions would have warranted, threatened Cotta unless
+he recalled the decree, to throw him into prison.  And on his turning
+to Metellus, and asking his vote, and Metellus rising up to concur
+with the consul, Marius, calling for the officer outside, commanded
+him to take Metellus into custody.  He appealed to the other
+tribunes, but not one of them assisted him; so that the senate,
+immediately complying, withdrew the decree.  Marius came forth with
+glory to the people and confirmed his law, and was henceforth
+esteemed a man of undaunted courage and assurance, as well as a
+vigorous opposer of the senate in favor of the commons.  But he
+immediately lost their opinion of him by a contrary action; for when
+a law for the distribution of corn was proposed, he vigorously and
+successfully resisted it, making himself equally honored by both
+parties, in gratifying neither, contrary to the public interest.
+
+After his tribuneship, he was candidate for the office of chief
+aedile; there being two orders of them, one the curules, from the
+stool with crooked feet on which they sat when they performed their
+duty; the other and inferior, called aediles of the people.  As soon
+as they have chosen the former, they give their voices again for the
+latter.  Marius, finding he was likely to be put by for the greater,
+immediately changed and stood for the less; but because he seemed too
+forward and hot, he was disappointed of that also.  And yet though he
+was in one day twice frustrated of his desired preferment, (which
+never happened to any before,) yet he was not at all discouraged, but
+a little while after sought for the praetorship, and was nearly
+suffering a repulse, and then, too, though he was returned last of
+all, was nevertheless accused of bribery.
+
+Cassius Sabaco's servant, who was observed within the rails among
+those that voted, chiefly occasioned the suspicion, as Sabaco was an
+intimate friend of Marius; but on being called to appear before the
+judges, he alleged, that being thirsty by reason of the heat, he
+called for cold water, and that his servant brought him a cup, and
+as soon as he had drunk, departed; he was, however, excluded from the
+senate by the succeeding censors, and not undeservedly either, as was
+thought, whether it might be for his false evidence, or his want of
+temperance.  Caius Herennius was also cited to appear as evidence,
+but pleaded that it was not customary for a patron, (the Roman word
+for protector,) to witness against his clients, and that the law
+excused them from that harsh duty; and both Marius and his parents
+had always been clients to the family of the Herennii.  And when the
+judges would have accepted of this plea, Marius himself opposed it,
+and told Herennius, that when he was first created magistrate he
+ceased to be his client; which was not altogether true.  For it is
+not every office that frees clients and their posterity from the
+observance due to their patrons, but only those to which the law has
+assigned a curule chair.  Notwithstanding, though at the beginning of
+the suit it went somewhat hard with Marius, and he found the judges
+no way favorable to him; yet, at last, their voices being equal,
+contrary to all expectation, he was acquitted.
+
+In his praetorship he did not get much honor, yet after it he
+obtained the further Spain; which province he is said to have
+cleared of robbers, with which it was much infested, the old
+barbarous habits still prevailing, and the Spaniards, in those days,
+still regarding robbery as a piece of valor.  In the city he had
+neither riches nor eloquence to trust to, with which the leading men
+of the time obtained power with the people, but his vehement
+disposition, his indefatigable labors, and his plain way of living,
+of themselves gained him esteem and influence; so that he made an
+honorable match with Julia, of the distinguished family of the
+Caesars, to whom that Caesar was nephew who was afterwards so great
+among the Romans, and, in some degree, from his relationship, made
+Marius his example, as in his life we have observed.
+
+Marius is praised for both temperance and endurance, of which latter
+he gave a decided instance in an operation of surgery.  For having,
+as it seems, both his legs full of great tumors, and disliking the
+deformity, he determined to put himself into the hands of an
+operator; when, without being tied, he stretched out one of his legs,
+and silently, without changing countenance, endured most excessive
+torments in the cutting, never either flinching or complaining; but
+when the surgeon went to the other, he declined to have it done,
+saying, "I see the cure is not worth the pain."
+
+The consul Caecilius Metellus.  being declared general in the war
+against Jugurtha in Africa, took with him Marius for lieutenant;
+where, eager himself to do great deeds and services that would get
+him distinction, he did not, like others, consult Metellus's glory and
+the serving his interest, and attributing his honor of lieutenancy
+not to Metellus, but to fortune, which had presented him with a
+proper opportunity and theater of great actions, he exerted his
+utmost courage.  That war, too, affording several difficulties, he
+neither declined the greatest, nor disdained undertaking the least of
+them; but surpassing his equals in counsel and conduct, and matching
+the very common soldiers in labor and abstemiousness, he gained great
+popularity with them; as indeed any voluntary partaking with people
+in their labor is felt as an easing of that labor, as it seems to
+take away the constraint and necessity of it.  It is the most
+obliging sight in the world to the Roman soldier to see a commander
+eat the same bread as himself, or lie upon an ordinary bed, or assist
+the work in the drawing a trench and raising a bulwark.  For they do
+not so much admire those that confer honors and riches upon them, as
+those that partake of the same labor and danger with themselves; but
+love them better that will vouchsafe to join in their work, than
+those that encourage their idleness.
+
+Marius thus employed, and thus winning the affections of the
+soldiers, before long filled both Africa and Rome with his fame, and
+some, too, wrote home from the army that the war with Africa would
+never be brought to a conclusion, unless they chose Caius Marius
+consul.  All which was evidently unpleasing to Metellus; but what
+more especially grieved him was the calamity of Turpillius.  This
+Turpillius had, from his ancestors, been a friend of Metellus, and
+kept up constant hospitality with him; and was now serving in the
+war, in command of the smiths and carpenters of the army.  Having the
+charge of a garrison in Vaga, a considerable city, and trusting too
+much to the inhabitants, because he treated them civilly and kindly,
+he unawares fell into the enemy's hands.  They received Jugurtha into
+the city; yet, nevertheless, at their request, Turpillius was
+dismissed safe and without receiving any injury; whereupon he was
+accused of betraying it to the enemy.  Marius, being one of the
+council of war, was not only violent against him himself, but also
+incensed most of the others, so that Metellus was forced, much
+against his will, to put him to death.  Not long after the accusation
+proved false, and when others were comforting Metellus, who took
+heavily the loss of his friend, Marius, rather insulting and
+arrogating it to himself, boasted in all companies that he had
+involved Metellus in the guilt of putting his friend to death.
+
+Henceforward they were at open variance; and it is reported that
+Metellus once, when Marius was present, said, insultingly, "You, sir,
+design to leave us to go home and stand for the consulship, and will
+not be content to wait and be consul with this boy of mine?"
+Metellus's son being a mere boy at the time.  Yet for all this Marius
+being very importunate to be gone, after several delays, he was
+dismissed about twelve days before the election of consuls; and
+performed that long journey from the camp to the seaport of Utica, in
+two days and a night, and there doing sacrifice before he went on
+shipboard, it is said the augur told him, that heaven promised him
+some incredible good fortune, and such as was beyond all expectation.
+Marius, not a little elated with this good omen, began his voyage,
+and in four days, with a favorable wind, passed the sea; he was
+welcomed with great joy by the people, and being brought into the
+assembly by one of the tribunes, sued for the consulship, inveighing
+in all ways against Metellus, and promising either to slay Jugurtha
+or take him alive.
+
+He was elected triumphantly, and at once proceeded to levy soldiers,
+contrary both to law and custom, enlisting slaves and poor people;
+whereas former commanders never accepted of such, but bestowed arms,
+like other favors, as a matter of distinction, on persons who had the
+proper qualification, a man's property being thus a sort of security
+for his good behavior.  These were not the only occasions of ill-will
+against Marius; some haughty speeches, uttered with great arrogance
+and contempt, gave great offense to the nobility; as, for example,
+his saying that he had carried off the consulship as a spoil from the
+effeminacy of the wealthy and high-born citizens, and telling the
+people that he gloried in wounds he had himself received for them, as
+much as others did in the monuments of dead men and images of their
+ancestors.  Often speaking of the commanders that had been
+unfortunate in Africa, naming Bestia, for example, and Albinus, men
+of very good families, but unfit for war, and who had miscarried
+through want of experience, he asked the people about him, if they
+did not think that the ancestors of these nobles had much rather have
+left a descendant like him, since they themselves grew famous not by
+nobility, but by their valor and great actions?  This he did not say
+merely out of vanity and arrogance, or that he were willing, without
+any advantage, to offend the nobility; but the people always
+delighting in affronts and scurrilous contumelies against the senate,
+making boldness of speech their measure of greatness of spirit,
+continually encouraged him in it, and strengthened his inclination
+not to spare persons of repute, so he might gratify the multitude.
+
+As soon as he arrived again in Africa, Metellus, no longer able to
+control his feelings of jealousy, and his indignation that now when
+he had really finished the war, and nothing was left but to secure
+the person of Jugurtha, Marius, grown great merely through his
+ingratitude to him, should come to bereave him both of his victory
+and triumph, could not bear to have any interview with him; but
+retired himself, whilst Rutilius, his lieutenant, surrendered up the
+army to Marius, whose conduct, however, in the end of the war, met
+with some sort of retribution, as Sylla deprived him of the glory of
+the action, as he had done Metellus.  I shall state the circumstances
+briefly here, as they are given at large in the life of Sylla.
+Bocchus was king of the more distant barbarians, and was
+father-in-law to Jugurtha, yet sent him little or no assistance in
+his war, professing fears of his unfaithfulness, and really jealous
+of his growing power; but after Jugurtha fled, and in his distress
+came to him as his last hope, he received him as a suppliant, rather
+because ashamed to do otherwise, than out of real kindness; and when
+he had him in his power, he openly entreated Marius on his behalf,
+and interceded for him with bold words, giving out that he would by
+no means deliver him.  Yet privately designing to betray him, he sent
+for Lucius Sylla, quaestor to Marius, and who had on a previous
+occasion befriended Bocchus in the war.  When Sylla, relying on his
+word, came to him, the African began to doubt and repent of his
+purpose, and for several days was unresolved with himself, whether he
+should deliver Jugurtha or retain Sylla; at length he fixed upon his
+former treachery, and put Jugurtha alive into Sylla's possession.
+Thus was the first occasion given of that fierce and implacable
+hostility which so nearly ruined the whole Roman empire.  For many
+that envied Marius, attributed the success wholly to Sylla; and Sylla
+himself got a seal made on which was engraved Bocchus betraying
+Jugurtha to him, and constantly used it, irritating the hot and
+jealous temper of Marius, who was naturally greedy of distinction,
+and quick to resent any claim to share in his glory, and whose
+enemies took care to promote the quarrel, ascribing the beginning and
+chief business of the war to Metellus, and its conclusion to Sylla;
+that so the people might give over admiring and esteeming Marius as
+the worthiest person.
+
+But these envyings and calumnies were soon dispersed and cleared away
+from Marius, by the danger that threatened Italy from the west; when
+the city, in great need of a good commander, sought about whom she
+might set at the helm, to meet the tempest of so great a war, no one
+would have anything to say to any members of noble or potent
+families who offered themselves for the consulship, and Marius,
+though then absent, was elected.
+
+Jugurtha's apprehension was only just known, when the news of the
+invasion of the Teutones and Cimbri began.  The accounts at first
+exceeded all credit, as to the number and strength of the approaching
+army; but in the end, report proved much inferior to the truth, as
+they were three hundred thousand effective fighting men, besides a
+far greater number of women and children.  They professed to be
+seeking new countries to sustain these great multitudes, and cities
+where they might settle and inhabit, in the same way as they had
+heard the Celti before them had driven out the Tyrrhenians, and
+possessed themselves of the best part of Italy.  Having had no
+commerce with the southern nations, and traveling over a wide extent
+of country, no man knew what people they were, or whence they came,
+that thus like a cloud burst over Gaul and Italy; yet by their gray
+eyes and the largeness of their stature, they were conjectured to be
+some of the German races dwelling by the northern sea; besides that,
+the Germans call plunderers Cimbri.
+
+There are some that say, that the country of the Celti, in its vast
+size and extent, reaches from the furthest sea and the arctic regions
+to the lake Maeotis eastward, and to that part of Scythia which is
+near Pontus, and that there the nations mingle together; that they
+did not swarm out of their country all at once, or on a sudden, but
+advancing by force of arms, in the summer season, every year, in the
+course of time they crossed the whole continent.  And thus, though
+each party had several appellations, yet the whole army was called by
+the common name of Celto-Scythians.  Others say that the Cimmerii,
+anciently known to the Greeks, were only a small part of the nation,
+who were driven out upon some quarrel among the Scythians, and passed
+all along from the lake Maeotis to Asia, under the conduct of one
+Lygdamis; and that the greater and more warlike part of them still
+inhabit the remotest regions lying upon the outer ocean.  These, they
+say, live in a dark and woody country hardly penetrable by the
+sunbeams, the trees are so close and thick, extending into the
+interior as far as the Hercynian forest; and their position on the
+earth is under that part of heaven, where the pole is so elevated,
+that by the declination of the parallels, the zenith of the
+inhabitants seems to be but little distant from it; and that their
+days and nights being almost of an equal length, they divide their
+year into one of each.  This was Homer's occasion for the story of
+Ulysses calling up the dead, and from this region the people,
+anciently called Cimmerii, and afterwards, by an easy change, Cimbri,
+came into Italy.  All this, however, is rather conjecture than an
+authentic history.
+
+Their numbers, most writers agree, were not less, but rather greater
+than was reported.  They were of invincible strength and fierceness
+in their wars, and hurried into battle with the violence of a
+devouring flame; none could withstand them; all they assaulted became
+their prey.  Several of the greatest Roman commanders with their
+whole armies, that advanced for the defense of Transalpine Gaul, were
+ingloriously overthrown, and, indeed, by their faint resistance,
+chiefly gave them the impulse of marching towards Rome.  Having
+vanquished all they had met, and found abundance of plunder, they
+resolved to settle themselves nowhere till they should have razed the
+city, and wasted all Italy.  The Romans, being from all parts alarmed
+with this news, sent for Marius to undertake the war, and nominated
+him the second time consul, though the law did not permit any one
+that was absent, or that had not waited a certain time after his
+first consulship, to be again created.  But the people rejected all
+opposers; for they considered this was not the first time that the
+law gave place to the common interest; nor the present occasion less
+urgent than that when, contrary to law, they made Scipio consul, not
+in fear for the destruction of their own city, but desiring the ruin
+of that of the Carthaginians.
+
+Thus it was decided; and Marius, bringing over his legions out of
+Africa on the very first day of January, which the Romans count the
+beginning of the year, received the consulship, and then, also,
+entered in triumph, showing Jugurtha a prisoner to the people, a
+sight they had despaired of ever beholding, nor could any, so long as
+he lived, hope to reduce the enemy in Africa; so fertile in
+expedients was he to adapt himself to every turn of fortune, and so
+bold as well as subtle.  When, however, he was led in triumph, it is
+said that he fell distracted, and when he was afterwards thrown into
+prison, where some tore off his clothes by force, and others, whilst
+they struggled for his golden ear-ring, with it pulled off the tip of
+his ear, and when he was, after this, cast naked into the dungeon, in
+his amazement and confusion, with a ghastly laugh, he cried out, "O
+Hercules! how cold your bath is!"  Here for six days struggling with
+hunger, and to the very last minute desirous of life, he was
+overtaken by the just reward of his villainies.  In this triumph was
+brought, as is stated, of gold three thousand and seven pounds
+weight, of silver bullion five thousand seven hundred and
+seventy-five, of money in gold and silver coin two hundred and
+eighty-seven thousand drachmas.  After the solemnity, Marius called
+together the senate in the capitol, and entered, whether through
+inadvertency or unbecoming exultation with his good fortune, in his
+triumphal habit; but presently observing the senate offended at it,
+went out, and returned in his ordinary purple-bordered robe.
+
+On the expedition he carefully disciplined and trained his army
+whilst on their way, giving them practice in long marches, and
+running of every sort, and compelling every man to carry his own
+baggage and prepare his own victuals; insomuch that thenceforward
+laborious soldiers, who did their work silently without grumbling,
+had the name of "Marius's mules."  Some, however, think the proverb
+had a different occasion; that when Scipio besieged Numantia, and was
+careful to inspect not only their horses and arms, but their mules
+and carriages too, and see how well equipped and in what readiness
+each one's was, Marius brought forth his horse which he had fed
+extremely well, and a mule in better case, stronger and gentler than
+those of others; that the general was very well pleased, and often
+afterwards mentioned Marius's beasts; and that hence the soldiers,
+when speaking jestingly in the praise of a drudging, laborious
+fellow, called him Marius's mule.
+
+But to proceed; very great good fortune seemed to attend Marius, for
+by the enemy in a manner changing their course, and falling first
+upon Spain, he had time to exercise his soldiers, and confirm their
+courage, and, which was most important, to show them what he himself
+was.  For that fierce manner of his in command, and inexorableness in
+punishing, when his men became used not to do amiss or disobey, was
+felt to be wholesome and advantageous, as well as just, and his
+violent spirit, stern voice, and harsh aspect, which in a little
+while grew familiar to them, they esteemed terrible not to
+themselves, but only to their enemies.  But his uprightness in
+judging, more especially pleased the soldiers, one remarkable
+instance of which is as follows.  One Caius Lusius, his own nephew,
+had a command under him in the army, a man not in other respects of
+bad character, but shamefully licentious with young men.  He had one
+young man under his command called Trebonius, with whom
+notwithstanding many solicitations he could never prevail.  At length
+one night, he sent a messenger for him, and Trebonius came, as it was
+not lawful for him to refuse when he was sent for, and being brought
+into his tent, when Lusius began to use violence with him, he drew
+his sword and ran him through.  This was done whilst Marius was
+absent.  When he returned, he appointed Trebonius a time for his
+trial, where, whilst many accused him, and not any one appeared in
+his defense, he himself boldly related the whole matter, and brought
+witness of his previous conduct to Lusius, who had frequently offered
+him considerable presents.  Marius, admiring his conduct and much
+pleased, commanded the garland, the usual Roman reward of valor, to
+be brought, and himself crowned Trebonius with it, as having
+performed an excellent action, at a time that very much wanted such
+good examples.
+
+This being told at Rome, proved no small help to Marius towards his
+third consulship; to which also conduced the expectation of the
+barbarians at the summer season, the people being unwilling to trust
+their fortunes with any other general but him.  However, their
+arrival was not so early as was imagined, and the time of Marius's
+consulship was again expired.  The election coming on, and his
+colleague being dead, he left the command of the army to Manius
+Aquilius, and hastened to Rome, where, several eminent persons being
+candidates for the consulship, Lucius Saturninus, who more than any
+of the other tribunes swayed the populace, and of whom Marius himself
+was very observant, exerted his eloquence with the people, advising
+them to choose Marius consul.  He playing the modest part, and
+professing to decline the office, Saturninus called him traitor to
+his country, if, in such apparent danger, he would avoid command.
+And though it was not difficult to discover that he was merely
+helping Marius in putting this presence upon the people, yet,
+considering that the present juncture much required his skill, and
+his good fortune too, they voted him the fourth time consul, and made
+Catulus Lutatius his colleague, a man very much esteemed by the
+nobility, and not unagreeable to the commons.
+
+Marius, having notice of the enemy's approach, with all expedition
+passed the Alps, and pitching his camp by the river Rhone, took care
+first for plentiful supplies of victuals; lest at any time he should
+be forced to fight at a disadvantage for want of necessaries.  The
+carriage of provision for the army from the sea, which was formerly
+long and expensive, he made speedy and easy.  For the mouth of the
+Rhone, by the influx of the sea, being barred and almost filled up
+with sand and mud mixed with clay, the passage there became narrow,
+difficult, and dangerous for the ships that brought their provisions.
+Hither, therefore, bringing his army, then at leisure, he drew a
+great trench; and by turning the course of great part of the river,
+brought it to a convenient point on the shore where the water was
+deep enough to receive ships of considerable burden, and where there
+was a calm and easy opening to the sea.  And this still retains the
+name it took from him.
+
+The enemy dividing themselves into two parts, the Cimbri arranged to
+go against Catulus higher up through the country of the Norici, and
+to force that passage; the Teutones and Ambrones to march against
+Marius by the sea-side through Liguria.  The Cimbri were a
+considerable time in doing their part.  But the Teutones and Ambrones
+with all expedition passing over the interjacent country, soon came
+in sight, in numbers beyond belief, of a terrible aspect, and
+uttering strange cries and shouts.  Taking up a great part of the
+plain with their camp, they challenged Marius to battle; he seemed to
+take no notice of them, but kept his soldiers within their
+fortifications, and sharply reprehended those that were too forward
+and eager to show their courage, and who, out of passion, would needs
+be fighting, calling them traitors to their country, and telling them
+they were not now to think of the glory of triumphs and trophies, but
+rather how they might repel such an impetuous tempest of war, and
+save Italy.
+
+Thus he discoursed privately with his officers and equals, but placed
+the soldiers by turns upon the bulwarks to survey the enemy, and so
+made them familiar with their shape and voice, which were indeed
+altogether extravagant and barbarous, and he caused them to observe
+their arms, and way of using them, so that in a little time what at
+first appeared terrible to their apprehensions, by often viewing,
+became familiar.  For he very rationally supposed, that the
+strangeness of things often makes them seem formidable when they are
+not so; and that by our better acquaintance, even things which are
+really terrible, lose much of their frightfulness.  This daily
+converse not only diminished some of the soldiers' fear, but their
+indignation warmed and inflamed their courage, when they heard the
+threats and insupportable insolence of their enemies; who not only
+plundered and depopulated all the country round, but would even
+contemptuously and confidently attack the ramparts.
+
+Complaints of the soldiers now began to come to Marius's ears.  "What
+effeminacy does Marius see in us, that he should thus like women lock
+us up from encountering our enemies?  Come on, let us show ourselves
+men, and ask him if he expects others to fight for Italy; and means
+merely to employ us in servile offices, when he would dig trenches,
+cleanse places of mud and dirt, and turn the course of rivers?  It
+was to do such works as these, it seems, that he gave us all our long
+training; he will return home, and boast of these great performances
+of his consulships to the people.  Does the defeat of Carbo and
+Caepio, who were vanquished by the enemy, affright him?  Surely they
+were much inferior to Marius both in glory and valor, and commanded a
+much weaker army; at the worst, it is better to be in action, though
+we suffer for it like them, than to sit idle spectators of the
+destruction of our allies and companions."  Marius, not a little
+pleased to hear this, gently appeased them, pretending that he did
+not distrust their valor, but that he took his measures as to the
+time and place of victory from some certain oracles.
+
+And, in fact, he used solemnly to carry about in a litter, a Syrian
+woman, called Martha, a supposed prophetess, and to do sacrifice by
+her directions.  She had formerly been driven away by the senate, to
+whom she addressed herself, offering to inform them about these
+affairs, and to foretell future events; and after this betook herself
+to the women, and gave them proofs of her skill, especially Marius's
+wife, at whose feet she sat when she was viewing a contest of
+gladiators, and correctly foretold which of them should overcome.
+She was for this and the like predictings sent by her to Marius and
+the army, where she was very much looked up to, and, for the most
+part, carried about in a litter.  When she went to sacrifice, she
+wore a purple robe lined and buckled up, and had in her hand a little
+spear trimmed with ribbons and garlands.  This theatrical show made
+many question, whether Marius really gave any credit to her himself,
+or only played the counterfeit, when he showed her publicly, to
+impose upon the soldiers.
+
+What, however, Alexander the Myndian relates about the vultures, does
+really deserve admiration; that always before Marius's victories
+there appeared two of them, and accompanied the army, which were
+known by their brazen collars, (the soldiers having caught them and
+put these about their necks, and so let them go, from which time they
+in a manner knew and saluted the soldiers,) and whenever these
+appeared in their marches, they used to rejoice at it, and thought
+themselves sure of some success.  Of the many other prodigies that
+then were taken notice of, the greater part were but of the ordinary
+stamp; it was, however, reported that at Ameria and Tuder, two cities
+in Italy, there were seen at nights in the sky, flaming darts and
+shields, now waved about, and then again clashing against one
+another, all in accordance with the postures and motions soldiers use
+in fighting; that at length one party retreating, and the other
+pursuing, they all disappeared westward.  Much about the same time
+came Bataces, one of Cybele's priests, from Pesinus, and reported
+how the goddess had declared to him out of her oracle, that the
+Romans should obtain the victory.  The senate giving credit to him,
+and voting the goddess a temple to be built in hopes of the victory,
+Aulus Pompeius, a tribune, prevented Bataces, when he would have gone
+and told the people this same story, calling him impostor, and
+ignominiously pulling him off the hustings; which action in the end
+was the main thing that gained credit for the man's story, for Aulus
+had scarce dissolved the assembly, and returned home, when a violent
+fever seized him, and it was matter of universal remark, and in
+everybody's mouth, that he died within a week after.
+
+Now the Teutones, whilst Marius lay quiet, ventured to attack his
+camp; from whence, however, being encountered with showers of darts,
+and losing several of their men, they determined to march forward,
+hoping to reach the other side of the Alps without opposition, and,
+packing up their baggage, passed securely by the Roman camp, where
+the greatness of their number was especially made evident by the long
+time they took in their march, for they were said to be six days
+continually going on in passing Marius's fortifications; they marched
+pretty near, and revilingly asked the Romans if they would send any
+commands by them to their wives, for they would shortly be with them.
+As soon as they were passed and had gone on a little distance ahead,
+Marius began to move, and follow them at his leisure, always
+encamping at some small distance from them; choosing also strong
+positions, and carefully fortifying them, that he might quarter with
+safety.  Thus they marched till they came to the place called
+Sextilius's Waters, from whence it was but a short way before being
+amidst the Alps, and here Marius put himself in readiness for the
+encounter.
+
+He chose a place for his camp of considerable strength, but where
+there was a scarcity of water; designing, it is said, by this means,
+also, to put an edge on his soldiers' courage; and when several were
+not a little distressed, and complained of thirst, pointing to a
+river that ran near the enemy's camp:  "There," said he, "you may
+have drink, if you will buy it with your blood."  "Why, then,"
+replied they, "do you not lead us to them, before our blood is dried
+up in us?"  He answered, in a softer tone, "let us first fortify our
+camp," and the soldiers, though not without repining, proceeded to
+obey.  Now a great company of their boys and camp-followers, having
+neither drink for themselves nor for their horses, went down to that
+river; some taking axes and hatchets, and some, too, swords and darts
+with their pitchers, resolving to have water though they fought for
+it.  These were first encountered by a small party of the enemies;
+for most of them had just finished bathing, and were eating and
+drinking, and several were still bathing, the country thereabouts
+abounding in hot springs; so that the Romans partly fell upon them
+whilst they were enjoying themselves, and occupied with the novel
+sights and pleasantness of the place.  Upon hearing the shouts,
+greater numbers still joining in the fight, it was not a little
+difficult for Marius to contain his soldiers, who were afraid of
+losing the camp-servants; and the more warlike part of the enemies,
+who had overthrown Manlius and Caepio, (they were called Ambrones,
+and were in number, one with another, above thirty thousand,) taking
+the alarm, leaped up and hurried to arms.
+
+These, though they had just been gorging themselves with food, and
+were excited and disordered with drink, nevertheless did not advance
+with an unruly step, or in mere senseless fury, nor were their shouts
+mere inarticulate cries; but clashing their arms in concert, and
+keeping time as they leapt and bounded onward, they continually
+repeated their own name, "Ambrones!" either to encourage one another,
+or to strike the greater terror into their enemies.  Of all the
+Italians in Marius's army, the Ligurians were the first that charged;
+and when they caught the word of the enemy's confused shout, they,
+too, returned the same, as it was an ancient name also in their
+country, the Ligurians always using it when speaking of their
+descent.  This acclamation, bandied from one army to the other before
+they joined, served to rouse and heighten their fury, while the men
+on either side strove, with all possible vehemence, the one to
+overshout the other.
+
+The river disordered the Ambrones; before they could draw up all
+their army on the other side of it, the Ligurians presently fell upon
+the van, and began to charge them hand to hand.  The Romans, too,
+coming to their assistance, and from the higher ground pouring upon
+the enemy, forcibly repelled them, and the most of them (one
+thrusting another into the river) were there slain, and filled it
+with their blood and dead bodies.  Those that got safe over, not
+daring to make head, were slain by the Romans, as they fled to their
+camp and wagons; where the women meeting them with swords and
+hatchets, and making a hideous outcry, set upon those that fled as
+well as those that pursued, the one as traitors, the other as
+enemies; and, mixing themselves with the combatants, with their bare
+arms pulling away the Romans' shields, and laying hold on their
+swords, endured the wounds and slashing of their bodies to the very
+last, with undaunted resolution.  Thus the battle seems to have
+happened at that river rather by accident than by the design of the
+general.
+
+After the Romans were retired from the great slaughter of the
+Ambrones, night came on; but the army was not indulged, as was the
+usual custom, with songs of victory, drinking in their tents, and
+mutual entertainments, and (what is most welcome to soldiers after
+successful fighting) quiet sleep, but they passed that night, above
+all others, in fears and alarm.  For their camp was without either
+rampart or palisade, and there remained thousands upon thousands of
+their enemies yet unconquered; to whom were joined as many of the
+Ambrones as escaped.  There were heard from these, all through the
+night, wild bewailings, nothing like the sighs and groans of men, but
+a sort of wild-beastlike howling and roaring, joined with threats
+and lamentations rising from the vast multitude, and echoed among the
+neighboring hills and hollow banks of the river.  The whole plain was
+filled with hideous noise, insomuch that the Romans were not a little
+afraid, and Marius himself was apprehensive of a confused tumultuous
+night engagement.  But the enemy did not stir either this night or
+the next day, but were employed in disposing and drawing themselves
+up to the greatest advantage.
+
+Of this occasion Marius made good use; for there were beyond the
+enemies some wooded ascents and deep valleys thickly set with trees,
+whither he sent Claudius Marcellus, secretly, with three thousand
+regular soldiers, giving him orders to post them in ambush there, and
+show themselves at the rear of the enemies, when the fight was begun.
+The others, refreshed with victuals and sleep, as soon as it was day
+he drew up before the camp, and commanded the horse to sally out into
+the plain, at the sight of which the Teutones could not contain
+themselves till the Romans should come down and fight them on equal
+terms, but hastily arming themselves, charged in their fury up the
+hill-side.  Marius, sending officers to all parts, commanded his men
+to stand still and keep their ground; when they came within reach, to
+throw their javelins, then use their swords, and, joining their
+shields, force them back; pointing out to them that the steepness of
+the ground would render the enemy's blows inefficient, nor could
+their shields be kept close together, the inequality of the ground
+hindering the stability of their footing.
+
+This counsel he gave them, and was the first that followed it; for he
+was inferior to none in the use of his body, and far excelled all in
+resolution.  The Romans accordingly stood for their approach, and,
+checking them in their advance upwards, forced them little by little
+to give way and yield down the hill, and here, on the level ground no
+sooner had the Ambrones begun to restore their van into a posture of
+resistance, but they found their rear disordered.  For Marcellus had
+not let slip the opportunity; but as soon as the shout was raised
+among the Romans on the hills, he, setting his men in motion, fell in
+upon the enemy behind, at full speed, and with loud cries, and routed
+those nearest him, and they, breaking the ranks of those that were
+before them, filled the whole army with confusion.  They made no long
+resistance after they were thus broke in upon, but having lost all
+order, fled.
+
+The Romans, pursuing them, slew and took prisoners above one hundred
+thousand, and possessing themselves of their spoil, tents, and
+carriages, voted all that was not purloined to Marius's share, which,
+though so magnificent a present, yet was generally thought less than
+his conduct deserved in so great a danger.  Other authors give a
+different account, both about the division of the plunder and the
+number of the slain.  They say, however, that the inhabitants of
+Massilia made fences round their vineyards with the bones, and that
+the ground, enriched by the moisture of the putrefied bodies, (which
+soaked in with the rain of the following winter,) yielded at the
+season a prodigious crop, and fully justified Archilochus, who said,
+that the fallows thus are fattened.  It is an observation, also, that
+extraordinary rains pretty generally fall after great battles;
+whether it be that some divine power thus washes and cleanses the
+polluted earth with showers from above, or that moist and heavy
+evaporations, steaming forth from the blood and corruption, thicken
+the air, which naturally is subject to alteration from the smallest
+causes.
+
+After the battle, Marius chose out from amongst the barbarians'
+spoils and arms, those that were whole and handsome, and that would
+make the greatest show in his triumph; the rest he heaped upon a
+large pile, and offered a very splendid sacrifice.  Whilst the army
+stood round about with their arms and garlands, himself attired
+(as the fashion is on such occasions) in the purple-bordered robe,
+taking a lighted torch, and with both hands lifting it up towards
+heaven, he was then going to put it to the pile, when some friends
+were espied with all haste coming towards him on horseback.  Upon
+which every one remained in silence and expectation.  They, upon
+their coming up, leapt off and saluted Marius, bringing him the news
+of his fifth consulship, and delivered him letters to that effect.
+This gave the addition of no small joy to the solemnity; and while
+the soldiers clashed their arms and shouted, the officers again
+crowned Marius with a laurel-wreath, and he thus set fire to the
+pile, and finished his sacrifice.
+
+But whatever it be, which interferes to prevent the enjoyment of
+prosperity ever being pure and sincere, and still diversifies human
+affairs with the mixture of good and bad, whether fortune or divine
+displeasure, or the necessity of the nature of things, within a few
+days Marius received an account of his colleague, Catulus, which as a
+cloud in serenity and calm, terrified Rome with the apprehension of
+another imminent storm.  Catulus, who marched against the Cimbri,
+despairing of being able to defend the passes of the Alps, lest,
+being compelled to divide his forces into several parties, he should
+weaken himself, descended again into Italy, and posted his army
+behind the river Adige; where he occupied the passages with strong
+fortifications on both sides the river, and made a bridge, that so he
+might cross to the assistance of his men on the other side, if so be
+the enemy, having forced their way through the mountain passes,
+should storm the fortresses.  The barbarians, however, came on with
+such insolence and contempt of their enemies, that to show their
+strength and courage, rather than out of any necessity, they went
+naked in the showers of snow, and through the ice and deep snow
+climbed up to the tops of the hills, and from thence, placing their
+broad shields under their bodies, let themselves slide from the
+precipices along their vast slippery descents.
+
+When they had pitched their camp at a little distance from the river,
+and surveyed the passage, they began to pile it up, giant-like,
+tearing down the neighboring hills; and brought trees pulled up by
+the roots, and heaps of earth to the river, damming up its course;
+and with great heavy materials which they rolled down the stream and
+dashed against the bridge, they forced away the beams which supported
+it; in consequence of which the greatest part of the Roman soldiers,
+much affrighted, left the large camp and fled.  Here Catulus showed
+himself a generous and noble general, in preferring the glory of his
+people before his own; for when he could not prevail with his
+soldiers to stand to their colors, but saw how they all deserted
+them, he commanded his own standard to be taken up, and running to
+the foremost of those that fled, he led them forward, choosing rather
+that the disgrace should fall upon himself than upon his country, and
+that they should not seem to fly, but, following their captain, to
+make a retreat.  The barbarians assaulted and took the fortress on
+the other side the Adige; where much admiring the few Romans there
+left, who had shown extreme courage, and had fought worthily of their
+country, they dismissed them upon terms, swearing them upon their
+brazen bull, which was afterwards taken in the battle, and carried,
+they say, to Catulus's house, as the chief trophy of victory.
+
+Thus falling in upon the country destitute of defense, they wasted it
+on all sides.  Marius was presently sent for to the city; where, when
+he arrived, every one supposing he would triumph, the senate, too,
+unanimously voting it, he himself did not think it convenient;
+whether that he were not willing to deprive his soldiers and officers
+of their share of the glory, or that to encourage the people in this
+juncture, he would leave the honor due to his past victory on trust,
+as it were, in the hands of the city and its future fortune;
+deferring it now, to receive it afterwards with the greater splendor.
+Having left such orders as the occasion required, he hastened to
+Catulus, whose drooping spirits he much raised, and sent for his own
+army from Gaul:  and as soon as it came, passing the river Po, he
+endeavored to keep the barbarians out of that part of Italy which
+lies south of it.
+
+They professed they were in expectation of the Teutones, and, saying
+they wondered they were so long in coming, deferred the battle;
+either that they were really ignorant of their defeat, or were
+willing to seem so.  For they certainly much maltreated those that
+brought them such news, and, sending to Marius, required some part of
+the country for themselves and their brethren, and cities fit for
+them to inhabit.  When Marius inquired of the ambassadors who their
+brethren were, upon their saying, the Teutones, all that were present
+began to laugh; and Marius scoffingly answered them, "Do not trouble
+yourselves for your brethren, for we have already provided lands for
+them, which they shall possess forever."  The ambassadors,
+understanding the mockery, broke into insults, and threatened that
+the Cimbri would make him pay for this, and the Teutones, too, when
+they came.  "They are not far off," replied Marius, "and it will be
+unkindly done of you to go away before greeting your brethren."
+Saying so, he commanded the kings of the Teutones to be brought out.
+as they were, in chains; for they were taken by the Sequani among the
+Alps, before they could make their escape.  This was no sooner made
+known to the Cimbri, but they with all expedition came against
+Marius, who then lay still and guarded his camp.
+
+It is said, that against this battle, Marius first altered the
+construction of the Roman javelins.  For before, at the place where
+the wood was joined to the iron, it was made fast with two iron pins;
+but now Marius let one of them alone as it was, and pulling out the
+other, put a weak wooden peg in its place, thus contriving, that when
+it was driven into the enemy's shield, it should not stand right out,
+but the wooden peg breaking, the iron should bend, and so the javelin
+should hold fast by its crooked point, and drag.  Boeorix, king of
+the Cimbri, came with a small party of horse to the Roman camp, and
+challenged Marius to appoint the time and place, where they might
+meet and fight for the country.  Marius answered, that the Romans
+never consulted their enemies when to fight; however, he would
+gratify the Cimbri so far; and so they fixed upon the third day
+after, and for the place, the plain near Vercellae, which was
+convenient enough for the Roman horse, and afforded room for the
+enemy to display their numbers.
+
+They observed the time appointed, and drew out their forces against
+each other.  Catulus commanded twenty thousand three hundred, and
+Marius thirty-two thousand, who were placed in the two wings, leaving
+Catulus the center.  Sylla, who was present at the fight, gives this
+account; saying, also, that Marius drew up his army in this order,
+because he expected that the armies would meet on the wings, since it
+generally happens that in such extensive fronts the center falls
+back, and thus he would have the whole victory to himself and his
+soldiers, and Catulus would not be even engaged.  They tell us, also,
+that Catulus himself alleged this in vindication of his honor,
+accusing, in various ways, the enviousness of Marius.  The infantry
+of the Cimbri marched quietly out of their fortifications, having
+their flanks equal to their front; every side of the army taking up
+thirty furlongs.  Their horse, that were in number fifteen thousand,
+made a very splendid appearance.  They wore helmets, made to resemble
+the heads and jaws of wild beasts, and other strange shapes, and
+heightening these with plumes of feathers, they made themselves
+appear taller than they were.  They had breastplates of iron, and
+white glittering shields; and for their offensive arms, every one had
+two darts, and when they came hand to hand, they used large and heavy
+swords.
+
+The cavalry did not fall directly upon the front of the Romans, but,
+turning to the right, they endeavored to draw them on in that
+direction by little and little, so as to get them between themselves
+and their infantry, who were placed in the left wing.  The Roman
+commanders soon perceived the design, but could not contain the
+soldiers; for one happening to shout out that the enemy fled, they
+all rushed to pursue them, while the whole barbarian foot came on,
+moving like a great ocean.  Here Marius, having washed his hands, and
+lifting them up towards heaven, vowed an hecatomb to the gods; and
+Catulus, too, in the same posture, solemnly promised to consecrate a
+temple to the "Fortune of that day."  They say, too, that Marius,
+having the victim showed to him as he was sacrificing, cried out with
+a loud voice, "the victory is mine."
+
+However, in the engagement, according to the accounts of Sylla and
+his friends, Marius met with what might be called a mark of divine
+displeasure.  For a great dust being raised, which (as it might very
+probably happen) almost covered both the armies, he, leading on his
+forces to the pursuit, missed the enemy, and having passed by their
+array, moved, for a good space, up and down the field; meanwhile the
+enemy, by chance, engaged with Catulus, and the heat of the battle
+was chiefly with him and his men, among whom Sylla says he was;
+adding, that the Romans had great advantage of the heat and sun that
+shone in the faces of the Cimbri.  For they, well able to endure cold,
+and having been bred up, (as we observed before,) in cold and shady
+countries, were overcome with the excessive heat; they sweated
+extremely, and were much out of breath, being forced to hold their
+shields before their faces; for the battle was fought not long after
+the summer solstice, or, as the Romans reckon, upon the third day
+before the new moon of the month now called August, and then
+Sextilis.  The dust, too, gave the Romans no small addition to their
+courage, inasmuch as it hid the enemy.  For afar off they could not
+discover their number; but every one advancing to encounter those
+that were nearest to them, they came to fight hand to hand, before
+the sight of so vast a multitude had struck terror into them.  They
+were so much used to labor, and so well exercised, that in all the
+heat and toil of the encounter, not one of them was observed either
+to sweat, or to be out of breath; so much so, that Catulus himself,
+they say, recorded it in commendation of his soldiers.
+
+Here the greatest part and most valiant of the enemies were cut in
+pieces; for those that fought in the front, that they might not break
+their ranks, were fast tied to one another, with long chains put
+through their belts.  But as they pursued those that fled to their
+camp, they witnessed a most fearful tragedy; the women, standing in
+black clothes on their wagons, slew all that fled, some their
+husbands, some their brethren, others their fathers; and strangling
+their little children with their own hands, threw them under the
+wheels, and the feet of the cattle, and then killed themselves.  They
+tell of one who hung herself from the end of the pole of a wagon,
+with her children tied dangling at her heels.  The men, for want of
+trees, tied themselves, some to the horns of the oxen, others by the
+neck to their legs, that so pricking them on, by the starting and
+springing of the beasts, they might be torn and trodden to pieces.
+Yet for all they thus massacred themselves, above sixty thousand were
+taken prisoners, and those that were slain were said to be twice as
+many.
+
+The ordinary plunder was taken by Marius's soldiers, but the other
+spoils, as ensigns, trumpets, and the like, they say, were brought to
+Catulus's camp; which he used for the best argument that the victory
+was obtained by himself and his army.  Some dissensions arising, as
+was natural, among the soldiers, the deputies from Parma being then
+present, were made judges of the controversy; whom Catulus's men
+carried about among their slain enemies, and manifestly showed them
+that they were slain by their javelins, which were known by the
+inscriptions, having Catulus's name cut in the wood.  Nevertheless,
+the whole glory of the action was ascribed to Marius, on account of
+his former victory, and under color of his present authority; the
+populace more especially styling him the third founder of their city,
+as having diverted a danger no less threatening than was that when
+the Gauls sacked Rome; and every one, in their feasts and rejoicings
+at home with their wives and children, made offerings and libations
+in honor of "The Gods and Marius;" and would have had him solely have
+the honor of both the triumphs.  However, he did not do so, but
+triumphed together with Catulus, being desirous to show his
+moderation even in such great circumstances of good fortune, besides,
+he was not a little afraid of the soldiers in Catulus's army, lest,
+if he should wholly bereave their general of the honor, they should
+endeavor to hinder him of his triumph.
+
+Marius was now in his fifth consulship, and he sued for his sixth in
+such a manner as never any man before him, had done, even for his
+first; he courted the people's favor and ingratiated himself with the
+multitude by every sort of complaisance; not only derogating from the
+state and dignity of his office, but also belying his own character,
+by attempting to seem popular and obliging, for which nature had
+never designed him.  His passion for distinction did, indeed, they
+say, make him exceedingly timorous in any political matters, or in
+confronting public assemblies; and that undaunted presence of mind he
+always showed in battle against the enemy, forsook him when he was to
+address the people; he was easily upset by the most ordinary
+commendation or dispraise.  It is told of him, that having at one
+time given the freedom of the city to one thousand men of Camerinum
+who had behaved valiantly in this war, and this seeming to be
+illegally done, upon some one or other calling him to an account for
+it, he answered, that the law spoke too softly to be heard in such a
+noise of war; yet he himself appeared to be more disconcerted and
+overcome by the clamor made in the assemblies.  The need they had of
+him in time of war procured him power and dignity; but in civil
+affairs, when he despaired of getting the first place, he was forced
+to betake himself to the favor of the people, never caring to be a
+good man, so that he were but a great one.
+
+He thus became very odious to all the nobility; and, above all, he
+feared Metellus, who had been so ungratefully used by him, and whose
+true virtue made him naturally an enemy to those that sought
+influence with the people, not by the honorable course, but by
+subservience and complaisance.  Marius, therefore, endeavored to
+banish him from the city, and for this purpose he contracted a close
+alliance with Glaucia and Saturninus, a couple of daring fellows, who
+had the great mass of the indigent and seditious multitude at their
+control; and by their assistance he enacted various laws, and
+bringing the soldiers, also, to attend the assembly, he was enabled
+to overpower Metellus.  And as Rutilius relates, (in all other
+respects a fair and faithful authority, but, indeed, privately an
+enemy to Marius,) he obtained his sixth consulship by distributing
+vast sums of money among the tribes, and by this bribery kept out
+Metellus, and had Valerius Flaccus given him as his instrument,
+rather than his colleague, in the consulship.  The people had never
+before bestowed so many consulships on any one man, except on
+Valerius Corvinus only, and he, too, they say, was forty-five years
+between his first and last; but Marius, from his first, ran through
+five more, with one current of good fortune.
+
+In the last, especially, he contracted a great deal of hatred, by
+committing several gross misdemeanors in compliance with the desires
+of Saturninus; among which was the murder of Nonius, whom Saturninus
+slew, because he stood in competition with him for the tribuneship.
+And when, afterwards, Saturninus, on becoming tribune, brought
+forward his law for the division of lands, with a clause enacting
+that the senate should publicly swear to confirm whatever the people
+should vote, and not to oppose them in anything, Marius, in the
+senate, cunningly feigned to be against this provision, and said that
+he would not take any such oath, nor would any man, he thought, who
+was wise; for if there were no ill design in the law, still it would
+be an affront to the senate, to be compelled to give their
+approbation, and not to do it willingly and upon persuasion.  This he
+said, not that it was agreeable to his own sentiments, but that he
+might entrap Metellus beyond any possibility of escape.  For Marius,
+in whose ideas virtue and capacity consisted largely in deceit, made
+very little account of what he had openly professed to the senate;
+and knowing that Metellus was one of a fixed resolution, and, as
+Pindar has it, esteemed Truth the first principle of heroic virtue;
+he hoped to ensnare him into a declaration before the senate, and on
+his refusing, as he was sure to do, afterwards to take the oath, he
+expected to bring him into such odium with the people, as should
+never be wiped off.  The design succeeded to his wish.  As soon as
+Metellus had declared that he would not swear to it, the senate
+adjourned.  A few days after, on Saturninus citing the senators to
+make their appearance, and take the oath before the people, Marius
+stepped forth, amidst a profound silence, every one being intent to
+hear him, and bidding farewell to those fine speeches he had before
+made in the senate, said, that his back was not so broad that he
+should think himself bound, once for all, by any opinion once given
+on so important a matter; he would willingly swear and submit to the
+law, if so be it were one, a proviso which he added as a mere cover
+for his effrontery.  The people, in great joy at his taking the oath,
+loudly clapped and applauded him, while the nobility stood by ashamed
+and vexed at his inconstancy; but they submitted out of fear of the
+people, and all in order took the oath, till it came to Metellus's
+turn.  But he, though his friends begged and entreated him to take
+it, and not to plunge himself irrecoverably into the penalties which
+Saturninus had provided for those that should refuse it, would not
+flinch from his resolution, nor swear; but, according to his fixed
+custom, being ready to suffer anything rather than do a base,
+unworthy action, he left the forum, telling those that were with him,
+that to do a wrong thing is base, and to do well where there is no
+danger, common; the good man's characteristic is to do so, where
+there is danger.
+
+Hereupon Saturninus put it to the vote, that the consuls should place
+Metellus under their interdict, and forbid him fire, water, and
+lodging.  There were enough, too, of the basest of people ready to
+kill him.  Nevertheless, when many of the better sort were extremely
+concerned, and gathered about Metellus, he would not suffer them to
+raise a sedition upon his account, but with this calm reflection left
+the city, "Either when the posture of affairs is mended and the
+people repent, I shall be recalled, or if things remain in their
+present condition, it will be best to be absent."  But what great
+favor and honor Metellus received in his banishment, and in what
+manner he spent his time at Rhodes, in philosophy, will be more fitly
+our subject, when we write his life.
+
+Marius, in return for this piece of service, was forced to connive at
+Saturninus, now proceeding to the very height of insolence and
+violence, and was, without knowing it, the instrument of mischief
+beyond endurance, the only course of which was through outrages and
+massacres to tyranny and the subversion of the government.  Standing
+in some awe of the nobility, and, at the same time, eager to court
+the commonalty, he was guilty of a most mean and dishonest action.
+When some of the great men came to him at night to stir him up
+against Saturninus, at the other door, unknown to them, he let him
+in; then making the same presence of some disorder of body to both,
+he ran from one party to the other, and staying at one time with them
+and another with him, he instigated and exasperated them one against
+another.  At length when the senate and equestrian order concerted
+measures together, and openly manifested their resentment, he did
+bring his soldiers into the forum, and driving the insurgents into
+the capitol, and then cutting off the conduits, forced them to
+surrender by want of water.  They, in this distress, addressing
+themselves to him, surrendered, as it is termed, on the public faith.
+He did his utmost to save their lives, but so wholly in vain, that
+when they came down into the forum, they were all basely murdered.
+Thus he had made himself equally odious both to the nobility and
+commons, and when the time was come to create censors, though he was
+the most obvious man, yet he did not petition for it; but fearing the
+disgrace of being repulsed, permitted others, his inferiors, to be
+elected, though he pleased himself by giving out, that he was not
+willing to disoblige too many by undertaking a severe inspection into
+their lives and conduct.
+
+There was now an edict preferred to recall Metellus from banishment;
+this he vigorously, but in vain, opposed both by word and deed, and
+was at length obliged to desist.  The people unanimously voted for
+it; and he, not able to endure the sight of Metellus's return, made a
+voyage to Cappadocia and Galatia; giving out that he had to perform
+the sacrifices, which he had vowed to Cybele; but actuated really by
+other less apparent reasons.  For, in fact, being a man altogether
+ignorant of civil life and ordinary politics, he received all his
+advancement from war; and supposing his power and glory would by
+little and little decrease by his lying quietly out of action, he was
+eager by every means to excite some new commotions, and hoped that by
+setting at variance some of the kings, and by exasperating
+Mithridates, especially, who was then apparently making preparations
+for war, he himself should be chosen general against him, and so
+furnish the city with new matter of triumph, and his own house with
+the plunder of Pontus, and the riches of its king.  Therefore, though
+Mithridates entertained him with all imaginable attention and
+respect, yet he was not at all wrought upon or softened by it, but
+said, "O king, either endeavor to be stronger than the Romans, or
+else quietly submit to their commands."  With which he left
+Mithridates astonished, as he indeed had often heard the fame of the
+bold speaking of the Romans, but now for the first time experienced
+it.
+
+When Marius returned again to Rome, he built a house close by the
+forum, either, as he himself gave out, that he was not willing his
+clients should be tired with going far, or that he imagined distance
+was the reason why more did not come.  This, however, was not so; the
+real reason was, that being inferior to others in agreeableness of
+conversation and the arts of political life, like a mere tool and
+implement of war, he was thrown aside in time of peace.  Amongst all
+those whose brightness eclipsed his glory, he was most incensed
+against Sylla, who had owed his rise to the hatred which the nobility
+bore Marius; and had made his disagreement with him the one principle
+of his political life.  When Bocchus, king of Numidia, who was styled
+the associate of the Romans, dedicated some figures of Victory in the
+capitol, and with them a representation in gold, of himself
+delivering Jugurtha to Sylla, Marius upon this was almost distracted
+with rage and ambition, as though Sylla had arrogated this honor to
+himself, and endeavored forcibly to pull down these presents; Sylla,
+on the other side, as vigorously resisted him; but the Social War
+then on a sudden threatening the city, put a stop to this sedition,
+when just ready to break out.  For the most warlike and best-peopled
+countries of all Italy formed a confederacy together against Rome,
+and were within a little of subverting the empire; as they were
+indeed strong, not only in their weapons and the valor of their
+soldiers, but stood nearly upon equal terms with the Romans, as to
+the skill and daring of their commanders.
+
+As much glory and power as this war, so various in its events and so
+uncertain as to its success, conferred upon Sylla, so much it took
+away from Marius, who was thought tardy, unenterprising, and timid,
+whether it were that his age was now quenching his former heat and
+vigor, (for he was above sixty-five years old,) or that having, as he
+himself said, some distemper that affected his muscles, and his body
+being unfit for action, he did service above his strength.  Yet, for
+all this, he came off victor in a considerable battle, wherein he
+slew six thousand of the enemies, and never once gave them any
+advantage over him; and when he was surrounded by the works of the
+enemy, he contained himself, and though insulted over, and
+challenged, did not yield to the provocation.  The story is told that
+when Publius Silo, a man of the greatest repute and authority among
+the enemies, said to him, "If you are indeed a great general, Marius,
+leave your camp and fight a battle," he replied, "If you are one,
+make me do so."  And another time, when the enemy gave them a good
+opportunity of a battle, and the Romans through fear durst not
+charge, so that both parties retreated, he called an assembly of his
+soldiers and said, "It is no small question whether I should call
+the enemies, or you, the greater cowards, for neither did they dare
+to face your backs, nor you to confront theirs."  At length,
+professing to be worn out with the infirmity of his body, he laid
+down his command.
+
+Afterwards, when the Italians were worsted, there were several
+candidates suing, with the aid of the popular leaders, for the chief
+command in the war with Mithridates.  Sulpicius, tribune of the
+people, a bold and confident man, contrary to everybody's
+expectation, brought forward Marius, and proposed him as proconsul
+and general in that war.  The people were divided; some were on
+Marius's side, others voted for Sylla, and jeeringly bade Marius go
+to his baths at Baiae, to cure his body, worn out, as himself
+confessed, with age and catarrhs.  Marius had, indeed, there, about
+Misenum, a villa more effeminately and luxuriously furnished than
+seemed to become one that had seen service in so many and great wars
+and expeditions.  This same house Cornelia bought for seventy-five
+thousand drachmas, and not long after Lucius Lucullus, for two
+million five hundred thousand; so rapid and so great was the growth
+of Roman sumptuosity.  Yet, in spite of all this, out of a mere
+boyish passion for distinction, affecting to shake off his age and
+weakness, he went down daily to the Campus Martius, and exercising
+himself with the youth, showed himself still nimble in his armor,
+and expert in riding; though he was undoubtedly grown bulky in his
+old age, and inclining to excessive fatness and corpulency.
+
+Some people were pleased with this, and went continually to see him
+competing and displaying himself in these exercises; but the better
+sort that saw him, pitied the cupidity and ambition that made one who
+had risen from utter poverty to extreme wealth, and out of nothing
+into greatness, unwilling to admit any limit to his high fortune, or
+to be content with being admired, and quietly enjoying what he had
+already got:  why, as if he still were indigent, should he at so
+great an age leave his glory and his triumphs to go into Cappadocia
+and the Euxine Sea, to fight Archelaus and Neoptolemus, Mithridates's
+generals?  Marius's pretenses for this action of his seemed very
+ridiculous; for he said he wanted to go and teach his son to be a
+general.
+
+The condition of the city, which had long been unsound and diseased,
+became hopeless now that Marius found so opportune an instrument for
+the public destruction as Sulpicius's insolence.  This man professed,
+in all other respects, to admire and imitate Saturninus; only he
+found fault with him for backwardness and want of spirit in his
+designs.  He, therefore, to avoid this fault, got six hundred of the
+equestrian order about him as his guard, whom he named anti-senators;
+and with these confederates he set upon the consuls, whilst they were
+at the assembly, and took the son of one of them, who fled from the
+forum, and slew him.  Sylla, being hotly pursued, took refuge in
+Marius's house, which none could suspect, by that means escaping
+those that sought him, who hastily passed by there, and, it is said,
+was safely conveyed by Marius himself out at the other door, and came
+to the camp.  Yet Sylla, in his memoirs, positively denies that he
+fled to Marius, saying he was carried thither to consult upon the
+matters to which Sulpicius would have forced him, against his will,
+to consent; that he, surrounding him with drawn swords, hurried him
+to Marius, and constrained him thus, till he went thence to the forum
+and removed, as they required him to do, the interdict on business.
+
+Sulpicius, having thus obtained the mastery, decreed the command of
+the army to Marius, who proceeded to make preparations for his march,
+and sent two tribunes to receive the charge of the army from Sylla.
+Sylla hereupon exasperating his soldiers, who were about thirty-five
+thousand full-armed men, led them towards Rome.  First falling upon
+the tribunes Marius had sent, they slew them; Marius having done as
+much for several of Sylla's friends in Rome, and now offering their
+freedom to the slaves on condition of their assistance in the war; of
+whom, however, they say, there were but three who accepted his
+proposal.  For some small time he made head against Sylla's assault,
+but was soon overpowered and fled; those that were with him, as soon
+as he had escaped out of the city, were dispersed, and night coming
+on, he hastened to a country-house of his, called Solonium.  Hence he
+sent his son to some neighboring farms of his father-in-law, Mucius,
+to provide necessaries; he went himself to Ostia, where his friend
+Numerius had prepared him a ship, and hence, not staying for his son,
+he took with him his son-in-law Granius, and weighed anchor.
+
+Young Marius, coming to Mucius's farms, made his preparations; and
+the day breaking, was almost discovered by the enemy.  For there came
+thither a party of horse that suspected some such matter; but the
+farm steward, foreseeing their approach, hid Marius in a cart full of
+beans, then yoking in his team and driving toward the city, met
+those that were in search of him.  Marius, thus conveyed home to his
+wife, took with him some necessaries, and came at night to the
+sea-side; where, going on board a ship that was bound for Africa, he
+went away thither.  Marius, the father, when he had put to sea, with
+a strong gale passing along the coast of Italy, was in no small
+apprehension of one Geminius, a great man at Terracina, and his
+enemy; and therefore bade the seamen hold off from that place.  They
+were, indeed, willing to gratify him, but the wind now blowing in
+from the sea, and making the waves swell to a great height, they were
+afraid the ship would not be able to weather out the storm, and
+Marius, too, being indisposed and seasick, they made for land, and
+not without some difficulty reached the shore near Circeium.
+
+The storm now increasing and their victuals failing, they left their
+ship and wandered up and down without any certain purpose, simply as
+in great distresses people shun the present as the greatest evil, and
+rely upon the hopes of uncertainties.  For the land and sea were both
+equally unsafe for them; it was dangerous to meet with people, and it
+was no less so to meet with none, on account of their want of
+necessaries.  At length, though late, they lighted upon a few poor
+shepherds, that had not anything to relieve them; but knowing
+Marius, advised him to depart as soon as might be, for they had seen
+a little beyond that place a party of horse that were gone in search
+of him.  Finding himself in a great straight, especially because
+those that attended him were not able to go further, being spent with
+their long fasting, for the present he turned aside out of the road,
+and hid himself in a thick wood, where he passed the night in great
+wretchedness.  The next day, pinched with hunger, and willing to make
+use of the little strength he had, before it were all exhausted, he
+traveled by the seaside, encouraging his companions not to fall away
+from him before the fulfillment of his final hopes, for which, in
+reliance on some old predictions, he professed to be sustaining
+himself.  For when he was yet but very young, and lived in the
+country, he caught in the skirt of his garment an eagle's nest, as it
+was falling, in which were seven young ones, which his parents seeing
+and much admiring, consulted the augurs about it, who told them that
+he should become the greatest man in the world, and that the fates
+had decreed he should seven times be possessed of the supreme power
+and authority.  Some are of opinion that this really happened to
+Marius, as we have related it; others say, that those who then and
+through the rest of his exile heard him tell these stories, and
+believed him, have merely repeated a story that is altogether
+fabulous; for an eagle never hatches more than two; and even Musaeus
+was deceived, who, speaking of the eagle, says that, --
+
+"She lays three eggs, hatches two, and rears one."
+
+However this be, it is certain Marius, in his exile and greatest
+extremities, would often say, that he should attain a seventh
+consulship.
+
+When Marius and his company were now about twenty furlongs distant
+from Minturnae, a city in Italy, they espied a troop, of horse making
+up toward them with all speed, and by chance, also, at the same time,
+two ships under sail.  Accordingly, they ran every one with what
+speed and strength they could to the sea, and plunging into it, swam
+to the ships.  Those that were with Granius, reaching one of them,
+passed over to an island opposite, called Aenaria; Marius himself
+whose body was heavy and unwieldy, was with great pains and
+difficulty kept above the water by two servants, and put into the
+other ship.  The soldiers were by this time come to the seaside, and
+from thence called out to the seamen to put to shore, or else to
+throw out Marius, and then they might go whither they would.  Marius
+besought them with tears to the contrary, and the masters of the
+ship, after frequent changes, in a short space of time, of their
+purpose, inclining, first to one, then to the other side, resolved at
+length to answer the soldiers, that they would not give up Marius.
+As soon as they had ridden off in a rage, the seamen, again changing
+their resolution, came to land, and casting anchor at the mouth of
+the river Liris, where it overflows and makes a great marsh, they
+advised him to land, refresh himself on shore, and take some care of
+his discomposed body, till the wind came fairer; which, said they,
+will happen at such an hour, when the wind from the sea will calm,
+and that from the marshes rise.  Marius, following their advice, did
+so, and when the sea-men had set him on shore, he laid him down in an
+adjacent field, suspecting nothing less than what was to befall him.
+They, as soon as they had got into the ship, weighed anchor and
+departed, as thinking it neither honorable to deliver Marius into the
+hands of those that sought him, nor safe to protect him.
+
+He thus, deserted by all, lay a good while silently on the shore; at
+length collecting himself, he advanced with pain and difficulty,
+without any path, till, wading through deep bogs and ditches full of
+water and mud, he came upon the hut of an old man that worked in the
+fens, and falling at his feet besought him to assist and preserve one
+who, if he escaped the present danger, would make him returns beyond
+his expectation.  The poor man, whether he had formerly known him, or
+were then moved with his superior aspect, told him that if he wanted
+only rest, his cottage would be convenient; but if he were flying
+from anybody's search, he would hide him in a more retired place.
+Marius desiring him to do so, he carried him into the fens and bade
+him hide himself in an hollow place by the river side, where he laid
+upon him a great many reeds, and other things that were light, and
+would cover, but not oppress him.  But within a very short time he
+was disturbed with a noise and tumult from the cottage, for Geminius
+had sent several from Terracina in pursuit of him; some of whom,
+happening to come that way, frightened and threatened the old man for
+having entertained and hid an enemy of the Romans.  Wherefore Marius,
+arising and stripping himself, plunged into a puddle full of thick
+muddy water; and even there he could not escape their search, but was
+pulled out covered with mire, and carried away naked to Minturnae,
+and delivered to the magistrates.  For there had been orders sent
+through all the towns, to make public search for Marius, and if they
+found him to kill him; however, the magistrates thought convenient to
+consider a little better of it first, and sent him prisoner to the
+house of one Fannia.
+
+This woman was supposed not very well affected towards him upon an
+old account.  One Tinnius had formerly married this Fannia; from whom
+she afterwards being divorced, demanded her portion, which was
+considerable, but her husband accused her of adultery; so the
+controversy was brought before Marius in his sixth consulship.  When
+the cause was examined thoroughly, it appeared both that Fannia had
+been incontinent, and that her husband knowing her to be so, had
+married and lived a considerable time with her.  So that Marius was
+severe enough with both, commanding him to restore her portion, and
+laying a fine of four copper coins upon her by way of disgrace.  But
+Fannia did not then behave like a woman that had been injured, but as
+soon as she saw Marius, remembered nothing less than old affronts;
+took care of him according to her ability, and comforted him.  He
+made her his returns and told her he did not despair, for he had met
+with a lucky omen, which was thus.  When he was brought to Fannia's
+house, as soon as the gate was opened, an ass came running out to
+drink at a spring hard by, and giving a bold and encouraging look,
+first stood still before him, then brayed aloud and pranced by him.
+From which Marius drew his conclusion, and said, that the fates
+designed him safety, rather by sea than land, because the ass
+neglected his dry fodder, and turned from it to the water.  Having
+told Fannia this story, he bade the chamber door to be shut and went
+to rest.
+
+Meanwhile the magistrates and councilors of Minturnae consulted
+together, and determined not to delay any longer, but immediately to
+kill Marius; and when none of their citizens durst undertake the
+business, a certain soldier, a Gaulish or Cimbrian horseman, (the
+story is told both ways,) went in with his sword drawn to him.  The
+room itself was not very light, that part of it especially where he
+then lay was dark, from whence Marius's eyes, they say, seemed to the
+fellow to dart out flames at him, and a loud voice to say, out of the
+dark, "Fellow, darest thou kill Caius Marius?"  The barbarian
+hereupon immediately fled, and leaving his sword in the place rushed
+out of doors, crying only this, "I cannot kill Caius Marius."  At
+which they were all at first astonished, and presently began to feel
+pity, and remorse, and anger at themselves for making so unjust and
+ungrateful a decree against one who had preserved Italy, and whom it
+was bad enough not to assist.  "Let him go," said they, "where he
+please to banishment, and find his fate somewhere else; we only
+entreat pardon of the gods for thrusting Marius distressed and
+deserted out of our city."
+
+Impelled by thoughts of this kind, they went in a body into the room,
+and taking him amongst them, conducted him towards the sea-side; on
+his way to which, though everyone was very officious to him, and all
+made what haste they could, yet a considerable time was likely to be
+lost.  For the grove of Marica, (as she is called,) which the people
+hold sacred, and make it a point of religion not to let anything
+that is once carried into it be taken out, lay just in their road to
+the sea, and if they should go round about, they must needs come very
+late thither.  At length one of the old men cried out and said, there
+was no place so sacred, but they might pass through it for Marius's
+preservation; and thereupon, first of all, he himself, taking up some
+of the baggage that was carried for his accommodation to the ship,
+passed through the grove, all the rest immediately, with the same
+readiness, accompanying him.  And one Belaeus, (who afterwards had a
+picture of these things drawn, and put it in a temple at the place of
+embarkation,) having by this time provided him a ship, Marius went on
+board, and, hoisting sail, was by fortune thrown upon the island
+Aenaria, where meeting with Granius, and his other friends, he sailed
+with them for Africa.  But their water failing them in the way, they
+were forced to put in near Eryx, in Sicily, where was a Roman
+quaestor on the watch, who all but captured Marius himself on his
+landing, and did kill sixteen of his retinue that went to fetch
+water.  Marius, with all expedition loosing thence, crossed the sea
+to the isle of Meninx, where he first heard the news of his son's
+escape with Cethegus, and of his going to implore the assistance of
+Hiempsal, king of Numidia.
+
+With this news, being somewhat comforted, he ventured to pass from
+that isle towards Carthage.  Sextilius, a Roman, was then governor in
+Africa; one that had never received either any injury or any
+kindness from Marius; but who from compassion, it was hoped, might
+lend him some help.  But he was scarce got ashore with a small
+retinue, when an officer met him, and said, "Sextilius, the governor,
+forbids you, Marius, to set foot in Africa; if you do, he says, he
+will put the decree of the senate in execution, and treat you as an
+enemy to the Romans."  When Marius heard this, he wanted words to
+express his grief and resentment, and for a good while held his
+peace, looking sternly upon the messenger, who asked him what he
+should say, or what answer he should return to the governor?  Marius
+answered him with a deep sigh:  "Go tell him that you have seen Caius
+Marius sitting in exile among the ruins of Carthage;" appositely
+applying the example of the fortune of that city to the change of his
+own condition.
+
+In the interim, Hiempsal, king of Numidia, dubious of what he should
+determine to do, treated young Marius and those that were with him
+very honorably; but when they had a mind to depart, he still had some
+presence or other to detain them, and it was manifest he made these
+delays upon no good design.  However, there happened an accident that
+made well for their preservation.  The hard fortune which attended
+young Marius, who was of a comely aspect, touched one of the king's
+concubines, and this pity of hers, was the beginning and occasion of
+love for him.  At first he declined the woman's solicitations, but
+when he perceived that there was no other way of escaping, and that
+her offers were more serious than for the gratification of
+intemperate passion, he accepted her kindness, and she finding means
+to convey them away, he escaped with his friends and fled to his
+father.  As soon as they had saluted each other, and were going by
+the sea-side, they saw some scorpions fighting, which Marius took
+for an ill omen, whereupon they immediately went on board a little
+fisher-boat, and made toward Cercina, an island not far distant from
+the continent.  They had scarce put off from shore when they espied
+some horse, sent after them by the king, with all speed making toward
+that very place from which they were just retired.  And Marius thus
+escaped a danger, it might be said, as great as any he ever incurred.
+
+At Rome news came that Sylla was engaged with Mithridates's generals
+in Boeotia; the consuls, from factious opposition, were fallen to
+downright fighting, wherein Octavius prevailing, drove Cinna out of
+the city for attempting despotic government, and made Cornelius
+Merula consul in his stead; while Cinna, raising forces in other
+parts of Italy, carried the war against them.  As soon as Marius
+heard of this, he resolved, with all expedition, to put to sea again,
+and taking with him from Africa some Mauritanian horse, and a few of
+the refugees out of Italy, all together not above one thousand, he,
+with this handful, began his voyage.  Arriving at Telamon, in
+Etruria, and coming ashore, he proclaimed freedom for the slaves; and
+many of the countrymen, also, and shepherds thereabouts, who were
+already freemen, at the hearing his name flocked to him to the
+sea-side.  He persuaded the youngest and strongest to join him, and
+in a small time got together a competent force with which he filled
+forty ships.  Knowing Octavius to be a good man and willing to
+execute his office with the greatest justice imaginable, and Cinna to
+be suspected by Sylla, and in actual warfare against the established
+government, he determined to join himself and his forces with the
+latter.  He, therefore, sent a message to him, to let him know that
+he was ready to obey him as consul.
+
+When Cinna had joyfully received his offer, naming him proconsul, and
+sending him the fasces and other ensigns of authority, he said, that
+grandeur did not become his present fortune; but wearing an ordinary
+habit, and still letting his hair grow as it had done, from that very
+day he first went into banishment, and being now above threescore and
+ten years old, he came slowly on foot, designing to move people's
+compassion; which did not prevent, however, his natural fierceness of
+expression from still predominating, and his humiliation still let it
+appear that he was not so much dejected as exasperated, by the change
+of his condition.  Having saluted Cinna and the soldiers, he
+immediately prepared for action, and soon made a considerable
+alteration in the posture of affairs.  He first cut off the provision
+ships, and plundering all the merchants, made himself master of the
+supplies of corn; then bringing his navy to the seaport towns, he
+took them, and at last, becoming master of Ostia by treachery, he
+pillaged that town, and slew a multitude of the inhabitants, and,
+blocking up the river, took from the enemy all hopes of supply by the
+sea; then marched with his army toward the city, and posted himself
+upon the hill called Janiculum.
+
+The public interest did not receive so great damage from Octavius's
+unskillfulness in his management of affairs, as from his omitting
+needful measures, through too strict observance of the law.  As when
+several advised him to make the slaves free, he said that he would
+not give slaves the privilege of the country from which he then, in
+defense of the laws, was driving away Marius.  When Metellus, son to
+that Metellus who was general in the war in Africa, and afterwards
+banished through Marius's means, came to Rome, being thought a much
+better commander than Octavius, the soldiers, deserting the consul,
+came to him and desired him to take the command of them and preserve
+the city; that they, when they had got an experienced valiant
+commander, should fight courageously, and come off conquerors.  But
+when Metellus, offended at it, commanded them angrily to return to
+the consul, they revolted to the enemy.  Metellus, too, seeing the
+city in a desperate condition, left it; but a company of Chaldaeans,
+sacrificers, and interpreters of the Sibyl's books, persuaded
+Octavius that things would turn out happily, and kept him at Rome.
+He was, indeed, of all the Romans the most upright and just, and
+maintained the honor of the consulate, without cringing or
+compliance, as strictly in accordance with ancient laws and usages,
+as though they had been immutable mathematical truths; and yet fell,
+I know not how, into some weaknesses, giving more observance to
+fortune-tellers and diviners, than to men skilled in civil and
+military affairs.  He therefore, before Marius entered the city, was
+pulled down from the rostra, and murdered by those that were sent
+before by Marius; and it is reported there was a Chaldaean writing
+found in his gown, when he was slain.  And it seemed a thing very
+unaccountable, that of two famous generals, Marius should be often
+successful by the observing divinations, and Octavius ruined by the
+same means.
+
+When affairs were in this posture, the senate assembled, and sent a
+deputation to Cinna and Marius, desiring them to come into the city
+peaceably and spare the citizens.  Cinna, as consul, received the
+embassy, sitting in the curule chair, and returned a kind answer to
+the messengers; Marius stood by him and said nothing, but gave
+sufficient testimony by the gloominess of his countenance, and the
+sternness of his looks, that he would in a short time fill the city
+with blood.  As soon as the council arose, they went toward the city,
+where Cinna entered with his guards, but Marius stayed at the gates,
+and, dissembling his rage, professed that he was then an exile and
+banished his country by course of law; that if his presence were
+necessary, they must, by a new decree, repeal the former act by which
+he was banished; as though he were, indeed, a religious observer of
+the laws, and as if he were returning to a city free from fear or
+oppression.  Hereupon the people were assembled, but before three or
+four tribes had given their votes, throwing up his pretenses and his
+legal scruples about his banishment, he came into the city with a
+select guard of the slaves who had joined him, whom he called
+Bardyaei.  These proceeded to murder a number of citizens, as he gave
+command, partly by word of mouth, partly by the signal of his nod.
+At length Ancharius, a senator, and one that had been praetor, coming
+to Marius, and not being resaluted by him, they with their drawn
+swords slew him before Marius's face; and henceforth this was their
+token, immediately to kill all those who met Marius and saluting him
+were taken no notice of, nor answered with the like courtesy; so that
+his very friends were not without dreadful apprehensions and horror,
+whensoever they came to speak with him.
+
+When they had now butchered a great number, Cinna grew more remiss
+and cloyed with murders; but Marius's rage continued still fresh and
+unsatisfied, and he daily sought for all that were any way suspected
+by him.  Now was every road and every town filled with those that
+pursued and hunted them that fled and hid themselves; and it was
+remarkable that there was no more confidence to be placed, as things
+stood, either in hospitality or friendship; for there were found but
+a very few that did not betray those that fled to them for shelter.
+And thus the servants of Cornutus deserve the greater praise and
+admiration, who, having concealed their master in the house, took the
+body of one of the slain, cut off the head, put a gold ring on the
+finger, and showed it to Marius's guards, and buried it with the same
+solemnity as if it had been their own master.  This trick was
+perceived by nobody, and so Cornutus escaped, and was conveyed by his
+domestics into Gaul.
+
+Marcus Antonius, the orator, though he, too, found a true friend, had
+ill-fortune.  The man was but poor and a plebeian, and as he was
+entertaining a man of the greatest rank in Rome, trying to provide
+for him with the best he could, he sent his servant to get some wine
+of neighboring vintner.  The servant carefully tasting it and bidding
+him draw better, the fellow asked him what was the matter, that he
+did not buy new and ordinary wine as he used to do, but richer and of
+a greater price; he, without any design, told him as his old friend
+and acquaintance, that his master entertained Marcus Antonius, who
+was concealed with him.  The villainous vintner, as soon as the
+servant was gone, went himself to Marius, then at supper, and being
+brought into his presence, told him, he would deliver Antonius into
+his hands.  As soon as he heard it, it is said he gave a great shout,
+and clapped his hands for joy, and had very nearly risen up and gone
+to the place himself; but being detained by his friends, he sent
+Annius, and some soldiers with him, and commanded him to bring
+Antonius's head to him with all speed.  When they came to the house,
+Annius stayed at the door, and the soldiers went up stairs into the
+chamber; where, seeing Antonius, they endeavored to shuffle off the
+murder from one to another; for so great it seems were the graces and
+charms of his oratory, that as soon as he began to speak and beg his
+life, none of them durst touch or so much as look upon him; but
+hanging down their heads, every one fell a weeping.  When their stay
+seemed something tedious, Annius came up himself and found Antonius
+discoursing, and the soldiers astonished and quite softened by it,
+and calling them cowards, went himself and cut off his head.
+
+Catulus Lutatius, who was colleague with Marius, and his partner in
+the triumph over the Cimbri, when Marius replied to those that
+interceded for him and begged his life, merely with the words, "he
+must die," shut himself up in a room, and making a great fire,
+smothered himself.  When maimed and headless carcasses were now
+frequently thrown about and trampled upon in the streets, people were
+not so much moved with compassion at the sight, as struck into a kind
+of horror and consternation.  The outrages of those that were called
+Bardyaei, was the greatest grievance.  These murdered the masters of
+families in their own houses, abused their children, and ravished
+their wives, and were uncontrollable in their rapine and murders,
+till those of Cinna's and Sertorius's party, taking counsel together,
+fell upon them in the camp and killed them every man.
+
+In the interim, as if a change of wind was coming on, there came news
+from all parts that Sylla, having put an end to the war with
+Mithridates, and taken possession of the provinces, was returning
+into Italy with a great army.  This gave some small respite and
+intermission to these unspeakable calamities.  Marius and his friends
+believing war to be close at hand, Marius was chosen consul the
+seventh time, and appearing on the very calends of January, the
+beginning of the year, threw one Sextus Lucinus, from the Tarpeian
+precipice; an omen, as it seemed, portending the renewed misfortunes
+both of their party and of the city.  Marius, himself now worn out
+with labor and sinking under the burden of anxieties, could not
+sustain his spirits, which shook within him with the apprehension of
+a new war and fresh encounters and dangers, the formidable character
+of which he knew by his own experience.  He was not now to hazard the
+war with Octavius or Merula, commanding an inexperienced multitude or
+seditious rabble; but Sylla himself was approaching, the same who had
+formerly banished him, and since that, had driven Mithridates as far
+as the Euxine Sea.
+
+Perplexed with such thoughts as these, and calling to mind his
+banishment, and the tedious wanderings and dangers he underwent, both
+by sea and land, he fell into despondency, nocturnal frights, and
+unquiet sleep, still fancying that he heard some one telling him,
+that
+
+-- the lion's lair
+Is dangerous, though the lion be not there.
+
+Above all things fearing to lie awake, he gave himself up to drinking
+deep and besotting himself at night in a way most unsuitable to his
+age; by all means provoking sleep, as a diversion to his thoughts.
+At length, on the arrival of a messenger from the sea, he was seized
+with new alarms, and so what with his fear for the future, and what
+with the burden and satiety of the present, on some slight
+predisposing cause, he fell into a pleurisy, as Posidonius the
+philosopher relates, who says he visited and conversed with him when
+he was sick, about some business relating to his embassy.  Caius
+Piso, an historian, tells us, that Marius, walking after supper with
+his friends, fell into a conversation with them about his past life,
+and after reckoning up the several changes of his condition, that
+from the beginning had happened to him, said, that it did not become
+a prudent man to trust himself any longer with fortune; and,
+thereupon, taking leave of those that were with him, he kept his bed
+seven days, and then died.
+
+Some say his ambition betrayed itself openly in his sickness.  and
+that he ran into an extravagant frenzy, fancying himself to be
+general in the war against Mithridates, throwing himself into such
+postures and motions of his body as he had formerly used when he was
+in battle, with frequent shouts and loud cries.  With so strong and
+invincible a desire of being employed in that business had he been
+possessed through his pride and emulation.  Though he had now lived
+seventy years, and was the first man that ever was chosen seven times
+consul, and had an establishment and riches sufficient for many
+kings, he yet complained of his ill fortune, that he must now die
+before he had attained what he desired.  Plato, when he saw his death
+approaching, thanked the guiding providence and fortune of his life,
+first, that he was born a man and a Grecian, not a barbarian or a
+brute, and next, that he happened to live in Socrates's age.  And so,
+indeed, they say Antipater of Tarsus, in like manner, at his death,
+calling to mind the happiness that he had enjoyed, did not so much as
+omit his prosperous voyage to Athens; thus recognizing every favor of
+his indulgent fortune with the greatest acknowledgments, and
+carefully saving all to the last in that safest of human treasure
+chambers, the memory.  Unmindful and thoughtless persons, on the
+contrary, let all that occurs to them slip away from them as time
+passes on.  Retaining and preserving nothing, they lose the enjoyment
+of their present prosperity by fancying something better to come;
+whereas by fortune we may be prevented of this, but that cannot be
+taken from us.  Yet they reject their present success, as though it
+did not concern them, and do nothing but dream of future
+uncertainties; not indeed unnaturally; as till men have by reason and
+education laid good foundation for external superstructures, in the
+seeking after and gathering them they can never satisfy the unlimited
+desires of their mind.
+
+Thus died Marius on the seventeenth day of his seventh consulship, to
+the great joy and content of Rome, which thereby was in good hopes to
+be delivered from the calamity of a cruel tyranny; but in a small
+time they found, that they had only changed their old and worn-out
+master for another young and vigorous; so much cruelty and savageness
+did his son Marius show in murdering the noblest and most approved
+citizens.  At first, being esteemed resolute and daring against his
+enemies, he was named the son of Mars, but afterwards, his actions
+betraying his contrary disposition, he was called the son of Venus.
+At last, besieged by Sylla in Praeneste, where he endeavored in many
+ways, but in vain, to save his life, when on the capture of the city
+there was no hope of escape, he killed himself with his own hand.
+
+
+
+LYSANDER
+
+The treasure-chamber of the Acanthians at Delphi has this
+inscription:  "The spoils which Brasidas and the Acanthians took from
+the Athenians."  And, accordingly, many take the marble statue, which
+stands within the building by the gates, to be Brasidas's; but,
+indeed, it is Lysander's, representing him with his hair at full
+length, after the old fashion, and with an ample beard.  Neither is
+it true, as some give out, that because the Argives, after their
+great defeat, shaved themselves for sorrow, that the Spartans
+contrariwise triumphing in their achievements, suffered their hair to
+grow; neither did the Spartans come to be ambitious of wearing long
+hair, because the Bacchiadae, who fled from Corinth to Lacedaemon,
+looked mean and unsightly, having their heads all close cut.  But
+this, also, is indeed one of the ordinances of Lycurgus, who, as it
+is reported, was used to say, that long hair made good-looking men
+more beautiful, and ill-looking men more terrible.
+
+Lysander's father is said to have been Aristoclitus, who was not
+indeed of the royal family, but yet of the stock of the Heraclidae.
+He was brought up in poverty, and showed himself obedient and
+conformable, as ever anyone did, to the customs of his country; of a
+manly spirit, also, and superior to all pleasures, excepting only
+that which their good actions bring to those who are honored and
+successful; and it is accounted no base thing in Sparta for their
+young men to be overcome with this kind of pleasure.  For they are
+desirous, from the very first, to have their youth susceptible to
+good and bad repute, to feel pain at disgrace, and exultation at
+being commended; and anyone who is insensible and unaffected in
+these respects is thought poor spirited and of no capacity for
+virtue.  Ambition and the passion for distinction were thus implanted
+in his character by his Laconian education, nor, if they continued
+there, must we blame his natural disposition much for this.  But he
+was submissive to great men, beyond what seems agreeable to the
+Spartan temper, and could easily bear the haughtiness of those who
+were in power, when it was any way for his advantage, which some are
+of opinion is no small part of political discretion.  Aristotle, who
+says all great characters are more or less atrabilious, as Socrates
+and Plato and Hercules were, writes, that Lysander, not indeed early
+in life, but when he was old, became thus affected.  What is singular
+in his character is that he endured poverty very well, and that he
+was not at all enslaved or corrupted by wealth, and yet he filled his
+country with riches and the love of them, and took away from them the
+glory of not admiring money; importing amongst them an abundance of
+gold and silver after the Athenian war, though keeping not one
+drachma for himself.  When Dionysius, the tyrant, sent his daughters
+some costly gowns of Sicilian manufacture, he would not receive them,
+saying he was afraid they would make them look more unhandsome.  But
+a while after, being sent ambassador from the same city to the same
+tyrant, when he had sent him a couple of robes, and bade him choose
+which of them he would, and carry to his daughter:  "She," said he,
+"will be able to choose best for herself," and taking both of them,
+went his way.
+
+The Peloponnesian war having now been carried on a long time, and it
+being expected, after the disaster of the Athenians in Sicily, that
+they would at once lose the mastery of the sea, and erelong be routed
+everywhere, Alcibiades, returning from banishment, and taking the
+command, produced a great change, and made the Athenians again a
+match for their opponents by sea; and the Lacedaemonians, in great
+alarm at this, and calling up fresh courage and zeal for the
+conflict, feeling the want of an able commander and of a powerful
+armament, sent out Lysander to be admiral of the seas.  Being at
+Ephesus, and finding the city well affected towards him, and
+favorable to the Lacedaemonian party, but in ill condition, and in
+danger to become barbarized by adopting the manners of the Persians,
+who were much mingled among them, the country of Lydia bordering upon
+them, and the king's generals being quartered there a long time, he
+pitched his camp there, and commanded the merchant ships all about to
+put in thither, and proceeded to build ships of war there; and thus
+restored their ports by the traffic he created, and their market by
+the employment he gave, and filled their private houses and their
+workshops with wealth, so that from that time, the city began, first
+of all, by Lysander's means, to have some hopes of growing to that
+stateliness and grandeur which now it is at.
+
+Understanding that Cyrus, the king's son, was come to Sardis, he went
+up to talk with him, and to accuse Tisaphernes, who, receiving a
+command to help the Lacedaemonians, and to drive the Athenians from
+the sea, was thought, on account of Alcibiades, to have become remiss
+and unwilling, and by paying the seamen slenderly to be ruining the
+fleet.  Now Cyrus was willing that Tisaphernes might be found in
+blame, and be ill reported of, as being, indeed, a dishonest man, and
+privately at feud with himself.  By these means, and by their daily
+intercourse together, Lysander, especially by the submissiveness
+of his conversation, won the affections of the young prince, and
+greatly roused him to carry on the war; and when he would depart,
+Cyrus gave him a banquet, and desired him not to refuse his
+good-will, but to speak and ask whatever he had a mind to, and that
+he should not be refused anything whatsoever:  "Since you are so
+very kind," replied Lysander, "I earnestly request you to add one
+penny to the seamen's pay, that instead of three pence, they may now
+receive four pence."  Cyrus, delighted with his public spirit, gave
+him ten thousand darics, out of which he added the penny to the
+seamen's pay, and by the renown of this in a short time emptied the
+ships of the enemies, as many would come over to that side which gave
+the most pay, and those who remained, being disheartened and
+mutinous, daily created trouble to the captains.  Yet for all
+Lysander had so distracted and weakened his enemies, he was afraid to
+engage by sea, Alcibiades being an energetic commander, and having
+the superior number of ships, and having been hitherto, in all
+battles, unconquered both by sea and land.
+
+But afterwards, when Alcibiades sailed from Samos to Phocaea, leaving
+Antiochus, the pilot, in command of all his forces, this Antiochus,
+to insult Lysander, sailed with two galleys into the port of the
+Ephesians, and with mocking and laughter proudly rowed along before
+the place where the ships lay drawn up.  Lysander, in indignation,
+launched at first a few ships only and pursued him, but as soon as he
+saw the Athenians come to his help, he added some other ships, and,
+at last, they fell to a set battle together; and Lysander won the
+victory, and taking fifteen of their ships, erected a trophy.  For
+this, the people in the city being angry, put Alcibiades out of
+command, and finding himself despised by the soldiers in Samos, and
+ill spoken of, he sailed from the army into the Chersonese.  And this
+battle, although not important in itself, was made remarkable by its
+consequences to Alcibiades.
+
+Lysander, meanwhile, inviting to Ephesus such persons in the various
+cities as he saw to be bolder and haughtier-spirited than the rest,
+proceeded to lay the foundations of that government by bodies of ten,
+and those revolutions which afterwards came to pass, stirring up and
+urging them to unite in clubs, and apply themselves to public
+affairs, since as soon as ever the Athenians should be put down, the
+popular governments, he said, should be suppressed, and they should
+become supreme in their several countries.  And he made them believe
+these things by present deeds, promoting those who were his friends
+already to great employments, honors, and offices, and, to gratify
+their covetousness, making himself a partner in injustice and
+wickedness.  So much so, that all flocked to him, and courted and
+desired him, hoping, if he remained in power, that the highest wishes
+they could form would all be gratified.  And therefore, from the very
+beginning, they could not look pleasantly upon Callicratidas, when he
+came to succeed Lysander as admiral; nor, afterwards, when he had
+given them experience that he was a most noble and just person, were
+they pleased with the manner of his government, and its
+straightforward, Dorian, honest character.  They did, indeed, admire
+his virtue, as they might the beauty of some hero's image; but their
+wishes were for Lysander's zealous and profitable support of the
+interests of his friends and partisans, and they shed tears, and were
+much disheartened when he sailed from them.  He himself made them yet
+more disaffected to Callicratidas; for what remained of the money
+which had been given him to pay the navy, he sent back again to
+Sardis, bidding them, if they would, apply to Callicratidas himself,
+and see how he was able to maintain the soldiers.  And, at the last,
+sailing away, he declared to him that he delivered up the fleet in
+possession and command of the sea.  But Callicratidas, to expose the
+emptiness of these high pretensions, said, "In that case, leave Samos
+on the left hand, and, sailing to Miletus, there deliver up the ships
+to me; for if we are masters of the sea, we need not fear sailing by
+our enemies in Samos."  To which Lysander answering, that not
+himself, but he, commanded the ships, sailed to Peloponnesus, leaving
+Callicratidas in great perplexity.  For neither had he brought any
+money from home with him, nor could he endure to tax the towns or
+force them, being in hardship enough.  Therefore, the only course
+that was to be taken was to go and beg at the doors of the king's
+commanders, as Lysander had done; for which he was most unfit of any
+man, being of a generous and great spirit, and one who thought it
+more becoming for the Greeks to suffer any damage from one another,
+than to flatter and wait at the gates of barbarians, who, indeed, had
+gold enough, but nothing else that was commendable.  But being
+compelled by necessity, he proceeded to Lydia, and went at once to
+Cyrus's house, and sent in word, that Callicratidas, the admiral, was
+there to speak with him; one of those who kept the gates replied,
+"Cyrus, O stranger, is not now at leisure, for he is drinking."  To
+which Callicratidas answered, most innocently, "Very well, I will
+wait till he has done his draught."  This time, therefore, they took
+him for some clownish fellow, and he withdrew, merely laughed at by
+the barbarians; but when, afterwards, he came a second time to the
+gate, and was not admitted, he took it hardly and set off for
+Ephesus, wishing a great many evils to those who first let themselves
+be insulted over by these barbarians, and taught them to be insolent
+because of their riches; and added vows to those who were present,
+that as soon as ever he came back to Sparta, he would do all he could
+to reconcile the Greeks, that they might be formidable to barbarians,
+and that they should cease henceforth to need their aid against one
+another.  But Callicratidas, who entertained purposes worthy a
+Lacedaemonian, and showed himself worthy to compete with the very
+best of Greece, for his justice, his greatness of mind and courage,
+not long after, having been beaten in a sea-fight at Arginusae, died.
+
+And now affairs going backwards, the associates in the war sent an
+embassy to Sparta, requiring Lysander to be their admiral, professing
+themselves ready to undertake the business much more zealously, if he
+was commander; and Cyrus, also, sent to request the same thing.  But
+because they had a law which would not suffer any one to be admiral
+twice, and wished, nevertheless, to gratify their allies, they gave
+the title of admiral to one Aracus, and sent Lysander nominally as
+vice-admiral, but, indeed, with full powers.  So he came out, long
+wished for by the greatest part of the chief persons and leaders in
+the towns, who hoped to grow to greater power still by his means,
+when the popular governments should be everywhere destroyed.
+
+But to those who loved honest and noble behavior in their commanders,
+Lysander, compared with Callicratidas, seemed cunning and subtle,
+managing most things in the war by deceit, extolling what was just
+when it was profitable, and when it was not, using that which was
+convenient, instead of that which was good; and not judging truth to
+be in nature better than falsehood, but setting a value upon both
+according to interest.  He would laugh at those who thought that
+Hercules's posterity ought not to use deceit in war:  "For where the
+lion's skin will not reach, you must patch it out with the fox's."
+Such is the conduct recorded of him in the business about Miletus;
+for when his friends and connections, whom he had promised to assist
+in suppressing popular government and expelling their political
+opponents, had altered their minds, and were reconciled to their
+enemies, he pretended openly as if he was pleased with it, and was
+desirous to further the reconciliation, but privately he railed at
+and abused them, and provoked them to set upon the multitude.  And as
+soon as ever he perceived a new attempt to be commencing, he at once
+came up and entered into the city, and the first of the conspirators
+he lit upon, he pretended to rebuke, and spoke roughly, as if he
+would punish them; but the others, meantime, he bade be courageous,
+and to fear nothing now he was with them.  And all this acting and
+dissembling was with the object that the most considerable men of the
+popular party might not fly away, but might stay in the city and be
+killed; which so fell out, for all who believed him were put to
+death.
+
+There is a saying, also, recorded by Androclides, which makes him
+guilty of great indifference to the obligations of an oath.  His
+recommendation, according to this account, was to "cheat boys with
+dice, and men with oaths," an imitation of Polycrates of Samos, not
+very honorable to a lawful commander, to take example, namely, from a
+tyrant; nor in character with Laconian usages, to treat gods as ill
+as enemies, or, indeed, even more injuriously; since he who
+overreaches by an oath admits that he fears his enemy, while he
+despises his God.
+
+Cyrus now sent for Lysander to Sardis, and gave him some money, and
+promised him some more, youthfully protesting in favor to him, that
+if his father gave him nothing, he would supply him of his own; and
+if he himself should be destitute of all, he would cut up, he said,
+to make money, the very throne upon which he sat to do justice, it
+being made of gold and silver; and, at last, on going up into Media
+to his father, he ordered that he should receive the tribute of the
+towns, and committed his government to him, and so taking his leave,
+and desiring him not to fight by sea before he returned, for he would
+come back with a great many ships out of Phoenicia and Cilicia,
+departed to visit the king.
+
+Lysander's ships were too few for him to venture to fight, and yet
+too many to allow of his remaining idle; he set out, therefore, and
+reduced some of the islands, and wasted Aegina and Salamis; and from
+thence landing in Attica, and saluting Agis, who came from Decelea to
+meet him, he made a display to the land-forces of the strength of the
+fleet, as though he could sail where he pleased, and were absolute
+master by sea.  But hearing the Athenians pursued him, he fled
+another way through the islands into Asia.  And finding the
+Hellespont without any defense, he attacked Lampsacus with his ships
+by sea; while Thorax, acting in concert with him with the land army,
+made an assault on the walls; and so, having taken the city by storm,
+he gave it up to his soldiers to plunder.  The fleet of the
+Athenians, a hundred and eighty ships, had just arrived at Elaeus in
+the Chersonese; and hearing the news, that Lampsacus was destroyed,
+they presently sailed to Sestos; where, taking in victuals, they
+advanced to Aegos Potami, over against their enemies, who were still
+stationed about Lampsacus.  Amongst other Athenian captains who were
+now in command was Philocles, he who persuaded the people to pass a
+decree to cut off the right thumb of the captives in the war, that
+they should not be able to hold the spear, though they might the oar.
+
+Then they all rested themselves, hoping they should have battle the
+next morning.  But Lysander had other things in his head; he
+commanded the mariners and pilots to go on board at dawn, as if there
+should be a battle as soon as it was day, and to sit there in order,
+and without any noise, expecting what should be commanded, and in
+like manner that the land army should remain quietly in their ranks
+by the sea.  But the sun rising, and the Athenians sailing up with
+their whole fleet in line, and challenging them to battle, he, though
+he had had his ships all drawn up and manned before daybreak,
+nevertheless did not stir.  He merely sent some small boats to those
+who lay foremost, and bade them keep still and stay in their order;
+not to be disturbed, and none of them to sail out and offer battle.
+So about evening, the Athenians sailing back, he would not let the
+seamen go out of the ships before two or three, which he had sent to
+espy, were returned, after seeing the enemies disembark.  And thus
+they did the next day, and the third, and so to the fourth.  So that
+the Athenians grew extremely confident, and disdained their enemies,
+as if they had been afraid and daunted.  At this time, Alcibiades,
+who was in his castle in the Chersonese, came on horseback to the
+Athenian army, and found fault with their captains, first of all that
+they had pitched their camp neither well nor safely, on an exposed
+and open beach, a very bad landing for the ships, and, secondly, that
+where they were, they had to fetch all they wanted from Sestos, some
+considerable way off; whereas if they sailed round a little way to
+the town and harbor of Sestos, they would be at a safer distance from
+an enemy, who lay watching their movements, at the command of a
+single general, terror of whom made every order rapidly executed.
+This advice, however, they would not listen to; and Tydeus angered
+disdainfully, that not he, but others, were in office now.  So
+Alcibiades, who even suspected there must be treachery, departed.
+
+But on the fifth day, the Athenians having sailed towards them, and
+gone back again as they were used to do, very proudly and full of
+contempt, Lysander sending some ships, as usual, to look out,
+commanded the masters of them that when they saw the Athenians go to
+land, they should row back again with all their speed, and that when
+they were about half-way across, they should lift up a brazen shield
+from the foredeck, as the sign of battle.  And he himself sailing
+round, encouraged the pilots and masters of the ships, and exhorted
+them to keep all their men to their places, seamen and soldiers
+alike, and as soon as ever the sign should be given, to row up boldly
+to their enemies.  Accordingly when the shield had been lifted up
+from the ships, and the trumpet from the admiral's vessel had sounded
+for battle, the ships rowed up, and the foot soldiers strove to get
+along by the shore to the promontory.  The distance there between the
+two continents is fifteen furlongs, which, by the zeal and eagerness
+of the rowers, was quickly traversed.  Conon, one of the Athenian
+commanders, was the first who saw from the land the fleet advancing,
+and shouted out to embark, and in the greatest distress bade some and
+entreated others, and some he forced to man the ships.  But all his
+diligence signified nothing, because the men were scattered about;
+for as soon as they came out of the ships, expecting no such matter,
+some went to market, others walked about the country, or went to
+sleep in their tents, or got their dinners ready, being, through
+their commanders' want of skill, as far as possible from any thought
+of what was to happen; and the enemy now coming up with shouts and
+noise, Conon, with eight ships, sailed out, and making his escape,
+passed from thence to Cyprus, to Evagores.  The Peloponnesians
+falling upon the rest, some they took quite empty, and some they
+destroyed while they were filling; the men, meantime, coming unarmed
+and scattered to help, died at their ships, or, flying by land, were
+slain, their enemies disembarking and pursuing them.  Lysander took
+three thousand prisoners, with the generals, and the whole fleet,
+excepting the sacred ship Paralus, and those which fled with Conon.
+So taking their ships in tow, and having plundered their tents, with
+pipe and songs of victory, he sailed back to Lampsacus, having
+accomplished a great work with small pains, and having finished in
+one hour, a war which had been protracted in its continuance, and
+diversified in its incidents and its fortunes to a degree exceeding
+belief, compared with all before it.  After altering its shape and
+character a thousand times, and after having been the destruction of
+more commanders than all the previous wars of Greece put together, it
+was now put an end to by the good counsel and ready conduct of one
+man.
+
+Some, therefore, looked upon the result as a divine intervention, and
+there were certain who affirmed that the stars of Castor and Pollux
+were seen on each side of Lysander's ship, when he first set sail
+from the haven toward his enemies, shining about the helm; and some
+say the stone which fell down was a sign of this slaughter.  For a
+stone of a great size did fall, according to the common belief, from
+heaven, at Aegos Potami, which is shown to this day, and had in great
+esteem by the Chersonites.  And it is said that Anaxagoras foretold,
+that the occurrence of a slip or shake among the bodies fixed in the
+heavens, dislodging any one of them, would be followed by the fall of
+the whole of them.  For no one of the stars is now in the same place
+in which it was at first; for they, being, according to him, like
+stones and heavy, shine by the refraction of the upper air round
+about them, and are carried along forcibly by the violence of the
+circular motion by which they were originally withheld from
+falling, when cold and heavy bodies were first separated from the
+general universe.  But there is a more probable opinion than this
+maintained by some, who say that falling stars are no effluxes, nor
+discharges of ethereal fire, extinguished almost at the instant of
+its igniting by the lower air; neither are they the sudden combustion
+and blazing up of a quantity of the lower air let loose in great
+abundance into the upper region; but the heavenly bodies, by a
+relaxation of the force of their circular movement, are carried by an
+irregular course, not in general into the inhabited part of the
+earth, but for the most part into the wide sea; which is the cause of
+their not being observed.  Daimachus, in his treatise on Religion.
+supports the view of Anaxagoras.  He says, that before this stone
+fell, for seventy-five days continually, there was seen in the
+heavens a vast fiery body, as if it had been a flaming cloud, not
+resting, but carried about with several intricate and broken
+movements, so that the flaming pieces, which were broken off by this
+commotion and running about, were carried in all directions, shining
+as falling stars do.  But when it afterwards came down to the ground
+in this district, and the people of the place recovering from their
+fear and astonishment came together, there was no fire to be seen,
+neither any sign of it; there was only a stone lying, big indeed, but
+which bore no proportion, to speak of, to that fiery compass.  It is
+manifest that Daimachus needs to have indulgent hearers; but if what
+he says be true, he altogether proves those to be wrong who say that
+a rock broken off from the top of some mountain, by winds and
+tempests, and caught and whirled about like a top, as soon as this
+impetus began to slacken and cease, was precipitated and fell to the
+ground.  Unless, indeed, we choose to say that the phenomenon which
+was observed for so many days was really fire, and that the change in
+the atmosphere ensuing on its extinction was attended with violent
+winds and agitations, which might be the cause of this stone being
+carried off.  The exacter treatment of this subject belongs, however,
+to a different kind of writing.
+
+Lysander, after the three thousand Athenians whom he had taken
+prisoners were condemned by the commissioners to die, called
+Philocles the general, and asked him what punishment he considered
+himself to deserve, for having advised the citizens as he had done,
+against the Greeks; but he, being nothing cast down at his calamity,
+bade him not accuse him of matters of which nobody was a judge, but
+to do to him, now he was a conqueror, as he would have suffered, had
+he been overcome.  Then washing himself, and putting on a fine cloak,
+he led the citizens the way to the slaughter, as Theophrastus writes
+in his history.  After this Lysander, sailing about to the various
+cities, bade all the Athenians he met go into Athens, declaring that
+he would spare none, but kill every man whom he found out of the
+city, intending thus to cause immediate famine and scarcity there,
+that they might not make the siege laborious to him, having
+provisions sufficient to endure it.  And suppressing the popular
+governments and all other constitutions, he left one Lacedaemonian
+chief officer in every city, with ten rulers to act with him,
+selected out of the societies which he had previously formed in the
+different towns.  And doing thus as well in the cities of his
+enemies, as of his associates, he sailed leisurely on, establishing,
+in a manner, for himself supremacy over the whole of Greece.  Neither
+did he make choice of rulers by birth or by wealth, but bestowed the
+offices on his own friends and partisans, doing everything to please
+them, and putting absolute power of reward and punishment into their
+hands.  And thus, personally appearing on many occasions of bloodshed
+and massacre, and aiding his friends to expel their opponents, he did
+not give the Greeks a favorable specimen of the Lacedaemonian
+government; and the expression of Theopompus, the comic poet, seemed
+but poor, when he compared the Lacedaemonians to tavern women,
+because when the Greeks had first tasted the sweet wine of liberty,
+they then poured vinegar into the cup; for from the very first it had
+a rough and bitter taste, all government by the people being
+suppressed by Lysander, and the boldest and least scrupulous of the
+oligarchical party selected to rule the cities.
+
+Having spent some little time about these things, and sent some
+before to Lacedaemon to tell them he was arriving with two hundred
+ships, he united his forces in Attica with those of the two kings
+Agis and Pausanias, hoping to take the city without delay.  But when
+the Athenians defended themselves, he with his fleet passed again to
+Asia, and in like manner destroyed the forms of government in all the
+other cities, and placed them under the rule of ten chief persons,
+many in every one being killed, and many driven into exile; and in
+Samos, he expelled the whole people, and gave their cities to the
+exiles whom he brought back.  And the Athenians still possessing
+Sestos, he took it from them, and suffered not the Sestians
+themselves to dwell in it, but gave the city and country to be
+divided out among the pilots and masters of the ships under him;
+which was his first act that was disallowed by the Lacedaemonians,
+who brought the Sestians back again into their country.  All Greece,
+however, rejoiced to see the Aeginetans, by Lysander's aid, now
+again, after a long time, receiving back their cities, and the
+Melians and Scionaeans restored, while the Athenians were driven out,
+and delivered up the cities.
+
+But when he now understood they were in a bad case in the city
+because of the famine, he sailed to Piraeus, and reduced the city,
+which was compelled to surrender on what conditions he demanded.  One
+hears it said by Lacedaemonians that Lysander wrote to the Ephors
+thus:  "Athens is taken;" and that these magistrates wrote back to
+Lysander, "Taken is enough."  But this saying was invented for its
+neatness' sake; for the true decree of the magistrates was on this
+manner:  "The government of the Lacedaemonians has made these orders;
+pull down the Piraeus and the long walls; quit all the towns, and
+keep to your own land; if you do these things, you shall have peace,
+if you wish it, restoring also your exiles.  As concerning the number
+of the ships, whatsoever there be judged necessary to appoint, that
+do."  This scroll of conditions the Athenians accepted, Theramenes,
+son of Hagnon, supporting it.  At which time, too, they say that when
+Cleomenes, one of the young orators, asked him how he durst act and
+speak contrary to Themistocles, delivering up the walls to the
+Lacedaemonians, which he had built against the will of the
+Lacedaemonians, he said, "O young man, I do nothing contrary to
+Themistocles; for he raised these walls for the safety of the
+citizens, and we pull them down for their safety; and if walls make a
+city happy, then Sparta must be the most wretched of all, as it has
+none."
+
+Lysander, as soon as he had taken all the ships except twelve, and
+the walls of the Athenians, on the sixteenth day of the month
+Munychion, the same on which they had overcome the barbarians at
+Salamis, then proceeded to take measures for altering the government.
+But the Athenians taking that very unwillingly, and resisting, he
+sent to the people and informed them, that he found that the city had
+broken the terms, for the walls were standing when the days were past
+within which they should have been pulled down.  He should,
+therefore, consider their case anew, they having broken their first
+articles.  And some state, in fact, the proposal was made in the
+congress of the allies, that the Athenians should all be sold as
+slaves; on which occasion, Erianthus, the Theban, gave his vote to
+pull down the city, and turn the country into sheep-pasture; yet
+afterwards, when there was a meeting of the captains together, a man
+of Phocis, singing the first chorus in Euripides's Electra, which
+begins,
+
+Electra, Agamemnon's child, I come
+Unto thy desert home,
+
+they were all melted with compassion, and it seemed to be a cruel
+deed to destroy and pull down a city which had been so famous, and
+produced such men.
+
+Accordingly Lysander, the Athenians yielding up everything, sent for
+a number of flute-women out of the city, and collected together all
+that were in the camp, and pulled down the walls, and burnt the ships
+to the sound of the flute, the allies being crowned with garlands,
+and making merry together, as counting that day the beginning of
+their liberty.  He proceeded also at once to alter the government,
+placing thirty rulers in the city, and ten in the Piraeus:  he put,
+also, a garrison into the Acropolis, and made Callibius, a Spartan,
+the governor of it; who afterwards taking up his staff to strike
+Autolycus, the athlete, about whom Xenophon wrote his "Banquet," on
+his tripping up his heels and throwing him to the ground, Lysander
+was not vexed at it, but chid Callibius, telling him he did not know
+how to govern freemen.  The thirty rulers, however, to gain
+Callibius's favor, a little after killed Autolycus.
+
+Lysander, after this, sails out to Thrace, and what remained of the
+public money, and the gifts and crowns which he had himself received,
+numbers of people, as might be expected, being anxious to make
+presents to a man of such great power, who was, in a manner, the lord
+of Greece, he sends to Lacedaemon by Gylippus, who had commanded
+formerly in Sicily.  But he, it is reported, unsewed the sacks at the
+bottom, took a considerable amount of silver out of every one of
+them, and sewed them up again, not knowing there was a writing in
+every one stating how much there was.  And coming into Sparta, what
+he had thus stolen away he hid under the tiles of his house, and
+delivered up the sacks to the magistrates, and showed the seals were
+upon them.  But afterwards, on their opening the sacks and counting
+it, the quantity of the silver differed from what the writing
+expressed; and the matter causing some perplexity to the magistrates,
+Gylippus's servant tells them in a riddle, that under the tiles lay
+many owls; for, as it seems, the greatest part of the money then
+current, bore the Athenian stamp of the owl.  Gylippus having
+committed so foul and base a deed, after such great and distinguished
+exploits before, removed himself from Lacedaemon.
+
+But the wisest of the Spartans, very much on account of this
+occurrence, dreading the influence of money, as being what had
+corrupted the greatest citizens, exclaimed against Lysander's
+conduct, and declared to the Ephors, that all the silver and gold
+should be sent away, as mere "alien mischiefs."  These consulted
+about it; and Theopompus says, it was Sciraphidas, but Ephorus, that
+it was Phlogidas, who declared they ought not to receive any gold or
+silver into the city; but to use their own country coin which was
+iron, and was first of all dipped in vinegar when it was red hot,
+that it might not be worked up anew, but because of the dipping might
+be hard and unpliable.  It was also, of course, very heavy and
+troublesome to carry, and a great deal of it in quantity and
+weight was but a little in value.  And perhaps all the old money was
+so, coin consisting of iron, or in some countries, copper skewers,
+whence it comes that we still find a great number of small pieces of
+money retain the name of obolus, and the drachma is six of these,
+because so much may be grasped in one's hand.  But Lysander's friends
+being against it, and endeavoring to keep the money in the city, it
+was resolved to bring in this sort of money to be used publicly,
+enacting, at the same time, that if anyone was found in possession
+of any privately, he should be put to death, as if Lycurgus had
+feared the coin, and not the covetousness resulting from it, which
+they did not repress by letting no private man keep any, so much as
+they encouraged it, by allowing the state to possess it; attaching
+thereby a sort of dignity to it, over and above its ordinary utility.
+Neither was it possible, that what they saw was so much esteemed
+publicly, they should privately despise as unprofitable; and that
+everyone should think that thing could be nothing worth for his own
+personal use, which was so extremely valued and desired for the use
+of the state.  And moral habits, induced by public practices, are far
+quicker in making their way into men's private lives, than the
+failings and faults of individuals are in infecting the city at
+large.  For it is probable that the parts will be rather corrupted by
+the whole if that grows bad; while the vices which flow from a part
+into the whole, find many correctives and remedies from that which
+remains sound.  Terror and the law were now to keep guard over the
+citizens' houses, to prevent any money entering into them; but their
+minds could no longer be expected to remain superior to the desire of
+it, when wealth in general was thus set up to be striven after, as a
+high and noble object.  On this point, however, we have given our
+censure of the Lacedaemonians in one of our other writings.
+
+Lysander erected out of the spoils brazen statues at Delphi of
+himself, and of every one of the masters of the ships, as also
+figures of the golden stars of Castor and Pollux, which vanished
+before the battle at Leuctra.  In the treasury of Brasidas and the
+Acanthians, there was a trireme made of gold and ivory, of two
+cubits, which Cyrus sent Lysander in honor of his victory.  But
+Alexandrides of Delphi writes in his history, that there was also a
+deposit of Lysander's, a talent of silver, and fifty-two minas,
+besides eleven staters; a statement not consistent with the generally
+received account of his poverty.  And at that time, Lysander, being
+in fact of greater power than any Greek before, was yet thought to
+show a pride, and to affect a superiority greater even than his power
+warranted.  He was the first, as Duris says in his history, among the
+Greeks, to whom the cities reared altars as to a god, and sacrificed;
+to him were songs of triumph first sung, the beginning of one of
+which still remains recorded: --
+
+Great Greece's general from spacious Sparta we
+Will celebrate with songs of victory.
+
+And the Samians decreed that their solemnities of Juno should be
+called the Lysandria; and out of the poets he had Choerilus always
+with him, to extol his achievements in verse; and to Antilochus, who
+had made some verses in his commendation, being pleased with them, he
+gave a hat full of silver; and when Antimachus of Colophon, and one
+Niceratus of Heraclea, competed with each other in a poem on the
+deeds of Lysander, he gave the garland to Niceratus; at which
+Antimachus, in vexation, suppressed his poem; but Plato, being then a
+young man, and admiring Antimachus for his poetry, consoled him for
+his defeat by telling him that it is the ignorant who are the
+sufferers by ignorance, as truly as the blind by want of sight.
+Afterwards, when Aristonus, the musician, who had been a conqueror
+six times at the Pythian games, told him as a piece of flattery, that
+if he were successful again, he would proclaim himself in the name of
+Lysander, "that is," he answered, "as his slave?"
+
+This ambitious temper was indeed only burdensome to the highest
+personages and to his equals, but through having so many people
+devoted to serve him, an extreme haughtiness and contemptuousness
+grew up, together with ambition, in his character.  He observed no
+sort of moderation, such as befitted a private man, either in
+rewarding or in punishing; the recompense of his friends and guests
+was absolute power over cities, and irresponsible authority, and the
+only satisfaction of his wrath was the destruction of his enemy;
+banishment would not suffice.  As for example, at a later period,
+fearing lest the popular leaders of the Milesians should fly, and
+desiring also to discover those who lay hid, he swore he would do
+them no harm, and on their believing him and coming forth, he
+delivered them up to the oligarchical leaders to be slain, being in
+all no less than eight hundred.  And, indeed, the slaughter in
+general of those of the popular party in the towns exceeded all
+computation; as he did not kill only for offenses against himself,
+but granted these favors without sparing, and joined in the execution
+of them, to gratify the many hatreds, and the much cupidity of his
+friends everywhere round about him.  From whence the saying of
+Eteocles, the Lacedaemonian, came to be famous, that "Greece could
+not have borne two Lysanders."  Theophrastus says, that Archestratus
+said the same thing concerning Alcibiades.  But in his case what had
+given most offense was a certain licentious and wanton self-will;
+Lysander's power was feared and hated because of his unmerciful
+disposition.  The Lacedaemonians did not at all concern themselves
+for any other accusers; but afterwards, when Pharnabazus, having been
+injured by him, he having pillaged and wasted his country, sent some
+to Sparta to inform against him, the Ephors taking it very ill, put
+one of his friends and fellow-captains, Thorax, to death, taking him
+with some silver privately in his possession; and they sent him a
+scroll, commanding him to return home.  This scroll is made up thus;
+when the Ephors send an admiral or general on his way, they take two
+round pieces of wood, both exactly of a length and thickness, and cut
+even to one another; they keep one themselves, and the other they
+give to the person they send forth; and these pieces of wood they
+call Scytales.  When, therefore, they have occasion to communicate
+any secret or important matter, making a scroll of parchment long and
+narrow like a leathern thong, they roll it about their own staff of
+wood, leaving no space void between, but covering the surface of the
+staff with the scroll all over.  When they have done this, they write
+what they please on the scroll, as it is wrapped about the staff; and
+when they have written, they take off the scroll, and send it to the
+general without the wood.  He, when he has received it, can read
+nothing of the writing, because the words and letters are not
+connected, but all broken up; but taking his own staff, he winds the
+slip of the scroll about it, so that this folding, restoring all the
+parts into the same order that they were in before, and putting what
+comes first into connection with what follows, brings the whole
+consecutive contents to view round the outside.  And this scroll is
+called a staff, after the name of the wood, as a thing measured is by
+the name of the measure.
+
+But Lysander, when the staff came to him to the Hellespont, was
+troubled, and fearing Pharnabazus's accusations most, made haste to
+confer with him, hoping to end the difference by a meeting together.
+When they met, he desired him to write another letter to the
+magistrates, stating that he had not been wronged, and had no
+complaint to prefer.  But he was ignorant that Pharnabazus, as it is
+in the proverb, played Cretan against Cretan; for pretending to do
+all that was desired, openly he wrote such a letter as Lysander
+wanted, but kept by him another, written privately; and when they
+came to put on the seals, changed the tablets, which differed not at
+all to look upon, and gave him the letter which had been written
+privately.  Lysander, accordingly, coming to Lacedaemon, and going,
+as the custom is, to the magistrates' office, gave Pharnabazus's
+letter to the Ephors, being persuaded that the greatest accusation
+against him was now withdrawn; for Pharnabazus was beloved by the
+Lacedaemonians, having been the most zealous on their side in the war
+of all the king's captains.  But after the magistrates had read the
+letter they showed it him, and he understanding now that
+
+Others beside Ulysses deep can be,
+Not the one wise man of the world is he,
+
+in extreme confusion, left them at the time.  But a few days after,
+meeting the Ephors, he said he must go to the temple of Ammon, and
+offer the god the sacrifices which he had vowed in war.  For some
+state it as a truth, that when he was besieging the city of Aphytae
+in Thrace, Ammon stood by him in his sleep; whereupon raising the
+siege, supposing the god had commanded it, he bade the Aphytaeans
+sacrifice to Ammon, and resolved to make a journey into Libya to
+propitiate the god.  But most were of opinion that the god was but
+the presence, and that in reality he was afraid of the Ephors, and
+that impatience of the yoke at home, and dislike of living under
+authority, made him long for some travel and wandering, like a horse
+just brought in from open feeding and pasture to the stable, and put
+again to his ordinary work.  For that which Ephorus states to have
+been the cause of this traveling about, I shall relate by and by.
+
+And having hardly and with difficulty obtained leave of the
+magistrates to depart, he set sail.  But the kings, while he was on
+his voyage, considering that keeping, as he did, the cities in
+possession by his own friends and partisans, he was in fact their
+sovereign and the lord of Greece, took measures for restoring the
+power to the people, and for throwing his friends out.  Disturbances
+commencing again about these things, and, first of all, the Athenians
+from Phyle setting upon their thirty rulers and overpowering them,
+Lysander, coming home in haste, persuaded the Lacedaemonians to
+support the oligarchies and to put down the popular governments, and
+to the thirty in Athens, first of all, they sent a hundred talents
+for the war, and Lysander himself, as general, to assist them.  But
+the kings envying him, and fearing lest he should take Athens again,
+resolved that one of themselves should take the command.  Accordingly
+Pausanias went, and in words, indeed, professed as if he had been for
+the tyrants against the people, but in reality exerted himself for
+peace, that Lysander might not by the means of his friends become
+lord of Athens again.  This he brought easily to pass; for,
+reconciling the Athenians, and quieting the tumults, he defeated the
+ambitious hopes of Lysander, though shortly after, on the Athenians
+rebelling again, he was censured for having thus taken, as it were,
+the bit out of the mouth of the people, which, being freed from the
+oligarchy, would now break out again into affronts and insolence; and
+Lysander regained the reputation of a person who employed his command
+not in gratification of others, nor for applause, but strictly for
+the good of Sparta.
+
+His speech, also, was bold and daunting to such as opposed him.  The
+Argives, for example, contended about the bounds of their land, and
+thought they brought juster pleas than the Lacedaemonians; holding
+out his sword, "He," said Lysander, "that is master of this, brings
+the best argument about the bounds of territory."  A man of Megara,
+at some conference, taking freedom with him, "This language, my
+friend," said he, "should come from a city."  To the Boeotians, who
+were acting a doubtful part, he put the question, whether he should
+pass through their country with spears upright, or leveled.  After
+the revolt of the Corinthians, when, on coming to their walls, he
+perceived the Lacedaemonians hesitating to make the assault, and a
+hare was seen to leap through the ditch:  "Are you not ashamed," he
+said, "to fear an enemy, for whose laziness, the very hares sleep
+upon their walls?"
+
+When king Agis died, leaving a brother Agesilaus, and Leotychides,
+who was supposed his son, Lysander, being attached to Agesilaus,
+persuaded him to lay claim to the kingdom, as being a true descendant
+of Hercules; Leotychides lying under the suspicion of being the son
+of Alcibiades, who lived privately in familiarity with Timaea, the
+wife of Agis, at the time he was a fugitive in Sparta.  Agis, they
+say, computing the time, satisfied himself that she could not have
+conceived by him, and had hitherto always neglected and manifestly
+disowned Leotychides; but now when he was carried sick to Heraea,
+being ready to die, what by the importunities of the young man
+himself, and of his friends, in the presence of many he declared
+Leotychides to be his; and desiring those who were present to bear
+witness of this to the Lacedaemonians, died.  They accordingly did so
+testify in favor of Leotychides.  And Agesilaus, being otherwise
+highly reputed of, and strong in the support of Lysander, was, on the
+other hand, prejudiced by Diopithes, a man famous for his knowledge
+of oracles, who adduced this prophecy in reference to Agesilaus's
+lameness:
+
+Beware, great Sparta, lest there come of thee,
+Though sound thyself, an halting sovereignty;
+Troubles, both long and unexpected too,
+And storms of deadly warfare shall ensue.
+
+When many, therefore, yielded to the oracle, and inclined to
+Leotychides, Lysander said that Diopithes did not take the prophecy
+rightly; for it was not that the god would be offended if any lame
+person ruled over the Lacedaemonians, but that the kingdom would be a
+lame one, if bastards and false-born should govern with the posterity
+of Hercules.  By this argument, and by his great influence among
+them, he prevailed, and Agesilaus was made king.
+
+Immediately, therefore, Lysander spurred him on to make an expedition
+into Asia, putting him in hopes that he might destroy the Persians,
+and attain the height of greatness.  And he wrote to his friends in
+Asia, bidding them request to have Agesilaus appointed to command
+them in the war against the barbarians; which they were persuaded to,
+and sent ambassadors to Lacedaemon to entreat it.  And this would
+seem to be a second favor done Agesilaus by Lysander, not inferior to
+his first in obtaining him the kingdom.  But with ambitious natures,
+otherwise not ill qualified for command, the feeling of jealousy of
+those near them in reputation continually stands in the way of the
+performance of noble actions; they make those their rivals in virtue,
+whom they ought to use as their helpers to it.  Agesilaus took
+Lysander, among the thirty counselors that accompanied him, with
+intentions of using him as his especial friend; but when they were
+come into Asia, the inhabitants there, to whom he was but little
+known, addressed themselves to him but little and seldom; whereas
+Lysander, because of their frequent previous intercourse, was visited
+and attended by large numbers, by his friends out of observance, and
+by others out of fear; and just as in tragedies it not uncommonly is
+the case with the actors, the person who represents a messenger or
+servant is much taken notice of, and plays the chief part, while he
+who wears the crown and scepter is hardly heard to speak, even so was
+it about the counselor, he had all the real honors of the government,
+and to the king was left the empty name of power.  This
+disproportionate ambition ought very likely to have been in some way
+softened down, and Lysander should have been reduced to his proper
+second place, but wholly to cast off and to insult and affront for
+glory's sake, one who was his benefactor and friend, was not worthy
+Agesilaus to allow in himself.  For, first of all, he gave him no
+opportunity for any action, and never set him in any place of
+command; then, for whomsoever he perceived him exerting his interest,
+these persons he always sent away with a refusal, and with less
+attention than any ordinary suitors, thus silently undoing and
+weakening his influence.
+
+Lysander, miscarrying in everything, and perceiving that his
+diligence for his friends was but a hindrance to them, forbore to
+help them, entreating them that they would not address themselves to,
+nor observe him, but that they would speak to the king, and to those
+who could be of more service to friends than at present he could
+most, on hearing this, forbore to trouble him about their concerns;
+but continued their observances to him, waiting upon him in the walks
+and places of exercise; at which Agesilaus was more annoyed than
+ever, envying him the honor; and, finally, when he gave many of the
+officers places of command and the governments of cities, he
+appointed Lysander carver at his table, adding, by way of insult to
+the Ionians, "Let them go now, and pay their court to my carver."
+Upon this, Lysander thought fit to come and speak with him; and a
+brief laconic dialogue passed between them as follows:  "Truly, you
+know very well, O Agesilaus, how to depress your friends;" "Those
+friends," replied he, "who would be greater than myself; but those
+who increase my power, it is just should share in it."  "Possibly, O
+Agesilaus," answered Lysander, "in all this there may be more said on
+your part than done on mine, but I request you, for the sake of
+observers from without, to place me in any command under you where
+you may judge I shall be the least offensive, and most useful."
+
+Upon this he was sent ambassador to the Hellespont; and though angry
+with Agesilaus, yet did not neglect to perform his duty, and having
+induced Spithridates the Persian, being offended with Pharnabazus, a
+gallant man, and in command of some forces, to revolt, he brought him
+to Agesilaus.  He was not, however, employed in any other service,
+but having completed his time, returned to Sparta, without honor,
+angry with Agesilaus, and hating more than ever the whole Spartan
+government, and resolved to delay no longer, but while there was yet
+time, to put into execution the plans which he appears some time
+before to have concerted for a revolution and change in the
+constitution.  These were as follows.  The Heraclidae who joined with
+the Dorians, and came into Peloponnesus, became a numerous and
+glorious race in Sparta, but not every family belonging to it had the
+right of succession in the kingdom, but the kings were chosen out of
+two only, called the Eurypontidae and the Agiadae; the rest had no
+privilege in the government by their nobility of birth, and the
+honors which followed from merit lay open to all who could obtain
+them.  Lysander, who was born of one of these families, when he had
+risen into great renown for his exploits, and had gained great
+friends and power, was vexed to see the city which had increased to
+what it was by him, ruled by others not at all better descended than
+himself, and formed a design to remove the government from the two
+families, and to give it in common to all the Heraclidae; or as some
+say, not to the Heraclidae only, but to all the Spartans; that the
+reward might not belong to the posterity of Hercules, but to those
+who were like Hercules, judging by that personal merit which raised
+even him to the honor of the Godhead; and he hoped that when the
+kingdom was thus to be competed for, no Spartan would be chosen
+before himself.
+
+Accordingly he first attempted and prepared to persuade the citizens
+privately, and studied an oration composed to this purpose by Cleon,
+the Halicarnassian.  Afterwards perceiving so unexpected and great an
+innovation required bolder means of support, he proceeded as it might
+be on the stage, to avail himself of machinery, and to try the
+effects of divine agency upon his countrymen.  He collected and
+arranged for his purpose, answers and oracles from Apollo, not
+expecting to get any benefit from Cleon's rhetoric, unless he should
+first alarm and overpower the minds of his fellow-citizens by
+religious and superstitious terrors, before bringing them to the
+consideration of his arguments.  Ephorus relates, after he had
+endeavored to corrupt the oracle of Apollo, and had again failed to
+persuade the priestesses of Dodona by means of Pherecles, that he
+went to Ammon, and discoursed with the guardians of the oracle there,
+proffering them a great deal of gold, and that they, taking this ill,
+sent some to Sparta to accuse Lysander; and on his acquittal the
+Libyans, going away, said, "You will find us, O Spartans, better
+judges, when you come to dwell with us in Libya," there being a
+certain ancient oracle, that the Lacedaemonians should dwell in
+Libya.  But as the whole intrigue and the course of the contrivance
+was no ordinary one, nor lightly- undertaken, but depended as it went
+on, like some mathematical proposition, on a variety of important
+admissions, and proceeded through a series of intricate and difficult
+steps to its conclusion, we will go into it at length, following the
+account of one who was at once an historian and a philosopher.
+
+There was a woman in Pontus, who professed to be pregnant by Apollo,
+which many, as was natural, disbelieved, and many also gave credit
+to, and when she had brought forth a man-child, several, not
+unimportant persons, took an interest in its rearing and bringing up.
+The name given the boy was Silenus, for some reason or other.
+Lysander, taking this for the groundwork, frames and devises the rest
+himself, making use of not a few, nor these insignificant champions
+of his story, who brought the report of the child's birth into credit
+without any suspicion.  Another report, also, was procured from
+Delphi and circulated in Sparta, that there were some very old
+oracles which were kept by the priests in private writings; and they
+were not to be meddled with neither was it lawful to read them, till
+one in after times should come, descended from Apollo, and, on giving
+some known token to the keepers, should take the books in which the
+oracles were.  Things being thus ordered beforehand, Silenus, it was
+intended, should come and ask for the oracles, as being the child of
+Apollo and those priests who were privy to the design, were to
+profess to search narrowly into all particulars, and to question him
+concerning his birth; and, finally, were to be convinced, and, as to
+Apollo's son, to deliver up to him the writings.  Then he, in the
+presence of many witnesses, should read amongst other prophecies,
+that which was the object of the whole contrivance, relating to the
+office of the kings, that it would be better and more desirable to
+the Spartans to choose their kings out of the best citizens.  And
+now, Silenus being grown up to a youth, and being ready for the
+action, Lysander miscarried in his drama through the timidity of one
+of his actors, or assistants, who just as he came to the point lost
+heart and drew back.  Yet nothing was found out while Lysander lived,
+but only after his death.
+
+He died before Agesilaus came back from Asia, being involved, or
+perhaps more truly having himself involved Greece, in the Boeotian
+war.  For it is stated both ways; and the cause of it some make to be
+himself, others the Thebans, and some both together; the Thebans, on
+the one hand, being charged with casting away the sacrifices at
+Aulis, and that being bribed with the king's money brought by
+Androclides and Amphitheus, they had with the object of entangling
+the Lacedaemonians in a Grecian war, set upon the Phocians, and
+wasted their country; it being said, on the other hand, that Lysander
+was angry that the Thebans had preferred a claim to the tenth part of
+the spoils of the war, while the rest of the confederates submitted
+without complaint; and because they expressed indignation about the
+money which Lysander sent to Sparta, but most especially, because
+from them the Athenians had obtained the first opportunity of freeing
+themselves from the thirty tyrants, whom Lysander had made, and to
+support whom the Lacedaemonians issued a decree that political
+refugees from Athens might be arrested in whatever country they were
+found, and that those who impeded their arrest should be excluded
+from the confederacy.  In reply to this the Thebans issued counter
+decrees of their own, truly in the spirit and temper of the actions
+of Hercules and Bacchus, that every house and city in Boeotia should
+be opened to the Athenians who required it, and that he who did not
+help a fugitive who was seized, should be fined a talent for damages,
+and if any one should bear arms through Boeotia to Attica against the
+tyrants, that none of the Thebans should either see or hear of it.
+Nor did they pass these humane and truly Greek decrees, without at
+the same time making their acts conformable to their words.  For
+Thrasybulus and those who with him occupied Phyle, set out upon that
+enterprise from Thebes, with arms and money, and secrecy and a point
+to start from, provided for them by the Thebans.  Such were the
+causes of complaint Lysander had against Thebes.  And being now grown
+violent in his temper through the atrabilious tendency which
+increased upon him in his old age, he urged the Ephors and persuaded
+them to place a garrison in Thebes, and taking the commander's place,
+he marched forth with a body of troops.  Pausanias, also, the king,
+was sent shortly after with an army.  Now Pausanias, going round by
+Cithaeron, was to invade Boeotia; Lysander, meantime, advanced
+through Phocis to meet him,
+with a numerous body of soldiers.  He took the city of the
+Orchomenians, who came over to him of their own accord, and plundered
+Lebadea.  He dispatched also letters to Pausanias, ordering him to
+move from Plataea to meet him at Haliartus, and that himself would be
+at the walls of Haliartus by break of day.  These letters were
+brought to the Thebans, the carrier of them falling into the hands of
+some Theban scouts.  They, having received aid from Athens, committed
+their city to the charge of the Athenian troops, and sallying out
+about the first sleep, succeeded in reaching Haliartus a little before
+Lysander, and part of them entered into the city.  He, upon this,
+first of all resolved, posting his army upon a hill, to stay for
+Pausanias; then as the day advanced, not being able to rest, he bade
+his men take up their arms, and encouraging the allies, led them in a
+column along the road to the walls.  but those Thebans who had
+remained outside, taking the city on the left hand, advanced against
+the rear of their enemies, by the fountain which is called Cissusa;
+here they tell the story that the nurses washed the infant Bacchus
+after his birth; the water of it is of a bright wine color, clear,
+and most pleasant to drink; and not far off the Cretan storax grows
+all about, which the Haliartians adduce in token of Rhadamanthus
+having dwelt there, and they show his sepulchre, calling it Alea.
+And the monument also of Alcmena is hard by; for there, as they say,
+she was buried, having married Rhadamanthus after Amphitryon's death.
+But the Thebans inside the city forming in order of battle with the
+Haliartians stood still for some time, but on seeing Lysander with a
+party of those who were foremost approaching, on a sudden opening the
+gates and falling on, they killed him with the soothsayer at his
+side, and a few others; for the greater part immediately fled back to
+the main force.  But the Thebans not slackening, but closely pursuing
+them, the whole body turned to fly towards the hills.  There were one
+thousand of them slain; there died, also, of the Thebans three
+hundred, who were killed with their enemies, while chasing them into
+craggy and difficult places.  These had been under suspicion of
+favoring the Lacedaemonians, and in their eagerness to clear
+themselves in the eyes of their fellow-citizens, exposed themselves
+in the pursuit, and so met their death.  News of the disaster reached
+Pausanias as he was on the way from Plataea to Thespiae, and having
+set his army in order he came to Haliartus; Thrasybulus, also, came
+from Thebes, leading the Athenians.
+
+Pausanias proposing to request the bodies of the dead under truce,
+the elders of the Spartans took it ill, and were angry among
+themselves, and coming to the king, declared that Lysander should not
+be taken away upon any conditions; if they fought it out by arms
+about his body, and conquered, then they might bury him; if they were
+overcome, it was glorious to die upon the spot with their commander.
+When the elders had spoken these things, Pausanias saw it would be a
+difficult business to vanquish the Thebans, who had but just been
+conquerors; that Lysander's body also lay near the walls, so that it
+would be hard for them, though they overcame, to take it away without
+a truce; he therefore sent a herald, obtained a truce, and withdrew
+his forces, and carrying away the body of Lysander, they buried it in
+the first friendly soil they reached on crossing the Boeotian
+frontier, in the country of the Panopaeans; where the monument still
+stands as you go on the road from Delphi to Chaeronea.  Now the army
+quartering there, it is said that a person of Phocis, relating the
+battle to one who was not in it, said, the enemies fell upon them
+just after Lysander had passed over the Hoplites; surprised at which
+a Spartan, a friend of Lysander, asked what Hoplites he meant, for he
+did not know the name.  "It was there," answered the Phocian, "that
+the enemy killed the first of us; the rivulet by the city is called
+Hoplites."  On hearing which the Spartan shed tears and observed, how
+impossible it is for any man to avoid his appointed lot; Lysander, it
+appears, having received an oracle, as follows: --
+
+Sounding Hoplites see thou bear in mind,
+And the earthborn dragon following behind.
+
+Some, however, say that Hoplites does not run by Haliartus, but is a
+watercourse near Coronea, falling into the river Philarus, not far
+from the town in former times called Hoplias, and now Isomantus.
+
+The man of Haliartus who killed Lysander, by name Neochorus, bore on
+his shield the device of a dragon; and this, it was supposed, the
+oracle signified.  It is said, also, that at the time of the
+Peloponnesian war, the Thebans received an oracle from the sanctuary
+of Ismenus, referring at once to the battle at Delium, and to this
+which thirty years after took place at Haliartus.  It ran thus: --
+
+Hunting the wolf, observe the utmost bound,
+And the hill Orchalides where foxes most are found.
+
+By the words, "the utmost bound," Delium being intended, where
+Boeotia touches Attica, and by Orchalides, the hill now called
+Alopecus, which lies in the parts of Haliartus towards Helicon.
+
+But such a death befalling Lysander, the Spartans took it so
+grievously at the time, that they put the king to a trial for his
+life, which he not daring to await, fled to Tegea, and there lived
+out his life in the sanctuary of Minerva.  The poverty also of
+Lysander being discovered by his death, made his merit more manifest,
+since from so much wealth and power, from all the homage of the
+cities, and of the Persian kingdom, he had not in the least degree,
+so far as money goes, sought any private aggrandizement, as
+Theopompus in his history relates, whom anyone may rather give
+credit to when he commends, than when he finds fault, as it is more
+agreeable to him to blame than to praise.  But subsequently, Ephorus
+says, some controversy arising among the allies at Sparta, which made
+it necessary to consult the writings which Lysander had kept by him,
+Agesilaus came to his house, and finding the book in which the
+oration on the Spartan constitution was written at length, to the
+effect that the kingdom ought to be taken from the Eurypontidae and
+Agiadae, and to be offered in common, and a choice made out of the
+best citizens, at first he was eager to make it public, and to show
+his countrymen the real character of Lysander.  But Lacratidas, a
+wise man, and at that time chief of the Ephors, hindered Agesilaus,
+and said, they ought not to dig up Lysander again, but rather to bury
+with him a discourse, composed so plausibly and subtlety.  Other
+honors, also, were paid him after his death; and amongst these they
+imposed a fine upon those who had engaged themselves to marry his
+daughters, and then when Lysander was found to be poor, after his
+decease, refused them; because when they thought him rich they had
+been observant of him, but now his poverty had proved him just and
+good, they forsook him.  For there was, it seems, in Sparta, a
+punishment for not marrying, for a late, and for a bad marriage; and
+to the last penalty those were most especially liable, who sought
+alliances with the rich instead of with the good and with their
+friends.  Such is the account we have found given of Lysander.
+
+
+
+SYLLA
+
+Lucius Cornelius Sylla was descended of a patrician or noble family.
+Of his ancestors, Rufinus, it is said, had been consul, and incurred
+a disgrace more signal than his distinction.  For being found
+possessed of more than ten pounds of silver plate, contrary to the
+law, he was for this reason put out of the senate.  His posterity
+continued ever after in obscurity, nor had Sylla himself any opulent
+parentage.  In his younger days he lived in hired lodgings, at a low
+rate, which in after-times was adduced against him as proof that he
+had been fortunate above his quality.  When he was boasting and
+magnifying himself for his exploits in Libya, a person of noble
+station made answer, "And how can you be an honest man, who, since
+the death of a father who left you nothing, have become so rich?"
+The time in which he lived was no longer an age of pure and upright
+manners, but had already declined, and yielded to the appetite for
+riches and luxury; yet still, in the general opinion, they who
+deserted the hereditary poverty of their family, were as much blamed
+as those who had run out a fair patrimonial estate.  And afterwards,
+when he had seized the power into his hands, and was putting many to
+death, a freedman suspected of having concealed one of the
+proscribed, and for that reason sentenced to be thrown down the
+Tarpeian rock, in a reproachful way recounted, how they had lived
+long together under the same roof, himself for the upper rooms paying
+two thousand sesterces, and Sylla for the lower three thousand; so
+that the difference between their fortunes then was no more than one
+thousand sesterces, equivalent in Attic coin to two hundred and fifty
+drachmas.  And thus much of his early fortune.
+
+His general personal appearance may be known by his statues; only his
+blue eyes, of themselves extremely keen and glaring, were rendered
+all the more forbidding and terrible by the complexion of his face,
+in which white was mixed with rough blotches of fiery red.  Hence, it
+is said, he was surnamed Sylla, and in allusion to it one of the
+scurrilous jesters at Athens made the verse upon him,
+
+Sylla is a mulberry sprinkled o'er with meal.
+
+Nor is it out of place to make use of marks of character like these,
+in the case of one who was by nature so addicted to raillery, that in
+his youthful obscurer years he would converse freely with players and
+professed jesters, and join them in all their low pleasures.  And
+when supreme master of all, he was often wont to muster together the
+most impudent players and stage-followers of the town, and to drink
+and bandy jests with them without regard to his age or the dignity of
+his place, and to the prejudice of important affairs that required
+his attention.  When he was once at table, it was not in Sylla's
+nature to admit of anything that was serious, and whereas at other
+times he was a man of business, and austere of countenance, he
+underwent all of a sudden, at his first entrance upon wine and
+good-fellowship, a total revolution, and was gentle and tractable
+with common singers and dancers, and ready to oblige anyone that
+spoke with him.  It seems to have been a sort of diseased result of
+this laxity, that he was so prone to amorous pleasures, and yielded
+without resistance to any temptations of voluptuousness, from which
+even ill his old age he could not refrain.  He had a long attachment
+for Metrobius, a player.  In his first amours it happened, that he
+made court to a common but rich lady, Nicopolis by name, and, what by
+the air of his youth, and what by long intimacy, won so far on her
+affections, that she rather than he was the lover, and at her death
+she bequeathed him her whole property.  He likewise inherited the
+estate of a step-mother who loved him as her own son.  By these means
+he had pretty well advanced his fortunes.
+
+He was chosen quaestor to Marius in his first consulship, and set
+sail with him for Libya, to war upon Jugurtha.  Here, in general, he
+gained approbation; and more especially, by closing in dexterously
+with an accidental occasion, made a friend of Bocchus, king of
+Numidia.  He hospitably entertained the king's ambassadors, on their
+escape from some Numidian robbers, and after showing them much
+kindness, sent them on their journey with presents, and an escort to
+protect them.  Bocchus had long hated and dreaded his son-in-law,
+Jugurtha, who had now been worsted in the field and had fled to him
+for shelter; and it so happened, he was at this time entertaining a
+design to betray him.  He accordingly invited Sylla to come to him,
+wishing the seizure and surrender of Jugurtha to be effected rather
+through him, than directly by himself.  Sylla, when he had
+communicated the business to Marius, and received from him a small
+detachment, voluntarily put himself into this imminent danger; and
+confiding in a barbarian, who had been unfaithful to his own
+relations, to apprehend another man's person, made surrender of his
+own.  Bocchus, having both of them now in his power, was necessitated
+to betray one or other, and after long debate with himself, at last
+resolved on his first design, and gave up Jugurtha into the hands of
+Sylla.
+
+For this Marius triumphed, but the glory of the enterprise, which
+through people's envy of Marius was ascribed to Sylla, secretly
+grieved him.  And the truth is, Sylla himself was by nature
+vainglorious, and this being the first time that from a low and
+private condition he had risen to esteem amongst the citizens and
+tasted of honor, his appetite for distinction carried him to such a
+pitch of ostentation, that he had a representation of this action
+engraved on a signet ring; which he carried about with him, and made
+use of ever after.  The impress was, Bocchus delivering, and Sylla
+receiving, Jugurtha.  This touched Marius to the quick; however,
+judging Sylla to be beneath his rivalry, he made use of him as
+lieutenant, in his second consulship, and in his third, as tribune;
+and many considerable services were effected by his means.  When
+acting as lieutenant he took Copillus, chief of the Tectosages,
+prisoner, and compelled the Marsians, a great and populous nation,
+to become friends and confederates of the Romans.
+
+Henceforward, however, Sylla perceiving that Marius bore a jealous
+eye over him, and would no longer afford him opportunities of action,
+but rather opposed his advance, attached himself to Catulus, Marius's
+colleague, a worthy man, but not energetic enough as a general.  And
+under this commander, who entrusted him with the highest and most
+important commissions, he rose at once to reputation and to power.
+He subdued by arms most part of the Alpine barbarians; and when there
+was a scarcity in the armies, he took that care upon himself, and
+brought in such a store of provisions, as not only to furnish the
+soldiers of Catulus with abundance, but likewise to supply Marius.
+This, as he writes himself, wounded Marius to the very heart.  So
+slight and childish were the first occasions and motives of that
+enmity between them, which, passing afterwards through a long course
+of civil bloodshed and incurable divisions to find its end in
+tyranny, and the confusion of the whole State proved Euripides to
+have been truly wise and thoroughly acquainted with the causes of
+disorders in the body politic, when he forewarned all men to beware
+of Ambition, as of all the higher Powers, the most destructive and
+pernicious to her votaries.
+
+Sylla, by this time thinking that the reputation of his arms abroad
+was sufficient to entitle him to a part in the civil administration,
+he took himself immediately from the camp to the assembly, and
+offered himself as a candidate for a praetorship, but failed.  The
+fault of this disappointment he wholly ascribes to the populace, who,
+knowing his intimacy with king Bocchus, and for that reason
+expecting, that if he was made aedile before his praetorship, he
+would then show them magnificent hunting-shows and combats between
+Libyan wild beasts, chose other praetors, on purpose to force him
+into the aedileship.  The vanity of this pretext is sufficiently
+disproved by matter-of-fact.  For the year following, partly by
+flatteries to the people, and partly by money, he got himself elected
+praetor.  Accordingly, once while he was in office, on his angrily
+telling Caesar that he should make use of his authority against him,
+Caesar answered him with a smile, "You do well to call it your own,
+as you bought it."  At the end of his praetorship he was sent over
+into Cappadocia, under the presence of reestablishing Ariobarzanes in
+his kingdom, but in reality to keep in check the restless movements
+of Mithridates, who was gradually procuring himself as vast a new
+acquired power and dominion, as was that of his ancient inheritance.
+He carried over with him no great forces of his own, but making use
+of the cheerful aid of the confederates, succeeded, with considerable
+slaughter of the Cappadocians, and yet greater of the Armenian
+succors, in expelling Gordius and establishing Ariobarzanes as king.
+
+During his stay on the banks of the Euphrates, there came to him
+Orobazus, a Parthian, ambassador from king Arsaces, as yet there
+having been no correspondence between the two nations.  And this also
+we may lay to the account of Sylla's felicity, that he should be the
+first Roman, to whom the Parthians made address for alliance and
+friendship.  At the time of which reception, the story is, that
+having ordered three chairs of state to be set, one for Ariobarzanes,
+one for Orobazus, and a third for himself, he placed himself in the
+middle, and so gave audience.  For this the king of Parthia
+afterwards put Orobazus to death.  Some people commended Sylla for
+his lofty carriage towards the barbarians; others again accused him
+of arrogance and unseasonable display.  It is reported, that a
+certain Chaldaean, of Orobazus's retinue, looking Sylla wistfully in
+the face, and observing carefully the motions of his mind and body,
+and forming a judgment of his nature, according to the rules of his
+art, said that it was impossible for him not to become the greatest
+of men; it was rather a wonder how he could even then abstain from
+being head of all.
+
+At his return, Censorinus impeached him of extortion, for having
+exacted a vast sum of money from a well-affected and associate
+kingdom.  However, Censorinus did not appear at the trial, but
+dropped his accusation.  His quarrel, meantime, with Marius began to
+break out afresh, receiving new material from the ambition of
+Bocchus, who, to please the people of Rome, and gratify Sylla, set up
+in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus images bearing trophies, and a
+representation in gold of the surrender of Jugurtha to Sylla.  When
+Marius, in great anger, attempted to pull them down, and others aided
+Sylla, the whole city would have been in tumult and commotion with
+this dispute, had not the Social War, which had long lain smoldering
+blazed forth at last, and for the present put an end to the quarrel.
+
+In the course of this war, which had many great changes of fortune,
+and which, more than any, afflicted the Romans, and, indeed,
+endangered the very being of the Commonwealth, Marius was not able to
+signalize his valor in any action, but left behind him a clear proof,
+that warlike excellence requires a strong and still vigorous body.
+Sylla, on the other hand, by his many achievements, gained himself,
+with his fellow-citizens, the name of a great commander, while his
+friends thought him the greatest of all commanders, and his enemies
+called him the most fortunate.  Nor did this make the same sort of
+impression on him, as it made on Timotheus the son of Conon, the
+Athenian; who, when his adversaries ascribed his successes to his
+good luck, and had a painting made, representing him asleep, and
+Fortune by his side, casting her nets over the cities, was rough and
+violent in his indignation at those who did it, as if by attributing
+all to Fortune, they had robbed him of his just honors; and said to
+the people on one occasion at his return from war, "In this, ye men
+of Athens, Fortune had no part."  A piece of boyish petulance, which
+the deity, we are told, played back upon Timotheus; who from that
+time was never able to achieve anything that was great, but proving
+altogether unfortunate in his attempts, and falling into discredit
+with the people, was at last banished the city.  Sylla, on the
+contrary, not only accepted with pleasure the credit of such divine
+felicities and favors, but joining himself in extolling and
+glorifying what was done, gave the honor of all to Fortune, whether
+it were out of boastfulness, or a real feeling of divine agency.  He
+remarks, in his Memoirs, that of all his well advised actions, none
+proved so lucky in the execution, as what he had boldly enterprised,
+not by calculation, but upon the moment.  And in the character which
+he gives of himself, that he was born for fortune rather than war, he
+seems to give Fortune a higher place than merit, and in short, makes
+himself entirely the creature of a superior power, accounting even
+his concord with Metellus, his equal in office, and his connection by
+marriage, a piece of preternatural felicity.  For expecting to have
+met in him a most troublesome, he found him a most accommodating
+colleague.  Moreover, in the Memoirs which he dedicated to Lucullus,
+he admonishes him to esteem nothing more trustworthy, than what the
+divine powers advise him by night.  And when he was leaving the city
+with an army, to fight in the Social War, he relates, that the earth
+near the Laverna opened, and a quantity of fire came rushing out of
+it, shooting up with a bright flame into the heavens.  The
+soothsayers upon this foretold, that a person of great qualities, and
+of a rare and singular aspect, should take the government in hand,
+and quiet the present troubles of the city.  Sylla affirms he was the
+man, for his golden head of hair made him an extraordinary-looking
+man, nor had he any shame, after the great actions he had done, in
+testifying to his own great qualities.  And thus much of his opinion
+as to divine agency.
+
+In general he would seem to have been of a very irregular character,
+full of inconsistencies with himself; much given to rapine, to
+prodigality yet more; in promoting or disgracing whom he pleased,
+alike unaccountable; cringing to those he stood in need of, and
+domineering over others who stood in need of him, so that it was hard
+to tell, whether his nature had more in it of pride or of servility.
+As to his unequal distribution of punishments, as, for example, that
+upon slight grounds he would put to the torture, and again would bear
+patiently with the greatest wrongs; would readily forgive and be
+reconciled after the most heinous acts of enmity, and yet would visit
+small and inconsiderable offenses with death, and confiscation of
+goods; one might judge, that in himself he was really of a violent
+and revengeful nature, which however he could qualify, upon
+reflection, for his interest.  In this very Social War, when the
+soldiers with stones and clubs had killed an officer of praetorian
+rank, his own lieutenant, Albinus by name, he passed by this flagrant
+crime without any inquiry, giving it out moreover in a boast, that
+the soldiers would behave all the better now, to make amends, by some
+special bravery, for their breach of discipline.  He took no notice
+of the clamors of those that cried for justice, but designing already
+to supplant Marius, now that he saw the Social War near its end, he
+made much of his army, in hopes to get himself declared general of
+the forces against Mithridates.
+
+At his return to Rome, he was chosen Consul with Quintus Pompeius, in
+the fiftieth year of his age, and made a most distinguished marriage
+with Caecilia, daughter of Metellus, the chief priest.  The common
+people made a variety of verses in ridicule of the marriage, and many
+of the nobility also were disgusted at it, esteeming him, as Livy
+writes, unworthy of this connection, whom before they thought worthy
+of a consulship.  This was not his only wife, for first, in his
+younger days, he was married to Ilia, by whom he had a daughter;
+after her to Aelia; and thirdly to Cloelia, whom he dismissed as
+barren, but honorably, and with professions of respect, adding,
+moreover, presents.  But the match between him and Metella, falling
+out a few days after, occasioned suspicions that he had complained of
+Cloelia without due cause.  To Metella he always showed great
+deference, so much so that the people, when anxious for the recall of
+the exiles of Marius's party, upon his refusal, entreated the
+intercession of Metella.  And the Athenians, it is thought, had
+harder measure, at the capture of their town, because they used
+insulting language to Metella in their jests from the walls during
+the siege.  But of this hereafter.
+
+At present esteeming the consulship but a small matter in comparison
+of things to come, he was impatiently carried away in thought to the
+Mithridatic War.  Here he was withstood by Marius; who out of mad
+affectation of glory and thirst for distinction, those never dying
+passions, though he were now unwieldy in body, and had given up
+service, on account of his age, during the late campaigns, still
+coveted after command in a distant war beyond the seas.  And whilst
+Sylla was departed for the camp, to order the rest of his affairs
+there, he sat brooding at home, and at last hatched that execrable
+sedition, which wrought Rome more mischief than all her enemies
+together had done, as was indeed foreshown by the gods.  For a flame
+broke forth of its own accord, from under the staves of the ensigns,
+and was with difficulty extinguished.  Three ravens brought their
+young into the open road, and ate them, carrying the relics into the
+nest again.  Mice having gnawed the consecrated gold in one of the
+temples, the keepers caught one of them, a female, in a trap; and she
+bringing forth five young ones in the very trap, devoured three of
+them.  But what was greatest of all, in a calm and clear sky there
+was heard the sound of a trumpet, with such a loud and dismal blast,
+as struck terror and amazement into the hearts of the people.  The
+Etruscan sages affirmed, that this prodigy betokened the mutation of
+the age, and a general revolution in the world.  For according to
+them there are in all eight ages, differing one from another in the
+lives and the characters of men, and to each of these God has
+allotted a certain measure of time, determined by the circuit of the
+great year.  And when one age is run out, at the approach of another,
+there appears some wonderful sign from earth or heaven, such as makes
+it manifest at once to those who have made it their business to study
+such things, that there has succeeded in the world a new race of men,
+differing in customs and institutes of life, and more or less
+regarded by the gods, than the preceding.  Amongst other great
+changes that happen, as they say, at the turn of ages, the art of
+divination, also, at one time rises in esteem, and is more successful
+in its predictions, clearer and surer tokens being sent from God, and
+then again, in another generation declines as low, becoming mere
+guesswork for the most part, and discerning future events by dim and
+uncertain intimations.  This was the mythology of the wisest of the
+Tuscan sages, who were thought to possess a knowledge beyond other
+men.  Whilst the Senate sat in consultation with the soothsayers,
+concerning these prodigies, in the temple of Bellona, a sparrow came
+flying in, before them all, with a grasshopper in its mouth, and
+letting fall one part of it, flew away with the remainder.  The
+diviners foreboded commotions and dissension between the great landed
+proprietors and the common city populace; the latter, like the
+grasshopper, being loud and talkative; while the sparrow might
+represent the "dwellers in the field."
+
+Marius had taken into alliance Sulpicius, the tribune, a man second
+to none in any villanies, so that it was less the question what
+others he surpassed, but rather in what respects he most surpassed
+himself in wickedness.  He was cruel, bold, rapacious, and in all
+these points utterly shameless and unscrupulous; not hesitating to
+offer Roman citizenship by public sale to freed slaves and aliens,
+and to count out the price on public money-tables in the forum.  He
+maintained three thousand swordsmen, and had always about him a
+company of young men of the equestrian class ready for all occasions,
+whom he styled his Anti-Senate.  Having had a law enacted, that no
+senator should contract a debt of above two thousand drachmas, he
+himself, after death, was found indebted three millions.  This was
+the man whom Marius let in upon the Commonwealth, and who,
+confounding all things by force and the sword, made several
+ordinances of dangerous consequence, and amongst the rest, one giving
+Marius the conduct of the Mithridatic war.  Upon this the consuls
+proclaimed a public cessation of business, but as they were holding
+an assembly near the temple of Castor and Pollux, he let loose the
+rabble upon them, and amongst many others slew the consul Pompeius's
+young son in the forum, Pompeius himself hardly escaping in the
+crowd.  Sylla being closely pursued into the house of Marius, was
+forced to come forth and dissolve the cessation; and for his doing
+this, Sulpicius, having deposed Pompeius, allowed Sylla to continue
+his consulship, only transferring the Mithridatic expedition to
+Marius.
+
+There were immediately dispatched to Nola tribunes, to receive the
+army, and bring it to Marius; but Sylla having got first to the camp,
+and the soldiers, upon hearing of the news, having stoned the
+tribunes, Marius, in requital, proceeded to put the friends of Sylla
+in the city to the sword, and rifled their goods.  Every kind of
+removal and flight went on, some hastening from the camp to the city,
+others from the city to the camp.  The senate, no more in its own
+power, but wholly governed by the dictates of Marius and Sulpicius,
+alarmed at the report of Sylla's advancing with his troops towards
+the city, sent forth two of the praetors, Brutus and Servilius, to
+forbid his nearer approach.  The soldiers would have slain these
+praetors in a fury, for their bold language to Sylla; contenting
+themselves, however, with breaking their rods, and tearing off their
+purple-edged robes, after much contumelious usage they sent them
+back, to the sad dejection of the citizens, who beheld their
+magistrates despoiled of their badges of office, and announcing to
+them, that things were now manifestly come to a rupture past all
+cure.  Marius put himself in readiness, and Sylla with his colleague
+moved from Nola, at the head of six complete legions, all of them
+willing to march up directly against the city, though he himself as
+yet was doubtful in thought, and apprehensive of the danger.  As he
+was sacrificing, Postumius the soothsayer, having inspected the
+entrails, stretching forth both hands to Sylla, required to be bound
+and kept in custody till the battle was over, as willing, if they had
+not speedy and complete success, to suffer the utmost punishment.  It
+is said, also, that there appeared to Sylla himself in a dream, a
+certain goddess, whom the Romans learnt to worship from the
+Cappadocians, whether it be the Moon, or Pallas, or Bellona.  This
+same goddess, to his thinking, stood by him, and put into his hand
+thunder and lightning, then naming his enemies one by one, bade him
+strike them, who, all of them, fell on the discharge and disappeared.
+Encouraged by this vision, and relating it to his colleague, next day
+he led on towards Rome.  About Picinae being met by a deputation,
+beseeching him not to attack at once, in the heat of a march, for
+that the senate had decreed to do him all the right imaginable, he
+consented to halt on the spot, and sent his officers to measure out
+the ground, as is usual, for a camp; so that the deputation,
+believing it, returned.  They were no sooner gone, but he sent a
+party on under the command of Lucius Basillus and Caius Mummius, to
+secure the city gate, and the walls on the side of the Esquiline
+hill, and then close at their heels followed himself with all speed.
+Basillus made his way successfully into the city, but the unarmed
+multitude, pelting him with stones and tiles from off the houses,
+stopped his further progress, and beat him back to the wall.  Sylla
+by this time was come up, and seeing what was going on, called aloud
+to his men to set fire to the houses, and taking a flaming torch, he
+himself led the way, and commanded the archers to make use of their
+fire-darts, letting fly at the tops of houses; all which he did, not
+upon any plan, but simply in his fury, yielding the conduct of that
+day's work to passion, and as if all he saw were enemies, without
+respect or pity either to friend, relations, or acquaintance, made
+his entry by fire, which knows no distinction betwixt friend or foe.
+
+In this conflict, Marius being driven into the temple of
+Mother-Earth, thence invited the slaves by proclamation of freedom,
+but the enemy coming on he was overpowered and fled the city.
+
+Sylla having called a senate, had sentence of death passed on Marius,
+and some few others, amongst whom was Sulpicius, tribune of the
+people.  Sulpicius was killed, being betrayed by his servant, whom
+Sylla first made free, and then threw him headlong down the Tarpeian
+rock.  As for Marius, he set a price on his life, by proclamation,
+neither gratefully nor politicly, if we consider into whose house,
+not long before he put himself at mercy, and was safely dismissed.
+Had Marius at that time not let Sylla go, but suffered him to be
+slain by the hands of Sulpicius, he might have been lord of all;
+nevertheless he spared his life, and a few days after, when in a
+similar position himself, received a different measure.
+
+By these proceedings, Sylla excited the secret distaste of the
+senate; but the displeasure and free indignation of the commonalty
+showed itself plainly by their actions.  For they ignominiously
+rejected Nonius, his nephew, and Servius, who stood for offices of
+state by his interest, and elected others as magistrates, by honoring
+whom they thought they should most annoy him.  He made semblance of
+extreme satisfaction at all this, as if the people by his means had
+again enjoyed the liberty of doing what seemed best to them.  And to
+pacify the public hostility, he created Lucius Cinna consul, one of
+the adverse party, having first bound him under oaths and
+imprecations to be favorable to his interest.  For Cinna, ascending
+the capitol with a stone in his hand, swore solemnly, and prayed with
+direful curses, that he himself, if he were not true to his
+friendship with Sylla, might be cast out of the city, as that stone
+out of his hand; and thereupon cast the stone to the ground, in the
+presence of many people.  Nevertheless Cinna had no sooner entered on
+his charge, but he took measures to disturb the present settlement,
+and having prepared an impeachment against Sylla, got Virginius, one
+of the tribunes of the people, to be his accuser; but Sylla, leaving
+him and the court of judicature to themselves, set forth against
+Mithridates.
+
+About the time that Sylla was making ready to put oft with his forces
+from Italy, besides many other omens which befell Mithridates, then
+staying at Pergamus, there goes a story that a figure of Victory,
+with a crown in her hand, which the Pergamenians by machinery from
+above let down on him, when it had almost reached his head, fell to
+pieces, and the crown tumbling down into the midst of the theater,
+there broke against the ground, occasioning a general alarm among the
+populace, and considerably disquieting Mithridates himself, although
+his affairs at that time were succeeding beyond expectation.  For
+having wrested Asia from the Romans, and Bithynia and Cappadocia
+from their kings, he made Pergamus his royal seat, distributing among
+his friends riches, principalities, and kingdoms.  Of his sons, one
+residing in Pontus and Bosporus held his ancient realm as far as the
+deserts beyond the lake Maeotis, without molestation; while
+Ariarathes, another, was reducing Thrace and Macedon, with a great
+army, to obedience.  His generals, with forces under them, were
+establishing his supremacy in other quarters.  Archelaus, in
+particular, with his fleet, held absolute mastery of the sea, and was
+bringing into subjection the Cyclades, and all the other islands as
+far as Malea, and had taken Euboea itself.  Making Athens his
+head-quarters, from thence as far as Thessaly he was withdrawing the
+States of Greece from the Roman allegiance, without the least ill
+success, except at Chaeronea.  For here Bruttius Sura, lieutenant to
+Sentius, governor of Macedon, a man of singular valor and prudence,
+met him, and, though he came like a torrent pouring over Boeotia,
+made stout resistance, and thrice giving him battle near Chaeronea,
+repulsed and forced him back to the sea.  But being commanded by
+Lucius Lucullus to give place to his successor, Sylla, and resign the
+war to whom it was decreed, he presently left Boeotia, and retired
+back to Sentius, although his success had outgone all hopes, and
+Greece was well disposed to a new revolution, upon account of his
+gallant behavior.  These were the glorious actions of Bruttius.
+
+Sylla, on his arrival, received by their deputations the compliments
+of all the cities of Greece, except Athens, against which, as it was
+compelled by the tyrant Aristion to hold for the king, he advanced
+with all his forces, and investing the Piraeus, laid formal siege to
+it, employing every variety of engines, and trying every manner of
+assault; whereas, had he forbore but a little while, he might without
+hazard have taken the Upper City by famine, it being already reduced
+to the last extremity, through want of necessaries.  But eager to
+return to Rome, and fearing innovation there, at great risk, with
+continual fighting and vast expense, he pushed on the war.  Besides
+other equipage, the very work about the engines of battery was
+supplied with no less than ten thousand yoke of mules, employed daily
+in that service.  And when timber grew scarce, for many of the works
+failed, some crushed to pieces by their own weight, others taking
+fire by the continual play of the enemy, he had recourse to the
+sacred groves, and cut down the trees of the Academy, the shadiest of
+all the suburbs, and the Lyceum.  And a vast sum of money being
+wanted to carry on the war, he broke into the sanctuaries of Greece,
+that of Epidaurus and that of Olympia, sending for the most beautiful
+and precious offerings deposited there.  He wrote, likewise, to the
+Amphictyons, at Delphi, that it were better to remit the wealth of
+the god to him, for that he would keep it more securely, or in case
+he made use of it, restore as much.  He sent Caphis, the Phocian, one
+of his friends, with this message, commanding him to receive each
+item by weight.  Caphis came to Delphi, but was loath to touch the
+holy things, and with many tears, in the presence of the Amphyctyons,
+bewailed the necessity.  And on some of them declaring they heard the
+sound of a harp from the inner shrine, he, whether he himself
+believed it, or was willing to try the effect of religious fear upon
+Sylla, sent back an express.  To which Sylla replied in a scoffing
+way, that it was surprising to him that Caphis did not know that
+music was a sign of joy, not anger; he should, therefore, go on
+boldly, and accept what a gracious and bountiful god offered.
+
+Other things were sent away without much notice on the part of the
+Greeks in general, but in the case of the silver tun, that only relic
+of the regal donations, which its weight and bulk made it impossible
+for any carriage to receive, the Amphictyons were forced to cut it
+into pieces, and called to mind in so doing, how Titus Flamininus,
+and Manius Acilius, and again Paulus Aemilius, one of whom drove
+Antiochus out of Greece, and the others subdued the Macedonian kings,
+had not only abstained from violating the Greek temples, but had even
+given them new gifts and honors, and increased the general veneration
+for them.  They, indeed, the lawful commanders of temperate and
+obedient soldiers, and themselves great in soul, and simple in
+expenses, lived within the bounds of the ordinary established
+charges, accounting it a greater disgrace to seek popularity with
+their men, than to feel fear of their enemy.  Whereas the commanders
+of these times, attaining to superiority by force, not worth, and
+having need of arms one against another, rather than against the
+public enemy, were constrained to temporize in authority, and in
+order to pay for the gratifications with which they purchased the
+labor of their soldiers, were driven, before they knew it, to sell
+the commonwealth itself, and, to gain the mastery over men better
+than themselves, were content to become slaves to the vilest of
+wretches.  These practices drove Marius into exile, and again brought
+him in against Sylla.  These made Cinna the assassin of Octavius, and
+Fimbria of Flaccus.  To which courses Sylla contributed not the
+least; for to corrupt and win over those who were under the command
+of others, he would be munificent and profuse towards those who were
+under his own; and so, while tempting the soldiers of other generals
+to treachery, and his own to dissolute living, he was naturally in
+want of a large treasury, and especially during that siege.
+
+Sylla had a vehement and an implacable desire to conquer Athens,
+whether out of emulation, fighting as it were against the shadow of
+the once famous city, or out of anger, at the foul words and
+scurrilous jests with which the tyrant Aristion, showing himself
+daily, with unseemly gesticulations, upon the walls, had provoked him
+and Metella.
+
+The tyrant Aristion had his very being compounded of wantonness and
+cruelty, having gathered into himself all the worst of Mithridates's
+diseased and vicious qualities, like some fatal malady which the
+city, after its deliverance from innumerable wars, many tyrannies and
+seditions, was in its last days destined to endure.  At the time when
+a medimnus of wheat was sold in the city for one thousand drachmas,
+and men were forced to live on the feverfew growing round the
+citadel, and to boil down shoes and oil-bags for their food, he,
+carousing and feasting in the open face of day, then dancing in
+armor, and making jokes at the enemy, suffered the holy lamp of the
+goddess to expire for want of oil, and to the chief priestess, who
+demanded of him the twelfth part of a medimnus of wheat, he sent the
+like quantity of pepper.  The senators and priests, who came as
+suppliants to beg of him to take compassion on the city, and treat
+for peace with Sylla, he drove away and dispersed with a flight of
+arrows.  At last, with much ado, he sent forth two or three of his
+reveling companions to parley, to whom Sylla, perceiving that they
+made no serious overtures towards an accommodation, but went on
+haranguing in praise of Theseus, Eumolpus, and the Median trophies,
+replied, "My good friends, you may put up your speeches and be gone.
+I was sent by the Romans to Athens, not to take lessons, but to
+reduce rebels to obedience."
+
+In the meantime news came to Sylla that some old men, talking in the
+Ceramicus, had been overheard to blame the tyrant for not securing
+the passages and approaches near the Heptachalcum, the one point
+where the enemy might easily get over.  Sylla neglected not the
+report, but going in the night, and discovering the place to be
+assailable, set instantly to work.  Sylla himself makes mention in
+his Memoirs, that Marcus Teius, the first man who scaled the wall,
+meeting with an adversary, and striking him on the headpiece a home
+stroke, broke his own sword, but, notwithstanding, did not give
+ground, but stood and held him fast.  The city was certainly taken
+from that quarter, according to the tradition of the oldest of the
+Athenians.
+
+When they had thrown down the wall, and made all level betwixt the
+Piraic and Sacred Gate, about midnight Sylla entered the breach, with
+all the terrors of trumpets and cornets sounding, with the triumphant
+shout and cry of an army let loose to spoil and slaughter, and
+scouring through the streets with swords drawn.  There was no
+numbering the slain; the amount is to this day conjectured only from
+the space of ground overflowed with blood.  For without mentioning
+the execution done in other quarters of the city, the blood that was
+shed about the marketplace spread over the whole Ceramicus within the
+Double-gate, and, according to most writers, passed through the gate
+and overflowed the suburb.  Nor did the multitudes which fell thus
+exceed the number of those, who, out of pity and love for their
+country, which they believed was now finally to perish, slew
+themselves; the best of them, through despair of their country's
+surviving, dreading themselves to survive, expecting neither humanity
+nor moderation in Sylla.  At length, partly at the instance of Midias
+and Calliphon, two exiled men, beseeching and casting themselves at
+his feet, partly by the intercession of those senators who followed
+the camp, having had his fill of revenge, and making some honorable
+mention of the ancient Athenians, "I forgive," said he, "the many for
+the sake of the few, the living for the dead."  He took Athens,
+according to his own Memoirs, on the calends of March, coinciding
+pretty nearly with the new moon of Anthesterion, on which day it is
+the Athenian usage to perform various acts in commemoration of the
+ruins and devastations occasioned by the deluge, that being supposed
+to be the time of its occurrence.
+
+At the taking of the town, the tyrant fled into the citadel, and was
+there besieged by Curio, who had that charge given him.  He held out
+a considerable time, but at last yielded himself up for want of
+water, and divine power immediately intimated its agency in the
+matter.  For on the same day and hour that Curio conducted him down,
+the clouds gathered in a clear sky, and there came down a great
+quantity of rain and filled the citadel with water.
+
+Not long after, Sylla won the Piraeus, and burnt most of it; amongst
+the rest, Philo's arsenal, a work very greatly admired.
+
+In the mean time Taxiles, Mithridates's general, coming down from
+Thrace and Macedon, with an army of one hundred thousand foot, ten
+thousand horse, and ninety chariots, armed with scythes at the
+wheels, would have joined Archelaus, who lay with a navy on the coast
+near Munychia, reluctant to quit the sea, and yet unwilling to engage
+the Romans in battle, but desiring to protract the war and cut off
+the enemy's supplies.  Which Sylla perceiving much better than
+himself, passed with his forces into Boeotia, quitting a barren
+district which was inadequate to maintain an army even in time of
+peace.  He was thought by some to have taken false measures in thus
+leaving Attica, a rugged country, and ill suited for cavalry to move
+in, and entering the plain and open fields of Boeotia, knowing as he
+did the barbarian strength to consist most in horses and chariots.
+But as was said before, to avoid famine and scarcity, he was forced
+to run the risk of a battle.  Moreover he was in anxiety for
+Hortensius, a bold and active officer, whom on his way to Sylla with
+forces from Thessaly, the barbarians awaited in the straits. For
+these reasons Sylla drew off into Boeotia.  Hortensius, meantime, was
+conducted by Caphis, our countryman, another way unknown to the
+barbarians, by Parnassus, just under Tithora, which was then not so
+large a town as it is now, but a mere fort, surrounded by steep
+precipices, whither the Phocians also, in old time, when flying from
+the invasion of Xerxes, carried themselves and their goods and were
+saved.  Hortensius, encamping here, kept off the enemy by day, and at
+night descending by difficult passages to Patronis, joined the forces
+of Sylla, who came to meet him.  Thus united they posted themselves
+on a fertile hill in the middle of the plain of Elatea, shaded with
+trees and watered at the foot.  It is called Philoboeotus, and its
+situation and natural advantages are spoken of with great admiration
+by Sylla.
+
+As they lay thus encamped, they seemed to the enemy a contemptible
+number, for they were not above fifteen hundred horse, and less than
+fifteen thousand foot.  Therefore the rest of the commanders,
+overpersuading Archelaus, and drawing up the army, covered the plain
+with horses, chariots, bucklers, targets.  The clamor and cries of so
+many nations forming for battle rent the air, nor was the pomp and
+ostentation of their costly array altogether idle and unserviceable
+for terror; for the brightness of their armor, embellished
+magnificently with gold and silver, and the rich colors of their
+Median and Scythian coats, intermixed with brass and shining steel,
+presented a flaming and terrible sight as they swayed about and moved
+in their ranks, so much so that the Romans shrunk within their
+trenches, and Sylla, unable by any arguments to remove their fear,
+and unwilling to force them to fight against their wills, was fain to
+sit down in quiet, ill-brooking to become the subject of barbarian
+insolence and laughter.  This, however, above all advantaged him, for
+the enemy, from contemning of him, fell into disorder amongst
+themselves, being already less thoroughly under command, on account
+of the number of their leaders.  Some few of them remained within the
+encampment, but others, the major part, lured out with hopes of prey
+and rapine, strayed about the country many days journey from the
+camp, and are related to have destroyed the city of Panope, to have
+plundered Lebadea, and robbed the oracle without any orders from
+their commanders.
+
+Sylla, all this while, chafing and fretting to see the cities all
+around destroyed, suffered not the soldiery to remain idle, but
+leading them out, compelled them to divert the Cephisus from its
+ancient channel by casting up ditches, and giving respite to none,
+showed himself rigorous in punishing the remiss, that growing weary
+of labor, they might be induced by hardship to embrace danger.  Which
+fell out accordingly, for on the third day, being hard at work as
+Sylla passed by, they begged and clamored to be led against the
+enemy.  Sylla replied, that this demand of war proceeded rather from
+a backwardness to labor than any forwardness to fight, but if they
+were in good earnest martially inclined, he bade them take their arms
+and get up thither, pointing to the ancient citadel of the
+Parapotamians, of which at present, the city being laid waste, there
+remained only the rocky hill itself, steep and craggy on all sides,
+and severed from Mount Hedylium by the breadth of the river Assus,
+which running between, and at the bottom of the same hill falling
+into the Cephisus with an impetuous confluence, makes this eminence a
+strong position for soldiers to occupy.  Observing that the enemy's
+division, called the Brazen Shields, were making their way up
+thither, Sylla was willing to take first possession, and by the
+vigorous efforts of the soldiers, succeeded.  Archelaus, driven from
+hence, bent his forces upon Chaeronea.  The Chaeroneans who bore arms
+in the Roman camp beseeching Sylla not to abandon the city, he
+dispatched Gabinius, a tribune, with one legion, and sent out also
+the Chaeroneans, who endeavored, but were not able to get in before
+Gabinius; so active was he, and more zealous to bring relief than
+those who had entreated it.  Juba writes that Ericius was the man
+sent, not Gabinius.  Thus narrowly did our native city escape.
+
+From Lebadea and the cave of Trophonius there came favorable rumors
+and prophecies of victory to the Romans, of which the inhabitants of
+those places give a fuller account, but as Sylla himself affirms in
+the tenth book of his Memoirs, Quintus Titius, a man of some repute
+among the Romans who were engaged in mercantile business in Greece,
+came to him after the battle won at Chaeronea, and declared that
+Trophonius had foretold another fight and victory on the same place,
+within a short time.  After him a soldier, by name Salvenius, brought
+an account from the god of the future issue of affairs in Italy.  As
+to the vision, they both agreed in this, that they had seen one who
+in stature and in majesty was similar to Jupiter Olympius.
+
+Sylla, when he had passed over the Assus, marching under the Mount
+Hedylium, encamped close to Archelaus, who had entrenched himself
+strongly between the mountains Acontium and Hedylium, close to what
+are called the Assia.  The place of his entrenchment is to this day
+named from him, Archelaus.  Sylla, after one day's respite, having
+left Murena behind him with one legion and two cohorts to amuse the
+enemy with continual alarms, himself went and sacrificed on the banks
+of Cephisus, and the holy rites ended, held on towards Chaeronea to
+receive the forces there and view Mount Thurium, where a party of the
+enemy had posted themselves.  This is a craggy height running up in a
+conical form to a point, called by us Orthopagus; at the foot of it
+is the river Morius and the temple of Apollo Thurius.  The god had
+his surname from Thuro, mother of Chaeron, whom ancient record makes
+founder of Chaeronea.  Others assert that the cow which Apollo gave to
+Cadmus for a guide appeared there, and that the place took its name
+from the beast, Thor being the Phoenician word for a cow.
+
+At Sylla's approach to Chaeronea, the tribune who had been appointed
+to guard the city led out his men in arms, and met him with a garland
+of laurel in his hand; which Sylla accepting, and at the same time
+saluting the soldiers and animating them to the encounter, two men of
+Chaeronea, Homoloichus and Anaxidamus, presented themselves before
+him, and offered, with a small party, to dislodge those who were
+posted on Thurium.  For there lay a path out of sight of the
+barbarians, from what is called Petrochus along by the Museum,
+leading right down from above upon Thurium.  By this way it was easy
+to fall upon them and either stone them from above, or force them
+down into the plain.  Sylla, assured of their faith and courage by
+Gabinius, bade them proceed with the enterprise, and meantime drew up
+the army, and disposing the cavalry on both wings, himself took
+command of the right; the left being committed to the direction of
+Murena.  In the rear of all, Galba and Hortensius, his lieutenants,
+planted themselves on the upper grounds with the cohorts of reserve,
+to watch the motions of the enemy, who with numbers of horse and
+swift-footed, light-armed infantry, were noticed to have so formed
+their wing as to allow it readily to change about and alter its
+position, and thus gave reason for suspecting that they intended to
+carry it far out and so to enclose the Romans.
+
+In the meanwhile, the Chaeroneans, who had Ericius for commander by
+appointment of Sylla, covertly making their way around Thurium, and
+then discovering themselves, occasioned a great confusion and rout
+amongst the barbarians, and slaughter, for the most part, by their
+own hands.  For they kept not their place, but making down the steep
+descent, ran themselves on their own spears, and violently sent each
+other over the cliffs, the enemy from above pressing on and wounding
+them where they exposed their bodies; insomuch that there fell three
+thousand about Thurium.  Some of those who escaped, being met by
+Murena as he stood in array, were cut off and destroyed.  Others
+breaking through to their friends and falling pell-mell into the
+ranks, filled most part of the army with fear and tumult, and caused
+a hesitation and delay among the generals, which was no small
+disadvantage.  For immediately upon the discomposure, Sylla coming
+full speed to the charge, and quickly crossing the interval between
+the armies, lost them the service of their armed chariots, which
+require a consider able space of ground to gather strength and
+impetuosity in their career, a short course being weak and
+ineffectual, like that of missiles without a full swing.  Thus it
+fared with the barbarians at present, whose first chariots came
+feebly on and made but a faint impression; the Romans repulsing them
+with shouts and laughter, called out as they do at the races in the
+circus, for more to come.  By this time the mass of both armies met;
+the barbarians on one side fixed their long pikes, and with their
+shields locked close together, strove so far as in them lay to
+preserve their line of battle entire.  The Romans, on the other side,
+having discharged their javelins, rushed on with their drawn swords,
+and struggled to put by the pikes to get at them the sooner, in the
+fury that possessed them at seeing in the front of the enemy fifteen
+thousand slaves, whom the royal commanders had set free by
+proclamation, and ranged amongst the men of arms.  And a Roman
+centurion is reported to have said at this sight, that he never knew
+servants allowed to play the masters, unless at the Saturnalia.
+These men by their deep and solid array, as well as by their daring
+courage, yielded but slowly to the legions, till at last by slinging
+engines, and darts, which the Romans poured in upon them behind, they
+were forced to give way and scatter.
+
+As Archelaus was extending the right wing to encompass the enemy,
+Hortensius with his cohorts came down in force, with intention to
+charge him in the flank.  But Archelaus wheeling about suddenly with
+two thousand horse, Hortensius, outnumbered and hard pressed, fell
+back towards the higher grounds, and found himself gradually getting
+separated from the main body and likely to be surrounded by the
+enemy.  When Sylla heard this, he came rapidly up to his succor from
+the right wing, which as yet had not engaged.  But Archelaus,
+guessing the matter by the dust of his troops, turned to the right
+wing, from whence Sylla came, in hopes to surprise it without a
+commander.  At the same instant, likewise, Taxiles, with his Brazen
+Shields, assailed Murena, so that a cry coming from both places, and
+the hills repeating it around, Sylla stood in suspense which way to
+move.  Deciding to resume his own station, he sent in aid to Murena
+four cohorts under Hortensius, and commanding the fifth to follow
+him, returned hastily to the right wing, which of itself held its
+ground on equal terms against Archelaus; and, at his appearance, with
+one bold effort forced them back, and, obtaining the mastery,
+followed them, flying in disorder to the river and Mount Acontium.
+Sylla, however, did not forget the danger Murena was in; but hasting
+thither and finding him victorious also, then joined in the pursuit.
+Many barbarians were slain in the field, many more were cut in pieces
+as they were making into the camp.  Of all the vast multitude, ten
+thousand only got safe into Chalcis.  Sylla writes that there were
+but fourteen of his soldiers missing, and that two of these returned
+towards evening; he, therefore, inscribed on the trophies the names
+of Mars, Victory, and Venus, as having won the day no less by good
+fortune than by management and force of arms.  This trophy of the
+battle in the plain stands on the place where Archelaus first gave
+way, near the stream of the Molus; another is erected high on the top
+of Thurium, where the barbarians were environed, with an inscription
+in Greek, recording that the glory of the day belonged to Homoloichus
+and Anaxidamus.  Sylla celebrated his victory at Thebes with
+spectacles, for which he erected a stage, near Oedipus's well.  The
+judges of the performances were Greeks chosen out of other cities;
+his hostility to the Thebans being implacable, half of whose
+territory he took away and consecrated to Apollo and Jupiter,
+ordering that out of the revenue compensation should be made to the
+gods for the riches himself had taken from them.
+
+After this, hearing that Flaccus, a man of the contrary faction, had
+been chosen consul, and was crossing the Ionian Sea with an army,
+professedly to act against Mithridates, but in reality against
+himself, he hastened towards Thessaly, designing to meet him, but in
+his march, when near Melitea, received advices from all parts that
+the countries behind him were overrun and ravaged by no less a royal
+army than the former.  For Dorylaus, arriving at Chalcis with a large
+fleet, on board of which he brought over with him eighty thousand of
+the best appointed and best disciplined soldiers of Mithridates's
+army, at once invaded Boeotia, and occupied the country in hopes to
+bring Sylla to a battle, making no account of the dissuasions of
+Archelaus, but giving it out as to the last fight, that without
+treachery so many thousand men could never have perished.  Sylla,
+however, facing about expeditiously, made it clear to him that
+Archelaus was a wise man, and had good skill in the Roman valor;
+insomuch that he himself, after some small skirmishes with Sylla near
+Tilphossium, was the first of those who thought it not advisable to
+put things to the decision of the sword, but rather to wear out the
+war by expense of time and treasure.  The ground, however, near
+Orchomenus, where they then lay encamped, gave some encouragement to
+Archelaus, being a battle field admirably suited for an army superior
+in cavalry.  Of all the plains in Boeotia that are renowned for their
+beauty and extent, this alone, which commences from the city of
+Orchomenus, spreads out unbroken and clear of trees to the edge of
+the fens in which the Melas, rising close under Orchomenus, loses
+itself, the only Greek river which is a deep and navigable water from
+the very head, increasing also about the summer solstice like the
+Nile, and producing plants similar to those that grow there, only
+small and without fruit.  It does not run far before the main stream
+disappears among the blind and woody marsh-grounds; a small branch.
+however, joins the Cephisus, about the place where the lake is
+thought to produce the best flute-reeds.
+
+Now that both armies were posted near each other, Archelaus lay
+still, but Sylla employed himself in cutting ditches from either
+side; that if possible, by driving the enemies from the firm and open
+champain, he might force them into the fens.  They, on the other
+hand, not enduring this, as soon as their leaders allowed them the
+word of command, issued out furiously in large bodies; when not only
+the men at work were dispersed, but most part of those who stood in
+arms to protect the work fled in disorder.  Upon this, Sylla leaped
+from his horse, and snatching hold of an ensign, rushed through the
+midst of the rout upon the enemy, crying out aloud, "To me, O Romans,
+it will be glorious to fall here.  As for you, when they ask you
+where you betrayed your general, remember and say, at Orchomenus."
+His men rallying again at these words, and two cohorts coming to his
+succor from the right wing, he led them to the charge and turned the
+day.  Then retiring some short distance and refreshing his men, he
+proceeded again with his works to block up the enemy's camp.  They
+again sallied out in better order than before.  Here Diogenes,
+step-son to Archelaus, fighting on the right wing with much
+gallantry, made an honorable end.  And the archers, being hard
+pressed by the Romans, and wanting space for a retreat, took their
+arrows by handfuls, and striking with these as with swords, beat them
+back.  In the end, however, they were all driven into the
+entrenchment and had a sorrowful night of it with their slain and
+wounded.  The next day again, Sylla, leading forth his men up to
+their quarters, went on finishing the lines of entrenchment, and when
+they issued out again with larger numbers to give him battle, fell on
+them and put them to the rout, and in the consternation ensuing, none
+daring to abide, he took the camp by storm.  The marshes were filled
+with blood, and the lake with dead bodies, insomuch that to this day
+many bows, helmets, fragments of iron, breastplates, and swords of
+barbarian make, continue to be found buried deep in mud, two hundred
+years after the fight.  Thus much of the actions of Chaeronea and
+Orchomenus.
+
+At Rome, Cinna and Carbo were now using injustice and violence
+towards persons of the greatest eminence, and many of them to avoid
+this tyranny repaired, as to a safe harbor, to Sylla's camp, where,
+in a short space, he had about him the aspect of a senate.  Metella,
+likewise, having with difficulty conveyed herself and children away
+by stealth, brought him word that his houses, both in town and
+country, had been burnt by his enemies, and entreated his help at
+home.  Whilst he was in doubt what to do, being impatient to hear of
+his country being thus outraged, and yet not knowing how to leave so
+great a work as the Mithridatic war unfinished, there comes to him
+Archelaus, a merchant of Delos, with hopes of an accommodation, and
+private instructions from Archelaus, the king's general.  Sylla liked
+the business so well as to desire a speedy conference with Archelaus
+in person, and a meeting took place on the sea-coast near Delium,
+where the temple of Apollo stands.  When Archelaus opened the
+conversation, and began to urge Sylla to abandon his pretensions to
+Asia and Pontus, and to set sail for the war in Rome, receiving money
+and shipping, and such forces as he should think fitting from the
+king, Sylla, interposing, bade Archelaus take no further care for
+Mithridates, but assume the crown to himself, and become a
+confederate of Rome, delivering up the navy.  Archelaus professing
+his abhorrence of such treason, Sylla proceeded:  "So you, Archelaus,
+a Cappadocian, and slave, or if it so please you, friend, to a
+barbarian king, would not, upon such vast considerations, be guilty
+of what is dishonorable, and yet dare to talk to me, Roman general
+and Sylla, of treason? as if you were not the selfsame Archelaus who
+ran away at Chaeronea, with few remaining out of one hundred and
+twenty thousand men; who lay for two days in the fens of Orchomenus,
+and left Boeotia impassable for heaps of dead carcasses."  Archelaus,
+changing his tone at this, humbly besought him to lay aside the
+thoughts of war, and make peace with Mithridates.  Sylla consenting
+to this request, articles of agreement were concluded on.  That
+Mithridates should quit Asia and Paphlagonia, restore Bithynia to
+Nicomedes, Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes, and pay the Romans two
+thousand talents, and give him seventy ships of war with all their
+furniture.  On the other hand, that Sylla should confirm to him his
+other dominions, and declare him a Roman confederate.  On these terms
+he proceeded by the way of Thessaly and Macedon towards the
+Hellespont, having Archelaus with him, and treating him with great
+attention.  For Archelaus being taken dangerously ill at Larissa, he
+stopped the march of the army, and took care of him, as if he had
+been one of his own captains, or his colleague in command.  This gave
+suspicion of foul play in the battle of Chaeronea; as it was also
+observed that Sylla had released all the friends of Mithridates taken
+prisoners in war, except only Aristion the tyrant, who was at enmity
+with Archelaus, and was put to death by poison; and, above all, ten
+thousand acres of land in Euboea had been given to the Cappadocian,
+and he had received from Sylla the style of friend and ally of the
+Romans.  On all which points Sylla defends himself in his Memoirs.
+
+The ambassadors of Mithridates arriving and declaring that they
+accepted of the conditions, only Paphlagonia they could not part
+with; and as for the ships, professing not to know of any such
+capitulation, Sylla in a rage exclaimed, "What say you?  Does
+Mithridates then withhold Paphlagonia? and as to the ships, deny that
+article?  I thought to have seen him prostrate at my feet to thank me
+for leaving him so much as that right hand of his, which has cut off
+so many Romans.  He will shortly, at my coming over into Asia, speak
+another language; in the mean time, let him at his ease in Pergamus
+sit managing a war which he never saw."  The ambassadors in terror
+stood silent by, but Archelaus endeavored with humble supplications
+to assuage his wrath, laying hold on his right hand and weeping.  In
+conclusion he obtained permission to go himself in person to
+Mithridates; for that he would either mediate a peace to the
+satisfaction of Sylla, or if not, slay himself.  Sylla having thus
+dispatched him away, made an inroad into Maedica, and after wide
+depopulations returned back again into Macedon, where he received
+Archelaus about Philippi, bringing word that all was well, and that
+Mithridates earnestly requested an interview.  The chief cause of
+this meeting was Fimbria; for he having assassinated Flaccus, the
+consul of the contrary faction, and worsted the Mithridatic
+commanders, was advancing against Mithridates himself, who, fearing
+this, chose rather to seek the friendship of Sylla.
+
+And so met at Dardanus in the Troad, on one side Mithridates,
+attended with two hundred ships, and land forces consisting of twenty
+thousand men at arms, six thousand horse, and a large train of
+scythed chariots; on the other, Sylla with only four cohorts, and two
+hundred horse.  As Mithridates drew near and put out his hand, Sylla
+demanded whether he was willing or no to end the war on the terms
+Archelaus had agreed to, but seeing the king made no answer, "How is
+this?"  he continued, "ought not the petitioner to speak first, and
+the conqueror to listen in silence?"  And when Mithridates, entering
+upon his plea, began to shift off the war, partly on the gods, and
+partly to blame the Romans themselves, he took him up, saying that he
+had heard, indeed, long since from others, and now he knew it himself
+for truth, that Mithridates was a powerful speaker, who in defense of
+the most foul and unjust proceedings, had not wanted for specious
+presences.  Then charging him with and inveighing bitterly against
+the outrages he had committed, he asked again whether he was willing
+or no to ratify the treaty of Archelaus?  Mithridates answering in
+the affirmative, Sylla came forward, embraced and kissed him.  Not
+long after he introduced Ariobarzanes and Nicomedes, the two kings,
+and made them friends Mithridates, when he had handed over to Sylla
+seventy ships and five hundred archers, set sail for Pontus.
+
+Sylla, perceiving the soldiers to be dissatisfied with the peace, (as
+it seemed indeed a monstrous thing that they should see the king who
+was then bitterest enemy, and who had caused one hundred and fifty
+thousand Romans to be massacred in one day in Asia, now sailing off
+with the riches and spoils of Asia, which he had pillaged, and put
+under contribution for the space of four years,) in his defense to
+them alleged, that he could not have made head against Fimbria and
+Mithridates, had they both withstood him in conjunction.  Thence he
+set out and went in search of Fimbria, who lay with the army about
+Thyatira, and pitching his camp not far off, proceeded to fortify it
+with a trench.  The soldiers of Fimbria came out in their single
+coats, and, saluting his men, lent ready assistance to the work;
+which change Fimbria beholding, and apprehending Sylla as
+irreconcilable, laid violent hands on himself in the camp.
+
+Sylla imposed on Asia in general a tax of twenty thousand talents,
+and despoiled individually each family by the licentious behavior and
+long residence of the soldiery in private quarters.  For he ordained
+that every host should allow his guest four tetradrachms each day,
+and moreover entertain him, and as many friends as he should invite,
+with a supper; that a centurion should receive fifty drachmas a day,
+together with one suit of clothes to wear within doors, and another
+when he went abroad.
+
+Having set out from Ephesus with the whole navy, he came the third
+day to anchor in the Piraeus.  Here he was initiated in the
+mysteries, and seized for his use the library of Apellicon the Teian,
+in which were most of the works of Theophrastus and Aristotle, then
+not in general circulation.  When the whole was afterwards conveyed
+to Rome, there, it is said, the greater part of the collection passed
+through the hands of Tyrannion the grammarian, and that Andronicus
+the Rhodian, having through his means the command of numerous copies,
+made the treatises public, and drew up the catalogues that are now
+current.  The elder Peripatetics appear themselves, indeed, to have
+been accomplished and learned men, but of the writings of Aristotle
+and Theophrastus they had no large or exact knowledge, because
+Theophrastus bequeathing his books to the heir of Neleus of Scepsis,
+they came into careless and illiterate hands.
+
+During Sylla's stay about Athens, his feet were attacked by a heavy
+benumbing pain, which Strabo calls the first inarticulate sounds of
+the gout.  Taking, therefore, a voyage to Aedepsus, he made use of
+the hot waters there, allowing himself at the same time to forget all
+anxieties, and passing away his time with actors.  As he was walking
+along the sea-shore, certain fishermen brought him some magnificent
+fish.  Being much delighted with the gift, and understanding, on
+inquiry, that they were men of Halaeae, "What," said he, "are there
+any men of Halaeae surviving?"  For after his victory at Orchomenus,
+in the heat of a pursuit, he had destroyed three cities of Boeotia,
+Anthedon, Larymna, and Halaeae.  The men not knowing what to say for
+fear, Sylla with a smile bade them cheer up and return in peace, as
+they had brought with them no insignificant intercessors.  The
+Halaeans say that this first gave them courage to reunite and return
+to their city.
+
+Sylla, having marched through Thessaly and Macedon to the sea-coast,
+prepared, with twelve hundred vessels, to cross over from Dyrrhachium
+to Brundisium.  Not far from hence is Apollonia, and near it the
+Nymphaeum, a spot of ground where, from among green trees and
+meadows, there are found at various points springs of fire
+continually streaming out.  Here, they say, a satyr, such as
+statuaries and painters represent, was caught asleep, and brought
+before Sylla, where he was asked by several interpreters who he was,
+and, after much trouble, at last uttered nothing intelligible, but a
+harsh noise, something between the neighing of a horse and crying of
+a goat.  Sylla, in dismay, and deprecating such an omen, bade it be
+removed.
+
+At the point of transportation, Sylla being in alarm, lest at their
+first setting foot upon Italy, the soldiers should disband and
+disperse one by one among the cities, they of their own accord first
+took an oath to stand firm by him, and not of their good-will to
+injure Italy; then seeing him in distress for money, they made, so to
+say, a freewill offering, and contributed each man according to his
+ability.  However Sylla would not accept of their offering, but
+praising their good-will, and arousing up their courage, put over (as
+he himself writes) against fifteen hostile generals in command of
+four hundred and fifty cohorts; but not without the most unmistakable
+divine intimations of his approaching happy successes.  For when he
+was sacrificing at his first landing near Tarentum, the victim's
+liver showed the figure of a crown of laurel with two fillets hanging
+from it.  And a little while before his arrival in Campania, near the
+mountain Hephaeus, two stately goats were seen in the daytime,
+fighting together, and performing all the motions of men in battle.
+It proved to be an apparition, and rising up gradually from the
+ground, dispersed in the air, like fancied representations in the
+clouds, and so vanished out of sight.  Not long after, in the
+selfsame place, when Marius the younger, and Norbanus the consul,
+attacked him with two great armies, without prescribing the order of
+battle, or arranging his men according to their divisions, by the
+sway only of one common alacrity and transport of courage, he
+overthrew the enemy, and shut up Norbanus into the city of Capua,
+with the loss of seven thousand of his men.  And this was the reason,
+he says, that the soldiers did not leave him and disperse into the
+different towns, but held fast to him, and despised the enemy, though
+infinitely more in number.
+
+At Silvium, (as he himself relates it,) there met him a servant of
+Pontius, in a state of divine possession, saying that he brought him
+the power of the sword and victory from Bellona, the goddess of war,
+and if he did not make haste, that the capitol would be burnt, which
+fell out on the same day the man foretold it, namely, on the sixth
+day of the month Quintilis, which we now call July.
+
+At Fidentia, also, Marcus Lucullus, one of Sylla's commanders,
+reposed such confidence in the forwardness of the soldiers, as to
+dare to face fifty cohorts of the enemy, with only sixteen of his
+own; but because many of them were unarmed, delayed the onset.  As he
+stood thus waiting, and considering with himself, a gentle gale of
+wind, bearing along with it from the neighboring meadows a quantity
+of flowers, scattered them down upon the army, on whose shields and
+helmets they settled, and arranged themselves spontaneously, so as to
+give the soldiers, in the eyes of the enemy, the appearance of being
+crowned with chaplets.  Upon this, being yet further animated, they
+joined battle, and victoriously slaying eight thousand men, took the
+camp.  This Lucullus was brother to that Lucullus who in after-times
+conquered Mithridates and Tigranes.
+
+Sylla, seeing himself still surrounded by so many armies, and such
+mighty hostile powers, had recourse to art, inviting Scipio, the
+other consul, to a treaty of peace.  The motion was willingly
+embraced, and several meetings and consultations ensued, in all which
+Sylla, still interposing matter of delay and new pretences, in the
+meanwhile debauched Scipio's men by means of his own, who were as
+well practiced as the general himself, in all the artifices of
+inveigling.  For entering into the enemy's quarters and joining in
+conversation, they gained some by present money, some by promises,
+others by fair words and persuasions; so that in the end, when Sylla
+with twenty cohorts drew near, on his men saluting Scipio's soldiers,
+they returned the greeting and came over, leaving Scipio behind them
+in his tent, where he was found all alone and dismissed.  And having
+used his twenty cohorts as decoys to ensnare the forty of the enemy,
+he led them all back into the camp.  On this occasion, Carbo was
+heard to say, that he had both a fox and a lion in the breast of
+Sylla to deal with, and was most troubled with the fox.
+
+Some time after, at Signia, Marius the younger, with eighty-five
+cohorts, offered battle to Sylla, who was extremely desirous to have
+it decided on that very day; for the night before he had seen a
+vision in his sleep, of Marius the elder, who had been some time
+dead, advising his son to beware of the following day, as of fatal
+consequence to him.  For this reason, Sylla, longing to come to a
+battle, sent off for Dolabella, who lay encamped at some distance.
+But because the enemy had beset and blocked up the passes, his
+soldiers got tired with skirmishing and marching at once.  To these
+difficulties was added, moreover, tempestuous rainy weather, which
+distressed them most of all.  The principal officers therefore came
+to Sylla, and besought him to defer the battle that day, showing him
+how the soldiers lay stretched on the ground, where they had thrown
+themselves down in their weariness, resting their heads upon their
+shields to gain some repose.  When, with much reluctance, he had
+yielded, and given order for pitching the camp, they had no sooner
+begun to cast up the rampart and draw the ditch, but Marius came
+riding up furiously at the head of his troops, in hopes to scatter
+them in that disorder and confusion.  Here the gods fulfilled Sylla's
+dream.  For the soldiers, stirred up with anger, left off their work,
+and sticking their javelins into the bank, with drawn swords and a
+courageous shout, came to blows with the enemy, who made but small
+resistance, and lost great numbers in the flight.  Marius fled to
+Praeneste, but finding the gates shut, tied himself round by a rope
+that was thrown down to him, and was taken up on the walls.  Some
+there are (as Fenestella for one) who affirm that Marius knew nothing
+of the fight, but, overwatched and spent with hard duty, had reposed
+himself, when the signal was given, beneath some shade, and was
+hardly to be awakened at the flight of his men.  Sylla, according to
+his own account, lost only twenty-three men in this fight, having
+killed of the enemy twenty thousand, and taken alive eight thousand.
+
+The like success attended his lieutenants, Pompey, Crassus, Metellus,
+Servilius, who with little or no loss cut off vast numbers of the
+enemy, insomuch that Carbo, the prime supporter of the cause, fled by
+night from his charge of the army, and sailed over into Libya.
+
+In the last struggle, however, the Samnite Telesinus, like some
+champion, whose lot it is to enter last of all into the lists and
+take up the wearied conqueror, came nigh to have foiled and
+overthrown Sylla before the gates of Rome.  For Telesinus with his
+second, Lamponius the Lucanian, having collected a large force, had
+been hastening towards Praeneste, to relieve Marius from the siege;
+but perceiving Sylla ahead of him, and Pompey behind, both hurrying
+up against him, straightened thus before and behind, as a valiant and
+experienced soldier, he arose by night, and marching directly with
+his whole army, was within a little of making his way unexpectedly
+into Rome itself.  He lay that night before the city, at ten furlongs
+distance from the Colline gate, elated and full of hope, at having
+thus out-generalled so many eminent commanders.  At break of day,
+being charged by the noble youth of the city, among many others he
+overthrew Appius Claudius, renowned for high birth and character.
+The city, as is easy to imagine, was all in an uproar, the women
+shrieking and running about, as if it had already been entered
+forcibly by assault, till at last Balbus, sent forward by Sylla, was
+seen riding up with seven hundred horse at full speed.  Halting only
+long enough to wipe the sweat from the horses, and then hastily
+bridling again, he at once attacked the enemy.  Presently Sylla
+himself appeared, and commanding those who were foremost to take
+immediate refreshment, proceeded to form in order for battle.
+Dolabella and Torquatus were extremely earnest with him to desist
+awhile, and not with spent forces to hazard the last hope, having
+before them in the field, not Carbo or Marius, but two warlike
+nations bearing immortal hatred to Rome, the Samnites and Lucanians,
+to grapple with.  But he put them by, and commanded the trumpets to
+sound a charge, when it was now about four o'clock in the afternoon.
+In the conflict which followed, as sharp a one as ever was, the
+right wing where Crassus was posted had clearly the advantage; the
+left suffered and was in distress, when Sylla came to its succor,
+mounted on a white courser, full of mettle and exceedingly swift,
+which two of the enemy knowing him by, had their lances ready to
+throw at him; he himself observed nothing, but his attendant behind
+him giving the horse a touch, he was, unknown to himself, just so far
+carried forward, that the points, falling beside the horse's tail,
+stuck in the ground.  There is a story that he had a small golden
+image of Apollo from Delphi, which he was always wont in battle to
+carry about him in his bosom, and that he then kissed it with these
+words, "O Apollo Pythius, who in so many battles hast raised to honor
+and greatness the Fortunate Cornelius Sylla, wilt thou now cast him
+down, bringing him before the gate of his country, to perish
+shamefully with his fellow-citizens?"  Thus, they say, addressing
+himself to the god, he entreated some of his men, threatened some,
+and seized others with his hand, till at length the left wing being
+wholly shattered, he was forced, in the general rout, to betake
+himself to the camp, having lost many of his friends and
+acquaintance.  Many, likewise, of the city spectators who had come
+out, were killed or trodden underfoot.  So that it was generally
+believed in the city that all was lost, and the siege of Praeneste
+was all but raised; many fugitives from the battle making their way
+thither, and urging Lucretius Ofella, who was appointed to keep on
+the siege, to rise in all haste, for that Sylla had perished, and
+Rome fallen into the hands of the enemy.
+
+About midnight there came into Sylla's camp messengers from Crassus,
+to fetch provision for him and his soldiers; for having vanquished
+the enemy, they had pursued him to the walls of Antemna, and had sat
+down there.  Sylla, hearing this, and that most of the enemy were
+destroyed, came to Antemna by break of day, where three thousand of
+the besieged having sent forth a herald, he promised to receive them
+to mercy, on condition they did the enemy some mischief in their
+coming over.  Trusting to his word, they fell foul on the rest of
+their companions, and made a great slaughter one of another.
+Nevertheless, Sylla gathered together in the circus, as well these as
+other survivors of the party, to the number of six thousand, and just
+as he commenced speaking to the senate, in the temple of Bellona,
+proceeded to cut them down, by men appointed for that service.  The
+cry of so vast a multitude put to the sword, in so narrow a space,
+was naturally heard some distance, and startled the senators.  He,
+however, continuing his speech with a calm and unconcerned
+countenance, bade them listen to what he had to say, and not busy
+themselves with what was doing out of doors; he had given directions
+for the chastisement of some offenders.  This gave the most stupid of
+the Romans to understand, that they had merely exchanged, not
+escaped, tyranny.  And Marius, being of a naturally harsh temper, had
+not altered, but merely continued what he had been, in authority;
+whereas Sylla, using his fortune moderately and unambitiously at
+first, and giving good hopes of a true patriot, firm to the interests
+both of the nobility and commonalty, being, moreover, of a gay and
+cheerful temper from his youth, and so easily moved to pity as to
+shed tears readily, has, perhaps deservedly, cast a blemish upon
+offices of great authority, as if they deranged men's former habits
+and character, and gave rise to violence, pride, and inhumanity.
+Whether this be a real change and revolution in the mind, caused by
+fortune, or rather a lurking viciousness of nature, discovering
+itself in authority, it were matter of another sort of disquisition
+to decide.
+
+Sylla being thus wholly bent upon slaughter, and filling the city
+with executions without number or limit, many wholly uninterested
+persons falling a sacrifice to private enmity, through his permission
+and indulgence to his friends, Caius Metellus, one of the younger
+men, made bold in the senate to ask him what end there was of these
+evils, and at what point he might be expected to stop?  "We do not
+ask you," said he, "to pardon any whom you have resolved to destroy,
+but to free from doubt those whom you are pleased to save."  Sylla
+answering, that he knew not as yet whom to spare.  "Why then," said
+he, "tell us whom you will punish."  This Sylla said he would do.
+These last words, some authors say, were spoken not by Metellus, but
+by Afidius, one of Sylla's fawning companions.  Immediately upon
+this, without communicating with any of the magistrates, Sylla
+proscribed eighty persons, and notwithstanding the general
+indignation, after one day's respite, he posted two hundred and
+twenty more, and on the third again, as many.  In an address to the
+people on this occasion, he told them he had put up as many names as
+he could think of; those which had escaped his memory, he would
+publish at a future time.  He issued an edict likewise, making death
+the punishment of humanity, proscribing any who should dare to
+receive and cherish a proscribed person, without exception to
+brother, son, or parents.  And to him who should slay any one
+proscribed person, he ordained two talents reward, even were it a
+slave who had killed his master, or a son his father.  And what was
+thought most unjust of all, he caused the attainder to pass upon
+their sons, and son's sons, and made open sale of all their property.
+Nor did the proscription prevail only at Rome, but throughout all the
+cities of Italy the effusion of blood was such, that neither
+sanctuary of the gods, nor hearth of hospitality, nor ancestral home
+escaped.  Men were butchered in the embraces of their wives, children
+in the arms of their mothers.  Those who perished through public
+animosity, or private enmity, were nothing in comparison of the
+numbers of those who suffered for their riches.  Even the murderers
+began to say, that "his fine house killed this man, a garden that, a
+third, his hot baths."  Quintus Aurelius, a quiet, peaceable man, and
+one who thought all his part in the common calamity consisted in
+condoling with the misfortunes of others, coming into the forum to
+read the list, and finding himself among the proscribed, cried out,
+"Woe is me, my Alban farm has informed against me."  He had not gone
+far, before he was dispatched by a ruffian, sent on that errand.
+
+In the meantime, Marius, on the point of being taken, killed himself;
+and Sylla, coming to Praeneste, at first proceeded judicially against
+each particular person, till at last, finding it a work of too much
+time, he cooped them up together in one place, to the number of
+twelve thousand men, and gave order for the execution of them all,
+his own host alone excepted.  But he, brave man, telling him he
+could not accept the obligation of life from the hands of one who had
+been the ruin of his country, went in among the rest, and submitted
+willingly to the stroke.  What Lucius Catilina did was thought to
+exceed all other acts.  For having, before matters came to an issue,
+made away with his brother, he besought Sylla to place him in the
+list of proscription, as though he had been alive, which was done;
+and Catiline, to return the kind office, assassinated a certain
+Marcus Marius, one of the adverse party, and brought the head to
+Sylla, as he was sitting in the forum, and then going to the holy
+water of Apollo, which was nigh, washed his hands.
+
+There were other things, besides this bloodshed, which gave offense.
+For Sylla had declared himself dictator, an office which had then
+been laid aside for the space of one hundred and twenty years.  There
+was, likewise, an act of grace passed on his behalf, granting
+indemnity for what was passed, and for the future entrusting him with
+the power of life and death, confiscation, division of lands,
+erecting and demolishing of cities, taking away of kingdoms, and
+bestowing them at pleasure.  He conducted the sale of confiscated
+property after such an arbitrary, imperious way, from the tribunal,
+that his gifts excited greater odium even than his usurpations;
+women, mimes, and musicians, and the lowest of the freed slaves had
+presents made them of the territories of nations, and the revenues of
+cities; and women of rank were married against their will to some of
+them.  Wishing to insure the fidelity of Pompey the Great, by a
+nearer tie of blood, he bade him divorce his present wife, and
+forcing Aemilia, the daughter of Scaurus and Metella, his own wife,
+to leave her husband, Manius Glabrio, he bestowed her, though then
+with child, on Pompey, and she died in childbirth at his house.
+
+When Lucretius Ofella, the same who reduced Marius by siege, offered
+himself for the consulship, he first forbade him; then, seeing he
+could not restrain him, on his coming down into the forum with a
+numerous train of followers, he sent one of the centurions who were
+immediately about him, and slew him, himself sitting on the tribunal
+in the temple of Castor, and beholding the murder from above.  The
+citizens apprehending the centurion, and dragging him to the
+tribunal, he bade them cease their clamoring and let the centurion
+go, for he had commanded it.
+
+His triumph was, in itself, exceedingly splendid, and distinguished
+by the rarity and magnificence of the royal spoils; but its yet
+greatest glory was the noble spectacle of the exiles.  For in the
+rear followed the most eminent and most potent of the citizens,
+crowned with garlands, and calling Sylla savior and father, by whose
+means they were restored to their own country, and again enjoyed
+their wives and children.  When the solemnity was over, and the time
+come to render an account of his actions, addressing the public
+assembly, he was as profuse in enumerating the lucky chances of war,
+as any of his own military merits.  And, finally, from this felicity,
+he requested to receive the surname of Felix.  In writing and
+transacting business with the Greeks, he styled himself
+Epaphroditus, and on his trophies which are still extant with us,
+the name is given Lucius Cornelius Sylla Epaphroditus.  Moreover,
+when his wife had brought him forth twins, he named the male Faustus,
+and the female Fausta, the Roman words for what is auspicious and of
+happy omen.  The confidence which he reposed in his good genius,
+rather than in any abilities of his own, emboldened him, though
+deeply involved in bloodshed, and though he had been the author of
+such great changes and revolutions of State, to lay down his
+authority, and place the right of consular elections once more in the
+hands of the people.  And when they were held, he not only declined
+to seek that office, but in the forum exposed his person publicly to
+the people, walking up and down as a private man.  And contrary to
+his will, certain bold man and his enemy, Marcus Lepidus, was
+expected to become consul, not so much by his own interest, as by the
+power and solicitation of Pompey, whom the people were willing to
+oblige.  When the business was over, seeing Pompey going home
+overjoyed with the success, he called him to him and said, "What a
+politic act, young man, to pass by Catulus, the best of men, and
+choose Lepidus, the worst!  It will be well for you to be vigilant,
+now that you have strengthened your opponent against yourself."
+Sylla spoke this, it may seem, by a prophetic instinct, for, not long
+after, Lepidus grew insolent, and broke into open hostility to Pompey
+and his friends.
+
+Sylla, consecrating the tenth of his whole substance to Hercules,
+entertained the people with sumptuous feastings.  The provision was
+so much above what was necessary, that they were forced daily to
+throw great quantities of meat into the river, and they drank wine
+forty years old and upwards.  In the midst of the banqueting, which
+lasted many days, Metella died of disease.  And because that the
+priest forbade him to visit the sick, or suffer his house to be
+polluted with mourning, he drew up an act of divorce, and caused her
+to be removed into another house whilst alive.  Thus far, out of
+religious apprehension, he observed the strict rule to the very
+letter, but in the funeral expenses he transgressed the law he
+himself had made, limiting the amount, and spared no cost.  He
+transgressed, likewise, his own sumptuary laws respecting expenditure
+in banquets, thinking to allay his grief by luxurious drinking
+parties and revelings with common buffoons.
+
+Some few months after, at a show of gladiators, when men and women
+sat promiscuously in the theater, no distinct places being as yet
+appointed, there sat down by Sylla a beautiful woman of high birth,
+by name Valeria, daughter of Messala, and sister to Hortensius the
+orator.  Now it happened that she had been lately divorced from her
+husband.  Passing along behind Sylla, she leaned on him with her
+hand, and plucking a bit of wool from his garment, so proceeded to
+her seat.  And on Sylla looking up and wondering what it meant, "What
+harm, mighty Sir," said she, "if I also was desirous to partake a
+little in your felicity?"  It appeared at once that Sylla was not
+displeased, but even tickled in his fancy, for he sent out to inquire
+her name, her birth, and past life.  From this time there passed
+between them many side glances, each continually turning round to
+look at the other, and frequently interchanging smiles.  In the end,
+overtures were made, and a marriage concluded on.  All which was
+innocent, perhaps, on the lady's side, but, though she had been never
+so modest and virtuous, it was scarcely a temperate and worthy
+occasion of marriage on the part of Sylla, to take fire, as a boy
+might, at a face and a bold look, incentives not seldom to the most
+disorderly and shameless passions.
+
+Notwithstanding this marriage, he kept company with actresses,
+musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.
+His chief favorites were Roscius the comedian, Sorex the arch mime,
+and Metrobius the player, for whom, though past his prime, he still
+professed a passionate fondness.  By these courses he encouraged a
+disease which had begun from some unimportant cause; and for a long
+time he failed to observe that his bowels were ulcerated, till at
+length the corrupted flesh broke out into lice.  Many, were employed
+day and night in destroying them, but the work so multiplied under
+their hands, that not only his clothes, baths, basins, but his very
+meat was polluted with that flux and contagion, they came swarming
+out in such numbers.  He went frequently by day into the bath to
+scour and cleanse his body, but all in vain; the evil generated too
+rapidly and too abundantly for any ablutions to overcome it.  There
+died of this disease, amongst those of the most ancient times,
+Acastus, the son of Pelias; of later date, Alcman the poet,
+Pherecydes the theologian, Callisthenes the Olynthian, in the time of
+his imprisonment, as also Mucius the lawyer; and if we may mention
+ignoble, but notorious names, Eunus the fugitive, who stirred up the
+slaves of Sicily to rebel against their masters, after he was brought
+captive to Rome, died of this creeping sickness.
+
+Sylla not only foresaw his end, but may be also said to have written
+of it.  For in the two and twentieth book of his Memoirs, which he
+finished two days before his death, he writes that the Chaldeans
+foretold him, that after he had led a life of honor, he should
+conclude it in fullness of prosperity.  He declares, moreover, that
+in vision he had seen his son, who had died not long before Metella,
+stand by in mourning attire, and beseech his father to cast off
+further care, and come along with him to his mother Metella, there to
+live at ease and quietness with her.  However, he could not refrain
+from intermeddling in public affairs.  For, ten days before his
+decease, he composed the differences of the people of Dicaearchia,
+and prescribed laws for their better government.  And the very day
+before his end, it being told him that the magistrate Granius
+deferred the payment of a public debt, in expectation of his death,
+he sent for him to his house, and placing his attendants about him,
+caused him to be strangled; but through the straining of his voice
+and body, the imposthume breaking, he lost a great quantity of blood.
+Upon this, his strength failing him, after spending a troublesome
+night, he died, leaving behind him two young children by Metella.
+Valeria was afterwards delivered of a daughter, named Posthuma; for
+so the Romans call those who are born after the father's death.
+
+Many ran tumultuously together, and joined with Lepidus, to deprive
+the corpse of the accustomed solemnities; but Pompey, though offended
+at Sylla, (for he alone of all his friends, was not mentioned in his
+will,) having kept off some by his interest and entreaty, others by
+menaces, conveyed the body to Rome, and gave it a secure and
+honorable burial.  It is said that the Roman ladies contributed such
+vast heaps of spices, that besides what was carried on two hundred
+and ten litters, there was sufficient to form a large figure of Sylla
+himself, and another, representing a lictor, out of the costly
+frankincense and cinnamon.  The day being cloudy in the morning, they
+deferred carrying forth the corpse till about three in the afternoon,
+expecting it would rain.  But a strong wind blowing full upon the
+funeral pile, and setting it all in a bright flame, the body was
+consumed so exactly in good time, that the pyre had begun to smolder,
+and the fire was upon the point of expiring, when a violent rain came
+down, which continued till night.  So that his good fortune was firm
+even to the last, and did as it were officiate at his funeral.  His
+monument stands in the Campus Martius, with an epitaph of his own
+writing; the substance of it being, that he had not been outdone by
+any of his friends in doing good turns, nor by any of his foes in
+doing bad.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF LYSANDER WITH SYLLA
+
+Having completed this Life also, come we now to the comparison.  That
+which was common to them both, was that they were founders of their
+own greatness, with this difference, that Lysander had the consent of
+his fellow-citizens, in times of sober judgment, for the honors he
+received; nor did he force anything from them against their
+good-will, nor hold any power contrary to the laws.
+
+In civil strife e'en villains rise to fame.
+
+And so then at Rome, when the people were distempered, and the
+government out of order, one or other was still raised to despotic
+power; no wonder, then, if Sylla reigned, when the Glauciae and
+Saturnini drove out the Metelli, when sons of consuls were slain in
+the assemblies, when silver and gold purchased men and arms, and fire
+and sword enacted new laws, and put down lawful opposition.  Nor do I
+blame anyone, in such circumstances, for working himself into
+supreme power, only I would not have it thought a sign of great
+goodness, to be head of a State so wretchedly discomposed.  Lysander,
+being employed in the greatest commands and affairs of State, by a
+sober and well-governed city, may be said to have had repute as the
+best and most virtuous man, in the best and most virtuous
+commonwealth.  And thus, often returning the government into the
+hands of the citizens, he received it again as often, the superiority
+of his merit still awarding him the first place.  Sylla, on the other
+hand, when he had once made himself general of an army, kept his
+command for ten years together, creating himself sometimes consul,
+sometimes proconsul, and sometimes dictator, but always remaining a
+tyrant.
+
+It is true Lysander, as was said, designed to introduce a new form of
+government; by milder methods, however, and more agreeably to law
+than Sylla, not by force of arms, but persuasion, nor by subverting
+the whole State at once, but simply by amending the succession of the
+kings; in a way, moreover, which seemed the naturally just one, that
+the most deserving should rule, especially in a city which itself
+exercised command in Greece, upon account of virtue, not nobility.
+For as the hunter considers the whelp itself, not the bitch, and the
+horse-dealer the foal, not the mare, (for what if the foal should
+prove a mule?) so likewise were that politician extremely out, who,
+in the choice of a chief magistrate, should inquire, not what the man
+is, but how descended.  The very Spartans themselves have deposed
+several of their kings for want of kingly virtues, as degenerated and
+good for nothing.  As a vicious nature, though of an ancient stock,
+is dishonorable, it must be virtue itself, and not birth, that makes
+virtue honorable.  Furthermore, the one committed his acts of
+injustice for the sake of his friends; the other extended his to his
+friends themselves.  It is confessed on all hands, that Lysander
+offended most commonly for the sake of his companions, committing
+several slaughters to uphold their power and dominion; but as for
+Sylla, he, out of envy, reduced Pompey's command by land, and
+Dolabella's by sea, although he himself had given them those places;
+and ordered Lucretius Ofella, who sued for the consulship as the
+reward of many great services, to be slain before his eyes, exciting
+horror and alarm in the minds of all men, by his cruelty to his
+dearest friends.
+
+As regards the pursuit of riches and pleasures, we yet further
+discover in one a princely, in the other a tyrannical disposition.
+Lysander did nothing that was intemperate or licentious, in that full
+command of means and opportunity, but kept clear, as much as ever man
+did, of that trite saying,
+
+Lions at home, but foxes out of doors;
+
+and ever maintained a sober, truly Spartan, and well disciplined
+course of conduct.  Whereas Sylla could never moderate his unruly
+affections, either by poverty when young, or by years when grown old,
+but would be still prescribing laws to the citizens concerning
+chastity and sobriety, himself living all that time, as Sallust
+affirms, in lewdness and adultery.  By these ways he so impoverished
+and drained the city of her treasures, as to be forced to sell
+privileges and immunities to allied and friendly cities for money,
+although he daily gave up the wealthiest and greatest families to
+public sale and confiscation.  There was no end of his favors vainly
+spent and thrown away on flatterers; for what hope could there be, or
+what likelihood of forethought or economy, in his more private
+moments over wine, when, in the open face of the people, upon the
+auction of a large estate, which he would have passed over to one of
+his friends at a small price, because another bid higher, and the
+officer announced the advance, he broke out into a passion, saying,
+"What a strange and unjust thing is this, O citizens, that I cannot
+dispose of my own booty as I please!"  But Lysander, on the contrary,
+with the rest of the spoil, sent home for public use even the
+presents which were made him.  Nor do I commend him for it, for he
+perhaps, by excessive liberality, did Sparta more harm, than ever the
+other did Rome by rapine; I only use it as an argument of his
+indifference to riches.  They exercised a strange influence on their
+respective cities.  Sylla, a profuse debauchee, endeavored to restore
+sober living amongst the citizens; Lysander, temperate himself,
+filled Sparta with the luxury he disregarded.  So that both were
+blameworthy, the one for raising himself above his own laws, the
+other for causing his fellow citizens to fall beneath his own
+example.  He taught Sparta to want the very things which he himself
+had learned to do without.  And thus much of their civil
+administration.
+
+As for feats of arms, wise conduct in war, innumerable victories,
+perilous adventures, Sylla was beyond compare.  Lysander, indeed,
+came off twice victorious in two battles by sea; I shall add to that
+the siege of Athens, a work of greater fame, than difficulty.  What
+occurred in Boeotia, and at Haliartus, was the result, perhaps, of
+ill fortune; yet it certainly looks like ill counsel, not to wait for
+the king's forces, which had all but arrived from Plataea, but out of
+ambition and eagerness to fight, to approach the walls at
+disadvantage, and so to be cut off by a sally of inconsiderable men.
+He received his death-wound, not as Cleombrotus at Leuctra, resisting
+manfully the assault of an enemy in the field; not as Cyrus or
+Epaminondas, sustaining the declining battle, or making sure the
+victory; all these died the death of kings and generals; but he, as
+it had been some common skirmisher or scout, cast away his life
+ingloriously, giving testimony to the wisdom of the ancient Spartan
+maxim, to avoid attacks on walled cities, in which the stoutest
+warrior may chance to fall by the hand, not only of a man utterly his
+inferior, but by that of a boy or woman, as Achilles, they say, was
+slain by Paris in the gates.  As for Sylla, it were hard to reckon up
+how many set battles he won, or how many thousands he slew; he took
+Rome itself twice, as also the Athenian Piraeus, not by famine, as
+Lysander did, but by a series of great battles, driving Archelaus
+into the sea.  And what is most important, there was a vast
+difference between the commanders they had to deal with.  For I look
+upon it as an easy task, or rather sport, to beat Antiochus,
+Alcibiades's pilot, or to circumvent Philocles, the Athenian
+demagogue,
+
+Sharp only at the inglorious point of tongue,
+
+whom Mithridates would have scorned to compare with his groom, or
+Marius with his lictor.  But of the potentates, consuls, commanders,
+and demagogues, to pass by all the rest who opposed themselves to
+Sylla, who amongst the Romans so formidable as Marius? what king more
+powerful than Mithridates? who of the Italians more warlike than
+Lamponius and Telesinus? yet of these, one he drove into banishment,
+one he quelled, and the others he slew.
+
+And what is more important, in my judgment, than anything yet
+adduced, is that Lysander had the assistance of the State in all his
+achievements; whereas Sylla, besides that he was a banished person,
+and overpowered by a faction, at a time when his wife was driven from
+home, his houses demolished, and adherents slain, himself then in
+Boeotia, stood embattled against countless numbers of the public
+enemy, and endangering himself for the sake of his country, raised a
+trophy of victory; and not even when Mithridates came with proposals
+of alliance and aid against his enemies, would he show any sort of
+compliance, or even clemency; did not so much as address him, or
+vouchsafe him his hand, until he had it from the king's own mouth,
+that he was willing to quit Asia, surrender the navy, and restore
+Bithynia and Cappadocia to the two kings.  Than which action, Sylla
+never performed a braver, or with a nobler spirit, when, preferring
+the public good to the private, and like good hounds, where he had
+once fixed, never letting go his hold, till the enemy yielded, then,
+and not until then, he set himself to revenge his own private
+quarrels.  We may perhaps let ourselves be influenced, moreover, in
+our comparison of their characters, by considering their treatment of
+Athens.  Sylla, when he had made himself master of the city, which
+then upheld the dominion and power of Mithridates in opposition to
+him, restored her to liberty and the free exercise of her own laws;
+Lysander, on the contrary, when she had fallen from a vast height of
+dignity and rule, showed her no compassion, but abolishing her
+democratic government, imposed on her the most cruel and lawless
+tyrants.  We are now qualified to consider, whether we should go far
+from the truth or no, in pronouncing that Sylla performed the more
+glorious deeds, but Lysander committed the fewer faults, as,
+likewise, by giving to one the preeminence for moderation and
+self-control, to the other, for conduct and valor.
+
+
+
+CIMON
+
+Peripoltas, the prophet, having brought the king Opheltas, and those
+under his command, from Thessaly into Boeotia, left there a family,
+which flourished a long time after; the greatest part of them
+inhabiting Chaeronea, the first city out of which they expelled the
+barbarians.  The descendants of this race, being men of bold attempts
+and warlike habits, exposed themselves to so many dangers, in the
+invasions of the Mede, and in battles against the Gauls, that at last
+they were almost wholly consumed.
+
+There was left one orphan of this house, called Damon, surnamed
+Peripoltas, in beauty and greatness of spirit surpassing all of his
+age, but rude and undisciplined in temper.  A Roman captain of a
+company that wintered in Chaeronea became passionately fond of this
+youth, who was now pretty nearly grown a man.  And finding all his
+approaches, his gifts, and his entreaties alike repulsed, he showed
+violent inclinations to assault Damon.  Our native Chaeronea was then
+in a distressed condition, too small and too poor to meet with
+anything but neglect.  Damon, being sensible of this, and looking
+upon himself as injured already, resolved to inflict punishment.
+Accordingly, he and sixteen of his companions conspired against the
+captain; but that the design might be managed without any danger of
+being discovered, they all daubed their faces at night with soot.
+Thus disguised and inflamed with wine, they set upon him by break of
+day, as he was sacrificing in the marketplace; and having killed him,
+and several others that were with him, they fled out of the city,
+which was extremely alarmed and troubled at the murder.  The council
+assembled immediately, and pronounced sentence of death against Damon
+and his accomplices.  This they did to justify the city to the
+Romans.  But that evening, as the magistrates were at supper
+together, according to the custom, Damon and his confederates
+breaking into the hall, killed them, and then again fled out of the
+town.  About this time, Lucius Lucullus chanced to be passing that
+way with a body of troops, upon some expedition, and this disaster
+having but recently happened, he stayed to examine the matter.  Upon
+inquiry, he found the city was in nowise faulty, but rather that they
+themselves had suffered; therefore he drew out the soldiers, and
+carried them away with him.  Yet Damon continuing to ravage the
+country all about, the citizens, by messages and decrees, in
+appearance favorable, enticed him into the city, and upon his return,
+made him Gymnasiarch; but afterwards as he was anointing himself in
+the vapor baths, they set upon him and killed him.  For a long while
+after apparitions continuing to be seen, and groans to be heard in
+that place, so our fathers have told us, they ordered the gates of
+the baths to be built up; and even to this day those who live in the
+neighborhood believe that they sometimes see specters, and hear
+alarming sounds.  The posterity of Damon, of whom some still remain,
+mostly in Phocis, near the town of Stiris, are called Asbolomeni,
+that is, in the Aeolian idiom, men daubed with soot; because Damon
+was thus besmeared when he committed this murder.
+
+But there being a quarrel between the people of Chaeronea and the
+Orchomenians, their neighbors, these latter hired an informer, a
+Roman, to accuse the community of Chaeronea, as if it had been a
+single person, of the murder of the Romans, of which only Damon and
+his companions were guilty; accordingly, the process wee commenced,
+and the cause pleaded before the Praetor of Macedon, since the Romans
+as yet had not sent governors into Greece.
+The advocates who defended the inhabitants appealed to the testimony
+of Lucullus, who, in answer to a letter the Praetor wrote to him,
+returned a true account of the matter-of-fact.  By this means the
+town obtained its acquittal, and escaped a most serious danger.  The
+citizens thus preserved erected a statue to Lucullus in the
+market-place, near that of the god Bacchus.
+
+We also have the same impressions of gratitude; and though removed
+from the events by the distance of several generations, we yet feel
+the obligation to extend to ourselves; and as we think an image of
+the character and habits, to be a greater honor than one merely
+representing the face and the person, we will put Lucullus's life
+amongst our parallels of illustrious men, and without swerving from
+the truth, will record his actions.  The commemoration will be itself
+a sufficient proof of our grateful feeling, and he himself would not
+thank us, if in recompense for a service, which consisted in speaking
+the truth, we should abuse his memory with a false and counterfeit
+narration.  For as we would wish that a painter who is to draw a
+beautiful face in which there is yet some imperfection, should
+neither wholly leave out, nor yet too pointedly express what is
+defective, because this would deform it, and that spoil the
+resemblance; so, since it is hard, or indeed perhaps impossible, to
+show the life of a man wholly free from blemish, in all that is
+excellent we must follow truth exactly, and give it fully; any lapses
+or faults that occur, through human passions or political
+necessities, we may regard rather as the shortcomings of some
+particular virtue, than as the natural effects of vice; and may be
+content without introducing them, curiously and officiously, into our
+narrative, if it be but out of tenderness to the weakness of nature,
+which has never succeeded in producing any human character so perfect
+in virtue, as to be pure from all admixture, and open to no
+criticism.  On considering; with myself to whom I should compare
+Lucullus, I find none so exactly his parallel as Cimon.
+
+They were both valiant in war, and successful against the barbarians;
+both gentle in political life, and more than any others gave their
+countrymen a respite from civil troubles at home, while abroad, each
+of them raised trophies and gained famous victories.  No Greek before
+Cimon, nor Roman before Lucullus, ever carried the scene of war so
+far from their own country; putting out of the question the acts of
+Bacchus and Hercules, and any exploit of Perseus against the
+Ethiopians, Medes, and Armenians, or again of Jason, of which any
+record that deserves credit can be said to have come down to our
+days.  Moreover in this they were alike, that they did not finish the
+enterprises they undertook.  They brought their enemies near their
+ruin, but never entirely conquered them.  There was yet a greater
+conformity in the free good-will and lavish abundance of their
+entertainments and general hospitalities, and in the youthful laxity
+of their habits.  Other points of resemblance, which we have failed
+to notice, may be easily collected from our narrative itself.
+
+Cimon was the son of Miltiades and Hegesipyle, who was by birth a
+Thracian, and daughter to the king Olorus, as appears from the poems
+of Melanthius and Archelaus, written in praise of Cimon.  By this
+means the historian Thucydides was his kinsman by the mother's side;
+for his father's name also, in remembrance of this common ancestor,
+was Olorus, and he was the owner of the gold mines in Thrace, and met
+his death, it is said, by violence, in Scapte Hyle, a district of
+Thrace; and his remains having afterwards been brought into Attica, a
+monument is shown as his among those of the family of Cimon, near the
+tomb of Elpinice, Cimon's sister.  But Thucydides was of the township
+of Halimus, and Miltiades and his family were Laciadae.  Miltiades,
+being condemned in a fine of fifty talents to the State, and unable
+to pay it, was cast into prison, and there died.  Thus Cimon was left
+an orphan very young, with his sister Elpinice, who was also young
+and unmarried.  And at first he had but an indifferent reputation,
+being looked upon as disorderly in his habits, fond of drinking, and
+resembling his grandfather, also called Cimon, in character, whose
+simplicity got him the surname of Coalemus.  Stesimbrotus of Thasos,
+who lived near about the same time with Cimon, reports of him that he
+had little acquaintance either with music, or any of the other
+liberal studies and accomplishments, then common among the Greeks;
+that he had nothing whatever of the quickness and the ready speech of
+his countrymen in Attica; that he had great nobleness and candor in
+his disposition, and in his character in general, resembled rather a
+native of Peloponnesus, than of Athens; as Euripides describes
+Hercules,
+
+-- Rude
+And unrefined, for great things well-endued;
+
+for this may fairly be added to the character which Stesimbrotus has
+given of him.
+
+They accused him, in his younger years, of cohabiting with his own
+sister Elpinice, who, indeed, otherwise had no very clear reputation,
+but was reported to have been over intimate with Polygnotus, the
+painter; and hence, when he painted the Trojan women in the porch,
+then called the Plesianactium, and now the Poecile, he made Laodice a
+portrait of her.  Polygnotus was not an ordinary mechanic, nor was he
+paid for this work, but out of a desire to please the Athenians,
+painted the portico for nothing.  So it is stated by the historians,
+and in the following verses by the poet Melanthius: --
+
+Wrought by his hand the deeds of heroes grace
+At his own charge our temples and our Place.
+
+
+Some affirm that Elpinice lived with her brother, not secretly, but
+as his married wife, her poverty excluding her from any suitable
+match.  But afterward, when Callias, one of the richest men of
+Athens, fell in love with her, and proffered to pay the fine the
+father was condemned in, if he could obtain the daughter in marriage,
+with Elpinice's own consent, Cimon betrothed her to Callias.  There
+is no doubt but that Cimon was, in general, of an amorous temper.
+For Melanthius, in his elegies, rallies him on his attachment for
+Asteria of Salamis, and again for a certain Mnestra.  And there can
+be no doubt of his unusually passionate affection for his lawful wife
+Isodice, the daughter of Euryptolemus, the son of Megacles; nor of
+his regret, even to impatience, at her death, if any conclusion may
+be drawn from those elegies of condolence, addressed to him upon his
+loss of her.  The philosopher Panaetius is of opinion, that
+Archelaus, the writer on physics, was the author of them, and indeed
+the time seems to favor that conjecture.  All the other points of
+Cimon's character were noble and good.  He was as daring as
+Miltiades, and not inferior to Themistocles in judgment, and was
+incomparably more just and honest than either of them.  Fully their
+equal in all military virtues, in the ordinary duties of a citizen at
+home he was immeasurably their superior.  And this, too, when he was
+very young, his years not yet strengthened by any experience.  For
+when Themistocles, upon the Median invasion, advised the Athenians to
+forsake their city and their country, and to carry all their arms on
+shipboard, and fight the enemy by sea, in the straits of Salamis;
+when all the people stood amazed at the confidence and rashness of
+this advice, Cimon was seen, the first of all men, passing with a
+cheerful countenance through the Ceramicus, on his way with his
+companions to the citadel, carrying a bridle in his hand to offer to
+the goddess, intimating that there was no more need of horsemen now,
+but of mariners.  There, after he had paid his devotions to the
+goddess, and offered up the bridle, he took down one of the bucklers
+that hung upon the walls of the temple, and went down to the port; by
+this example giving confidence to many of the citizens.  He was also
+of a fairly handsome person, according to the poet Ion, tall and
+large, and let his thick and curly hair grow long.  After he had
+acquitted himself gallantly in this battle of Salamis, he obtained
+great repute among the Athenians, and was regarded with affection, as
+well as admiration.  He had many who followed after him and bade him
+aspire to actions not less famous than his father's battle of
+Marathon.  And when he came forward in political life, the people
+welcomed him gladly, being now weary of Themistocles; in opposition
+to whom, and because of the frankness and easiness of his temper,
+which was agreeable to everyone, they advanced Cimon to the highest
+employments in the government.  The man that contributed most to his
+promotion was Aristides, who early discerned in his character his
+natural capacity, and purposely raised him, that he might be a
+counterpoise to the craft and boldness of Themistocles.
+
+After the Medes had been driven out of Greece, Cimon was sent out as
+admiral, when the Athenians had not yet attained their dominion by
+sea, but still followed Pausanias and the Lacedaemonians; and his
+fellow-citizens under his command were highly distinguished, both for
+the excellence of their discipline, and for their extraordinary zeal
+and readiness.  And further, perceiving that Pausanias was carrying
+on secret communications with the barbarians, and writing letters to
+the king of Persia to betray Greece, and, puffed up with authority
+and success, was treating the allies haughtily, and committing many
+wanton injustices, Cimon, taking this advantage, by acts of kindness
+to those who were suffering wrong, and by his general humane bearing,
+robbed him of the command of the Greeks, before he was aware, not by
+arms, but by his mere language and character.  The greatest part of
+the allies, no longer able to endure the harshness and pride of
+Pausanias, revolted from him to Cimon and Aristides, who accepted the
+duty, and wrote to the Ephors of Sparta, desiring them to recall a
+man who was causing dishonor to Sparta, and trouble to Greece.  They
+tell of Pausanias, that when he was in Byzantium, he solicited a
+young lady of a noble family in the city, whose name was Cleonice, to
+debauch her.  Her parents, dreading his cruelty, were forced to
+consent, and so abandoned their daughter to his wishes.  The daughter
+asked the servants outside the chamber to put out all the lights; so
+that approaching silently and in the dark toward his bed, she
+stumbled upon the lamp, which she overturned.  Pausanias, who was
+fallen asleep, awakened and startled with the noise, thought an
+assassin had taken that dead time of night to murder him, so that
+hastily snatching up his poniard that lay by him, he struck the girl,
+who fell with the blow, and died.  After this, he never had rest, but
+was continually haunted by her, and saw an apparition visiting him in
+his sleep, and addressing him with these angry words:  --
+
+Go on thy way, unto the evil end,
+That doth on lust and violence attend.
+
+This was one of the chief occasions of indignation against him among
+the confederates, who now joining their resentments and forces with
+Cimon's, besieged him in Byzantium.  He escaped out of their hands,
+and, continuing, as it is said, to be disturbed by the apparition,
+fled to the oracle of the dead at Heraclea, raised the ghost of
+Cleonice, and entreated her to be reconciled.  Accordingly she
+appeared to him, and answered, that as soon as he came to Sparta, he
+should speedily be freed from all evils; obscurely foretelling, it
+would seem, his imminent death.  This story is related by many
+authors.
+
+Cimon, strengthened with the accession of the allies, went as general
+into Thrace.  For he was told that some great men among the Persians,
+of the king's kindred, being in possession of Eion, a city situated
+upon the river Strymon, infested the neighboring Greeks.  First he
+defeated these Persians in battle, and shut them up within the walls
+of their town.  Then he fell upon the Thracians of the country beyond
+the Strymon, because they supplied Eion with victuals, and driving
+them entirely out of the country, took possession of it as conqueror,
+by which means he reduced the besieged to such straits, that Butes,
+who commanded there for the king, in desperation set fire to the
+town, and burned himself, his goods, and all his relations, in one
+common flame.  By this means, Cimon got the town, but no great booty;
+as the barbarians had not only consumed themselves in the fire, but
+the richest of their effects.  However, he put the country about into
+the hands of the Athenians, a most advantageous and desirable
+situation for a settlement.  For this action, the people permitted
+him to erect the stone Mercuries, upon the first of which was this
+inscription:  --
+
+Of bold and patient spirit, too, were those,
+Who, where the Strymon under Eion flows,
+With famine and the sword, to utmost need
+Reduced at last the children of the Mede.
+
+Upon the second stood this: --
+
+The Athenians to their leaders this reward
+For great and useful service did accord;
+Others hereafter, shall, from their applause,
+Learn to be valiant in their country's cause
+
+and upon the third, the following:
+
+With Atreus' sons, this city sent of yore
+Divine Menestheus to the Trojan shore;
+Of all the Greeks, so Homer's verses say,
+The ablest man an army to array:
+So old the title of her sons the name
+Of chiefs and champions in the field to claim.
+
+Though the name of Cimon is not mentioned in these inscriptions, yet
+his contemporaries considered them to be the very highest honors to
+him; as neither Miltiades nor Themistocles ever received the like.
+When Miltiades claimed a garland, Sochares of Decelea stood up in the
+midst of the assembly and opposed it, using words which, though
+ungracious, were received with applause by the people.  "When you
+have gained a victory by yourself, Miltiades, then you may ask to
+triumph so too."  What then induced them so particularly to honor
+Cimon?  Was it that under other commanders they stood upon the
+defensive? but by his conduct, they not only attacked their enemies,
+but invaded them in their own country, and acquired new territory,
+becoming masters of Eion and Amphipolis, where they planted colonies,
+as also they did in the isle of Scyros, which Cimon had taken on the
+following occasion.  The Dolopians were the inhabitants of this isle,
+a people who neglected all husbandry, and had, for many generations,
+been devoted to piracy; this they practiced to that degree, that at
+last they began to plunder foreigners that brought merchandise into
+their ports.  Some merchants of Thessaly, who had come to shore near
+Ctesium, were not only spoiled of their goods, but themselves put
+into confinement.  These men afterwards escaping from their prison,
+went and obtained sentence against the Scyrians in a court of
+Amphictyons, and when the Scyrian people declined to make public
+restitution, and called upon the individuals who had got the plunder
+to give it up, these persons, in alarm, wrote to Cimon to succor them
+with his fleet, and declared themselves ready to deliver the town
+into his hands.  Cimon, by these means, got the town, expelled the
+Dolopian pirates, and so opened the traffic of the Aegean sea.  And,
+understanding that the ancient Theseus, the son of Aegeus, when he
+fled from Athens and took refuge in this isle, was here treacherously
+slain by king Lycomedes, who feared him, Cimon endeavored to find out
+where he was buried.  For an oracle had commanded the Athenians to
+bring home his ashes, and pay him all due honors as a hero; but
+hitherto they had not been able to learn where he was interred, as
+the people of Scyros dissembled the knowledge of it, and were not
+willing to allow a search.  But now, great inquiry being made, with
+some difficulty he found out the tomb, and carried the relics into
+his own galley, and with great pomp and show brought them to Athens,
+four hundred years, or thereabouts, after his expulsion.  This act
+got Cimon great favor with the people, one mark of which was the
+judgment, afterwards so famous, upon the tragic poets.  Sophocles,
+still a young man, had just brought forward his first plays; opinions
+were much divided, and the spectators had taken sides with some heat.
+So, to determine the case, Apsephion, who was at that time archon,
+would not cast lots who should be judges; but when Cimon, and his
+brother commanders with him, came into the theater, after they had
+performed the usual rites to the god of the festival, he would not
+allow them to retire, but came forward and made them swear, (being
+ten in all, one from each tribe,) the usual oath; and so being sworn
+judges, he made them sit down to give sentence.  The eagerness for
+victory grew all the warmer, from the ambition to get the suffrages
+of such honorable judges.  And the victory was at last adjudged to
+Sophocles, which Aeschylus is said to have taken so ill, that he left
+Athens shortly after, and went in anger to Sicily, where he died, and
+was buried near the city of Gela.
+
+Ion relates that when he was a young man, and recently come from
+Chios to Athens, he chanced to sup with Cimon, at Laomedon's house.
+After supper, when they had, according to custom, poured out wine to
+the honor of the gods, Cimon was desired by the company to give them
+a song, which he did with sufficient success, and received the
+commendations of the company, who remarked on his superiority to
+Themistocles, who, on a like occasion, had declared he had never
+learnt to sing, nor to play, and only knew how to make a city rich
+and powerful.  After talking of things incident to such
+entertainments, they entered upon the particulars of the several
+actions for which Cimon had been famous.  And when they were
+mentioning the most signal, he told them they had omitted one, upon
+which he valued himself most for address and good contrivance.  He
+gave this account of it.  When the allies had taken a great number of
+the barbarians prisoners in Sestos and Byzantium, they gave him the
+preference to divide the booty; he accordingly put the prisoners in
+one lot, and the spoils of their rich attire and jewels in the other.
+This the allies complained of as an unequal division, but he gave
+them their choice to take which lot they would, for that the
+Athenians should be content with that which they refused.  Herophytus
+of Samos advised them to take the ornaments for their share, and
+leave the slaves to the Athenians; and Cimon went away, and was much
+laughed at for his ridiculous division.  For the allies carried away
+the golden bracelets, and armlets, and collars, and purple robes, and
+the Athenians had only the naked bodies of the captives, which they
+could make no advantage of, being unused to labor.  But a little
+while after, the friends and kinsmen of the prisoners coming from
+Lydia and Phrygia, redeemed every one his relations at a high ransom;
+so that by this means Cimon got so much treasure that he maintained
+his whole fleet of galleys with the money for four months; and yet
+there was some left to lay up in the treasury at Athens.
+
+Cimon now grew rich, and what he gained from the barbarians with
+honor, he spent yet more honorably upon the citizens.  For he pulled
+down all the enclosures of his gardens and grounds, that strangers,
+and the needy of his fellow-citizens, might gather of his fruits
+freely.  At home, he kept a table, plain, but sufficient for a
+considerable number; to which any poor townsman had free access, and
+so might support himself without labor, with his whole time left free
+for public duties.  Aristotle states, however, that this reception
+did not extend to all the Athenians, but only to his own fellow
+townsmen, the Laciadae.  Besides this, he always went attended by two
+or three young companions, very well clad; and if he met with an
+elderly citizen in a poor habit, one of these would change clothes
+with the decayed citizen, which was looked upon as very nobly done.
+He enjoined them, likewise, to carry a considerable quantity of coin
+about them, which they were to convey silently into the hands of the
+better class of poor men, as they stood by them in the marketplace.
+This, Cratinus the poet speaks of in one of his comedies, the
+Archilochi: --
+
+For I, Metrobius too, the scrivener poor,
+Of ease and comfort in my age secure,
+By Greece's noblest son in life's decline,
+Cimon, the generous-hearted, the divine,
+Well-fed and feasted hoped till death to be,
+Death which, alas! has taken him ere me.
+
+Gorgias the Leontine gives him this character, that he got riches
+that he might use them, and used them that he might get honor by
+them.  And Critias, one of the thirty tyrants, makes it, in his
+elegies, his wish to have
+
+The Scopads' wealth, and Cimon's nobleness,
+And king Agesilaus's success.
+
+Lichas, we know, became famous in Greece, only because on the days of
+the sports, when the young boys run naked, he used to entertain the
+strangers that came to see these diversions.  But Cimon's generosity
+outdid all the old Athenian hospitality and good-nature.  For though
+it is the city's just boast that their forefathers taught the rest of
+Greece to sow corn, and how to use springs of water, and to kindle
+fire, yet Cimon, by keeping open house for his fellow-citizens, and
+giving travelers liberty to eat the fruits which the several seasons
+produced in his land, seemed to restore to the world that community
+of goods, which mythology says existed in the reign of Saturn.  Those
+who object to him that he did this to be popular, and gain the
+applause of the vulgar, are confuted by the constant tenor of the
+rest of his actions, which all tended to uphold the interests of the
+nobility and the Spartan policy, of which he gave instances, when
+together with Aristides, he opposed Themistocles, who was advancing
+the authority of the people beyond its just limits, and resisted
+Ephialtes, who to please the multitude, was for abolishing the
+jurisdiction of the court of Areopagus.  And when all of his time,
+except Aristides and Ephialtes, enriched themselves out of the public
+money, he still kept his hands clean and untainted, and to his last
+day never acted or spoke for his own private gain or emolument.  They
+tell us that Rhoesaces, a Persian, who had traitorously revolted from
+the king his master, fled to Athens, and there, being harassed by
+sycophants, who were still accusing him to the people, he applied
+himself to Cimon for redress, and to gain his favor, laid down in his
+doorway two cups, the one full of gold, and the other of silver
+Darics.  Cimon smiled and asked him whether he wished to have Cimon's
+hired service or his friendship.  He replied, his friendship.  "If
+so," said he, "take away these pieces, for being your friend, when I
+shall have occasion for them, I will send and ask for them."
+
+The allies of the Athenians began now to be weary of war and military
+service, willing to have repose, and to look after their husbandry
+and traffic.  For they saw and did not fear any new vexations from
+them.  They still paid the tax they were assessed at, but did not
+send men and galleys, as they had done before.  This the other
+Athenian generals wished to constrain them to, and by judicial
+proceedings against defaulters, and penalties which they inflicted on
+them, made the government uneasy, and even odious.  But Cimon
+practiced a contrary method; he forced no man to go that was not
+willing, but of those that desired to be excused from service he took
+money and vessels unmanned, and let them yield to the temptation of
+staying at home, to attend to their private business.  Thus they lost
+their military habits, and luxury and their own folly quickly
+changed them into unwarlike husbandmen and traders, while Cimon,
+continually embarking large numbers of Athenians on board his
+galleys, thoroughly disciplined them in his expeditions, their
+enemies driven out of the country, and ere long made them the lords
+of their own paymasters.  The allies, whose indolence maintained
+them, while they thus went sailing about everywhere, and incessantly
+bearing arms and acquiring skill, began to fear and flatter then, and
+found themselves after a while allies no longer, but unwittingly
+become tributaries and slaves.
+
+Nor did any man ever do more than Cimon did to humble the pride of
+the Persian king.  He was not content with getting rid of him out of
+Greece; but following close at his heels, before the barbarians could
+take breath and recover themselves, he was already at work, and what
+with his devastations, and his forcible reduction of some places, and
+the revolts and voluntary accession of others, in the end, from Ionia
+to Pamphylia, all Asia was clear of Persian soldiers.  Word being
+brought him that the royal commanders were lying in wait upon the
+coast of Pamphylia, with a numerous land army, and a large fleet, he
+determined to make the whole sea on this side the Chelidonian islands
+so formidable to them that they should never dare to show themselves
+in it; and setting off from Cnidos and the Triopian headland, with
+two hundred galleys, which had been originally built with particular
+care by Themistocles, for speed and rapid evolutions, and to which he
+now gave greater width and roomier decks along the sides to move to
+and fro upon, so as to allow a great number of full-armed soldiers to
+take part in the engagements and fight from them, he shaped his
+course first of all against the town of Phaselis, which, though
+inhabited by Greeks, yet would not quit the interests of Persia, but
+denied his galleys entrance into their port.  Upon this he wasted the
+country, and drew up his army to their very walls; but the soldiers
+of Chios, who were then serving under him, being ancient friends to
+the Phaselites, endeavoring to propitiate the general in their
+behalf, at the same time shot arrows into the town, to which were
+fastened letters conveying intelligence.  At length he concluded
+peace with them, upon the conditions that they should pay down ten
+talents, and follow him against the barbarians.  Ephorus says the
+admiral of the Persian fleet was Tithraustes, and the general of the
+land army Pherendates; but Callisthenes is positive that Ariomandes,
+the son of Gobryas, had the supreme command of all the forces.  He
+lay waiting with the whole fleet at the mouth of the river Eurymedon,
+with no design to fight, but expecting a reinforcement of eighty
+Phoenician ships on their way from Cyprus.  Cimon, aware of this, put
+out to sea, resolved, if they would not fight a battle willingly, to
+force them to it.  The barbarians, seeing this, retired within the
+mouth of the river to avoid being attacked; but when they saw the
+Athenians come upon them, notwithstanding their retreat, they met
+them with six hundred ships, as Phanodemus relates but according to
+Ephorus, only with three hundred and fifty.  However, they did
+nothing worthy such mighty forces, but immediately turned the prows
+of their galleys toward the shore, where those that came first threw
+themselves upon the land, and fled to their army drawn up thereabout,
+while the rest perished with their vessels, or were taken.  By this,
+one may guess at their number, for though a great many escaped out of
+the fight, and a great many others were sunk, yet two hundred galleys
+were taken by the Athenians.
+
+When their land army drew toward the seaside, Cimon was in suspense
+whether he should venture to try and force his way on shore; as he
+should thus expose his Greeks, wearied with slaughter in the first
+engagement, to the swords of the barbarians, who were all fresh men,
+and many times their number.  But seeing his men resolute, and
+flushed with victory, he bade them land, though they were not yet
+cool from their first battle.  As soon as they touched ground, they
+set up a shout and ran upon the enemy, who stood firm and sustained
+the first shock with great courage, so that the fight was a hard one,
+and some principal men of the Athenians in rank and courage were
+slain.  At length, though with much ado, they routed the barbarians,
+and killing some, took others prisoners, and plundered all their
+tents and pavilions which were full of rich spoil.  Cimon, like a
+skilled athlete at the games, having in one day carried off two
+victories, wherein he surpassed that of Salamis by sea, and that of
+Plataea by land, was encouraged to try for yet another success.  News
+being brought that the Phoenician succors, in number eighty sail, had
+come in sight at Hydrum, he set off with all speed to find them,
+while they as yet had not received any certain account of the larger
+fleet, and were in doubt what to think; so that thus surprised, they
+lost all their vessels, and most of their men with them.  This
+success of Cimon so daunted the king of Persia, that he presently
+made that celebrated peace, by which he engaged that his armies
+should come no nearer the Grecian sea than the length of a horse's
+course; and that none of his galleys or vessels of war should appear
+between the Cyanean and Chelidonian isles.  Callisthenes, however,
+says that he did not agree to any such articles, but that upon the
+fear this victory gave him, he did in reality thus act, and kept off
+so far from Greece, that when Pericles with fifty, and Ephialtes with
+thirty galleys, cruised beyond the Chelidonian isles, they did not
+discover one Persian vessel.  But in the collection which Craterus
+made of the public acts of the people, there is a draft of this
+treaty given.  And it is told, also, that at Athens they erected the
+altar of Peace upon this occasion, and decreed particular honors to
+Callias, who was employed as ambassador to procure the treaty.
+
+The people of Athens raised so much money from the spoils of this
+war, which were publicly sold, that, besides other expenses, and
+raising the south wall of the citadel, they laid the foundation of
+the long walls, not, indeed, finished till at a later time, which
+were called the Legs.  And the place where they built them being soft
+and marshy ground, they were forced to sink great weights of stone
+and rubble to secure the foundation, and did all this out of the
+money Cimon supplied them with.  It was he, likewise, who first
+embellished the upper city with those fine and ornamental places of
+exercise and resort, which they afterward so much frequented and
+delighted in.  He set the market-place with plane trees; and the
+Academy, which was before a bare, dry, and dirty spot, he converted
+into a well-watered grove, with shady alleys to walk in, and open
+courses for races.
+
+When the Persians who had made themselves masters of the Chersonese,
+so far from quitting it, called in the people of the interior of
+Thrace to help them against Cimon, whom they despised for the
+smallness of his forces, he set upon them with only four galleys, and
+took thirteen of theirs; and having driven out the Persians, and
+subdued the Thracians, he made the whole Chersonese the property of
+Athens.  Next, he attacked the people of Thasos, who had revolted
+from the Athenians; and, having defeated them in a fight at sea,
+where he took thirty-three of their vessels, he took their town by
+siege, and acquired for the Athenians all the mines of gold on the
+opposite coast, and the territory dependent on Thasos.  This opened
+him a fair passage into Macedon, so that he might, it was thought,
+have acquired a good portion of that country; and because he
+neglected the opportunity, he was suspected of corruption, and of
+having been bribed off by king Alexander.  So, by the combination of
+his adversaries, he was accused of being false to his country.  In
+his defense he told the judges, that he had always shown himself in
+his public life the friend, not, like other men, of rich Ionians and
+Thessalians, to be courted, and to receive presents, but of the
+Lacedaemonians; for as he admired, so he wished to imitate the
+plainness of their habits, their temperance, and simplicity of
+living, which he preferred to any sort of riches; but that he always
+had been, and still was proud to enrich his country with the spoils
+of her enemies.  Stesimbrotus, making mention of this trial, states
+that Elpinice, in behalf of her brother, addressed herself to
+Pericles, the most vehement of his accusers, to whom Pericles
+answered, with a smile, "You are old, Elpinice, to meddle with
+affairs of this nature."  However, he proved the mildest of his
+prosecutors, and rose up but once all the while, almost as a matter
+of form, to plead against him.  Cimon was acquitted.
+
+In his public life after this, he continued, whilst at home, to
+control and restrain the common people, who would have trampled upon
+the nobility, and drawn all the power and sovereignty to themselves.
+But when he afterwards was sent out to war, the multitude broke
+loose, as it were, and overthrew all the ancient laws and customs
+they had hitherto observed, and, chiefly at the instigation of
+Ephialtes, withdrew the cognizance of almost all causes from the
+Areopagus; so that all jurisdiction now being transferred to them,
+the government was reduced to a perfect democracy, and this by the
+help of Pericles, who was already powerful, and had pronounced in
+favor of the common people.  Cimon, when he returned, seeing the
+authority of this great council so upset, was exceedingly troubled,
+and endeavored to remedy these disorders by bringing the courts of
+law to their former state, and restoring the old aristocracy of the
+time of Clisthenes.  This the others declaimed against with all the
+vehemence possible, and began to revive those stories concerning him
+and his sister, and cried out against him as the partisan of the
+Lacedaemonians.  To these calumnies the famous verses of Eupolis, the
+poet upon Cimon refer:  --
+
+He was as good as others that one sees,
+But he was fond of drinking and of ease;
+And would at nights to Sparta often roam,
+Leaving his sister desolate at home.
+
+But if, though slothful and a drunkard, he could capture so many
+towns, and gain so many victories, certainly if he had been sober and
+minded his business, there had been no Grecian commander, either
+before or after him, that could have surpassed him for exploits of
+war.
+
+He was, indeed, a favorer of the Lacedaemonians even from his youth,
+and he gave the names of Lacedaemonius and Eleus to two sons, twins,
+whom he had, as Stesimbrotus says, by a woman of Clitorium, whence
+Pericles often upbraided them with their mother's blood.  But
+Diodorus, the geographer, asserts that both these, and another son of
+Cimon's, whose name was Thessalus, were born of Isodice, the daughter
+of Euryptolemus, the son of Megacles.
+
+However, this is certain, that Cimon was countenanced by the
+Lacedaemonians in opposition to Themistocles, whom they disliked; and
+while he was yet very young, they endeavored to raise and increase
+his credit in Athens.  This the Athenians perceived at first with
+pleasure, and the favor the Lacedaemonians showed him was in various
+ways advantageous to them and their affairs; as at that time they
+were just rising to power, and were occupied in winning the allies to
+their side.  So they seemed not at all offended with the honor and
+kindness showed to Cimon, who then had the chief management of all
+the affairs of Greece, and was acceptable to the Lacedaemonians, and
+courteous to the allies.  But afterwards the Athenians, grown more
+powerful, when they saw Cimon so entirely devoted to the
+Lacedaemonians, began to be angry, for he would always in his
+speeches prefer them to the Athenians, and upon every occasion, when
+he would reprimand them for a fault, or incite them to emulation, he
+would exclaim, "The Lacedaemonians would not do thus."  This raised
+the discontent, and got him in some degree the hatred of the
+citizens; but that which ministered chiefly to the accusation against
+him fell out upon the following occasion.
+
+In the fourth year of the reign of Archidamus, the son of Zeuxidamus,
+king of Sparta, there happened in the country of Lacedaemon, the
+greatest earthquake that was known in the memory of man; the earth
+opened into chasms, and the mountain Taygetus was so shaken, that
+some of the rocky points of it fell down, and except five houses, all
+the town of Sparta was shattered to pieces.  They say, that a little
+before any motion was perceived, as the young men and the boys just
+grown up were exercising themselves together in the middle of the
+portico, a hare, of a sudden, started out just by them, which the
+young men, though all naked and daubed with oil, ran after for sport.
+No sooner were they gone from the place, than the gymnasium fell down
+upon the boys who had stayed behind, and killed them all.  Their tomb
+is to this day called Sismatias.  Archidamus, by the present danger
+made apprehensive of what might follow, and seeing the citizens
+intent upon removing the most valuable of their goods out of their
+houses, commanded an alarm to be sounded, as if an enemy were coming
+upon them, in order that they should collect about him in a body,
+with arms.  It was this alone that saved Sparta at that time, for the
+Helots were got together from the country about, with design to
+surprise the Spartans, and overpower those whom the earthquake had
+spared.  But finding them armed and well prepared, they retired into
+the towns and openly made war with them, gaining over a number of the
+Laconians of the country districts; while at the same time the
+Messenians, also, made an attack upon the Spartans, who therefore
+dispatched Periclidas to Athens to solicit succors, of whom
+Aristophanes says in mockery that he came and
+
+In a red jacket, at the altars seated,
+With a white face, for men and arms entreated.
+
+This Ephialtes opposed, protesting that they ought not to raise up or
+assist a city that was a rival to Athens; but that being down, it
+were best to keep her so, and let the pride and arrogance of Sparta
+be trodden under.  But Cimon, as Critias says, preferring the safety
+of Lacedaemon to the aggrandizement of his own country, so persuaded
+the people, that he soon marched out with a large army to their
+relief.  Ion records, also, the most successful expression which he
+used to move the Athenians.  "They ought not to suffer Greece to be
+lamed, nor their own city to be deprived of her yoke-fellow."
+
+In his return from aiding the Lacedaemonians, he passed with his army
+through the territory of Corinth; where upon Lachartus reproached him
+for bringing his army into the country, without first asking leave of
+the people.  For he that knocks at another man's door ought not to
+enter the house till the master gives him leave.  "But you,
+Corinthians, O Lachartus," said Cimon, "did not knock at the gates of
+the Cleonaeans and Megarians, but broke them down, and entered by
+force, thinking that all places should be open to the stronger."  And
+having thus rallied the Corinthian, he passed on with his army.  Some
+time after this, the Lacedaemonians sent a second time to desire
+succors of the Athenians against the Messenians and Helots, who had
+seized upon Ithome.  But when they came, fearing their boldness and
+gallantry, of all that came to their assistance, they sent them only
+back, alleging they were designing innovations.  The Athenians
+returned home, enraged at this usage, and vented their anger upon all
+those who were favorers of the Lacedaemonians; and seizing some
+slight occasion, they banished Cimon for ten years, which is the time
+prescribed to those that are banished by the ostracism.  In the mean
+time, the Lacedaemonians, on their return after freeing Delphi from
+the Phocians, encamped their army at Tanagra, whither the Athenians
+presently marched with design to fight them.
+
+Cimon, also, came thither armed, and ranged himself among those of
+his own tribe, which was the Oeneis, desirous of fighting with the
+rest against the Spartans; but the council of five hundred being
+informed of this, and frighted at it, his adversaries crying out he
+would disorder the army, and bring the Lacedaemonians to Athens,
+commanded the officers not to receive him.  Wherefore Cimon left the
+army, conjuring Euthippus, the Anaphlystian, and the rest of his
+companions, who were most suspected as favoring the Lacedaemonians,
+to behave themselves bravely against their enemies, and by their
+actions make their innocence evident to their countrymen.  These, being
+in all a hundred, took the arms of Cimon and followed his advice; and
+making a body by themselves, fought so desperately with the enemy,
+that they were all cut off, leaving the Athenians deep regret for
+the loss of such brave men, and repentance for having so unjustly
+suspected them.  Accordingly, they did not long retain their severity
+toward Cimon, partly upon remembrance of his former services, and
+partly, perhaps, induced by the juncture of the times.  For being
+defeated at Tanagra in a great battle, and fearing the Peloponnesians
+would come upon them at the opening of the spring, they recalled
+Cimon by a decree, of which Pericles himself was author.  So
+reasonable were men's resentments in those times, and so moderate
+their anger, that it always gave way to the public good.  Even
+ambition, the least governable of all human passions, could then
+yield to the necessities of the State.
+
+Cimon, as soon as he returned, put an end to the war, and reconciled
+the two cities.  Peace thus established, seeing the Athenians
+impatient of being idle, and eager after the honor and aggrandizement
+of war, lest they should set upon the Greeks themselves, or with so
+many ships cruising about the isles and Peloponnesus, they should
+give occasions to intestine wars, or complaints of their allies
+against them, he equipped two hundred galleys, with design to make an
+attempt upon Egypt and Cyprus; purposing, by this means, to accustom
+the Athenians to fight against the barbarians, and enrich themselves
+honestly by spoiling those who were the natural enemies to Greece.
+But when all things were prepared, and the army ready to embark,
+Cimon had this dream.  It seemed to him that there was a furious
+bitch barking at him, and, mixed with the barking, a kind of human
+voice uttered these words: --
+
+Come on, for thou shalt shortly be,
+A pleasure to my whelps and me.
+
+This dream was hard to interpret, yet Astyphilus of Posidonia, a man
+skilled in divinations, and intimate with Cimon, told him that his
+death was presaged by this vision, which he thus explained.  A dog is
+enemy to him be barks at; and one is always most a pleasure to one's
+enemies, when one is dead; the mixture of human voice with barking
+signifies the Medes, for the army of the Medes is mixed up of Greeks
+and barbarians.  After this dream, as he was sacrificing to Bacchus,
+and the priest cutting up the victim, a number of ants, taking up the
+congealed particles of the blood, laid them about Cimon's great toe.
+This was not observed for a good while, but at the very time when
+Cimon spied it, the priest came and showed him the liver of the
+sacrifice imperfect, wanting that part of it called the head.  But he
+could not then recede from the enterprise, so he set sail.  Sixty of
+his ships he sent toward Egypt; with the rest he went and fought the
+king of Persia's fleet, composed of Phoenician and Cilician galleys,
+recovered all the cities thereabout, and threatened Egypt; designing
+no less than the entire ruin of the Persian empire.  And the rather,
+for that he was informed Themistocles was in great repute among the
+barbarians, having promised the king to lead his army, whenever he
+should make war upon Greece.  But Themistocles, it is said,
+abandoning all hopes of compassing his designs, very much out of the
+despair of overcoming the valor and good-fortune of Cimon, died a
+voluntary death.  Cimon, intent on great designs, which he was now to
+enter upon, keeping his navy about the isle of Cyprus, sent
+messengers to consult the oracle of Jupiter Ammon upon some secret
+matter.  For it is not known about what they were sent, and the god
+would give them no answer, but commanded them to return again, for
+that Cimon was already with him.  Hearing this, they returned to sea,
+and as soon as they came to the Grecian army, which was then about
+Egypt, they understood that Cimon was dead; and computing the time of
+the oracle, they found that his death had been signified, he being
+then already with the gods.
+
+He died, some say, of sickness, while besieging Citium, in Cyprus;
+according to others, of a wound he received in a skirmish with the
+barbarians.  When he perceived he should die, he commanded those
+under his charge to return, and by no means to let the news of his
+death be known by the way; this they did with such secrecy that they
+all came home safe, and neither their enemies nor the allies knew
+what had happened.  Thus, as Phanodemus relates, the Grecian army
+was, as it were, conducted by Cimon, thirty days after he was dead.
+But after his death there was not one commander among the Greeks that
+did anything considerable against the barbarians, and instead of
+uniting against their common enemies, the popular leaders and
+partisans of war animated them against one another to that degree,
+that none could interpose their good offices to reconcile them.  And
+while, by their mutual discord, they ruined the power of Greece, they
+gave the Persians time to recover breath, and repair all their
+losses.  It is true, indeed, Agesilaus carried the arms of Greece
+into Asia, but it was a long time after; there were, indeed, some
+brief appearances of a war against the king's lieutenants in the
+maritime provinces, but they all quickly vanished; before he could
+perform anything of moment, he was recalled by fresh civil
+dissensions and disturbances at home.  So that he was forced to leave
+the Persian king's officers to impose what tribute they pleased on
+the Greek cities in Asia, the confederates and allies of the
+Lacedaemonians.  Whereas, in the time of Cimon, not so much as a
+letter-carrier, or a single horseman, was ever seen to come within
+four hundred furlongs of the sea.
+
+The monuments, called Cimonian to this day, in Athens, show that his
+remains were conveyed home, yet the inhabitants of the city Citium
+pay particular honor to a certain tomb which they call the tomb of
+Cimon, according to Nausicrates the rhetorician, who states that in a
+time of famine, when the crops of their land all failed, they sent to
+the oracle, which commanded them not to forget Cimon, but give him
+the honors of a superior being.  Such was the Greek commander.
+
+
+
+LUCULLUS
+
+Lucullus's grandfather had been consul; his uncle by the mother's
+sister was Metellus, surnamed Numidicus.  As for his parents, his
+father was convicted of extortion, and his mother Caecilia's
+reputation was bad.  The first thing that Lucullus did before ever
+he stood for any office, or meddled with the affairs of state,
+being then but a youth, was, to accuse the accuser of his father,
+Servilius the augur, having caught him in an offense against the
+state.  This thing was much taken notice of among the Romans, who
+commended it as an act of high merit.  Even without the
+provocation, the accusation was esteemed no unbecoming action, for
+they delighted to see young men as eagerly attacking injustice, as
+good dogs do wild beasts.  But when great animosities ensued,
+insomuch that some were wounded and killed in the fray, Servilius
+escaped.  Lucullus followed his studies, and became a competent
+speaker, in both Greek and Latin, insomuch that Sylla, when
+composing the commentaries of his own life and actions, dedicated
+them to him, as one who could have performed the task better
+himself.  His speech was not only elegant and ready for purposes of
+mere business, like the ordinary oratory which will in the public
+market-place,
+
+Lash as a wounded tunny does the sea,
+
+but on every other occasion shows itself
+
+Dried up and perished with the want of wit;
+
+but even in his younger days he addicted himself to the study,
+simply for its own sake, of the liberal arts; and when advanced in
+years, after a life of conflicts, he gave his mind, as it were, its
+liberty, to enjoy in full leisure the refreshment of philosophy;
+and summoning up his contemplative faculties, administered a timely
+check, after his difference with Pompey, to his feelings of
+emulation and ambition.  Besides what has been said of his love of
+learning already, one instance more was, that in his youth, upon a
+suggestion of writing the Marsian war in Greek and Latin verse and
+prose, arising out of some pleasantry that passed into a serious
+proposal, he agreed with Hortensius the lawyer, and Sisenna the
+historian, that he would take his lot; and it seems that the lot
+directed him to the Greek tongue, for a Greek history of that war
+is still extant.
+
+Among the many signs of the great love which he bore to his brother
+Marcus, one in particular is commemorated by the Romans.  Though he
+was elder brother, he would not step into authority without him,
+but deferred his own advance until his brother was qualified to
+bear a share with him, and so won upon the people, as when absent
+to be chosen Aedile with him.
+
+He gave many and early proofs of his valor and conduct, in the
+Marsian war, and was admired by Sylla for his constancy and
+mildness, and always employed in affairs of importance, especially
+in the mint; most of the money for carrying on the Mithridatic war
+being coined by him in Peloponnesus, which, by the soldiers' wants,
+was brought into rapid circulation, and long continued current
+under the name of Lucullean coin.  After this, when Sylla conquered
+Athens, and was victorious by land, but found the supplies for his
+army cut off, the enemy being master at sea, Lucullus was the man
+whom he sent into Libya and Egypt, to procure him shipping.  It was
+the depth of winter when he ventured with but three small Greek
+vessels, and as many Rhodian galleys, not only into the main sea,
+but also among multitudes of vessels belonging to the enemies, who
+were cruising about as absolute masters.  Arriving at Crete, he
+gained it; and finding the Cyrenians harassed by long tyrannies and
+wars, he composed their troubles, and settled their government;
+putting the city in mind of that saying which Plato once had
+oracularly uttered of them, who, being requested to prescribe laws
+to them, and mold them into some sound form of government, made
+answer, that it was a hard thing to give laws to the Cyrenians,
+abounding, as they did, in wealth and plenty.  For nothing is more
+intractable than man when in felicity, nor anything more docile,
+when he has been reduced and humbled by fortune.  This made the
+Cyrenians so willingly submit to the laws which Lucullus imposed
+upon them.  From thence sailing into Egypt, and, pressed by
+pirates, he lost most of his vessels; but he himself narrowly
+escaping, made a magnificent entry into Alexandria.  The whole
+fleet, a compliment due only to royalty, met him in full array, and
+the young Ptolemy showed wonderful kindness to him, appointing him
+lodging and diet in the palace, where no foreign commander before
+him had been received.  Besides, he gave him gratuities and
+presents, not such as were usually given to men of his condition,
+but four times as much; of which, however, he took nothing more
+than served his necessity, and accepted of no gift, though what was
+worth eighty talents was offered him.  It is reported he neither
+went to see Memphis, nor any of the celebrated wonders of Egypt.
+It was for a man of no business and much curiosity to see such
+things, not for him who had left his commander in the field,
+lodging under the ramparts of his enemies.
+
+Ptolemy, fearing the issue of that war, deserted the confederacy,
+but nevertheless sent a convoy with him as far as Cyprus, and at
+parting, with much ceremony, wishing him a good voyage, gave him a
+very precious emerald set in gold.  Lucullus at first refused it,
+but when the king showed him his own likeness cut upon it, he
+thought he could not persist in a denial, for had he parted with
+such open offense, it might have endangered his passage.  Drawing a
+considerable squadron together, which he summoned, as he sailed by,
+out of all the maritime towns, except those suspected of piracy, he
+sailed for Cyprus; and there understanding that the enemy lay in
+wait under the promontories for him, he laid up his fleet, and sent
+to the cities to send in provisions for his wintering among them.
+But when time served, he launched his ships suddenly, and went off,
+and hoisting all his sails in the night, while he kept them down in
+the day, thus came safe to Rhodes.  Being furnished with ships at
+Rhodes, he also prevailed upon the inhabitants of Cos and Cnidus,
+to leave the king's side, and join in an expedition against the
+Samians.  Out of Chios he himself drove the king's party, and set
+the Colophonians at liberty, having seized Epigonus the tyrant, who
+oppressed them.
+
+About this time Mithridates left Pergamus, and retired to Pitane,
+where being closely besieged by Fimbria on the land, and not daring
+to engage with so bold and victorious a commander, he was
+concerting means for escape by sea, and sent for all his fleets
+from every quarter to attend him.  Which when Fimbria perceived,
+having no ships of his own, he sent to Lucullus, entreating him to
+assist him with his, in subduing the most odious and warlike of
+kings, lest the opportunity of humbling Mithridates, the prize
+which the Romans had pursued with so much blood and trouble, should
+now at last be lost, when he was within the net, and easily to be
+taken.  And were he caught, no one would be more highly commended
+than Lucullus, who stopped his passage and seized him in his
+flight.  Being driven from the land by the one, and met in the sea
+by the other, he would give matter of renown and glory to them
+both, and the much applauded actions of Sylla at Orchomenus and
+about Chaeronea, would no longer be thought of by the Romans.  The
+proposal was no unreasonable thing; it being obvious to all men,
+that if Lucullus had hearkened to Fimbria, and with his navy, which
+was then near at hand, had blocked up the haven, the war soon had
+been brought to an end, and infinite numbers of mischiefs prevented
+thereby.  But he, whether from the sacredness of friendship between
+himself and Sylla, reckoning all other considerations of public or
+of private advantage inferior to it, or out of detestation of the
+wickedness of Fimbria, whom he abhorred for advancing himself by
+the late death of his friend and the general of the army, or by a
+divine fortune sparing Mithridates then, that he might have him an
+adversary for a time to come, for whatever reason, refused to
+comply, and suffered Mithridates to escape and laugh at the
+attempts of Fimbria.  He himself alone first, near Lectum in Troas,
+in a sea-fight, overcame the king's ships; and afterwards,
+discovering Neoptolemus lying in wait for him near Tenedos, with a
+greater fleet, he went aboard a Rhodian quinquereme galley,
+commended by Damagoras, a man of great experience at sea, and
+friendly to the Romans, and sailed before the rest.  Neoptolemus
+made up furiously at him, and commanded the master, with all
+imaginable might, to charge; but Damagoras, fearing the bulk and
+massy stem of the admiral, thought it dangerous to meet him prow to
+prow, and, rapidly wheeling round, bid his men back water, and so
+received him astern; in which place, though violently borne upon,
+he received no manner of harm, the blow being defeated by falling
+on those parts of the ship which lay under water.  By which time,
+the rest of the fleet coming up to him, Lucullus gave order to turn
+again, and vigorously falling, upon the enemy, put them to flight,
+and pursued Neoptolemus.  After this he came to Sylla, in
+Chersonesus, as he was preparing to pass the strait, and brought
+timely assistance for the safe transportation of the army.
+
+Peace being presently made, Mithridates sailed off to the Euxine
+sea, but Sylla taxed the inhabitants of Asia twenty thousand
+talents, and ordered Lucullus to gather and coin the money.  And it
+was no small comfort to the cities under Sylla's severity, that a
+man of not only incorrupt and just behavior, but also of
+moderation, should be employed in so heavy and odious an office.
+The Mitylenaeans, who absolutely revolted, he was willing should
+return to their duty, and submit to a moderate penalty for the
+offense they had given in the case of Marius.  But, finding them
+bent upon their own destruction, he came up to them, defeated them
+at sea, blocked them up in their city and besieged them; then
+sailing off from them openly in the day to Elaea, he returned
+privately, and posting an ambush near the city, lay quiet himself:
+And on the Mitylenaeans coming out eagerly and in disorder to
+plunder the deserted camp, he fell upon them, took many of them,
+and slew five hundred, who stood upon their defense.  He gained six
+thousand slaves, and a very rich booty.
+
+He was no way engaged in the great and general troubles of Italy
+which Sylla and Marius created, a happy providence at that time
+detaining him in Asia upon business.  He was as much in Sylla's
+favor, however, as any of his other friends; Sylla, as was said
+before, dedicated his Memoirs to him as a token of kindness, and at
+his death, passing by Pompey, made him guardian to his son; which
+seems, indeed, to have been the rise of the quarrel and jealousy
+between them two being both young men, and passionate for honor.
+
+A little after Sylla's death, he was made consul with Marcus Cotta,
+about the one hundred and seventy-sixth Olympiad.  The Mithridatic
+war being then under debate, Marcus declared that it was not
+finished, but only respited for a time, and therefore, upon choice
+of provinces, the lot falling to Lucullus to have Gaul within the
+Alps, a province where no great action was to be done, he was
+ill-pleased.  But chiefly, the success of Pompey in Spain fretted
+him, as, with the renown he got there, if the Spanish war were
+finished in time, he was likely to be chosen general before anyone
+else against Mithridates.  So that when Pompey sent for money, and
+signified by letter that, unless it were sent him, he would leave
+the country and Sertorius, and bring his forces home to Italy,
+Lucullus most zealously supported his request, to prevent any
+pretence of his returning home during his own consulship; for all
+things would have been at his disposal, at the head of so great an
+army.  For Cethegus, the most influential popular leader at that
+time, owing to his always both acting and speaking to please the
+people, had, as it happened, a hatred to Lucullus, who had not
+concealed his disgust at his debauched, insolent, and lawless life.
+Lucullus, therefore, was at open warfare with him.  And Lucius
+Quintius, also, another demagogue, who was taking steps against
+Sylla's constitution, and endeavoring to put things out of order,
+by private exhortations and public admonitions he checked in his
+designs, and repressed his ambition, wisely and safely remedying a
+great evil at the very outset.
+
+At this time news came that Octavius, the governor of Cilicia, was
+dead, and many were eager for the place, courting Cethegus, as the
+man best able to serve them.  Lucullus set little value upon
+Cilicia itself, no otherwise than as he thought, by his acceptance
+of it, no other man besides himself might be employed in the war
+against Mithridates, by reason of its nearness to Cappadocia.  This
+made him strain every effort that that province might be allotted
+to himself, and to none other; which led him at last into an
+expedient not so honest or commendable, as it was serviceable for
+compassing his design, submitting to necessity against his own
+inclination.  There was one Praecia, a celebrated wit and beauty,
+but in other respects nothing better than an ordinary harlot; who,
+however, to the charms of her person adding the reputation of one
+that loved and served her friends, by making use of those who
+visited her to assist their designs and promote their interests,
+had thus gained great power.  She had seduced Cethegus, the first
+man at that time in reputation and authority of all the city, and
+enticed him to her love, and so had made all authority follow her.
+For nothing of moment was done in which Cethegus was not concerned,
+and nothing by Cethegus without Praecia.  This woman Lucullus
+gained to his side by gifts and flattery, (and a great price it was
+in itself to so stately and magnificent a dame, to be seen engaged
+in the same cause with Lucullus,) and thus he presently found
+Cethegus his friend, using his utmost interest to procure Cilicia
+for him; which when once obtained, there was no more need of
+applying himself either to Praecia, or Cethegus; for all
+unanimously voted him to the Mithridatic war, by no hands likely to
+be so successfully managed as his.  Pompey was still contending
+with Sertorius, and Metellus by age unfit for service; which two
+alone were the competitors who could prefer any claim with Lucullus
+for that command.  Cotta, his colleague, after much ado in the
+senate, was sent away with a fleet to guard the Propontis, and
+defend Bithynia.
+
+Lucullus carried with him a legion under his own orders, and
+crossed over into Asia and took the command of the forces there,
+composed of men who were all thoroughly disabled by dissoluteness
+and rapine, and the Fimbrians, as they were called, utterly
+unmanageable by long want of any sort of discipline.  For these
+were they who under Fimbria had slain Flaccus, the consul and
+general, and afterwards betrayed Fimbria to Sylla; a willful and
+lawless set of men, but warlike, expert, and hardy in the field.
+Lucullus in a short time took down the courage of these, and
+disciplined the others, who then first, in all probability, knew
+what a true commander and governor was; whereas in former times
+they had been courted to service, and took up arms at nobody's
+command, but their own wills.
+
+The enemy's provisions for war stood thus; Mithridates, like the
+Sophists, boastful and haughty at first, set upon the Romans, with
+a very inefficient army, such, indeed, as made a good show, but was
+nothing for use.  But being shamefully routed, and taught a lesson
+for a second engagement, he reduced his forces to a proper,
+serviceable shape.  Dispensing with the mixed multitudes, and the
+noisy menaces of barbarous tribes of various languages, and with
+the ornaments of gold and precious stones, a greater temptation to
+the victors than security to the bearers, he gave his men broad
+swords like the Romans', and massy shields; chose horses better for
+service than show, drew up an hundred and twenty thousand foot in
+the figure of the Roman phalanx, and had sixteen thousand horse,
+besides chariots armed with scythes, no less than a hundred.
+Besides which, he set out a fleet not at all cumbered with gilded
+cabins, luxurious baths and women's furniture, but stored with
+weapons and darts, and other necessaries, and thus made a descent
+upon Bithynia.  Not only did these parts willingly receive him
+again, but almost all Asia regarded him as their salvation from the
+intolerable miseries which they were suffering from the Roman
+money-lenders, and revenue farmers.  These, afterwards, who like
+harpies stole away their very nourishment, Lucullus drove away, and
+at this time by reproving them, did what he could to make them more
+moderate, and to prevent a general secession, then breaking out in
+all parts.  While Lucullus was detained in rectifying these
+matters, Cotta, finding affairs ripe for action, prepared for
+battle with Mithridates; and news coming from all hands that
+Lucullus had already entered Phrygia, on his march against the
+enemy, he, thinking he had a triumph all but actually in his hands,
+lest his colleague should share in the glory of it, hasted to
+battle without him.  But being routed, both by sea and land, he
+lost sixty ships with their men, and four thousand foot, and
+himself was forced into and besieged in Chalcedon, there waiting
+for relief from Lucullus.  There were those about Lucullus who
+would have had him leave Cotta and go forward, in hope of
+surprising the defenseless kingdom of Mithridates.  And this was
+the feeling of the soldiers in general, who wore indignant that
+Cotta should by his ill-counsel not only lose his own army, but
+hinder them also from conquest, which at that time, without the
+hazard of a battle, they might have obtained.  But Lucullus, in a
+public address, declared to them that he would rather save one
+citizen from the enemy, than be master of all that they had.
+
+Archelaus, the former commander in Boeotia under Mithridates, who
+afterwards deserted him and accompanied the Romans, protested to
+Lucullus that, upon his mere coming, he would possess himself of
+all Pontus.  But he answered, that it did not become him to be more
+cowardly than huntsmen, to leave the wild beasts abroad, and seek
+after sport in their deserted dens.  Having so said, he made
+towards Mithridates with thirty thousand foot, and two thousand
+five hundred horse.  But on being come in sight of his enemies, he
+was astonished at their numbers, and thought to forbear fighting,
+and wear out time.  But Marius, whom Sertorius had sent out of
+Spain to Mithridates with forces under him, stepping out and
+challenging him, he prepared for battle.  In the very instant
+before joining battle, without any perceptible alteration
+preceding, on a sudden the sky opened, and a large luminous body
+fell down in the midst between the armies, in shape like a
+hogshead, but in color like melted silver, insomuch that both
+armies in alarm withdrew.  This wonderful prodigy happened in
+Phrygia, near Otryae.  Lucullus after this began to think with
+himself that no human power and wealth could suffice to sustain
+such great numbers as Mithridates had, for any long time in the
+face of an enemy, and commanded one of the captives to be brought
+before him, and first of all asked him, how many companions had
+been quartered with him, and how much provision he had left behind
+him, and when he had answered him, commanded him to stand aside;
+then asked a second and a third the same question; after which,
+comparing the quantity of provision with the men, he found that in
+three or four days' time, his enemies would be brought to want.
+This all the more determined him to trust to time, and he took
+measures to store his camp with all sorts of provision, and thus
+living in plenty, trusted to watch the necessities of his hungry
+enemy.
+
+This made Mithridates set out against the Cyzicenians, miserably
+shattered in the fight at Chalcedon, where they lost no less than
+three thousand citizens and ten ships.  And that he might the safer
+steal away unobserved by Lucullus, immediately after supper, by the
+help of a dark and wet night, he went off and by the morning gained
+the neighborhood of the city, and sat down with his forces upon the
+Adrastean mount.  Lucullus, on finding him gone, pursued, but was
+well pleased not to overtake him with his own forces in disorder;
+and he sat down near what is called the Thracian village, an
+admirable position for commanding all the roads and the places
+whence, and through which the provisions for Mithridates's camp
+must of necessity come.  And judging now of the event, he no longer
+kept his mind from his soldiers, but when the camp was fortified
+and their work finished, called them together, and with great
+assurance told them that in a few days, without the expense of
+blood, he would give them victory.
+
+Mithridates besieged the Cyzicenians with ten camps by land, and
+with his ships occupied the strait that was betwixt their city and
+the main land, and so blocked them up on all sides; they, however,
+were fully prepared stoutly to receive him, and resolved to endure
+the utmost extremity, rather than forsake the Romans.  That which
+troubled them most was, that they knew not where Lucullus was, and
+heard nothing of him, though at that time his army was visible
+before them.  But they were imposed upon by the Mithridatians, who,
+showing them the Romans encamped on the hills, said, "Do ye see
+those? those are the auxiliary Armenians and Medes, whom Tigranes
+has sent to Mithridates."  They were thus overwhelmed with thinking
+of the vast numbers round them, and could not believe any way of
+relief was left them, even if Lucullus should come up to their
+assistance.  Demonax, a messenger sent in by Archelaus, was the
+first who told them of Lucullus's arrival; but they disbelieved his
+report, and thought he came with a story invented merely to
+encourage them.  At which time it happened that a boy, a prisoner
+who had run away from the enemy, was brought before them; who,
+being asked where Lucullus was, laughed at their jesting, as he
+thought, but, finding them in earnest, with his finger pointed to
+the Roman camp; upon which they took courage.  The lake Dascylitis
+was navigated with vessels of some little size; one, the biggest of
+them, Lucullus drew ashore, and carrying her across in a wagon to
+the sea, filled her with soldiers, who, sailing along unseen in the
+dead of the night, came safe into the city.
+
+The gods themselves, too, in admiration of the constancy of the
+Cyzicenians, seem to have animated them with manifest signs, more
+especially now in the festival of Proserpine, where a black heifer
+being wanting for sacrifice, they supplied it by a figure made of
+dough, which they set before the altar.  But the holy heifer set
+apart for the goddess, and at that time grazing with the other
+herds of the Cyzicenians on the other side of the strait, left the
+herd and swam over to the city alone, and offered herself for
+sacrifice.  By night, also, the goddess appearing to Aristagoras,
+the town clerk, "I am come," said she, "and have brought the Libyan
+piper against the Pontic trumpeter; bid the citizens, therefore, be
+of good courage."  While the Cyzicenians were wondering what the
+words could mean, a sudden wind sprung up and caused a considerable
+motion on the sea.  The king's battering engines, the wonderful
+contrivance of Niconides of Thessaly, then under the walls, by
+their cracking and rattling, soon demonstrated what would follow;
+after which an extraordinarily tempestuous south wind succeeding
+shattered in a short space of time all the rest of the works, and
+by a violent concussion, threw down the wooden tower a hundred
+cubits high.  It is said that in Ilium Minerva appeared to many
+that night in their sleep, with the sweat running down her person,
+and showed them her robe torn in one place, telling them that she
+had just arrived from relieving the Cyzicenians; and the
+inhabitants to this day show a monument with an inscription,
+including a public decree, referring to the fact.
+
+Mithridates, through the knavery of his officers, not knowing for
+some time the want of provision in his camp, was troubled in mind
+that the Cyzicenians should hold out against him.  But his ambition
+and anger fell, when he saw his soldiers in the extremity of want,
+and feeding on man's flesh; as, in truth, Lucullus was not carrying
+on the war as mere matter of show and stage-play, but according to
+the proverb, made the seat of war in the belly, and did everything
+to cut off their supplies of food.  Mithridates, therefore, took
+advantage of the time, while Lucullus was storming a fort, and sent
+away almost all his horse to Bithynia, with the sumpter cattle, and
+as many of the foot as were unfit for service.  On intelligence of
+which, Lucullus, while it was yet night, came to his camp, and in
+the morning, though it was stormy weather, took with him ten
+cohorts of foot, and the horse, and pursued them under falling snow
+and in cold so severe that many of his soldiers were unable to
+proceed; and with the rest coming upon the enemy, near the river
+Rhyndacus, he overthrew them with so great a slaughter, that the
+very women of Apollonia came out to seize on the booty and strip
+the slain.  Great numbers, as we may suppose, were slain; six
+thousand horses were taken, with an infinite number of beasts of
+burden, and no less than fifteen thousand men.  All which he led
+along by the enemy's camp.  I cannot but wonder on this occasion at
+Sallust, who says that this was the first time camels were seen by
+the Romans, as if he thought those who, long before, under Scipio,
+defeated Antiochus, or those who lately had fought against
+Archelaus near Orchomenus and Chaeronea, had not known what a camel
+was.  Mithridates, himself fully determined upon flight, as mere
+delays and diversions for Lucullus, sent his admiral Aristonicus to
+the Greek sea; who, however, was betrayed in the very instant of
+going off, and Lucullus became master of him, and ten thousand
+pieces of gold which he was carrying with him to corrupt some of
+the Roman army.  After which, Mithridates himself made for the sea,
+leaving the foot officers to conduct the army, upon whom Lucullus
+fell, near the river Granicus, where he took a vast number alive,
+and slew twenty thousand.  It is reported that the total number
+killed, of fighting men and of others who followed the camp,
+amounted to something not far short of three hundred thousand.
+
+Lucullus first went to Cyzicus, where he was received with all the
+joy and gratitude suiting the occasion, and then collected a navy,
+visiting the shores of the Hellespont.  And arriving at Troas, he
+lodged in the temple of Venus, where, in the night, he thought he
+saw the goddess coming to him, and saying,
+
+Sleep'st thou, great lion, when the fawns are nigh?
+
+Rising up hereupon, he called his friends to him, it being yet
+night, and told them his vision; at which instant some Ilians came
+up and acquainted him that thirteen of the king's quinqueremes were
+seen off the Achaean harbor, sailing for Lemnos.  He at once put to
+sea, took these, and slew their admiral Isidorus.  And then he made
+after another squadron, who were just come into port, and were
+hauling their vessels ashore, but fought from the decks, and sorely
+galled Lucullus's men; there being neither room to sail round
+them, nor to bear upon them for any damage, his ships being afloat,
+while theirs stood secure and fixed on the sand.  After much ado,
+at the only landing-place of the island, he disembarked the
+choicest of his men, who, falling upon the enemy behind, killed
+some, and forced others to cut their cables, and thus making from
+the shore, they fell foul upon one another, or came within the
+reach of Lucullus's fleet.  Many were killed in the action.  Among
+the captives was Marius, the commander sent by Sertorius, who had
+but one eye.  And it was Lucullus's strict command to his men
+before the engagement, that they should kill no man who had but one
+eye, that he might rather die under disgrace and reproach.
+
+This being over, he hastened his pursuit after Mithridates, whom he
+hoped to find still in Bithynia, intercepted by Voconius, whom he
+sent out before to Nicomedia with part of the fleet, to stop his
+flight.  But Voconius, loitering in Samothrace to get initiated and
+celebrate a feast, let slip his opportunity, Mithridates being
+passed by with all his fleet.  He, hastening into Pontus before
+Lucullus should come up to him, was caught in a storm, which
+dispersed his fleet and sunk several ships.  The wreck floated on
+all the neighboring shore for many days after.  The merchant ship,
+in which he himself was, could not well in that heavy swell be
+brought ashore by the masters for its bigness, and it being heavy
+with water and ready to sink, he left it and went aboard a pirate
+vessel, delivering himself into the hands of pirates, and thus
+unexpectedly and wonderfully came safe to Heraclea, in Pontus.
+
+Thus the proud language Lucullus had used to the senate, ended
+without any mischance.  For they having decreed him three thousand
+talents to furnish out a navy, he himself was against it, and sent
+them word that without any such great and costly supplies, by the
+confederate shipping alone, he did not in the least doubt but to
+rout Mithridates from the sea.  And so he did, by divine
+assistance, for it is said that the wrath of Diana of Priapus
+brought the great tempest upon the men of Pontus, because they had
+robbed her temple, and removed her image.
+
+Many were persuading Lucullus to defer the war, but he rejected
+their counsel, and marched through Bithynia and Galatia into the
+king's country, in such great scarcity of provision at first, that
+thirty thousand Galatians followed, every man carrying a bushel of
+wheat at his back.  But subduing all in his progress before him, he
+at last found himself in such great plenty, that an ox was sold in
+the camp for a single drachma, and a slave for four.  The other
+booty they made no account of, but left it behind or destroyed it;
+there being no disposing of it, where all had such abundance.  But
+when they had made frequent incursions with their cavalry, and had
+advanced as far Themiscyra, and the plains of the Thermodon, merely
+laying waste the country before them, they began to find fault with
+Lucullus, asking "why he took so many towns by surrender, and never
+one by storm, which might enrich them with the plunder? and now,
+forsooth, leaving Amisus behind, a rich and wealthy city, of easy
+conquest, if closely besieged, he will carry us into the Tibarenian
+and Chaldean wilderness, to fight with Mithridates."  Lucullus,
+little thinking this would be of such dangerous consequence as it
+afterwards proved, took no notice and slighted it; and was rather
+anxious to excuse himself to those who blamed his tardiness, in
+losing time about small pitiful places not worth the while, and
+allowing Mithridates opportunity to recruit.  "That is what I
+design," said he, "and sit here contriving by my delay, that he may
+grow great again, and gather a considerable army, which may induce
+him to stand, and not fly away before us.  For do you not see the
+wide and unknown wilderness behind?  Caucasus is not far off, and a
+multitude of vast mountains, enough to conceal ten thousand kings
+that wished to avoid a battle.  Besides this, a journey but of few
+days leads from Cabira to Armenia, where Tigranes reigns, king of
+kings, and holds in his hands a power that has enabled him to keep
+the Parthians in narrow bounds, to remove Greek cities bodily into
+Media, to conquer Syria and Palestine, to put to death the kings of
+the royal line of Seleucus, and carry away their wives and
+daughters by violence.  This same is relation and son-in-law to
+Mithridates, and cannot but receive him upon entreaty, and enter
+into war with us to defend him; so that, while we endeavor to
+depose Mithridates, we shall endanger the bringing in of Tigranes
+against us, who already has sought occasion to fall out with us,
+but can never find one so justifiable as the succor of a friend and
+prince in his necessity.  Why, therefore, should we put Mithridates
+upon this resource, who as yet does not see now he may best fight
+with us, and disdains to stoop to Tigranes; and not rather allow
+him time to gather a new army and grow confident again, that we may
+thus fight with Colchians, and Tibarenians, whom we have often
+defeated already, and not with Medes and Armenians."
+
+Upon these motives, Lucullus sat down before Amisus, and slowly
+carried on the siege.  But the winter being well spent, he left
+Murena in charge of it, and went himself against Mithridates, then
+rendezvousing at Cabira, and resolving to await the Romans, with
+forty thousand foot about him, and fourteen thousand horse, on whom
+he chiefly confided.  Passing the river Lycus, he challenged the
+Romans into the plains, where the cavalry engaged, and the Romans
+were beaten.  Pomponius, a man of some note, was taken wounded; and
+sore, and in pain as he was, was carried before Mithridates, and
+asked by the king, if he would become his friend, if he saved his
+life.  He answered, "yes, if you become reconciled to the Romans;
+if not, your enemy."  Mithridates wondered at him, and did him no
+hurt.  The enemy being with their cavalry master of the plains,
+Lucullus was something afraid, and hesitated to enter the
+mountains, being very large, woody, and almost inaccessible, when,
+by good luck, some Greeks who had fled into a cave were taken, the
+eldest of whom, Artemidorus by name, promised to bring Lucullus,
+and seat him in a place of safety for his army, where there was a
+fort that overlooked Cabira.  Lucullus, believing him, lighted his
+fires, and marched in the night; and safely passing the defile,
+gained the place, and in the morning was seen above the enemy,
+pitching his camp in a place advantageous to descend upon them if
+he desired to fight, and secure from being forced, if he preferred
+to lie still.  Neither side was willing to engage at present.  But
+it is related that some of the king's party were hunting a stag,
+and some Romans wanting to cut them off, came out and met them.
+Whereupon they skirmished, more still drawing together to each
+side, and at last the king's party prevailed, on which the Romans,
+from their camp seeing their companions fly, were enraged, and ran
+to Lucullus with entreaties to lead them out, demanding that the
+sign might be given for battle.  But he, that they might know of
+what consequence the presence and appearance of a wise commander is
+in time of conflict and danger, ordered them to stand still.  But
+he went down himself into the plains, and meeting with the foremost
+that fled, commanded them to stand and turn back with him.  These
+obeying, the rest also turned and formed again in a body, and thus,
+with no great difficulty, drove back the enemies, and pursued them
+to their camp.  After his return, Lucullus inflicted the customary
+punishment upon the fugitives, and made them dig a trench of twelve
+foot, working in their frocks unfastened, while the rest stood by
+and looked on.
+
+There was in Mithridates's camp, one Olthacus a chief of the
+Dandarians, a barbarous people living near the lake Maeotis, a man
+remarkable for strength and courage in fight, wise in council, and
+pleasant and ingratiating in conversation.  He, out of emulation,
+and a constant eagerness which possessed him to outdo one of the
+other chiefs of his country, promised a great piece of service to
+Mithridates, no less than the death of Lucullus.  The king
+commended his resolution, and, according to agreement,
+counterfeited anger, and put some disgrace upon him; whereupon he
+took horse, and fled to Lucullus, who kindly received him, being a
+man of great name in the army.  After some short trial of his
+sagacity and perseverance, he found way to Lucullus's board and
+council.  The Dandarian, thinking he had a fair opportunity,
+commanded his servants to lead his horse out of the camp, while he
+himself, as the soldiers were refreshing and resting themselves, it
+being then high noon, went to the general's tent, not at all
+expecting that entrance would be denied to one who was so familiar
+with him, and came under pretence of extraordinary business with
+him.  He had certainly been admitted, had not sleep, which has
+destroyed many captains, saved Lucullus.  For so it was, and
+Menedemus, one of the bedchamber, was standing at the door, who
+told Olthacus that it was altogether unseasonable to see the
+general, since, after long watching and hard labor, he was but just
+before laid down to repose himself.  Olthacus would not go away
+upon this denial, but still persisted, saying that he must go in to
+speak of some necessary affairs, whereupon Menedemus grew angry,
+and replied that nothing was more necessary than the safety of
+Lucullus, and forced him away with both hands.  Upon which, out of
+fear, he straightaway left the camp, took horse, and without effect
+returned to Mithridates.  Thus in action as in physic, it is the
+critical moment that gives both the fortunate and the fatal effect.
+
+After this, Sornatius being sent out with ten companies for forage,
+and pursued by Menander, one of Mithridates's captains, stood his
+ground, and after a sharp engagement, routed and slew a
+considerable number of the enemy.  Adrianus being sent afterward,
+with some forces, to procure food enough and to spare for the camp,
+Mithridates did not let the opportunity slip, but dispatched
+Menemachus and Myro, with a great force, both horse and foot,
+against him, all which except two men, it is stated, were cut off
+by the Romans.  Mithridates concealed the loss, giving it out that
+it was a small defeat, nothing near so great as reported, and
+occasioned by the unskillfulness of the leaders.  But Adrianus in
+great pomp passed by his camp, having many wagons full of corn and
+other booty, filling Mithridates with distress, and the army with
+confusion and consternation.  It was resolved, therefore, to stay
+no longer.  But when the king's servants sent away their own goods
+quietly, and hindered others from doing so too, the soldiers in
+great fury thronged and crowded to the gates, seized on the king's
+servants and killed them, and plundered the baggage.  Dorylaus, the
+general, in this confusion, having nothing else besides his purple
+cloak, lost his life for that, and Hermaeus, the priest, was trod
+underfoot in the gate.
+
+Mithridates, having not one of his guards, nor even a groom
+remaining with him, got out of the camp in the throng, but had none
+of his horses with him; until Ptolemy, the eunuch, some little time
+after, seeing him in the press making his way among the others,
+dismounted and gave his horse to the king.  The Romans were already
+close upon him in their pursuit, nor was it through want of speed
+that they failed to catch him, but they were as near as possible
+doing so.  But greediness and a petty military avarice hindered
+them from acquiring that booty, which in so many fights and hazards
+they had sought after, and lost Lucullus the prize of his victory.
+For the horse which carried the king was within reach, but one of
+the mules that carried the treasure either by accident stepping in,
+or by order of the king so appointed to go between him and the
+pursuers, they seized and pilfered the gold, and falling out among
+themselves about the prey, let slip the great prize.  Neither was
+their greediness prejudicial to Lucullus in this only, but also
+they slew Callistratus, the king's confidential attendant, under
+suspicion of having five hundred pieces of gold in his girdle;
+whereas Lucullus had specially ordered that he should be conveyed
+safe into the camp.  Notwithstanding all which, he gave them leave
+to plunder the camp.
+
+After this, in Cabira, and other strong-holds which he took, he
+found great treasures, and private prisons, in which many Greeks
+and many of the king's relations had been confined, who, having
+long since counted themselves no other than dead men, by the favor
+of Lucullus, met not with relief so truly as with a new life and
+second birth.  Nyssa, also, sister of Mithridates, enjoyed the like
+fortunate captivity; while those who seemed to be most out of
+danger, his wives and sisters at Phernacia, placed in safety, as
+they thought, miserably perished, Mithridates in his flight sending
+Bacchides the eunuch to them.  Among others there were two sisters
+of the king, Roxana and Statira, unmarried women forty years old,
+and two Ionian wives, Berenice of Chios, and Monime of Miletus.
+This latter was the most celebrated among the Greeks, because she
+so long withstood the king in his courtship to her, though he
+presented her with fifteen thousand pieces of gold, until a
+covenant of marriage was made, and a crown was sent her, and she
+was saluted queen.  She had been a sorrowful woman before, and
+often bewailed her beauty, that had procured her a keeper, instead
+of a husband, and a watch of barbarians, instead of the home and
+attendance of a wife; and, removed far from Greece, she enjoyed the
+pleasure which she proposed to herself, only in a dream, being in
+the meantime robbed of that which is real.  And when Bacchides
+came and bade them prepare for death, as everyone thought most
+easy and painless, she took the diadem from her head, and fastening
+the string to her neck, suspended herself with it; which soon
+breaking, "O wretched headband!" said she, "not able to help me
+even in this small thing!"  And throwing it away she spat on it,
+and offered her throat to Bacchides.  Berenice had prepared a
+potion for herself, but at her mother's entreaty, who stood by, she
+gave her part of it.  Both drank of the potion, which prevailed
+over the weaker body.  But Berenice, having drunk too little, was
+not released by it, but lingering on unable to die, was strangled
+by Bacchides for haste.  It is said that one of the unmarried
+sisters drank the poison, with bitter execrations and curses; but
+Statira uttered nothing ungentle or reproachful, but, on the
+contrary, commended her brother, who in his own danger neglected
+not theirs, but carefully provided that they might go out of the
+world without shame or disgrace.
+
+Lucullus, being a good and humane man, was concerned at these
+things.  However, going on he came to Talaura, from whence four
+days before his arrival Mithridates had fled, and was got to
+Tigranes in Armenia.  He turned off, therefore, and subdued the
+Chaldeans and Tibarenians, with the lesser Armenia, and having
+reduced all their forts and cities, he sent Appius to Tigranes to
+demand Mithridates.  He himself went to Amisus, which still held
+out under the command of Callimachus, who, by his great engineering
+skill, and his dexterity at all the shifts and subtleties of a
+siege, had greatly incommoded the Romans.  For which afterward he
+paid dear enough, and was now out-maneuvered by Lucullus, who,
+unexpectedly coming upon him at the time of the day when the
+soldiers used to withdraw and rest themselves, gained part of the
+wall, and forced him to leave the city, in doing which he fired it;
+either envying the Romans the booty, or to secure his own escape
+the better.  No man looked after those who went off in the ships,
+but as soon as the fire had seized on most part of the wall, the
+soldiers prepared themselves for plunder; while Lucullus, pitying
+the ruin of the city, brought assistance from without, and
+encouraged his men to extinguish the flames.  But all, being intent
+upon the prey, and giving no heed to him, with loud outcries beat
+and clashed their arms together, until he was compelled to let them
+plunder, that by that means he might at least save the city from
+fire.  But they did quite the contrary, for in searching the houses
+with lights and torches everywhere, they were themselves the cause
+of the destruction of most of the buildings, insomuch that when
+Lucullus the next day went in, he shed tears, and said to his
+friends, that he had often before blessed the fortune of Sylla but
+never so much admired it as then, because when he was willing, he
+was also able to save Athens, "but my infelicity is such, that
+while I endeavor to imitate him, I become like Mummius."
+Nevertheless, he endeavored to save as much of the city as he
+could, and at the same time, also, by a happy providence, a fall of
+rain concurred to extinguish the fire.  He himself while present
+repaired the ruins as much as he could, receiving back the
+inhabitants who had fled, and settling as many other Greeks as were
+willing to live there, adding a hundred and twenty furlongs of
+ground to the place.
+
+This city was a colony of Athens, built at that time when she
+flourished and was powerful at sea, upon which account many who
+fled from Aristion's tyranny settled here, and were admitted as
+citizens, but had the ill-luck to fly from evils at home, into
+greater abroad.  As many of these as survived, Lucullus furnished
+every one with clothes, and two hundred drachmas, and sent them
+away into their own country.  On this occasion, Tyrannion the
+grammarian was taken.  Murena begged him of Lucullus, and took him
+and made him a freedman; but in this he abused Lucullus's favor,
+who by no means liked that a man of high repute for learning should
+be first made a slave, and then freed; for freedom thus speciously
+granted again, was a real deprivation of what he had before.  But
+not in this case alone Murena showed himself far inferior in
+generosity to the general.  Lucullus was now busy in looking after
+the cities of Asia, and having no war to divert his time, spent it
+in the administration of law and justice, the want of which had for
+a long time left the province a prey to unspeakable and incredible
+miseries; so plundered and enslaved by tax-farmers and usurers,
+that private people were compelled to sell their sons in the flower
+of their youth, and their daughters in their virginity, and the
+States publicly to sell their consecrated gifts, pictures, and
+statues.  In the end their lot was to yield themselves up slaves to
+their creditors, but before this, worse troubles befell them,
+tortures, inflicted with ropes and by horses, standing abroad to be
+scorched when the sun was hot, and being driven into ice and clay
+in the cold; insomuch that slavery was no less than a redemption
+and joy to them.  Lucullus in a short time freed the cities from
+all these evils and oppressions; for, first of all, he ordered
+there should be no more taken than one percent.  Secondly, where
+the interest exceeded the principal, he struck it off.  The third,
+and most considerable order was, that the creditor should receive
+the fourth part of the debtor's income; but if any lender had added
+the interest to the principal, it was utterly disallowed.
+Insomuch, that in the space of four years all debts were paid, and
+lands returned to their right owners.  The public debt was
+contracted when Asia was fined twenty thousand talents by Sylla,
+but twice as much was paid to the collectors, who by their usury
+had by this time advanced it to a hundred and twenty thousand
+talents.  And accordingly they inveighed against Lucullus at Rome,
+as grossly injured by him, and by their money's help, (as, indeed,
+they were very powerful, and had many of the statesmen in their
+debt,) they stirred up several leading men against
+him.  But Lucullus was not only beloved by the cities which he
+obliged, but was also wished for by other provinces, who blessed
+the good-luck of those who had such a governor over them.
+
+Appius Clodius, who was sent to Tigranes, (the same Clodius was
+brother to Lucullus's wife,) being led by the king's guides, a
+roundabout way, unnecessarily long and tedious, through the upper
+country, being informed by his freedman, a Syrian by nation, of the
+direct road, left that lengthy and fallacious one; and bidding the
+barbarians, his guides, adieu, in a few days passed over Euphrates,
+and came to Antioch upon Daphne.  There being commanded to wait for
+Tigranes, who at that time was reducing some towns in Phoenicia, he
+won over many chiefs to his side, who unwillingly submitted to the
+king of Armenia, among whom was Zarbienus, king of the Gordyenians;
+also many of the conquered cities corresponded privately with him,
+whom he assured of relief from Lucullus, but ordered them to lie
+still at present.  The Armenian government was an oppressive one,
+and intolerable to the Greeks, especially that of the present king,
+who, growing insolent and overbearing with his success, imagined
+all things valuable and esteemed among men not only were his in
+fact, but had been purposely created for him alone.  From a small
+and inconsiderable beginning, he had gone on to be the conqueror of
+many nations, had humbled the Parthian power more than any before
+him, and filled Mesopotamia with Greeks, whom he carried in numbers
+out of Cilicia and Cappadocia.  He transplanted also the Arabs, who
+lived in tents, from their country and home, and settled them near
+him, that by their means he might carry on the trade.
+
+He had many kings waiting on him, but four he always carried with
+him as servants and guards, who, when he rode, ran by his horse's
+side in ordinary under-frocks, and attended him, when sitting on
+his throne, and publishing his decrees to the people, with their
+hands folded together; which posture of all others was that which
+most expressed slavery, it being that of men who had bidden adieu
+to liberty, and had prepared their bodies more for chastisement,
+than the service of their masters.  Appius, nothing dismayed or
+surprised at this theatrical display, as soon as audience was
+granted him, said he came to demand Mithridates for Lucullus's
+triumph, otherwise to denounce war against Tigranes, insomuch that
+though Tigranes endeavored to receive him with a smooth countenance
+and a forced smile, he could not dissemble his discomposure to
+those who stood about him, at the bold language of the young man;
+for it was the first time, perhaps, in twenty-five years, the
+length of his reign, or, more truly, of his tyranny, that any free
+speech had been uttered to him.  However, he made answer to Appius,
+that he would not desert Mithridates, and would defend himself, if
+the Romans attacked him.  He was angry, also, with Lucullus for
+calling him only king in his letter, and not king of kings, and, in
+his answer, would not give him his title of imperator.  Great gifts
+were sent to Appius, which he refused; but on their being sent
+again and augmented, that he might not seem to refuse in anger, he
+took one goblet and sent the rest back, and without delay went off
+to the general.
+
+Tigranes before this neither vouchsafed to see nor speak with
+Mithridates, though a near kinsman, and forced out of so
+considerable a kingdom, but proudly and scornfully kept him at a
+distance, as a sort of prisoner, in a marshy and unhealthy
+district; but now, with much profession of respect and kindness, he
+sent for him, and at a private conference between them in the
+palace, they healed up all private jealousies between them,
+punishing their favorites, who bore all the blame; among whom
+Metrodorus of Scepsis was one, an eloquent and learned man, and so
+close an intimate as commonly to be called the king's father.  This
+man, as it happened, being employed in an embassy by Mithridates to
+solicit help against the Romans, Tigranes asked him, "what would
+you, Metrodorus, advise me to in this affair?"  In return to which,
+either out of good-will to Tigranes, or a want of solicitude for
+Mithridates, he made answer, that as ambassador he counseled him to
+it, but as a friend dissuaded him from it.  This Tigranes reported,
+and affirmed to Mithridates, thinking that no irreparable harm
+would come of it to Metrodorus.  But upon this he was presently
+taken off, and Tigranes was sorry for what he had done, though he
+had not, indeed, been absolutely the cause of his death; yet he had
+given the fatal turn to the anger of Mithridates, who had privately
+hated him before, as appeared from his cabinet papers when taken,
+among which there was an order that Metrodorus should die.
+Tigranes buried him splendidly, sparing no cost to his dead body,
+whom he betrayed when alive.  In Tigranes's court died, also,
+Amphicrates the orator, (if, for the sake of Athens, we may also
+mention him,) of whom it is told that he left his country and fled
+to Seleucia, upon the river Tigris, and, being desired to teach
+logic among them, arrogantly replied, that the dish was too little
+to hold a dolphin.  He, therefore, came to Cleopatra, daughter of
+Mithridates, and queen to Tigranes, but being accused of
+misdemeanors, and prohibited all commerce with his countrymen,
+ended his days by starving himself.  He, in like manner, received
+from Cleopatra an honorable burial, near Sapha, a place so called
+in that country.
+
+Lucullus, when he had reestablished law and a lasting peace in
+Asia, did not altogether forget pleasure and mirth, but, during his
+residence at Ephesus, gratified the cities with sports, festival
+triumphs, wrestling games and single combats of gladiators.  And
+they, in requital, instituted others, called Lucullean games, in
+honor to him, thus manifesting their love to him, which was of more
+value to him than all the honor.  But when Appius came to him, and
+told him he must prepare for war with Tigranes, he went again into
+Pontus, and, gathering together his army, besieged Sinope, or
+rather the Cilicians of the king's side who held it; who thereupon
+killed a number of the Sinopians, and set the city on fire, and by
+night endeavored to escape.  Which when Lucullus perceived, he
+entered the city, and killed eight thousand of them who were still
+left behind; but restored to the inhabitants what was their own,
+and took special care for the welfare of the city.  To which he was
+chiefly prompted by this vision.  One seemed to come to him in his
+sleep, and say, "Go on a little further, Lucullus, for Autolycus is
+coming to see thee."  When he arose, he could not imagine what the
+vision meant.  The same day he took the city, and as he was
+pursuing the Cilicians, who were flying by sea, he saw a statue
+lying on the shore, which the Cilicians carried so far, but had not
+time to carry aboard.  It was one of the masterpieces of Sthenis.
+And one told him, that it was the statue of Autolycus, the founder
+of the city.  This Autolycus is reported to have been son to
+Deimachus, and one of those who, under Hercules, went on the
+expedition out of Thessaly against the Amazons; from whence in his
+return with Demoleon and Phlogius, he lost his vessel on a point of
+the Chersonesus, called Pedalium.  He himself, with his companions
+and their weapons, being saved, came to Sinope, and dispossessed
+the Syrians there.  The Syrians held it, descended from Syrus, as
+is the story, the son of Apollo, and Sinope the daughter of Asopus.
+Which as soon as Lucullus heard, he remembered the admonition of
+Sylla, whose advice it is in his Memoirs, to treat nothing as so
+certain and so worthy of reliance as an intimation given in dreams.
+
+When it was now told him that Mithridates and Tigranes were just
+ready to transport their forces into Lycaonia and Cilicia, with the
+object of entering Asia before him, he wondered much why the
+Armenian, supposing him to entertain any real intention to fight
+with the Romans, did not assist Mithridates in his flourishing
+condition, and join forces when he was fit for service, instead of
+suffering him to be vanquished and broken in pieces, and now at
+last beginning the war, when his hopes were grown cold, and
+throwing himself down headlong with them, who were irrecoverably
+fallen already.  But when Machares, the son of Mithridates, and
+governor of Bosporus, sent him a crown valued at a thousand pieces
+of gold, and desired to be enrolled as a friend and confederate of
+the Romans, he fairly reputed that war at an end, and left
+Sornatius, his deputy, with six thousand soldiers, to take care of
+Pontus.  He himself with twelve thousand foot, and a little less
+than three thousand horse, went forth to the second war, advancing,
+it seemed very plain, with too great and ill-advised speed, into
+the midst of warlike nations, and many thousands upon thousands of
+horse, into an unknown extent of country, every way enclosed with
+deep rivers and mountains, never free from snow; which made the
+soldiers, already far from orderly, follow him with great
+unwillingness and opposition.  For the same reason, also, the
+popular leaders at home publicly inveighed and declaimed against
+him, as one that raised up war after war, not so much for the
+interest of the republic, as that he himself, being still in
+commission, might not lay down arms, but go on enriching himself by
+the public dangers.  These men, in the end, effected their purpose.
+But Lucullus by long journeys came to the Euphrates, where, finding
+the waters high and rough from the winter, he was much troubled for
+fear of delay and difficulty while he should procure boats and make
+a bridge of them.  But in the evening the flood beginning to
+retire, and decreasing all through the night, the next day they saw
+the river far down within his banks, so much so that the
+inhabitants, discovering the little islands in the river, and the
+water stagnating among them, a thing which had rarely happened
+before, made obeisance to Lucullus, before whom the very river was
+humble and submissive, and yielded an easy and swift passage.
+Making use of the opportunity, he carried over his army, and met
+with a lucky sign at landing.  Holy heifers are pastured on purpose
+for Diana Persia, whom, of all the gods, the barbarians beyond
+Euphrates chiefly adore.  They use these heifers only for her
+sacrifices.  At other times they wander up and down undisturbed,
+with the mark of the goddess, a torch, branded on them; and it is
+no such light or easy thing, when occasion requires, to seize one
+of them.  But one of these, when the army had passed the Euphrates,
+coming to a rock consecrated to the goddess, stood upon it, and
+then laying down her neck, like others that are forced down with a
+rope, offered herself to Lucullus for sacrifice.  Besides which, he
+offered also a bull to Euphrates, for his safe passage.  That day
+he tarried there, but on the next, and those that followed, he
+traveled through Sophene, using no manner of violence to the people
+who came to him and willingly received his army.  And when the
+soldiers were desirous to plunder a castle that seemed to be well
+stored within, "That is the castle," said he, "that we must storm,"
+showing them Taurus, at a distance; "the rest is reserved for those
+who conquer there."  Wherefore hastening his march, and passing the
+Tigris, he came over into Armenia
+
+The first messenger that gave notice of Lucullus's coming was so
+far from pleasing Tigranes, that he had his head cut off for his
+pains; and no man daring to bring further information, without any
+intelligence at all, Tigranes sat while war was already blazing
+around him, giving ear only to those who flattered him, by saying
+that Lucullus would show himself a great commander, if he ventured
+to wait for Tigranes at Ephesus, and did not at once fly out of
+Asia, at the mere sight of the many thousands that were come
+against him.  He is a man of a strong body that can carry off a
+great quantity of wine, and of a powerful constitution of mind that
+can sustain felicity.  Mithrobarzanes, one of his chief favorites,
+first dared to tell him the truth, but had no more thanks for his
+freedom of speech, than to be immediately sent out against Lucullus
+with three thousand horse, and a great number of foot, with
+peremptory commands to bring him alive, and trample down his army.
+Some of Lucullus's men were then pitching their camp, and the rest
+were coming up to them, when the scouts gave notice that the enemy
+was approaching, whereupon he was in fear lest they should fall
+upon him, while his men were divided and unarranged; which made him
+stay to pitch the camp himself, and send out Sextilius, the legate,
+with sixteen hundred horse, and about as many heavy and light arms,
+with orders to advance towards the enemy, and wait until
+intelligence came to him that the camp was finished.  Sextilius
+designed to have kept this order; but Mithrobarzanes coming
+furiously upon him, he was forced to fight.  In the engagement,
+Mithrobarzanes himself was slain, fighting, and all his men, except
+a few who ran away, were destroyed.  After this Tigranes left
+Tigranocerta, a great city built by himself, and retired to Taurus,
+and called all his forces about him.
+
+But Lucullus, giving him no time to rendezvous, sent out Murena to
+harass and cut off those who marched to Tigranes, and Sextilius,
+also, to disperse a great company of Arabians then on the way to
+the king.  Sextilius fell upon the Arabians in their camp, and
+destroyed most of them, and also Murena, in his pursuit after
+Tigranes through a craggy and narrow pass, opportunely fell upon
+him.  Upon which Tigranes, abandoning all his baggage, fled; many
+of the Armenians were killed, and more taken.  After this success,
+Lucullus went to Tigranocerta, and sitting down before the city,
+besieged it.  In it were many Greeks carried away out of Cilicia,
+and many barbarians in like circumstances with the Greeks,
+Adiabenians, Assyrians, Gordyenians, and Cappadocians, whose native
+cities he had destroyed, and forced away the inhabitants to settle
+here.  It was a rich and beautiful city; every common man, and
+every man of rank, in imitation of the king, studied to enlarge and
+adorn it.  This made Lucullus more vigorously press the siege, in
+the belief that Tigranes would not patiently endure it, but even
+against his own judgment would come down in anger to force him
+away; in which he was not mistaken.  Mithridates earnestly
+dissuaded him from it, sending messengers and letters to him not to
+engage, but rather with his horse to try and cut off the supplies.
+Taxiles, also, who came from Mithridates, and who stayed with his
+army, very much entreated the king to forbear, and to avoid the
+Roman arms, things it was not safe to meddle with.  To this he
+hearkened at first, but when the Armenians and Gordyenians in a
+full body, and the whole forces of Medes and Adiabenians, under
+their respective kings, joined him; when many Arabians came up from
+the sea beyond Babylon; and from the Caspian sea, the Albanians and
+the Iberians their neighbors, and not a few of the free people,
+without kings, living about the Araxes, by entreaty and hire also
+came together to him; and all the king's feasts and councils rang
+of nothing but expectations, boastings, and barbaric threatenings,
+Taxiles went in danger of his life, for giving counsel against
+fighting, and it was imputed to envy in Mithridates thus to
+discourage him from so glorious an enterprise.  Therefore Tigranes
+would by no means tarry for him, for fear he should share in the
+glory, but marched on with all his army, lamenting to his friends,
+as it is said, that he should fight with Lucullus alone, and not
+with all the Roman generals together.  Neither was his boldness to
+be accounted wholly frantic or unreasonable, when he had so many
+nations and kings attending him, and so many tens of thousands of
+well-armed foot and horse about him.  He had twenty thousand
+archers and slingers, fifty-five thousand horse, of which seventeen
+thousand were in complete armor, as Lucullus wrote to the senate, a
+hundred and fifty thousand heavy-armed men, drawn up partly into
+cohorts, partly into phalanxes, besides various divisions of men
+appointed to make roads and lay bridges, to drain off waters and
+cut wood, and to perform other necessary services, to the number of
+thirty-five thousand, who, being quartered behind the army, added
+to its strength, and made it the more formidable to behold.
+
+As soon as he had passed Taurus, and appeared with his forces, and
+saw the Romans beleaguering Tigranocerta, the barbarous people
+within with shoutings and acclamations received the sight, and
+threatening the Romans from the wall, pointed to the Armenians.  In
+a council of war, some advised Lucullus to leave the siege, and
+march up to Tigranes, others that it would not be safe to leave the
+siege, and so many enemies behind.  He answered that neither side
+by itself was right, but together both gave sound advice; and
+accordingly he divided his army, and left Murena with six thousand
+foot in charge of the siege, and himself went out with twenty-four
+cohorts, in which were no more than ten thousand men at arms, and
+with all the horse, and about a thousand slingers and archers; and
+sitting down by the river in a large plain, he appeared, indeed,
+very inconsiderable to Tigranes, and a fit subject for the
+flattering wits about him.  Some of whom jeered, others cast lots
+for the spoil, and every one of the kings and commanders came and
+desired to undertake the engagement alone, and that he would be
+pleased to sit still and behold.  Tigranes himself, wishing to be
+witty and pleasant upon the occasion, made use of the well-known
+saying, that they were too many for ambassadors, and too few for
+soldiers.  Thus they continued sneering and scoffing.  As soon as
+day came, Lucullus brought out his forces under arms.  The
+barbarian army stood on the eastern side of the river, and there
+being a bend of the river westward in that part of it, where it was
+easiest forded, Lucullus, while he led his army on in haste, seemed
+to Tigranes to be flying; who thereupon called Taxiles, and in
+derision said, "Do you not see these invincible Romans flying?"
+But Taxiles replied, "Would, indeed, O king, that some such
+unlikely piece of fortune might be destined you; but the Romans do
+not, when going on a march, put on their best clothes, nor use
+bright shields, and naked headpieces, as now you see them, with the
+leathern coverings all taken off, but this is a preparation for war
+of men just ready to engage with their enemies."  While Taxiles was
+thus speaking, as Lucullus wheeled about, the first eagle appeared,
+and the cohorts, according to their divisions and companies, formed
+in order to pass over, when with much ado, and like a man that is
+just recovering from a drunken fit, Tigranes cried out twice or
+thrice, "What, are they upon us?"  In great confusion, therefore,
+the army got in array, the king keeping the main body to himself,
+while the left wing was given in charge to the Adiabenian, and the
+right to the Mede, in the front of which latter were posted most of
+the heavy-armed cavalry.  Some officers advised Lucullus, just as
+he was going to cross the river, to lie still, that day being one
+of the unfortunate ones which they call black days, for on it the
+army under Caepio, engaging with the Cimbrians, was destroyed.  But
+he returned the famous answer, "I will make it a happy day to the
+Romans."  It was the day before the nones of October.
+
+Having so said, he bade them take courage, passed over the river,
+and himself first of all led them against the enemy, clad in a coat
+of mail, with shining steel scales and a fringed mantle; and his
+sword might already be seen out of the scabbard, as if to signify
+that they must without delay come to a hand-to-hand combat with an
+enemy whose skill was in distant fighting, and by the speed of
+their advance curtail the space that exposed them to the archery.
+But when he saw the heavy-armed horse, the flower of the army,
+drawn up under a hill, on the top of which was a broad and open
+plain about four furlongs distant, and of no very difficult or
+troublesome access, he commanded his Thracian and Galatian horse to
+fall upon their flank, and beat down their lances with their
+swords.  The only defense of these horsemen-at-arms are their
+lances; they have nothing else that they can use to protect
+themselves, or annoy their enemy, on account of the weight and
+stiffness of their armor, with which they are, as it were, built
+up.  He himself, with two cohorts, made to the mountain, the
+soldiers briskly following, when they saw him in arms afoot first
+toiling and climbing up.  Being on the top and standing in an open
+place, with a loud voice he cried out, "We have overcome, we have
+overcome, fellow-soldiers!"  And having so said, he marched against
+the armed horsemen, commanding his men not to throw their javelins,
+but coming up hand to hand with the enemy, to hack their shins and
+thighs, which parts alone were unguarded in these heavy-armed
+horsemen.  But there was no need of this way of fighting, for they
+stood not to receive the Romans, but with great clamor and worse
+flight they and their heavy horses threw themselves upon the ranks
+of the foot, before ever these could so much as begin the fight,
+insomuch that without a wound or bloodshed, so many thousands were
+overthrown.  The greatest slaughter was made in the flight, or
+rather in the endeavoring to fly away, which they could not well do
+by reason of the depth and closeness of their own ranks, which
+hindered them.  Tigranes at first fled with a few, but seeing his
+son in the same misfortune, he took the diadem from his head, and
+with tears gave it him, bidding him save himself by some other road
+if he could.  But the young man, not daring to put it on, gave it
+to one of his trustiest servants to keep for him.  This man, as it
+happened, being taken, was brought to Lucullus, and so, among the
+captives, the crown, also, of Tigranes was taken.  It is stated
+that above a hundred thousand foot were lost, and that of the horse
+but very few escaped at all.  Of the Romans, a hundred were
+wounded, and five killed.  Antiochus the philosopher, making
+mention of this fight in his book about the gods, says that the sun
+never saw the like.  Strabo, a second philosopher, in his
+historical collection says, that the Romans could not but blush and
+deride themselves, for putting on armor against such pitiful
+slaves.  Livy also says, that the Romans never fought an enemy with
+such unequal forces, for the conquerors were not so much as one
+twentieth part of the number of the conquered.  The most sagacious
+and experienced Roman commanders made it a chief commendation of
+Lucullus, that he had conquered two great and potent kings by two
+most opposite ways, haste and delay.  For he wore out the
+flourishing power of Mithridates by delay and time, and crushed
+that of Tigranes by haste; being one of the rare examples of
+generals who made use of delay for active achievement, and speed
+for security.
+
+On this account it was that Mithridates had made no haste to come
+up to fight, imagining Lucullus would, as he had done before, use
+caution and delay, which made him march at his leisure to join
+Tigranes.  And first, as he began to meet some straggling Armenians
+in the way, making off in great fear and consternation, he
+suspected the worst, and when greater numbers of stripped and
+wounded men met him and assured him of the defeat, he set out to
+seek for Tigranes.  And finding him destitute and humiliated, he by
+no means requited him with insolence, but alighting from his horse,
+and condoling with him on their common loss, he gave him his own
+royal guard to attend him, and animated him for the future.  And
+they together gathered fresh forces about them.  In the city
+Tigranocerta, the Greeks meantime, dividing from the barbarians,
+sought to deliver it up to Lucullus, and he attacked and took it.
+He seized on the treasure himself, but gave the city to be
+plundered by the soldiers, in which were found, amongst other
+property, eight thousand talents of coined money.  Besides this,
+also, he distributed eight hundred drachmas to each man, out of the
+spoils.  When he understood that many players were taken in the
+city, whom Tigranes had invited from all parts for opening the
+theater which he had built, he made use of them for celebrating his
+triumphal games and spectacles.  The Greeks he sent home, allowing
+them money for their journey, and the barbarians also, as many as
+had been forced away from their own dwellings.  So that by this one
+city being dissolved, many, by the restitution of their former
+inhabitants, were restored.  By all of which Lucullus was beloved
+as a benefactor and founder.  Other successes, also, attended him,
+such as he well deserved, desirous as he was far more of praise for
+acts of justice and clemency, than for feats in war, these being
+due partly to the soldiers, and very greatly to fortune, while
+those are the sure proofs of a gentle and liberal soul; and by such
+aids Lucullus, at that time, even without the help of arms,
+succeeded in reducing the barbarians.  For the kings of the
+Arabians came to him, tendering what they had, and with them the
+Sophenians also submitted.  And he so dealt with the Gordyenians,
+that they were willing to leave their own habitations, and to
+follow him with their wives and children.  Which was for this
+cause.  Zarbienus, king of the Gordyenians, as has been told, being
+impatient under the tyranny of Tigranes, had by Appius secretly
+made overtures of confederacy with Lucullus, but, being discovered,
+was executed, and his wife and children with him, before the Romans
+entered Armenia.  Lucullus forgot not this, but coming to the
+Gordyenians made a solemn interment in honor of Zarbienus, and
+adorning the funeral pile with royal robes, and gold, and the
+spoils of Tigranes, he himself in person kindled the fire, and
+poured in perfumes with the friends and relations of the deceased,
+calling him his companion and the confederate of the Romans.  He
+ordered, also, a costly monument to be built for him.  There was a
+large treasure of gold and silver found in Zarbienus's palace, and
+no less than three million measures of corn, so that the soldiers
+were provided for, and Lucullus had the high commendation of
+maintaining the war at its own charge, without receiving one
+drachma from the public treasury.
+
+After this came an embassy from the king of Parthia to him,
+desiring amity and confederacy; which being readily embraced by
+Lucullus, another was sent by him in return to the Parthian, the
+members of which discovered him to be a double-minded man, and to
+be dealing privately at the same time with Tigranes, offering to
+take part with him, upon condition Mesopotamia were delivered up to
+him.  Which as soon as Lucullus understood, he resolved to pass by
+Tigranes and Mithridates as antagonists already overcome, and to
+try the power of Parthia, by leading his army against them,
+thinking it would be a glorious result, thus in one current of war,
+like an athlete in the games, to throw down three kings one after
+another, and successively to deal as a conqueror with three of the
+greatest powers under heaven.  He sent, therefore, into Pontus to
+Sornatius and his colleagues, bidding them bring the army thence,
+and join with him in his expedition out of Gordyene.  The soldiers
+there, however, who had been restive and unruly before, now openly
+displayed their mutinous temper.  No manner of entreaty or force
+availed with them, but they protested and cried out that they would
+stay no longer even there, but would go away and desert Pontus.
+The news of which, when reported to Lucullus, did no small harm to
+the soldiers about him, who were already corrupted with wealth and
+plenty, and desirous of ease.  And on hearing the boldness of the
+others, they called them men, and declared they themselves ought to
+follow their example, for the actions which they had done did now
+well deserve release from service, and repose.
+
+Upon these and worse words, Lucullus gave up the thoughts of
+invading Parthia, and in the height of summertime, went against
+Tigranes.  Passing over Taurus, he was filled with apprehension at
+the greenness of the fields before him, so long is the season
+deferred in this region by the coldness of the air.  But,
+nevertheless, he went down, and twice or thrice putting to flight
+the Armenians who dared to come out against him, he plundered and
+burnt their villages, and seizing on the provision designed for
+Tigranes, reduced his enemies to the necessity which he had feared
+for himself.  But when, after doing all he could to provoke the
+enemy to fight, by drawing entrenchments round their camp and by
+burning the country before them, he could by no means bring them to
+venture out, after their frequent defeats before, he rose up and
+marched to Artaxata, the royal city of Tigranes, where his wives
+and young children were kept, judging that Tigranes would never
+suffer that to go without the hazard of a battle.  It is related
+that Hannibal, the Carthaginian, after the defeat of Antiochus by
+the Romans, coming to Artaxas, king of Armenia, pointed out to him
+many other matters to his advantage, and observing the great
+natural capacities and the pleasantness of the site, then lying
+unoccupied and neglected, drew a model of a city for it, and
+bringing Artaxas thither, showed it to him and encouraged him to
+build.  At which the king being pleased, and desiring him to
+oversee the work, erected a large and stately city, which was
+called after his own name, and made metropolis of Armenia.
+
+And in fact, when Lucullus proceeded against it, Tigranes no longer
+suffered it, but came with his army, and on the fourth day sat down
+by the Romans, the river Arsanias lying between them, which of
+necessity Lucullus must pass in his march to Artaxata.  Lucullus,
+after sacrifice to the gods, as if victory were already obtained,
+carried over his army, having twelve cohorts in the first division
+in front, the rest being disposed in the rear to prevent the
+enemy's enclosing them.  For there were many choice horse drawn up
+against him; in the front stood the Mardian horse-archers, and
+Iberians with long spears, in whom, being the most warlike,
+Tigranes more confided than in any other of his foreign troops.
+But nothing of moment was done by them, for though they skirmished
+with the Roman horse at a distance, they were not able to stand
+when the foot came up to them; but being broken, and flying on both
+sides, drew the horse in pursuit after them.  Though these were
+routed, yet Lucullus was not without alarm when he saw the cavalry
+about Tigranes with great bravery and in large numbers coming upon
+him; he recalled his horse from pursuing, and he himself, first of
+all, with the best of his men, engaged the Satrapenians who were
+opposite him, and before ever they came to close fight, routed them
+with the mere terror.  Of three kings in battle against him,
+Mithridates of Pontus fled away the most shamefully, being not so
+much as able to endure the shout of the Romans.  The pursuit
+reached a long way, and all through the night the Romans slew and
+took prisoners, and carried off spoils and treasure, till they were
+weary.  Livy says there were more taken and destroyed in the first
+battle, but in the second, men of greater distinction.
+
+Lucullus, flushed and animated by this victory, determined to march
+on into the interior and there complete his conquests over the
+barbarians; but winter weather came on, contrary to expectation, as
+early as the autumnal equinox, with storms and frequent snows and,
+even in the most clear days, hoar frost and ice, which made the
+waters scarcely drinkable for the horses by their exceeding
+coldness, and scarcely passable through the ice breaking and
+cutting the horses' sinews.  The country for the most part being
+quite uncleared, with difficult passes, and much wood, kept them
+continually wet, the snow falling thickly on them as they marched
+in the day, and the ground that they lay upon at night being damp
+and watery.  After the battle they followed Lucullus not many days
+before they began to be refractory, first of all entreating and
+sending the tribunes to him, but presently they tumultuously
+gathered together, and made a shouting all night long in their
+tents, a plain sign of a mutinous army.  But Lucullus as earnestly
+entreated them, desiring them to have patience but till they took
+the Armenian Carthage, and overturned the work of their great
+enemy, meaning Hannibal.  But when he could not prevail, he led
+them back, and crossing Taurus by another road, came into the
+fruitful and sunny country of Mygdonia, where was a great and
+populous city, by the barbarians called Nisibis, by the Greeks
+Antioch of Mygdonia.  This was defended by Guras, brother of
+Tigranes, with the dignity of governor, and by the engineering
+skill and dexterity of Callimachus, the same who so much annoyed
+the Romans at Amisus.  Lucullus, however, brought his army up to
+it, and laying close siege in a short time took it by storm.  He
+used Guras, who surrendered himself, kindly, but gave no attention
+to Callimachus, though he offered to make discovery of hidden
+treasures, commanding him to be kept in chains, to be punished for
+firing the city of Amisus, which had disappointed his ambition of
+showing favor and kindness to the Greeks.
+
+Hitherto, one would imagine fortune had attended and fought with
+Lucullus, but afterward, as if the wind had failed of a sudden, he
+did all things by force, and, as it were, against the grain; and
+showed certainly the conduct and patience of a wise captain, but in
+the result met with no fresh honor or reputation; and, indeed, by
+bad success and vain embarrassments with his soldiers, he came
+within a little of losing even what he had before.  He himself was
+not the least cause of all this, being far from inclined to seek
+popularity with the mass of the soldiers, and more ready to think
+any indulgence shown to them an invasion of his own authority.  But
+what was worst of all, he was naturally unsociable to his great
+officers in commission with him, despising others and thinking them
+worthy of nothing in comparison with himself.  These faults, we are
+told, he had with all his many excellences; he was of a large and
+noble person, an eloquent speaker and a wise counselor, both in the
+forum and the camp.  Sallust says, the soldiers were ill affected
+to him from the beginning of the war, because they were forced to
+keep the field two winters at Cyzicus, and afterwards at Amisus.
+Their other winters, also, vexed them, for they either spent them
+in an enemy's country, or else were confined to their tents in the
+open field among their confederates; for Lucullus not so much as
+once went into a Greek confederate town with his army.  To this ill
+affection abroad, the tribunes yet more contributed at home,
+invidiously accusing Lucullus, as one who for empire and riches
+prolonged the war, holding, it might almost be said, under his sole
+power Cilicia, Asia, Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Pontus, Armenia, all as
+far as the river Phasis; and now of late had plundered the royal
+city of Tigranes, as if he had been commissioned not so much to
+subdue, as to strip kings.  This is what we are told was said by
+Lucius Quintius, one of the praetors, at whose instance, in
+particular, the people determined to send one who should succeed
+Lucullus in his province, and voted, also, to relieve many of the
+soldiers under him from further service.
+
+Besides these evils, that which most of all prejudiced Lucullus,
+was Publius Clodius, an insolent man, very vicious and bold,
+brother to Lucullus's wife, a woman of bad conduct, with whom
+Clodius was himself suspected of criminal intercourse.  Being then
+in the army under Lucullus, but not in as great authority as he
+expected, (for he would fain have been the chief of all, but on
+account of his character was postponed to many,) he ingratiated
+himself secretly with the Fimbrian troops, and stirred them up
+against Lucullus, using fair speeches to them, who of old had been
+used to be flattered in such manner.  These were those whom Fimbria
+before had persuaded to kill the consul Flaccus, and choose him
+their leader.  And so they listened not unwillingly to Clodius, and
+called him the soldiers' friend, for the concern he professed for
+them, and the indignation he expressed at the prospect that "there
+must be no end of war and toils, but in fighting with all nations,
+and wandering throughout all the world they must wear out their
+lives, receiving no other reward for their service than to guard
+the carriages and camels of Lucullus, laden with gold and precious
+goblets; while as for Pompey's soldiers, they were all citizens,
+living safe at home with their wives and children, on fertile
+lands, or in towns, and that, not after driving Mithridates and
+Tigranes into wild deserts, and overturning the royal cities of
+Asia, but after having merely reduced exiles in Spain, or fugitive
+slaves in Italy.  Nay, if indeed we must never have an end of
+fighting, should we not rather reserve the remainder of our bodies
+and souls for a general who will reckon his chiefest glory to be
+the wealth of his soldiers."
+
+By such practices the army of Lucullus being corrupted, neither
+followed him against Tigranes, nor against Mithridates, when he now
+at once returned into Pontus out of Armenia, and was recovering his
+kingdom, but under presence of the winter, sat idle in Gordyene,
+every minute expecting either Pompey, or some other general, to
+succeed Lucullus.  But when news came that Mithridates had defeated
+Fabius, and was marching against Sornatius and Triarius, out of
+shame they followed Lucullus.  Triarius, ambitiously aiming at
+victory, before ever Lucullus came to him, though he was then very
+near, was defeated in a great battle, in which it is said that
+above seven thousand Romans fell, among whom were a hundred and
+fifty centurions, and four and twenty tribunes, and that the camp
+itself was taken.  Lucullus, coming up a few days after, concealed
+Triarius from the search of the angry soldiers.  But when
+Mithridates declined battle, and waited for the coming of Tigranes,
+who was then on his march with great forces, he resolved before
+they joined their forces to turn once more and engage with
+Tigranes.  But in the way the mutinous Fimbrians deserted their
+ranks, professing themselves released from service by a decree, and
+that Lucullus, the provinces being allotted to others, had no
+longer any right to command them.  There was nothing beneath the
+dignity of Lucullus which he did not now submit to bear, entreating
+them one by one, from tent to tent, going up and down humbly and in
+tears, and even taking some like a suppliant, by the hand.  But
+they turned away from his salutes, and threw down their empty
+purses, bidding him engage alone with the enemy, as he alone made
+advantage of it.  At length, by the entreaty of the other soldiers,
+the Fimbrians, being prevailed upon, consented to tarry that summer
+under him, but if during that time no enemy came to fight them, to
+be free.  Lucullus of necessity was forced to comply with this, or
+else to abandon the country to the barbarians.  He kept them,
+indeed, with him, but without urging his authority upon them; nor
+did he lead them out to battle, being contented if they would but
+stay with him, though he then saw Cappadocia wasted by Tigranes,
+and Mithridates again triumphing, whom not long before he reported
+to the senate to be wholly subdued; and commissioners were now
+arrived to settle the affairs of Pontus, as if all had been quietly
+in his possession.  But when they came, they found him not so much
+as master of himself, but contemned and derided by the common
+soldiers, who arrived at that height of insolence against their
+general, that at the end of summer they put on their armor and drew
+their swords, and defied their enemies then absent and gone off a
+long while before, and with great outcries and waving their swords
+in the air, they quitted the camp, proclaiming that the time was
+expired which they promised to stay with Lucullus.  The rest were
+summoned by letters from Pompey to come and join him; he, by the
+favor of the people and by flattery of their leaders, having been
+chosen general of the army against Mithridates and Tigranes, though
+the senate and the nobility all thought that Lucullus was injured,
+having those put over his head who succeeded rather to his triumph,
+than to his commission, and that he was not so truly deprived of
+his command, as of the glory he had deserved in his command, which
+he was forced to yield to another.
+
+It was yet more of just matter of pity and indignation to those who
+were present; for Lucullus remained no longer master of rewards or
+punishments for any actions done in the war; neither would Pompey
+suffer any man to go to him, or pay any respect to the orders and
+arrangements he made with advice of his ten commissioners, but
+expressly issued edicts to the contrary, and could not but be
+obeyed by reason of his greater power.  Friends, however, on both
+sides, thought it desirable to bring them together, and they met in
+a village of Galatia and saluted each other in a friendly manner,
+with congratulations on each other's successes.  Lucullus was the
+elder, but Pompey the more distinguished by his more numerous
+commands and his two triumphs.  Both had rods dressed with laurel
+carried before them for their victories.  And as Pompey's laurels
+were withered with passing through hot and droughty countries,
+Lucullus's lictors courteously gave Pompey's some of the fresh and
+green ones which they had, which Pompey's friends counted a good
+omen, as indeed of a truth, Lucullus's actions furnished the honors
+of Pompey's command.  The interview, however, did not bring them to
+any amicable agreement; they parted even less friends than they
+met.  Pompey repealed all the acts of Lucullus, drew off his
+soldiers, and left him no more than sixteen hundred for his
+triumph, and even those unwilling to go with him.  So wanting was
+Lucullus, either through natural constitution or adverse
+circumstances, in that one first and most important requisite of a
+general, which had he but added to his other many and remarkable
+virtues, his fortitude, vigilance, wisdom, justice, the Roman
+empire had not had Euphrates for its boundary, but the utmost ends
+of Asia and the Hyrcanian sea; as other nations were then disabled
+by the late conquests of Tigranes, and the power of Parthia had not
+in Lucullus's time shown itself so formidable as Crassus afterwards
+found it, nor had as yet gained that consistency, being crippled by
+wars at home, and on its frontiers, and unable even to make head
+against the encroachments of the Armenians.  And Lucullus, as it
+was, seems to me through others' agency to have done Rome greater
+harm, than he did her advantage by his own.  For the trophies in
+Armenia, near the Parthian frontier, and Tigranocerta, and Nisibis,
+and the great wealth brought from thence to Rome, with the captive
+crown of Tigranes carried in triumph, all helped to puff up
+Crassus, as if the barbarians had been nothing else but spoil and
+booty, and he, falling among the Parthian archers, soon
+demonstrated that Lucullus's triumphs were not beholden to the
+inadvertency and effeminacy of his enemies, but to his own courage
+and conduct.  But of this afterwards.
+
+Lucullus, upon his return to Rome, found his brother Marcus accused
+by Caius Memmius, for his acts as quaestor, done by Sylla's orders;
+and on his acquittal, Memmius changed the scene, and animated the
+people against Lucullus himself, urging them to deny him a triumph
+for appropriating the spoils and prolonging the war.  In this great
+struggle, the nobility and chief men went down and mingling in
+person among the tribes, with much entreaty and labor, scarce at
+length prevailed upon them to consent to his triumph.  The pomp of
+which proved not so wonderful or so wearisome with the length of
+the procession and the number of things carried in it, but
+consisted chiefly in vast quantities of arms and machines of the
+king's, with which he adorned the Flaminian circus, a spectacle by
+no means despicable.  In his progress there passed by a few
+horsemen in heavy armor, ten chariots armed with scythes, sixty
+friends and officers of the king's, and a hundred and ten
+brazen-beaked ships of war, which were conveyed along with them, a
+golden image of Mithridates six feet high, a shield set with
+precious stones, twenty loads of silver vessels, and thirty-two of
+golden cups, armor, and money, all carried by men.  Besides which,
+eight mules were laden with golden couches, fifty-six with bullion,
+and a hundred and seven with coined silver, little less than two
+millions seven hundred thousand pieces.  There were tablets, also,
+with inscriptions, stating what moneys he gave Pompey for
+prosecuting the piratic war, what he delivered into the treasury,
+and what he gave to every soldier, which was nine hundred and fifty
+drachmas each.  After all which he nobly feasted the city and
+adjoining villages, or vici.
+
+Being divorced from Clodia, a dissolute and wicked woman, he
+married Servilia, sister to Cato.  This also proved an unfortunate
+match, for she only wanted one of all Clodia's vices, the
+criminality she was accused of with her brothers.  Out of reverence
+to Cato, he for a while connived at her impurity and immodesty, but
+at length dismissed her.  When the senate expected great things
+from him, hoping to find in him a check to the usurpations of
+Pompey, and that with the greatness of his station and credit he
+would come forward as the champion of the nobility, he retired from
+business and abandoned public life; either because he saw the State
+to be in a difficult and diseased condition, or, as others say,
+because he was as great as he could well be, and inclined to a
+quiet and easy life, after those many labors and toils which had
+ended with him so far from fortunately.  There are those who highly
+commend his change of life, saying that he thus avoided that rock
+on which Marius split.  For he, after the great and glorious deeds
+of his Cimbrian victories, was not contented to retire upon his
+honors, but out of an insatiable desire of glory and power, even in
+his old age, headed a political party against young men, and let
+himself fall into miserable actions, and yet more miserable
+sufferings.  Better, in like manner, they say, had it been for
+Cicero, after Catiline's conspiracy, to have retired and grown old,
+and for Scipio, after his Numantine and Carthaginian conquests, to
+have sat down contented.  For the administration of public affairs
+has, like other things, its proper term, and statesmen as well as
+wrestlers will break down, when strength and youth fail.  But
+Crassus and Pompey, on the other hand, laughed to see Lucullus
+abandoning himself to pleasure and expense, as if luxurious living
+were not a thing that as little became his years, as government of
+affairs at home, or of an army abroad.
+
+And, indeed, Lucullus's life, like the Old Comedy, presents us at
+the commencement with acts of policy and of war, at the end
+offering nothing but good eating and drinking, feastings and
+revellings, and mere play.  For I give no higher name to his
+sumptuous buildings, porticoes and baths, still less to his
+paintings and sculptures, and all his industry about these
+curiosities, which he collected with vast expense, lavishly
+bestowing all the wealth and treasure which he got in the war upon
+them, insomuch that even now, with all the advance of luxury, the
+Lucullean gardens are counted the noblest the emperor has.  Tubero
+the stoic, when he saw his buildings at Naples, where he suspended
+the hills upon vast tunnels, brought in the sea for moats and
+fish-ponds round his house, and built pleasure-houses in the
+waters, called him Xerxes in a gown.  He had also fine seats in
+Tusculum, belvederes, and large open balconies for men's
+apartments, and porticoes to walk in, where Pompey coming to see
+him, blamed him for making a house which would be pleasant in
+summer but uninhabitable in winter; whom he answered with a smile,
+"You think me, then, less provident than cranes and storks, not to
+change my home with the season."  When a praetor, with great
+expense and pains, was preparing a spectacle for the people, and
+asked him to lend him some purple robes for the performers in a
+chorus, he told him he would go home and see, and if he had got
+any, would let him have them; and the next day asking how many he
+wanted, and being told that a hundred would suffice, bade him to
+take twice as many:  on which the poet Horace observes, that a
+house is but a poor one, where the valuables unseen and unthought
+of do not exceed all those that meet the eye.
+
+Lucullus's daily entertainments were ostentatiously extravagant,
+not only with purple coverlets, and plate adorned with precious
+stones, and dancings, and interludes, but with the greatest
+diversity of dishes and the most elaborate cookery, for the vulgar
+to admire and envy.  It was a happy thought of Pompey in his
+sickness, when his physician prescribed a thrush for his dinner,
+and his servants told him that in summer time thrushes were not to
+be found anywhere but in Lucullus's fattening coops, that he would
+not suffer them to fetch one thence, but observing to his
+physician, "So if Lucullus had not been an epicure, Pompey had not
+lived," ordered something else that could easily be got to be
+prepared for him.  Cato was his friend and connection, but,
+nevertheless, so hated his life and habits, that when a young man
+in the senate made a long and tedious speech in praise of frugality
+and temperance, Cato got up and said, "How long do you mean to go
+on making money like Crassus, living like Lucullus, and talking
+like Cato?"  There are some, however, who say the words were said,
+but not by Cato.
+
+It is plain from the anecdotes on record of him, that Lucullus was
+not only pleased with, but even gloried in his way of living.  For
+he is said to have feasted several Greeks upon their coming to Rome
+day after day, who, out of a true Grecian principle, being ashamed,
+and declining the invitation, where so great an expense was every
+day incurred for them, he with a smile told them, "Some of this,
+indeed, my Grecian friends, is for your sakes, but more for that of
+Lucullus."  Once when he supped alone, there being only one course,
+and that but moderately furnished, he called his steward and
+reproved him, who, professing to have supposed that there would be
+no need of any great entertainment, when nobody was invited, was
+answered, "What, did not you know, then, that to-day Lucullus dines
+with Lucullus?"  Which being much spoken of about the city, Cicero
+and Pompey one day met him loitering in the forum, the former his
+intimate friend and familiar, and, though there had been some
+ill-will between Pompey and him about the command in the war, still
+they used to see each other and converse on easy terms together.
+Cicero accordingly saluted him, and asked him whether to-day were a
+good time for asking a favor of him, and on his answering, "Very
+much so," and begging to hear what it was, "Then," said Cicero, "we
+should like to dine with you today, just on the dinner that is
+prepared for yourself."  Lucullus being surprised, and requesting a
+day's time, they refused to grant it, neither suffered him to talk
+with his servants, for fear he should give order for more than was
+appointed before.  But thus much they consented to, that before
+their faces he might tell his servant, that to-day he would sup in
+the Apollo, (for so one of his best dining-rooms was called,) and
+by this evasion he outwitted his guests.  For every room, as it
+seems, had its own assessment of expenditure, dinner at such a
+price, and all else in accordance; so that the servants, on knowing
+where he would dine, knew also how much was to be expended, and in
+what style and form dinner was to be served.  The expense for the
+Apollo was fifty thousand drachmas, and thus much being that day
+laid out, the greatness of the cost did not so much amaze Pompey
+and Cicero, as the rapidity of the outlay.  One might believe
+Lucullus thought his money really captive and barbarian, so
+wantonly and contumeliously did he treat it.
+
+His furnishing a library, however, deserves praise and record, for
+he collected very many and choice manuscripts; and the use they
+were put to was even more magnificent than the purchase, the
+library being always open, and the walks and reading-rooms about it
+free to all Greeks, whose delight it was to leave their other
+occupations and hasten thither as to the habitation of the Muses,
+there walking about, and diverting one another.  He himself often
+passed his hours there, disputing with the learned in the walks,
+and giving his advice to statesmen who required it, insomuch
+that his house was altogether a home, and in a manner a Greek
+prytaneum for those that visited Rome.  He was fond of all sorts of
+philosophy, and was well-read and expert in them all.  But he
+always from the first specially favored and valued the Academy; not
+the New one which at that time under Philo flourished with the
+precepts of Carneades, but the Old one, then sustained and
+represented by Antiochus of Ascalon, a learned and eloquent man.
+Lucullus with great labor made him his friend and companion, and
+set him up against Philo's auditors, among whom Cicero was one, who
+wrote an admirable treatise in defense of his sect, in which he
+puts the argument in favor of comprehension in the mouth of
+Lucullus, and the opposite argument in his own.  The book is called
+Lucullus.  For as has been said, they were great friends, and took
+the same side in politics.  For Lucullus did not wholly retire from
+the republic, but only from ambition, and from the dangerous and
+often lawless struggle for political preeminence, which he left to
+Crassus and Cato, whom the senators, jealous of Pompey's greatness,
+put forward as their champions, when Lucullus refused to head them.
+For his friends' sake he came into the forum and into the senate,
+when occasion offered to humble the ambition and pride of Pompey,
+whose settlement, after his conquests over the kings, he got
+canceled, and by the assistance of Cato, hindered a division of
+lands to his soldiers, which he proposed.  So Pompey went over to
+Crassus and Caesar's alliance, or rather conspiracy, and filling
+the city with armed men, procured the ratification of his decrees
+by force, and drove Cato and Lucullus out of the forum.  Which
+being resented by the nobility, Pompey's party produced one
+Vettius, pretending they apprehended him in a design against
+Pompey's life.  Who in the senate-house accused others, but before
+the people named Lucullus, as if he had been suborned by him to
+kill Pompey.  Nobody gave heed to what he said, and it soon
+appeared that they had put him forward to make false charges and
+accusations.  And after a few days the whole intrigue became yet
+more obvious, when the dead body of Vettius was thrown out of the
+prison, he being reported, indeed, to have died a natural death,
+but carrying marks of a halter and blows about him, and seeming
+rather to have been taken off by those who suborned him.  These
+things kept Lucullus at a greater distance from the republic.
+
+But when Cicero was banished the city, and Cato sent to Cyprus, he
+quitted public affairs altogether.  It is said, too, that before
+his death, his intellects failed him by degrees.  But Cornelius
+Nepos denies that either age or sickness impaired his mind, which
+was rather affected by a potion, given him by Callisthenes his
+freedman.  The potion was meant by Callisthenes to strengthen his
+affection for him, and was supposed to have that tendency but it
+acted quite otherwise, and so disabled and unsettled his mind, that
+while he was yet alive, his brother took charge of his affairs.  At
+his death, as though it had been the death of one taken off in the
+very height of military and civil glory, the people were much
+concerned, and flocked together, and would have forcibly taken his
+corpse, as it was carried into the market-place by young men of the
+highest rank, and have buried it in the field of Mars, where they
+buried Sylla.  Which being altogether unexpected, and necessaries
+not easily to be procured on a sudden, his brother, after much
+entreaty and solicitation, prevailed upon them to suffer him to be
+buried on his Tusculan estate as had been appointed.  He himself
+survived him but a short time, coming not far behind in death, as
+he did in age and renown, in all respects, a most loving brother.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF LUCULLUS WITH CIMON
+
+One might bless the end of Lucullus, which was so timed as to let
+him die before the great revolution, which fate by intestine wars,
+was already effecting against the established government, and to
+close his life in a free though troubled commonwealth.  And in
+this, above all other things, Cimon and he are alike.  For he died
+also when Greece was as yet undisordered, in its highest felicity;
+though in the field at the head of his army, not recalled, nor out
+of his mind, nor sullying the glory of his wars, engagements, and
+conquests, by making feastings and debauches seem the apparent end
+and aim of them all; as Plato says scornfully of Orpheus, that he
+makes an eternal debauch hereafter, the reward of those who lived
+well here.  Indeed, ease and quiet, and the study of pleasant and
+speculative learning, to an old man retiring from command and
+office, is a most suitable and becoming solace; but to misguide
+virtuous actions to pleasure as their utmost end, and, as the
+conclusion of campaigns and commands, to keep the feast of Venus,
+did not become the noble Academy, and the follower of Xenocrates,
+but rather one that inclined to Epicurus.  And this its one
+surprising point of contrast between them; Cimon's youth was ill-
+reputed and intemperate Lucullus's well disciplined and sober.
+Undoubtedly we must give the preference to the change for good,
+for it argues the better nature, where vice declines and virtue
+grows.  Both had great wealth, but employed it in different ways;
+and there is no comparison between the south wall of the acropolis
+built by Cimon, and the chambers and galleries, with their sea-
+views, built at Naples by Lucullus, out of the spoils of the
+barbarians.  Neither can we compare Cimon's popular and liberal
+table with the sumptuous oriental one of Lucullus, the former
+receiving a great many guests every day at small cost, the latter
+expensively spread for a few men of pleasure, unless you will say
+that different times made the alteration.  For who can tell but
+that Cimon, if he had retired in his old age from business and war
+to quiet and solitude, might have lived a more luxurious and self-
+indulgent life, as he was fond of wine and company, and accused,
+as has been said, of laxity with women?  The better pleasures
+gained in successful action and effort leave the baser appetites
+no time or place, and make active and heroic men forget them.  Had
+but Lucullus ended his days in the field, and in command, envy and
+detraction itself could never have accused him.  So much for their
+manner of life.
+
+In war, it is plain they were both soldiers of excellent conduct,
+both at land and sea.  But as in the games they honor those
+champions who on the same day gain the garland, both in wrestling
+and in the pancratium, with the name of "Victors and more," so
+Cimon, honoring Greece with a sea and land victory on the same
+day, may claim a certain preeminence among commanders.  Lucullus
+received command from his country, whereas Cimon brought it to
+his.  He annexed the territories of enemies to her, who ruled over
+confederates before, but Cimon made his country, which when he
+began was a mere follower of others, both rule over confederates,
+and conquer enemies too, forcing the Persians to relinquish the
+sea, and inducing the Lacedaemonians to surrender their command.
+If it be the chiefest thing in a general to obtain the obedience of
+his soldiers by good-will, Lucullus was despised by his own army,
+but Cimon highly prized even by others.  His soldiers deserted the
+one, the confederates came over to the other.  Lucullus came home
+without the forces which he led out; Cimon, sent out at first to
+serve as one confederate among others, returned home with
+authority even over these also, having successfully effected for
+his city three most difficult services, establishing peace with
+the enemy, dominion over confederates, and concord with
+Lacedaemon.  Both aiming to destroy great kingdoms, and subdue all
+Asia, failed in their enterprise, Cimon by a simple piece of ill-
+fortune, for he died when general, in the height of success; but
+Lucullus no man can wholly acquit of being in fault with his
+soldiers, whether it were he did not know, or would not comply
+with the distastes and complaints of his army, which brought him
+at last into such extreme unpopularity among them.  But did not
+Cimon also suffer like him in this?  For the citizens arraigned
+him, and did not leave off till they had banished him, that, as
+Plato says, they might not hear him for the space of ten years.
+For high and noble minds seldom please the vulgar, or are
+acceptable to them; for the force they use to straighten their
+distorted actions gives the same pain as surgeons' bandages do in
+bringing dislocated bones to their natural position.  Both of
+them, perhaps, come off pretty much with an equal acquittal on
+this count.
+
+Lucullus very much outwent him in war being the first Roman who
+carried an army over Taurus, passed the Tigris, took and burnt the
+royal palaces of Asia in the sight of the kings, Tigranocerta,
+Cabira, Sinope, and Nisibis, seizing and overwhelming the northern
+parts as far as the Phasis, the east as far as Media, and making
+the South and Red Sea his own through the kings of the Arabians.
+He shattered the power of the kings, and narrowly missed their
+persons, while like wild beasts they fled away into deserts and
+thick and impassable woods.  In demonstration of this superiority,
+we see that the Persians, as if no great harm had befallen them
+under Cimon, soon after appeared in arms against the Greeks, and
+overcame and destroyed their numerous forces in Egypt.  But after
+Lucullus, Tigranes and Mithridates were able to do nothing; the
+latter, being disabled and broken in the former wars, never dared
+to show his army to Pompey outside the camp, but fled away to
+Bosporus, and there died.  Tigranes threw himself, naked and
+unarmed, down before Pompey, and taking his crown from his head,
+laid it at his feet, complimenting Pompey with what was not his
+own, but, in real truth, the conquest already effected by
+Lucullus.  And when he received the ensigns of majesty again, he
+was well pleased, evidently because he had forfeited them before.
+And the commander, as the wrestler, is to be accounted to have
+done most who leaves an adversary almost conquered for his
+successor.  Cimon, moreover, when he took the command, found the
+power of the king broken, and the spirits of the Persians humbled
+by their great defeats and incessant routs under Themistocles,
+Pausanias, and Leotychides, and thus easily overcame the bodies of
+men whose souls were quelled and defeated beforehand.  But
+Tigranes had never yet in many combats been beaten, and was flushed
+with success when he engaged with Lucullus.  There is no comparison
+between the numbers, which came against Lucullus, and those
+subdued by Cimon.  All which things being rightly considered, it
+is a hard matter to give judgment.  For supernatural favor also
+appears to have attended both of them, directing the one what to
+do, the other what to avoid, and thus they have, both of them, so
+to say, the vote of the gods, to declare them noble and divine
+characters.
+
+
+
+NICIAS
+
+Crassus, in my opinion, may most properly be set against Nicias,
+and the Parthian disaster compared with that in Sicily.  But here
+it will be well for me to entreat the reader, in all courtesy, not
+to think that I contend with Thucydides in matters so pathetically,
+vividly, and eloquently, beyond all imitation, and even beyond
+himself, expressed by him; nor to believe me guilty of the like
+folly with Timaeus, who, hoping in his history to surpass
+Thucydides in art, and to make Philistus appear a trifler and a
+novice, pushes on in his descriptions, through all the battles,
+sea-fights, and public speeches, in recording which they have been
+most successful, without meriting so much as to be compared in
+Pindar's phrase, to
+
+One that on his feet
+Would with the Lydian cars compete.
+
+He simply shows himself all along a half-lettered, childish writer;
+in the words of Diphilus,
+
+-- of wit obese,
+O'erlarded with Sicilian grease.
+
+Often he sinks to the very level of Xenarchus, telling us that he
+thinks it ominous to the Athenians that their
+general, who had victory in his name, was unwilling to take
+command in the expedition; and that the defacing of the Hermae was
+a divine intimation that they should suffer much in the war by
+Hermocrates, the son of Hermon; and, moreover, how it was likely
+that Hercules should aid the Syracusans for the sake of Proserpine,
+by whose means he took Cerberus, and should be angry with the
+Athenians for protecting the Egesteans, descended from Trojan
+ancestors, whose city he, for an injury of their king Laomedon, had
+overthrown.  However, all these may be merely other instances of
+the same happy taste that makes him correct the diction of
+Philistus, and abuse Plato and Aristotle.  This sort of contention
+and rivalry with others in matter of style, to my mind, in any
+case, seems petty and pedantic, but when its objects are works of
+inimitable excellence, it is absolutely senseless.  Such actions in
+Nicias's life as Thucydides and Philistus have related, since they
+cannot be passed by, illustrating as they do most especially his
+character and temper, under his many and great troubles, that I may
+not seem altogether negligent, I shall briefly run over.  And such
+things as are not commonly known, and lie scattered here and there
+in other men's writings, or are found amongst the old monuments and
+archives, I shall endeavor to bring together; not collecting mere
+useless pieces of learning, but adducing what may make his
+disposition and habit of mind understood.
+
+First of all, I would mention what Aristotle has said of Nicias,
+that there had been three good citizens, eminent above the rest for
+their hereditary affection and love to the people, Nicias the son
+of Niceratus, Thucydides the son of Melesias, and Theramenes the
+son of Hagnon, but the last less than the others; for he had his
+dubious extraction cast in his teeth, as a foreigner from Ceos, and
+his inconstancy, which made him side sometimes with one party,
+sometimes with another in public life, and which obtained him the
+nickname of the Buskin.
+
+Thucydides came earlier, and, on the behalf of the nobility, was a
+great opponent of the measures by which Pericles courted the favor
+of the people.
+
+Nicias was a younger man, yet was in some reputation even whilst
+Pericles lived; so much so as to have been his colleague in the
+office of general, and to have held command by himself more than
+once.  But on the death of Pericles, he presently rose to the
+highest place, chiefly by the favor of the rich and eminent
+citizens, who set him up for their bulwark against the presumption
+and insolence of Cleon; nevertheless, he did not forfeit the
+good-will of the commonalty, who, likewise, contributed to his
+advancement.  For though Cleon got great influence by his exertions
+
+-- to please
+The old men, who trusted him to find them fees.
+
+Yet even those, for whose interest, and to gain whose favor he
+acted, nevertheless observing the avarice, the arrogance, and the
+presumption of the man, many of them supported Nicias.  For his was
+not that sort of gravity which is harsh and offensive, but he
+tempered it with a certain caution and deference, winning upon the
+people, by seeming afraid of them.  And being naturally diffident
+and unhopeful in war, his good fortune supplied his want of
+courage, and kept it from being detected, as in all his commands he
+was constantly successful.  And his timorousness in civil life, and
+his extreme dread of accusers, was thought very suitable in a
+citizen of a free State; and from the people's good-will towards
+him, got him no small power over them, they being fearful of all
+that despised them, but willing to promote one who seemed to be
+afraid of them; the greatest compliment their betters could pay
+them being not to contemn them.
+
+Pericles, who by solid virtue and the pure force of argument ruled
+the commonwealth, had stood in need of no disguises nor persuasions
+with the people.  Nicias, inferior in these respects, used his
+riches, of which he had abundance, to gain popularity.  Neither had
+he the nimble wit of Cleon, to win the Athenians to his purposes by
+amusing them with bold jests; unprovided with such qualities, he
+courted them with dramatic exhibitions, gymnastic games, and other
+public shows, more sumptuous and more splendid than had been ever
+known in his, or in former ages.  Amongst his religious offerings,
+there was extant, even in our days, the small figure of Minerva in
+the citadel, having lost the gold that covered it; and a shrine in
+the temple of Bacchus, under the tripods, that were presented by
+those who won the prize in the shows of plays.  For at these he had
+often carried off the prize, and never once failed.  We are told
+that on one of these occasions, a slave of his appeared in the
+character of Bacchus, of a beautiful person and noble stature, and
+with as yet no beard upon his chin; and on the Athenians being
+pleased with the sight, and applauding a long time, Nicias stood
+up, and said he could not in piety keep as a slave, one whose
+person had been consecrated to represent a god.  And forthwith he
+set the young man free.  His performances at Delos are, also, on
+record, as noble and magnificent works of devotion.  For whereas
+the choruses which the cities sent to sing hymns to the god were
+wont to arrive in no order, as it might happen, and, being there
+met by a crowd of people crying out to them to sing, in their hurry
+to begin, used to disembark confusedly, putting on their garlands,
+and changing their dresses as they left the ships, he, when he had
+to convoy the sacred company, disembarked the chorus at Rhenea,
+together with the sacrifice, and other holy appurtenances.  And
+having brought along with him from Athens a bridge fitted by
+measurement for the purpose, and magnificently adorned with gilding
+and coloring, and with garlands and tapestries; this he laid in the
+night over the channel betwixt Rhenea and Delos, being no great
+distance.  And at break of day he marched forth with all the
+procession to the god, and led the chorus, sumptuously ornamented,
+and singing their hymns, along over the bridge.  The sacrifices,
+the games, and the feast being over, he set up a palm-tree of brass
+for a present to the god, and bought a parcel of land with ten
+thousand drachmas which he consecrated; with the revenue the
+inhabitants of Delos were to sacrifice and to feast, and to pray
+the gods for many good things to Nicias.  This he engraved on a
+pillar, which he left in Delos to be a record of his bequest.  This
+same palm-tree, afterwards broken down by the wind, fell on the
+great statue which the men of Naxos presented, and struck it to the
+ground.
+
+It is plain that much of this might be vainglory, and the mere
+desire of popularity and applause; yet from other qualities and
+carriage of the man, one might believe all this cost and public
+display to be the effect of devotion.  For he was one of those who
+dreaded the divine powers extremely, and, as Thucydides tells us,
+was much given to arts of divination.  In one of Pasiphon's
+dialogues, it is stated that he daily sacrificed to the gods, and
+keeping a diviner at his house, professed to be consulting always
+about the commonwealth, but for the most part, inquired about his
+own private affairs, more especially concerning his silver mines;
+for he owned many works at Laurium, of great value, but somewhat
+hazardous to carry on.  He maintained there a multitude of slaves,
+and his wealth consisted chiefly in silver.  Hence he had many
+hangers-on about him, begging and obtaining.  For he gave to those
+who could do him mischief, no less than to those who deserved well.
+In short, his timidity was a revenue to rogues, and his humanity to
+honest men.  We find testimony in the comic writers, as when
+Teleclides, speaking of one of the professed informers, says: --
+
+Charicles gave the man a pound, the matter not to name,
+That from inside a money-bag into the world he came;
+And Nicias, also, paid him four; I know the reason well,
+But Nicias is a worthy man, and so I will not tell.
+
+So, also, the informer whom Eupolis introduces in his Maricas,
+attacking a good, simple, poor man: --
+
+How long ago did you and Nicias meet?
+
+I did but see him just now in the street.
+
+The man has seen him and denies it not,
+'Tis evident that they are in a plot.
+
+See you, O citizens! 'tis fact,
+Nicias is taken in the act.
+
+Taken, Fools! take so good a man
+In aught that's wrong none will or can.
+
+Cleon, in Aristophanes, makes it one of his threats: --
+
+I'll outscream all the speakers, and make Nicias stand aghast!
+
+Phrynichus also implies his want of spirit, and his easiness to be
+intimidated in the verses,
+
+A noble man he was, I well can say,
+Nor walked like Nicias, cowering on his way.
+
+So cautious was he of informers, and so reserved, that he never
+would dine out with any citizen, nor allowed himself to indulge in
+talk and conversation with his friends, nor gave himself any
+leisure for such amusements; but when he was general he used to
+stay at the office till night, and was the first that came to the
+council-house, and the last that left it.  And if no public
+business engaged him, it was very hard to have access, or to speak
+with him, he being retired at home and locked up.  And when any
+came to the door, some friend of his gave them good words, and
+begged them to excuse him, Nicias was very busy; as if affairs of
+State and public duties still kept him occupied.  He who
+principally acted this part for him, and contributed most to this
+state and show, was Hiero, a man educated in Nicias's family, and
+instructed by him in letters and music.  He professed to be the son
+of Dionysius, surnamed Chalcus, whose poems are yet extant, and had
+led out the colony to Italy, and founded Thurii.  This Hiero
+transacted all his secrets for Nicias with the dinners; and gave
+out to the people, what a toilsome and miserable life he led, for
+the sake of the commonwealth.  "He," said Hiero, "can never be
+either at the bath, or at his meat, but some public business
+interferes.  Careless of his own, and zealous for the public good,
+he scarcely ever goes to bed till after others have had their first
+sleep.  So that his health is impaired, and his body out of order,
+nor is he cheerful or affable with his friends, but loses them as
+well as his money in the service of the State, while other men gain
+friends by public speaking, enrich themselves, fare delicately, and
+make government their amusement."  And in fact this was Nicias's
+manner of life, so that he well might apply to himself the words of
+Agamemnon: --
+
+Vain pomp's the ruler of the life we live,
+And a slave's service to the crowd we give.
+
+He observed that the people, in the case of men of eloquence, or of
+eminent parts, made use of their talents upon occasion, but were
+always jealous of their abilities, and held a watchful eye upon
+them, taking all opportunities to humble their pride and abate
+their reputation; as was manifest in their condemnation of
+Pericles, their banishment of Damon, their distrust of Antiphon the
+Rhamnusian, but especially in the case of Paches who took Lesbos,
+who, having to give an account of his conduct, in the very court of
+justice unsheathed his sword and slew himself.  Upon such
+considerations, Nicias declined all difficult and lengthy
+enterprises; if he took a command, he was for doing what was safe;
+and if, as thus was likely, he had for the most part success, he
+did not attribute it to any wisdom, conduct, or courage of his own,
+but, to avoid envy, he thanked fortune for all, and gave the glory
+to the divine powers.  And the actions themselves bore testimony in
+his favor; the city met at that time with several considerable
+reverses, but he had not a hand in any of them.  The Athenians were
+routed in Thrace by the Chalcidians, Calliades and Xenophon
+commanding in chief.  Demosthenes was the general when they were
+unfortunate in Aetolia.  At Delium, they lost a thousand citizens
+under the conduct of Hippocrates; the plague was principally laid
+to the charge of Pericles, he, to carry on the war, having shut up
+close together in the town the crowd of people from the country,
+who, by the change of place, and of their usual course of living,
+bred the pestilence.  Nicias stood clear of all this; under his
+conduct was taken Cythera, an island most commodious against
+Laconia, and occupied by the Lacedaemonian settlers; many places,
+likewise, in Thrace, which had revolted, were taken or won over by
+him; he, shutting up the Megarians within their town, seized upon
+the isle of Minoa; and soon after, advancing from thence to Nisaea,
+made himself master there, and then making a descent upon the
+Corinthian territory, fought a successful battle, and slew a great
+number of the Corinthians with their captain Lycophron.  There it
+happened that two of his men were left by an oversight, when they
+carried off the dead, which when he understood, he stopped the
+fleet, and sent a herald to the enemy for leave to carry off the
+dead; though by law and custom, he that by a truce craved leave to
+carry off the dead, was hereby supposed to give up all claim to the
+victory.  Nor was it lawful for him that did this to erect a
+trophy, for his is the victory who is master of the field, and he
+is not master who asks leave, as wanting power to take.  But he
+chose rather to renounce his victory and his glory, than to let two
+citizens lie unburied.  He scoured the coast of Laconia all along,
+and beat the Lacedaemonians that made head against him.  He took
+Thyrea, occupied by the Aeginetans, and carried the prisoners to
+Athens.
+
+When Demosthenes had fortified Pylos, and the Peloponnesians
+brought together both their sea and land forces before it, after
+the fight, about the number of four hundred native Spartans were
+left ashore in the isle Sphacteria.  The Athenians thought it a
+great prize, as indeed it was, to take these men prisoners.  But
+the siege, in places that wanted water, being very difficult and
+untoward, and to convey necessaries about by sea in summer tedious
+and expensive, in winter doubtful, or plainly impossible, they
+began to be annoyed, and to repent their having rejected the
+embassy of the Lacedaemonians that had been sent to propose a
+treaty of peace, which had been done at the importunity of Cleon,
+who opposed it chiefly out of a pique to Nicias; for, being his
+enemy, and observing him to be extremely solicitous to support the
+offers of the Lacedaemonians, he persuaded the people to refuse
+them.
+
+Now, therefore, that the siege was protracted, and they heard of
+the difficulties that pressed their army, they grew enraged against
+Cleon.  But he turned all the blame upon Nicias, charging it on his
+softness and cowardice, that the besieged were not yet taken.
+"Were I general," said he, "they should not hold out so long."  The
+Athenians not unnaturally asked the question, "Why then, as it is,
+do not you go with a squadron against them?"  And Nicias standing
+up resigned his command at Pylos to him, and bade him take what
+forces he pleased along with him, and not be bold in words, out of
+harm's way, but go forth and perform some real service for the
+commonwealth.  Cleon, at the first, tried to draw back,
+disconcerted at the proposal, which he had never expected; but the
+Athenians insisting, and Nicias loudly upbraiding him, he thus
+provoked, and fired with ambition, took upon him the charge, and
+said further, that within twenty days after he embarked, he would
+either kill the enemy upon the place, or bring them alive to
+Athens.  This the Athenians were readier to laugh at than to
+believe, as on other occasions, also, his bold assertions and
+extravagances used to make them sport, and were pleasant enough.
+As, for instance, it is reported that once when the people were
+assembled, and had waited his coming a long time, at last he
+appeared with a garland on his head, and prayed them to adjourn to
+the next day.  "For," said he, "I am not at leisure to-day; I have
+sacrificed to the gods, and am to entertain some strangers."
+Whereupon the Athenians laughing rose up, and dissolved the
+assembly.  However, at this time he had good fortune, and in
+conjunction with Demosthenes, conducted the enterprise so well,
+that within the time he had limited, he carried captive to Athens
+all the Spartans that had not fallen in battle.
+
+This brought great disgrace on Nicias; for this was not to throw
+away his shield, but something yet more shameful and ignominious,
+to quit his charge voluntarily out of cowardice, and voting
+himself, as it were, out of his command of his own accord, to put
+into his enemy's hand the opportunity of achieving so brave an
+action.  Aristophanes has a jest against him on this occasion in
+the Birds: --
+
+Indeed, not now the word that must be said
+Is, do like Nicias, or retire to bed.
+
+And, again, in his Husbandmen: --
+
+I wish to stay at home and farm.
+What then?
+Who should prevent you?
+You, my countrymen;
+Whom I would pay a thousand drachmas down,
+To let me give up office and leave town.
+
+Enough; content; the sum two thousand is,
+With those that Nicias paid to give up his.
+
+Besides all this, he did great mischief to the city by suffering
+the accession of so much reputation and power to Cleon, who now
+assumed such lofty airs, and allowed himself in such intolerable
+audacity, as led to many unfortunate results, a sufficient part of
+which fell to his own share.  Amongst other things, he destroyed
+all the decorum of public speaking; he was the first who ever broke
+out into exclamations, flung open his dress, smote his thigh, and
+ran up and down whilst he was speaking, things which soon after
+introduced amongst those who managed the affairs of State, such
+license and contempt of decency, as brought all into confusion.
+
+Already, too, Alcibiades was beginning to show his strength at
+Athens, a popular leader, not, indeed, as utterly violent as Cleon,
+but as the land of Egypt, through the richness of its soil, is
+said,
+
+-- great plenty to produce,
+Both wholesome herbs, and drugs of deadly juice,
+
+so the nature of Alcibiades was strong and luxuriant in both kinds,
+and made way for many serious innovations.  Thus it fell out that
+after Nicias had got his hands clear of Cleon, he had not
+opportunity to settle the city perfectly into quietness.  For
+having brought matters to a pretty hopeful condition, he found
+everything carried away and plunged again into confusion by
+Alcibiades, through the wildness and vehemence of his ambition, and
+all embroiled again in war worse than ever.  Which fell out thus.
+The persons who had principally hindered the peace were Cleon and
+Brasidas.  War setting off the virtue of the one, and hiding the
+villainy of the other, gave to the one occasions of achieving brave
+actions, to the other opportunity of committing equal dishonesties.
+Now when these two were in one battle both slain near Amphipolis,
+Nicias was aware that the Spartans had long been desirous of a
+peace, and that the Athenians had no longer the same confidence in
+the war.  Both being alike tired, and, as it were by consent,
+letting fall their hands, he, therefore, in this nick of time,
+employed his efforts to make a friendship betwixt the two cities,
+and to deliver the other States of Greece from the evils and
+calamities they labored under, and so establish his own good name
+for success as a statesman for all future time.  He found the men
+of substance, the elder men, and the land-owners and farmers pretty
+generally, all inclined to peace.  And when, in addition to these,
+by conversing and reasoning, he had cooled the wishes of a good
+many others for war, he now encouraged the hopes of the
+Lacedaemonians, and counseled them to seek peace.  They confided in
+him, as on account of his general character for moderation and
+equity, so, also, because of the kindness and care he had shown to
+the prisoners taken at Pylos and kept in confinement, making their
+misfortune the more easy to them.
+
+The Athenians and the Spartans had before this concluded a truce
+for a year, and during this, by associating with one another, they
+had tasted again the sweets of peace and security, and unimpeded
+intercourse with friends and connections, and thus longed for an
+end of that fighting and bloodshed, and heard with delight the
+chorus sing such verses as
+
+-- my lance I'll leave
+Laid by, for spiders to o'erweave,
+
+and remembered with joy the saying, In peace, they who sleep are
+awaked by the cock-crow, not by the trumpet.  So shutting their
+ears, with loud reproaches, to the forebodings of those who said
+that the Fates decreed this to be a war of thrice nine years, the
+whole question having been debated, they made a peace.  And most
+people thought, now, indeed, they had got an end of all their
+evils.  And Nicias was in every man's mouth, as one especially
+beloved of the gods, who, for his piety and devotion, had been
+appointed to give a name to the fairest and greatest of all
+blessings.  For in fact they considered the peace Nicias's work, as
+the war the work of Pericles; because he, on light occasions,
+seemed to have plunged the Greeks into great calamities, while
+Nicias had induced them to forget all the evils they had done each
+other and to be friends again; and so to this day it is called the
+Peace of Nicias.
+
+The articles being, that the garrisons and towns taken on either
+side, and the prisoners should be restored, and they to restore the
+first to whom it should fall by lot, Nicias, as Theophrastus tells
+us, by a sum of money procured that the lot should fall for the
+Lacedaemonians to deliver the first.  Afterwards, when the
+Corinthians and the Boeotians showed their dislike of what was
+done, and by their complaints and accusations were wellnigh
+bringing the war back again, Nicias persuaded the Athenians and the
+Lacedaemonians, besides the peace, to make a treaty of alliance,
+offensive and defensive, as a tie and confirmation of the peace,
+which would make them more terrible to those that held out, and the
+firmer to each other.  Whilst these matters were on foot,
+Alcibiades, who was no lover of tranquillity, and who was offended
+with the Lacedaemonians because of their applications and
+attentions to Nicias, while they overlooked and despised himself,
+from first to last, indeed, had opposed the peace, though all in
+vain, but now finding that the Lacedaemonians did not altogether
+continue to please the Athenians, but were thought to have acted
+unfairly in having made a league with the Boeotians, and had not
+given up Panactum, as they should have done, with its
+fortifications unrazed, nor yet Amphipolis, he laid hold on these
+occasions for his purpose, and availed himself of every one of them
+to irritate the people.  And, at length, sending for ambassadors
+from the Argives, he exerted himself to effect a confederacy
+between the Athenians and them.  And now, when Lacedaemonian
+ambassadors were come with full powers, and at their preliminary
+audience by the council seemed to come in all points with just
+proposals, he, fearing that the general assembly, also, would be
+won over to their offers, overreached them with false professions
+and oaths of assistance, on the condition that they would not avow
+that they came with full powers, this, he said, being the only way
+for them to attain their desires.  They being overpersuaded and
+decoyed from Nicias to follow him, he introduced them to the
+assembly, and asked them presently whether or no they came in all
+points with full powers, which when they denied, he, contrary to
+their expectation, changing his countenance, called the council to
+witness their words, and now bade the people beware how they trust,
+or transact anything with such manifest liars, who say at one time
+one thing, and at another the very opposite upon the same subject.
+These plenipotentiaries were, as well they might be, confounded at
+this, and Nicias, also, being at a loss what to say, and struck
+with amazement and wonder, the assembly resolved to send
+immediately for the Argives, to enter into a league with them.  An
+earthquake, which interrupted the assembly, made for Nicias's
+advantage; and the next day the people being again assembled, after
+much speaking and soliciting, with great ado he brought it about,
+that the treaty with the Argives should be deferred, and he be sent
+to the Lacedaemonians, in full expectation that so all would go
+well.
+
+When he arrived at Sparta, they received him there as a good man,
+and one well inclined towards them; yet he effected nothing, but,
+baffled by the party that favored the Boeotians, he returned home,
+not only dishonored and hardly spoken of, but likewise in fear of
+the Athenians, who were vexed and enraged that through his
+persuasions they had released so many and such considerable
+persons, their prisoners, for the men who had been brought from
+Pylos were of the chiefest families of Sparta, and had those who
+were highest there in place and power for their friends and
+kindred.  Yet did they not in their heat proceed against him,
+otherwise than that they chose Alcibiades general, and took the
+Mantineans and Eleans, who had thrown up their alliance with the
+Lacedaemonians, into the league, together with the Argives, and
+sent to Pylos freebooters to infest Laconia, whereby the war began
+to break out afresh.
+
+But the enmity betwixt Nicias and Alcibiades running higher and
+higher, and the time being at hand for decreeing the ostracism or
+banishment, for ten years, which the people, putting the name on a
+sherd, were wont to inflict at certain times on some person
+suspected or regarded with jealousy for his popularity or wealth,
+both were now in alarm and apprehension, one of them, in all
+likelihood, being to undergo this ostracism; as the people
+abominated the life of Alcibiades, and stood in fear of his
+boldness and resolution, as is shown particularly in the history of
+him; while as for Nicias, his riches made him envied, and his
+habits of living, in particular, his unsociable and exclusive ways,
+not like those of a fellow-citizen, or even a fellow-man, went
+against him, and having many times opposed their inclinations,
+forcing them against their feelings to do what was their interest,
+he had got himself disliked.
+
+To speak plainly, it was a contest of the young men who were eager
+for war, against the men of years and lovers of peace, they turning
+the ostracism upon the one, these upon the other.  But
+
+In civil strife e'en villains rise to fame.
+
+And so now it happened that the city, distracted into two factions,
+allowed free course to the most impudent and profligate persons,
+among whom was Hyperbolus of the Perithoedae, one who could not,
+indeed, be said to be presuming upon any power, but rather by his
+presumption rose into power, and by the honor he found in the city,
+became the scandal of it.  He, at this time, thought himself far
+enough from the ostracism, as more properly deserving the slave's
+gallows, and made account, that one of these men being dispatched
+out of the way, he might be able to play a part against the other
+that should be left, and openly showed his pleasure at the
+dissension, and his desire to inflame the people against both of
+them.  Nicias and Alcibiades, perceiving his malice, secretly
+combined together, and setting both their interests jointly at
+work, succeeded in fixing the ostracism not on either of them, but
+even on Hyperbolus.  This, indeed, at the first, made sport, and
+raised laughter among the people; but afterwards it was felt as an
+affront, that the thing should be dishonored by being employed upon
+so unworthy a subject; punishment, also, having its proper dignity,
+and ostracism being one that was appropriate rather for Thucydides,
+Aristides, and such like persons; whereas for Hyperbolus it was a
+glory, and a fair ground for boasting on his part, when for his
+villainy he suffered the same with the best men.  As Plato, the
+comic poet said of him,
+
+The man deserved the fate, deny who can;
+Yes, but the fate did not deserve the man;
+Not for the like of him and his slave-brands,
+Did Athens put the sherd into our hands.
+
+And, in fact, none ever afterwards suffered this sort of
+punishment, but Hyperbolus was the last, as Hipparchus the
+Cholargian, who was kin to the tyrant, was the first.
+
+There is no judgment to be made of fortune; nor can any reasoning
+bring us to a certainty about it.  If Nicias had run the risk with
+Alcibiades, whether of the two should undergo the ostracism, he had
+either prevailed, and, his rival being expelled the city, he had
+remained secure; or, being overcome, he had avoided the utmost
+disasters, and preserved the reputation of a most excellent
+commander.  Meantime I am not ignorant that Theophrastus says, that
+when Hyperbolus was banished Phaeax, not Nicias, contested it with
+Alcibiades; but most authors differ from him.
+
+It was Alcibiades, at any rate, whom when the Aegestean and
+Leontine ambassadors arrived and urged the Athenians to make an
+expedition against Sicily, Nicias opposed, and by whose persuasions
+and ambition he found himself overborne, who even before the people
+could be assembled, had preoccupied and corrupted their judgment
+with hopes and with speeches; insomuch that the young men at their
+sports, and the old men in their workshops, and sitting together on
+the benches, would be drawing maps of Sicily, and making charts
+showing the seas, the harbors, and general character of the coast
+of the island opposite Africa.  For they made not Sicily the end of
+the war, but rather its starting point and head-quarters from
+whence they might carry it to the Carthaginians, and possess
+themselves of Africa, and of the seas as far as the pillars of
+Hercules.  The bulk of the people, therefore, pressing this way,
+Nicias, who opposed them, found but few supporters, nor those of
+much influence; for the men of substance, fearing lest they should
+seem to shun the public charges and ship-money, were quiet against
+their inclination; nevertheless he did not tire nor give it up, but
+even after the Athenians decreed a war and chose him in the first
+place general, together with Alcibiades and Lamachus, when they
+were again assembled, he stood up, dissuaded them, and protested
+against the decision, and laid the blame on Alcibiades, charging
+him with going about to involve the city in foreign dangers and
+difficulties, merely with a view to his own private lucre and
+ambition.  Yet it came to nothing.  Nicias, because of his
+experience, was looked upon as the fitter for the employment, and
+his wariness with the bravery of Alcibiades, and the easy temper of
+Lamachus, all compounded together, promised such security, that he
+did but confirm the resolution.  Demostratus, who, of the popular
+leaders, was the one who chiefly pressed the Athenians to the
+expedition, stood up and said he would stop the mouth of Nicias
+from urging any more excuses, and moved that the generals should
+have absolute power both at home and abroad, to order and to act as
+they thought best; and this vote the people passed.
+
+The priests, however, are said to have very earnestly opposed the
+enterprise.  But Alcibiades had his diviners of another sort, who
+from some old prophesies announced that "there shall be great fame
+of the Athenians in Sicily," and messengers came back to him from
+Jupiter Ammon, with oracles importing that "the Athenians shall
+take all the Syracusans."  Those, meanwhile, who knew anything
+that boded ill, concealed it, lest they might seem to forespeak
+ill-luck.  For even prodigies that were obvious and plain would not
+deter them; not the defacing of the Hermue, all maimed in one night
+except one, called the Hermes of Andocides, erected by the tribe of
+Aegeus, placed directly before the house then occupied by
+Andocides; nor what was perpetrated on the altar of the twelve
+gods, upon which a certain man leaped suddenly up, and then turning
+round, mutilated himself with a stone.  Likewise at Delphi, there
+stood a golden image of Minerva, set on a palm-tree of brass,
+erected by the city of Athens from the spoils they won from the
+Medes; this was pecked at several days together by crows flying
+upon it, who, also, plucked off and knocked down the fruit, made of
+gold, upon the palm-tree.  But the Athenians said these were all
+but inventions of the Delphians, corrupted by the men of Syracuse.
+A certain oracle bade them bring from Clazomenae the priestess of
+Minerva there; they sent for the woman and found her named
+Hesychia, Quietness, this being, it would seem, what the divine
+powers advised the city at this time, to be quiet.  Whether,
+therefore, the astrologer Meton feared these presages, or that from
+human reason he doubted its success, (for he was appointed to a
+command in it,) feigning himself mad, he set his house on fire.
+Others say he did not counterfeit madness, but set his house on
+fire in the night, and he next morning came before the assembly in
+great distress, and besought the people, in consideration of the
+sad disaster, to release his son from the service, who was about to
+go captain of a galley for Sicily.  The genius, also, of the
+philosopher Socrates, on this occasion, too, gave him intimation by
+the usual tokens, that the expedition would prove the ruin of the
+commonwealth; this he imparted to his friends and familiars, and by
+them it was mentioned to a number of people.  Not a few were
+troubled because the days on which the fleet set sail happened to
+be the time when the women celebrated the death of Adonis; there
+being everywhere then exposed to view images of dead men, carried
+about with mourning and lamentation, and women beating their
+breasts.  So that such as laid any stress on these matters were
+extremely troubled, and feared lest that all this warlike
+preparation, so splendid and so glorious, should suddenly, in a
+little time, be blasted in its very prime of magnificence, and come
+to nothing.
+
+Nicias, in opposing the voting of this expedition, and neither
+being puffed up with hopes, nor transported with the honor of his
+high command so as to modify his judgment, showed himself a man of
+virtue and constancy.  But when his endeavors could not divert the
+people from the war, nor get leave for himself to be discharged of
+the command, but the people, as it were, violently took him up and
+carried him, and against his will put him in the office of general,
+this was no longer now a time for his excessive caution and his
+delays, nor was it for him, like a child, to look back from the
+ship, often repeating and reconsidering over and over again how
+that his advice had not been overruled by fair arguments, thus
+blunting the courage of his fellow commanders and spoiling the
+season of action.  Whereas, he ought speedily to have closed with
+the enemy and brought the matter to an issue, and put fortune
+immediately to the test in battle.  But, on the contrary, when
+Lamachus counseled to sail directly to Syracuse, and fight the
+enemy under their city walls, and Alcibiades advised to secure the
+friendship of the other towns, and then to march against them,
+Nicias dissented from them both, and insisted that they should
+cruise quietly around the island and display their armament, and,
+having landed a small supply of men for the Egesteans, return to
+Athens, weakening at once the resolution and casting down the
+spirits of the men.  And when, a little while after, the Athenians
+called home Alcibiades in order to his trial, he being, though
+joined nominally with another in commission, in effect the only
+general, made now no end of loitering, of cruising, and
+considering, till their hopes were grown stale, and all the
+disorder and consternation which the first approach and view of
+their forces had cast amongst the enemy was worn off, and had left
+them.
+
+Whilst yet Alcibiades was with the fleet, they went before Syracuse
+with a squadron of sixty galleys, fifty of them lying in array
+without the harbor, while the other ten rowed in to reconnoiter,
+and by a herald called upon the citizens of Leontini to return to
+their own country.  These scouts took a galley of the enemy's, in
+which they found certain tablets, on which was set down a list of
+all the Syracusans, according to their tribes.  These were wont to
+be laid up at a distance from the city, in the temple of Jupiter
+Olympius, but were now brought forth for examination to furnish a
+muster-roll of young men for the war.  These being so taken by the
+Athenians, and carried to the officers, and the multitude of names
+appearing, the diviners thought it unpropitious, and were in
+apprehension lest this should be the only destined fullfilment of
+the prophecy, that "the Athenians shall take all the Syracusans."
+Yet, indeed, this was said to be accomplished by the Athenians at
+another time, when Callippus the Athenian, having slain Dion,
+became master of Syracuse.  But when Alcibiades shortly after
+sailed away from Sicily, the command fell wholly to Nicias.
+Lamachus was, indeed, a brave and honest man, and ready to fight
+fearlessly with his own hand in battle, but so poor and ill off,
+that whenever he was appointed general, he used always, in
+accounting for his outlay of public money, to bring some little
+reckoning or other of money for his very clothes and shoes.  On the
+contrary, Nicias, as on other accounts, so, also, because of his
+wealth and station, was very much thought of.  The story is told that
+once upon a time the commission of generals being in consultation
+together in their public office, he bade Sophocles the poet give
+his opinion first, as the senior of the board.  "I," replied
+Sophocles, "am the older, but you are the senior."  And so now,
+also, Lamachus, who better understood military affairs, being quite
+his subordinate, he himself, evermore delaying and avoiding risk,
+and faintly employing his forces, first by his sailing about Sicily
+at the greatest distance aloof from the enemy, gave them
+confidence, then by afterwards attacking Hybla, a petty fortress,
+and drawing off before he could take it, made himself utterly
+despised.  At the last he retreated to Catana without having
+achieved anything, save that he demolished Hyocara, a humble town
+of the barbarians, out of which the story goes that Lais the
+courtesan, yet a mere girl, was sold amongst the other prisoners,
+and carried thence away to Peloponnesus.
+
+But when the summer was spent, after reports began to reach him
+that the Syracusans were grown so confident that they would come
+first to attack him, and troopers skirmishing to the very camp
+twitted his soldiers, asking whether they came to settle with the
+Catanians, or to put the Leontines in possession of their city, at
+last, with much ado, Nicias resolved to sail against Syracuse.  And
+wishing to form his camp safely and without molestation, he
+procured a man to carry from Catana intelligence to the Syracusans
+that they might seize the camp of the Athenians unprotected, and
+all their arms, if on such a day they should march with all their
+forces to Catana; and that, the Athenians living mostly in the
+town, the friends of the Syracusans had concerted, as soon as they
+should perceive them coming, to possess themselves of one of the
+gates, and to fire the arsenal; that many now were in the
+conspiracy and awaited their arrival.  This was the ablest thing
+Nicias did in the whole of his conduct of the expedition.  For
+having drawn out all the strength of the enemy, and made the city
+destitute of men, he set out from Catana, entered the harbor, and
+chose a fit place for his camp, where the enemy could least
+incommode him with the means in which they were superior to him,
+while with the means in which he was superior to them, he might
+expect to carry on the war without impediment.
+
+When the Syracusans returned from Catana, and stood in battle array
+before the city gates, he rapidly led up the Athenians and fell on
+them and defeated them, but did not kill many, their horse
+hindering the pursuit.  And his cutting and breaking down the
+bridges that lay over the river gave Hermocrates, when cheering up
+the Syracusans, occasion to say, that Nicias was ridiculous, whose
+great aim seemed to be to avoid fighting, as if fighting were not
+the thing he came for.  However, he put the Syracusans into a very
+great alarm and consternation, so that instead of fifteen generals
+then in service, they chose three others, to whom the people
+engaged by oath to allow absolute authority.
+
+There stood near them the temple of Jupiter Olympius, which the
+Athenians (there being in it many consecrated things of gold and
+silver) were eager to take, but were purposely withheld from it by
+Nicias, who let the opportunity slip, and allowed a garrison of the
+Syracusans to enter it, judging that if the soldiers should make
+booty of that wealth, it would be no advantage to the public, and
+he should bear the guilt of the impiety.  Not improving in the
+least this success, which was everywhere famous, after a few days'
+stay, away he goes to Naxos, and there winters, spending largely
+for the maintenance of so great an army, and not doing anything
+except some matters of little consequence with some native
+Sicilians that revolted to him.  Insomuch that the Syracusans took
+heart again, made excursions to Catana, wasted the country, and
+fired the camp of the Athenians.  For which everybody blamed
+Nicias, who, with his long reflection, his deliberateness, and his
+caution, had let slip the time for action.  None ever found fault
+with the man when once at work, for in the brunt he showed vigor
+and activity enough, but was slow and wanted assurance to engage.
+
+When, therefore, he brought again the army to Syracuse, such was
+his conduct, and with such celerity, and at the same time security,
+he came upon them, that nobody knew of his approach, when already
+he had come to shore with his galleys at Thapsus, and had landed
+his men; and before any could help it he had surprised Epipolae,
+had defeated the body of picked men that came to its succor, took
+three hundred prisoners, and routed the cavalry of the enemy, which
+had been thought invincible.  But what chiefly astonished the
+Syracusans, and seemed incredible to the Greeks, was, in so short a
+space of time the walling about of Syracuse, a town not less than
+Athens, and far more difficult, by the unevenness of the ground,
+and the nearness of the sea and the marshes adjacent, to have such
+a wall drawn in a circle round it; yet this, all within a very
+little, finished by a man that had not even his health for such
+weighty cares, but lay ill of the stone, which may justly bear the
+blame for what was left undone.  I admire the industry of the
+general, and the bravery of the soldiers for what they succeeded
+in.  Euripides, after their ruin and disaster, writing their
+funeral elegy, said that
+
+Eight victories over Syracuse they gained,
+While equal yet to both the gods remained.
+
+And in truth one shall not find eight, but many more victories, won
+by these men against the Syracusans, till the gods, in real truth,
+or fortune intervened to check the Athenians in this advance to the
+height of power and greatness.
+
+Nicias, therefore, doing violence to his body, was present in most
+actions.  But once, when his disease was the sharpest upon him, he
+lay in the camp with some few servants to attend him.  And Lamachus
+having the command fought the Syracusans, who were bringing a
+cross-wall from the city along to that of the Athenians, to hinder
+them from carrying it round; and in the victory, the Athenians
+hurrying in some disorder to the pursuit, Lamachus getting
+separated from his men, had to resist the Syracusan horse that came
+upon him.  Before the rest advanced Callicrates, a man of good
+courage and skill in war.  Lamachus, upon a challenge, engaged with
+him in single combat, and receiving the first wound, returned it so
+home to Callicrates, that they both fell and died together.  The
+Syracusans took away his body and arms, and at full speed advanced
+to the wall of the Athenians, where Nicias lay without any troops
+to oppose to them, yet roused by this necessity, and seeing the
+danger, he bade those about him go and set on fire all the wood and
+materials that lay provided before the wall for the engines, and
+the engines themselves; this put a stop to the Syracusans, saved
+Nicias, saved the walls, and all the money of the Athenians.  For
+when the Syracusans raw such a fire blazing up between them and the
+wall, they retired.
+
+Nicias now remained sole general, and with great prospects; for
+cities began to come over to alliance with him, and ships laden
+with corn from every coast came to the camp, everyone favoring
+when matters went well.  And some proposals from among the
+Syracusans despairing to defend the city, about a capitulation,
+were already conveyed to him.  And in fact Gylippus, who was on his
+way with a squadron to their aid from Lacedaemon, hearing, on his
+voyage, of the wall surrounding them, and of their distress, only
+continued his enterprise thenceforth, that, giving Sicily up for
+lost, he might, if even that should be possible, secure the
+Italians their cities.  For a strong report was everywhere spread
+about that the Athenians carried all before them, and had a general
+alike for conduct and for fortune invincible.
+
+And Nicias himself, too, now against his nature grown bold in his
+present strength and success, especially from the intelligence he
+received under hand of the Syracusans, believing they would almost
+immediately surrender the town upon terms, paid no manner of regard
+to Gylippus coming to their assistance, nor kept any watch of his
+approach so that, neglected altogether and despised, Gylippus went
+in a longboat ashore without the knowledge of Nicias, and, having
+landed in the remotest parts from Syracuse, mustered up a
+considerable force, the Syracusans not so much as knowing of his
+arrival nor expecting him; so that an assembly was summoned to
+consider the terms to be arranged with Nicias, and some were
+actually on the way, thinking it essential to have all dispatched
+before the town should be quite walled round, for now there
+remained very little to be done, and the materials for the building
+lay all ready along the line.
+
+In this very nick of time and danger arrived Gongylus in one galley
+from Corinth, and everyone, as may be imagined, flocking about
+him, he told them that Gylippus would be with them speedily, and
+that other ships were coming to relieve them.  And, ere yet they
+could perfectly believe Gongylus, an express was brought from
+Gylippus, to bid them go forth to meet him.  So now taking good
+heart, they armed themselves; and Gylippus at once led on his men
+from their march in battle array against the Athenians, as Nicias
+also embattled these.  And Gylippus, piling his arms in view of the
+Athenians, sent a herald to tell them he would give them leave to
+depart from Sicily without molestation.  To this Nicias would not
+vouchsafe any answer, but some of his soldiers laughing asked if
+with the sight of one coarse coat and Laconian staff the Syracusan
+prospects had become so brilliant that they could despise the
+Athenians, who had released to the Lacedaemonians three hundred,
+whom they held in chains, bigger men than Gylippus, and
+longer-haired?  Timaeus, also, writes that even the Syracusans made
+no account of Gylippus, at the first sight mocking at his staff and
+long hair, as afterwards they found reason to blame his
+covetousness and meanness.  The same author, however, adds that on
+Gylippus's first appearance, as it might have been at the sight of
+an owl abroad in the air, there was a general flocking together of
+men to serve in the war.  And this is the truer saying of the two;
+for in the staff and the cloak they saw the badge and authority of
+Sparta, and crowded to him accordingly.  And not only Thucydides
+affirms that the whole thing was done by him alone, but so, also,
+does Philistus, who was a Syracusan and an actual witness of what
+happened.
+
+However, the Athenians had the better in the first encounter, and
+slew some few of the Syracusans, and amongst them Gongylus of
+Corinth.  But on the next day Gylippus showed what it is to be a
+man of experience; for with the same arms, the same horses, and on
+the same spot of ground, only employing them otherwise, he overcame
+the Athenians; and they fleeing to their camp, he set the
+Syracusans to work, and with the stone and materials that had been
+brought together for finishing the wall of the Athenians, he built
+a cross wall to intercept theirs and break it off, so that even if
+they were successful in the field, they would not be able to do
+anything.  And after this the Syracusans taking courage manned their
+galleys, and with their horse and followers ranging about took a
+good many prisoners; and Gylippus going himself to the cities,
+called upon them to join with him, and was listened to and
+supported vigorously by them.  So that Nicias fell back again to
+his old views, and, seeing the face of affairs change, desponded,
+and wrote to Athens, bidding them either send another army, or
+recall this out of Sicily, and that he might, in any case, be
+wholly relieved of the command, because of his disease.
+
+Before this, the Athenians had been intending to send another army
+to Sicily, but envy of Nicias's early achievements and high fortune
+had occasioned, up to this time, many delays; but now they were all
+eager to send off succors.  Eurymedon went before, in midwinter,
+with money, and to announce that Euthydemus and Menander were
+chosen out of those that served there under Nicias to be joint
+commanders with him.  Demosthenes was to go after in the spring
+with a great armament.  In the meantime Nicias was briskly
+attacked, both by sea and land; in the beginning he had the
+disadvantage on the water, but in the end repulsed and sunk many
+galleys of the enemy.  But by land he could not provide succor in
+time, so Gylippus surprised and captured Plemmyrium, in which the
+stores for the navy, and a great sum of money being there kept, all
+fell into his hands, and many were slain, and many taken prisoners.
+And what was of greatest importance, he now cut off Nicias's
+supplies, which had been safely and readily conveyed to him under
+Plemmyrium, while the Athenians still held it, but now that they
+were beaten out, he could only procure them with great difficulty,
+and with opposition from the enemy, who lay in wait with their
+ships under that fort.  Moreover, it seemed manifest to the
+Syracusans that their navy had not been beaten by strength, but by
+their disorder in the pursuit.  Now, therefore, all hands went to
+work to prepare for a new attempt, that should succeed better than
+the former.  Nicias had no wish for a sea-fight, but said it was
+mere folly for them, when Demosthenes was coming in all haste with
+so great a fleet and fresh forces to their succor, to engage the
+enemy with a less number of ships and ill provided.  But, on the
+other hand, Menander and Euthydemus, who were just commencing their
+new command, prompted by a feeling of rivalry and emulation of both
+the generals, were eager to gain some great success before
+Demosthenes came, and to prove themselves superior to Nicias.  They
+urged the honor of the city, which, said they, would be blemished
+and utterly lost, if they should decline a challenge from the
+Syracusans.  Thus they forced Nicias to a sea-fight; and by the
+stratagem of Ariston, the Corinthian pilot, (his trick, described
+by Thucydides, about the men's dinners,) they were worsted, and
+lost many of their men, causing the greatest dejection to Nicias,
+who had suffered so much from having the sole command, and now
+again miscarried through his colleagues.
+
+But now, by this time, Demosthenes with his splendid fleet came in
+sight outside the harbor, a terror to the enemy.  He brought along,
+in seventy-three galleys, five thousand men at arms; of darters,
+archers, and slingers, not less than three thousand; with the
+glittering of their armor, the flags waving from the galleys, the
+multitude of coxswains and flute-players giving time to the rowers,
+setting off the whole with all possible warlike pomp and
+ostentation to dismay the enemy.  Now, one may believe the
+Syracusans were again in extreme alarm, seeing no end or prospect
+of release before them, toiling, as it seemed, in vain, and
+perishing to no purpose.  Nicias, however, was not long overjoyed
+with the reinforcement, for the first time he conferred with
+Demosthenes, who advised forthwith to attack the Syracusans, and to
+put all to the speediest hazard, to win Syracuse, or else return
+home, afraid, and wondering at his promptness and audacity, he
+besought him to do nothing rashly and desperately, since delay
+would be the ruin of the enemy, whose money would not hold out, nor
+their confederates be long kept together; that when once they came
+to be pinched with want, they would presently come again to him for
+terms, as formerly.  For, indeed, many in Syracuse held secret
+correspondence with him, and urged him to stay, declaring that even
+now the people were quite worn out with the war, and weary of
+Gylippus.  And if their necessities should the least sharpen upon
+them they would give up all.
+
+Nicias glancing darkly at these matters, and unwilling to speak out
+plainly, made his colleagues imagine that it was cowardice which
+made him talk in this manner.  And saying that this was the old
+story over again, the well known procrastinations and delays and
+refinements with which at first he let slip the opportunity in not
+immediately falling on the enemy, but suffering the armament to
+become a thing of yesterday, that nobody was alarmed with, they
+took the side of Demosthenes, and with much ado forced Nicias to
+comply.  And so Demosthenes, taking the land-forces, by night made
+an assault upon Epipolae; part of the enemy he slew ere they took
+the alarm, the rest defending themselves he put to flight.  Nor was
+he content with this victory there, but pushed on further, till he
+met the Boeotians.  For these were the first that made head against
+the Athenians, and charged them with a shout, spear against spear,
+and killed many on the place.  And now at once there ensued a panic
+and confusion throughout the whole army; the victorious portion got
+infected with the fears of the flying part, and those who were
+still disembarking and coming forward, falling foul of the
+retreaters, came into conflict with their own party, taking the
+fugitives for pursuers, and treating their friends as if they were
+the enemy.
+
+Thus huddled together in disorder, distracted with fear and
+uncertainties, and unable to be sure of seeing anything, the night
+not being absolutely dark, nor yielding any steady light, the moon
+then towards setting, shadowed with the many weapons and bodies
+that moved to and fro, and glimmering so as not to show an object
+plain, but to make friends through fear suspected for foes, the
+Athenians fell into utter perplexity and desperation.  For,
+moreover, they had the moon at their backs, and consequently their
+own shadows fell upon them, and both hid the number and the
+glittering of their arms; while the reflection of the moon from the
+shields of the enemy made them show more numerous and better
+appointed than, indeed, they were.  At last, being pressed on every
+side, when once they had given way, they took to rout, and in their
+flight were destroyed, some by the enemy, some by the hand of their
+friends, and some tumbling down the rocks, while those that were
+dispersed and straggled about were picked off in the morning by the
+horsemen and put to the sword.  The slain were two thousand; and of
+the rest few came off safe with their arms.
+
+Upon this disaster, which to him was not wholly an unexpected one,
+Nicias accused the rashness of Demosthenes; but he, making his
+excuses for the past, now advised to be gone in all haste, for
+neither were other forces to come, nor could the enemy be beaten
+with the present.  And, indeed, even supposing they were yet too
+hard for the enemy in any case, they ought to remove and quit a
+situation which they understood to be always accounted a sickly
+one, and dangerous for an army, and was more particularly
+unwholesome now, as they could see themselves, because of the time
+of year.  It was the beginning of autumn, and many now lay sick,
+and all were out of heart.
+
+It grieved Nicias to hear of flight and departing home, not that he
+did not fear the Syracusans, but he was worse afraid of the
+Athenians, their impeachments and sentences; he professed that he
+apprehended no further harm there, or if it must be, he would
+rather die by the hand of an enemy, than by his fellow-citizens.
+He was not of the opinion which Leo of Byzantium declared to his
+fellow-citizens:  "I had rather," said he, "perish by you, than
+with you."  As to the matter of place and quarter whither to remove
+their camp, that, he said, might be debated at leisure.  And
+Demosthenes, his former counsel having succeeded so ill, ceased to
+press him further; others thought Nicias had reasons for
+expectation, and relied on some assurance from people within the
+city, and that this made him so strongly oppose their retreat, so
+they acquiesced.  But fresh forces now coming to the Syracusans,
+and the sickness growing worse in his camp, he, also, now approved
+of their retreat, and commanded the soldiers to make ready to go
+aboard.
+
+And when all were in readiness, and none of the enemy had observed
+them, not expecting such a thing, the moon was eclipsed in the
+night, to the great fright of Nicias and others, who, for want of
+experience, or out of superstition, felt alarm at such appearances.
+That the sun might be darkened about the close of the month, this
+even ordinary people now understood pretty well to be the effect of
+the moon; but the moon itself to be darkened, how that could come
+about, and how, on the sudden, a broad full moon should lose her
+light, and show such various colors, was not easy to be
+comprehended; they concluded it to be ominous, and a divine
+intimation of some heavy calamities.  For he who the first, and the
+most plainly of any, and with the greatest assurance committed to
+writing how the moon is enlightened and overshadowed, was
+Anaxagoras; and he was as yet but recent, nor was his argument much
+known, but was rather kept secret, passing only amongst a few,
+under some kind of caution and confidence.  People would not then
+tolerate natural philosophers, and theorists, as they then called
+them, about things above; as lessening the divine power, by
+explaining away its agency into the operation of irrational causes
+and senseless forces acting by necessity, without anything of
+Providence, or a free agent.  Hence it was that Protagoras was
+banished, and Anaxagoras cast in prison, so that Pericles had much
+difficulty to procure his liberty; and Socrates, though he had no
+concern whatever with this sort of learning, yet was put to death
+for philosophy.  It was only afterwards that the reputation of
+Plato, shining forth by his life, and because he subjected natural
+necessity to divine and more excellent principles, took away the
+obloquy and scandal that had attached to such contemplations, and
+obtained these studies currency among all people.  So his friend
+Dion, when the moon, at the time he was to embark from Zacynthus to
+go against Dionysius, was eclipsed, was not in the least disturbed,
+but went on, and, arriving at Syracuse, expelled the tyrant.  But
+it so fell out with Nicias, that he had not at this time a skillful
+diviner with him; his former habitual adviser who used to moderate
+much of his superstition, Stilbides, had died a little before.  For
+in fact, this prodigy, as Philochorus observes, was not unlucky for
+men wishing to fly, but on the contrary very favorable; for things
+done in fear require to be hidden, and the light is their foe.  Nor
+was it usual to observe signs in the sun or moon more than three
+days, as Autoclides states in his Commentaries.  But Nicias
+persuaded them to wait another full course of the moon, as if he
+had not seen it clear again as soon as ever it had passed the
+region of shadow where the light was obstructed by the earth.
+
+In a manner abandoning all other cares, he betook himself wholly to
+his sacrifices, till the enemy came upon them with their infantry,
+besieging the forts and camp, and placing their ships in a circle
+about the harbor.  Nor did the men in the galleys only, but the
+little boys everywhere got into the fishing-boats and rowed up and
+challenged the Athenians, and insulted over them.  Amongst these a
+youth of noble parentage, Heraclides by name, having ventured out
+beyond the rest, an Athenian ship pursued and wellnigh took him.
+His uncle Pollichus, in fear for him, put out with ten galleys
+which he commanded, and the rest, to relieve Pollichus, in like
+manner drew forth; the result of it being a very sharp engagement,
+in which the Syracusans had the victory, and slew Eurymedon, with
+many others.  lifter this the Athenian soldiers had no patience to
+stay longer, but raised an outcry against their officers, requiring
+them to depart by land; for the Syracusans, upon their victory,
+immediately shut and blocked up the entrance of the harbor; but
+Nicias would not consent to this, as it was a shameful thing to
+leave behind so many ships of burden, and galleys little less than
+two hundred.  Putting, therefore, on board the best of the foot,
+and the most serviceable darters, they filled one hundred and ten
+galleys; the rest wanted oars.  The remainder of his army Nicias
+posted along by the sea-side, abandoning the great camp and the
+fortifications adjoining the temple of Hercules; so the Syracusans,
+not having for a long time performed their usual sacrifice to
+Hercules, went up now, both priests and captains, to sacrifice.
+
+And their galleys being manned, the diviners predicted from their
+sacrifices victory and glory to the Syracusans, provided they would
+not be the aggressors, but fight upon the defensive; for so
+Hercules overcame all, by only de.  fending himself when set upon.
+In this confidence they set out; and this proved the hottest and
+fiercest of all their sea-fights, raising no less concern and
+passion in the beholders than in the actors; as they could oversee
+the whole action with all the various and unexpected turns of
+fortune which, in a short space, occurred in it; the Athenians
+suffering no less from their own preparations, than from the enemy;
+for they fought against light and nimble ships, that could attack
+from any quarter, with theirs laden and heavy.  And they were
+thrown at with stones that fly indifferently any way, for which
+they could only return darts and arrows, the direct aim of which
+the motion of the water disturbed, preventing their coming true,
+point foremost to their mark.  This the Syracusans had learned from
+Ariston the Corinthian pilot, who, fighting stoutly, fell himself
+in this very engagement, when the victory had already declared for
+the Syracusans.
+
+The Athenians, their loss and slaughter being very great, their
+flight by sea cut off, their safety by land so difficult, did not
+attempt to hinder the enemy towing away their ships, under their
+eves, nor demanded their dead, as, indeed, their want of burial
+seemed a less calamity than the leaving behind the sick and wounded
+which they now had before them.  Yet more miserable still than
+those did they reckon themselves, who were to work on yet, through
+more such sufferings, after all to reach the same end.
+
+They prepared to dislodge that night.  And Gylippus and his friends
+seeing the Syracusans engaged in their sacrifices and at their
+cups, for their victories, and it being also a holiday, did not
+expect either by persuasion or by force to rouse them up and carry
+them against the Athenians as they decamped.  But Hermocrates, of
+his own head, put a trick upon Nicias, and sent some of his
+companions to him, who pretended they came from those that were
+wont to hold secret intelligence with him, and advised him not to
+stir that night, the Syracusans having laid ambushes and beset the
+ways.  Nicias, caught with this stratagem, remained, to encounter
+presently in reality, what he had feared when there was no
+occasion.  For they, the next morning, marching before, seized the
+defiles, fortified the passes where the rivers were fordable, cut
+down the bridges, and ordered their horsemen to range the plains
+and ground that lay open, so as to leave no part of the country
+where the Athenians could move without fighting.  They stayed both
+that day and another night, and then went along as if they were
+leaving their own, not an enemy's country, lamenting and bewailing
+for want of necessaries, and for their parting from friends and
+companions that were not, able to help themselves; and,
+nevertheless, judging the present evils lighter than those they
+expected to come.  But among the many miserable spectacles that
+appeared up and down in the camp, the saddest sight of all was
+Nicias himself, laboring under his malady, and unworthily reduced
+to the scantiest supply of all the accommodations necessary for
+human wants, of which he in his condition required more than
+ordinary, because of his sickness; yet bearing; up under all this
+illness, and doing and undergoing more than many in perfect health.
+And it was plainly evident, that all this toil was not for himself,
+or from any regard to his own life, but that purely for the sake of
+those under his command he would not abandon hope.  And, indeed,
+the rest were given over to weeping and lamentation through fear or
+sorrow, but he, whenever he yielded to anything of the kind, did
+so, it was evident, from reflection upon the shame and dishonor of
+the enterprise, contrasted with the greatness and glory of the
+success he had anticipated, and not only the sight of his person,
+but, also, the recollection of the arguments and the dissuasions he
+used to prevent this expedition, enhanced their sense of the
+undeservedness of his sufferings, nor had they any heart to put
+their trust in the gods, considering that a man so religious, who
+had performed to the divine powers so many and so great acts of
+devotion, should have no more favorable treatment than the
+wickedest and meanest of the army.
+
+Nicias, however, endeavored all the while by his voice, his
+countenance, and his carriage, to show himself undefeated by these
+misfortunes.  And all along the way shot at, and receiving wounds
+eight days continually from the enemy, he yet preserved the forces
+with him in a body entire, till that Demosthenes was taken prisoner
+with the party that he led, whilst they fought and made a
+resistance, and so got behind and were surrounded near the country
+house of Polyzelus.  Demosthenes thereupon drew his sword, and
+wounded but did not kill himself, the enemy speedily running in and
+seizing upon him.  So soon as the Syracusans had gone and informed
+Nicias of this, and he had sent some horsemen, and by them knew the
+certainty of the defeat of that division, he then vouchsafed to sue
+to Gylippus for a truce for the Athenians to depart out of Sicily,
+leaving hostages for payment of the money that the Syracusans had
+expended in the war.
+
+But now they would not hear of these proposals, but threatening and
+reviling them, angrily and insultingly continued to ply their
+missiles at them, now destitute of every necessary.  Yet Nicias
+still made good his retreat all that night, and the next day,
+through all their darts, made his way to the river Asinarus.
+There, however, the enemy encountering them, drove some into the
+stream, while others ready to die for thirst plunged in headlong,
+while they drank at the same time, and were cut down by their
+enemies.  And here was the cruelest and the most immoderate
+slaughter.  Till at last Nicias falling down to Gylippus, "Let
+pity, O Gylippus," said he, "move you in your victory; not for me,
+who was destined, it seems, to bring the glory I once had to this
+end, but for the other Athenians; as you well know that the chances
+of war are common to all, and the Athenians used them moderately
+and mildly towards you in their prosperity."
+
+At these words, and at the sight of Nicias, Gylippus was somewhat
+troubled, for he was sensible that the Lacedaemonians had received
+good offices from Nicias in the late treaty; and he thought it
+would be a great and glorious thing for him to carry off the chief
+commanders of the Athenians alive.  He, therefore, raised Nicias
+with respect, and bade him be of good cheer, and commanded his men
+to spare the lives of the rest.  But the word of command being
+communicated slowly, the slain were a far greater number than the
+prisoners.  Many, however, were privily conveyed away by particular
+soldiers.  Those taken openly were hurried together in a mass;
+their arms and spoils hung up on the finest and largest trees along
+the river.  The conquerors, with garlands on their heads, with
+their own horses splendidly adorned, and cropping short the manes
+and tails of those of their enemies, entered the city, having, in
+the most signal conflict ever waged by Greeks against Greeks, and
+with the greatest strength and the utmost effort of valor and
+manhood, won a most entire victory.
+
+And a general assembly of the people of Syracuse and their
+confederates sitting, Eurycles, the popular leader, moved, first,
+that the day on which they took Nicias should from thenceforward be
+kept holiday by sacrificing and forbearing all manner of work, and
+from the river be called the Asinarian Feast.  This was the
+twenty-sixth day of the month Carneus, the Athenian Metagitnion.
+And that the servants of the Athenians with the other confederates
+be sold for slaves, and they themselves and the Sicilian
+auxiliaries be kept and employed in the quarries, except the
+generals, who should be put to death.  The Syracusans favored the
+proposal, and when Hermocrates said, that to use well a victory was
+better than to gain a victory, he was met with great clamor and
+outcry.  When Gylippus, also, demanded the Athenian generals to be
+delivered to him, that he might carry them to the Lacedaemonians,
+the Syracusans, now insolent with their good fortune, gave him ill
+words.  Indeed, before this, even in the war, they had been
+impatient at his rough behavior and Lacedaemonian haughtiness, and
+had, as Timaeus tells us, discovered sordidness and avarice in his
+character, vices which may have descended to him from his father
+Cleandrides, who was convicted of bribery and banished.  And the
+very man himself, of the one thousand talents which Lysander sent
+to Sparta, embezzled thirty, and hid them under the tiles of his
+house, and was detected and shamefully fled his country.  But this
+is related more at large in the life of Lysander.  Timaeus says
+that Demosthenes and Nicias did not die, as Thucydides and
+Philistus have written, by the order of the Syracusans, but that
+upon a message sent them from Hermocrates, whilst yet the assembly
+were sitting, by the connivance of some of their guards, they were
+enabled to put an end to themselves.  Their bodies, however, were
+thrown out before the gates and offered for a public spectacle.
+And I have heard that to this day in a temple at Syracuse is shown
+a shield, said to have been Nicias's, curiously wrought and
+embroidered with gold and purple intermixed.  Most of the Athenians
+perished in the quarries by diseases and ill diet, being allowed
+only one pint of barley every day, and one half pint of water.
+Many of them, however, were carried off by stealth, or, from the
+first, were supposed to be servants, and were sold as slaves.
+These latter were branded on their foreheads with the figure of a
+horse.  There were, however, Athenians, who, in addition to
+slavery, had to endure even this.  But their discreet and orderly
+conduct was an advantage to them; they were either soon set free,
+or won the respect of their masters with whom they continued to
+live.  Several were saved for the sake of Euripides, whose poetry,
+it appears, was in request among the Sicilians more than among any
+of the settlers out of Greece.  And when any travelers arrived that
+could tell them some passage, or give them any specimen of his
+verses, they were delighted to be able to communicate them to one
+another.  Many of the captives who got safe back to Athens are
+said, after they reached home, to have gone and made their
+acknowledgments to Euripides, relating how that some of them had
+been released from their slavery by teaching what they could
+remember of his poems, and others, when straggling after the fight,
+been relieved with meat and drink for repeating some of his lyrics.
+Nor need this be any wonder, for it is told that a ship of Caunus
+fleeing into one of their harbors for protection, pursued by
+pirates, was not received, but forced back, till one asked if they
+knew any of Euripides's verses, and on their saying they did, they
+were admitted, and their ship brought into harbor.
+
+It is said that the Athenians would not believe their loss, in a
+great degree because of the person who first brought them news of
+it.  For a certain stranger, it seems, coming to Piraeus, and there
+sitting in a barber's shop, began to talk of what had happened, as
+if the Athenians already knew all that had passed; which the barber
+hearing, before he acquainted anybody else, ran as fast as he could
+up into the city, addressed himself to the Archons, and presently
+spread it about in the public Place.  On which, there being
+everywhere, as may be imagined, terror and consternation, the
+Archons summoned a general assembly, and there brought in the man
+and questioned him how he came to know.  And he, giving no
+satisfactory account, was taken for a spreader of false
+intelligence and a disturber of the city, and was, therefore,
+fastened to the wheel and racked a long time, till other messengers
+arrived that related the whole disaster particularly.  So hardly
+was Nicias believed to have suffered the calamity which he had
+often predicted.
+
+
+
+CRASSUS
+
+Marcus Crassus, whose father had borne the office of a censor, and
+received the honor of a triumph, was educated in a little house
+together with his two brothers, who both married in their parents'
+lifetime; they kept but one table amongst them; all which,
+perhaps, was not the least reason of his own temperance and
+moderation in diet.  One of his brothers dying, he married his
+widow, by whom he had his children; neither was there in these
+respects any of the Romans who lived a more orderly life than he
+did, though later in life he was suspected to have been too
+familiar with one of the vestal virgins, named Licinia, who was,
+nevertheless, acquitted, upon an impeachment brought against her
+by one Plotinus.  Licinia stood possessed of a beautiful property
+in the suburbs, which Crassus desiring to purchase at a low price,
+for this reason was frequent in his attentions to her, which gave
+occasion to the scandal, and his avarice, so to say, serving to
+clear him of the crime, he was acquitted.  Nor did he leave the
+lady till he had got the estate.
+
+People were wont to say that the many virtues of Crassus were
+darkened by the one vice of avarice, and indeed he seemed to have
+no other but that; for it being the most predominant, obscured
+others to which he was inclined.  The arguments in proof of his
+avarice were the vastness of his estate, and the manner of raising
+it; for whereas at first he was not worth above three hundred
+talents, yet, though in the course of his political life he
+dedicated the tenth of all he had to Hercules, and feasted the
+people, and gave to every citizen corn enough to serve him three
+months, upon casting up his accounts, before he went upon his
+Parthian expedition, he found his possessions to amount to seven
+thousand one hundred talents; most of which, if we may scandal him
+with a truth, he got by fire and rapine, making his advantages of
+the public calamities.  For when Sylla seized the city, and
+exposed to sale the goods of those that he had caused to be slain,
+accounting them booty and spoils, and, indeed, calling them so
+too, and was desirous of making as many, and as eminent men as he
+could, partakers in the crime, Crassus never was the man that
+refused to accept, or give money for them.  Moreover observing how
+extremely subject the city was to fire, and falling down of
+houses, by reason of their height and their standing so near
+together, he bought slaves that were builders and architects, and
+when he had collected these to the number of more than five
+hundred, he made it his practice to buy houses that were on fire,
+and those in the neighborhood, which, in the immediate danger and
+uncertainty, the proprietors were willing to part with for little,
+or nothing; so that the greatest part of Rome, at one time or
+other, came into his hands.  Yet for all he had so many workmen,
+he never built anything but his own house, and used to say that
+those that were addicted to building would undo themselves soon
+enough without the help of other enemies.  And though he had many
+silver mines, and much valuable land, and laborers to work in it,
+yet all this was nothing in comparison of his slaves, such a
+number and variety did he possess of excellent readers,
+amanuenses, silversmiths, stewards, and table-waiters, whose
+instruction he always attended to himself, superintending in
+person while they learned, and teaching them himself, accounting
+it the main duty of a master to look over the servants, that are,
+indeed, the living tools of housekeeping; and in this, indeed, he
+was in the right, in thinking, that is, as he used to say, that
+servants ought to look after all other things, and the master
+after them.  For economy, which in things inanimate is but
+money-making when exercised over men becomes policy. But it was
+surely a mistaken judgment, when he said no man was to be
+accounted rich that could not maintain an army at his own cost and
+charges, for war, as Archidamus well observed, is not fed at a
+fixed allowance, so that there is no saying what wealth suffices
+for it, and certainly it was one very far removed from that of
+Marius; for when he had distributed fourteen acres of land a man,
+and understood that some desired more, "God forbid," said he,
+"that any Roman should think that too little which is enough to
+keep him alive and well."
+
+Crassus, however, was very eager to be hospitable to strangers; he
+kept open house, and to his friends he would lend money without
+interest, but called it in precisely at the time; so that his
+kindness was often thought worse than the paying the interest
+would have been.  His entertainments were, for the most part,
+plain and citizenlike, the company general and popular; good taste
+and kindness made them pleasanter than sumptuosity would have
+done.  As for learning, he chiefly cared for rhetoric, and what
+would be serviceable with large numbers; he became one of the best
+speakers at Rome, and by his pains and industry outdid the best
+natural orators.  For there was no trial how mean and contemptible
+soever that he came to unprepared; nay, several times he undertook
+and concluded a cause, when Pompey and Caesar and Cicero refused
+to stand up, upon which account particularly he got the love of
+the people, who looked upon him as a diligent and careful man,
+ready to help and succor his fellow-citizens.  Besides, the people
+were pleased with his courteous and unpretending salutations and
+greetings; for he never met any citizen however humble and low,
+but he returned him his salute by name.  He was looked upon as a
+man well-read in history, and pretty well versed in Aristotle's
+philosophy, in which one Alexander instructed him, a man whose
+intercourse with Crassus gave a sufficient proof of his
+good-nature, and gentle disposition; for it is hard to say whether
+he was poorer when he entered into his service, or while he
+continued in it; for being his only friend that used to accompany
+him when traveling, he used to receive from him a cloak for the
+journey, and when he came home had it demanded from him again;
+poor patient sufferer, when even the philosophy he professed did
+not look upon poverty as a thing indifferent. But of this
+hereafter.
+
+When Cinna and Marius got the power in their hands, it was soon
+perceived that they had not come back for any good they intended
+to their country, but to effect the ruin and utter destruction of
+the nobility.  And as many as they could lay their hands on they
+slew, amongst whom were Crassus's father and brother; he himself,
+being very young, for the moment escaped the danger; but
+understanding that he was every way beset and hunted after by the
+tyrants, taking with him three friends and ten servants, with all
+possible speed he fled into Spain, having formerly been there and
+secured a great number of friends, while his father was Praetor of
+that country.  But finding all people in a consternation, and
+trembling at the cruelty of Marius, as if he was already standing
+over them in person, he durst not discover himself to anybody, but
+hid himself in a large cave, which was by the sea-shore, and
+belonged to Vibius Pacianus, to whom he sent one of his servants
+to sound him, his provisions, also, beginning to fail.  Vibius was
+well pleased at his escape, and inquiring the place of his abode
+and the number of his companions, he went not to him himself, but
+commanded his steward to provide every day a good meal's meat, and
+carry it and leave it near such a rock, and so return without
+taking any further notice or being inquisitive, promising him his
+liberty if he did as he commanded, and that he would kill him if
+he intermeddled.  The cave is not far from the sea; a small and
+insignificant looking opening in the cliffs conducts you in; when
+you are entered, a wonderfully high roof spreads above you, and
+large chambers open out one beyond another, nor does it lack
+either water or light, for a very pleasant and wholesome spring
+runs at the foot of the cliffs, and natural chinks, in the most
+advantageous place, let in the light all day long; and the
+thickness of the rock makes the air within pure and clear, all the
+wet and moisture being carried off into the spring.
+
+While Crassus remained here, the steward brought them what was
+necessary, but never saw them, nor knew anything of the matter,
+though they within saw, and expected him at the customary times.
+Neither was their entertainment such as just to keep them alive,
+but given them in abundance and for their enjoyment; for Pacianus
+resolved to treat him with all imaginable kindness, and
+considering he was a young man, thought it well to gratify a
+little his youthful inclinations; for to give just what is
+needful, seems rather to come from necessity than from a hearty
+friendship.  Once taking with him two female servants, he showed
+them the place and bade them go in boldly, whom when Crassus and
+his friends saw, they were afraid of being betrayed, and demanded
+what they were, and what they would have.  They, according as they
+were instructed, answered, they came to wait upon their master who
+was hid in that cave.  And so Crassus perceiving it was a piece of
+pleasantry and of goodwill on the part of Vibius, took them in and
+kept them there with him as long as he stayed, and employed them
+to give information to Vibius of what they wanted, and how they
+were.  Fenestella says he saw one of them, then very old, and
+often heard her speak of the time and repeat the story with
+pleasure.
+
+After Crassus had lain concealed there eight months, on hearing
+that Cinna was dead, he appeared abroad, and a great number of
+people flocking to him, out of whom he selected a body of two
+thousand five hundred, he visited many cities, and, as some write,
+sacked Malaca, which he himself, however, always denied, and
+contradicted all who said so.  Afterwards, getting together some
+ships, he passed into Africa, and joined with Metellus Pius, an
+eminent person that had raised a very considerable force; but upon
+some difference between him and Metellus, he stayed not long
+there, but went over to Sylla, by whom he was very much esteemed.
+When Sylla passed over into Italy, he was anxious to put all the
+young men that were with him in employment; and as he dispatched
+some one way, and some another, Crassus, on its falling to his
+share to raise men among the Marsians, demanded a guard, being to
+pass through the enemy's country, upon which Sylla replied
+sharply, "I give you for guard your father, your brother, your
+friends and kindred, whose unjust and cruel murder I am now going
+to revenge;" and Crassus, being nettled, went his way, broke
+boldly through the enemy, collected a considerable force, and in
+all Sylla's wars acted with great zeal and courage.  And in these
+times and occasions, they say, began the emulation and rivalry for
+glory between him and Pompey; for though Pompey was the younger
+man, and had the disadvantage to be descended of a father that was
+disesteemed by the citizens, and hated as much as ever man was,
+yet in these actions he shone out, and was proved so great, that
+Sylla always used, when he came in, to stand up and uncover his
+head, an honor which he seldom showed to older men and his own
+equals, and always saluted him Imperator.  This fired and stung
+Crassus, though, indeed, he could not with any fairness claim to
+be preferred; for he both wanted experience, and his two innate
+vices, sordidness and avarice, tarnished all the lustre of his
+actions.  For when he had taken Tudertia, a town of the Umbrians,
+he converted, it was said, all the spoil to his own use, for which
+he was complained of to Sylla.  But in the last and greatest
+battle before Rome itself, where Sylla was worsted, some of his
+battalions giving ground, and others being quite broken, Crassus
+got the victory on the right wing, which he commanded, and pursued
+the enemy till night, and then sent to Sylla to acquaint him with
+his success, and demand provision for his soldiers.  In the time,
+however, of the proscriptions and sequestrations, he lost his
+repute again, by making great purchases for little or nothing, and
+asking for grants.  Nay, they say he proscribed one of the
+Bruttians without Sylla's order, only for his own profit, and
+that, on discovering this, Sylla never after trusted him in any
+public affairs.  As no man was more cunning than Crassus to
+ensnare others by flattery, so no man lay more open to it, or
+swallowed it more greedily than himself.  And this particularly
+was observed of him, that though he was the most covetous man in
+the world, yet he habitually disliked and cried out against others
+who were so.
+
+It troubled him to see Pompey so successful in all his
+undertakings; that he had had a triumph before he was capable to
+sit in the senate, and that the people had surnamed him Magnus, or
+the Great.  When somebody was saying Pompey the Great was coming,
+he smiled, and asked him, "How big is he?"  Despairing to equal
+him by feats of arms, he betook himself to civil life, where by
+doing kindnesses, pleading, lending money, by speaking and
+canvassing among the people for those who had objects to obtain
+from them, he gradually gained as great honor and power as Pompey
+had from his many famous expeditions.  And it was a curious thing
+in their rivalry, that Pompey's name and interest in the city was
+greatest when he was absent, for his renown in war, but when
+present he was often less successful than Crassus, by reason of
+his superciliousness and haughty way of living, shunning crowds of
+people, and appearing rarely in the forum, and assisting only some
+few, and that not readily, that his interest might be the stronger
+when he came to use it for himself.  Whereas Crassus, being a
+friend always at hand, ready to be had and easy of access, and
+always with his hands full of other people's business, with his
+freedom and courtesy, got the better of Pompey's formality.  In
+point of dignity of person, eloquence of language, and
+attractiveness of countenance, they were pretty equally excellent.
+But, however, this emulation never transported Crassus so far as
+to make him bear enmity, or any ill-will; for though he was vexed
+to see Pompey and Caesar preferred to him, yet he never minded any
+hostility or malice with his jealousy; though Caesar when he was
+taken captive by the corsairs in Asia, cried out, "O Crassus, how
+glad you will be at the news of my captivity!"  Afterwards they
+lived together on friendly terms, for when Caesar was going
+praetor into Spain, and his creditors, he being then in want of
+money, came upon him and seized his equipage, Crassus then stood
+by him and relieved him, and was his security for eight hundred
+and thirty talents.  And, in general, Rome being divided into
+three great interests, those of Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus, (for
+as for Cato, his fame was greater than his power, and he was
+rather admired than followed,) the sober and quiet part were for
+Pompey, the restless and hotheaded followed Caesar's ambition, but
+Crassus trimmed between them, making advantages of both, and
+changed sides continually, being neither a trusty friend nor an
+implacable enemy, and easily abandoned both his attachments and
+his animosities, as he found it for his advantage, so that in
+short spaces of time, the same men and the same measures had him
+both as their supporter and as their opponent.  He was much liked,
+but was feared as much or even more.  At any rate, when Sicinius,
+who was the greatest troubler of the magistrates and ministers of
+his time, was asked how it was he let Crassus alone, "Oh," said
+he, "he carries hay on his horns," alluding to the custom of tying
+hay to the horns of a bull that used to butt, that people might
+keep out of his way.
+
+The insurrection of the gladiators and the devastation of Italy,
+commonly called the war of Spartacus, began upon this occasion.
+One Lentulus Batiates trained up a great many gladiators in Capua,
+most of them Gauls and Thracians, who, not for any fault by them
+committed, but simply through the cruelty of their master, were
+kept in confinement for this object of fighting one with another.
+Two hundred of these formed a plan to escape, but their plot being
+discovered, those of them who became aware of it in time to
+anticipate their master, being seventy-eight, got out of a cook's
+shop chopping-knives and spits, and made their way through the
+city, and lighting by the way on several wagons that were carrying
+gladiator's arms to another city, they seized upon them and armed
+themselves.  And seizing upon a defensible place, they chose three
+captains, of whom Spartacus was chief, a Thracian of one of the
+nomad tribes, and a man not only of high spirit and valiant, but
+in understanding, also, and in gentleness, superior to his
+condition, and more of a Grecian than the people of his country
+usually are.  When he first came to be sold at Rome, they say a
+snake coiled itself upon his face as he lay asleep, and his wife,
+who at this latter time also accompanied him in his flight, his
+country-woman, a kind of prophetess, and one of those possessed
+with the bacchanal frenzy, declared that it was a sign portending
+great and formidable power to him with no happy event.
+
+First, then, routing those that came out of Capua against them,
+and thus procuring a quantity of proper soldiers' arms, they
+gladly threw away their own as barbarous and dishonorable.
+Afterwards Clodius, the praetor, took the command against them
+with a body of three thousand men from Rome, and besieged them
+within a mountain, accessible only by one narrow and difficult
+passage, which Clodius kept guarded, encompassed on all other
+sides with steep and slippery precipices.  Upon the top, however,
+grew a great many wild vines, and cutting down as many of their
+boughs as they had need of, they twisted them into strong ladders
+long enough to reach from thence to the bottom, by which, without
+any danger, they got down all but one, who stayed there to throw
+them down their arms, and after this succeeded in saving himself.
+The Romans were ignorant of all this, and, therefore, coming upon
+them in the rear, they assaulted them unawares and took their
+camp.  Several, also, of the shepherds and herdsman that were
+there, stout and nimble fellows, revolted over to them, to some of
+whom they gave complete arms, and made use of others as scouts and
+light-armed soldiers.  Publius Varinus, the praetor, was now sent
+against them, whose lieutenant, Furius, with two thousand men,
+they fought and routed.  Then Cossinius was sent, with
+considerable forces, to give his assistance and advice, and him
+Spartacus missed but very little of capturing in person, as he was
+bathing at Salinae; for he with great difficulty made his escape,
+while Spartacus possessed himself of his baggage, and following
+the chase with a great slaughter, stormed his camp and took it,
+where Cossinius himself was slain.  After many successful
+skirmishes with the praetor himself, in one of which he took his
+lictors and his own horse, he began to be great and terrible; but
+wisely considering that he was not to expect to match the force of
+the empire, he marched his army towards the Alps, intending, when
+he had passed them, that every man should go to his own home, some
+to Thrace, some to Gaul.  But they, grown confident in their
+numbers, and puffed up with their success, would give no obedience
+to him, but went about and ravaged Italy; so that now the senate
+was not only moved at the indignity and baseness, both of the
+enemy and of the insurrection, but, looking upon it as a matter of
+alarm and of dangerous consequence, sent out both the consuls to
+it, as to a great and difficult enterprise.  The consul Gellius,
+falling suddenly upon a party of Germans, who through contempt and
+confidence had straggled from Spartacus, cut them all to pieces.
+But when Lentulus with a large army besieged Spartacus, he sallied
+out upon him, and, joining battle, defeated his chief officers,
+and captured all his baggage.  As he made toward the Alps,
+Cassius, who was praetor of that part of Gaul that lies about the
+Po, met him with ten thousand men, but being overcome in battle,
+he had much ado to escape himself, with the loss of a great many
+of his men.
+
+When the senate understood this, they were displeased at the
+consuls, and ordering them to meddle no further, they appointed
+Crassus general of the war, and a great many of the nobility went
+volunteers with him, partly out of friendship, and partly to get
+honor.  He stayed himself on the borders of Picenum, expecting
+Spartacus would come that way, and sent his lieutenant, Mummius,
+with two legions, to wheel about and observe the enemy's motions,
+but upon no account to engage or skirmish.  But he, upon the first
+opportunity, joined battle, and was routed, having a great many
+of his men slain, and a great many only saving their lives, with
+the loss of their arms.  Crassus rebuked Mummius severely, and
+arming the soldiers again, he made them find sureties for their
+arms, that they would part with them no more, and five hundred
+that were the beginners of the flight, he divided into fifty tens,
+and one of each was to die by lot, thus reviving the ancient Roman
+punishment of decimation, where ignominy is added to the penalty
+of death, with a variety of appalling and terrible circumstances,
+presented before the eyes of the whole army, assembled as
+spectators.  When he had thus reclaimed his men, he led them
+against the enemy; but Spartacus retreated through Lucania toward
+the sea, and in the straits meeting with some Cilician pirate
+ships, he had thoughts of attempting Sicily, where, by landing two
+thousand men, he hoped to new kindle the war of the slaves, which
+was but lately extinguished, and seemed to need but a little fuel
+to set it burning again.  But after the pirates had struck a
+bargain with him, and received his earnest, they deceived him and
+sailed away.  He thereupon retired again from the sea, and
+established his army in the peninsula of Rhegium; there Crassus
+came upon him, and considering the nature of the place, which of
+itself suggested the undertaking, he set to work to build a wall
+across the isthmus; thus keeping his soldiers at once from
+idleness, and his foes from forage.  This great and difficult work
+he perfected in a space of time short beyond all expectation,
+making a ditch from one sea to the other, over the neck of land,
+three hundred furlongs long, fifteen feet broad, and as much in
+depth, and above it built a wonderfully high and strong wall.  All
+which Spartacus at first slighted and despised, but when
+provisions began to fail, and on his proposing to pass further, he
+found he was walled in, and no more was to be had in the
+peninsula, taking the opportunity of a snowy, stormy night, he
+filled up part of the ditch with earth and boughs of trees, and so
+passed the third part of his army over.
+
+Crassus was afraid lest he should march directly to Rome, but was
+soon eased of that fear when he saw many of his men break out in a
+mutiny and quit him, and encamp by themselves upon the Lucanian
+lake.  This lake they say changes at intervals of time, and is
+sometimes sweet, and sometimes so salt that it cannot be drunk.
+Crassus falling upon these beat them from the lake, but he could
+not pursue the slaughter, because of Spartacus suddenly coming up,
+and checking the flight.  Now he began to repent that he had
+previously written to the senate to call Lucullus out of Thrace,
+and Pompey out of Spain; so that he did all he could to finish the
+war before they came, knowing that the honor of the action would
+redound to him that came to his assistance.  Resolving, therefore,
+first to set upon those that had mutinied and encamped apart, whom
+Caius Cannicius and Castus commanded, he sent six thousand men
+before to secure a little eminence, and to do it as privately as
+possible, which that they might do, they covered their helmets,
+but being discovered by two women that were sacrificing for the
+enemy, they had been in great hazard, had not Crassus immediately
+appeared, and engaged in a battle which proved a most bloody one.
+Of twelve thousand three hundred whom he killed, two only were
+found wounded in their backs, the rest all having died standing in
+their ranks, and fighting bravely.  Spartacus, after this
+discomfiture, retired to the mountains of Petelia, but Quintius,
+one of Crassus's officers, and Scrofa, the quaestor, pursued and
+overtook him.  But when Spartacus rallied and faced them, they
+were utterly routed and fled, and had much ado to carry off their
+quaestor, who was wounded.  This success, however, ruined
+Spartacus, because it encouraged the slaves, who now disdained any
+longer to avoid fighting, or to obey their officers, but as they
+were upon their march, they came to them with their swords in
+their hand, and compelled them to lead them back again through
+Lucania, against the Romans, the very thing which Crassus was
+eager for.  For news was already brought that Pompey was at hand;
+and people began to talk openly, that the honor of this war was
+reserved for him, who would come and at once oblige the enemy to
+fight and put an end to the war.  Crassus, therefore, eager to
+fight a decisive battle, encamped very near the enemy, and began
+to make lines of circumvallation; but the slaves made a sally, and
+attacked the pioneers.  As fresh supplies came in on either side,
+Spartacus, seeing there was no avoiding it, set all his army in
+array, and when his horse was brought him, he drew out his sword
+and killed him, saying, if he got the day, he should have a great
+many better horses of the enemies, and if he lost it, he should
+have no need of this.  And so making directly towards Crassus
+himself, through the midst of arms and wounds, he missed him, hut
+slew two centurions that fell upon him together.  At last being
+deserted by those that were about him, he himself stood his
+ground, and, surrounded by the enemy, bravely defending himself,
+was cut in pieces.  But though Crassus had good fortune, and not
+only did the part of a good general, but gallantly exposed his
+person, yet Pompey had much of the credit of the action.  For he
+met with many of the fugitives, and slew them, and wrote to the
+senate that Crassus indeed had vanquished the slaves in a pitched
+battle, but that he had put an end to the war.  Pompey was honored
+with a magnificent triumph for his conquest over Sertorius and
+Spain, while Crassus could not himself so much as desire a triumph
+in its full form, and indeed it was thought to look but meanly in
+him to accept of the lesser honor, called the ovation, for a
+servile war, and perform a procession on foot.  The difference
+between this and the other, and the origin of the name, are
+explained in the life of Marcellus.
+
+And Pompey being immediately invited to the consulship, Crassus,
+who had hoped to be joined with him, did not scruple to request
+his assistance.  Pompey most readily seized the opportunity, as he
+desired by all means to lay some obligation upon Crassus, and
+zealously promoted his interest; and at last he declared in one of
+his speeches to the people, that he should be not less beholden to
+them for his colleague, than for the honor of his own appointment.
+But once entered upon the employment, this amity continued not
+long; but differing almost in everything, disagreeing,
+quarreling, and contending, they spent the time of their
+consulship, without effecting any measure of consequence, except
+that Crassus made a great sacrifice to Hercules, and feasted the
+people at ten thousand tables, and measured them out corn for
+three months.  When their command was now ready to expire, and
+they were, as it happened addressing the people, a Roman knight,
+one Onatius Aurelius, an ordinary private person, living in the
+country, mounted the hustings, and declared a vision he had in his
+sleep:  "Jupiter," said he, "appeared to me, and commanded me to
+tell you, that you should not suffer your consuls to lay down
+their charge before they are made friends."  When he had spoken,
+the people cried out that they should be reconciled.  Pompey stood
+still and said nothing, but Crassus, first offering him his hand,
+said, "I cannot think, my countrymen, that I do any thing
+humiliating or unworthy of myself, if I make the first offers of
+accommodation and friendship with Pompey, whom you yourselves
+styled the Great, before he was of man's estate, and decreed him a
+triumph before he was capable of sitting in the senate."
+
+This is what was memorable in Crassus's consulship, but as for his
+censorship, that was altogether idle and inactive, for he neither
+made a scrutiny of the senate, nor took a review of the horsemen,
+nor a census of the people, though he had as mild a man as could
+be desired for his colleague, Lutatius Catulus.  It is said,
+indeed, that when Crassus intended a violent and unjust measure,
+which was the reducing Egypt to be tributary to Rome, Catulus
+strongly opposed it, and falling out about it, they laid down
+their office by consent.  In the great conspiracy of Catiline,
+which was very near subverting the government, Crassus was not
+without some suspicion of being concerned, and one man came
+forward and declared him to be in the plot; but nobody credited
+him.  Yet Cicero, in one of his orations, clearly charges both
+Crassus and Caesar with the guilt of it, though that speech was
+not published till they were both dead.  But in his speech upon
+his consulship, he declares that Crassus came to him by night, and
+brought a letter concerning Catiline, stating the details of the
+conspiracy.  Crassus hated him ever after, but was hindered by his
+son from doing him any open injury; for Publius was a great lover
+of learning and eloquence, and a constant follower of Cicero,
+insomuch that he put himself into mourning when he was accused,
+and induced the other young men to do the same.  And at last he
+reconciled him to his father.
+
+Caesar now returning from his command, and designing to get the
+consulship, and seeing that Crassus and Pompey were again at
+variance, was unwilling to disoblige one by making application to
+the other, and despaired of success without the help of one of
+them; he therefore made it his business to reconcile them, making
+it appear that by weakening each other's influence they were
+promoting the interest of the Ciceros, the Catuli, and the Catos,
+who would really be of no account if they would join their
+interests and their factions, and act together in public with one
+policy and one united power.  And so reconciling them by his
+persuasions, out of the three parties he set up one irresistible
+power, which utterly subverted the government both of senate and
+people.  Not that he made either Pompey or Crassus greater than
+they were before, but by their means made himself greatest of all;
+for by the help of the adherents of both, he was at once
+gloriously declared consul, which office when he administered with
+credit, they decreed him the command of an army, and allotted him
+Gaul for his province, and so placed him as it were in the
+citadel, not doubting but they should divide the rest at their
+pleasure between themselves, when they had confirmed him in his
+allotted command.  Pompey was actuated in all this by an
+immoderate desire of ruling, but Crassus, adding to his old
+disease of covetousness, a new passion after trophies and
+triumphs, emulous of Caesar's exploits, not content to be beneath
+him in these points, though above him in all others, could not be
+at rest, till it ended in an ignominious overthrow, and a public
+calamity.  When Caesar came out of Gaul to Lucca, a great many
+went thither from Rome to meet him.  Pompey and Crassus had
+various conferences with him in secret, in which they came to the
+resolution to proceed to still more decisive steps, and to get the
+whole management of affairs into their hands, Caesar to keep his
+army, and Pompey and Crassus to obtain new ones and new provinces.
+To effect all which there was but one way, the getting the
+consulate a second time, which they were to stand for, and Caesar
+to assist them by writing to his friends, and sending many of his
+soldiers to vote.
+
+But when they returned to Rome, their design was presently
+suspected, and a report was soon spread that this interview had
+been for no good.  When Marcellinus and Domitius asked Pompey in
+the senate if he intended to stand for the consulship, he
+answered, perhaps he would, perhaps not; and being urged again,
+replied, he would ask it of the honest citizens, but not of the
+dishonest.  Which answer appearing too haughty and arrogant,
+Crassus said, more modestly, that he would desire it if it might
+be for the advantage of the public, otherwise he would decline it.
+Upon this some others took confidence and came forward as
+candidates, among them Domitius.  But when Pompey and Crassus now
+openly appeared for it, the rest were afraid and drew back; only
+Cato encouraged Domitius, who was his friend and relation, to
+proceed, exciting him to persist, as though he was now defending
+the public liberty, as these men, he said, did not so much aim at
+the consulate, as at arbitrary government, and it was not a
+petition for office, but a seizure of provinces and armies.  Thus
+spoke and thought Cato, and almost forcibly compelled Domitius to
+appear in the forum, where many sided with them.  For there was,
+indeed, much wonder and question among the people, "Why should
+Pompey and Crassus want another consulship? and why they two
+together, and not with some third person? We have a great many men
+not unworthy to be fellow-consuls with either the one or the
+other."  Pompey's party, being apprehensive of this, committed all
+manner of indecencies and violences, and amongst other things lay
+in wait for Domitius, as he was coming thither before daybreak
+with his friends; his torchbearer they killed, and wounded several
+others, of whom Cato was one.  And these being beaten back and
+driven into a house, Pompey and Crassus were proclaimed consuls.
+Not long after, they surrounded the house with armed men, thrust
+Cato out of the forum, killed some that made resistance, and
+decreed Caesar his command for five years longer, and provinces
+for themselves, Syria, and both the Spains, which being divided by
+lots, Syria fell to Crassus, and the Spains to Pompey.
+
+All were well pleased with the chance, for the people were
+desirous that Pompey should not go far from the city, and he,
+being extremely fond of his wife, was very glad to continue there;
+but Crassus was so transported with his fortune, that it was
+manifest he thought he had never had such good luck befall him as
+now, so that he had much to do to contain himself before company
+and strangers; but amongst his private friends he let fall many
+vain and childish words, which were unworthy of his age, and
+contrary to his usual character, for he had been very little given
+to boasting hitherto.  But then being strangely puffed up, and his
+head heated, he would not limit his fortune with Parthia and
+Syria; but looking on the actions of Lucullus against Tigranes and
+the exploits of Pompey against Mithridates as but child's play, he
+proposed to himself in his hopes to pass as far as Bactria and
+India, and the utmost ocean.  Not that he was called upon by the
+decree which appointed him to his office to undertake any
+expedition against the Parthians, but it was well known that he
+was eager for it, and Caesar wrote to him out of Gaul, commending
+his resolution, and inciting him to the war.  And when Ateius, the
+tribune of the people, designed to stop his journey, and many
+others murmured that one man should undertake a war against a
+people that had done them no injury, and were at amity with them,
+he desired Pompey to stand by him and accompany him out of the
+town, as he had a great name amongst the common people.  And when
+several were ready prepared to interfere and raise an outcry,
+Pompey appeared with a pleasing countenance, and so mollified the
+people, that they let Crassus pass quietly.  Ateius, however, met
+him, and first by word of mouth warned and conjured him not to
+proceed, and then commanded his attendant officer to seize him and
+detain him; but the other tribunes not permitting it, the officer
+released Crassus.  Ateius, therefore, running to the gate, when
+Crassus was come thither, set down a chafing-dish with lighted
+fire in it, and burning incense and pouring libations on it,
+cursed him with dreadful imprecations, calling upon and naming
+several strange and horrible deities.  In the Roman belief there
+is so much virtue in these sacred and ancient rites, that no man
+can escape the effects of them, and that the utterer himself
+seldom prospers; so that they are not often made use of, and but
+upon a great occasion.  And Ateius was blamed at the time for
+resorting to them, as the city itself, in whose cause he used
+them, would be the first to feel the ill effects of these curses
+and supernatural terrors.
+
+Crassus arrived at Brundusium, and though the sea was very rough,
+he had not patience to wait, but went on board, and lost many of
+his ships.  With the remnant of his army he marched rapidly
+through Galatia, where meeting with king Deiotarus, who, though he
+was very old, was about building a new city, Crassus scoffingly
+told him, "Your majesty begins to build at the twelfth hour."
+"Neither do you," said he, "O general, undertake your Parthian
+expedition very early."  For Crassus was then sixty years old, and
+he seemed older than he was.  At his first coming, things went as
+he would have them, for he made a bridge over Euphrates without
+much difficulty, and passed over his army in safety, and occupied
+many cities of Mesopotamia, which yielded voluntarily.  But a
+hundred of his men were killed in one, in which Apollonius was
+tyrant; therefore, bringing his forces against it, he took it by
+storm, plundered the goods, and sold the inhabitants.  The Greeks
+call this city Zenodotia, upon the taking of which, he permitted
+the army to salute him Imperator, but this was very ill thought
+of, and it looked as if he despaired a nobler achievement, that he
+made so much of this little success.  Putting garrisons of seven
+thousand foot and one thousand horse in the new conquests, he
+returned to take up his winter quarters in Syria, where his son
+was to meet him coming from Caesar out of Gaul, decorated with
+rewards for his valor, and bringing with him one thousand select
+horse.  Here Crassus seemed to commit his first error, and except,
+indeed, the whole expedition, his greatest; for, whereas he ought
+to have gone forward and seized Babylon and Seleucia, cities that
+were ever at enmity with the Parthians, he gave the enemy time to
+provide against him.  Besides, he spent his time in Syria more
+like an usurer than a general, not in taking an account of the
+arms, and in improving the skill and discipline of his soldiers,
+but in computing the revenue of the cities, wasting many days in
+weighing by scale and balance the treasure that was in the temple
+of Hierapolis, issuing requisitions for levies of soldiers upon
+particular towns and kingdoms, and then again withdrawing them on
+payment of sums of money, by which he lost his credit and became
+despised.  Here, too, he met with the first ill-omen from that
+goddess, whom some call Venus, others Juno, others Nature, or the
+Cause that produces out of moisture the first principles and seeds
+of all things, and gives mankind their earliest knowledge of all
+that is good for them.  For as they were going out of the temple,
+young Crassus stumbled, and his father fell upon him.
+
+When he drew his army out of winter quarters, ambassadors came to
+him from Arsaces, with this short speech:  If the army was sent
+by the people of Rome, he denounced mortal war, but if, as he
+understood was the case, against the consent of his country,
+Crassus for his own private profit had invaded his territory, then
+their king would be more merciful, and taking pity upon Crassus's
+dotage, would send those soldiers back, who had been left not so
+truly to keep guard on him as to be his prisoners.  Crassus
+boastfully told them he would return his answer at Seleucia, upon
+which Vagises, the eldest of them, laughed and showed the palm of
+his hand, saying, "Hail will grow here before you will see
+Seleucia;" so they returned to their king, Hyrodes, telling him it
+was war.  Several of the Romans that were in garrison in
+Mesopotamia with great hazard made their escape, and brought word
+that the danger was worth consideration, urging their own
+eye-witness of the numbers of the enemy, and the manner of their
+fighting, when they assaulted their towns; and, as men's manner
+is, made all seem greater than really it was.  By flight it was
+impossible to escape them, and as impossible to overtake them when
+they fled, and they had a new and strange sort of darts, as swift
+as sight, for they pierced whatever they met with, before you
+could see who threw; their men-at-arms were so provided that their
+weapons would cut through anything, and their armor give way to
+nothing.  All which when the soldiers heard, their hearts failed
+them; for till now they thought there was no difference between
+the Parthians and the Armenians or Cappadocians, whom Lucullus
+grew weary with plundering, and had been persuaded that the main
+difficulty of the war consisted only in the tediousness of the
+march, and the trouble of chasing men that durst not come to
+blows, so that the danger of a battle was beyond their
+expectation; accordingly, some of the officers advised Crassus to
+proceed no further at present, but reconsider the whole
+enterprise, amongst whom in particular was Cassius, the quaestor.
+The soothsayers, also, told him privately the signs found in the
+sacrifices were continually adverse and unfavorable.  But he paid
+no heed to them, or to anybody who gave any other advice than to
+proceed.  Nor did Artabazes, king of Armenia, confirm him a
+little, who came to his aid with six thousand horse; who, however,
+were said to be only the king's life-guard and suite, for he
+promised ten thousand cuirassiers more, and thirty thousand foot,
+at his own charge.  He urged Crassus to invade Parthia by the way
+of Armenia, for not only would he be able there to supply his army
+with abundant provision, which he would give him, but his passage
+would be more secure in the mountains and hills, with which the
+whole country was covered, making it almost impassable to horse,
+in which the main strength of the Parthians consisted.  Crassus
+returned him but cold thanks for his readiness to serve him, and
+for the splendor of his assistance, and told him he was resolved
+to pass through Mesopotamia, where he had left a great many brave
+Roman soldiers; whereupon the Armenian went his way.  As Crassus
+was taking the army over the river at Zeugma, he encountered
+preternaturally violent thunder, and the lightning flashed in the
+faces of the troops, and during the storm a hurricane broke upon
+the bridge, and carried part of it away; two thunderbolts fell
+upon the very place where the army was going to encamp; and one of
+the general's horses, magnificently caparisoned, dragged away the
+groom into the river and was drowned.  It is said, too, that when
+they went to take up the first standard, the eagle of itself
+turned its head backward; and after he had passed over his army,
+as they were distributing provisions, the first thing they gave
+was lentils and salt, which with the Romans are the food proper to
+funerals, and are offered to the dead.  And as Crassus was
+haranguing his soldiers, he let fall a word which was thought very
+ominous in the army; for "I am going," he said, "to break down the
+bridge, that none of you may return;" and whereas he ought, when
+he had perceived his blunder, to have corrected himself, and
+explained his meaning, seeing the men alarmed at the expression,
+he would not do it out of mere stubbornness.  And when at the last
+general sacrifice the priest gave him the entrails, they slipped out
+of his hand, and when he saw the standers-by concerned at it, he
+laughed and said, "See what it is to be an old man; but I shall
+hold my sword fast enough."
+
+So he marched his army along the river with seven legions, little
+less than four thousand horse, and as many light-armed soldiers,
+and the scouts returning declared that not one man appeared, but
+that they saw the footing of a great many horses which seemed to
+be retiring in flight, whereupon Crassus conceived great hopes,
+and the Romans began to despise the Parthians, as men that would
+not come to combat, hand to hand.  But Cassius spoke with him
+again, and advised him to refresh his army in some of the garrison
+towns, and remain there till they could get some certain
+intelligence of the enemy, or at least to make toward Seleucia,
+and keep by the river, that so they might have the convenience of
+having provision constantly supplied by the boats, which might
+always accompany the army, and the river would secure them from
+being environed, and, if they should fight, it might be upon equal
+terms.
+
+While Crassus was still considering, and as yet undetermined,
+there came to the camp an Arab chief named Ariamnes, a cunning and
+wily fellow, who, of all the evil chances which combined to lead
+them on to destruction, was the chief and the most fatal.  Some of
+Pompey's old soldiers knew him, and remembered him to have
+received some kindnesses of Pompey, and to have been looked upon
+as a friend to the Romans, but he was now suborned by the king's
+generals, and sent to Crassus to entice him if possible from the
+river and hills into the wide open plain, where he might be
+surrounded.  For the Parthians desired anything, rather than to
+be obliged to meet the Romans face to face.  He, therefore, coming
+to Crassus, (and he had a persuasive tongue,) highly commended
+Pompey as his benefactor, and admired the forces that Crassus had
+with him, but seemed to wonder why he delayed and made
+preparations, as if he should not use his feet more than any arms,
+against men that, taking with them their best goods and chattels,
+had designed long ago to fly for refuge to the Scythians or
+Hyrcanians.  "If you meant to fight, you should have made all
+possible haste, before the king should recover courage, and
+collect his forces together; at present you see Surena and
+Sillaces opposed to you, to draw you off in pursuit of them, while
+the king himself keeps out of the way."  But this was all a lie,
+for Hyrodes had divided his army in two parts, with one he in
+person wasted Armenia, revenging himself upon Artavasdes, and sent
+Surena against the Romans, not out of contempt, as some pretend,
+for there is no likelihood that he should despise Crassus, one of
+the chiefest men of Rome, to go and fight with Artavasdes, and
+invade Armenia; but much more probably he really apprehended the
+danger, and therefore waited to see the event, intending that
+Surena should first run the hazard of a battle, and draw the enemy
+on.  Nor was this Surena an ordinary person, but in wealth,
+family, and reputation, the second man in the kingdom, and in
+courage and prowess the first, and for bodily stature and beauty
+no man like him.  Whenever he traveled privately, he had one
+thousand camels to carry his baggage, two hundred chariots for his
+concubines, one thousand completely armed men for his life-guards,
+and a great many more light-armed; and he had at least ten
+thousand horsemen altogether, of his servants and retinue.  The
+honor had long belonged to his family, that at the king's
+coronation he put the crown upon his head, and when this very king
+Hyrodes had been exiled, he brought him in; it was he, also, that
+took the great city of Seleucia, was the first man that scaled the
+walls, and with his own hand beat off the defenders.  And though
+at this time he was not above thirty years old, he had a great
+name for wisdom and sagacity, and, indeed, by these qualities
+chiefly, he overthrew Crassus, who first through his overweening
+confidence, and afterwards because he was cowed by his calamities,
+fell a ready victim to his subtlety.  When Ariamnes had thus
+worked upon him, he drew him from the river into vast plains, by a
+way that at first was pleasant and easy, but afterwards very
+troublesome by reason of the depth of the sand; no tree, nor any
+water, and no end of this to be seen; so that they were not only
+spent with thirst, and the difficulty of the passage, but were
+dismayed with the uncomfortable prospect of not a bough, not a
+stream, not a hillock, not a green herb, but in fact a sea of
+sand, which encompassed the army with its waves.  They began to
+suspect some treachery, and at the same time came messengers from
+Artavasdes, that he was fiercely attacked by Hyrodes, who had
+invaded his country, so that now it was impossible for him to send
+any succors, and that he therefore advised Crassus to turn back,
+and with joint forces to give Hyrodes battle, or at least that he
+should march and encamp where horses could not easily come, and
+keep to the mountains.  Crassus, out of anger and perverseness,
+wrote him no answer, but told them, at present he was not at
+leisure to mind the Armenians, but he would call upon them another
+time, and revenge himself upon Artavasdes for his treachery.
+Cassius and his friends began again to complain, but when they
+perceived that it merely displeased Crassus, they gave over, but
+privately railed at the barbarian, "What evil genius, O thou worst
+of men, brought thee to our camp, and with what charms and potions
+hast thou bewitched Crassus, that he should march his army through
+a vast and deep desert, through ways which are rather fit for a
+captain of Arabian robbers, than for the general of a Roman army?"
+But the barbarian being a wily fellow, very submissively exhorted
+them, and encouraged them to sustain it a little further, and ran
+about the camp, and, professing to cheer up the soldiers, asked
+them, jokingly, "What, do you think you march through Campania,
+expecting everywhere to find springs, and shady trees, and baths,
+and inns of entertainment?  Consider you now travel through the
+confines of Arabia and Assyria."  Thus he managed them like
+children, and before the cheat was discovered, he rode away; not
+but that Crassus was aware of his going, but he had persuaded him
+that he would go and contrive how to disorder the affairs of the
+enemy.
+
+It is related that Crassus came abroad that day not in his scarlet
+robe, which Roman generals usually wear, but in a black one,
+which, as soon as he perceived, he changed.  And the
+standard-bearers had much ado to take up their eagles, which
+seemed to be fixed to the place.  Crassus laughed at it, and
+hastened their march, and compelled his infantry to keep pace with
+his cavalry, till some few of the scouts returned and told them
+that their fellows were slain and they hardly escaped, that the
+enemy was at hand in full force, and resolved to give them battle.
+On this all was in an uproar; Crassus was struck with amazement,
+and for haste could scarcely put his army in good order.  First,
+as Cassius advised, he opened their ranks and files that they
+might take up as much space as could be, to prevent their being
+surrounded, and distributed the horse upon the wings, but
+afterwards changing his mind, he drew up his army in a square, and
+made a front every way, each of which consisted of twelve cohorts,
+to every one of which he allotted a troop of horse, that no part
+might be destitute of the assistance that the horse might give,
+and that they might be ready to assist everywhere, as need should
+require.  Cassius commanded one of the wings, young Crassus the
+other, and he himself was in the middle.  Thus they marched on
+till they came to a little river named Balissus, a very
+inconsiderable one in itself, but very grateful to the soldiers,
+who had suffered so much by drought and heat all along their
+march.  Most of the commanders were of the opinion that they ought
+to remain there that night, and to inform themselves as much as
+possible of the number of the enemies, and their order, and so
+march against them at break of day; but Crassus was so carried
+away by the eagerness of his son, and the horsemen that were with
+him, who desired and urged him to lead them on and engage, that he
+commanded those that had a mind to it to eat and drink as they
+stood in their ranks, and before they had all well done, he led
+them on, not leisurely and with halts to take breath, as if he was
+going to battle, but kept on his pace as if he had been in haste,
+till they saw the enemy, contrary to their expectation, neither so
+many nor so magnificently armed as the Romans expected.  For
+Surena had hid his main force behind the first ranks, and ordered
+them to hide the glittering of their armor with coats and skins.
+But when they approached and the general gave the signal,
+immediately all the field rung with a hideous noise and terrible
+clamor.  For the Parthians do not encourage themselves to war with
+cornets and trumpets, but with a kind of kettle-drum, which they
+strike all at once in various quarters.  With these they make a
+dead hollow noise like the bellowing of beasts, mixed with sounds
+resembling thunder, having, it would seem, very correctly
+observed, that of all our senses hearing most confounds and
+disorders us, and that the feelings excited through it most
+quickly disturb, and most entirely overpower the understanding.
+
+When they had sufficiently terrified the Romans with their noise,
+they threw off the covering of their armor, and shone like
+lightning in their breastplates and helmets of polished Margianian
+steel, and with their horses covered with brass and steel
+trappings.  Surena was the tallest and finest looking man himself,
+but the delicacy of his looks and effeminacy of his dress did not
+promise so much manhood as he really was master of; for his face
+was painted, and his hair parted after the fashion of the Medes,
+whereas the other Parthians made a more terrible appearance, with
+their shaggy hair gathered in a mass upon their foreheads after
+the Scythian mode.  Their first design was with their lances to
+beat down and force back the first ranks of the Romans, but when
+they perceived the depth of their battle, and that the soldiers
+firmly kept their ground, they made a retreat, and pretending to
+break their order and disperse, they encompassed the Roman square
+before they were aware of it.  Crassus commanded his light-armed
+soldiers to charge, but they had not gone far before they were
+received with such a shower of arrows that they were glad to
+retire amongst the heavy-armed, with whom this was the first
+occasion of disorder and terror, when they perceived the strength
+and force of their darts, which pierced their arms, and passed
+through every kind of covering, hard and soft alike.  The
+Parthians now placing themselves at distances began to shoot from
+all sides, not aiming at any particular mark, (for, indeed, the
+order of the Romans was so close, that they could not miss if they
+would,) but simply sent their arrows with great force out of
+strong bent bows, the strokes from which came with extreme
+violence.  The position of the Romans was a very bad one from the
+first; for if they kept their ranks, they were wounded, and if
+they tried to charge, they hurt the enemy none the more, and
+themselves suffered none the less.  For the Parthians threw their
+darts as they fled, an art in which none but the Scythians excel
+them, and it is, indeed, a cunning practice, for while they thus
+fight to make their escape, they avoid the dishonor of a flight.
+
+However, the Romans had some comfort to think that when they had
+spent all their arrows, they would either give over or come to
+blows; but when they presently understood that there were numerous
+camels loaded with arrows, and that when the first ranks had
+discharged those they had, they wheeled off and took more, Crassus
+seeing no end of it, was out of all heart, and sent to his son
+that he should endeavor to fall in upon them before he was quite
+surrounded; for the enemy advanced most upon that quarter, and
+seemed to be trying to ride round and come upon the rear.
+Therefore the young man, taking with him thirteen hundred horse,
+one thousand of which he had from Caesar, five hundred archers,
+and eight cohorts of the full-armed soldiers that stood next him,
+led them up with design to charge the Parthians.  Whether it was
+that they found themselves in a piece of marshy ground, as some
+think, or else designing to entice young Crassus as far as they
+could from his father, they turned and began to fly; whereupon he
+crying out that they durst not stand, pursued them, and with him
+Censorinus and Megabacchus, both famous, the latter for his
+courage and prowess, the other for being of a senator's family,
+and an excellent orator, both intimates of Crassus, and of about
+the same age.  The horse thus pushing on, the infantry stayed
+little behind, being exalted with hopes and joy, for they supposed
+they had already conquered, and now were only pursuing; till when
+they were gone too far, they perceived the deceit, for they that
+seemed to fly, now turned again, and a great many fresh ones came
+on.  Upon this they made an halt, for they doubted not but now the
+enemy would attack them, because they were so few.  But they
+merely placed their cuirassiers to face the Romans, and with the
+rest of their horse rode about scouring the field, and thus
+stirring up the sand, they raised such a dust that the Romans
+could neither see nor speak to one another, and being driven in
+upon one another in one close body, they were thus hit and killed,
+dying, not by a quick and easy death, but with miserable pains and
+convulsions; for writhing upon the darts in their bodies, they
+broke them in their wounds, and when they would by force pluck out
+the barbed points, they caught the nerves and veins, so that they
+tore and tortured themselves.  Many of them died thus, and those
+that survived were disabled for any service, and when Publius
+exhorted them to charge the cuirassiers, they showed him their
+hands nailed to their shields, and their feet stuck to the ground,
+so that they could neither fly nor fight.  He charged in himself
+boldly, however, with his horse, and came to close quarters with
+them, but was very unequal, whether as to the offensive or
+defensive part; for with his weak and little javelins, he struck
+against targets that were of tough raw hides and iron, whereas the
+lightly clad bodies of his Gaulish horsemen were exposed to the
+strong spears of the enemy.  For upon these he mostly depended,
+and with them he wrought wonders; for they would catch hold of the
+great spears, and close upon the enemy, and so pull them off from
+their horses, where they could scarce stir by reason of the
+heaviness of their armor, and many of the Gauls quitting their own
+horses, would creep under those of the enemy, and stick them in
+the belly; which, growing unruly with the pain, trampled upon
+their riders and upon the enemies promiscuously.  The Gauls were
+chiefly tormented by the heat and drought being not accustomed to
+either, and most of their horses were slain by being spurred on
+against the spears, so that they were forced to retire among the
+foot, bearing off Publius grievously wounded.  Observing a sandy
+hillock not far off, they made to it, and tying their horses to
+one another, and placing them in the midst, and joining all their
+shields together before them, they thought they might make some
+defense against the barbarians.  But it fell out quite contrary,
+for when they were drawn up in a plain, the front in some measure
+secured those that were behind; but when they were upon the hill,
+one being of necessity higher up than another, none were in
+shelter, but all alike stood equally exposed, bewailing their
+inglorious and useless fate.  There were with Publius two Greeks
+that lived near there at Carrhae, Hieronymus and Nicomachus; these
+men urged him to retire with them and fly to Ichnae, a town not
+far from thence, and friendly to the Romans.  "No," said he,
+"there is no death so terrible, for the fear of which Publius
+would leave his friends that die upon his account;" and bidding
+them to take care of themselves, he embraced them and sent them
+away, and, because he could not use his arm, for he was run
+through with a dart, he opened his side to his armor-bearer, and
+commanded him to run him through.  It is said that Censorinus fell
+in the same manner.  Megabacchus slew himself, as did also the
+rest of best note.  The Parthians coming upon the rest with their
+lances, killed them fighting, nor were there above five hundred
+taken prisoners.  Cutting off the head of Publius, they rode off
+directly towards Crassus.
+
+His condition was thus.  When he had commanded his son to fall
+upon the enemy, and word was brought him that they fled and that
+there was a distant pursuit, and perceiving also that the enemy
+did not press upon him so hard as formerly, for they were mostly
+gone to fall upon Publius, he began to take heart a little; and
+drawing his army towards some sloping ground, expected when his
+son would return from the pursuit.  Of the messengers whom Publius
+sent to him, (as soon as he saw his danger,) the first were
+intercepted by the enemy, and slain; the last hardly escaping,
+came and declared that Publius was lost, unless he had speedy
+succors.  Crassus was terribly distracted, not knowing what
+counsel to take, and indeed no longer capable of taking any;
+overpowered now by fear for the whole army, now by desire to help
+his son.  At last he resolved to move with his forces.  Just upon
+this, up came the enemy with their shouts and noises more terrible
+than before, their drums sounding again in the ears of the Romans,
+who now feared a fresh engagement.  And they who brought Publius's
+head upon the point of a spear, riding up near enough that it
+could be known, scoffingly inquired where were his parents and
+what family he was of, for it was impossible that so brave and
+gallant a warrior should be the son of so pitiful a coward as
+Crassus.  This sight above all the rest dismayed the Romans, for
+it did not incite them to anger as it might have done, but to
+horror and trembling, though they say Crassus outdid himself in
+this calamity, for he passed through the ranks and cried out to
+them, "This, O my countrymen, is my own peculiar loss, but the
+fortune and the glory of Rome is safe and untainted so long as you
+are safe.  But if any one be concerned for my loss of the best of
+sons, let him show it in revenging him upon the enemy.  Take away
+their joy, revenge their cruelty, nor be dismayed at what is past;
+for whoever tries for great objects must suffer something.
+Neither did Lucullus overthrow Tigranes without bloodshed, nor
+Scipio Antiochus; our ancestors lost one thousand ships about
+Sicily, and how many generals and captains in Italy? no one of
+which losses hindered them from overthrowing their conquerors; for
+the State of Rome did not arrive to this height by fortune, but by
+perseverance and virtue in confronting danger."
+
+While Crassus thus spoke exhorting them, he saw but few that gave
+much heed to him, and when he ordered them to shout for the
+battle, he could no longer mistake the despondency of his army,
+which made but a faint and unsteady noise, while the shout of the
+enemy was clear and bold.  And when they came to the business, the
+Parthian servants and dependents riding about shot their arrows,
+and the horsemen in the foremost ranks with their spears drove the
+Romans close together, except those who rushed upon them for fear
+of being killed by their arrows.  Neither did these do much
+execution, being quickly dispatched; for the strong thick spear
+made large and mortal wounds, and often run through two men at
+once.  As they were thus fighting, the night coming on parted
+them, the Parthians boasting that they would indulge Crassus with
+one night to mourn his son, unless upon better consideration he
+would rather go to Arsaces, than be carried to him.  These,
+therefore, took up their quarters near them, being flushed with
+their victory.  But the Romans had a sad night of it; for neither
+taking care for the burial of their dead, nor the cure of the
+wounded, nor the groans of the expiring, everyone bewailed his
+own fate.  For there was no means of escaping, whether they should
+stay for the light, or venture to retreat into the vast desert in
+the dark.  And now the wounded men gave them new trouble, since to
+take them with them would retard their flight, and if they should
+leave them, they might serve as guides to the enemy by their
+cries.  However, they were all desirous to see and hear Crassus,
+though they were sensible that he was the cause of all their
+mischief.  But he wrapped his cloak around him, and hid himself,
+where he lay as an example, to ordinary minds, of the caprice of
+fortune, but to the wise, of inconsiderateness and ambition; who,
+not content to be superior to so many millions of men, being
+inferior to two, esteemed himself as the lowest of all.  Then came
+Octavius, his lieutenant, and Cassius, to comfort him, but he
+being altogether past helping, they themselves called together the
+centurions and tribunes, and agreeing that the best way was to fly,
+they ordered the army out, without sound of trumpet, and at first
+with silence.  But before long, when the disabled men found they
+were left behind, strange confusion and disorder, with an outcry
+and lamentation, seized the camp, and a trembling and dread
+presently fell upon them, as if the enemy were at their heels.  By
+which means, now and then fuming out of their way, now and then
+standing to their ranks, sometimes taking up the wounded that
+followed, sometimes laying them down, they wasted the time, except
+three hundred horse, whom Egnatius brought safe to Carrhae about
+midnight; where calling, in the Roman tongue, to the watch, as
+soon as they heard him, he bade them tell Coponius, the governor,
+that Crassus had fought a very great battle with the Parthians;
+and having said but this, and not so much as telling his name, he
+rode away at full speed to Zeugma.  And by this means he saved
+himself and his men, but lost his reputation by deserting his
+general.  However, his message to Coponius was for the advantage
+of Crassus; for he, suspecting by this hasty and confused delivery
+of the message that all was not well, immediately ordered the
+garrison to be in arms, and as soon as he understood that Crassus
+was upon the way towards him, he went out to meet him, and
+received him with his army into the town.
+
+The Parthians, although they perceived their dislodgement in the
+night, yet did not pursue them, but as soon as it was day, they
+came upon those that were left in the camp, and put no less than
+four thousand to the sword, and with their light; horse picked up
+a great many stragglers.  Varguntinus, the lieutenant, while it
+was yet dark, had broken off from the main body with four cohorts
+which had strayed out of the way; and the Parthians, encompassing
+these on a small hill, slew every man of them excepting twenty,
+who with their drawn swords forced their way through the thickest,
+and they admiring their courage, opened their ranks to the right
+and left, and let them pass without molestation to Carrhae.
+
+Soon after a false report was brought to Surena, that Crassus,
+with his principal officers, had escaped, and that those who were
+got into Carrhae were but a confused rout of insignificant people,
+not worth further pursuit.  Supposing, therefore, that he had lost
+the very crown and glory of his victory, and yet being uncertain
+whether it were so or not, and anxious to ascertain the fact, that
+so he should either stay and besiege Carrhae or follow Crassus, he
+sent one of his interpreters to the walls, commanding him in Latin
+to call for Crassus or Cassius, for that the general, Surena,
+desired a conference.  As soon as Crassus heard this, he embraced
+the proposal, and soon after there came up a band of Arabians, who
+very well knew the faces of Crassus and Cassius, as having been
+frequently in the Roman camp before the battle.  They having
+espied Cassius from the wall, told him that Surena desired a
+peace, and would give them safe convoy, if they would make a
+treaty with the king his master, and withdraw all their troops out
+of Mesopotamia; and this he thought most advisable for them both,
+before things came to the last extremity; Cassius, embracing the
+proposal, desired that a time and place might be appointed where
+Crassus and Surena might have an interview.  The Arabians, having
+charged themselves with the message, went back to Surena, who wee
+not a little rejoiced that Crassus was there to be besieged.
+
+Next day, therefore, he came up with his army, insulting over the
+Romans, and haughtily demanding of them Crassus and Cassius bound,
+if they expected any mercy.  The Romans, seeing themselves deluded
+and mocked, were much troubled at it, but advising Crassus to lay
+aside his distant and empty hopes of aid from the Armenians,
+resolved to fly for it; and this design ought to have been kept
+private, till they were upon their way, and not have been told to
+any of the people of Carrhae.  But Crassus let this also be known
+to Andromachus, the most faithless of men, nay he was so
+infatuated as to choose him for his guide.  The Parthians then, to
+be sure, had punctual intelligence of all that passed; but it
+being contrary to their usage, and also difficult for them to
+fight by night, and Crassus having chosen that time to set out,
+Andromachus, lest he should get the start too far of his pursuers,
+led him hither and thither, and at last conveyed him into the
+midst of morasses and places full of ditches, so that the Romans
+had a troublesome and perplexing journey of it, and some there
+were who, supposing by these windings and turnings of Andromachus
+that no good was intended, resolved to follow him no further.  And
+at last Cassius himself returned to Carrhae, and his guides, the
+Arabians, advising him to tarry there till the moon was got out of
+Scorpio, he told them that he was most afraid of Sagittarius, and
+so with five hundred horse went off to Syria.  Others there were,
+who having got honest guides, took their way by the mountains
+called Sinnaca, and got into places of security by daybreak; these
+were five thousand under the command of Octavius, a very gallant
+man.  But Crassus fared worse; day overtook him still deceived by
+Andromachus, and entangled in the fens and the difficult country.
+There were with him four cohorts of legionary soldiers, a very few
+horsemen, and five lictors, with whom having with great difficulty
+got into the way, and not being a mile and a half from Octavius,
+instead of going to join him, although the enemy were already upon
+him, he retreated to another hill, neither so defensible nor
+impassable for the horse, but lying under the hills of Sinnaca,
+and continued so as to join them in a long ridge through the
+plain.  Octavius could see in what danger the general was, and
+himself, at first but slenderly followed, hurried to the rescue.
+Soon after, the rest, upbraiding one another with baseness in
+forsaking their officers, marched down, and falling upon the
+Parthians, drove them from the hill, and compassing Crassus about,
+and fencing him with their shields, declared proudly, that no
+arrow in Parthia should ever touch their general, so long as there
+was a man of them left alive to protect him.
+
+Surena, therefore, perceiving his soldiers less inclined to expose
+themselves, and knowing that if the Romans should prolong the
+battle till night, they might then gain the mountains and be out
+of his reach, betook himself to his usual craft.  Some of the
+prisoners were set free, who had, as it was contrived, been in
+hearing, while some of the barbarians spoke of a set purpose in
+the camp to the effect that the king did not design the war to be
+pursued to extremity against the Romans, but rather desired, by
+his gentle treatment of Crassus, to make a step towards
+reconciliation.  And the barbarians desisted from fighting, and
+Surena himself, with his chief officers, riding gently to the
+hill, unbent his bow and held out his hand, inviting Crassus to an
+agreement, and saying that it was beside the king's intentions,
+that they had thus had experience of the courage and the strength
+of his soldiers; that now he desired no other contention but that
+of kindness and friendship, by making a truce, and permitting them
+to go away in safety.  These words of Surena the rest received
+joyfully, and were eager to accept the offer; but Crassus, who had
+had sufficient experience of their perfidiousness, and was unable
+to see any reason for the sudden change, would give no ear to
+them, and only took time to consider.  But the soldiers cried out
+and advised him to treat, and then went on to upbraid and affront
+him, saying that it was very unreasonable that he should bring
+them to fight with such men armed, whom himself, without their
+arms, durst not look in the face.  He tried first to prevail with
+them by entreaties, and told them that if they would have patience
+till evening, they might get into the mountains and passes,
+inaccessible for horse, and be out of danger, and withal he
+pointed out the way with his hand, entreating them not to abandon
+their preservation, now close before them.  But when they mutinied
+and clashed their targets in a threatening manner, he was
+overpowered and forced to go, and only turning about at parting,
+said, "You, Octavius and Petronius, and the rest of the officers
+who are present, see the necessity of going which I lie under, and
+cannot but be sensible of the indignities and violence offered to
+me.  Tell all men when you have escaped, that Crassus perished
+rather by the subtlety of his enemies, than by the disobedience of
+his countrymen."
+
+Octavius, however, would not stay there, but with Petronius went
+down from the hill; as for the lictors, Crassus bade them be gone.
+The first that met him were two half-blood Greeks, who, leaping
+from their horses, made a profound reverence to Crassus, and
+desired him, in Greek, to send some before him, who might see that
+Surena himself was coming towards them, his retinue disarmed, and
+not having so much as their wearing swords along with them.  But
+Crassus answered, that if he had the least concern for his life,
+he would never have entrusted himself in their hands, but sent two
+brothers of the name of Roscius, to inquire on what terms, and in
+what numbers they should meet.  These Surena ordered immediately
+to be seized, and himself with his principal officers came up on
+horseback, and greetings him, said, "How is this, then?  A Roman
+commander is on foot, whilst I and my train are mounted."  But
+Crassus replied, that there was no error committed on either side,
+for they both met according to the custom of their own country.
+Surena told him that from that time there was a league between the
+king his master and the Romans, but that Crassus must go with him
+to the river to sign it, "for you Romans," said he, "have not good
+memories for conditions," and so saying, reached out his hand to
+him.  Crassus, therefore, gave order that one of his horses should
+be brought; but Surena told him there was no need, "the king, my
+master, presents you with this;" and immediately a horse with a
+golden bit was brought up to him, and himself was forcibly put
+into the saddle by the grooms, who ran by the side and struck the
+horse to make the more haste.  But Octavius running up, got hold
+of the bridle, and soon after one of the officers, Petronius, and
+the rest of the company came up, striving to stop the horse, and
+pulling back those who on both sides of him forced Crassus
+forward.  Thus from pulling and thrusting one another, they came
+to a tumult, and soon after to blows.  Octavius, drawing his
+sword, killed a groom of one of the barbarians, and one of them,
+getting behind Octavius, killed him.  Petronius was not armed, but
+being struck on the breastplate, fell down from his horse, though
+without hurt.  Crassus was killed by a Parthian, called
+Pomaxathres; others say, by a different man, and that Pomaxathres
+only cut off his head and right hand after he had fallen.  But
+this is conjecture rather than certain knowledge, for those that
+were by had not leisure to observe particulars, and were either
+killed fighting about Crassus, or ran off at once to get to their
+comrades on the hill.  But the Parthians coming up to them, and
+saying that Crassus had the punishment he justly deserved, and
+that Surena bade the rest come down from the hill without fear,
+some of them came down and surrendered themselves, others were
+scattered up and down in the night, a very few of whom got safe
+home, and others the Arabians, beating through the country, hunted
+down and put to death.  It is generally said, that in all twenty
+thousand men were slain, and ten thousand taken prisoners.
+
+Surena sent the head and hand of Crassus to Hyrodes, the king,
+into Armenia, but himself by his messengers scattering a report
+that he was bringing Crassus alive to Seleucia, made a ridiculous
+procession, which by way of scorn, he called a triumph.  For one
+Caius Paccianus, who of all the prisoners was most like Crassus,
+being put into a woman's dress of the fashion of the barbarians,
+and instructed to answer to the title of Crassus and Imperator,
+was brought sitting upon his horse, while before him went a parcel
+of trumpeters and lictors upon camels.  Purses were hung at the
+end of the bundles of rods, and the heads of the slain fresh
+bleeding at the end of their axes.  After them followed the
+Seleucian singing women, repeating scurrilous and abusive songs
+upon the effeminacy and cowardliness of Crassus.  This show was
+seen by everybody; but Surena, calling together the senate of
+Seleucia, laid before them certain wanton books, of the writings
+of Aristides, the Milesian; neither, indeed, was this any
+forgery, for they had been found among the baggage of Rustius, and
+were a good subject to supply Surena with insulting remarks upon
+the Romans, who were not able even in the time of war to forget
+such writings and practices.  But the people of Seleucia had
+reason to commend the wisdom of Aesop's fable of the wallet,
+seeing their general Surena carrying a bag full of loose Milesian
+stories before him, but keeping behind him a whole Parthian
+Sybaris in his many wagons full of concubines; like the vipers and
+asps people talk of, all the foremost and more visible parts
+fierce and terrible with spears and arrows and horsemen, but the
+rear terminating in loose women and castanets, music of the lute,
+and midnight revellings.  Rustius, indeed, is not to be excused,
+but the Parthians had forgot, when they mocked at the Milesian
+stories, that many of the royal line of their Arsacidae had been
+born of Milesian and Ionian mistresses.
+
+Whilst these things were doing, Hyrodes had struck up a peace with
+the king of Armenia, and made a match between his son Pacorus and
+the king of Armenia's sister.  Their feastings and entertainments
+in consequence were very sumptuous, and various Grecian
+compositions, suitable to the occasion, were recited before them.
+For Hyrodes was not ignorant of the Greek language and literature,
+and Artavasdes was so expert in it, that he wrote tragedies and
+orations and histories, some of which are still extant.  When the
+head of Crassus was brought to the door, the tables were just
+taken away, and one Jason, a tragic actor, of the town of Tralles,
+was singing the scene in the Bacchae of Euripides concerning
+Agave.  He was receiving much applause, when Sillaces coming to
+the room, and having made obeisance to the king, threw down the
+head of Crassus into the midst of the company.  The Parthians
+receiving it with joy and acclamations, Sillaces, by the king's
+command, was made to sit down, while Jason handed over the
+costume of Pentheus to one of the dancers in the chorus, and
+taking up the head of Crassus, and acting the part of a bacchante
+in her frenzy, in a rapturous impassioned manner, sang the lyric
+passages,
+
+We've hunted down a mighty chase to-day,
+And from the mountain bring the noble prey;
+
+to the great delight of all the company; but when the verses of
+the dialogue followed,
+
+What happy hand the glorious victim slew?
+I claim that honor to my courage due;
+
+Pomaxathres, who happened to be there at the supper, started up
+and would have got the head into his own hands, "for it is my
+due," said he, "and no man's else."  The king was greatly pleased,
+and gave presents, according to the custom of the Parthians, to
+them, and to Jason, the actor, a talent.  Such was the burlesque
+that was played, they tell us, as the afterpiece to the tragedy of
+Crassus's expedition.  But divine justice failed not to punish
+both Hyrodes, for his cruelty, and Surena for his perjury; for
+Surena not long after was put to death by Hyrodes, out of mere
+envy to his glory; and Hyrodes himself, having lost his son
+Pacorus, who was beaten in a battle with the Romans, falling into
+a disease which turned to a dropsy, had aconite given him by his
+second son, Phraates; but the poison working only upon the
+disease, and carrying away the dropsical matter with itself, the
+king began suddenly to recover, so that Phraates at length was
+forced to take the shortest course, and strangled him.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF CRASSUS WITH NICIAS
+
+In the comparison of these two, first, if we compare the estate
+of Nicias with that of Crassus, we must acknowledge Nicias's to
+have been more honestly got.  In itself, indeed, one cannot much
+approve of gaining riches by working mines, the greatest part of
+which is done by malefactors and barbarians, some of them, too,
+bound, and perishing in those close and unwholesome places.  But
+if we compare this with the sequestrations of Sylla, and the
+contracts for houses ruined by fire, we shall then think Nicias
+came very honestly by his money.  For Crassus publicly and
+avowedly made use of these arts, as other men do of husbandry,
+and putting out money to interest; while as for other matters
+which he used to deny, when taxed with them, as, namely, selling
+his voice in the senate for gain's sake, and injuring allies,
+and courting women, and conniving at criminals, these are things
+which Nicias was never so much as falsely accused of; nay, he
+was rather laughed at for giving money to those who made a trade
+of impeachments, merely out of timorousness, a course, indeed,
+that would by no means become Pericles and Aristides, but
+necessary for him who by nature was wanting in assurance, even
+as Lycurgus, the orator, frankly acknowledged to the people; for
+when he was accused for buying off an evidence, he said that he
+was very much pleased that having administered their affairs for
+some time, he was at last accused, rather for giving, than
+receiving.  Again, Nicias, in his expenses, was of a more public
+spirit than Crassus, priding himself much on the dedication of
+gifts in temples, on presiding at gymnastic games, and
+furnishing choruses for the plays, and adorning processions,
+while the expenses of Crassus, in feasting and afterwards
+providing food for so many myriads of people, were much greater
+than all that Nicias possessed as well as spent, put together.
+So that one might wonder at anyone's failing to see that vice
+is a certain inconsistency and incongruity of habit, after such
+an example of money dishonorably obtained, and wastefully
+lavished away.
+
+Let so much be said of their estates; as for their management of
+public affairs, I see not that any dishonesty, injustice, or
+arbitrary action can be objected to Nicias, who was rather the
+victim of Alcibiades's tricks, and was always careful and
+scrupulous in his dealings with the people.  But Crassus is very
+generally blamed for his changeableness in his friendships and
+enmities, for his unfaithfulness, and his mean and underhand
+proceedings; since he himself could not deny that to compass the
+consulship, he hired men to lay violent hands upon Domitius and
+Cato.  Then at the assembly held for assigning the provinces,
+many were wounded and four actually killed, and he himself,
+which I had omitted in the narrative of his life, struck with
+his fist one Lucius Analius, a senator, for contradicting him,
+so that he left the place bleeding.  But as Crassus was to be
+blamed for his violent and arbitrary courses, so is Nicias no
+less to be blamed for his timorousness and meanness of spirit,
+which made him submit and give in to the basest people, whereas
+in this respect Crassus showed himself lofty spirited and
+magnanimous, who having to do not with such as Cleon or
+Hyperbolus, but with the splendid acts of Caesar and the three
+triumphs of Pompey, would not stoop, but bravely bore up against
+their joint interests, and in obtaining the office of censor,
+surpassed even Pompey himself For a statesman ought not to
+regard how invidious the thing is, but how noble, and by his
+greatness to overpower envy; but if he will be always aiming at
+security and quiet, and dread Alcibiades upon the hustings, and
+the Lacedaemonians at Pylos, and Perdiccas in Thrace, there is
+room and opportunity enough for retirement, and he may sit out
+of the noise of business, and weave himself, as one of the
+sophists says, his triumphal garland of inactivity.  His desire
+of peace, indeed, and of finishing the war, was a divine and
+truly Grecian ambition, nor in this respect would Crassus
+deserve to be compared to him, though he had enlarged the Roman
+empire to the Caspian Sea or the Indian Ocean.
+
+In a State where there is a sense of virtue, a powerful man
+ought not to give way to the ill-affected, or expose the
+government to those that are incapable of it, nor suffer high
+trusts to be committed to those who want common honesty.  Yet
+Nicias, by his connivance, raised Cleon, a fellow remarkable for
+nothing but his loud voice and brazen face, to the command of an
+army.  Indeed, I do not commend Crassus, who in the war with
+Spartacus was more forward to fight than became a discreet
+general, though he was urged into it by a point of honor, lest
+Pompey by his coming should rob him of the glory of the action,
+as Mummius did Metellus at the taking of Corinth, but Nicias's
+proceedings are inexcusable.  For he did not yield up a mere
+opportunity of getting honor and advantage to his competitor,
+but believing that the expedition would be very hazardous, was
+thankful to take care of himself, and left the Commonwealth to
+shift for itself.  And whereas Themistocles, lest a mean and
+incapable fellow should ruin the State by holding command in the
+Persian war, bought him off, and Cato, in a most dangerous and
+critical conjuncture, stood for the tribuneship for the sake of
+his country, Nicias, reserving himself for trifling expeditions
+against Minoa and Cythera, and the miserable Melians, if there
+be occasion to come to blows with the Lacedaemonians, slips off
+his general's cloak and hands over to the unskillfulness and
+rashness of Cleon, fleet, men, and arms, and the whole command,
+where the utmost possible skill was called for.  Such conduct, I
+say, is not to be thought so much carelessness of his own fame,
+as of the interest and preservation of his country.  By this
+means it came to pass he was compelled to the Sicilian war, men
+generally believing that he was not so much honestly convinced
+of the difficulty of the enterprise, as ready out of mere love
+of ease and cowardice to lose the city the conquest of Sicily.
+But yet it is a great sign of his integrity, that though he was
+always averse from war, and unwilling to command, yet they
+always continued to appoint him as the best experienced and
+ablest general they had.  On the other hand Crassus, though
+always ambitious of command, never attained to it, except by
+mere necessity in the servile war, Pompey and Metellus and the
+two brothers Lucullus being absent, although at that time he was
+at his highest pitch of interest and reputation.  Even those who
+thought most of him seem to have thought him, as the comic poet
+says:
+
+A brave man anywhere but in the field.
+
+There was no help, however, for the Romans, against his passion
+for command and for distinction.  The Athenians sent out Nicias
+against his will to the war, and Crassus led out the Romans
+against theirs; Crassus brought misfortune on Rome, as Athens
+brought it on Nicias.
+
+Still this is rather ground for praising Nicias, than for
+finding fault with Crassus.  His experience and sound judgment
+as a general saved him from being carried away by the delusive
+hopes of his fellow-citizens, and made him refuse to entertain
+any prospect of conquering Sicily.  Crassus, on the other hand,
+mistook, in entering on a Parthian war as an easy matter.  He
+was eager, while Caesar was subduing the west, Gaul, Germany,
+and Britain, to advance for his part to the east and the Indian
+Sea, by the conquest of Asia, to complete the incursions of
+Pompey and the attempts of Lucullus, men of prudent temper and
+of unimpeachable worth, who, nevertheless, entertained the same
+projects as Crassus, and acted under the same convictions.  When
+Pompey was appointed to the like command, the senate was opposed
+to it; and after Caesar had routed three hundred thousand
+Germans, Cato recommended that he should be surrendered to the
+defeated enemy, to expiate in his own person the guilt of breach
+of faith.  The people, meantime, (their service to Cato!) kept
+holiday for fifteen days, and were overjoyed.  What would have
+been their feelings, and how many holidays would they have
+celebrated, if Crassus had sent news from Babylon of victory,
+and thence marching onward had converted Media and Persia, the
+Hyrcanians, Susa, and Bactra, into Roman provinces?
+
+If wrong we must do, as Euripides says, and cannot be content
+with peace and present good things, let it not be for such
+results as destroying Mende or Scandea, or beating up the exiled
+Aeginetans in the coverts to which like hunted birds they had
+fled, when expelled from their homes, but let it be for some
+really great remuneration; nor let us part with justice, like a
+cheap and common thing, for a small and trifling price.  Those
+who praise Alexander's enterprise and blame that of Crassus,
+judge of the beginning unfairly by the results.
+
+In actual service, Nicias did much that deserves high praise.
+He frequently defeated the enemy in battle, and was on the very
+point of capturing Syracuse; nor should he bear the whole blame
+of the disaster, which may fairly be ascribed in part to his
+want of health and to the jealousy entertained of him at home.
+Crassus, on the other hand, committed so many errors as not to
+leave fortune room to show him favor.  It is no surprise to find
+such imbecility fall a victim to the power of Parthia; the only
+wonder is to see it prevailing over the wonted good-fortune of
+Rome.  One scrupulously observed, the other entirely slighted
+the arts of divination; and as both equally perished, it is
+difficult to see what inference we should draw.  Yet the fault
+of over-caution, supported by old and general opinion, better
+deserves forgiveness than that of self-willed and lawless
+transgression.
+
+In his death, however, Crassus has the advantage, as he did not
+surrender himself, nor submit to bondage, or let himself be
+taken in by trickery, but was the victim only of the entreaties
+of his friends and the perfidy of his enemies; whereas Nicias
+enhanced the shame of his death by yielding himself up in the
+hope of a disgraceful and inglorious escape.
+
+
+
+SERTORIUS
+
+It is no great wonder if in long process of time, while fortune
+takes her course hither and thither, numerous coincidences
+should spontaneously occur.  If the number and variety of
+subjects to be wrought upon be infinite, it is all the more
+easy for fortune, with such an abundance of material, to effect
+this similarity of results.  Or if, on the other hand, events
+are limited to the combinations of some finite number, then of
+necessity the same must often recur, and in the same sequence.
+There are people who take a pleasure in making collections of
+all such fortuitous occurrences that they have heard or read
+of, as look like works of a rational power and design; they
+observe, for example, that two eminent persons, whose names
+were Attis, the one a Syrian, the other of Arcadia, were both
+slain by a wild boar; that of two whose names were Actaeon, the
+one was torn in pieces by his dogs, the other by his lovers;
+that of two famous Scipios, the one overthrew the Carthaginians
+in war, the other totally ruined and destroyed them; the city
+of Troy was the first time taken by Hercules for the horses
+promised him by Laomedon, the second time by Agamemnon, by
+means of the celebrated great wooden horse, and the third time
+by Charidemus, by occasion of a horse falling down at the gate,
+which hindered the Trojans, so that they could not shut them
+soon enough; and of two cities which take their names from the
+most agreeable odoriferous plants, Ios and Smyrna, the one from
+a violet, the other from myrrh, the poet Homer is reported to
+have been born in the one, and to have died in the other.  And
+so to these instances let us further add, that the most warlike
+commanders, and most remarkable for exploits of skillful
+stratagem, have had but one eye; as Philip, Antigonus,
+Hannibal, and Sertorius, whose life and actions we describe at
+present; of whom, indeed, we might truly say, that he was more
+continent than Philip, more faithful to his friend than
+Antigonus, and more merciful to his enemies than Hannibal; and
+that for prudence and judgment he gave place to none of them,
+but in fortune was inferior to them all.  Yet though he had
+continually in her a far more difficult adversary to contend
+against than his open enemies, he nevertheless maintained his
+ground, with the military skill of Metellus, the boldness of
+Pompey, the success of Sylla, and the power of the Roman
+people, all to be encountered by one who was a banished man and
+a stranger at the head of a body of barbarians.  Among Greek
+commanders, Eumenes of Cardia may be best compared with him;
+they were both of them men born for command, for warfare, and
+for stratagem; both banished from their countries, and holding
+command over strangers; both had fortune for their adversary,
+in their last days so harshly so, that they were both betrayed
+and murdered by those who served them, and with whom they had
+formerly overcome their enemies.
+
+Quintus Sertorius was of a noble family, born in the city of
+Nursia, in the country of the Sabines; his father died when he
+was young, and he was carefully and decently educated by his
+mother, whose name was Rhea, and whom he appears to have
+extremely loved and honored.  He paid some attention to the
+study of oratory and pleading in his youth, and acquired some
+reputation and influence in Rome by his eloquence; but the
+splendor of his actions in arms, and his successful
+achievements in the wars, drew off his ambition in that
+direction.
+
+At his first beginning, he served under Caepio, when the Cimbri
+and Teutones invaded Gaul; where the Romans fighting
+unsuccessfully, and being put to flight, he was wounded in many
+parts of his body, and lost his horse, yet, nevertheless, swam
+across the river Rhone in his armor, with his breastplate and
+shield, bearing himself up against the violence of the current;
+so strong and so well inured to hardship was his body.
+
+The second time that the Cimbri and Teutones came down with
+some hundreds of thousands, threatening death and destruction
+to all, when it was no small piece of service for a Roman
+soldier to keep his ranks and obey his commander, Sertorius
+undertook, while Marius led the army, to spy out the enemy's
+camp.  Procuring a Celtic dress, and acquainting himself with
+the ordinary expressions of their language requisite for common
+intercourse, he threw himself in amongst the barbarians; where
+having carefully seen with his own eyes, or having been fully
+informed by persons upon the place of all their most important
+concerns, he returned to Marius, from whose hands he received
+the rewards of valor; and afterwards giving frequent proofs
+both of conduct and courage in all the following war, he was
+advanced to places of honor and trust under his general.  After
+the wars with the Cimbri and Teutones, he was sent into Spain,
+having the command of a thousand men under Didius, the Roman
+general, and wintered in the country of the Celtiberians, in
+the city of Castulo, where the soldiers enjoying great plenty,
+and growing insolent, and continually drinking, the inhabitants
+despised them and sent for aid by night to the Gyrisoenians,
+their near neighbors, who fell upon the Romans in their
+lodgings and slew a great number of them.  Sertorius, with a
+few of his soldiers, made his way out, and rallying together
+the rest who escaped, he marched round about the walls, and
+finding the gate open, by which the Gyrisoenians had made their
+secret entrance, he gave not them the same opportunity, but
+placing a guard at the gate, and seizing upon all quarters of
+the city, he slew all who were of age to bear arms, and then
+ordering his soldiers to lay aside their weapons and put off
+their own clothes, and put on the accoutrements of the
+barbarians, he commanded them to follow him to the city, from
+whence the men came who had made this night attack upon the
+Romans.  And thus deceiving the Gyrisoenians with the sight of
+their own armor, he found the gates of their city open, and
+took a great number prisoners, who came out thinking to meet
+their friends and fellow-citizens come home from a successful
+expedition.  Most of them were thus slain by the Romans at
+their own gates, and the rest within yielded up themselves and
+were sold for slaves.
+
+This action made Sertorius highly renowned throughout all
+Spain, and as soon as he returned to Rome he was appointed
+quaestor of Cisalpine Gaul, at a very seasonable moment for his
+country, the Marsian war being on the point of breaking out.
+Sertorius was ordered to raise soldiers and provide arms, which
+he performed with a diligence and alacrity, so contrasting with
+the feebleness and slothfulness of other officers of his age,
+that he got the repute of a man whose life would be one of
+action.  Nor did he relinquish the part of a soldier, now that
+he had arrived at the dignity of a commander, but performed
+wonders with his own hands, and never sparing himself, but
+exposing his body freely in all conflicts, he lost one of his
+eyes.  This he always esteemed an honor to him; observing that
+others do not continually carry about with them the marks and
+testimonies of their valor, but must often lay aside their
+chains of gold, their spears and crowns; whereas his ensigns of
+honor, and the manifestations of his courage always remained
+with him, and those who beheld his misfortune, must at the same
+time recognize his merits.  The people also paid him the
+respect he deserved, and when he came into the theater,
+received him with plaudits and joyful acclamations, an honor
+rarely bestowed even on persons of advanced standing and
+established reputation.  Yet, notwithstanding this popularity,
+when he stood to be tribune of the people, he was disappointed,
+and lost the place, being opposed by the party of Sylla, which
+seems to have been the principal cause of his subsequent enmity
+to Sylla.
+
+After that Marius was overcome by Sylla and fled into Africa,
+and Sylla had left Italy to go to the wars against Mithridates,
+and of the two consuls Octavius and Cinna, Octavius remained
+steadfast to the policy of Sylla, but Cinna, desirous of a new
+revolution, attempted to recall the lost interest of Marius,
+Sertorius joined Cinna's party, more particularly as he saw
+that Octavius was not very capable, and was also suspicious of
+anyone that was a friend to Marius.  When a great battle was
+fought between the two consuls in the forum, Octavius overcame,
+and Cinna and Sertorius, having lost not less than ten
+thousand men, left the city, and gaining over most part of the
+troops who were dispersed about and remained still in many
+parts of Italy, they in a short time mustered up a force
+against Octavius sufficient to give him battle again, and
+Marius, also, now coming by sea out of Africa, proffered
+himself to serve under Cinna, as a private soldier under his
+consul and commander.
+
+Most were for the immediate reception of Marius, but Sertorius
+openly declared against it, whether he thought that Cinna would
+not now pay as much attention to himself, when a man of higher
+military repute was present, or feared that the violence of
+Marius would bring all things to confusion, by his boundless
+wrath and vengeance after victory.  He insisted upon it with
+Cinna that they were already victorious, that there remained
+little to be done, and that, if they admitted Marius, he would
+deprive them of the glory and advantage of the war, as there
+was no man less easy to deal with, or less to be trusted in, as
+a partner in power.  Cinna answered, that Sertorius rightly
+judged the affair, but that he himself was at a loss, and
+ashamed, and knew not how to reject him, after he had sent for
+him to share in his fortunes.  To which Sertorius immediately
+replied, that he had thought that Marius came into Italy of his
+own accord, and therefore had deliberated as to what might be
+most expedient, but that Cinna ought not so much as to have
+questioned whether he should accept him whom he had already
+invited, but should have honorably received and employed him,
+for his word once past left no room for debate.  Thus Marius
+being sent for by Cinna, and their forces being divided into
+three parts, under Cinna, Marius, and Sertorius, the war was
+brought to a successful conclusion; but those about Cinna and
+Marius committing all manner of insolence and cruelty, made the
+Romans think the evils of war a golden time in comparison.  On
+the contrary, it is reported of Sertorius, that he never slew
+any man in his anger, to satisfy his own private revenge, nor
+ever insulted over anyone whom he had overcome, but was much
+offended with Marius, and often privately entreated Cinna to
+use his power more moderately.  And in the end, when the slaves
+whom Marius had freed at his landing to increase his army,
+being made not only his fellow-soldiers in the war, but also
+now his guard in his usurpation, enriched and powerful by his
+favor, either by the command or permission of Marius, or by
+their own lawless violence, committed all sorts of crimes,
+killed their masters, ravished their masters' wives, and abused
+their children, their conduct appeared so intolerable to
+Sertorius that he slew the whole body of them, four thousand in
+number, commanding his soldiers to shoot them down with their
+javelins, as they lay encamped together.
+
+Afterwards, when Marius died, and Cinna shortly after was
+slain, when the younger Marius made himself consul against
+Sertorius's wishes and contrary to law, when Carbo, Norbanus,
+and Scipio fought unsuccessfully against Sylla, now advancing
+to Rome, when much was lost by the cowardice and remissness of
+the commanders, but more by the treachery of their party, when
+with the want of prudence in the chief leaders, all went so ill
+that his presence could do no good, in the end when Sylla had
+placed his camp near to Scipio, and by pretending friendship,
+and putting him in hopes of a peace, corrupted his army, and
+Scipio could not be made sensible of this, although often
+forewarned of it by Sertorius, at last he utterly despaired of
+Rome, and hasted into Spain, that by taking possession there
+beforehand, he might secure refuge to his friends, from their
+misfortunes at home.  Having bad weather in his journey, and
+traveling through mountainous countries, and the inhabitants
+stopping the way, and demanding a toll and money for passage,
+those who were with him were out of all patience at the
+indignity and shame it would be for a proconsul of Rome to pay
+tribute to a crew of wretched barbarians.  But he little
+regarded their censure, and slighting that which had only the
+appearance of an indecency, told them he must buy time, the
+most precious of all things to those who go upon great
+enterprises; and pacifying the barbarous people with money, he
+hastened his journey, and took possession of Spain, a country
+flourishing and populous, abounding with young men fit to bear
+arms; but on account of the insolence and covetousness of the
+governors from time to time sent thither from Rome, they had
+generally an aversion to the Roman supremacy.  He, however,
+soon gained the affection of their nobles by intercourse with
+them, and the good opinion of the people by remitting their
+taxes.  But that which won him most popularity, was his
+exempting them from finding lodgings for the soldiers, when he
+commanded his army to take up their winter quarters outside the
+cities, and to pitch their camp in the suburbs; and when he
+himself, first of all, caused his own tent to be raised without
+the walls.  Yet not being willing to rely totally upon the good
+inclination of the inhabitants, he armed all the Romans who
+lived in those countries that were of military age, and
+undertook the building of ships and the making of all sorts of
+warlike engines, by which means he kept the cities in due
+obedience, showing himself gentle in all peaceful business, and
+at the same time formidable to his enemies by his great
+preparations for war.
+
+As soon as he was informed that Sylla had made himself master
+of Rome, and that the party which sided with Marius and Carbo
+was going to destruction, he expected that some commander with
+a considerable army would speedily come against him, and
+therefore sent away Julius Salinator immediately, with six
+thousand men fully armed, to fortify and defend the passes of
+the Pyrenees.  And Caius Annius not long after being sent out
+by Sylla, finding Julius unassailable, sat down short at the
+foot of the mountains in perplexity.  But a certain Calpurnius,
+surnamed Lanarius, having treacherously slain Julius, and his
+soldiers then forsaking the heights of the Pyrenees, Caius
+Annius advanced with large numbers and drove before him all who
+endeavored to hinder his march.  Sertorius, also, not being
+strong enough to give him battle, retreated with three thousand
+men into New Carthage, where he took shipping, and crossed the
+seas into Africa.  And coming near the coast of Mauritania, his
+men went on shore to water, and straggling about negligently,
+the natives fell upon them and slew a great number.  This new
+misfortune forced him to sail back again into Spain, whence he
+was also repulsed, and, some Cilician pirate ships joining with
+him, they made for the island of Pityussa, where they landed
+and overpowered the garrison placed there by Annius, who,
+however, came not long after with a great fleet of ships, and
+five thousand soldiers.  And Sertorius made ready to fight him
+by sea, although his ships were not built for strength, but for
+lightness and swift sailing; but a violent west wind raised
+such a sea that many of them were run aground and shipwrecked,
+and he himself, with a few vessels, being kept from putting
+further out to sea by the fury of the weather, and from landing
+by the power of his enemies, was tossed about painfully for ten
+days together, amidst the boisterous and adverse waves.
+
+He escaped with difficulty, and after the wind ceased, ran for
+certain desert islands scattered in those seas, affording no
+water, and after passing a night there, making out to sea
+again, he went through the straits of Cadiz, and sailing
+outward keeping the Spanish shore on his right hand, he landed
+a little above the mouth of the river Baetis, where it falls
+into the Atlantic sea, and gives the name to that part of
+Spain.  Here he met with seamen recently arrived from the
+Atlantic islands, two in number, divided from one another only
+by a narrow channel, and distant from the coast of Africa ten
+thousand furlongs.  These are called the Islands of the Blest;
+rains fall there seldom, and in moderate showers, but for the
+most part they have gentle breezes, bringing along with them
+soft dews, which render the soil not only rich for plowing and
+planting, but so abundantly fruitful that it produces
+spontaneously an abundance of delicate fruits, sufficient to
+feed the inhabitants, who may here enjoy all things without
+trouble or labor.  The seasons of the year are temperate, and
+the transitions from one to another so moderate, that the air
+is almost always serene and pleasant.  The rough northerly and
+easterly winds which blow from the coasts of Europe and Africa,
+dissipated in the vast open space, utterly lose their force
+before they reach the islands.  The soft western and southerly
+winds which breathe upon them sometimes produce gentle
+sprinkling showers, which they convey along with them from the
+sea, but more usually bring days of moist bright weather,
+cooling and gently fertilizing the soil, so that the firm
+belief prevails even among the barbarians, that this is the
+seat of the blessed, and that these are the Elysian Fields
+celebrated by Homer.
+
+When Sertorius heard this account, he was seized with a
+wonderful passion for these islands, and had an extreme desire
+to go and live there in peace and quietness, and safe from
+oppression and unending wars; but his inclinations being
+perceived by the Cilician pirates, who desired not peace nor
+quiet, but riches and spoils, they immediately forsook him, and
+sailed away into Africa to assist Ascalis, the son of Iphtha,
+and to help to restore him to his kingdom of Mauritania.  Their
+sudden departure noways discouraged Sertorius; he presently
+resolved to assist the enemies of Ascalis, and by this new
+adventure trusted to keep his soldiers together, who from this
+might conceive new hopes, and a prospect of a new scene of
+action.  His arrival in Mauritania being very acceptable to the
+Moors, he lost no time, but immediately giving battle to
+Ascalis, beat him out of the field and besieged him; and
+Paccianus being sent by Sylla, with a powerful supply, to raise
+the siege, Sertorius slew him in the field, gained over all his
+forces, and took the city of Tingis, into which Ascalis and his
+brothers were fled for refuge.  The Africans tell that Antaeus
+was buried in this city, and Sertorius had the grave opened,
+doubting the story because of the prodigious size, and finding
+there his body, in effect, it is said, full sixty cubits long,
+he was infinitely astonished, offered sacrifice, and heaped up
+the tomb again, gave his confirmation to the story, and added
+new honors to the memory of Antaeus.  The Africans tell that
+after the death of Antaeus, his wife Tinga lived with Hercules,
+and had a son by him called Sophax, who was king of these
+countries, and gave his mother's name to this city, whose son,
+also, was Diodorus, a great conqueror, who brought the greatest
+part of the Libyan tribes under his subjection, with an army of
+Greeks, raised out of the colonies of the Olbians and Myceneans
+placed here by Hercules.  Thus much I may mention for the sake
+of king Juba, of all monarchs the greatest student of history,
+whose ancestors are said to have sprung from Diodorus and
+Sophax.
+
+When Sertorius had made himself absolute master of the whole
+country, he acted with great fairness to those who had confided
+in him, and who yielded to his mercy; he restored to them their
+property, cities, and government, accepting only of such
+acknowledgments as they themselves freely offered.  And whilst
+he considered which way next to turn his arms, the Lusitanians
+sent ambassadors to desire him to be their general; for being
+terrified with the Roman power, and finding the necessity of
+having a commander of great authority and experience in war,
+being also sufficiently assured of his worth and valor by those
+who had formerly known him, they were desirous to commit
+themselves especially to his care.  And in fact Sertorius is said
+to have been of a temper unassailable either by fear or
+pleasure, in adversity and dangers undaunted, and noways puffed
+up with prosperity.  In straightforward fighting, no commander
+in his time was more bold and daring, and in whatever was to be
+performed in war by stratagem, secrecy, or surprise, if any
+strong place was to be secured, any pass to be gained speedily,
+for deceiving and overreaching an enemy, there was no man equal
+to him in subtlety and skill.  In bestowing rewards and
+conferring honors upon those who had performed good service in
+the wars he was bountiful and magnificent, and was no less
+sparing and moderate in inflicting punishment.  It is true that
+that piece of harshness and cruelty which he executed in the
+latter part of his days upon the Spanish hostages, seems to
+argue that his clemency was not natural to him, but only worn
+as a dress, and employed upon calculation, as his occasion or
+necessity required.  As to my own opinion, I am persuaded that
+pure virtue, established by reason and judgment, can never be
+totally perverted or changed into its opposite, by any
+misfortune whatever.  Yet I think it at the same time possible,
+that virtuous inclinations and natural good qualities may, when
+unworthily oppressed by calamities, show, with change of
+fortune, some change and alteration of their temper; and thus I
+conceive it happened to Sertorius, who when prosperity failed
+him, became exasperated by his disasters against those who had
+done him wrong.
+
+The Lusitanians having sent for Sertorius, he left Africa, and
+being made general with absolute authority, he put all in order
+amongst them, and brought the neighboring parts of Spain
+under subjection.  Most of the tribes voluntarily submitted
+themselves, won by the fame of his clemency and of his courage,
+and, to some extent, also, he availed himself of cunning
+artifices of his own devising to impose upon them and gain
+influence over them.  Amongst which, certainly, that of the
+hind was not the least.  Spanus, a countryman who lived in
+those parts, meeting by chance a hind that had recently calved,
+flying from the hunters, let the dam go, and pursuing the fawn,
+took it, being wonderfully pleased with the rarity of the
+color, which was all milk white.  And as at that time Sertorius
+was living in the neighborhood, and accepted gladly any
+presents of fruit, fowl, or venison, that the country afforded,
+and rewarded liberally those who presented them, the countryman
+brought him his young hind, which he took and was well pleased
+with at the first sight, but when in time he had made it so
+tame and gentle that it would come when he called, and follow
+him wheresoever he went, and could endure the noise and tumult
+of the camp, knowing well that uncivilized people are naturally
+prone to superstition, by little and little he raised it into
+something preternatural, saying that it was given him by the
+goddess Diana, and that it revealed to him many secrets.  He
+added, also, further contrivances.  If he had received at any
+time private intelligence that the enemies had made an
+incursion into any part of the districts under his command, or
+had solicited any city to revolt, he pretended that the hind
+had informed him of it in his sleep, and charged him to keep
+his forces in readiness.  Or if again he had notice that any of
+the commanders under him had got a victory, he would hide the
+messengers and bring forth the hind crowned with flowers, for
+joy of the good news that was to come, and would encourage them
+to rejoice and sacrifice to the gods for the good account they
+should soon receive of their prosperous success.
+
+By such practices, he brought them to be more tractable and
+obedient in all things; for now they thought themselves no
+longer to be led by a stranger, but rather conducted by a god,
+and the more so, as the facts themselves seemed to bear witness
+to it, his power, contrary to all expectation or probability,
+continually increasing.  For with two thousand six hundred men,
+whom for honor's sake he called Romans, combined with seven
+hundred Africans, who landed with him when he first entered
+Lusitania, together with four thousand targeteers, and seven
+hundred horse of the Lusitanians themselves, he made war
+against four Roman generals, who commanded a hundred and twenty
+thousand foot, six thousand horse, two thousand archers and
+slingers, and had cities innumerable in their power; whereas at
+the first he had not above twenty cities in all.  And from this
+weak and slender beginning, he raised himself to the command of
+large nations of men, and the possession of numerous cities;
+and of the Roman commanders who were sent against him, he
+overthrew Cotta in a sea-fight, in the channel near the town of
+Mellaria; he routed Fufidius, the governor of Baetica, with the
+loss of two thousand Romans, near the banks of the river
+Baetis; Lucius Domitius, proconsul of the other province of
+Spain, was overthrown by one of his lieutenants; Thoranius,
+another commander sent against him by Metellus with a great
+force, was slain, and Metellus, one of the greatest and most
+approved Roman generals then living, by a series of defeats,
+was reduced to such extremities, that Lucius Manlius came to
+his assistance out of Gallia Narbonensis, and Pompey the Great,
+was sent from Rome, itself, in all haste, with considerable
+forces.  Nor did Metellus know which way to turn himself, in a
+war with such a bold and ready commander, who was continually
+molesting him, and yet could not be brought to a set battle,
+but by the swiftness and dexterity of his Spanish soldiery, was
+enabled to shift and adapt himself to any change of
+circumstances.  Metellus had had experience in battles fought
+by regular legions of soldiers, fully armed and drawn up in due
+order into a heavy standing phalanx, admirably trained for
+encountering and overpowering an enemy who came to close
+combat, hand to hand, but entirely unfit for climbing among the
+hills, and competing incessantly with the swift attacks and
+retreats of a set of fleet mountaineers, or to endure hunger
+and thirst, and live exposed like them to the wind and weather,
+without fire or covering.
+
+Besides, being now in years, and having been formerly engaged
+in many fights and dangerous conflicts, he had grown inclined
+to a more remiss, easy, and luxurious life, and was the less
+able to contend with Sertorius, who was in the prime of his
+strength and vigor, and had a body wonderfully fitted for war,
+being strong, active, and temperate, continually accustomed to
+endure hard labor, to take long tedious journeys, to pass many
+nights together without sleep, to eat little, and to be
+satisfied with very coarse fare, and who was never stained with
+the least excess in wine, even when he was most at leisure.
+What leisure time he allowed himself, he spent in hunting and
+riding about, and so made himself thoroughly acquainted with
+every passage for escape when he would fly, and for overtaking
+and intercepting in pursuit, and gained a perfect knowledge of
+where he could and where he could not go.  Insomuch that
+Metellus suffered all the inconveniences of defeat, although he
+earnestly desired to fight, and Sertorius, though he refused
+the field, reaped all the advantages of a conqueror.  For he
+hindered them from foraging, and cut them off from water; if
+they advanced, he was nowhere to be found; if they stayed in
+any place and encamped, he continually molested and alarmed
+them; if they besieged any town, he presently appeared and
+besieged them again, and put them to extremities for want of
+necessaries.  And thus he so wearied out the Roman army, that
+when Sertorius challenged Metellus to fight singly with him,
+they commended it, and cried out, it was a fair offer, a Roman
+to fight against a Roman, and a general against a general; and
+when Metellus refused the challenge, they reproached him.
+Metellus derided and contemned this, and rightly so; for, as
+Theophrastus observes, a general should die like a general, and
+not like a skirmisher.  But perceiving that the town of the
+Langobritae, who gave great assistance to Sertorius, might
+easily be taken for want of water, as there was but one well
+within the walls, and the besieger would be master of the
+springs and fountains in the suburbs, he advanced against the
+place, expecting to carry it in two days' time, there being no
+more water, and gave command to his soldiers to take five days'
+provision only.  Sertorius, however, resolving to send speedy
+relief, ordered two thousand skins to be filled with water,
+naming a considerable sum of money for the carriage of every
+skin; and many Spaniards and Moors undertaking the work, he
+chose out those who were the strongest and swiftest of foot,
+and sent them through the mountains, with order that when they
+had delivered the water, they should convey away privately all
+those who would be least serviceable in the siege, that there
+might be water sufficient for the defendants.  As soon as
+Metellus understood this, he was disturbed, as he had already
+consumed most part of the necessary provisions for his army,
+but he sent out Aquinus with six thousand soldiers to fetch in
+fresh supplies.  But Sertorius having notice of it, laid an
+ambush for him, and having sent out beforehand three thousand
+men to take post in a thickly wooded watercourse, with these he
+attacked the rear of Aquinus in his return, while he himself,
+charging him in the front, destroyed part of his army, and took
+the rest prisoners, Aquinus only escaping, after the loss of
+both his horse and his armor.  And Metellus, being forced
+shamefully to raise the siege, withdrew amidst the laughter and
+contempt of the Spaniards; while Sertorius became yet more the
+object of their esteem and admiration.
+
+He was also highly honored for his introducing discipline and
+good order amongst them, for he altered their furious savage
+manner of fighting, and brought them to make use of the Roman
+armor, taught them to keep their ranks, and observe signals and
+watchwords; and out of a confused number of thieves and
+robbers, he constituted a regular, well-disciplined army.  He
+bestowed silver and gold upon them liberally to gild and adorn
+their helmets, he had their shields worked with various figures
+and designs, he brought them into the mode of wearing flowered
+and embroidered cloaks and coats, and by supplying money for
+these purposes, and joining with them in all improvements, he
+won the hearts of all.  That, however, which delighted them
+most, was the care that he took of their children.  He sent for
+all the boys of noblest parentage out of all their tribes, and
+placed them in the great city of Osca, where he appointed
+masters to instruct them in the Grecian and Roman learning,
+that when they came to be men, they might, as he professed, be
+fitted to share with him in authority, and in conducting the
+government, although under this pretext he really made them
+hostages.  However, their fathers were wonderfully pleased to
+see their children going daily to the schools in good order,
+handsomely dressed in gowns edged with purple, and that
+Sertorius paid for their lessons, examined them often,
+distributed rewards to the most deserving, and gave them the
+golden bosses to hang about their necks, which the Romans
+called bullae.
+
+There being a custom in Spain, that when a commander was slain
+in battle, those who attended his person fought it out till
+they all died with him, which the inhabitants of those
+countries called an offering, or libation, there were few
+commanders that had any considerable guard or number of
+attendants; but Sertorius was followed by many thousands who
+offered themselves, and vowed to spend their blood with his.
+And it is told that when his army was defeated near a city in
+Spain, and the enemy pressed hard upon them, the Spaniards,
+with no care for themselves, but being totally solicitous to
+save Sertorius, took him up on their shoulders and passed him
+from one to another, till they carried him into the city, and
+only when they had thus placed their general in safety,
+provided afterwards each man for his own security.
+
+Nor were the Spaniards alone ambitious to serve him, but the
+Roman soldiers, also, that came out of Italy, were impatient to
+be under his command; and when Perpenna Vento, who was of the
+same faction with Sertorius, came into Spain with a quantity of
+money and a large number of troops, and designed to make war
+against Metellus on his own account, his own soldiers opposed
+it, and talked continually of Sertorius, much to the
+mortification of Perpenna, who was puffed up with the grandeur
+of his family and his riches.  And when they afterwards
+received tidings that Pompey was passing the Pyrenees, they
+took up their arms, laid hold on their ensigns, called upon
+Perpenna to lead them to Sertorius, and threatened him that if
+he refused they would go without him, and place themselves
+under a commander who was able to defend himself and those that
+served him.  And so Perpenna was obliged to yield to their
+desires, and joining Sertorius, added to his army three and
+fifty cohorts.
+
+And when now all the cities on this side of the river Ebro also
+united their forces together under his command, his army grew
+great, for they flocked together and flowed in upon him from
+all quarters.  But when they continually cried out to attack
+the enemy, and were impatient of delay, their inexperienced,
+disorderly rashness caused Sertorius much trouble, who at first
+strove to restrain them with reason and good counsel, but when
+he perceived them refractory and unseasonably violent, he gave
+way to their impetuous desires, and permitted them to engage
+with the enemy, in such sort that they might, being repulsed,
+yet not totally routed, become more obedient to his commands
+for the future.  Which happening as he had anticipated, he soon
+rescued them, and brought them safe into his camp.  And after a
+few days, being willing to encourage them again, when he had
+called all his army together, he caused two horses to be
+brought into the field, one an old, feeble, lean animal, the
+other a lusty, strong horse, with a remarkably thick and long
+tail.  Near the lean one he placed a tall strong man, and near
+the strong young horse a weak despicable-looking fellow; and at
+a sign given, the strong man took hold of the weak horse's tail
+with both his hands, and drew it to him with his whole force,
+as if he would pull it off; the other, the weak man, in the
+mean time, set to work to pluck off hair by hair from the great
+horse's tail.  And when the strong man had given trouble enough
+to himself in vain, and sufficient diversion to the company,
+and had abandoned his attempt, whilst the weak pitiful fellow
+in a short time and with little pains had left not a hair on
+the great horse's tail, Sertorius rose up and spoke to his
+army, "You see, fellow soldiers, that perseverance is more
+prevailing than violence, and that many things which cannot be
+overcome when they are together, yield themselves up when taken
+little by little.  Assiduity and persistence are irresistible,
+and in time overthrow and destroy the greatest powers whatever.
+Time being the favorable friend and assistant of those who use
+their judgment to await his occasions, and the destructive
+enemy of those who are unseasonably urging and pressing
+forward."  With a frequent use of such words and such devices,
+he soothed the fierceness of the barbarous people, and taught
+them to attend and watch for their opportunities.
+
+Of all his remarkable exploits, none raised greater admiration
+than that which he put in practice against the Characitanians.
+These are a people beyond the river Tagus, who inhabit neither
+cities nor towns, but live in a vast high hill, within the deep
+dens and caves of the rocks, the mouths of which open all
+towards the north.  The country below is of a soil resembling a
+light clay, so loose as easily to break into powder, and is not
+firm enough to bear anyone that treads upon it, and if you
+touch it in the least, it flies about like ashes or unslaked
+lime.  In any danger of war, these people descend into their
+caves, and carrying in their booty and prey along with them,
+stay quietly within, secure from every attack.  And when
+Sertorius, leaving Metellus some distance off had placed his
+camp near this hill, they slighted and despised him, imagining,
+that he retired into these parts, being overthrown by the
+Romans.  And whether out of anger and resentment, or out of his
+unwillingness to be thought to fly from his enemies, early in
+the morning he rode up to view the situation of the place.  But
+finding there was no way to come at it, as he rode about,
+threatening them in vain and disconcerted, he took notice that
+the wind raised the dust and carried it up towards the caves of
+the Characitanians, the mouths of which, as I said before,
+opened towards the north; and the northerly wind, which some
+call Caecias, prevailing most in those parts, coming up out of
+moist plains or mountains covered with snow, at this particular
+time, in the heat of summer, being further supplied and
+increased by the melting of the ice in the northern regions,
+blew a delightful fresh gale, cooling and refreshing the
+Characitanians and their cattle all the day long.  Sertorius,
+considering well all circumstances in which either the
+information of the inhabitants, or his own experience had
+instructed him, commanded his soldiers to shovel up a great
+quantity of this light, dusty earth, to heap it up together,
+and make a mount of it over against the hill in which these
+barbarous people resided, who, imagining that all this
+preparation was for raising a mound to get at them, only mocked
+and laughed at it.  However, he continued the work till the
+evening, and brought his soldiers back into their camp.  The
+next morning a gentle breeze at first arose, and moved the
+lightest parts of the earth, and dispersed it about as the
+chaff before the wind; but when the sun coming to be higher,
+the strong northerly wind had covered the hills with the dust,
+the soldiers came and turned this mound of earth over and over,
+and broke the hard clods in pieces, whilst others on horseback
+rode through it backward and forward, and raised a cloud of
+dust into the air:  there with the wind the whole of it was
+carried away and blown into the dwellings of the
+Characitanians, all lying open to the north.  And there being
+no other vent or breathing-place than that through which the
+Caecias rushed in upon them, it quickly blinded their eyes, and
+filled their lungs, and all but choked them, whilst they strove
+to draw in the rough air mingled with dust and powdered earth.
+Nor were they able, with all they could do, to hold out above
+two days, but yielded up themselves on the third, adding, by
+their defeat, not so much to the power of Sertorius, as to his
+renown, in proving that he was able to conquer places by art,
+which were impregnable by the force of arms.
+
+So long as he had to do with Metellus, he was thought to owe
+his successes to his opponent's age and slow temper, which were
+ill-suited for coping with the daring and activity of one who
+commanded a light army more like a band of robbers than regular
+soldiers.  But when Pompey also passed over the Pyrenees, and
+Sertorius pitched his camp near him, and offered and himself
+accepted every occasion by which military skill could be put to
+the proof, and in this contest of dexterity was found to have
+the better, both in baffling his enemy's designs and in
+counter-scheming himself, the fame of him now spread even to
+Rome itself, as the most expert commander of his time.  For the
+renown of Pompey was not small, who had already won much honor
+by his achievements in the wars of Sylla, from whom he received
+the title of Magnus, and was called Pompey the Great; and who
+had risen to the honor of a triumph before the beard had grown
+on his face.  And many cities which were under Sertorius were
+on the very eve of revolting and going over to Pompey, when
+they were deterred from it by that great action, amongst
+others, which he performed near the city of Lauron, contrary to
+the expectation of all.
+
+For Sertorius had laid siege to Lauron, and Pompey came with
+his whole army to relieve it; and there being a hill near this
+city very advantageously situated, they both made haste to take
+it.  Sertorius was beforehand, and took possession of it first,
+and Pompey, having drawn down his forces, was not sorry that it
+had thus happened, imagining that he had hereby enclosed his
+enemy between his own army and the city, and sent in a
+messenger to the citizens of Lauron, to bid them be of good
+courage, and to come upon their walls, where they might see
+their besieger besieged.  Sertorius, perceiving their
+intentions, smiled, and said, he would now teach Sylla's
+scholar, for so he called Pompey in derision, that it was the
+part of a general to look as well behind him as before him, and
+at the same time showed them six thousand soldiers, whom he had
+left in his former camp, from whence he marched out to take the
+hill, where if Pompey should assault him, they might fall upon
+his rear.  Pompey discovered this too late, and not daring to
+give battle, for fear of being encompassed, and yet being
+ashamed to desert his friends and confederates in their extreme
+danger, was thus forced to sit still, and see them ruined
+before his face.  For the besieged despaired of relief, and
+delivered up themselves to Sertorius, who spared their lives
+and granted them their liberty, but burnt their city, not out
+of anger or cruelty, for of all commanders that ever were,
+Sertorius seems least of all to have indulged these passions,
+but only for the greater shame and confusion of the admirers of
+Pompey, and that it might be reported amongst the Spaniards,
+that though he had been so close to the fire which burnt down
+the city of his confederates as actually to feel the heat of
+it, he still had not dared to make any opposition.
+
+Sertorius, however, sustained many losses; but he always
+maintained himself and those immediately with him undefeated,
+and it was by other commanders under him that he suffered; and
+he was more admired for being able to repair his losses, and
+for recovering the victory, than the Roman generals against him
+for gaining these advantages; as at the battle of the Sucro
+against Pompey, and at the battle near Tuttia, against him and
+Metellus together.  The battle near the Sucro was fought, it is
+said, through the impatience of Pompey, lest Metellus should
+share with him in the victory, Sertorius being also willing to
+engage Pompey before the arrival of Metellus.  Sertorius
+delayed the time till the evening, considering that the
+darkness of the night would be a disadvantage to his enemies,
+whether flying or pursuing, being strangers, and having no
+knowledge of the country.  When the fight began, it happened
+that Sertorius was not placed directly against Pompey, but
+against Afranius, who had command of the left wing of the Roman
+army, as he commanded the right wing of his own; but when he
+understood that his left wing began to give way, and yield to
+the assault of Pompey, he committed the care of his right wing
+to other commanders, and made haste to relieve those in
+distress; and rallying some that were flying, and encouraging
+others that still kept their ranks, he renewed the fight, and
+attacked the enemy in their pursuit so effectively as to cause
+a considerable rout, and brought Pompey into great danger of
+his life.  For after being wounded and losing his horse, he
+escaped unexpectedly.  For the Africans with Sertorius, who
+took Pompey's horse, set out with gold, and covered with rich
+trappings, fell out with one another; and upon the dividing of
+the spoil, gave over the pursuit.  Afranius, in the meantime,
+as soon as Sertorius had left his right wing, to assist the
+other part of his army, overthrew all that opposed him; and
+pursuing them to their camp, fell in together with them, and
+plundered them till it was dark night; knowing nothing of
+Pompey's overthrow, nor being able to restrain his soldiers
+from pillaging; when Sertorius, returning with victory, fell
+upon him and upon his men, who were all in disorder, and slew
+many of them.  And the next morning he came into the field
+again, well armed, and offered battle, but perceiving that
+Metellus was near, he drew off, and returned to his camp,
+saying, "If this old woman had not come up, I would have
+whipped that boy soundly and sent him to Rome."
+
+He was much concerned that his white hind could nowhere be
+found; as he was thus destitute of an admirable contrivance to
+encourage the barbarous people, at a time when he most stood in
+need of it.  Some men, however, wandering in the night, chanced
+to meet her, and knowing her by her color, took her; to whom
+Sertorius promised a good reward, if they would tell no one of
+it; and immediately shut her up.  A few days after, he appeared
+in public with a very cheerful look, and declared to the chief
+men of the country, that the gods had foretold him in a dream
+that some great good fortune should shortly attend him; and,
+taking his seat, proceeded to answer the petitions of those who
+applied themselves to him.  The keepers of the hind, who were
+not far off, now let her loose, and she no sooner espied
+Sertorius, but she came leaping with great joy to his feet,
+laid her head upon his knees, and licked his hands, as she
+formerly used to do.  And Sertorius stroking her, and making
+much of her again, with that tenderness that the tears stood in
+his eyes, all that were present were immediately filled with
+wonder and astonishment, and accompanying him to his house with
+loud shouts for joy, looked upon him as a person above the rank
+of mortal men, and highly beloved by the gods; and were in
+great courage and hope for the future.
+
+When he had reduced his enemies to the last extremity for want
+of provision, he was forced to give them battle, in the plains
+near Saguntum, to hinder them from foraying, and plundering the
+country.  Both parties fought gloriously.  Memmius, the best
+commander in Pompey's army, was slain in the heat of the
+battle.  Sertorius over threw all before him, and with great
+slaughter of his enemies pressed forward towards Metellus.
+This old commander, making a resistance beyond what could be
+expected from one of his years, was wounded with a lance; an
+occurrence which filled all who either saw it or heard of it,
+with shame, to be thought to have left their general in
+distress, but at the same time it provoked them to revenge and
+fury against their enemies; they covered Metellus with their
+shields, and brought him off in safety, and then valiantly
+repulsed the Spaniards; and so victory changed sides, and
+Sertorius, that he might afford a more secure retreat to his
+army, and that fresh forces might more easily be raised,
+retired into a strong city in the mountains.  And though it was
+the least of his intention to sustain a long siege, yet he
+began to repair the walls, and to fortify the gates, thus
+deluding his enemies, who came and sat down before the town,
+hoping to take it without much resistance; and meantime gave
+over the pursuit of the Spaniards, and allowed opportunity for
+raising new forces for Sertorius, to which purpose he had sent
+commanders to all their cities, with orders, when they had
+sufficiently increased their numbers, to send him word of it.
+This news he no sooner received, but he sallied out and forced
+his way through his enemies, and easily joined them with the
+rest of his army.  And having received this considerable
+reinforcement, he set upon the Romans again, and by rapidly
+assaulting them, by alarming them on all sides, by ensnaring,
+circumventing, and laying ambushes for them, he cut off all
+provisions by land, while with his piratical vessels, he kept
+all the coast in awe, and hindered their supplies by sea.  He
+thus forced the Roman generals to dislodge, and to separate
+from one another:  Metellus departed into Gaul, and Pompey
+wintered among the Vaccaeans, in a wretched condition, where,
+being in extreme want of money, he wrote a letter to the
+senate, to let them know that if they did not speedily supply
+him, he must draw off his army; for he had already spent his
+own money in the defense of Italy.  To these extremities, the
+chiefest and the most powerful commanders of the age were
+reduced by the skill of Sertorius; and it was the common
+opinion in Rome, that he would be in Italy before Pompey.
+
+How far Metellus was terrified, and at what rate he esteemed
+him, he plainly declared, when he offered by proclamation a
+hundred talents, and twenty thousand acres of land, to any
+Roman that should kill him, and leave, if he were banished, to
+return; attempting villainously to buy his life by treachery,
+when he despaired of ever being able to overcome him in open
+war.  And when once he gained the advantage in a battle against
+Sertorius, he was so pleased and transported with his good
+fortune, that he caused himself to be publicly proclaimed
+imperator; and all the cities which he visited received him
+with altars and sacrifices; he allowed himself, it is said, to
+have garlands placed on his head, and accepted sumptuous
+entertainments, at which he sat drinking in triumphal robes,
+while images and figures of victory were introduced by the
+motion of machines, bringing in with them crowns and trophies
+of gold to present to him, and companies of young men and women
+danced before him, and sang to him songs of joy and triumph.
+By all which he rendered himself deservedly ridiculous, for
+being so excessively delighted and puffed up with the thoughts
+of having followed one who was retiring of his own accord, and
+for having once had the better of him whom he used to call
+Sylla's runaway slave, and his forces, the remnant of the
+defeated troops of Carbo.
+
+Sertorius, meantime, showed the loftiness of his temper in
+calling together all the Roman senators who had fled from Rome,
+and had come and resided with him, and giving them the name of
+a senate; and out of these he chose praetors and quaestors, and
+adorned his government with all the Roman laws and
+institutions.  And though he made use of the arms, riches, and
+cities of the Spaniards, yet he would never, even in word,
+remit to them the imperial authority, but set Roman officers
+and commanders over them, intimating his purpose to restore
+liberty to the Romans, not to raise up the Spaniard's power
+against them.  For he was a sincere lover of his country, and
+had a great desire to return home; but in his adverse fortune
+he showed undaunted courage, and behaved himself towards his
+enemies in a manner free from all dejection and
+mean-spiritedness; and when he was in his prosperity, and in
+the height of his victories, he sent word to Metellus and
+Pompey, that he was ready to lay down his arms, and live a
+private life, if he were allowed to return home, declaring that
+he had rather live as the meanest citizen in Rome, than, exiled
+from it, be supreme commander of all other cities together.
+And it is thought that his great desire for his country was in
+no small measure promoted by the tenderness he had for his
+mother, under whom he was brought up after the death of his
+father, and upon whom he had placed his entire affection.  And
+after that his friends had sent for him into Spain to be their
+general, as soon as he heard of his mother's death, he had
+almost cast away himself and died for grief; for he lay seven
+days together continually in his tent, without giving the word,
+or being seen by the nearest of his friends; and when the chief
+commanders of the army, and persons of the greatest note came
+about his tent, with great difficulty they prevailed with him
+at last to come abroad, and speak to his soldiers, and to take
+upon him the management of affairs, which were in a prosperous
+condition.  And thus, to many men's judgment, he seemed to have
+been in himself of a mild and compassionate temper, and
+naturally given to ease and quietness, and to have accepted of
+the command of military forces contrary to his own inclination,
+and not being able to live in safety otherwise, to have been
+driven by his enemies to have recourse to arms, and to espouse
+the wars as a necessary guard for the defense of his person.
+
+His negotiations with king Mithridates further argue the
+greatness of his mind.  For when Mithridates, recovering
+himself from his overthrow by Sylla, like a strong wrestler
+that gets up to try another fall, was again endeavoring to
+reestablish his power in Asia, at this time the great fame of
+Sertorius was celebrated in all places and when the merchants
+who came out of the western parts of Europe, bringing these, as
+it were, among their other foreign wares, had filled the
+kingdom of Pontus with their stories of his exploits in war,
+Mithridates was extremely desirous to send an embassy to him,
+being also highly encouraged to it by the boastings of his
+flattering courtiers, who, comparing Mithridates to Pyrrhus,
+and Sertorius to Hannibal, professed that the Romans would
+never be able to make any considerable resistance against such
+great forces, and such admirable commanders, when they should
+be set upon on both sides at once, on one by the most warlike
+general, and on the other by the most powerful prince in
+existence.
+
+Accordingly, Mithridates sends ambassadors into Spain to
+Sertorius with letters and instructions, and commission to
+promise ships and money towards the charge of the war, if
+Sertorius would confirm his pretensions upon Asia, and
+authorize him to possess all that he had surrendered to the
+Romans in his treaty with Sylla.  Sertorius summoned a full
+council which he called a senate, where, when others joyfully
+approved of the conditions, and were desirous immediately to
+accept of his offer, seeing that he desired nothing of them but
+a name, and an empty title to places not in their power to
+dispose of, in recompense of which they should be supplied with
+what they then stood most in need of, Sertorius would by no
+means agree to it; declaring that he was willing that king
+Mithridates should exercise all royal power and authority over
+Bithynia and Cappadocia, countries accustomed to a monarchical
+government, and not belonging to Rome, but he could never
+consent that he should seize or detain a province, which, by
+the justest right and title, was possessed by the Romans, which
+Mithridates had formerly taken away from them, and had
+afterwards lost in open war to Fimbria, and quitted upon a
+treaty of peace with Sylla.  For he looked upon it as his duty
+to enlarge the Roman possessions by his conquering arms, and
+not to increase his own power by the diminution of the Roman
+territories.  Since a noble-minded man, though he willingly
+accepts of victory when it comes with honor, will never so much
+as endeavor to save his own life upon any dishonorable terms.
+
+When this was related to Mithridates, he was struck with
+amazement, and said to his intimate friends, "What will
+Sertorius enjoin us to do when he comes to be seated in the
+Palatium in Rome, who at present, when he is driven out to the
+borders of the Atlantic sea, sets bounds to our kingdoms in the
+east, and threatens us with war, if we attempt the recovery of
+Asia?"  However, they solemnly, upon oath, concluded a league
+between them, upon these terms:  that Mithridates should enjoy
+the free possession of Cappadocia and Bithynia, and that
+Sertorius should send him soldiers, and a general for his army,
+in recompense of which the king was to supply him with three
+thousand talents and forty ships.  Marcus Marius, a Roman
+senator who had quitted Rome to follow Sertorius, was sent
+general into Asia, in company with whom when Mithridates had
+reduced divers of the Asian cities, Marius made his entrance
+with rods and axes carried before him, and Mithridates followed
+in the second place, voluntarily waiting upon him.  Some of
+these cities he set at liberty, and others he freed from taxes,
+signifying to them that these privileges were granted to them
+by the favor of Sertorius, and hereby Asia, which had been
+miserably tormented by the revenue-farmers, and oppressed by
+the insolent pride and covetousness of the soldiers, began to
+rise again to new hopes, and to look forward with joy to the
+expected change of government.
+
+But in Spain, the senators about Sertorius, and others of the
+nobility, finding themselves strong enough for their enemies,
+no sooner laid aside fear, but their minds were possessed by
+envy and irrational jealousies of Sertorius's power.  And
+chiefly Perpenna, elevated by the thoughts of his noble birth,
+and carried away with a fond ambition of commanding the army,
+threw out villainous discourses in private amongst his
+acquaintance.  "What evil genius," he would say, "hurries us
+perpetually from worse to worse?  We who disdained to obey the
+dictates of Sylla, the ruler of sea and land, and thus to live
+at home in peace and quiet, are come hither to our destruction,
+hoping to enjoy our liberty, and have made ourselves slaves of
+our own accord, and are become the contemptible guards and
+attendants of the banished Sertorius, who, that he may expose
+us the further, gives us name that renders us ridiculous to all
+that hear it, and calls us the Senate, when at the same time he
+makes us undergo as much hard labor, and forces us to be as
+subject to his haughty commands and insolences, as any
+Spaniards and Lusitanians."  With these mutinous discourses, he
+seduced them; and though the greater number could not be led
+into open rebellion against Sertorius, fearing his power, they
+were prevailed with to endeavor to destroy his interest
+secretly.  For by abusing the Lusitanians and Spaniards, by
+inflicting severe punishments upon them, by raising exorbitant
+taxes, and by pretending that all this was done by the strict
+command of Sertorius, they caused great troubles, and made many
+cities to revolt; and those who were sent to mitigate and heal
+these differences, did rather exasperate them, and increase the
+number of his enemies, and left them at their return more
+obstinate and rebellious than they found them.  And Sertorius,
+incensed with all this, now so far forgot his former clemency
+and goodness, as to lay hands on the sons of the Spaniards,
+educated in the city of Oscar and, contrary to all justice, he
+cruelly put some of them to death, and sold others.
+
+In the meantime, Perpenna, having increased the number of his
+conspirators, drew in Manlius, a commander in the army, who, at
+that time being attached to a youth, to gain his affections the
+more, discovered the confederacy to him, bidding him neglect
+others, and be constant to him alone; who, in a few days, was
+to be a person of great power and authority.  But the youth
+having a greater inclination for Aufidius, disclosed all to
+him, which much surprised and amazed him.  For he was also one
+of the confederacy, but knew not that Manlius was anyways
+engaged in it; but when the youth began to name Perpenna,
+Gracinus, and others, whom he knew very well to be sworn
+conspirators, he was very much terrified and astonished; but
+made light of it to the youth, and bade him not regard what
+Manlius said, a vain boasting fellow.  However, he went
+presently to Perpenna, and giving him notice of the danger they
+were in, and of the shortness of their time, desired him
+immediately to put their designs in execution.  And when all
+the confederates had consented to it, they provided a messenger
+who brought feigned letters to Sertorius, in which he had
+notice of a victory obtained, it said, by one of his
+lieutenants, and of the great slaughter of his enemies; and as
+Sertorius, being extremely well pleased, was sacrificing and
+giving thanks to the gods for his prosperous success, Perpenna
+invited him, and those with him, who were also of the
+conspiracy, to an entertainment, and being very importunate,
+prevailed with him to come.  At all suppers and entertainments
+where Sertorius was present, great order and decency was wont
+to be observed, for he would not endure to hear or see any
+thing that was rude or unhandsome, but made it the habit of all
+who kept his company, to entertain themselves with quiet and
+inoffensive amusements.  But in the middle of this
+entertainment, those who sought occasion to quarrel, fell into
+dissolute discourse openly, and making as if they were very
+drunk, committed many insolences on purpose to provoke him.
+Sertorius, being offended with their ill behavior, or
+perceiving the state of their minds by their way of speaking
+and their unusually disrespectful manner, changed the posture
+of his lying, and leaned backward, as one that neither heard
+nor regarded them.  Perpenna now took a cup full of wine, and,
+as he was drinking, let it fall out of his hand and make a
+noise, which was the sign agreed upon amongst them; and
+Antonius, who was next to Sertorius, immediately wounded him
+with his sword.  And whilst Sertorius, upon receiving the
+wound, turned himself, and strove to get up, Antonius threw
+himself upon his breast, and held both his hands, so that he
+died by a number of blows, without being able even to defend
+himself.
+
+Upon the first news of his death, most of the Spaniards left the
+conspirators, and sent ambassadors to Pompey and Metellus, and
+yielded themselves up to them.  Perpenna attempted to do something
+with those that remained, but he made only so much use of
+Sertorius's arms and preparations for war, as to disgrace himself
+in them, and to let it be evident to all, that he understood no
+more how to command, than he knew how to obey; and when he came
+against Pompey, he was soon overthrown, and taken prisoner.
+Neither did he bear this last affliction with any bravery, but
+having Sertorius's papers and writings in his hands, he offered to
+show Pompey letters from persons of consular dignity, and of the
+highest quality in Rome, written with their own hands, expressly
+to call Sertorius into Italy, and to let him know what great
+numbers there were that earnestly desired to alter the present
+state of affairs, and to introduce another manner of government.
+Upon this occasion, Pompey behaved not like a youth, or one of
+a light inconsiderate mind, but as a man of a confirmed, mature,
+and solid judgment; and so freed Rome from great fears and dangers
+of change.  For he put all Sertorius's writings and letters
+together and read not one of them, nor suffered anyone else to
+read them, but burnt them all, and caused Perpenna immediately to
+be put to death, lest by discovering their names, further troubles
+and revolutions might ensue.
+
+Of the rest of the conspirators with Perpenna, some were taken
+and slain by the command of Pompey, others fled into Africa,
+and were set upon by the Moors, and run through with their
+darts; and in a short time, not one of them was left alive,
+except only Aufidius, the rival of Manlius, who, hiding
+himself, or not being much inquired after, died an old man, in
+an obscure village in Spain, in extreme poverty, and hated by
+all.
+
+
+
+EUMENES
+
+Duris reports that Eumenes, the Cardian, was the son of a poor
+wagoner in the Thracian Chersonesus, yet liberally educated, both
+as a scholar and a soldier; and that while he was but young,
+Philip, passing through Cardia, diverted himself with a sight of
+the wrestling-matches and other exercises of the youth of that
+place, among whom Eumenes performing with success, and showing
+signs of intelligence and bravery, Philip was so pleased with
+him, as to take him into his service.  But they seem to speak
+more probably, who tell us that Philip advanced Eumenes for the
+friendship he bore to his father, whose guest he had sometime
+been.  After the death of Philip, he continued in the service of
+Alexander, with the title of his principal secretary, but in as
+great favor as the most intimate of his familiars, being esteemed
+as wise and faithful as any person about him, so that he went
+with troops under his immediate command as general in the
+expedition against India, and succeeded to the post of Perdiccas,
+when Perdiccas was advanced to that of Hephaestion, then newly
+deceased.  And therefore, after the death of Alexander, when
+Neoptolemus, who had been captain of his lifeguard, said that he
+had followed Alexander with shield and spear, but Eumenes only
+with pen and paper, the Macedonians laughed at him, as knowing
+very well that, besides other marks of favor, the king had done
+him the honor to make him a kind of kinsman to himself by
+marriage.  For Alexander's first mistress in Asia, by whom he had
+his son Hercules, was Barsine the daughter of Artabazus; and in
+the distribution of the Persian ladies amongst his captains,
+Alexander gave Apame, one of her sisters, to Ptolemy, and
+another, also called Barsine, to Eumenes.
+
+Notwithstanding, he frequently incurred Alexander's displeasure,
+and put himself into some danger, through Hephaestion.  The
+quarters that had been taken up for Eumenes, Hephaestion assigned
+to Euius, the flute-player.  Upon which, in great anger, Eumenes
+and Mentor came to Alexander, and loudly complained, saying that
+the way to be regarded was to throw away their arms, and turn
+flute-players or tragedians; so much so that Alexander took their
+part and chid Hephaestion; but soon after changed his mind again,
+and was angry with Eumenes, and accounted the freedom he had
+taken to be rather an affront to the king, than a reflection upon
+Hephaestion.  Afterwards, when Nearchus, with a fleet, was to be
+sent to the Southern Sea, Alexander borrowed money of his
+friends, his own treasury being exhausted, and would have had
+three hundred talents of Eumenes, but he sent a hundred only,
+pretending; that it was not without great difficulty he had
+raised so much from his stewards.  Alexander neither complained
+nor took the money, but gave private order to set Eumenes's tent
+on fire, designing to take him in a manifest lie, when his money
+was carried out.  But before that could be done, the tent was
+consumed, and Alexander repented of his orders, all his papers
+being burnt; the gold and silver, however, which was melted down
+in the fire, being afterwards collected, was found to be more
+than one thousand talents; yet Alexander took none of it, and
+only wrote to the several governors and generals to send new
+copies of the papers that were burnt, and ordered them to be
+delivered to Eumenes.
+
+Another difference happened between him and Hephaestion
+concerning a gift, and a great deal of ill language passed
+between them, yet Eumenes still continued in favor.  But
+Hephaestion dying soon after, the king, in his grief, presuming
+all those that differed with Hephaestion in his lifetime were now
+rejoicing at his death, showed much harshness and severity in his
+behavior with them, especially towards Eumenes, whom he often
+upbraided with his quarrels and ill language to Hephaestion.  But
+he, being a wise and dexterous courtier, made advantage of what
+had done him prejudice, and struck in with the king's passion for
+glorifying his friend's memory, suggesting various plans to do
+him honor, and contributing largely and readily towards erecting
+his monument.
+
+After Alexander's death, when the quarrel broke out between the
+troops of the phalanx and the officers, his companions, Eumenes,
+though in his judgment he inclined to the latter, yet in his
+professions stood neuter, as if he thought it unbecoming him, who
+was a stranger, to interpose in the private quarrels of the
+Macedonians.  And when the rest of Alexander's friends left
+Babylon, he stayed behind, and did much to pacify the
+foot-soldiers, and to dispose them towards an accommodation.  And
+when the officers had agreed among themselves, and, recovering
+from the first disorder, proceeded to share out the several
+commands and provinces, they made Eumenes governor of Cappadocia
+and Paphlagonia, and all the coast upon the Pontic Sea as far as
+Trebizond, which at that time was not subject to the Macedonians,
+for Ariarathes kept it as king, but Leonnatus and Antigonus, with
+a large army, were to put him in possession of it.  Antigonus,
+already filled with hopes of his own, and despising all men, took
+no notice of Perdiccas's letters; but Leonnatus with his army
+came down into Phrygia to the service of Eumenes.  But being
+visited by Hecataeus, the tyrant of the Cardians, and requested
+rather to relieve Antipater and the Macedonians that were
+besieged in Lamia, he resolved upon that expedition, inviting
+Eumenes to a share in it, and endeavoring to reconcile him to
+Hecataeus.  For there was an hereditary feud between them,
+arising out of political differences, and Eumenes had more than
+once been known to denounce Hecataeus as a tyrant, and to exhort
+Alexander to restore the Cardians their liberty.  Therefore at
+this time, also, he declined the expedition proposed, pretending
+that he feared lest Antipater, who already hated him, should for
+that reason and to gratify Hecataeus, kill him.  Leonnatus so far
+believed, as to impart to Eumenes his whole design, which, as he
+had pretended and given out, was to aid Antipater, but in truth
+was to seize the kingdom of Macedon; and he showed him letters
+from Cleopatra, in which, it appeared, she invited him to Pella,
+with promises to marry him.  But Eumenes, whether fearing
+Antipater, or looking upon Leonnatus as a rash, headstrong, and
+unsafe man, stole away from him by night, taking with him all his
+men, namely, three hundred horse, and two hundred of his own
+servants armed, and all his gold, to the value of five thousand
+talents of silver, and fled to Perdiccas, discovered to him
+Leonnatus's design, and thus gained great interest with him, and
+was made of the council.  Soon after, Perdiccas, with a great
+army, which he led himself, conducted Eumenes into Cappadocia,
+and, having taken Ariarathes prisoner, and subdued the whole
+country, declared him governor of it.  He accordingly proceeded
+to dispose of the chief cities among his own friends, and made
+captains of garrisons, judges, receivers, and other officers, of
+such as he thought fit himself, Perdiccas not at all interposing.
+Eumenes, however, still continued to attend upon Perdiccas, both
+out of respect to him, and a desire not to be absent from the
+royal family.
+
+But Perdiccas, believing he was able enough to attain his own
+further objects without assistance, and that the country he left
+behind him might stand in need of an active and faithful
+governor, when he came into Cilicia, dismissed Eumenes, under
+color of sending him to his command, but in truth to secure
+Armenia, which was on its frontier, and was unsettled through the
+practices of Neoptolemus.  Him, a proud and vain man, Eumenes
+exerted himself to gain by personal attentions; but to balance
+the Macedonian foot, whom he found insolent and self-willed, he
+contrived to raise an army of horse, excusing from tax and
+contribution all those of the country that were able to serve on
+horseback, and buying up a number of horses, which he distributed
+among such of his own men as he most confided in, stimulating the
+courage of his new soldiers by gifts and honors, and inuring
+their bodies to service, by frequent marching and exercising; so
+that the Macedonians were some of them astonished, others
+overjoyed, to see that in so short a time he had got together a
+body of no less than six thousand three hundred horsemen.
+
+But when Craterus and Antipater, having subdued the Greeks,
+advanced into Asia, with intentions to quell the power of
+Perdiccas, and were reported to design an invasion of Cappadocia,
+Perdiccas, resolving himself to march against Ptolemy, made
+Eumenes commander-in-chief of all the forces of Armenia and
+Cappadocia, and to that purpose wrote letters, requiring Alcetas
+and Neoptolemus to be obedient to Eumenes, and giving full
+commission to Eumenes to dispose and order all things as he
+thought fit.  Alcetas flatly refused to serve, because his
+Macedonians, he said, were ashamed to fight against Antipater,
+and loved Craterus so well, they were ready to receive him for
+their commander.  Neoptolemus designed treachery against Eumenes,
+but was discovered; and being summoned, refused to obey, and put
+himself in a posture of defense.  Here Eumenes first found the
+benefit of his own foresight and contrivance, for his foot being
+beaten, he routed Neoptolemus with his horse, and took all his
+baggage; and coming up with his whole force upon the phalanx
+while broken and disordered in its flight, obliged the men to lay
+down their arms, and take an oath to serve under him.
+Neoptolemus, with some few stragglers whom he rallied, fled to
+Craterus and Antipater.  From them had come an embassy to
+Eumenes, inviting him over to their side, offering to secure him
+in his present government and to give him additional command,
+both of men and of territory, with the advantage of gaining his
+enemy Antipater to become his friend, and keeping Craterus his
+friend from turning to be his enemy.  To which Eumenes replied,
+that he could not so suddenly be reconciled to his old enemy
+Antipater, especially at a time when he saw him use his friends
+like enemies, but was ready to reconcile Craterus to Perdiccas,
+upon any just and equitable terms; but in case of any aggression,
+he would resist the injustice to his last breath, and would
+rather lose his life than betray his word.
+
+Antipater, receiving this answer, took time to consider upon the
+whole matter; when Neoptolemus arrived from his defeat, and
+acquainted them with the ill success of his arms, and urged them
+to give him assistance, to come, both of them, if possible, but
+Craterus at any rate, for the Macedonians loved him so
+excessively, that if they saw but his hat, or heard his voice,
+they would all pass over in a body with their arms.  And in
+truth, Craterus had a mighty name among them, and the soldiers
+after Alexander's death were extremely fond of him, remembering
+how he had often for their sakes incurred Alexander's
+displeasure, doing his best to withhold him when he began to
+follow the Persian fashions, and always maintaining the customs
+of his country, when, through pride and luxuriousness, they began
+to be disregarded.  Craterus, therefore, sent on Antipater into
+Cilicia, and himself and Neoptolemus marched with a large
+division of the army against Eumenes; expecting to come upon him
+unawares, and to find his army disordered with reveling after the
+late victory.  Now that Eumenes should suspect his coming, and be
+prepared to receive him, is an argument of his vigilance, but not
+perhaps a proof of any extraordinary sagacity, but that he should
+contrive both to conceal from his enemies the disadvantages of
+his position, and from his own men whom they were to fight with,
+so that he led them on against Craterus himself, without their
+knowing that he commanded the enemy, this, indeed, seems to show
+peculiar address and skill in the general.  He gave out that
+Neoptolemus and Pigres were approaching with some Cappadocian and
+Paphlagonian horse.  And at night, having resolved on marching,
+he fell asleep, and had an extraordinary dream.  For he thought
+he saw two Alexanders ready to engage, each commanding his
+several phalanx, the one assisted by Minerva, the other by Ceres;
+and that after a hot dispute, he on whose side Minerva was, was
+beaten, and Ceres, gathering ears of corn, wove them into a crown
+for the victor.  This vision Eumenes interpreted at once as
+boasting success to himself, who was to fight for a fruitful
+country, and at that very time covered with the young ears, the
+whole being sowed with corn, and the fields so thick with it,
+that they made a beautiful show of a long peace.  And he was
+further emboldened, when he understood that the enemy's pass-word
+was Minerva and Alexander.  Accordingly he also gave out as his,
+Ceres and Alexander, and gave his men orders to make garlands for
+themselves, and to dress their arms with wreaths of corn.  He
+found himself under many temptations to discover to his captains
+and officers whom they were to engage with, and not to conceal a
+secret of such moment in his own breast alone, yet he kept to his
+first resolutions, and ventured to run the hazard of his own
+judgment.
+
+When he came to give battle, he would not trust any Macedonian to
+engage Craterus, but appointed two troops of foreign horse,
+commanded by Pharnabazus, son to Artabazus, and Phoenix of
+Tenedos, with order to charge as soon as ever they saw the enemy,
+without giving them leisure to speak or retire, or receiving any
+herald or trumpet from them.  For he was exceedingly afraid about
+his Macedonians, lest, if they found out Craterus to be there,
+they should go over to his side.  He himself, with three hundred
+of his best horse, led the right wing against Neoptolemus.  When
+having passed a little hill they came in view, and were seen
+advancing with more than ordinary briskness, Craterus was amazed,
+and bitterly reproached Neoptolemus for deceiving him with hopes
+of the Macedonians' revolt, but he encouraged his men to do
+bravely, and forthwith charged.  The first engagement was very
+fierce, and the spears being soon broken to pieces, they came to
+close fighting with their swords; and here Craterus did by no
+means dishonor Alexander, but slew many of his enemies, and
+repulsed many assaults, but at last received a wound in his side
+from a Thracian, and fell off his horse.  Being down, many not
+knowing him went past him, but Gorgias, one of Eumenes's
+captains, knew him, and alighting from his horse, kept guard over
+him, as he lay badly wounded and slowly dying.  In the meantime
+Neoptolemus and Eumenes were engaged; who, being inveterate and
+mortal enemies, sought for one another, but missed for the two
+first courses, but in the third discovering one another, they
+drew their swords, and with loud shouts immediately charged.  And
+their horses striking against one another like two galleys, they
+quitted their reins, and taking mutual hold pulled at one
+another's helmets, and at the armor from their shoulders.  While
+they were thus struggling, their horses went from under them, and
+they fell together to the ground, there again still keeping their
+hold and wrestling.  Neoptolemus was getting up first, but
+Eumenes wounded him in the ham, and got upon his feet before him.
+Neoptolemus supporting himself upon one knee, the other leg being
+disabled, and himself undermost, fought courageously, though his
+blows were not mortal, but receiving a stroke in the neck he fell
+and ceased to resist.  Eumenes, transported with passion and his
+inveterate hatred to him, fell to reviling and stripping him, and
+perceived not that his sword was still in his hand.  And with
+this he wounded Eumenes under the bottom of his corslet in the
+groin, but in truth more frightened than hurt him; his blow being
+faint for want of strength.  Having stripped the dead body, ill as
+he was with the wounds he had received in his legs and arms, he
+took horse again, and hurried towards the left wing of his army,
+which he supposed to be still engaged.  Hearing of the death of
+Craterus, he rode up to him, and finding there was yet some life
+in him, alighted from his horse and wept, and laying his right
+hand upon him, inveighed bitterly against Neoptolemus, and
+lamented both Craterus's misfortune and his own hard fate, that
+he should be necessitated to engage against an old friend and
+acquaintance, and either do or suffer so much mischief.
+
+This victory Eumenes obtained about ten days after the former,
+and got great reputation alike for his conduct and his valor in
+achieving it.  But on the other hand, it created him great envy
+both among his own troops, and his enemies, that he, a stranger
+and a foreigner, should employ the forces and arms of Macedon, to
+cut off the bravest and most approved man among them.  Had the
+news of this defeat come timely enough to Perdiccas, he had
+doubtless been the greatest of all the Macedonians; but now, he
+being slain in a mutiny in Egypt, two days before the news
+arrived, the Macedonians in a rage decreed Eumenes's death,
+giving joint commission to Antigonus and Antipater to prosecute
+the war against him.  Passing by Mount Ida, where there was a
+royal establishment of horses, Eumenes took as many as he had
+occasion for, and sent an account of his doing so to the
+overseers, at which Antipater is said to have laughed, calling it
+truly laudable in Eumenes thus to hold himself prepared for
+giving in to them (or would it be taking from them?) strict
+account of all matters of administration.  Eumenes had designed
+to engage in the plains of Lydia, near Sardis, both because his
+chief strength lay in horse, and to let Cleopatra see how
+powerful he was.  But at her particular request, for she was
+afraid to give any umbrage to Antipater, he marched into the
+upper Phrygia, and wintered in Celaenae; when Alcetas, Polemon,
+and Docimus disputing with him who should command in chief, "You
+know," said he, "the old saying, That destruction regards no
+punctilios."  Having promised his soldiers pay within three days,
+he sold them all the farms and castles in the country, together
+with the men and beasts with which they were filled; every
+captain or officer that bought, received from Eumenes the use of
+his engines to storm the place, and divided the spoil among his
+company, proportionably to every man's arrears.  By this Eumenes
+came again to be popular, so that when letters were found thrown
+about the camp by the enemy, promising one hundred talents,
+besides great honors, to anyone that should kill Eumenes, the
+Macedonians were extremely offended, and made an order that from
+that time forward one thousand of their best men should
+continually guard his person, and keep strict watch about him by
+night in their several turns.  This order was cheerfully obeyed,
+and they gladly received of Eumenes the same honors which the
+kings used to confer upon their favorites.  He now had leave to
+bestow purple hats and cloaks, which among the Macedonians is one
+of the greatest honors the king can give.
+
+Good fortune will elevate even petty minds, and gives them the
+appearance of a certain greatness and stateliness, as from their
+high place they look down upon the world; but the truly noble and
+resolved spirit raises itself, and becomes more conspicuous in
+times of disaster and ill fortune, as was now the case with
+Eumenes.  For having by the treason of one of his own men lost
+the field to Antigonus at Orcynii, in Cappadocia, in his flight
+he gave the traitor no opportunity to escape to the enemy, but
+immediately seized and hanged him.  Then in his flight, taking a
+contrary course to his pursuers, he stole by them unawares,
+returned to the place where the battle had been fought, and
+encamped.  There he gathered up the dead bodies, and burnt them
+with the doors and windows of the neighboring villages, and raised
+heaps of earth upon their graves; insomuch that Antigonus, who
+came thither soon after, expressed his astonishment at his
+courage and firm resolution.  Falling afterwards upon the
+baggage of Antigonus, he might easily have taken many captives,
+both bond and freemen, and much wealth collected from the spoils
+of so many wars; but he feared lest his men, overladen with so
+much booty, might become unfit for rapid retreat, and too fond of
+their ease to sustain the continual marches and endure the long
+waiting on which he depended for success, expecting to tire
+Antigonus into some other course.  But then considering it would
+be extremely difficult to restrain the Macedonians from plunder,
+when it seemed to offer itself, he gave them order to refresh
+themselves, and bait their horses, and then attack the enemy.  In
+the meantime he sent privately to Menander, who had care of all
+this baggage, professing a concern for him upon the score of old
+friendship and acquaintance; and therefore advising him to quit
+the plain and secure himself upon the sides of the neighboring
+hills, where the horse might not be able to hem him in.  When
+Menander, sensible of his danger, had speedily packed up his
+goods and decamped, Eumenes openly sent his scouts to discover
+the enemy's posture, and commanded his men to arm, and bridle
+their horses, as designing immediately to give battle; but the
+scouts returning with news that Menander had secured so difficult
+a post it was impossible to take him, Eumenes, pretending to be
+grieved with the disappointment, drew off his men another way.
+It is said that when Menander reported this afterwards to
+Antigonus, and the Macedonians commended Eumenes, imputing it to
+his singular good-nature, that having it in his power to make
+slaves of their children, and outrage their wives, he forbore and
+spared them all, Antigonus replied, "Alas, good friends, he had
+no regard to us, but to himself, being loath to wear so many
+shackles when he designed to fly."
+
+From this time Eumenes, daily flying and wandering about,
+persuaded many of his men to disband, whether out of kindness to
+them, or unwillingness to lead about such a body of men as were
+too few to engage, and too many to fly undiscovered.  Taking
+refuge at Nora, a place on the confines of Lycaonia and
+Cappadocia, with five hundred horse, and two hundred heavy-armed
+foot, he again dismissed as many of his friends as desired it,
+through fear of the probable hardships to be encountered there,
+and embracing them with all demonstrations of kindness, gave them
+license to depart.  Antigonus, when he came before this fort,
+desired to have an interview with Eumenes before the siege; but
+he returned answer, that Antigonus had many friends who might
+command in his room; but they whom Eumenes defended, had no body
+to substitute if he should miscarry; therefore, if Antigonus
+thought it worth while to treat with him, he should first send
+him hostages.  And when Antigonus required that Eumenes should
+first address himself to him as his superior, he replied, "While
+I am able to wield a sword, I shall think no man greater than
+myself."  At last, when according to Eumenes's demand, Antigonus
+sent his own nephew Ptolemy to the fort, Eumenes went out to him,
+and they mutually embraced with great tenderness and friendship,
+as having formerly been very intimate.  After long conversation,
+Eumenes making no mention of his own pardon and security, but
+requiring that he should be confirmed in his several governments,
+and restitution be made him of the rewards of his service, all
+that were present were astonished at his courage and gallantry.
+And many of the Macedonians flocked to see what sort of person
+Eumenes was, for since the death of Craterus, no man had been so
+much talked of in the army.  But Antigonus, being afraid lest he
+might suffer some violence, first commanded the soldiers to keep
+off, calling out and throwing stones at those who pressed
+forwards.  At last, taking Eumenes in his arms, and keeping off
+the crowd with his guards, not without great difficulty, he
+returned him safe into the fort.
+
+Then Antigonus, having built a wall round Nora, left a force
+sufficient to carry on the siege, and drew off the rest of his
+army; and Eumenes was beleaguered and kept garrison, having
+plenty of corn and water and salt but no other thing, either for
+food, or delicacy; yet with such as he had, he kept a cheerful
+table for his friends, inviting them severally in their turns,
+and seasoning his entertainment with a gentle and affable
+behavior.  For he had a pleasant countenance, and looked not like
+an old and practiced soldier, but was smooth and florid, and his
+shape as delicate as if his limbs had been carved by art in the
+most accurate proportions.  He was not a great orator, but
+winning and persuasive, as may be seen in his letters.  The
+greatest distress of the besieged was the narrowness of the place
+they were in, their quarters being very confined, and the whole
+place but two furlongs in compass; so that both they and their
+horses fed without exercise.  Accordingly, not only to prevent
+the listlessness of such inactive living, but to have them in
+condition to fly if occasion required, he assigned a room one and
+twenty feet long, the largest in all the fort, for the men to
+walk in, directing them to begin their walk gently, and so
+gradually mend their pace.  And for the horses, he tied them to
+the roof with great halters, fastening which about their necks,
+with a pulley he gently raised them, till standing upon the
+ground with their hinder feet, they just touched it with the very
+ends of their fore feet.  In this posture the grooms plied them
+with whips and shouts, provoking them to curvet and kick out with
+their hind legs, struggling and stamping at the same time to find
+support for their fore feet, and thus their whole body was
+exercised, till they were all in a foam and sweat; excellent
+exercise, whether for strength or speed; and then he gave them
+their corn already coarsely ground, that they might sooner
+dispatch, and better digest it.
+
+The siege continuing long, Antigonus received advice that
+Antipater was dead in Macedon, and that affairs were embroiled by
+the differences of Cassander and Polysperchon, upon which he
+conceived no mean hopes, purposing to make himself master of all,
+and, in order to his design, thought to bring over Eumenes, that
+he might have his advice and assistance.  He, therefore, sent
+Hieronymus to treat with him, proposing a certain oath, which
+Eumenes first corrected, and then referred himself to the
+Macedonians themselves that besieged him, to be judged by them,
+which of the two forms were the most equitable.  Antigonus in the
+beginning of his had slightly mentioned the kings as by way of
+ceremony, while all the sequel referred to himself alone; but
+Eumenes changed the form of it to Olympias and the kings, and
+proceeded to swear not to be true to Antigonus only, but to them,
+and to have the same friends and enemies, not with Antigonus, but
+with Olympias and the kings.  This form the Macedonians thinking
+the more reasonable, swore Eumenes according to it, and raised
+the siege, sending also to Antigonus, that he should swear in the
+same form to Eumenes.  Meantime, all the hostages of the
+Cappadocians whom Eumenes had in Nora he returned, obtaining from
+their friends war horses, beasts of carriage, and tents in
+exchange.  And collecting again all the soldiers who had
+dispersed at the time of his flight, and were now wandering about
+the country, he got together a body of near a thousand horse, and
+with them fled from Antigonus, whom he justly feared.  For he had
+sent orders not only to have him blocked up and besieged again,
+but had given a very sharp answer to the Macedonians, for
+admitting Eumenes's amendment of the oath.
+
+While Eumenes was flying, he received letters from those in
+Macedonia, who were jealous of Antigonus's greatness, from
+Olympias, inviting him thither, to take the charge and protection
+of Alexander's infant son, whose person was in danger, and other
+letters from Polysperchon, and Philip the king, requiring him to
+make war upon Antigonus, as general of the forces in Cappadocia,
+and empowering him out of the treasure at Quinda to take five
+hundred talents, compensation for his own losses, and to levy as
+much as he thought necessary to carry on the war.  They wrote also
+to the same effect to Antigenes and Teutamus, the chief officers
+of the Argyraspids; who, on receiving these letters, treated
+Eumenes with a show of respect and kindness; but it was apparent
+enough they were full of envy and emulation, disdaining to give
+place to him.  Their envy Eumenes moderated, by refusing to
+accept the money, as if he had not needed it; and their ambition
+and emulation, who were neither able to govern, nor willing to
+obey, he conquered by help of superstition.  For he told them
+that Alexander had appeared to him in a dream, and showed him a
+regal pavilion richly furnished, with a throne in it; and told
+him if they would sit in council there, he himself would be
+present and prosper all the consultations and actions upon
+which they should enter in his name.  Antigenes and Teutamus were
+easily prevailed upon to believe this, being as little willing to
+come and consult Eumenes, as he himself was to be seen waiting at
+other men's doors.  Accordingly, they erected a tent royal, and a
+throne, called Alexander's, and there they met to consult upon
+all affairs of moment.
+
+Afterwards they advanced into the interior of Asia, and in their
+march met with Peucestes, who was friendly to them, and with the
+other satraps, who joined forces with them, and greatly
+encouraged the Macedonians with the number and appearance of
+their men.  But they themselves, having since Alexander's decease
+become imperious and ungoverned in their tempers, and luxurious
+in their daily habits, imagining themselves great princes, and
+pampered in their conceit by the flattery of the barbarians, when
+all these conflicting pretensions now came together, were soon
+found to be exacting and quarrelsome one with another, while all
+alike unmeasurably flattered the Macedonians, giving them money
+for revels and sacrifices, till in a short time they brought the
+camp to be a dissolute place of entertainment, and the army a
+mere multitude of voters, canvassed as in a democracy for the
+election of this or that commander.  Eumenes, perceiving they
+despised one another, and all of them feared him, and sought an
+opportunity to kill him, pretended to be in want of money, and
+borrowed many talents, of those especially who most hated him, to
+make them at once confide in him, and forbear all violence to him
+for fear of losing their own money.  Thus his enemies' estates
+were the guard of his person, and by receiving money he purchased
+safety, for which it is more common to give it.
+
+The Macedonians, also, while there was no show of danger, allowed
+themselves to be corrupted, and made all their court to those who
+gave them presents, who had their body-guards, and affected to
+appear as generals-in-chief.  But when Antigonus came upon them
+with a great army, and their affairs themselves seemed to call
+out for a true general, then not only the common soldiers cast
+their eyes upon Eumenes, but these men, who had appeared so great
+in a peaceful time of ease, submitted all of them to him, and
+quietly posted themselves severally as he appointed them.  And
+when Antigonus attempted to pass the river Pasitigris, all the
+rest that were appointed to guard the passes were not so much as
+aware of his march; only Eumenes met and encountered him, slew
+many of his men, and filled the river with the dead, and took
+four thousand prisoners.  But it was most particularly when
+Eumenes was sick, that the Macedonians let it be seen how in
+their judgment, while others could feast them handsomely and make
+entertainments, he alone knew how to fight and lead an army.  For
+Peucestes, having made a splendid entertainment in Persia, and
+given each of the soldiers a sheep to sacrifice with, made
+himself sure of being commander-in-chief.  Some few days after,
+the army was to march, and Eumenes, having been dangerously ill,
+was carried in a litter apart from the body of the army, that any
+rest he got might not be disturbed.  But when they were a little
+advanced, unexpectedly they had a view of the enemy, who had
+passed the hills that lay between them, and was marching down
+into the plain.  At the sight of the golden armor glittering in
+the sun as they marched down in their order, the elephants with
+their castles on their backs, and the men in their purple, as
+their manner was when they were going to give battle, the front
+stopped their march, and called out for Eumenes, for they would
+not advance a step but under his conduct; and fixing their arms
+in the ground, gave the word among themselves to stand, requiring
+their officers also not to stir or engage or hazard themselves
+without Eumenes.  News of this being brought to Eumenes, he
+hastened those that carried his litter, and drawing back the
+curtains on both sides, joyfully put forth his right hand.  As
+soon as the soldiers saw him, they saluted him in their
+Macedonian dialect, and took up their shields, and striking them
+with their pikes, gave a great shout; inviting the enemy to come
+on, for now they had a leader.
+
+Antigonus understanding by some prisoners he had taken that
+Eumenes was out of health, to that degree that he was carried in
+a litter, presumed it would be no hard matter to crush the rest
+of them, since he was ill.  He therefore made the greater haste
+to come up with them and engage.  But being come so near as to
+discover how the enemy was drawn up and appointed, he was
+astonished, and paused for some time; at last he saw the litter
+carrying from one wing of the army to the other, and, as his
+manner was, laughing aloud, he said to his friends, "That litter
+there, it seems, is the thing that offers us battle;" and
+immediately wheeled about, retired with all his army, and pitched
+his camp.  The men on the other side, finding a little respite,
+returned to their former habits, and allowing themselves to be
+flattered, and making the most of the indulgence of their
+generals, took up for their winter quarters near the whole
+country of the Gabeni, so that the front was quartered nearly a
+thousand furlongs from the rear; which Antigonus understanding,
+marched suddenly towards them, taking the most difficult road
+through a country that wanted water; but the way was short though
+uneven; hoping, if he should surprise them thus scattered in
+their winter quarters, the soldiers would not easily be able to
+come up time enough, and join with their officers.  But having to
+pass through a country uninhabited, where he met with violent
+winds and severe frosts, he was much checked in his march, and
+his men suffered exceedingly.  The only possible relief was
+making numerous fires, by which his enemies got notice of his
+coming.  For the barbarians who dwelt on the mountains
+overlooking the desert, amazed at the multitude of fires they
+saw, sent messengers upon dromedaries to acquaint Peucestes.  He
+being astonished and almost out of his senses with the news, and
+finding the rest in no less disorder, resolved to fly, and
+collect what men he could by the way.  But Eumenes relieved him
+from his fear and trouble, undertaking so to stop the enemy's
+advance, that he should arrive three days later than he was
+expected.  Having persuaded them, he immediately dispatched
+expresses to all the officers to draw the men out of their winter
+quarters, and muster them with all speed.  He himself with some
+of the chief officers rode out, and chose an elevated tract
+within view, at a distance, of such as traveled the desert; this
+he occupied and quartered out, and commanded many fires to be
+made in it, as the custom is in a camp.  This done, and the enemies
+seeing the fire upon the mountains, Antigonus was filled with
+vexation and despondency, supposing that his enemies had been
+long since advertised of his march, and were prepared to receive
+him.  Therefore, lest his army, now tired and wearied out with
+their march, should be forced immediately to encounter with fresh
+men, who had wintered well, and were ready for him, quitting the
+near way, he marched slowly through the towns and villages to
+refresh his men.  But meeting with no such skirmishes as are
+usual when two armies lie near one another, and being assured by
+the people of the country that no army had been seen, but only
+continual fires in that place, he concluded he had been outwitted
+by a stratagem of Eumenes, and much troubled, advanced to give
+open battle.
+
+By this time, the greatest part of the forces were come together
+to Eumenes, and admiring his sagacity, declared him alone
+commander-in-chief of the whole army; upon which Antigenes and
+Teutamus, the commanders of the Argyraspids, being very much
+offended, and envying Eumenes, formed a conspiracy against him;
+and assembling the greater part of the satraps and officers,
+consulted when and how to cut him off.  When they had unanimously
+agreed, first to use his service in the next battle, and then to
+take an occasion to destroy him, Eudamus, the master of the
+elephants, and Phaedimus, gave Eumenes private advice of this
+design, not out of kindness or good-will to him, but lest they
+should lose the money they had lent him.  Eumenes, having
+commended them, retired to his tent, and telling his friends he
+lived among a herd of wild beasts, made his will, and tore up all
+his letters, lest his correspondents after his death should be
+questioned or punished on account of anything in his secret
+papers.  Having thus disposed of his affairs, he thought of
+letting the enemy win the field, or of flying through Media and
+Armenia and seizing Cappadocia, but came to no resolution while
+his friends stayed with him.  After turning to many expedients in
+his mind, which his changeable fortune had made versatile, he at
+last put his men in array, and encouraged the Greeks and
+barbarians; as for the phalanx and the Argyraspids, they
+encouraged him, and bade him be of good heart; for the enemy
+would never be able to stand them.  For indeed they were the
+oldest of Philip's and Alexander's soldiers, tried men, that had
+long made war their exercise, that had never been beaten or
+foiled; most of them seventy, none less than sixty years old.
+And so when they charged Antigonus's men, they cried out, "You
+fight against your fathers, you rascals," and furiously falling
+on, routed the whole phalanx at once, nobody being able to stand
+them, and the greatest part dying by their hands.  So that
+Antigonus's foot were routed, but his horse got the better, and
+he became master of the baggage, through the cowardice of
+Peucestes, who behaved himself negligently and basely; while
+Antigonus used his judgment calmly in the danger, being aided
+moreover by the ground.  For the place where they fought was a
+large plain, neither deep, nor hard under foot, but, like the
+sea-shore, covered with a fine soft sand, which the treading of
+so many men and horses, in the time of the battle, reduced to a
+small white dust, that like a cloud of lime darkened the air, so
+that one could not see clearly at any distance, and so made it
+easy for Antigonus to take the baggage unperceived.
+
+After the battle, Teutamus sent a message to Antigonus to demand
+the baggage.  He made answer, he would not only restore it to the
+Argyraspids, but serve them further in other things if they would
+but deliver up Eumenes.  Upon which the Argyraspids took a
+villainous resolution to deliver him up alive into the hands of
+his enemies.  So they came to wait upon him, being unsuspected by
+him, but watching their opportunity, some lamenting the loss of
+the baggage, some encouraging him as if he had been victor, some
+accusing the other commanders, till at last they all fell upon
+him, and seizing his sword, bound his hands behind him with his
+own girdle.  When Antigonus had sent Nicanor to receive him, he
+begged he might be led through the body of the Macedonians, and
+have liberty to speak to them, neither to request, nor deprecate
+anything, but only to advise them what would be for their
+interest.  A silence being made, as he stood upon a rising
+ground, he stretched out his hands bound, and said, "What trophy,
+O ye basest of all the Macedonians, could Antigonus have wished
+for so great as you yourselves have erected for him, in
+delivering up your general captive into his hands?  You are not
+ashamed, when you are conquerors, to own yourselves conquered,
+for the sake only of your baggage, as if it were wealth, not
+arms, wherein victory consisted; nay, you deliver up your general
+to redeem your stuff.  As for me, I am unvanquished, though a
+captive, conqueror of my enemies, and betrayed by my fellow
+soldiers.  For you, I adjure you by Jupiter, the protector of
+arms, and by all the gods that are the avengers of perjury, to
+kill me here with your own hands; for it is all one; and if I am
+murdered yonder, it will be esteemed your act, nor will Antigonus
+complain, for he desires not Eumenes alive, but dead.  Or if you
+withhold your own hands, release but one of mine, it shall
+suffice to do the work; and if you dare not trust me with a sword
+throw me bound as I am under the feet of the wild beasts.  This
+if you do I shall freely acquit you from the guilt of my death,
+as the most just and kind of men to their general."
+
+While Eumenes was thus speaking, the rest of the soldiers wept
+for grief, but the Argyraspids shouted out to lead him on, and
+give no attention to his trilling.  For it was no such great
+matter if this Chersonesian pest should meet his death, who in
+thousands of battles had annoyed and wasted the Macedonians; it
+would be a much more grievous thing for the choicest of Philip's
+and Alexander's soldiers to be defrauded of the fruits of so long
+service, and in their old age to come to beg their bread, and to
+leave their wives three nights in the power of their enemies.  So
+they hurried him on with violence.  But Antigonus, fearing the
+multitude, for nobody was left in the camp, sent ten of his
+strongest elephants with divers of his Mede and Parthian lances
+to keep off the press.  Then he could not endure to have Eumenes
+brought into his presence, by reason of their former intimacy and
+friendship; but when they that had taken him inquired how he
+would have him kept, "As I would," said he, "an elephant, or a
+lion."  A little after, being loved with compassion, he
+commanded the heaviest of his irons to be knocked off, one of his
+servants to be admitted to anoint him, and that any of his
+friends that were willing should have liberty to visit him, and
+bring him what he wanted.  Long time he deliberated what to do
+with him, sometimes inclining to the advice and promises of
+Nearchus of Crete, and Demetrius his son, who were very earnest
+to preserve Eumenes, whilst all the rest were unanimously instant
+and importunate to have him taken off.  It is related that
+Eumenes inquired of Onomarchus, his keeper, why Antigonus, now he
+had his enemy in his hands, would not either forthwith dispatch
+or generously release him?  And that Onomarchus contumeliously
+answered him, that the field had been a more proper place than
+this to show his contempt of death.  To whom Eumenes replied,
+"And by heavens, I showed it there; ask the men else that engaged
+me, but I could never meet a man that was my superior."
+"Therefore," rejoined Onomarchus, "now you have found such a man,
+why don't you submit quietly to his pleasure?"
+
+When Antigonus resolved to kill Eumenes, he commanded to keep his
+food from him, and so with two or three days' fasting he began to
+draw near his end; but the camp being on a sudden to remove, an
+executioner was sent to dispatch him.  Antigonus granted his body
+to his friends, permitted them to burn it, and having gathered
+his ashes into a silver urn, to send them to his wife and
+children.
+
+Eumenes was thus taken off; and Divine Providence assigned to no
+other man the chastisement of the commanders and soldiers that
+had betrayed him; but Antigonus himself, abominating the
+Argyraspids as wicked and inhuman villains, delivered them up to
+Sibyrtius, the governor of Arachosia, commanding him by all ways
+and means to destroy and exterminate them, so that not a man of
+them might ever come to Macedon, or so much as within sight of
+the Greek sea.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF SERTORIUS WITH EUMENES
+
+These are the most remarkable passages that are come to our
+knowledge concerning Eumenes and Sertorius.  In comparing their
+lives, we may observe that this was common to them both; that
+being aliens, strangers, and banished men, they came to be
+commanders of powerful forces, and had the leading of numerous
+and warlike armies, made up of divers nations.  This was peculiar
+to Sertorius, that the chief command was, by his whole party,
+freely yielded to him, as to the person of the greatest merit and
+renown, whereas Eumenes had many who contested the office with
+him, and only by his actions obtained the superiority.  They
+followed the one honestly, out of desire to be commanded by him;
+they submitted themselves to the other for their own security,
+because they could not commend themselves.  The one, being a
+Roman, was the general of the Spaniards and Lusitanians, who for
+many years had been under the subjection of Rome; and the other,
+a Chersonesian, was chief commander of the Macedonians, who were
+the great conquerors of mankind, and were at that time subduing
+the world.  Sertorius, being already in high esteem for his
+former services in the wars, and his abilities in the senate, was
+advanced to the dignity of a general; whereas Eumenes obtained
+this honor from the office of a writer, or secretary, in which he
+had been despised.  Nor did he only at first rise from inferior
+opportunities, but afterwards, also, met with greater
+impediments in the progress of his authority, and that not only
+from those who publicly resisted him, but from many others that
+privately conspired against him.  It was much otherwise with
+Sertorius, not one of whose party publicly opposed him, only late
+in life and secretly a few of his acquaintance entered into a
+conspiracy against him.  Sertorius put an end to his dangers as
+often as he was victorious in the field, whereas the victories of
+Eumenes were the beginning of his perils, through the malice of
+those that envied him.
+
+Their deeds in war were equal and parallel, but their general
+inclinations different.  Eumenes naturally loved war and
+contention, but Sertorius esteemed peace and tranquillity; when
+Eumenes might have lived in safety, with honor, if he would have
+quietly retired out of their way, he persisted in a dangerous
+contest with the greatest of the Macedonian leaders; but
+Sertorius, who was unwilling to trouble himself with any public
+disturbances, was forced, for the safety of his person, to make
+war against those who would not suffer him to live in peace.  If
+Eumenes could have contented himself with the second place,
+Antigonus, freed from his competition for the first, would have
+used him well, and shown him favor, whereas Pompey's friends
+would never permit Sertorius so much as to live in quiet.  The
+one made war of his own accord, out of a desire for command; and
+the other was constrained to accept of command, to defend himself
+from war that was made against him.  Eumenes was certainly a true
+lover of war, for he preferred his covetous ambition before his
+own security; but Sertorius was truly warlike, who procured his
+own safety by the success of his arms.
+
+As to the manner of their deaths, it happened to one without the
+least thought or surmise of it; but to the other when he
+suspected it daily; which in the first, argues an equitable
+temper, and a noble mind, not to distrust his friends; but in the
+other, it showed some infirmity of spirit, for Eumenes intended to
+fly and was taken.  The death of Sertorius dishonored not his
+life; he suffered that from his companions which none of his
+enemies were ever able to perform.  The other, not being able to
+deliver himself before his imprisonment, being willing also to
+live in captivity, did neither prevent nor expect his fate with
+honor or bravery; for by meanly supplicating and petitioning, he
+made his enemy, that pretended only to have power over his body,
+to be lord and master of his body and mind.
+
+
+
+AGESILAUS
+
+Archidamus, the son of Zeuxidamus, having reigned gloriously over
+the Lacedaemonians, left behind him two sons, Agis the elder,
+begotten of Lampido, a noble lady, Agesilaus, much the younger,
+born of Eupolia, the daughter of Melesippidas.  Now the succession
+belonging to Agis by law, Agesilaus, who in all probability was to
+be but a private man, was educated according to the usual
+discipline of the country, hard and severe, and meant to teach
+young men to obey their superiors.  Whence it was that, men say,
+Simonides called Sparta "the tamer of men," because by early
+strictness of education, they, more than any nation, trained the
+citizens to obedience to the laws, and made them tractable and
+patient of subjection, as horses that are broken in while colts.
+The law did not impose this harsh rule on the heirs apparent of the
+kingdom.  But Agesilaus, whose good fortune it was to be born a
+younger brother, was consequently bred to all the arts of
+obedience, and so the better fitted for the government, when it
+fell to his share; hence it was that he proved the most
+popular-tempered of the Spartan kings, his early life having added
+to his natural kingly and commanding qualities the gentle and
+humane feelings of a citizen.
+
+While he was yet a boy, bred up in one of what are called the
+flocks, or classes, he attracted the attachment of Lysander, who
+was particularly struck with the orderly temper that he manifested.
+For though he was one of the highest spirits, emulous above any of
+his companions, ambitious of preeminence in everything, and showed
+an impetuosity and fervor of mind which irresistibly carried him
+through all opposition or difficulty he could meet with; yet, on
+the other side, he was so easy and gentle in his nature, and so apt
+to yield to authority, that though he would do nothing on
+compulsion, upon ingenuous motives he would obey any commands, and
+was more hurt by the least rebuke or disgrace, than he was
+distressed by any toil or hardship.
+
+He had one leg shorter than the other, but this deformity was
+little observed in the general beauty of his person in youth.  And
+the easy way in which he bore it, (he being the first always to
+pass a jest upon himself,) went far to make it disregarded.  And
+indeed his high spirit and eagerness to distinguish himself were
+all the more conspicuous by it, since he never let his lameness
+withhold him from any toil or any brave action.  Neither his statue
+nor picture are extant, he never allowing them in his life, and
+utterly forbidding them to be made after his death.  He is said to
+have been a little man, of a contemptible presence; but the
+goodness of his humor, and his constant cheerfulness and
+playfulness of temper, always free from anything of moroseness or
+haughtiness, made him more attractive, even to his old age, than
+the most beautiful and youthful men of the nation.  Theophrastus
+writes, that the Ephors laid a fine upon Archidamus for marrying a
+little wife, "For" said they, "she will bring us a race of
+kinglets, instead of kings."
+
+Whilst Agis, the elder brother, reigned, Alcibiades, being then an
+exile from Athens, came from Sicily to Sparta; nor had he stayed
+long there, before his familiarity with Timaea, the king's wife,
+grew suspected, insomuch that Agis refused to own a child of hers,
+which, he said, was Alcibiades's, not his.  Nor, if we may believe
+Duris, the historian, was Timaea much concerned at it, being
+herself forward enough to whisper among her helot maid-servants,
+that the infant's true name was Alcibiades, not Leotychides.
+Meanwhile it was believed, that the amour he had with her was not
+the effect of his love but of his ambition, that he might have
+Spartan kings of his posterity.  This affair being grown public, it
+became needful for Alcibiades to withdraw from Sparta.  But the
+child Leotychides had not the honors due to a legitimate son paid
+him, nor was he ever owned by Agis, till by his prayers and tears
+he prevailed with him to declare him his son before several
+witnesses upon his death-bed.  But this did not avail to fix him in
+the throne of Agis, after whose death Lysander, who had lately
+achieved his conquest of Athens by sea, and was of the greatest
+power in Sparta, promoted Agesilaus, urging Leotychides's bastardy
+as a bar to his pretensions.  Many of the other citizens, also,
+were favorable to Agesilaus and zealously joined his party, induced
+by the opinion they had of his merits, of which they themselves
+had been spectators, in the time that he had been bred up among
+them.  But there was a man, named Diopithes, at Sparta, who had a
+great knowledge of ancient oracles, and was thought particularly
+skillful and clever in all points of religion and divination.  He
+alleged, that it was unlawful to make a lame man king of
+Lacedaemon, citing in the debate the following oracle:  --
+
+Beware, great Sparta, lest there come of thee
+Though sound thyself; an halting sovereignty;
+Troubles, both long and unexpected too,
+And storms of deadly warfare shall ensue.
+
+But Lysander was not wanting with an evasion, alleging that if the
+Spartans were really apprehensive of the oracle, they must have a
+care of Leotychides; for it was not the limping foot of a king that
+the gods cared about, but the purity of the Herculean family, into
+whose sights if a spurious issue were admitted, it would make the
+kingdom to halt indeed.  Agesilaus likewise alleged, that the
+bastardy of Leotychides was witnessed to by Neptune, who threw Agis
+out of bed by a violent earthquake, after which time he ceased to
+visit his wife, yet Leotychides was born above ten months after
+this.
+
+Agesilaus was upon these allegations declared king, and soon
+possessed himself of the private estate of Agis, as well as his
+throne, Leotychides being wholly rejected as a bastard.  He now
+turned his attention to his kindred by the mother's side, persons
+of worth and virtue, but miserably poor.  To them he gave half his
+brother's estate, and by this popular act gained general good-will
+and reputation, in the place of the envy and ill-feeling which the
+inheritance might otherwise have procured him.  What Xenophon tells
+us of him, that by complying with, and, as it were, being ruled by
+his country, he grew into such great power with them, that he could
+do what he pleased, is meant to apply to the power he gained in the
+following manner with the Ephors and Elders.  These were at that
+time of the greatest authority in the State; the former, officers
+annually chosen; the Elders, holding their places during life; both
+instituted, as already told in the life of Lycurgus, to restrain
+the power of the kings.  Hence it was that there was always from
+generation to generation, a feud and contention between them and
+the kings.  But Agesilaus took another course.  Instead of
+contending with them, he courted them; in all proceedings he
+commenced by taking their advice, was always ready to go, nay
+almost run, when they called him; if he were upon his royal seat
+hearing causes and the Ephors came in, he rose to them; whenever
+any man was elected into the Council of Elders, he presented him
+with a gown and an ox.  Thus, whilst he made show of deference to
+them, and of a desire to extend their authority, he secretly
+advanced his own, and enlarged the prerogatives of the kings by
+several liberties which their friendship to his person conceded.
+
+To other citizens he so behaved himself, as to be less blamable in
+his enmities than in his friendships; for against his enemy he
+forbore to take any unjust advantage, but his friends he would
+assist, even in what was unjust.  If an enemy had done anything
+praiseworthy, he felt it shameful to detract from his due, but his
+friends he knew not how to reprove when they did ill, nay, he would
+eagerly join with them, and assist them in their misdeed, and
+thought all offices of friendship commendable, let the matter in
+which they were employed be what it would.  Again, when any of his
+adversaries was overtaken in a fault, he would be the first to pity
+him, and be soon entreated to procure his pardon, by which he won
+the hearts of all men.  Insomuch that his popularity grew at last
+suspected by the Ephors, who laid a fine on him, professing that he
+was appropriating the citizens to himself, who ought to be the
+common property of the State.  For as it is the opinion of
+philosophers, that could you take away strife and opposition out of
+the universe, all the heavenly bodies would stand still, generation
+and motion would cease in the mutual concord and agreement of all
+things, so the Spartan legislator seems to have admitted ambition
+and emulation, among the ingredients of his Commonwealth as the
+incentives of virtue, distinctly wishing that there should be some
+dispute and competition among his men of worth, and pronouncing the
+mere idle, uncontested, mutual compliance to unproved deserts to be
+but a false sort of concord.  And some think Homer had an eye to
+this, when he introduces Agamemnon well pleased with the quarrel
+arising between Ulysses and Achilles, and with the "terrible
+words" that passed between them, which he would never have done,
+unless he had thought emulations and dissensions between the
+noblest men to be of great public benefit.  Yet this maxim is not
+simply to be granted, without restriction, for if animosities go
+too far, they are very dangerous to cities, and of most pernicious
+consequence.
+
+When Agesilaus was newly entered upon the government, there came
+news from Asia, that the Persian king was making great naval
+preparations, resolving with a high hand to dispossess the Spartans
+of their maritime supremacy.  Lysander was eager for the
+opportunity of going over and succoring his friends in Asia, whom
+he had there left governors and masters of the cities, whose
+mal-administration and tyrannical behavior was causing them to be
+driven out, and in some cases put to death.  He therefore persuaded
+Agesilaus to claim the command of the expedition, and by carrying
+the war far from Greece into Persia, to anticipate the designs of
+the barbarian.  He also wrote to his friends in Asia, that by
+embassy they should demand Agesilaus for their captain.  Agesilaus,
+therefore, coming into the public assembly, offered his service,
+upon condition that he might have thirty Spartans for captains and
+counselors, two thousand chosen men of the newly enfranchised
+helots, and allies to the number of six thousand.  Lysander's
+authority and assistance soon obtained his request, so that he was
+sent away with the thirty Spartans, of whom Lysander was at once
+the chief, not only because of his power and reputation, but also
+on account of his friendship with Agesilaus, who esteemed his
+procuring him this charge a greater obligation, than that of
+preferring him to the kingdom.
+
+Whilst the army was collecting to the rendezvous at Geraestus,
+Agesilaus went with some of his friends to Aulis, where in a dream
+he saw a man approach him, and speak to him after this manner:  "O
+king of the Lacedaemonians, you cannot but know that, before
+yourself, there hath been but one general captain of the whole of
+the Greeks, namely, Agamemnon; now, since you succeed him in the
+same office and command of the same men, since you war against the
+same enemies, and begin your expedition from the same place, you
+ought also to offer such a sacrifice, as he offered before he
+weighed anchor."  Agesilaus at the same moment remembered that the
+sacrifice which Agamemnon offered was his own daughter, he being so
+directed by the oracle.  Yet was he not at all disturbed at it, but
+as soon as he arose, he told his dream to his friends, adding, that
+he would propitiate the goddess with the sacrifices a goddess must
+delight in, and would not follow the ignorant example of his
+predecessor.  He therefore ordered a hind to be crowned with
+chaplets, and bade his own soothsayer perform the rite, not the
+usual person whom the Boeotians, in ordinary course, appointed to
+that office.  When the Boeotian magistrates understood it, they
+were much offended, and sent officers to Agesilaus, to forbid his
+sacrificing contrary to the laws of the country.  These having
+delivered their message to him, immediately went to the altar, and
+threw down the quarters of the hind that lay upon it.  Agesilaus
+took this very ill, and without further sacrifice immediately
+sailed away, highly displeased with the Boeotians, and much
+discouraged in his mind at the omen, boding to himself an
+unsuccessful voyage, and an imperfect issue of the whole
+expedition.
+
+When he came to Ephesus, he found the power and interest of
+Lysander, and the honors paid to him, insufferably great; all
+applications were made to him, crowds of suitors attended at his
+door, and followed upon his steps, as if nothing but the mere name
+of commander belonged, to satisfy the usage, to Agesilaus, the
+whole power of it being devolved upon Lysander.  None of all the
+commanders that had been sent into Asia was either so powerful or
+so formidable as he; no one had rewarded his friends better, or had
+been more severe against his enemies; which things having been
+lately done, made the greater impression on men's minds, especially
+when they compared the simple and popular behavior of Agesilaus,
+with the harsh and violent and brief-spoken demeanor which Lysander
+still retained.  Universal deference was yielded to this, and
+little regard shown to Agesilaus.  This first occasioned offense to
+the other Spartan captains, who resented that they should rather
+seem the attendants of Lysander, than the councilors of Agesilaus.
+And at length Agesilaus himself, though not perhaps all envious man
+in his nature, nor apt to be troubled at the honors redounding upon
+other men, yet eager for honor and jealous of his glory, began to
+apprehend that Lysander's greatness would carry away from him the
+reputation of whatever great action should happen.  He therefore
+went this way to work.  He first opposed him in all his counsels;
+whatever Lysander specially advised was rejected, and other
+proposals followed.  Then whoever made any address to him, if he
+found him attached to Lysander, certainly lost his suit.  So also
+in judicial cases, anyone whom he spoke strongly against was sure
+to come off with success, and any man whom he was particularly
+solicitous to procure some benefit for, might think it well if he
+got away without an actual loss.  These things being clearly not
+done by chance, but constantly and of a set purpose, Lysander was
+soon sensible of them, and hesitated not to tell his friends, that
+they suffered for his sake, bidding them apply themselves to the
+king, and such as were more powerful with him than he was.  Such
+sayings of his seeming to be designed purposely to excite ill
+feeling, Agesilaus went on to offer him a yet more open affront,
+appointing him his meat-carver; and would in public companies
+scornfully say, "Let them go now and pay their court to my carver."
+Lysander, no longer able to brook these indignities, complained at
+last to Agesilaus himself, telling him, that he knew very well how
+to humble his friends.  Agesilaus answered, "I know certainly how
+to humble those who pretend to more power than myself."  "That,"
+replied Lysander, "is perhaps rather said by you, than done by me;
+I desire only, that you will assign me some office and place, in
+which I may serve you without incurring your displeasure."
+
+Upon this Agesilaus sent him to the Hellespont, whence he procured
+Spithridates, a Persian of the province of Pharnabazus, to come to
+the assistance of the Greeks with two hundred horse, and a great
+supply of money.  Yet his anger did not so come down, but he
+thenceforward pursued the design of wresting the kingdom out of the
+hands of the two families which then enjoyed it, and making it
+wholly elective; and it is thought that he would on account of this
+quarrel have excited a great commotion in Sparta, if he had not
+died in the Boeotian war.  Thus ambitious spirits in a
+commonwealth, when they transgress their bounds, are apt to do more
+harm than good.  For though Lysander's pride and assumption was
+most ill-timed and insufferable in its display, yet Agesilaus
+surely could have found some other way of setting him right, less
+offensive to a man of his reputation and ambitious temper.  Indeed
+they were both blinded with the same passion, so as one not to
+recognize the authority of his superior, the other not to bear with
+the imperfections of his friend.
+
+Tisaphernes being at first afraid of Agesilaus, treated with him
+about setting the Grecian cities at liberty, which was agreed on.
+But soon after finding a sufficient force drawn together, he
+resolved upon war, for which Agesilaus was not sorry.  For the
+expectation of this expedition was great, and he did not think it
+for his honor, that Xenophon with ten thousand men should march
+through the heart of Asia to the sea, beating the Persian forces
+when and how he pleased, and that he at the head of the Spartans,
+then sovereigns both at sea and land, should not achieve some
+memorable action for Greece.  And so to be even with Tisaphernes,
+he requites his perjury by a fair stratagem.  He pretends to march
+into Caria, whither when he had drawn Tisaphernes and his army, he
+suddenly turns back, and falls upon Phrygia, takes many of their
+cities, and carries away great booty, showing his allies, that to
+break a solemn league was a downright contempt of the gods, but the
+circumvention of an enemy in war was not only just but glorious, a
+gratification at once and an advantage.
+
+Being weak in horse, and discouraged by ill omens in the
+sacrifices, he retired to Ephesus, and there raised cavalry.  He
+obliged the rich men, that were not inclined to serve in person, to
+find each of them a horseman armed and mounted; and there being
+many who preferred doing this, the army was quickly reinforced by a
+body, not of unwilling recruits for the infantry, but of brave and
+numerous horsemen.  For those that were not good at fighting
+themselves, hired such as were more military in their inclinations,
+and such as loved not horse-service substituted in their places
+such as did.  Agamemnon's example had been a good one, when he took
+the present of an excellent mare, to dismiss a rich coward from the
+army.
+
+When by Agesilaus's order the prisoners he had taken in Phrygia
+were exposed to sale, they were first stripped of their garments,
+and then sold naked.  The clothes found many customers to buy them,
+but the bodies being, from the want of all exposure and exercise,
+white and tender-skinned, were derided and scorned as
+unserviceable.  Agesilaus, who stood by at the auction, told his
+Greeks, "These are the men against whom ye fight, and these the
+things you will gain by it."
+
+The season of the year being come, he boldly gave out that he would
+invade Lydia; and this plaindealing of his was now mistaken for a
+stratagem by Tisaphernes, who, by not believing Agesilaus, having
+been already deceived by him, overreached himself.  He expected
+that he should have made choice of Caria, as a rough country, not
+fit for horse, in which he deemed Agesilaus to be weak, and
+directed his own marches accordingly.  But when he found him to be
+as good as his word, and to have entered into the country of
+Sardis, he made great haste after him, and by great marches of his
+horse, overtaking the loose stragglers who were pillaging the
+country, he cut them off.  Agesilaus meanwhile, considering that
+the horse had outridden the foot, but that he himself had the whole
+body of his own army entire, made haste to engage them.  He mingled
+his light-armed foot, carrying targets, with the horse, commanding
+them to advance at full speed and begin the battle, whilst he
+brought up the heavier-armed men in the rear.  The success was
+answerable to the design; the barbarians were put to the rout, the
+Grecians pursued hard, took their camp, and put many of them to the
+sword.  The consequence of this victory was very great; for they
+had not only the liberty of foraging the Persian country, and
+plundering at pleasure, but also saw Tisaphernes pay dearly for all
+the cruelty he had showed the Greeks, to whom he was a professed
+enemy.  For the king of Persia sent Tithraustes, who took off his
+head, and presently dealt with Agesilaus about his return into
+Greece, sending to him ambassadors to that purpose, with commission
+to offer him great sums of money.  Agesilaus's answer was, that the
+making of peace belonged to the Lacedaemonians, not to him; as for
+wealth, he had rather see it in his soldiers' hands than his own;
+that the Grecians thought it not honorable to enrich themselves
+with the bribes of their enemies, but with their spoils only.  Yet,
+that he might gratify Tithraustes for the justice he had done upon
+Tisaphernes, the common enemy of the Greeks, he removed his
+quarters into Phrygia, accepting thirty talents for his expenses.
+Whilst he was upon his march, he received a staff from the
+government at Sparta, appointing him admiral as well as general.
+This was an honor which was never done to any but Agesilaus, who
+being now undoubtedly the greatest and most illustrious man of his
+time, still, as Theopompus has said, gave himself more occasion of
+glory in his own virtue and merit than was given him in this
+authority and power.  Yet he committed a fault in preferring
+Pisander to the command of the navy, when there were others at hand
+both older and more experienced; in this not so much consulting the
+public good, as the gratification of his kindred, and especially
+his wife, whose brother Pisander was.
+
+Having removed his camp into Pharnabazus's province, he not only
+met with great plenty of provisions, but also raised great sums of
+money, and marching on to the bounds of Paphlagonia, he soon drew
+Cotys, the king of it, into a league, to which he of his own accord
+inclined, out of the opinion he had of Agesilaus's honor and
+virtue.  Spithridates, from the time of his abandoning Pharnabazus,
+constantly attended Agesilaus in the camp whithersoever he went.
+This Spithridates had a son, a very handsome boy, called Megabates,
+of whom Agesilaus was extremely fond, and also a very beautiful
+daughter, that was marriageable.  Her Agesilaus matched to Cotys,
+and taking of him a thousand horse, with two thousand light-armed
+foot, he returned into Phrygia, and there pillaged the country of
+Pharnabazus, who durst not meet him in the field, nor yet trust to
+his garrisons, but getting his valuables together, got out of the
+way and moved about up and down with a flying army, till
+Spithridates joining with Herippidas the Spartan, took his camp,
+and all his property.  Herippidas being too severe an inquirer into
+the plunder with which the barbarian soldiers had enriched
+themselves, and forcing them to deliver it up with too much
+strictness, so disobliged Spithridates with his questioning and
+examining, that he changed sides again, and went off with the
+Paphlagonians to Sardis.  This was a very great vexation to
+Agesilaus, not only that he had lost the friendship of a valiant
+commander, and with him a considerable part of his army, but still
+more that it had been done with the disrepute of a sordid and petty
+covetousness, of which he always had made it a point of honor to
+keep both himself and his country clear.  Besides these public
+causes, he had a private one, his excessive fondness for the son,
+which touched him to the quick, though he endeavored to master it,
+and, especially in presence of the boy, to suppress all appearance
+of it; so much so that when Megabates, for that was his name, came
+once to receive a kiss from him, he declined it.  At which when the
+young boy blushed and drew back, and afterward saluted him at a
+more reserved distance, Agesilaus soon repenting his coldness, and
+changing his mind, pretended to wonder why he did not salute him
+with the same familiarity as formerly.  His friends about him
+answered, "You are in the fault, who would not accept the kiss of
+the boy, but turned away in alarm; he would come to you again, if
+you would have the courage to let him do so."  Upon this Agesilaus
+paused a while, and at length answered, "You need not encourage him
+to it; I think I had rather be master of myself in that refusal,
+than see all things that are now before my eyes turned into gold."
+Thus he demeaned himself to Megabates when present, but he had so
+great a passion for him in his absence, that it may be questioned
+whether if the boy had returned again, all the courage he had would
+have sustained him in such another refusal.
+
+After this, Pharnabazus sought an opportunity of conferring with
+Agesilaus, which Apollophanes of Cyzicus, the common host of them
+both, procured for him.  Agesilaus coming first to the appointed
+place, threw himself down upon the grass under a tree, lying there
+in expectation of Pharnabazus, who, bringing with him soft skins
+and wrought carpets to lie down upon, when he saw Agesilaus's
+posture, grew ashamed of his luxuries and made no use of them, but
+laid himself down upon the grass also, without regard for his
+delicate and richly dyed clothing.  Pharnabazus had matter enough
+of complaint against Agesilaus, and therefore, after the mutual
+civilities were over, he put him in mind of the great services he
+had done the Lacedaemonians in the Attic war, of which he thought
+it an ill recompense to have his country thus harassed and spoiled,
+by those men who owed so much to him.  The Spartans that were
+present hung down their heads, as conscious of the wrong they had
+done to their ally.  But Agesilaus said, "We, O Pharnabazus, when
+we were in amity with your master the king, behaved ourselves like
+friends, and now that we are at war with him, we behave ourselves
+as enemies.  As for you, we must look upon you as a part of his
+property, and must do these outrages upon you, not intending the
+harm to you, but to him whom we wound through you.  But whenever
+you will choose rather to be a friend to the Grecians, than a slave
+of the king of Persia, you may then reckon this army and navy to be
+all at your command, to defend both you, your country, and your
+liberties, without which there is nothing honorable, or indeed
+desirable among men."  Upon this Pharnabazus discovered his mind,
+and answered, "If the king sends another governor in my room, I
+will certainly come over to you, but as long as he trusts me with
+the government, I shall be just to him, and not fail to do my
+utmost endeavors in opposing you."  Agesilaus was taken with the
+answer, and shook hands with him; and rising, said, "How much
+rather had I have so brave a man my friend than mine enemy."
+
+Pharnabazus being gone off, his son, staying behind, ran up to
+Agesilaus, and smilingly said, "Agesilaus, I make you my guest;"
+and thereupon presented him with a javelin which he had in his
+hand.  Agesilaus received it, and being much taken with the good
+mien and the courtesy of the youth, looked about to see if there
+were anything in his train fit to offer him in return; and
+observing the horse of Idaeus, the secretary, to have very fine
+trappings on, he took them off, and bestowed them upon the young
+gentleman.  Nor did his kindness rest there, but he continued ever
+after to be mindful of him, so that when he was driven out of his
+country by his brothers, and lived an exile in Peloponnesus, he
+took great care of him, and condescended even to assist him in some
+love-matters.  He had an attachment for a youth of Athenian birth,
+who was bred up as an athlete; and when at the Olympic games this
+boy, on account of his great size and general strong and full-grown
+appearance, was in some danger of not being admitted into the
+list, the Persian betook himself to Agesilaus, and made use of his
+friendship.  Agesilaus readily assisted him, and not without a
+great deal of difficulty effected his desires.  He was in all other
+things a man of great and exact justice, but when the case
+concerned a friend, to be straitlaced in point of justice, he said,
+was only a colorable presence of denying him.  There is an epistle
+written to Idrieus, prince of Caria, that is ascribed to Agesilaus;
+it is this:  "If Nicias be innocent, absolve him; if he be guilty,
+absolve him upon my account; however be sure to absolve him."  This
+was his usual character in his deportment towards his friends.  Yet
+his rule was not without exception; for sometimes he considered the
+necessity of his affairs more than his friend, of which he once
+gave an example, when upon a sudden and disorderly removal of his
+camp, he left a sick friend behind him, and when he called loudly
+after him, and implored his help, turned his back, and said it was
+hard to be compassionate and wise too.  This story is related by
+Hieronymus, the philosopher.
+
+Another year of the war being spent, Agesilaus's fame still
+increased, insomuch that the Persian king received daily
+information concerning his many virtues, and the great esteem the
+world had of his temperance, his plain living, and his moderation.
+When he made any journey, he would usually take up his lodging in a
+temple, and there make the gods witnesses of his most private
+actions, which others would scarce permit men to be acquainted
+with.  In so great an army, you should scarce find common soldier
+lie on a coarser mattress, than Agesilaus; he was so indifferent to
+the varieties of heat and cold, that all the seasons, as the gods
+sent them, seemed natural to him.  The Greeks that inhabited Asia
+were much pleased to see the great lords and governors of Persia,
+with all the pride, cruelty, and luxury in which they lived,
+trembling and bowing before a man in a poor threadbare cloak, and
+at one laconic word out of his mouth, obsequiously deferring and
+changing their wishes and purposes.  So that it brought to the
+minds of many the verses of Timotheus,
+
+Mars is the tyrant, gold Greece does not fear.
+
+Many parts of Asia now revolting from the Persians, Agesilaus
+restored order in the cities, and without bloodshed or banishment
+of any of their members, reestablished the proper constitution in
+the governments, and now resolved to carry away the war from the
+seaside, and to march further up into the country, and to attack
+the king of Persia himself in his own home in Susa and Ecbatana;
+not willing to let the monarch sit idle in his chair, playing
+umpire in the conflicts of the Greeks, and bribing their popular
+leaders.  But these great thoughts were interrupted by unhappy news
+from Sparta; Epicydidas is from thence sent to remand him home, to
+assist his own country, which was then involved in a great war;
+
+Greece to herself doth a barbarian grow,
+Others could not, she doth herself o'erthrow.
+
+What better can we say of those jealousies, and that league and
+conspiracy of the Greeks for their own mischief, which arrested
+fortune in full career, and turned back arms that were already
+uplifted against the barbarians, to be used upon themselves, and
+recalled into Greece the war which had been banished out of her?  I
+by no means assent to Demaratus of Corinth, who said, that those
+Greeks lost a great satisfaction, that did not live to see
+Alexander sit in the throne of Darius.  That sight should rather
+have drawn tears from them, when they considered, that they had
+left that glory to Alexander and the Macedonians, whilst they spent
+all their own great commanders in playing them against each other
+in the fields of Leuctra, Coronea, Corinth, and Arcadia.
+
+Nothing was greater or nobler than the behavior of Agesilaus on
+this occasion, nor can a nobler instance be found in story, of a
+ready obedience and just deference to orders.  Hannibal, though in
+a bad condition himself, and almost driven out of Italy, could
+scarcely be induced to obey, when he was called home to serve his
+country.  Alexander made a jest of the battle between Agis and
+Antipater, laughing and saying, "So, whilst we were conquering
+Darius in Asia, it seems there was a battle of mice in Arcadia."
+Happy Sparta, meanwhile, in the justice and modesty of Agesilaus,
+and in the deference he paid to the laws of his country; who,
+immediately upon receipt of his orders, though in the midst of his
+high fortune and power, and in full hope of great and glorious
+success, gave all up and instantly departed, "his object
+unachieved," leaving many regrets behind him among his allies in
+Asia, and proving by his example the falseness of that saying of
+Demostratus, the son of Phaeax, "That the Lacedaemonians were
+better in public, but the Athenians in private."  For while
+approving himself an excellent king and general, he likewise showed
+himself in private an excellent friend, and a most agreeable
+companion.
+
+The coin of Persia was stamped with the figure of an archer;
+Agesilaus said, That a thousand Persian archers had driven him out
+of Asia; meaning the money that had been laid out in bribing the
+demagogues and the orators in Thebes and Athens, and thus inciting
+those two States to hostility against Sparta.
+
+Having passed the Hellespont, he marched by land through Thrace,
+not begging or entreating a passage anywhere, only he sent his
+messengers to them, to demand whether they would have him pass as a
+friend or as an enemy.  All the rest received him as a friend, and
+assisted him on his journey.  But the Trallians, to whom Xerxes
+also is said to have given money, demanded a price of him, namely,
+one hundred talents of silver, and one hundred women.  Agesilaus in
+scorn asked, Why they were not ready to receive them?  He marched
+on, and finding the Trallians in arms to oppose him, fought them,
+and slew great numbers of them.  He sent the like embassy to the
+king of Macedonia, who replied, He would take time to deliberate:
+"Let him deliberate," said Agesilaus, "we will go forward in the
+meantime."  The Macedonian, being surprised and daunted at the
+resolution of the Spartan, gave orders to let him pass as friend.
+When he came into Thessaly, he wasted the country, because they
+were in league with the enemy.  To Larissa, the chief city of
+Thessaly, he sent Xenocles and Scythes to treat of a peace, whom
+when the Larissaeans had laid hold of, and put into custody, others
+were enraged, and advised the siege of the town; but he answered,
+That he valued either of those men at more than the whole country
+of Thessaly.  He therefore made terms with them, and received his
+men again upon composition.  Nor need we wonder at this saying of
+Agesilaus, since when he had news brought him from Sparta, of
+several great captains slain in a battle near Corinth, in which the
+slaughter fell upon other Greeks, and the Lacedaemonians obtained a
+great victory with small loss, he did not appear at all satisfied;
+but with a great sigh cried out, "O Greece, how many brave men hast
+thou destroyed; who, if they had been preserved to so good an use,
+had sufficed to have conquered all Persia!"  Yet when the
+Pharsalians grew troublesome to him, by pressing upon his army, and
+incommoding his passage, he led out five hundred horse, and in
+person fought and routed them, setting up a trophy under the mount
+Narthacius.  He valued himself very much upon that victory, that
+with so small a number of his own training, he had vanquished a
+body of men that thought themselves the best horsemen of Greece.
+
+Here Diphridas, the Ephor, met him, and delivered his message from
+Sparta, which ordered him immediately to make an inroad into
+Boeotia; and though he thought this fitter to have been done at
+another time, and with greater force, he yet obeyed the
+magistrates.  He thereupon told his soldiers that the day was come,
+on which they were to enter upon that employment, for the
+performance of which they were brought out of Asia.  He sent for
+two divisions of the army near Corinth to his assistance.  The
+Lacedaemonians at home, in honor to him, made proclamation for
+volunteers that would serve under the king, to come in and be
+enlisted.  Finding all the young men in the city ready to offer
+themselves, they chose fifty of the strongest, and sent them.
+
+Agesilaus having gained Thermopylae, and passed quietly through
+Phocis, as soon as he had entered Boeotia, and pitched his camp
+near Chaeronea, at once met with an eclipse of the sun, and with
+ill news from the navy, Pisander, the Spartan admiral, being beaten
+and slain at Cnidos, by Pharnabazus and Conon.  He was much moved
+at it, both upon his own and the public account.  Yet lest his
+army, being now near engaging, should meet with any discouragement,
+he ordered the messengers to give out, that the Spartans were the
+conquerors, and he himself putting on a garland, solemnly
+sacrificed for the good news, and sent portions of the sacrifices
+to his friends.
+
+When he came near to Coronea, and was within view of the enemy, he
+drew up his army, and giving the left wing to the Orchomenians, he
+himself led the right.  The Thebans took the right wing of their
+army, leaving the left to the Argives.  Xenophon, who was present,
+and fought on Agesilaus's side, reports it to be the hardest fought
+battle that he had seen.  The beginning of it was not so, for the
+Thebans soon put the Orchomenians to rout, as also did Agesilaus
+the Argives.  But both parties having news of the misfortune of
+their left wings, they betook themselves to their relief.  Here
+Agesilaus might have been sure of his victory, had he contented
+himself not to charge them in the front, but in the flank or rear;
+but being angry and heated in the fight, he would not wait the
+opportunity, but fell on at once, thinking to bear them down before
+him.  The Thebans were not behind him in courage, so that the
+battle was fiercely carried on on both sides, especially near
+Agesilaus's person, whose new guard of fifty volunteers stood him
+in great stead that day, and saved his life.  They fought with
+great valor, and interposed their bodies frequently between him and
+danger, yet could they not so preserve him, but that he received
+many wounds through his armor with lances and swords, and was with
+much difficulty gotten off alive by their making a ring about him,
+and so guarding him, with the slaughter of many of the enemy and
+the loss of many of their own number.  At length finding it too
+hard a task to break the front of the Theban troops, they opened
+their own files, and let the enemy march through them, (an artifice
+which in the beginning they scorned,) watching in the meantime the
+posture of the enemy, who having passed through, grew careless, as
+esteeming themselves past danger; in which position they were
+immediately set upon by the Spartans.  Yet were they not then put
+to rout, but marched on to Helicon, proud of what they had done,
+being able to say, that they themselves, as to their part of the
+army, were not worsted.
+
+Agesilaus, sore wounded as he was, would not be borne to his tent,
+till he had been first carried about the field, and had seen the
+dead conveyed within his encampment.  As many of his enemies as had
+taken sanctuary in the temple, he dismissed.  For there stood near
+the battlefield, the temple of Minerva the Itonian, and before it a
+trophy erected by the Boeotians, for the victory which under the
+conduct of Sparton, their general, they obtained over the Athenians
+under Tolmides, who himself fell in the battle.  And next morning
+early, to make trial of the Theban courage, whether they had any
+mind to a second encounter, he commanded his soldiers to put on
+garlands on their heads, and play with their flutes, and raise a
+trophy before their faces; but when they, instead of fighting, sent
+for leave to bury their dead, he gave it them; and having so
+assured himself of the victory, after this he went to Delphi, to
+the Pythian games, which were then celebrating, at which feast he
+assisted, and there solemnly offered the tenth part of the spoils
+he had brought from Asia, which amounted to a hundred talents.
+
+Thence he returned to his own country, where his way and habits of
+life quickly excited the affection and admiration of the Spartans;
+for, unlike other generals, he came home from foreign lands the
+same man that he went out, having not so learned the fashions of
+other countries, as to forget his own, much less to dislike or
+despise them.  He followed and respected all the Spartan customs,
+without any change either in the manner of his supping, or bathing,
+or his wife's apparel, as if he had never traveled over the river
+Eurotas.  So also with his household furniture and his own armor;
+nay, the very gates of his house were so old, that they might well
+be thought of Aristodemus's setting up.  His daughter's Canathrum,
+says Xenophon, was no richer than that of any one else.  The
+Canathrum, as they call it, is a chair or chariot made of wood, in
+the shape of a griffin, or tragelaphus, on which the children and
+young virgins are carried in processions.  Xenophon has not left us
+the name of this daughter of Agesilaus; and Dicaearchus expresses
+some indignation, because we do not know, he says, the name of
+Agesilaus's daughter, nor of Epaminondas's mother.  But in the
+records of Laconia, we ourselves found his wife's name to have been
+Cleora, and his two daughters to have been called Eupolia and
+Prolyta.  And you may also to this day see Agesilaus's spear kept
+in Sparta, nothing differing from that of other men.
+
+There was a vanity he observed among the Spartans, about keeping
+running horses for the Olympic games, upon which he found they much
+valued themselves.  Agesilaus regarded it as a display not of any
+real virtue, but of wealth and expense; and to make this evident to
+the Greeks, induced his sister, Cynisca, to send a chariot into the
+course.  He kept with him Xenophon, the philosopher, and made much
+of him, and proposed to him to send for his children, and educate
+them at Sparta, where they would be taught the best of all
+learning; how to obey, and how to command.  Finding on Lysander's
+death a large faction formed, which he on his return from Asia had
+established against Agesilaus, he thought it advisable to expose
+both him and it, by showing what manner of a citizen he had been
+whilst he lived.  To that end, finding among his writings all
+oration, composed by Cleon the Halicarnassean, but to have been
+spoken by Lysander in a public assembly, to excite the people to
+innovations and changes in the government, he resolved to publish
+it, as an evidence of Lysander's practices.  But one of the Elders
+having the perusal of it, and finding it powerfully written,
+advised him to have a care of digging up Lysander again, and rather
+bury that oration in the grave with him; and this advice he wisely
+hearkened to, and hushed the whole thing up; and ever after forbore
+publicly to affront any of his adversaries, but took occasions of
+picking out the ringleaders, and sending them away upon foreign
+services.  He thus had means for exposing the avarice and the
+injustice of many of them in their employments; and again when they
+were by others brought into question, he made it his business to
+bring them off, obliging them, by that means, of enemies to become
+his friends, and so by degrees left none remaining.
+
+Agesipolis, his fellow king, was under the disadvantage of being
+born of an exiled father, and himself young, modest, and inactive,
+meddled not much in affairs.  Agesilaus took a course of gaining
+him over, and making him entirely tractable.  According to the
+custom of Sparta, the kings, if they were in town, always dined
+together.  This was Agesilaus's opportunity of dealing with
+Agesipolis, whom he found quick, as he himself was, in forming
+attachments for young men, and accordingly talked with him always
+on such subjects, joining and aiding him, and acting as his
+confidant, such attachments in Sparta being entirely honorable, and
+attended always with lively feeling of modesty, love of virtue, and
+a noble emulation; of which more is said in Lycurgus's life.
+
+Having thus established his power in the city, he easily obtained
+that his half-brother Teleutias might be chosen admiral, and
+thereupon making all expedition against the Corinthians, he made
+himself master of the long walls by land, through the assistance of
+his brother at sea.  Coming thus upon the Argives, who then held
+Corinth, in the midst of their Isthmian festival, he made them fly
+from the sacrifice they had just commenced, and leave all their
+festive provision behind them.  The exiled Corinthians that were in
+the Spartan army, desired him to keep the feast, and to preside in
+the celebration of it.  This he refused, but gave them leave to
+carry on the solemnity if they pleased, and he in the meantime
+stayed and guarded them.  When Agesilaus marched off, the Argives
+returned and celebrated the games over again, when some who were
+victors before, became victors a second time, others lost the
+prizes which before they had gained.  Agesilaus thus made it clear
+to everybody, that the Argives must in their own eyes have been
+guilty of great cowardice, since they set such a value on presiding
+at the games, and yet had not dared to fight for it.  He himself
+was of opinion, that to keep a mean in such things was best; he
+assisted at the sports and dances usual in his own country, and was
+always ready and eager to be present at the exercises either of the
+young men, or of the girls, but things that many men used to be
+highly taken with, he seemed not at all concerned about.
+Callippides, the tragic actor, who had a great name in all Greece
+and was made much of, once met and saluted him; of which when he
+found no notice taken, he confidently thrust himself into his
+train, expecting that Agesilaus would pay him some attention.  When
+all that failed, he boldly accosted him, and asked him, whether he
+did not remember him?  Agesilaus turned, and looking him in the
+face, "Are you not," said he, "Callippides the showman?"  Being
+invited once to hear a man who admirably imitated the nightingale,
+he declined, saying, he had heard the nightingale itself.
+Menecrates, the physician, having had great success in some
+desperate diseases, was by way of flattery called Jupiter; he was
+so vain as to take the name, and having occasion to write a letter
+to Agesilaus, thus addressed it:  "Jupiter Menecrates to King
+Agesilaus, greeting."  The king returned answer:  "Agesilaus to
+Menecrates, health and a sound mind."
+
+Whilst Agesilaus was in the Corinthian territories, having just
+taken the Heraeum, he was looking on while his soldiers were
+carrying away the prisoners and the plunder, when ambassadors from
+Thebes came to him to treat of peace.  Having a great aversion for
+that city, and thinking it then advantageous to his affairs
+publicly to slight them, he took the opportunity, and would not
+seem either to see them, or hear them speak.  But as if on purpose
+to punish him in his pride, before they parted from him, messengers
+came with news of the complete slaughter of one of the Spartan
+divisions by Iphicrates, a greater disaster than had befallen them
+for many years; and that the more grievous, because it was a choice
+regiment of full-armed Lacedaemonians overthrown by a parcel of
+mere mercenary targeteers.  Agesilaus leapt from his seat, to go at
+once to their rescue, but found it too late, the business being
+over.  He therefore returned to the Heraeum, and sent for the
+Theban ambassadors to give them audience.  They now resolved to be
+even with him for the affront he gave them, and without speaking
+one word of the peace, only desired leave to go into Corinth.
+Agesilaus, irritated with this proposal, told them in scorn, that
+if they were anxious to go and see how proud their friends were of
+their success, they should do it tomorrow with safety.  Next
+morning, taking the ambassadors with him, he ravaged the Corinthian
+territories, up to the very gates of the city, where having made a
+stand, and let the ambassadors see that the Corinthians durst not
+come out to defend themselves, he dismissed them.  Then gathering
+up the small remainders of the shattered regiment, he marched
+homewards, always removing his camp before day, and always pitching
+his tents after night, that he might prevent their enemies among
+the Arcadians from taking any opportunity of insulting over their
+loss.
+
+After this, at the request of the Achaeans, he marched with them
+into Acarnania, and there collected great spoils, and defeated the
+Acarnanians in battle.  The Achaeans would have persuaded him to
+keep his winter quarters there, to hinder the Acarnanians from
+sowing their corn; but he was of the contrary opinion, alleging,
+that they would be more afraid of a war next summer, when their
+fields were sown, than they would be if they lay fallow.  The event
+justified his opinion; for next summer, when the Achaeans began
+their expedition again, the Acarnanians immediately made peace with
+them.
+
+When Conon and Pharnabazus with the Persian navy were grown masters
+of the sea, and had not only infested the coast of Laconia, but
+also rebuilt the walls of Athens at the cost of Pharnabazus, the
+Lacedaemonians thought fit to treat of peace with the king of
+Persia.  To that end, they sent Antalcidas to Tiribazus, basely and
+wickedly betraying the Asiatic Greeks, on whose behalf Agesilaus
+had made the war.  But no part of this dishonor fell upon
+Agesilaus, the whole being transacted by Antalcidas, who was his
+bitter enemy, and was urgent for peace upon any terms, because war
+was sure to increase his power and reputation.  Nevertheless once
+being told by way of reproach, that the Lacedaemonians had gone
+over to the Medes, he replied, "No, the Medes have come over to the
+Lacedaemonians."  And when the Greeks were backward to submit to
+the agreement, he threatened them with war, unless they fulfilled
+the king of Persia's conditions, his particular end in this being
+to weaken the Thebans; for it was made one of the articles of
+peace, that the country of Boeotia should be left independent.
+This feeling of his to Thebes appeared further afterwards, when
+Phoebidas, in full peace, most unjustifiably seized upon the
+Cadmea.  The thing was much resented by all Greece, and not well
+liked by the Lacedaemonians themselves; those especially who were
+enemies to Agesilaus, required an account of the action, and by
+whose authority it was done, laying the suspicion of it at his
+door.  Agesilaus resolutely answered, on the behalf of Phoebidas,
+that the profitableness of the act was chiefly to be considered; if
+it were for the advantage of the commonwealth, it was no matter
+whether it were done with or without authority.  This was the more
+remarkable in him, because in his ordinary language, he was always
+observed to be a great maintainer of justice, and would commend it
+as the chief of virtues, saying, that valor without justice was
+useless, and if all the world were just, there would be no need of
+valor.  When any would say to him, the Great King will have it so;
+he would reply, "How is he greater than I, unless he be juster?"
+nobly and rightly taking, as a sort of royal measure of greatness,
+justice, and not force.  And thus when, on the conclusion of the
+peace, the king of Persia wrote to Agesilaus, desiring a private
+friendship and relations of hospitality, he refused it, saying,
+that the public friendship was enough; whilst that lasted there was
+no need of private.  Yet in his acts he was not constant to his
+doctrine, but sometimes out of ambition, and sometimes out of
+private pique, he let himself be carried away; and particularly in
+this case of the Thebans, he not only saved Phoebidas, but
+persuaded the Lacedaemonians to take the fault upon themselves, and
+to retain the Cadmea, putting a garrison into it, and to put the
+government of Thebes into the hands of Archias and Leontidas, who
+had been betrayers of the castle to them.
+
+This excited strong suspicion that what Phoebidas did was by
+Agesilaus's order, which was corroborated by after occurrences.
+For when the Thebans had expelled the garrison, and asserted their
+liberty, he, accusing them of the murder of Archias and Leontidas,
+who indeed were tyrants, though in name holding the office of
+Polemarchs, made war upon them.  He sent Cleombrotus on that
+errand, who was now his fellow king, in the place of Agesipolis,
+who was dead, excusing himself by reason of his age; for it was
+forty years since he had first borne arms, and he was consequently
+exempt by the law; meanwhile the true reason was, that he was
+ashamed, having so lately fought against tyranny in behalf of the
+Phliasians, to fight now in defense of a tyranny against the
+Thebans.
+
+One Sphodrias, of Lacedaemon, of the contrary faction to Agesilaus,
+was governor in Thespiae, a bold and enterprising man, though he
+had perhaps more of confidence than wisdom.  This action of
+Phoebidas fired him, and incited his ambition to attempt some great
+enterprise, which might render him as famous as he perceived the
+taking of the Cadmea had made Phoebidas.  He thought the sudden
+capture of the Piraeus, and the cutting off thereby the Athenians
+from the sea, would be a matter of far more glory.  It is said,
+too, that Pelopidas and Melon, the chief captains of Boeotia, put
+him upon it; that they privily sent men to him, pretending to be of
+the Spartan faction, who, highly commending Sphodrias, filled him
+with a great opinion of himself, protesting him to be the only man
+in the world that was fit for so great an enterprise.  Being thus
+stimulated, he could hold no longer, but hurried into an attempt as
+dishonorable and treacherous as that of the Cadmea, but executed
+with less valor and less success; for the day broke whilst he was
+yet in the Thriasian plain, whereas he designed the whole exploit
+to have been done in the night.  As soon as the soldiers perceived
+the rays of light reflecting from the temples of Eleusis, upon the
+first rising of the sun, it is said that their hearts failed them;
+nay, he himself, when he saw that he could not have the benefit of
+the night, had not courage enough to go on with his enterprise;
+but, having pillaged the country, he returned with shame to
+Thespiae.  An embassy was upon this sent from Athens to Sparta, to
+complain of the breach of peace; but the ambassadors found their
+journey needless, Sphodrias being then under process by the
+magistrates of Sparta.  Sphodrias durst not stay to expect
+judgment, which he found would be capital, the city being highly
+incensed against him, out of the shame they felt at the business,
+and their desire to appear in the eyes of the Athenians as
+fellow-sufferers; in the wrong, rather than accomplices in its
+being done.
+
+This Sphodrias had a son of great beauty named Cleonymus, to whom
+Archidamus, the son of Agesilaus, was extremely attached.
+Archidamus, as became him, was concerned for the danger of his
+friend's father, but yet he durst not do anything openly for his
+assistance, he being one of the professed enemies of Agesilaus.
+But Cleonymus having solicited him with tears about it, as knowing
+Agesilaus to be of all his father's enemies the most formidable,
+the young man for two or three days followed after his father with
+such fear and confusion, that he durst not speak to him.  At last,
+the day of sentence being at hand, he ventured to tell him, that
+Cleonymus had entreated him to intercede for his father Agesilaus,
+though well aware of the love between the two young men, yet did
+not prohibit it, because Cleonymus from his earliest years had been
+looked upon as a youth of very great promise; yet he gave not his
+son any kind or hopeful answer in the case, but coldly told him,
+that he would consider what he could honestly and honorably do in
+it, and so dismissed him.  Archidamus, being ashamed of his want of
+success, forbore the company of Cleonymus, whom he usually saw
+several times every day.  This made the friends of Sphodrias to
+think his case desperate, till Etymocles, one of Agesilaus's
+friends, discovered to them the king's mind, namely, that he
+abhorred the fact, but yet he thought Sphodrias a gallant man, such
+as the commonwealth much wanted at that time.  For Agesilaus used
+to talk thus concerning the cause, out of a desire to gratify his
+son.  And now Cleonymus quickly understood, that Archidamus had
+been true to him, in using all his interest with his father; and
+Sphodrias's friends ventured to be forward in his defense.  The
+truth is, that Agesilaus was excessively fond of his children; and
+it is to him the story belongs, that when they were little ones, he
+used to make a horse of a stick, and ride with them; and being
+caught at this sport by a friend, he desired him not to mention it,
+till he himself were the father of children.
+
+Meanwhile, Sphodrias being acquitted, the Athenians betook
+themselves to arms, and Agesilaus fell into disgrace with the
+people; since to gratify the whims of a boy, he had been willing to
+pervert justice, and make the city accessory to the crimes of
+private men, whose most unjustifiable actions had broken the peace
+of Greece.  He also found his colleague, Cleombrotus, little
+inclined to the Theban war; so that it became necessary for him to
+waive the privilege of his age, which he before had claimed, and to
+lead the army himself into Boeotia; which he did with variety of
+success, sometimes conquering, and sometimes conquered; insomuch
+that receiving a wound in a battle, he was reproached by
+Antalcidas, that the Thebans had paid him well for the lessons he
+had given them in fighting.  And, indeed, they were now grown far
+better soldiers than ever they had been, being so continually kept
+in training, by the frequency of the Lacedaemonian expeditions
+against them.  Out of the foresight of which it was, that anciently
+Lycurgus, in three several laws, forbade them to make many wars
+with the same nation, as this would be to instruct their enemies in
+the art of it.  Meanwhile, the allies of Sparta were not a little
+discontented at Agesilaus, because this war was commenced not upon
+any fair public ground of quarrel, but merely out of his private
+hatred to the Thebans; and they complained with indignation, that
+they, being the majority of the army, should from year to year be
+thus exposed to danger and hardship here and there, at the will of
+a few persons.  It was at this time, we are told, that Agesilaus,
+to obviate the objection, devised this expedient, to show the
+allies were not the greater number.  He gave orders that all the
+allies, of whatever country, should sit down promiscuously on one
+side, and all the Lacedaemonians on the other:  which being done,
+he commanded a herald to proclaim, that all the potters of both
+divisions should stand out; then all the blacksmiths; then all the
+masons; next the carpenters; and so he went through all the
+handicrafts.  By this time almost all the allies were risen, but of
+the Lacedaemonians not a man, they being by law forbidden to learn
+any mechanical business; and now Agesilaus laughed and said, "You
+see, my friends, how many more soldiers we send out than you do."
+
+When he brought back his army from Boeotia through Megara, as he
+was going up to the magistrate's office in the Acropolis, he was
+suddenly seized with pain and cramp in his sound leg, and great
+swelling and inflammation ensued.  He was treated by a Syracusan
+physician, who let him blood below the ankle; this soon eased his
+pain, but then the blood could not be stopped, till the loss of it
+brought on fainting and swooning; at length, with much trouble, he
+stopped it.  Agesilaus was carried home to Sparta in a very weak
+condition, and did not recover strength enough to appear in the
+field for a long time after.
+
+Meanwhile, the Spartan fortune was but ill; they received many
+losses both by sea and land; but the greatest was that at Tegyrae,
+when for the first time they were beaten by the Thebans in a set
+battle.
+
+All the Greeks were, accordingly, disposed to a general peace, and
+to that end ambassadors came to Sparta.  Among these was
+Epaminondas, the Theban, famous at that time for his philosophy and
+learning, but he had not yet given proof of his capacity as a
+general.  He, seeing all the others crouch to Agesilaus, and court
+favor with him, alone maintained the dignity of an ambassador, and
+with that freedom that became his character, made a speech in
+behalf not of Thebes only, from whence he came, but of all Greece,
+remonstrating, that Sparta alone grew great by war, to the distress
+and suffering of all her neighbors.  He urged, that a peace should
+be made upon just and equal terms, such as alone would be a lasting
+one, which could not otherwise be done, than by reducing all to
+equality.  Agesilaus, perceiving all the other Greeks to give much
+attention to this discourse, and to be pleased with it, presently
+asked him, whether he thought it a part of this justice and
+equality that the Boeotian towns should enjoy their independence.
+Epaminondas instantly and without wavering asked him in return,
+whether he thought it just and equal that the Laconian towns should
+enjoy theirs.  Agesilaus started from his seat and bade him once
+for all speak out and say whether or not Boeotia should be
+independent.  And when Epaminondas replied once again with the same
+inquiry, whether Laconia should be so, Agesilaus was so enraged
+that, availing himself of the pretext he immediately struck the
+name of the Thebans out of the league, and declared war against
+them.  With the rest of the Greeks he made a peace, and dismissed
+them with this saying, that what could be peaceably adjusted,
+should; what was otherwise incurable, must be committed to the
+success of war, it being a thing of too great difficulty to provide
+for all things by treaty.  The Ephors upon this dispatched their
+orders to Cleombrotus, who was at that time in Phocis, to march
+directly into Boeotia, and at the same time sent to their allies
+for aid.  The confederates were very tardy in the business, and
+unwilling to engage, but as yet they feared the Spartans too much
+to dare to refuse.  And although many portents, and prodigies of
+ill presage, which I have mentioned in the life of Epaminondas,
+had appeared; and though Prothous, the Laconian, did all he could
+to hinder it, yet Agesilaus would needs go forward, and prevailed
+so, that the war was decreed.  He thought the present juncture of
+affairs very advantageous for their revenge, the rest of Greece
+being wholly free, and the Thebans excluded from the peace.  But
+that this war was undertaken more upon passion than judgment, the
+event may prove; for the treaty was finished but the fourteenth of
+Scirophorion, and the Lacedaemonians received their great overthrow
+at Leuctra, on the fifth of Hecatombaeon, within twenty days.
+There fell at that time a thousand, Spartans, and Cleombrotus their
+king, and around him the bravest men of the nation; particularly,
+the beautiful youth, Cleonymus the son of Sphodrias, who was thrice
+struck down at the feet of the king, and as often rose, but was
+slain at the last.
+
+This unexpected blow, which fell so heavy upon the Lacedaemonians,
+brought greater glory to Thebes than ever was acquired by any other
+of the Grecian republics, in their civil wars against each other.
+The behavior, notwithstanding, of the Spartans, though beaten, was
+as great, and as highly to be admired, as that of the Thebans.  And
+indeed, if, as Xenophon says, in conversation good men even in
+their sports and at their wine let fall many sayings that are worth
+the preserving; how much more worthy to be recorded, is an
+exemplary constancy of mind, as shown both in the words and in the
+acts of brave men, when they are pressed by adverse fortune!  It
+happened that the Spartans were celebrating a solemn feast, at
+which many strangers were present from other countries, and the
+town full of them, when this news of the overthrow came.  It was
+the gymnopaediae, and the boys were dancing in the theater, when
+the messengers arrived from Leuctra.  The Ephors, though they were
+sufficiently aware that this blow had ruined the Spartan power, and
+that their primacy over the rest of Greece was gone for ever, yet
+gave orders that the dances should not break off, nor any of the
+celebration of the festival abate; but privately sending the names
+of the slain to each family, out of which they were lost, they
+continued the public spectacles.  The next morning, when they had
+full intelligence concerning it, and everybody knew who were slain,
+and who survived, the fathers, relatives, and friends of the slain
+came out rejoicing in the market-place, saluting each other with a
+kind of exultation; on the contrary, the fathers of the survivors
+hid themselves at home among the women.  If necessity drove any of
+them abroad, they went very dejectedly, with downcast looks, and
+sorrowful countenances.  The women outdid the men in it; those
+whose sons were slain, openly rejoicing, cheerfully making visits
+to one another, and meeting triumphantly in the temples; they who
+expected their children home, being very silent, and much troubled.
+
+But the people in general, when their allies now began to desert
+them, and Epaminondas, in all the confidence of victory, was
+expected with an invading army in Peloponnesus, began to think
+again of Agesilaus's lameness, and to entertain feelings of
+religious fear and despondency, as if their having rejected the
+sound-footed, and having chosen the halting king, which the oracle
+had specially warned them against, was the occasion of all their
+distresses.  Yet the regard they had to the merit and reputation of
+Agesilaus, so far stilled this murmuring of the people, that
+notwithstanding it, they entrusted themselves to him in this
+distress, as the only man that was fit to heal the public malady,
+the arbiter of all their difficulties, whether relating to the
+affairs of war or peace.  One great one was then before them,
+concerning the runaways (as their name is for them) that had fled
+out of the battle, who being many and powerful, it was feared that
+they might make some commotion in the republic, to prevent the
+execution of the law upon them for their cowardice.  The law in
+that case was very severe; for they were not only to be debarred
+from all honors, but also it was a disgrace to intermarry with
+them; whoever met any of them in the streets, might beat him if he
+chose, nor was it lawful for him to resist; they in the meanwhile
+were obliged to go about unwashed and meanly dressed, with their
+clothes patched with divers colors, and to wear their beards half
+shaved half unshaven.  To execute so rigid a law as this, in a case
+where the offenders were so many, and many of them of such
+distinction, and that in a time when the commonwealth wanted
+soldiers so much as then it did, was of dangerous consequence.
+Therefore they chose Agesilaus as a sort of new lawgiver for the
+occasion.  But he, without adding to or diminishing from or any
+way changing the law, came out into the public assembly, and said,
+that the law should sleep for today, but from this day forth be
+vigorously executed.  By this means he at once preserved the law
+from abrogation, and the citizens from infamy; and that he might
+alleviate the despondency and self-distrust of the young men, he
+made an inroad into Arcadia, where carefully avoiding all fighting,
+he contented himself with spoiling the territory, and taking a
+small town belonging to the Mantineans, thus reviving the hearts of
+the people, letting them see that they were not everywhere
+unsuccessful.
+
+Epaminondas now invaded Laconia, with an army of forty thousand,
+besides light-armed men and others that followed the camp only for
+plunder, so that in all they were at least seventy thousand.  It
+was now six hundred years since the Dorians had possessed Laconia,
+and in all that time the face of an enemy had not been seen within
+their territories, no man daring to invade them; but now they made
+their entrance, and burnt and plundered without resistance the
+hitherto untouched and sacred territory, up to Eurotas, and the
+very suburbs of Sparta; for Agesilaus would not permit them to
+encounter so impetuous a torrent, as Theopompus calls it, of war.
+He contented himself with fortifying the chief parts of the city,
+and with placing guards in convenient places, enduring meanwhile
+the taunts of the Thebans, who reproached him by name as the
+kindler of the war, and the author of all that mischief to his
+country, bidding him defend himself if he could.  But this was not
+all; he was equally disturbed at home with the tumults of the city,
+the outcries and running about of the old men, who were enraged at
+their present condition, and the women, yet worse, out of their
+senses with the clamors, and the fires of the enemy in the field.
+He was also himself afflicted by the sense of his lost glory; who
+having come to the throne of Sparta when it was in its most
+flourishing and powerful condition, now lived to see it laid low in
+esteem, and all its great vaunts cut down, even that which he
+himself had been accustomed to use, that the women of Sparta had
+never seen the smoke of the enemy's fire.  As it is said, also,
+that when Antalcidas once being in dispute with an Athenian about
+the valor of the two nations, the Athenian boasted, that they had
+often driven the Spartans from the river Cephisus, "Yes," said
+Antalcidas, "but we never had occasion to drive you from Eurotas."
+And a common Spartan of less note, being in company with an Argive,
+who was bragging how many Spartans lay buried in the fields of
+Argos, replied, "None of you are buried in the country of Laconia."
+Yet now the case was so altered, that Antalcidas, being one of the
+Ephors, out of fear sent away his children privately to the island
+of Cythera.
+
+When the enemy essayed to get over the river, and thence to attack
+the town, Agesilaus, abandoning the rest, betook himself to the
+high places and strong-holds of it.  But it happened, that Eurotas
+at that time was swollen to a great height with the snow that had
+fallen, and made the passage very difficult to the Thebans, not
+only by its depth, but much more by its extreme coldness.  Whilst
+this was doing, Epaminondas was seen in the front of the phalanx,
+and was pointed out to Agesilaus, who looked long at him, and said
+but these words, "O, bold man!"  But when he came to the city, and
+would have fain attempted something within the limits of it that
+might raise him a trophy there, he could not tempt Agesilaus out of
+his hold, but was forced to march off again, wasting the country as
+he went.
+
+Meanwhile, a body of long discontented and bad citizens, about two
+hundred in number, having got into a strong part of the town called
+the Issorion, where the temple of Diana stands, seized and
+garrisoned it.  The Spartans would have fallen upon them instantly;
+but Agesilaus, not knowing how far the sedition might reach, bade
+them forbear, and going himself in his ordinary dress, with but one
+servant, when he came near the rebels, called out, and told them,
+that they mistook their orders; this was not the right place; they
+were to go, one part of them thither, showing them another place in
+the city, and part to another, which he also showed.  The
+conspirators gladly heard this, thinking themselves unsuspected of
+treason, and readily went off to the places which he showed them.
+Whereupon Agesilaus placed in their room a guard of his own; and
+of the conspirators he apprehended fifteen, and put them to death
+in the night.  But after this, a much more dangerous conspiracy was
+discovered of Spartan citizens, who had privately met in each
+other's houses, plotting a revolution.  These were men whom it was
+equally dangerous to prosecute publicly according to law, and to
+connive at.  Agesilaus took counsel with the Ephors, and put these
+also to death privately without process; a thing never before known
+in the case of any born Spartan.
+
+At this time, also, many of the Helots and country people, who were
+in the army, ran away to the enemy, which was matter of great
+consternation to the city.  He therefore caused some officers of
+his, every morning before day, to search the quarters of the
+soldiers, and where any man was gone, to hide his arms, that so the
+greatness of the number might not appear.
+
+Historians differ about the cause of the Thebans' departure from
+Sparta.  Some say, the winter forced them; as also that the
+Arcadian soldiers disbanding, made it necessary for the rest to
+retire.  Others say, that they stayed there three months, till they
+had laid the whole country waste.  Theopompus is the only author
+who says that when the Boeotian generals had already resolved upon
+the retreat, Phrixus, the Spartan, came to them, and offered them
+from Agesilaus ten talents to be gone, so hiring them to do what
+they were already doing of their own accord.  How he alone should
+come to be aware of this, I know not; only in this all authors
+agree, that the saving of Sparta from ruin was wholly due to the
+wisdom of Agesilaus, who in this extremity of affairs quitted all
+his ambition and his haughtiness, and resolved to play a saving
+game.  But all his wisdom and courage was not sufficient to recover
+the glory of it, and to raise it to its ancient greatness.  For as
+we see in human bodies, long used to a very strict and too
+exquisitely regular diet, any single great disorder is usually
+fatal; so here one stroke overthrew the whole State's long
+prosperity.  Nor can we be surprised at this.  Lycurgus had formed
+a polity admirably designed for the peace, harmony, and virtuous
+life of the citizens; and their fall came from their assuming
+foreign dominion and arbitrary sway, things wholly undesirable, in
+the judgment of Lycurgus, for a well-conducted and happy State.
+
+Agesilaus being now in years, gave over all military employments;
+but his son Archidamus, having received help from Dionysius of
+Sicily, gave a great defeat to the Arcadians, in the fight known by
+the name of the Tearless Battle, in which there was a great
+slaughter of the enemy, without the loss of one Spartan.  Yet this
+victory, more than anything else, discovered the present weakness
+of Sparta; for heretofore victory was esteemed so usual a thing
+with them, that for their greatest successes, they merely
+sacrificed a cock to the gods.  The soldiers never vaunted, nor did
+the citizens display any great joy at the news; even when the great
+victory, described by Thucydides, was obtained at Mantinea, the
+messenger that brought the news had no other reward than a piece of
+meat, sent by the magistrates from the common table.  But at the
+news of this Arcadian victory, they were not able to contain
+themselves; Agesilaus went out in procession with tears of joy in
+his eyes, to meet and embrace his son, and all the magistrates and
+public officers attended him.  The old men and the women marched
+out as far as the river Eurotas, lifting up their hands, and
+thanking the gods, that Sparta was now cleared again of the
+disgrace and indignity that had befallen her, and once more saw the
+light of day.  Since before, they tell us, the Spartan men, out of
+shame at their disasters, did not dare so much as to look their
+wives in the face.
+
+When Epaminondas restored Messene, and recalled from all quarters
+the ancient citizens to inhabit it, they were not able to obstruct
+the design, being not in condition of appearing in the field
+against them.  But it went greatly against Agesilaus in the minds
+of his countrymen, when they found so large a territory, equal to
+their own in compass, and for fertility the richest of all Greece,
+which they had enjoyed so long, taken from them in his reign.
+Therefore it was that the king broke off treaty with the Thebans,
+when they offered him peace, rather than set his hand to the
+passing away of that country, though it was already taken from him.
+Which point of honor had like to have cost him dear; for not long
+after he was overreached by a stratagem, which had almost amounted
+to the loss of Sparta.  For when the Mantineans again revolted from
+Thebes to Sparta, and Epaminondas understood that Agesilaus was
+come to their assistance with a powerful army, he privately in the
+night quitted his quarters at Tegea, and unknown to the Mantineans,
+passing by Agesilaus, marched towards Sparta, insomuch that he
+failed very little of taking it empty and unarmed.  Agesilaus had
+intelligence sent him by Euthynus, the Thespian, as Callisthenes
+says, but Xenophon says by a Cretan; and immediately dispatched a
+horseman to Lacedaemon, to apprise them of it, and to let them know
+that he was hastening to them.  Shortly after his arrival the
+Thebans crossed the Eurotas.  They made an assault upon the town,
+and were received by Agesilaus with great courage, and with
+exertions beyond what was to be expected at his years.  For he did
+not now fight with that caution and cunning which he formerly made
+use of, but put all upon a desperate push; which, though not his
+usual method, succeeded so well, that he rescued the city out of
+the very hands of Epaminondas, and forced him to retire, and, at
+the erection of a trophy, was able, in the presence of their wives
+and children, to declare that the Lacedaemonians had nobly paid
+their debt to their country, and particularly his son Archidamus,
+who had that day made himself illustrious, both by his courage and
+agility of body, rapidly passing about by the short lanes to every
+endangered point, and everywhere maintaining the town against the
+enemy with but few to help him.  Isadas, however, the son of
+Phoebidas, must have been, I think, the admiration of the enemy as
+well as of his friends.  He was a youth of remarkable beauty and
+stature, in the very flower of the most attractive time of life,
+when the boy is just rising into the man.  He had no arms upon him,
+and scarcely clothes; he had just anointed himself at home, when
+upon the alarm, without further waiting, in that undress, he
+snatched a spear in one hand, and a sword in the other, and broke
+his way through the combatants to the enemies, striking at all he
+met.  He received no wound, whether it were that a special divine
+care rewarded his valor with an extraordinary protection, or
+whether his shape being so large and beautiful, and his dress so
+unusual, they thought him more than a man.  The Ephors gave him a
+garland; but as soon as they had done so, they fined him a thousand
+drachmas, for going out to battle unarmed.
+
+A few days after this there was another battle fought near
+Mantinea, in which Epaminondas, having routed the van of the
+Lacedaemonians, was eager in the pursuit of them, when Anticrates,
+the Laconian, wounded him with a spear, says Dioscorides; but the
+Spartans to this day call the posterity of this Anticrates,
+swordsmen, because he wounded Epaminondas with a sword.  They so
+dreaded Epaminondas when living, that the slayer of him was
+embraced and admired by all; they decreed honors and gifts to him,
+and an exemption from taxes to his posterity, a privilege enjoyed
+at this day by Callicrates, one of his descendants.
+
+Epaminondas being slain, there was a general peace again concluded,
+from which Agesilaus's party excluded the Messenians, as men that
+had no city, and therefore would not let them swear to the league;
+to which when the rest of the Greeks admitted them, the
+Lacedaemonians broke off, and continued the war alone, in hopes of
+subduing the Messenians.  In this Agesilaus was esteemed a stubborn
+and headstrong man, and insatiable of war, who took such pains to
+undermine the general peace, and to protract the war at a time when
+he had not money to carry it on with, but was forced to borrow of
+his friends and raise subscriptions, with much difficulty, while
+the city, above all things, needed repose.  And all this to recover
+the one poor town of Messene, after he had lost so great an empire
+both by sea and land, as the Spartans were possessed of, when he
+began to reign.
+
+But it added still more to his ill-repute when he put himself into
+the service of Tachos, the Egyptian.  They thought it too unworthy
+of a man of his high station, who was then looked upon as the first
+commander in all Greece, who had filled all countries with his
+renown, to let himself out to hire to a barbarian, an Egyptian
+rebel, (for Tachos was no better) and to fight for pay, as captain
+only of a band of mercenaries.  If, they said, at those years of
+eighty and odd, after his body had been worn out with age, and
+enfeebled with wounds, he had resumed that noble undertaking, the
+liberation of the Greeks from Persia, it had been worthy of some
+reproof.  To make an action honorable, it ought to be agreeable to
+the age, and other circumstances of the person; since it is
+circumstance and proper measure that give an action its character,
+and make it either good or bad.  But Agesilaus valued not other
+men's discourses; he thought no public employment dishonorable; the
+ignoblest thing in his esteem, was for a man to sit idle and
+useless at home, waiting for his death to come and take him.  The
+money, therefore, that he received from Tachos, he laid out in
+raising men, with whom having filled his ships, he took also thirty
+Spartan counselors with him, as formerly he had done in his Asiatic
+expedition, and set sail for Egypt.
+
+As soon as he arrived in Egypt, all the great officers of the
+kingdom came to pay their compliments to him at his landing.  His
+reputation being so great had raised the expectation of the whole
+country, and crowds flocked in to see him; but when they found,
+instead of the splendid prince whom they looked for, a little old
+man of contemptible appearance, without all ceremony lying down
+upon the grass, in coarse and threadbare clothes, they fell into
+laughter and scorn of him, crying out, that the old proverb was;
+now made good, "The mountain had brought forth a mouse."  They were
+yet more astonished at his stupidity, as they thought it, who, when
+presents were made him of all sorts of provisions, took only the
+meal, the calves, and the geese, but rejected the sweetmeats, the
+confections and perfumes; and when they urged him to the acceptance
+of them, took them and gave them to the helots in his army.  Yet he
+was taken, Theophrastus tells us, with the garlands they made of
+the papyrus, because of their simplicity, and when he returned
+home, he demanded one of the king, which he carried with him.
+
+When he joined with Tachos, he found his expectation of being
+general-in-chief disappointed.  Tachos reserved that place for
+himself, making Agesilaus only captain of the mercenaries, and
+Chabrias, the Athenian, commander of the fleet.  This was the first
+occasion of his discontent, but there followed others; he was
+compelled daily to submit to the insolence and vanity of this
+Egyptian, and was at length forced to attend him into Phoenicia, in
+a condition much below his character and dignity, which he bore and
+put up with for a time, till he had opportunity of showing his
+feelings.  It was afforded him by Nectanabis, the cousin of Tachos,
+who commanded a large force under him, and shortly after deserted
+him, and was proclaimed king by the Egyptians.  This man invited
+Agesilaus to join his party, and the like he did to Chabrias,
+offering great rewards to both.  Tachos, suspecting it, immediately
+applied himself both to Agesilaus and Chabrias, with great humility
+beseeching their continuance in his friendship.  Chabrias consented
+to it, and did what he could by persuasion and good words to keep
+Agesilaus with them.  But he gave this short reply, "You, O
+Chabrias, came hither a volunteer, and may go and stay as you see
+cause; but I am the servant of Sparta, appointed to head the
+Egyptians, and therefore I cannot fight against those to whom I was
+sent as a friend, unless I am commanded to do so by my country."
+This being said, he dispatched messengers to Sparta, who were
+sufficiently supplied with matter both for dispraise of Tachos, and
+commendation of Nectanabis.  The two Egyptians also sent their
+ambassadors to Lacedaemon, the one to claim continuance of the
+league already made, the other to make great offers for the
+breaking of it, and making a new one.  The Spartans having heard
+both sides, gave in their public answer, that they referred the
+whole matter to Agesilaus; but privately wrote to him, to act as he
+should find it best for the profit of the commonwealth.  Upon
+receipt of his orders, he at once changed sides, carrying all the
+mercenaries with him to Nectanabis, covering with the plausible
+presence of acting for the benefit of his country, a most
+questionable piece of conduct, which, stripped of that disguise, in
+real truth was no better than downright treachery.  But the
+Lacedaemonians, who make it their first principle of action to
+serve their country's interest, know not anything to be just or
+unjust by any measure but that.
+
+Tachos, being thus deserted by the mercenaries, fled for it; upon
+which a new king of the Mendesian province was proclaimed his
+successor, and came against Nectanabis with an army of one hundred
+thousand men.  Nectanabis, in his talk with Agesilaus, professed to
+despise them as newly raised men, who, though many in number, were
+of no skill in war, being most of them mechanics and tradesmen,
+never bred to war.  To whom Agesilaus answered, that he did not
+fear their numbers, but did fear their ignorance, which gave no
+room for employing stratagem against them.  Stratagem only avails
+with men who are alive to suspicion, and expecting to be assailed,
+expose themselves by their attempts at defense; but one who has no
+thought or expectation of anything, gives as little opportunity to
+the enemy, as he who stands stock-still does to a wrestler.  The
+Mendesian was not wanting in solicitations of Agesilaus, insomuch
+that Nectanabis grew jealous.  But when Agesilaus advised to fight
+the enemy at once, saying, it was folly to protract the war and
+rely on time, in a contest with men who had no experience in
+fighting battles, but with their great numbers might be able to
+surround them, and cut off their communications by entrenchments,
+and anticipate them in many matters of advantage, this altogether
+confirmed him in his fears and suspicions.  He took quite the
+contrary course, and retreated into a large and strongly fortified
+town.  Agesilaus, finding himself mistrusted, took it very ill, and
+was full of indignation, yet was ashamed to change sides back
+again, or to go away without effecting anything, so that he was
+forced to follow Nectanabis into the town.
+
+When the enemy came up, and began to draw lines about the town, and
+to entrench, the Egyptian now resolved upon a battle, out of fear
+of a siege.  And the Greeks were eager for it, provisions growing
+already scarce in the town.  When Agesilaus opposed it, the
+Egyptians then suspected him much more, publicly calling him the
+betrayer of the king.  But Agesilaus, being now satisfied within
+himself, bore these reproaches patiently, and followed the design
+which he had laid, of overreaching the enemy, which was this.
+
+The enemy were forming a deep ditch and high wall, resolving to
+shut up the garrison and starve it.  When the ditch was brought
+almost quite round, and the two ends had all but met, he took the
+advantage of the night, and armed all his Greeks.  Then going to
+the Egyptian, "This, young man, is your opportunity," said he, "of
+saving yourself, which I all this while durst not announce, lest
+discovery should prevent it; but now the enemy has, at his own
+cost, and the pains and labor of his own men, provided for our
+security.  As much of this wall as is built will prevent them from
+surrounding us with their multitude, the gap yet left will be
+sufficient for us to sally out by; now play the man, and follow the
+example the Greeks will give you, and by fighting valiantly, save
+yourself and your army; their front will not be able to stand
+against us, and their rear we are sufficiently secured from, by a
+wall of their own making."  Nectanabis, admiring the sagacity of
+Agesilaus, immediately placed himself in the middle of the Greek
+troops, and fought with them; and upon the first charge soon routed
+the enemy.  Agesilaus having now gained credit with the king,
+proceeded to use, like a trick in wrestling, the same stratagem
+over again.  He sometimes pretended a retreat, at other times
+advanced to attack their flanks, and by this means at last drew
+them into a place enclosed between two ditches that were very deep,
+and full of water.  When he had them at this advantage, he soon
+charged them, drawing up the front of his battle equal to the space
+between the two ditches, so that they had no way of surrounding
+him, being enclosed themselves on both sides.  They made but little
+resistance; many fell, others fled and were dispersed.
+
+Nectanabis, being thus settled and fixed in his kingdom, with much
+kindness and affection invited Agesilaus to spend his winter in
+Egypt, but he made haste home to assist in the wars of his own
+country, which was he knew in want of money, and forced to hire
+mercenaries, whilst their own men were fighting abroad.  The king,
+therefore, dismissed him very honorably, and among other gifts
+presented him with two hundred and thirty talents of silver toward
+the charge of the war.  But the weather being tempestuous, his
+ships kept in shore, and passing along the coast of Africa he
+reached an uninhabited spot called the Port of Menelaus, and here,
+when his ships were just upon landing, he expired, being
+eighty-four years old, and having reigned in Lacedaemon forty-one.
+Thirty of which years he passed with the reputation of being the
+greatest and most powerful man of all Greece, and was looked upon
+as, in a manner, general and king of it, until the battle of
+Leuctra.  It was the custom of the Spartans to bury their common
+dead in the place where they died, whatsoever country it was, but
+their kings they carried home.  The followers of Agesilaus, for
+want of honey, enclosed his body in wax, and so conveyed him to
+Lacedaemon.
+
+His son Archidamus succeeded him on his throne; so did his
+posterity successively to Agis, the fifth from Agesilaus; who was
+slain by Leonidas, while attempting to restore the ancient
+discipline of Sparta.
+
+
+
+POMPEY
+
+The people of Rome seem to have entertained for Pompey from his
+childhood, the same affection that Prometheus in the tragedy of
+Aeschylus expresses for Hercules, speaking of him as the author
+of his deliverance, in these words,
+
+Ah cruel Sire!  how dear thy son to me!
+The generous offspring of my enemy!
+
+For on the one hand, never did the Romans give such
+demonstrations of a vehement and fierce hatred against any of
+their generals, as they did against Strabo, the father of
+Pompey; during whose lifetime, it is true, they stood in awe of
+his military power, as indeed he was a formidable warrior, but
+immediately upon his death, which happened by a stroke of
+thunder, they treated him with the utmost contumely, dragging
+his corpse from the bier, as it was carried to his funeral.  On
+the other side, never had any Roman the people's good-will and
+devotion more zealous throughout all the changes of fortune,
+more early in its first springing up, or more steadily rising
+with his prosperity, or more constant in his adversity, than
+Pompey had.  In Strabo, there was one great cause of their
+hatred, his insatiable covetousness; in Pompey, there were many
+that helped to make him the object of their love; his
+temperance, his skill, and exercise in war, his eloquence of
+speech, integrity of mind and affability in conversation and
+address; insomuch that no man ever asked a favor with less
+offense, or conferred one with a better grace.  When he gave,
+it was without assumption, when he received, it was with
+dignity and honor.
+
+In his youth, his countenance pleaded for him, seeming to
+anticipate his eloquence, and win upon the affections of the
+people before he spoke.  His beauty even in his bloom of youth
+had something in it at once of gentleness and dignity; and
+when his prime of manhood came, the majesty kingliness of his
+character at once became visible in it.  His hair sat somewhat
+hollow or rising a little; and this, with the languishing
+motion of his eyes, seemed to form a resemblance in his face,
+though perhaps more talked of than really apparent, to the
+statues of king Alexander.  And because many applied that name
+to him in his youth, Pompey himself did not decline it,
+insomuch that some called him so in derision.  And Lucius
+Philippus, a man of consular dignity, when he was pleading in
+favor of him, thought it not unfit to say, that people could
+not be surprised if Philip was a lover of Alexander.
+
+It is related of Flora, the courtesan, that when she was now
+pretty old; she took great delight in speaking of her early
+familiarity with Pompey, and was wont to say, that she could
+never part after being with him without a bite.  She would
+further tell, that Geminius, a companion of Pompey's, fell in
+love with her, and made his court with great importunity; and
+on her refusing, and telling him, however her inclinations
+were, yet she could not gratify his desires for Pompey's sake,
+he therefore made his request to Pompey, and Pompey frankly
+gave his consent, but never afterwards would have any converse
+with her, notwithstanding, that he seemed to have a great
+passion for her; and Flora, on this occasion, showed none of
+the levity that might have been expected of her, but languished
+for some time after under a sickness brought on by grief and
+desire.  This Flora, we are told, was such a celebrated beauty,
+that Caecilius Metellus, when he adorned the temple of Castor
+and Pollux with paintings and statues, among the rest dedicated
+hers for her singular beauty.  In his conduct also to the wife
+of Demetrius, his freed servant, (who had great influence with
+him in his lifetime, and left an estate of four thousand
+talents,) Pompey acted contrary to his usual habits, not quite
+fairly or generously, fearing lest he should fall under the
+common censure of being enamored and charmed with her beauty,
+which was irresistible, and became famous everywhere.
+Nevertheless, though he seemed to be so extremely circumspect
+and cautious, yet even in matters of this nature, he could not
+avoid the calumnies of his enemies, but upon the score of
+married women, they accused him, as if he had connived at many
+things, and embezzled the public revenue to gratify their
+luxury.
+
+Of his easiness of temper and plainness, in what related to
+eating and drinking, the story is told, that once in a
+sickness, when his stomach nauseated common meats, his
+physician prescribed him a thrush to eat; but upon search,
+there was none to be bought, for they were not then in season,
+and one telling him they were to be had at Lucullus's, who kept
+them all the year round, "So then," said he, "if it were not
+for Lucullus's luxury, Pompey should not live;" and thereupon
+not minding the prescription of the physician, he contented
+himself with such meat as could easily be procured.  But this
+was at a later time.
+
+Being as yet a very young man, and upon an expedition in which
+his father was commanding against Cinna, he had in his tent
+with him one Lucius Terentius, as his companion and comrade,
+who, being corrupted by Cinna, entered into an engagement to
+kill Pompey, as others had done, to set the general's tent on
+fire.  This conspiracy being discovered to Pompey at supper, he
+showed no discomposure at it, but on the contrary drank more
+liberally than usual, and expressed great kindness to
+Terentius; but about bedtime, pretending to go to his repose,
+he stole away secretly out of the tent, and setting a guard
+about his father, quietly expected the event.  Terentius, when
+he thought the proper time come, rose with his naked sword, and
+coming to Pompey's bedside, stabbed several strokes through the
+bedclothes, as if he were lying there.  Immediately after this
+there was a great uproar throughout all the camp, arising from
+the hatred they bore to the general, and a universal movement
+of the soldiers to revolt, all tearing down their tents, and
+betaking themselves to their arms.  The general himself all
+this while durst not venture out because of the tumult; but
+Pompey, going about in the midst of them, besought them with
+tears; and at last threw himself prostrate upon his face before
+the gate of the camp, and lay there in the passage at their
+feet, shedding tears, and bidding those that were marching off,
+if they would go, trample upon him.  Upon which, none could
+help going back again, and all, except eight hundred, either
+through shame or compassion, repented, and were reconciled to
+the general.
+
+Immediately upon the death of Strabo, there was an action
+commenced against Pompey, as his heir, for that his father had
+embezzled the public treasure.  But Pompey, having traced the
+principal thefts, charged them upon one Alexander, a freed
+slave of his father's, and proved before the judges that he
+had been the appropriator.  But he himself was accused of
+having in his possession some hunting tackle, and books, that
+were taken at Asculum.  To this he confessed thus far, that he
+received them from his father when he took Asculum, but pleaded
+further, that he had lost them since, upon Cinna's return to
+Rome when his home was broken open and plundered by Cinna's
+guards.  In this cause he had a great many preparatory
+pleadings against his accuser, in which he showed an activity
+and steadfastness beyond his years, and gained great reputation
+and favor; insomuch that Antistius, the praetor and judge of
+the cause, took a great liking to him, and offered him his
+daughter in marriage, having had some communications with his
+friends about it.  Pompey accepted the proposal, and they were
+privately contracted; however, the secret was not so closely
+kept as to escape the multitude, but it was discernible enough
+from the favor shown him by Antistius in his cause.  And at
+last, when Antistius pronounced the absolutory sentence of the
+judges, the people, as if it had been upon a signal given, made
+the acclamation used according to ancient custom, at marriages,
+Talasio.  The origin of which custom is related to be this.  At
+the time when the daughters of the Sabines came to Rome, to see
+the shows and sports there, and were violently seized upon by
+the most distinguished and bravest of the Romans for wives, it
+happened that some goatswains and herdsmen of the meaner rank
+were carrying off a beautiful and tall maiden; and lest any of
+their betters should meet them, and take her away, as they ran,
+they cried out with one voice, Talasio, Talasius being a
+well-known and popular person among them, insomuch that all
+that heard the name, clapped their hands for joy, and joined
+with them in the shout, as applauding and congratulating the
+chance.  Now, say they, because this proved a fortunate match
+to Talasius, hence it is that this acclamation is sportively
+used as a nuptial cry at all weddings.  This is the most
+credible of the accounts that are given of the Talasio.  And
+some few days after this judgment, Pompey married Antistia.
+
+After this he went to Cinna's camp, where finding some false
+suggestions and calumnies prevailing against him, he began to
+be afraid and presently withdrew himself secretly; which sudden
+disappearance occasioned great suspicion.  And there went a
+rumor and speech through all the camp, that Cinna had murdered
+the young man; upon which all that had been anyways disobliged,
+and bore any malice to him, resolved to make an assault upon
+him.  He, endeavoring to make his escape, was seized by a
+centurion, who pursued him with his naked sword.  Cinna, in
+this distress, fell upon his knees, and offered him his
+seal-ring, of great value, for his ransom; but the centurion
+repulsed him insolently, saying, "I did not come to seal a
+covenant, but to be revenged upon a lawless and wicked tyrant;"
+and so dispatched him immediately.
+
+Thus Cinna being slain, Carbo, a tyrant yet more senseless than
+he, took the command and exercised it, while Sylla meantime was
+approaching, much to the joy and satisfaction of most people,
+who in their present evils were ready to find some comfort if
+it were but in the exchange of a master.  For the city was
+brought to that pass by oppression and calamities, that being
+utterly in despair of liberty, men were only anxious for the
+mildest and most tolerable bondage.  At that time Pompey was in
+Picenum in Italy, where he spent some time amusing himself, as
+he had estates in the country there, though the chief motive of
+his stay was the liking he felt for the towns of that district,
+which all regarded him with hereditary feelings of kindness and
+attachment.  But when he now saw that the noblest and best of
+the city began to forsake their homes and property, and fly
+from all quarters to Sylla's camp, as to their haven, he
+likewise was desirous to go; not, however, as a fugitive, alone
+and with nothing to offer, but as a friend rather than a
+suppliant, in a way that would gain him honor, bringing help
+along with him, and at the head of a body of troops.
+Accordingly he solicited the Picentines for their assistance,
+who as cordially embraced his motion, and rejected the
+messengers sent from Carbo; insomuch that a certain Vindius
+taking upon him to say, that Pompey was come from the
+school-room to put himself at the head of the people, they
+were so incensed that they fell forthwith upon this Vindius and
+killed him.  From henceforward Pompey, finding a spirit of
+government upon him, though not above twenty-three years of
+age, nor deriving, an authority by commission from any man,
+took the privilege to grant himself full power, and causing a
+tribunal to be erected in the market-place of Auximum, a
+populous city, expelled two of their principal men, brothers,
+of the name of Ventidius, who were acting against him in
+Carbo's interest, commanding them by a public edict to depart
+the city; and then proceeded to levy soldiers, issuing out
+commissions to centurions, and other officers, according to the
+form of military discipline.  And in this manner he went round
+all the rest of the cities in the district.  So that those of
+Carbo's faction flying, and all others cheerfully submitting to
+his command, in a little time he mustered three entire legions,
+having supplied himself beside with all manner of provisions,
+beasts of burden, carriages, and other necessaries of war.  And
+with this equipage he set forward on his march towards Sylla,
+not as if he were in haste, or desirous of escaping
+observation, but by small journeys, making several halts upon
+the road, to distress and annoy the enemy, and exerting himself
+to detach from Carbo's interest every part of Italy that he
+passed through.
+
+Three commanders of the enemy encountered him at once, Carinna,
+Cloelius, and Brutus, and drew up their forces, not all in the
+front, nor yet together on any one part, but encamping three
+several armies in a circle about him, they resolved to
+encompass and overpower him.  Pompey was no way alarmed at
+this, but collecting all his troops into one body, and placing
+his horse in the front of the battle, where he himself was in
+person, he singled out and bent all his forces against Brutus,
+and when the Celtic horsemen from the enemy's side rode out to
+meet him, Pompey himself encountering hand to hand with the
+foremost and stoutest among them, killed him with his spear.
+The rest seeing this turned their backs, and fled, and breaking
+the ranks of their own foot, presently caused a general rout;
+whereupon the commanders fell out among themselves, and marched
+off, some one way, some another, as their fortunes led them,
+and the towns round about came in and surrendered themselves to
+Pompey, concluding that the enemy was dispersed for fear.  Next
+after these, Scipio, the consul, came to attack him, and with
+as little success; for before the armies could join, or be
+within the throw of their javelins, Scipio's soldiers saluted
+Pompey's, and came over to them, while Scipio made his escape
+by flight.  Last of all, Carbo himself sent down several troops
+of horse against him by the river Arsis, which Pompey assailed
+with the same courage and success as before; and having routed
+and put them to flight, he forced them in the pursuit into
+difficult ground, unpassable for horse, where seeing no hopes
+of escape, they yielded themselves with their horses and armor,
+all to his mercy.
+
+Sylla was hitherto unacquainted with all these actions; and on
+the first intelligence he received of his movements was in
+great anxiety about him, fearing lest he should be cut off
+among so many and such experienced commanders of the enemy, and
+marched therefore with all speed to his aid.  Now Pompey,
+having advice of his approach, sent out orders to his officers,
+to marshal and draw up all his forces in full array, that they
+might make the finest and noblest appearance before the
+commander-in-chief; for he expected indeed great honors from
+him, but met with even greater.  For as soon as Sylla saw him
+thus advancing, his army so well appointed, his men so young
+and strong, and their spirits so high and hopeful with their
+successes, he alighted from his horse, and being first, as was
+his due, saluted by them with the title of Imperator, he
+returned the salutation upon Pompey, in the same term and style
+of Imperator, which might well cause surprise, as none could
+have ever anticipated that he would have imparted, to one so
+young in years and not yet a senator, a title which was the
+object of contention between him and the Scipios and Marii.
+And indeed all the rest of his deportment was agreeable to this
+first compliment; whenever Pompey came into his presence, he
+paid some sort of respect to him, either in rising and being
+uncovered, or the like, which he was rarely seen to do to
+anyone else, notwithstanding that there were many about him of
+great rank and honor.  Yet Pompey was not puffed up at all, or
+exalted with these favors.  And when Sylla would have sent him
+with all expedition into Gaul, a province in which it was
+thought Metellus who commanded in it had done nothing worthy of
+the large forces at his disposal, Pompey urged, that it could
+not be fair or honorable for him, to take a province out of the
+hands of his senior in command and superior in reputation;
+however, if Metellus were willing, and should request his
+service, he should be very ready to accompany and assist him in
+the war.  Which when Metellus came to understand, he approved
+of the proposal, and invited him over by letter.  And on this
+Pompey fell immediately into Gaul, where he not only achieved
+wonderful exploits of himself, but also fired up and kindled
+again that bold and warlike spirit, which old age had in a
+manner extinguished in Metellus, into a new heat; just as
+molten copper, they say, when poured upon that which is cold
+and solid, will dissolve and melt it faster than fire itself.
+But as when a famous wrestler has gained the first place among
+men, and borne away the prizes at all the games, it is not
+usual to take account of his victories as a boy, or to enter
+them upon record among the rest; so with the exploits of Pompey
+in his youth, though they were extraordinary in themselves, yet
+because they were obscured and buried in the multitude and
+greatness of his later wars and conquests, I dare not be
+particular in them, lest, by trifling away time in the lesser
+moments of his youth, we should be driven to omit those greater
+actions and fortunes which best illustrate his character.
+
+Now, when Sylla had brought all Italy under his dominion, and
+was proclaimed dictator, he began to reward the rest of his
+followers, by giving them wealth, appointing them to offices in
+the State, and granting them freely and without restriction any
+favors they asked for.  But as for Pompey, admiring his valor
+and conduct, and thinking that he might prove a great stay and
+support to him hereafter in his affairs, he sought means to
+attach him to himself by some personal alliance, and his wife
+Metella joining in his wishes, they two persuaded Pompey to put
+away Antistia, and marry Aemilia, the step-daughter of Sylla,
+borne by Metella to Scaurus her former husband, she being at
+that very time the wife of another man, living with him, and
+with child by him.  These were the very tyrannies of marriage,
+and much more agreeable to the times under Sylla, than to the
+nature and habits of Pompey; that Aemilia great with child
+should be, as it were, ravished from the embraces of another
+for him, and that Antistia should be divorced with dishonor and
+misery by him, for whose sake she had been but just before
+bereft of her father.  For Antistius was murdered in the
+senate, because he was suspected to be a favorer of Sylla for
+Pompey's sake; and her mother, likewise, after she had seen all
+these indignities, made away with herself; a new calamity to be
+added to the tragic accompaniments of this marriage, and that
+there might be nothing wanting to complete them, Aemilia
+herself died, almost immediately after entering Pompey's house,
+in childbed.
+
+About this time news came to Sylla, that Perpenna was
+fortifying himself in Sicily, that the island was now become a
+refuge and receptacle for the relics of the adverse party; that
+Carbo was hovering about those seas with a navy, that Domitius
+had fallen in upon Africa and that many of the exiled men of
+note who had escaped from the proscriptions were daily flocking
+into those parts.  Against these, therefore, Pompey was sent
+with a large force; and no sooner was he arrived in Sicily but
+Perpenna immediately departed, leaving the whole island to him.
+Pompey received the distressed cities into favor, and treated
+all with great humanity, except the Mamertines in Messena; for
+when they protested against his court and jurisdiction,
+alleging their privilege and exemption founded upon an ancient
+charter or grant of the Romans, he replied sharply, "What!
+will you never cease prating of laws to us that have swords by
+our sides?"  It was thought, likewise, that he showed some
+inhumanity to Carbo, seeming rather to insult over his
+misfortunes, than to chastise his crimes.  For if there had
+been a necessity, as perhaps there was, that he should be taken
+off, that might have been done at first, as soon as he was
+taken prisoner, for then it would have been the act of him that
+commanded it.  But here Pompey commended a man that had been
+thrice consul of Rome, to be brought in fetters to stand at the
+bar, he himself sitting upon the bench in judgment, examining
+the cause with the formalities of law, to the offense and
+indignation of all that were present, and afterwards ordered
+him to be taken away and put to death.  It is related, by the
+way, of Carbo, that as soon as he was brought to the place, and
+saw the sword drawn for execution, he was suddenly seized with
+a looseness or pain in his bowels, and desired a little
+respite of the executioner, and a convenient place to relieve
+himself.  And yet further, Caius Oppius, the friend of Caesar,
+tells us, that Pompey dealt cruelly with Quintus Valerius, a
+man of singular learning and science.  For when he was brought
+to him, he walked aside, and drew him into conversation, and
+after putting a variety of questions to him, and receiving
+answers from him, he ordered his officers to take him away, and
+put him to death.  But we must not be too credulous in the case
+of narratives told by Oppius, especially when he undertakes to
+relate anything touching the friends or foes of Caesar.  This
+is certain, that there lay a necessity upon Pompey to be severe
+upon many of Sylla's enemies, those at least that were eminent
+persons in themselves, and notoriously known to be taken; but
+for the rest, he acted with all the clemency possible for him,
+conniving at the concealment of some, and himself being the
+instrument in the escape of others.  So in the case of the
+Himeraeans; for when Pompey had determined on severely
+punishing their city, as they had been abettors of the enemy,
+Sthenis, the leader of the people there, craving liberty of
+speech, told him, that what he was about to do was not at all
+consistent with justice, for that he would pass by the guilty,
+and destroy the innocent; and on Pompey demanding, who that
+guilty person was that would assume the offenses of them all,
+Sthenis replied, it was himself, who had engaged his friends by
+persuasion to what they had done, and his enemies by force;
+whereupon Pompey being much taken with the frank speech and
+noble spirit of the man, first forgave his crime, and then
+pardoned all the rest of the Himeraeans.  Hearing, likewise,
+that his soldiers were very disorderly their march, doing
+violence upon the roads, he ordered their swords to be sealed
+up in their scabbards, and whosoever kept them not so, were
+severely punished.
+
+Whilst Pompey was thus busy in the affairs and government of
+Sicily, he received a decree of the senate, and a commission
+from Sylla, commanding him forthwith to sail into Africa, and
+make war upon Domitius with all his forces:  for Domitius had
+rallied up a far greater army than Marius had had not long
+since, when he sailed out of Africa into Italy, and caused a
+revolution in Rome, and himself, of a fugitive outlaw, became a
+tyrant.  Pompey, therefore, having prepared everything with the
+utmost speed, left Memmius, his sister's husband, governor of
+Sicily, and set sail with one hundred and twenty galleys, and
+eight hundred other vessels laden with provisions, money,
+ammunition, and engines of battery.  He arrived with his fleet,
+part at the port of Utica, part at Carthage; and no sooner was
+he landed, but seven thousand of the enemy revolted and came
+over to him, while his own forces that he brought with him
+consisted of six entire legions.  Here they tell us of a
+pleasant incident that happened to him at his first arrival.
+For some of his soldiers having by accident stumbled upon a
+treasure, by which they got a good sum of money, the rest of
+the army hearing this, began to fancy that the field was full of
+gold and silver, which had been hid there of old by the
+Carthaginians in the time of their calamities, and thereupon
+fell to work, so that the army was useless to Pompey for many
+days, being totally engaged in digging for the fancied
+treasure, he himself all the while walking up and down only,
+and laughing to see so many thousands together, digging and
+turning up the earth.  Until at last, growing weary and
+hopeless, they came to themselves, and returned to their
+general, begging him to lead them where he pleased, for that
+they had already received the punishment of their folly.  By
+this time Domitius had prepared himself; and drawn out his army
+in array against Pompey; but there was a watercourse betwixt
+them, craggy, and difficult to pass over; and this, together
+with a great storm of wind and rain pouring down even from
+break of day, seemed to leave but little possibility of their
+coming together, so that Domitius, not expecting any engagement
+that day, commanded his forces to draw off and retire to the
+camp.  Now Pompey, who was watchful upon every occasion, making
+use of the opportunity, ordered a march forthwith, and having
+passed over the torrent, fell in immediately upon their
+quarters.  The enemy was in a great disorder and tumult, and in
+that confusion attempted a resistance; but they neither were
+all there, nor supported one another; besides, the wind having
+veered about, beat the rain full in their faces.  Neither
+indeed was the storm less troublesome to the Romans, for that
+they could not clearly discern one another, insomuch that even
+Pompey himself, being unknown, escaped narrowly; for when one
+of his soldiers demanded of him the word of battle, it happened
+that he was somewhat slow in his answer, which might have cost
+him his life.
+
+The enemy being routed with a great slaughter, (for it is said,
+that of twenty thousand there escaped but three thousand,) the
+army saluted Pompey by the name of Imperator; but he declined
+it, telling them, that he could not by any means accept of that
+title, as long as he saw the camp of the enemy standing; but if
+they designed to make him worthy of the honor, they must first
+demolish that.  The soldiers on hearing this, went at once and
+made an assault upon the works and trenches, and there Pompey
+fought without his helmet, in memory of his former danger, and
+to avoid the like.  The camp was thus taken by storm, and among
+the rest, Domitius was slain.  After that overthrow, the cities
+of the country thereabouts were all either secured by
+surrender, or taken by storm.  King Iarbas, likewise, a
+confederate and auxiliary of Domitius, was taken prisoner, and
+his kingdom was given to Hiempsal.
+
+Pompey could not rest here, but being ambitious to follow the
+good fortune and use the valor of his army, entered Numidia;
+and marching forward many days' journey up into the country, he
+conquered all wherever he came.  And having revived the terror
+of the Roman power, which was now almost obliterated among the
+barbarous nations, he said likewise, that the wild beasts of
+Africa ought not to be left without some experience of the
+courage and success of the Romans; and therefore he bestowed
+some few days in hunting lions and elephants.  And it is said,
+that it was not above the space of forty days at the utmost, in
+which he gave a total overthrow to the enemy, reduced Africa,
+and established the affairs of the kings and kingdoms of all
+that country, being then in the twenty-fourth year of his age.
+
+When Pompey returned back to the city of Utica, there were
+presented to him letters and orders from Sylla, commanding him
+to disband the rest of his army, and himself with one legion
+only to wait there the coming of another general, to succeed
+him in the government.  This, inwardly, was extremely grievous
+to Pompey, though he made no show of it.  But the army resented
+it openly, and when Pompey besought them to depart and go home
+before him, they began to revile Sylla, and declared broadly,
+that they were resolved not to forsake him, neither did they
+think it safe for him to trust the tyrant.  Pompey at first
+endeavored to appease and pacify them by fair speeches; but
+when he saw that his persuasions were vain, he left the bench,
+and retired to his tent with tears in his eyes.  But the
+soldiers followed him, and seizing upon him, by force brought
+him again, and placed him in his tribunal; where great part of
+that day was spent in dispute, they on their part persuading
+him to stay and command them, he, on the other side, pressing
+upon them obedience, and the danger of mutiny.  At last, when
+they grew yet more importunate and clamorous, he swore that he
+would kill himself if they attempted to force him; and scarcely
+even thus appeased them.  Nevertheless, the first tidings
+brought to Sylla were, that Pompey was up in rebellion; on
+which he remarked to some of his friends, "I see, then, it is
+my destiny to contend with children in my old age;" alluding at
+the same time to Marius, who, being but a mere youth, had given
+him great trouble, and brought him into extreme danger.  But
+being undeceived afterwards by better intelligence, and finding
+the whole city prepared to meet Pompey, and receive him with
+every display of kindness and honor, he resolved to exceed them
+all.  And, therefore, going out foremost to meet him, and
+embracing him with great cordiality, he gave him his welcome
+aloud in the title of Magnus, or the Great, and bade all that
+were present call him by that name.  Others say that he had
+this title first given him by a general acclamation of all the
+army in Africa, but that it was fixed upon him by this
+ratification of Sylla.  It is certain that he himself was the
+last that owned the title; for it was a long time after, when
+he was sent proconsul into Spain against Sertorius, that he
+began to write himself in his letters and commissions by the
+name of Pompeius Magnus; common and familiar use having then
+worn off the invidiousness of the title.  And one cannot but
+accord respect and admiration to the ancient Romans, who did
+not reward the successes of action and conduct in war alone
+with such honorable titles, but adorned likewise the virtues
+and services of eminent men in civil government with the same
+distinctions and marks of honor.  Two persons received from the
+people the name of Maximus, or the Greatest, Valerius, for
+reconciling the senate and people, and Fabius Rullus, because
+he put out of the senate certain sons of freed slaves who had
+been admitted into it because of their wealth.
+
+Pompey now desired the honor of a triumph, which Sylla opposed,
+alleging that the law allowed that honor to none but consuls
+and praetors, and therefore Scipio the elder, who subdued the
+Carthaginians in Spain in far greater and nobler conflicts,
+never petitioned for a triumph, because he had never been
+consul or praetor; and if Pompey, who had scarcely yet fully
+grown a beard, and was not of age to be a senator, should enter
+the city in triumph, what a weight of envy would it bring, he
+said, at once upon his government and Pompey's honor.  This was
+his language to Pompey, intimating that he could not by any
+means yield to his request, but if he would persist in his
+ambition, that he was resolved to interpose his power to humble
+him.  Pompey, however, was not daunted; but bade Sylla
+recollect, that more worshiped the rising than the setting sun;
+as if to tell him that his power was increasing, and Sylla's in
+the wane.  Sylla did not perfectly hear the words, but
+observing a sort of amazement and wonder in the looks and
+gestures of those that did hear them, he asked what it was that
+he said.  When it was told him, he seemed astounded at Pompey's
+boldness, and cried out twice together, "Let him triumph," and
+when others began to show their disapprobation and offense at
+it, Pompey, it is said, to gall and vex them the more, designed
+to have his triumphant chariot drawn with four elephants,
+(having brought over several which belonged to the African
+kings,) but the gates of the city being too narrow, he was
+forced to desist from that project, and be content with horses.
+And when his soldiers, who had not received as large rewards as
+they had expected, began to clamor, and interrupt the triumph,
+Pompey regarded these as little as the rest, and plainly told
+them that he had rather lose the honor of his triumph, than
+flatter them.  Upon which Servilius, a man of great
+distinction, and at first one of the chief opposers of Pompey's
+triumph, said, he now perceived that Pompey was truly great and
+worthy of a triumph.  It is clear that he might easily have
+been a senator, also, if he had wished, but he did not sue for
+that, being ambitious, it seems, only of unusual honors.  For
+what wonder had it been for Pompey, to sit in the senate before
+his time?  But to triumph before he was in the senate, was
+really an excess of glory.
+
+And moreover, it did not a little ingratiate him with the
+people; who were much pleased to see him after his triumph take
+his place again among the Roman knights.  On the other side, it
+was no less distasteful to Sylla to see how fast he came on,
+and to what a height of glory and power he was advancing; yet
+being ashamed to hinder him, he kept quiet.  But when, against
+his direct wishes, Pompey got Lepidus made consul, having
+openly joined in the canvass and, by the good-will the people
+felt for himself, conciliated their favor for Lepidus, Sylla
+could forbear no longer; but when he saw him coming away from
+the election through the forum with a great train after him,
+cried out to him, "Well, young man, I see you rejoice in your
+victory.  And, indeed, is it not a most generous and worthy
+act, that the consulship should be given to Lepidus, the vilest
+of men, in preference to Catulus, the best and most deserving
+in the city, and all by your influence with the people?  It
+will be well, however, for you to be wakeful and look to your
+interests; as you have been making your enemy stronger than
+yourself."  But that which gave the clearest demonstration of
+Sylla's ill-will to Pompey, was his last will and testament;
+for whereas he had bequeathed several legacies to all the rest
+of his friends, and appointed some of them guardians to his
+eon, he passed by Pompey without the least remembrance.
+However, Pompey bore this with great moderation and temper; and
+when Lepidus and others were disposed to obstruct his interment
+in the Campus Martius, and to prevent any public funeral taking
+place, came forward in support of it, and saw his obsequies
+performed with all honor and security.
+
+Shortly after the death of Sylla, his prophetic words were
+fulfilled; and Lepidus proposing to be the successor to all his
+power and authority, without any ambiguities or pretences,
+immediately appeared in arms, rousing once more and gathering
+about him all the long dangerous remains of the old factions,
+which had escaped the hand of Sylla.  Catulus, his colleague,
+who was followed by the sounder part of the senate and people,
+was a man of the greatest esteem among the Romans for wisdom
+and justice; but his talent lay in the government of the city
+rather than the camp, whereas the exigency required the skill
+of Pompey.  Pompey, therefore, was not long in suspense which
+way to dispose of himself, but joining with the nobility, was
+presently appointed general of the army against Lepidus, who
+had already raised up war in great part of Italy, and held
+Cisalpine Gaul in subjection with an army under Brutus.  As for
+the rest of his garrisons, Pompey subdued them with ease in his
+march, but Mutina in Gaul resisted in a formal siege, and he
+lay here a long time encamped against Brutus.  In the meantime
+Lepidus marched in all haste against Rome, and sitting down
+before it with a crowd of followers, to the terror of those
+within, demanded a second consulship.  But that fear quickly
+vanished upon letters sent from Pompey, announcing that he had
+ended the war without a battle; for Brutus, either betraying
+his army, or being betrayed by their revolt, surrendered
+himself to Pompey, and receiving a guard of horse, was
+conducted to a little town upon the river Po; where he was
+slain the next day by Geminius, in execution of Pompey's
+commands.  And for this Pompey was much censured; for, having
+at the beginning of the revolt written to the senate that
+Brutus had voluntarily surrendered himself, immediately
+afterward he sent other letters, with matter of accusation
+against the man, after he was taken off.  Brutus, who with
+Cassius slew Caesar, was son to this Brutus; neither in war nor
+in his death like his father, as appears at large in his life.
+Lepidus upon this being driven out of Italy, fled to Sardinia,
+where he fell sick and died of sorrow, not for his public
+misfortunes, as they say, but, upon the discovery of a letter,
+proving his wife to have been unfaithful to him.
+
+There yet remained Sertorius, a very different general from
+Lepidus, in possession of Spain, and making himself formidable
+to Rome; the final disease, as it were, in which the scattered
+evils of the civil wars had now collected.  He had already cut
+off various inferior commanders, and was at this time coping
+with Metellus Pius, a man of repute and a good soldier, though
+perhaps he might now seem too slow, by reason of his age, to
+second and improve the happier moments of war, and might be
+sometimes wanting to those advantages which Sertorius by his
+quickness and dexterity would wrest out of his hands.  For
+Sertorius was always hovering about, and coming upon him
+unawares, like a captain of thieves rather than soldiers,
+disturbing him perpetually with ambuscades and light
+skirmishes; whereas Metellus was accustomed to regular conduct,
+and fighting in battle array with full-armed soldiers.  Pompey,
+therefore, keeping his army in readiness, made it his object to
+be sent in aid to Metellus; neither would he be induced to
+disband his forces, notwithstanding that Catulus called upon
+him to do so, but by some colorable device or other he still
+kept them in arms about the city, until the senate at last
+thought fit, upon the report of Lucius Philippus, to decree him
+that government.  At that time, they say, one of the senators
+there expressing his wonder and demanding of Philippus whether
+his meaning was that Pompey should be sent into Spain as
+proconsul, "No," replied Philippus, "but as proconsuls," as if
+both consuls for that year were in his opinion wholly useless.
+
+When Pompey was arrived in Spain, as is usual upon the fame of
+a new leader, men began to be inspired with new hopes, and
+those nations that had not entered into a very strict alliance
+with Sertorius, began to waver and revolt; whereupon Sertorius
+uttered various arrogant and scornful speeches against Pompey,
+saying in derision, that he should want no other weapon but a
+ferula and rod to chastise this boy with, if he were not afraid
+of that old woman, meaning Metellus.  Yet in deed and reality
+he stood in awe of Pompey, and kept on his guard against him,
+as appeared by his whole management of the war, which he was
+observed to conduct much more warily than before; for Metellus,
+which one would not have imagined, was grown excessively
+luxurious in his habits having given himself over to
+self-indulgence and pleasure, and from a moderate and
+temperate, became suddenly a sumptuous and ostentatious liver,
+so that this very thing gained Pompey great reputation and
+goodwill, as he made himself somewhat specially an example of
+frugality, although that virtue was habitual in him, and
+required no great industry to exercise it, as he was naturally
+inclined to temperance, and no ways inordinate in his desires.
+The fortune of the war was very various; nothing however
+annoyed Pompey so much as the taking of the town of Lauron by
+Sertorius.  For when Pompey thought he had him safe inclosed,
+and had boasted somewhat largely of raising the siege, he found
+himself all of a sudden encompassed; insomuch that he durst not
+move out of his camp, but was forced to sit still whilst the
+city was taken and burnt before his face.  However, afterwards
+in a battle near Valentia, he gave great defeat to Herennius
+and Perpenna, two commanders among the refugees who had fled to
+Sertorius, and now lieutenants under him, in which he slew
+above ten thousand men.
+
+Pompey, being elated and filled with confidence by this
+victory, made all haste to engage Sertorius himself, and the
+rather lest Metellus should come in for a share in the honor of
+the victory.  Late in the day, towards sunset, they joined
+battle near the river Sucro, both being in fear lest Metellus
+should come; Pompey, that he might engage alone, Sertorius,
+that he might have one alone to engage with.  The issue of the
+battle proved doubtful, for a wing of each side had the better;
+but of the generals, Sertorius had the greater honor, for that
+he maintained his post, having put to flight the entire
+division that was opposed to him, whereas Pompey was himself
+almost made a prisoner; for being set upon by a strong man at
+arms that fought on foot, (he being on horseback,) as they were
+closely engaged hand to hand, the strokes of their swords
+chanced to light upon their hands, but with a different
+success; for Pompey's was a slight wound only, whereas he cut
+off the other's hand.  However, it happened so, that many now
+falling upon Pompey together, and his own forces there being
+put to the rout, he made his escape beyond expectation, by
+quitting his horse, and turning him out among the enemy.  For
+the horse being richly adorned with golden trappings, and
+having a caparison of great value, the soldiers quarreled among
+themselves for the booty, so that while they were fighting with
+one another, and dividing the spoil, Pompey made his escape.
+By break of day the next morning, each drew out his forces into
+the field to claim the victory; but Metellus coming up,
+Sertorius vanished, having broken up and dispersed his army.
+For this was the way in which he used to raise and disband his
+armies, so that sometimes he would be wandering up and down all
+alone, and at other times again he would come pouring into the
+field at the head of no less than one hundred and fifty
+thousand fighting-men, swelling of a sudden like a winter
+torrent.
+
+When Pompey was going after the battle to meet and welcome
+Metellus, and when they were near one another, he commanded his
+attendants to lower their rods in honor of Metellus, as his
+senior and superior.  But Metellus on the other side forbade
+it, and behaved himself in general very obligingly to him, not
+claiming any prerogative either in respect of his consular rank
+or seniority; excepting only that when they encamped together,
+the watchword was given to the whole camp by Metellus.  But
+generally they had their camps asunder, being divided and
+distracted by the enemy, who took all shapes, and being always
+in motion, would by some skillful artifice appear in a variety
+of places almost in the same instant, drawing them from one
+attack to another, and at last keeping them from foraging,
+wasting the country, and holding the dominion of the sea,
+Sertorius drove them both out of that part of Spain which was
+under his control, and forced them for want of necessaries to
+retreat into provinces that did not belong to them.
+
+Pompey, having made use of and expended the greatest part of
+his own private revenues upon the war, sent and demanded moneys
+of the senate, adding, that in case they did not furnish him
+speedily, he should be forced to return into Italy with his
+army.  Lucullus being consul at that time, though at variance
+with Pompey, yet in consideration that he himself was a
+candidate for the command against Mithridates, procured and
+hastened these supplies, fearing lest there should be any
+presence or occasion given to Pompey of returning home, who of
+himself was no less desirous of leaving Sertorius, and of
+undertaking the war against Mithridates, as an enterprise which
+by all appearance would prove much more honorable and not so
+dangerous.  In the meantime Sertorius died, being
+treacherously murdered by some of his own party; and Perpenna,
+the chief among them, took the command, and attempted to carry
+on the same enterprises with Sertorius, having indeed the same
+forces and the same means, only wanting the same skill and
+conduct in the use of them.  Pompey therefore marched directly
+against, Perpenna, and finding him acting merely at random in
+his affairs, had a decoy ready for him, and sent out a
+detachment of ten cohorts into the level country with orders to
+range up and down and disperse themselves abroad.  The bait
+took accordingly, and no sooner had Perpenna turned upon the
+prey and had them in chase, but Pompey appeared suddenly with
+all his army and joining battle, gave him a total overthrow.
+Most of his officers were slain in the field, and he himself
+being brought prisoner to Pompey, was by his order put to
+death.  Neither was Pompey guilty in this of ingratitude or
+unmindfulness of what had occurred in Sicily, which some have
+laid to his charge, but was guided by a high minded policy and
+a deliberate counsel for the security of his country.  For
+Perpenna, having in his custody all Sertorius's papers, offered
+to produce several letters from the greatest men in Rome, who,
+desirous of a change and subversion of the government, had
+invited Sertorius into Italy.  And Pompey, fearing that these
+might be the occasion of worse wars than those which were now
+ended, thought it advisable to put Perpenna to death, and burnt
+the letters without reading them.
+
+Pompey continued in Spain after this so long a time as was
+necessary for the suppression of all the greatest disorders in
+the province; and after moderating and allaying the more
+violent heats of affairs there, returned with his army into
+Italy, where he arrived, as chance would have it, in the height
+of the servile war.  Accordingly, upon his arrival, Crassus,
+the commander in that war, at some hazard precipitated a
+battle, in which he had great success, and slew upon the place
+twelve thousand three hundred of the insurgents.  Nor yet was
+he so quick, but that fortune reserved to Pompey some share of
+honor in the success of this war, for five thousand of those
+that had escaped out of the battle fell into his hands; and
+when he had totally cut them off, he wrote to the senate, that
+Crassus had overthrown the slaves in battle, but that he had
+plucked up the whole war by the roots.  And it was agreeable to
+the people in Rome both thus to say, and thus to hear said,
+because of the general favor of Pompey.  But of the Spanish war
+and the conquest of Sertorius, no one, even in jest, could have
+ascribed the honor to anyone else.  Nevertheless, all this
+high respect for him, and this desire to see him come home,
+were not unmixed with apprehensions and suspicions that he
+might perhaps not disband his army, but take his way by the
+force of arms and a supreme command to the seat of Sylla.  And
+so in the number of all those that ran out to meet him and
+congratulate his return, as many went out of fear as affection.
+But after Pompey had removed this alarm, by declaring
+beforehand that he would discharge the army after his triumph,
+those that envied him could now only complain that he affected
+popularity, courting the common people more than the nobility,
+and that whereas Sylla had abolished the tribuneship of the
+people, he designed to gratify the people by restoring that
+office, which was indeed the fact.  For there was not any one
+thing that the people of Rome were more wildly eager for, or
+more passionately desired, than the restoration of that office,
+insomuch that Pompey thought himself extremely fortunate in
+this opportunity, despairing (if he were anticipated by
+someone else in this) of ever meeting with any other sufficient
+means of expressing his gratitude for the favors which he had
+received from the people.
+
+Though a second triumph was decreed him, and he was declared
+consul, yet all these honors did not seem so great an evidence
+of his power and glory, as the ascendant which he had over
+Crassus; for he, the wealthiest among all the statesmen of his
+time, and the most eloquent and greatest too, who had looked
+down on Pompey himself, and on all others as beneath him, durst
+not appear a candidate for the consulship before he had applied
+to Pompey.  The request was made accordingly, and was eagerly
+embraced by Pompey, who had long sought an occasion to oblige
+him in some friendly office; so that he solicited for Crassus,
+and entreated the people heartily, declaring, that their favor
+would be no less to him in choosing Crassus his colleague, than
+in making himself consul.  Yet for all this, when they were
+created consuls, they were always at variance, and opposing one
+another.  Crassus prevailed most in the senate, and Pompey's
+power was no less with the people, he having restored to them
+the office of tribune, and having allowed the courts of
+judicature to be transferred back to the knights by a new law.
+He himself in person, too, afforded them a most grateful
+spectacle, when he appeared and craved his discharge from the
+military service.  For it is an ancient custom among the
+Romans, that the knights, when they had served out their legal
+time in the wars, should lead their horses into the
+market-place before the two officers, called censors, and
+having given an account of the commanders and generals under
+whom they served, as also of the places and actions of their
+service, should be discharged, every man with honor or
+disgrace, according to his deserts.  There were then sitting in
+state upon the bench two censors, Gellius and Lentulus,
+inspecting the knights, who were passing by in muster before
+them, when Pompey was seen coming down into the forum, with all
+the ensigns of a consul, but leading his horse in his hand.
+When he came up, he bade his lictors make way for him, and so
+he led his horse to the bench; the people being all this while
+in a sort of amaze, and all in silence, and the censors
+themselves regarding the sight with a mixture of respect and
+gratification.  Then the senior censor examined him:  "Pompeius
+Magnus, I demand of you whether you have served the full time
+in the wars that is prescribed by the law?"  "Yes," replied
+Pompey with a loud voice, "I have served all, and all under
+myself as general."  The people hearing this gave a great
+shout, and made such an outcry for delight, that there was no
+appeasing it; and the censors rising from their judgment-seat,
+accompanied him home to gratify the multitude, who followed
+after, clapping their hands and shouting.
+
+Pompey's consulship was now expiring, and yet his difference
+with Crassus increasing, when one Caius Aurelius, a knight, a
+man who had declined public business all his lifetime, mounted
+the hustings, and addressed himself in an oration to the
+assembly, declaring that Jupiter had appeared to him in a
+dream, commanding him to tell the consuls, that they should not
+give up office until they were friends.  After this was said,
+Pompey stood silent, but Crassus took him by the hand, and
+spoke in this manner:  "I do not think, fellow-citizens, that I
+shall do anything mean or dishonorable, in yielding first to
+Pompey, whom you were pleased to ennoble with the title of
+Great, when as yet he scarce had a hair on his face; and
+granted the honor of two triumphs, before he had a place in the
+senate."  Hereupon they were reconciled and laid down their
+office.  Crassus resumed the manner of life which he had always
+pursued before; but Pompey in the great generality of causes
+for judgment declined appearing on either side, and by degrees
+withdrew himself totally from the forum, showing himself but
+seldom in public; and whenever he did, it was with a great
+train after him.  Neither was it easy to meet or visit him
+without a crowd of people about him; he was most pleased to
+make his appearance before large numbers at once, as though he
+wished to maintain in this way his state and majesty, and as if
+he held himself bound to preserve his dignity from contact with
+the addresses and conversation of common people.  And life in
+the robe of peace is only too apt to lower the reputation of
+men that have grown great by arms, who naturally find
+difficulty in adapting themselves to the habits of civil
+equality.  They expect to be treated as the first in the city,
+even as they were in the camp; and on the other hand, men who
+in war were nobody, think it intolerable if in the city at any
+rate they are not to take the lead.  And so, when a warrior
+renowned for victories and triumphs shall turn advocate and
+appear among them in the forum, they endeavor their utmost to
+obscure and depress him; whereas, if he gives up any
+pretensions here and retires, they will maintain his military
+honor and authority beyond the reach of envy.  Events
+themselves not long after showed the truth of this.
+
+The power of the pirates first commenced in Cilicia, having in
+truth but a precarious and obscure beginning, but gained life
+and boldness afterwards in the wars of Mithridates, where they
+hired themselves out, and took employment in the king's
+service.  Afterwards, whilst the Romans were embroiled in their
+civil wars, being engaged against one another even before the
+very gates of Rome, the seas lay waste and unguarded, and by
+degrees enticed and drew them on not only to seize upon and
+spoil the merchants and ships upon the seas, but also to lay
+waste the islands and seaport towns.  So that now there
+embarked with these pirates men of wealth and noble birth and
+superior abilities, as if it had been a natural occupation to
+gain distinction in.  They had divers arsenals, or piratic
+harbors, as likewise watch towers and beacons, all along the
+sea-coast; and fleets were here received that were well manned
+with the finest mariners, and well served with the expertest
+pilots, and composed of swift sailing and light-built vessels
+adapted for their special purpose.  Nor was it merely their
+being thus formidable that excited indignation; they were even
+more odious for their ostentation than they were feared for
+their force.  Their ships had gilded masts at their stems; the
+sails woven of purple, and the oars plated with silver, as if
+their delight were to glory in their iniquity.  There was
+nothing but music and dancing, banqueting and revels, all along
+the shore.  Officers in command were taken prisoners, and
+cities put under contribution, to the reproach and dishonor of
+the Roman supremacy.  There were of these corsairs above one
+thousand sail, and they had taken no less than four hundred
+cities, committing sacrilege upon the temples of the gods, and
+enriching themselves with the spoils of many never violated
+before, such as were those of Claros, Didyma, and Samothrace;
+and the temple of the Earth in Hermione, and that of
+Aesculapius in Epidaurus, those of Neptune at the Isthmus, at
+Taenarus, and at Calauria; those of Apollo at Actium and
+Leucas, and those of Juno, in Samos, at Argos, and at Lacinium.
+They themselves offered strange sacrifices upon Mount Olympus,
+and performed certain secret rites or religious mysteries,
+among which those of Mithras have been preserved to our own
+time, having received their previous institution from them.
+But besides these insolencies by sea, they were also injurious
+to the Romans by land; for they would often go inland up the
+roads, plundering and destroying their villages and
+country-houses.  And once they seized upon two Roman praetors,
+Sextilius and Bellinus, in their purple-edged robes, and
+carried them off together with their officers and lictors.  The
+daughter also of Antonius, a man that had had the honor of a
+triumph, taking a journey into the country, was seized, and
+redeemed upon payment of a large ransom.  But it was most
+abusive of all, that when any of the captives declared himself
+to be a Roman and told his name, they affected to be surprised,
+and feigning fear, smote their thighs and fell down at his
+feet, humbly beseeching him to be gracious and forgive them.
+The captive seeing them so humble and suppliant, believed them
+to be in earnest; and some of them now would proceed to put
+Roman shoes on his feet, and to dress him in a Roman gown, to
+prevent, they said, his being mistaken another time.  After all
+this pageantry, when they had thus deluded and mocked him long
+enough, at last putting out a ship's ladder, when they were in
+the midst of the sea, they told him he was free to go, and
+wished him a pleasant journey; and if he resisted, they
+themselves threw him overboard, and drowned him.
+
+This piratic power having got the dominion and control of all
+the Mediterranean, there was left no place for navigation or
+commerce.  And this it was which most of all made the Romans,
+finding themselves to be extremely straitened in their markets,
+and considering that if it should continue, there would be a
+dearth and famine in the land, determine at last to send out
+Pompey to recover the seas from the pirates.  Gabinius, one of
+Pompey's friends, preferred a law, whereby there was granted to
+him, not only the government of the seas as admiral, but in
+direct words, sole and irresponsible sovereignty over all men.
+For the decree gave him absolute power and authority in all the
+seas within the pillars of Hercules, and in the adjacent
+mainland for the space of four hundred furlongs from the sea.
+Now there were but few regions in the Roman empire out of that
+compass; and the greatest of the nations and most powerful of
+the kings were included in the limit.  Moreover by this decree
+he had a power of selecting fifteen lieutenants out of the
+senate, and of assigning to each his province in charge; then
+he might take likewise out of the treasury and out of the hands
+of the revenue-farmers what moneys he pleased; as also two
+hundred sail of ships, with a power to press and levy what
+soldiers and seamen he thought fit.  When this law was read,
+the common people approved of it exceedingly, but the chief men
+and most important among the senators looked upon it as an
+exorbitant power, even beyond the reach of envy, but well
+deserving their fears.  Therefore concluding with themselves
+that such unlimited authority was dangerous, they agreed
+unanimously to oppose the bill, and all went against it, except
+Caesar, who gave his vote for the law, not to gratify Pompey,
+but the people, whose favor he had courted underhand from the
+beginning, and hoped to compass for himself.  The rest
+inveighed bitterly against Pompey, insomuch that one of the
+consuls told him, that if he was ambitious of the place of
+Romulus, he would scarce avoid his end, but he was in danger of
+being torn in pieces by the multitude for his speech.  Yet when
+Catulus stood up to speak against the law, the people in
+reverence to him were silent and attentive.  And when, after
+saying much in the most honorable terms in favor of Pompey, he
+proceeded to advise the people in kindness to spare him, and
+not to expose a man of his value to such a succession of
+dangers and wars, "For," said he, "where could you find another
+Pompey, or whom would you have in case you should chance to
+lose him?"  they all cried out with one voice, "Yourself."  And
+so Catulus, finding all his rhetoric ineffectual, desisted.
+Then Roscius attempted to speak, but could obtain no hearing,
+and made signs with his fingers, intimating, "Not him alone,"
+but that there might be a second Pompey or colleague in
+authority with him.  Upon this, it is said, the multitude being
+extremely incensed, made such a loud outcry, that a crow flying
+over the market-place at that instant was struck, and drops
+down among the crowd; whence it would appear that the cause of
+birds falling down to the ground, is not any rupture or
+division of the air causing a vacuum, but purely the actual
+stroke of the voice, which when carried up in a great mass and
+with violence, raises a sort of tempest and billow, as it were,
+in the air.
+
+The assembly broke up for that day; and when the day was come,
+on which the bill was to pass by suffrage into a decree, Pompey
+went privately into the country; but hearing that it was passed
+and confirmed, he resumed again into the city by night, to
+avoid the envy that might be occasioned by the concourse of
+people that would meet and congratulate him.  The next morning
+he came abroad and sacrificed to the gods, and having audience
+at an open assembly, so handled the matter that they enlarged
+his power, giving him many things besides what was already
+granted, and almost doubling the preparation appointed in the
+former decree.  Five hundred ships were manned for him, and an
+army raised of one hundred and twenty thousand foot, and five
+thousand horse.  Twenty-four senators that had been generals of
+armies were appointed to serve as lieutenants under him, and to
+these were added two quaestors.  Now it happened within this
+time that the prices of provisions were much reduced, which
+gave an occasion to the joyful people of saying, that the very
+name of Pompey had ended the war.  However, Pompey in pursuance
+of his charge divided all the seas, and the whole Mediterranean
+into thirteen parts, allotting a squadron to each, under the
+command of his officers; and having thus dispersed his power
+into all quarters, and encompassed the pirates everywhere, they
+began to fall into his hands by whole shoals, which he seized
+and brought into his harbors.  As for those that withdrew
+themselves betimes, or otherwise escaped his general chase,
+they all made to Cilicia, where they hid themselves as in their
+hive; against whom Pompey now proceeded in person with sixty of
+his best ships, not however until he had first scoured and
+cleared all the seas near Rome, the Tyrrhenian, and the
+African, and all the waters of Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily;
+all which he performed in the space of forty days, by his own
+indefatigable industry and the zeal of his lieutenants.
+
+Pompey met with some interruption in Rome, through the malice
+and envy of Piso, the consul, who had given some check to his
+proceedings, by withholding his stores and discharging his
+seamen; whereupon he sent his fleet round to Brundusium,
+himself going the nearest way by land through Tuscany to Rome;
+which was no sooner known by the people, than they all flocked
+out to meet him upon the way, as if they had not sent him out
+but few days before.  What chiefly excited their joy, was the
+unexpectedly rapid change in the markets, which abounded now
+with the greatest plenty, so that Piso was in great danger to
+have been deprived of his consulship, Gabinius having a law
+ready prepared for that purpose; but Pompey forbade it,
+behaving himself as in that, so in all things else, with great
+moderation, and when he had made sure of all that he wanted or
+desired, he departed for Brundusium, whence he set sail in
+pursuit of the pirates.  And though he was straitened in time,
+and his hasty voyage forced him to sail by several cities
+without touching, yet he would not pass by the city of Athens
+unsaluted; but landing there, after he had sacrificed to the
+gods, and made an address to the people, as he was returning
+out of the city, he read at the gates two epigrams, each in a
+single line, written in his own praise; one within the gate: --
+
+Thy humbler thoughts make thee a god the more;
+
+the other without: --
+
+Adieu we bid, who welcome bade before.
+
+Now because Pompey had shown himself merciful to some of these
+pirates that were yet roving in bodies about the seas, having
+upon their supplication ordered a seizure of their ships and
+persons only, without any further process or severity,
+therefore the rest of their comrades in hopes of mercy too,
+made their escape from his other commanders, and surrendered
+themselves with their wives and children into his protection.
+He continued to pardon all that came in, and the rather because
+by them he might make discovery of those who fled from his
+justice, as conscious that their crimes were beyond an act of
+indemnity.  The most numerous and important part of these
+conveyed their families and treasures, with all their people
+that were unfit for war, into castles and strong forts about
+Mount Taurus; but they themselves having well manned their
+galleys, embarked for Coracesium in Cilicia, where they
+received Pompey and gave him battle.  Here they had a final
+overthrow, and retired to the land, where they were besieged.
+At last, having dispatched their heralds to him with a
+submission, they delivered up to his mercy themselves, their
+towns, islands, and strong-holds, all which they had so
+fortified that they were almost impregnable, and scarcely even
+accessible.
+
+Thus was this war ended, and the whole power of the pirates at
+sea dissolved everywhere in the space of three months, wherein,
+besides a great number of other vessels, he took ninety
+men-of-war with brazen beaks; and likewise prisoners of war to
+the number of no less than twenty thousand.
+
+As regarded the disposal of these prisoners, he never so much
+as entertained the thought of putting them to death; and yet it
+might be no less dangerous on the other hand to disperse them,
+as they might reunite and make head again, being numerous,
+poor, and warlike.  Therefore wisely weighing with himself,
+that man by nature is not a wild or unsocial creature, neither
+was he born so, but makes himself what he naturally is not, by
+vicious habit; and that again on the other side, he is
+civilized and grows gentle by a change of place, occupation,
+and manner of life, as beasts themselves that are wild by
+nature, become tame and tractable by housing and gentler usage,
+upon this consideration he determined to translate these
+pirates from sea to land, and give them a taste of an honest
+and innocent course of life, by living in towns, and tilling
+the ground.  Some therefore were admitted into the small and
+half-peopled towns of the Cilicians, who for an enlargement of
+their territories, were willing to receive them.  Others he
+planted in the city of the Solians, which had been lately laid
+waste by Tigranes, king of Armenia, and which he now restored.
+But the largest number were settled in Dyme, the town of
+Achaea, at that time extremely depopulated, and possessing an
+abundance of good land.
+
+However, these proceedings could not escape the envy and
+censure of his enemies; and the course he took against Metellus
+in Crete was disapproved of even by the chiefest of his
+friends.  For Metellus, a relation of Pompey's former colleague
+in Spain, had been sent praetor into Crete, before this
+province of the seas was assigned to Pompey.  Now Crete was the
+second source of pirates next to Cilicia, and Metellus having
+shut up a number of them in their strong-holds there, was
+engaged in reducing and extirpating them.  Those that were yet
+remaining and besieged sent their supplications to Pompey, and
+invited him into the island as a part of his province, alleging
+it to fall, every part of it, within the distance from the sea
+specified in his commission, and so within the precincts of his
+charge.  Pompey receiving the submission, sent letters to
+Metellus, commanding him to leave off the war; and others in
+like manner to the cities, in which he charged them not to
+yield any obedience to the commands of Metellus.  And after
+these, he sent Lucius Octavius, one of his lieutenants, to act
+as general, who entering the besieged fortifications, and
+fighting in defense of the pirates, rendered Pompey not odious
+only, but even ridiculous too; that he should lend his name as
+a guard to a nest of thieves, that knew neither god nor law,
+and make his reputation serve as a sanctuary to them, only out
+of pure envy and emulation to Metellus.  For neither was
+Achilles thought to act the part of a man, but rather of a mere
+boy, mad after glory, when by signs he forbade the rest of the
+Greeks to strike at Hector:  --
+
+"for fear
+Some other hand should give the blow, and he
+Lose the first honor of the victory."
+
+Whereas Pompey even sought to preserve the common enemies of
+the world, only that he might deprive a Roman praetor, after
+all his labors, of the honor of a triumph.  Metellus however
+was not daunted, but prosecuted the war against the pirates,
+expelled them from their strongholds and punished them; and
+dismissed Octavius with the insults and reproaches of the whole
+camp.
+
+When the news came to Rome that the war with the pirates was at
+an end, and that Pompey was unoccupied, diverting himself in
+visits to the cities for want of employment, one Manlius, a
+tribune of the people, preferred a law that Pompey should have
+all the forces of Lucullus, and the provinces under his
+government, together with Bithynia, which was under the command
+of Glabrio; and that he should forthwith conduct the war
+against the two kings, Mithridates and Tigranes, retaining
+still the same naval forces and the sovereignty of the seas as
+before.  But this was nothing less than to constitute one
+absolute monarch of all the Roman empire.  For the provinces
+which seemed to be exempt from his commission by the former
+decree, such as were Phrygia, Lycaonia, Galatia, Cappadocia,
+Cilicia, the upper Colchis, and Armenia, were all added in by
+this latter law, together with all the troops and forces with
+which Lucullus had defeated Mithridates and Tigranes.  And
+though Lucullus was thus simply robbed of the glory of his
+achievements in having a successor assigned him, rather to the
+honor of his triumph, than the danger of the war; yet this was
+of less moment in the eyes of the aristocratical party, though
+they could not but admit the injustice and ingratitude to
+Lucullus.  But their great grievance was, that the power of
+Pompey should be converted into a manifest tyranny; and they
+therefore exhorted and encouraged one another privately to bend
+all their forces in opposition to this law, and not tamely to
+cast away their liberty; yet when the day came on which it was
+to pass into a decree, their hearts failed them for fear of the
+people, and all were silent except Catulus, who boldly
+inveighed against the law and its proposer, and when he found
+that he could do nothing with the people, turned to the senate,
+crying out and bidding them seek out some mountain as their
+forefathers had done, and fly to the rocks where they might
+preserve their liberty.  The law passed into a decree, as it is
+said, by the suffrages of all the tribes.  And Pompey in his
+absence was made lord of almost all that power, which Sylla
+only obtained by force of arms, after a conquest of the very
+city itself.  When Pompey had advice by letters of the decree,
+it is said that in the presence of his friends, who came to
+give him joy of his honor, he seemed displeased, frowning and
+smiting his thigh, and exclaimed as one overburdened, and weary
+of government, "Alas, what a series of labors upon labors!  If
+I am never to end my service as a soldier, nor to escape from
+this invidious greatness, and live at home in the country with
+my wife, I had better have been an unknown man."  But all this
+was looked upon as mere trifling, neither indeed could the best
+of his friends call it anything else, well knowing that his
+enmity with Lucullus, setting a flame just now to his natural
+passion for glory and empire, made him feel more than usually
+gratified.
+
+As indeed appeared not long afterwards by his actions, which
+clearly unmasked him; for in the first place, he sent out his
+proclamations into all quarters, commanding the soldiers to
+join him, and summoned all the tributary kings and princes
+within his charge; and in short, as soon as he had entered upon
+his province, he left nothing unaltered that had been done and
+established by Lucullus.  To some he remitted their penalties,
+and deprived others of their rewards, and acted in all respects
+as if with the express design that the admirers of Lucullus
+might know that all his authority was at an end.  Lucullus
+expostulated by friends, and it was thought fitting that there
+should be a meeting betwixt them; and accordingly they met in
+the country of Galatia.  As they were both great and successful
+generals, their officers bore their rods before them all
+wreathed with branches of laurel; Lucullus came through a
+country full of green trees and shady woods, but Pompey's march
+was through a cold and barren district.  Therefore the lictors
+of Lucullus, perceiving that Pompey's laurels were withered and
+dry, helped him to some of their own, and adorned and crowned
+his rods with fresh laurels.  This was thought ominous, and
+looked as if Pompey came to take away the reward and honor of
+Lucullus's victories.  Lucullus had the priority in the order
+of consulships, and also in age; but Pompey's two triumphs made
+him the greater man.  Their first addresses in this interview
+were dignified and friendly, each magnifying the other's
+actions, and offering congratulations upon his success.  But
+when they came to the matter of their conference or treaty,
+they could agree on no fair or equitable terms of any kind, but
+even came to harsh words against each other, Pompey upbraiding
+Lucullus with avarice, and Lucullus retorting ambition upon
+Pompey, so that their friends could hardly part them.
+Lucullus, remaining in Galatia, made a distribution of the
+lands within his conquests, and gave presents to whom he
+pleased; and Pompey encamping not far distant from him, sent
+out his prohibitions, forbidding the execution of any of the
+orders of Lucullus, and commanded away all his soldiers, except
+sixteen hundred, whom he thought likely to be unserviceable to
+himself, being disorderly and mutinous, and whom he knew to be
+hostile to Lucullus; and to these acts he added satirical
+speeches, detracting openly from the glory of his actions, and
+giving out, that the battles of Lucullus had been but with the
+mere stage-shows and idle pictures of royal pomp, whereas the
+real war against a genuine army, disciplined by defeat, was
+reserved to him, Mithridates having now begun to be in earnest,
+and having betaken himself to his shields, swords, and horses.
+Lucullus, on the other side, to be even with him, replied, that
+Pompey came to fight with the mere image and shadow of war, it
+being his usual practice, like a lazy bird of prey, to come
+upon the carcass, when others had slain the dead, and to tear
+in pieces the relics of a war.  Thus he had appropriated to
+himself the victories over Sertorius, over Lepidus, and over
+the insurgents under Spartacus; whereas this last had been
+achieved by Crassus, that obtained by Catulus, and the first
+won by Metellus.  And therefore it was no great wonder, that
+the glory of the Pontic and Armenian war should be usurped by a
+man who had condescended to any artifices to work himself into
+the honor of a triumph over a few runaway slaves.
+
+After this Lucullus went away, and Pompey having placed his
+whole navy in guard upon the seas betwixt Phoenicia and
+Bosporus, himself marched against Mithridates, who had a
+phalanx of thirty thousand foot, with two thousand horse, yet
+durst not bid him battle.  He had encamped upon a strong
+mountain where it would have been hard to attack him, but
+abandoned it in no long time, as destitute of water.  No sooner
+was he gone but Pompey occupied it, and observing the plants
+that were thriving there, together with the hollows which he
+found in several places, conjectured that such a plot could not
+be without springs, and therefore ordered his men to sink wells
+in every corner.  After which there was, in a little time,
+great plenty of water throughout all the camp, insomuch that he
+wondered how it was possible for Mithridates to be ignorant of
+this, during all that time of his encampment there.  After this
+Pompey followed him to his next camp, and there drawing lines
+round about him, shut him in.  But he, after having endured a
+siege of forty-five days, made his escape secretly, and fled
+away with all the best part of his army, having first put to
+death all the sick and unserviceable.  Not long after Pompey
+overtook him again near the banks of the river Euphrates, and
+encamped close by him; but fearing lest he should pass over the
+river and give him the slip there too, he drew up his army to
+attack him at midnight.  And at that very time Mithridates, it
+is said, saw a vision in his dream foreshowing what should come
+to pass.  For he seemed to be under sail in the Euxine Sea with
+a prosperous gale, and just in view of Bosporus, discoursing
+pleasantly with the ship's company, as one overjoyed for his
+past danger and present security, when on a sudden he found
+himself deserted of all, and floating upon a broken plank of
+the ship at the mercy of the sea.  Whilst he was thus laboring
+under these passions and phantasms, his friends came and awaked
+him with the news of Pompey's approach; who was now indeed so
+near at hand, that the fight must be for the camp itself, and
+the commanders accordingly drew up the forces in battle array.
+Pompey perceiving how ready they were and well prepared for
+defense, began to doubt with himself whether he should put it
+to the hazard of a fight in the dark, judging it more prudent
+to encompass them only at present, lest they should fly, and to
+give them battle with the advantage of numbers the next day.
+But his oldest officers were of another opinion, and by
+entreaties and encouragements obtained permission that they
+might charge them immediately.  Neither was the night so very
+dark, but that, though the moon was going down, it yet gave
+light enough to discern a body.  And indeed this was one
+especial disadvantage to the king's army.  For the Romans
+coming upon them with the moon on their backs, the moon, being
+very low, and just upon setting, cast the shadows a long way
+before their bodies, reaching almost to the enemy, whose eyes
+were thus so much deceived that not exactly discerning the
+distance, but imagining them to be near at hand, they threw
+their darts at the shadows, without the least execution.  The
+Romans therefore perceiving this, ran in upon them with a great
+shout; but the barbarians, all in a panic, unable to endure the
+charge, turned and fled, and were put to great slaughter, above
+ten thousand being slain; the camp also was taken.  As for
+Mithridates himself, he at the beginning of the onset, with a
+body of eight hundred horse charged through the Roman army, and
+made his escape.  But before long all the rest dispersed, some
+one way, some another, and he was left only with three persons,
+among whom was his concubine, Hypsicratia, a girl always of a
+manly and daring spirit, and the king called her on that
+account Hypsicrates.  She being attired and mounted like a
+Persian horseman, accompanied the king in all his flight, never
+weary even in the longest journey, nor ever failing to attend
+the king in person, and look after his horse too, until they
+came to Inora, a castle of the king's, well stored with gold
+and treasure.  From thence Mithridates took his richest
+apparel, and gave it among those that had resorted to him in
+their flight; and to every one of his friends he gave a deadly
+poison, that they might not fall into the power of the enemy
+against their wills.  From thence he designed to have gone to
+Tigranes in Armenia, but being prohibited by Tigranes, who put
+out a proclamation with a reward of one hundred talents to any
+one that should apprehend him, he passed by the head-waters of
+the river Euphrates, and fled through the country of Colchis.
+
+Pompey in the meantime made an invasion into Armenia, upon the
+invitation of young Tigranes, who was now in rebellion against
+his father, and gave Pompey a meeting about the river Araxes,
+which rises near the head of Euphrates, but turning its course
+and bending towards the east, falls into the Caspian Sea.  They
+two, therefore, marched together through the country, taking in
+all the cities by the way, and receiving their submission.  But
+king Tigranes, having lately suffered much in the war with
+Lucullus, and understanding that Pompey was of a kind and
+gentle disposition, admitted Roman troops into his royal
+palaces, and taking along with him his friends and relations,
+went in person to surrender himself into the hands of Pompey.
+He came as far as the trenches on horseback, but there he was
+met by two of Pompey's lictors, who commanded him to alight and
+walk on foot, for no man ever was seen on horseback within a
+Roman camp.  Tigranes submitted to this immediately, and not
+only so, but loosing his sword, delivered up that too; and last
+of all, as soon as he appeared before Pompey, he pulled off his
+royal turban, and attempted to have laid it at his feet.  Nay,
+worst of all, even he himself had fallen prostrate as an humble
+suppliant at his knees, had not Pompey prevented it, taking him
+by the hand and placing him near him, Tigranes himself on one
+side of him and his son upon the other.  Pompey now told him
+that the rest of his losses were chargeable upon Lucullus, by
+whom he had been dispossessed of Syria, Phoenicia, Cilicia,
+Galatia, and Sophene; but all that he had preserved to himself
+entire till that time he should peaceably enjoy, paying the sum
+of six thousand talents as a fine or penalty for injuries done
+to the Romans, and that his son should have the kingdom of
+Sophene.  Tigranes himself was well pleased with these
+conditions of peace, and when the Romans saluted him king,
+seemed to be overjoyed, and promised to every common soldier
+half a mina of silver, to every centurion ten minas, and to
+every tribune a talent; but the son was displeased, insomuch
+that when he was invited to supper, he replied, that he did not
+stand in need of Pompey for that sort of honor, for he would
+find out some other Roman to sup with.  Upon this he was put
+into close arrest, and reserved for the triumph.
+
+Not long after this Phraates, king of Parthia, sent to Pompey,
+and demanded to have young Tigranes, as his son-in-law, given
+up to him, and that the river Euphrates should be the boundary
+of the empires.  Pompey replied, that for Tigranes, he belonged
+more to his own natural father than his father-in-law, and for
+the boundaries, he would take care that they should be
+according to right and justice.
+
+So Pompey, leaving Armenia in the custody of Afranius, went
+himself in chase of Mithridates; to do which he was forced of
+necessity to march through several nations inhabiting about
+Mount Caucasus.  Of these the Albanians and Iberians were the
+two chiefest.  The Iberians stretch out as far as the Moschian
+mountains and the Pontus; the Albanians lie more eastwardly,
+and towards the Caspian Sea.  These Albanians at first
+permitted Pompey, upon his request, to pass through the
+country; but when winter had stolen upon the Romans whilst they
+were still in the country, and they were busy celebrating the
+festival of Saturn, they mustered a body of no less than forty
+thousand fighting men, and set upon them, having passed over
+the river Cyrnus, which rising from the mountains of Iberia,
+and receiving the river Araxes in its course from Armenia,
+discharges itself by twelve mouths into the Caspian.  Or,
+according to others, the Araxes does not fall into it, but they
+flow near one another, and so discharge themselves as neighbors
+into the same sea.  It was in the power of Pompey to have
+obstructed the enemy's passage over the river, but he suffered
+them to pass over quietly; and then leading on his forces and
+giving battle, he routed them, and slew great numbers of them
+in the field.  The king sent ambassadors with his submission,
+and Pompey upon his supplication pardoned the offense, and
+making a treaty with him, he marched directly against the
+Iberians, a nation no less in number than the other, but much
+more warlike, and extremely desirous of gratifying Mithridates,
+and driving out Pompey.  These Iberians were never subject to
+the Medes or Persians, and they happened likewise to escape the
+dominion of the Macedonians, because Alexander was so quick in
+his march through Hyrcania.  But these also Pompey subdued in a
+great battle, where there were slain nine thousand upon the
+spot, and more than ten thousand taken prisoners.  From thence
+he entered into the country of Colchis, where Servilius met him
+by the river Phasis, bringing the fleet with which he was
+guarding the Pontus.
+
+The pursuit of Mithridates, who had thrown himself among the
+tribes inhabiting Bosporus and the shores of the Maeotian Sea,
+presented great difficulties.  News was also brought to Pompey
+that the Albanians had again revolted.  This made him turn
+back, out of anger and determination not to be beaten by them,
+and with difficulty and great danger he passed back over the
+Cyrnus, which the barbarous people had fortified a great way
+down the banks with palisadoes.  And after this, having a
+tedious march to make through a waterless and difficult
+country, he ordered ten thousand skins to be filled with water,
+and so advanced towards the enemy; whom he found drawn up in
+order of battle near the river Abas, to the number of sixty
+thousand horse, and twelve thousand foot, ill armed generally,
+and most of them covered only with the skins of wild beasts.
+Their general was Cosis, the king's brother, who as soon as the
+battle was begun, singled out Pompey, and rushing in upon him,
+darted his javelin into the joints of his breastplate; while
+Pompey, in return, struck him through the body with his lance,
+and slew him.  It is related that in this battle there were
+Amazons fighting as auxiliaries with the barbarians, and that
+they came down from the mountains by the river Thermodon.  For
+that after the battle, when the Romans were taking the spoil
+and plunder of the field, they met with several targets and
+buskins of the Amazons; but no woman's body was found among the
+dead.  They inhabit the parts of Mount Caucasus that reach down
+to the Hyrcanian Sea, not immediately bordering upon the
+Albanians, for the Gelae and the Leges lie betwixt; and they
+keep company with these people yearly, for two months only,
+near the river Thermodon; after which they retire to their own
+habitations, and live alone all the rest of the year.
+
+After this engagement, Pompey was eager to advance with his
+forces upon the Hyrcanian and Caspian Sea, but was forced to
+retreat at a distance of three days' march from it, by the
+number of venomous serpents, and so he retreated into Armenia
+the Less.  Whilst he was there, kings of the Elymaeans and Medes
+sent ambassadors to him, to whom he gave friendly answer by
+letter; and sent against the king of Parthia, who had made
+incursions upon Gordyene, and despoiled the subjects of
+Tigranes, an army under the command of Afranius, who put him to
+the rout, and followed him in chase as far as the district of
+Arbela.
+
+Of the concubines of king Mithridates that were brought before
+Pompey, he took none to himself, but sent them all away to
+their parents and relations; most of them being either the
+daughters or wives of princes and great commanders.
+Stratonice, however, who had the greatest power and influence
+with him, and to whom he had committed the custody of his best
+and richest fortress, had been, it seems, the daughter of a
+musician, an old man, and of no great fortune, and happening to
+sing one night before Mithridates at a banquet, she struck his
+fancy so, that immediately he took her with him, and sent away
+the old man much dissatisfied, the king having not so much as
+said one kind word to himself.  But when he rose in the
+morning, and saw tables in his house richly covered with gold
+and silver plate, a great retinue of servants, eunuchs, and
+pages, bringing him rich garments, and a horse standing before
+the door richly caparisoned, in all respects as was usual with
+the king's favorites, he looked upon it all as a piece of
+mockery, and thinking himself trifled with, attempted to make
+off and run away.  But the servants laying hold upon him, and
+informing him really that the king had bestowed on him the
+house and furniture of a rich man lately deceased, and that
+these were but the first-fruits or earnests of greater riches
+and possessions that were to come, he was persuaded at last
+with much difficulty to believe them.  And so putting on his
+purple robes, and mounting his horse, he rode through the city,
+crying out, "All this is mine;" and to those that laughed at
+him, he said, there was no such wonder in this, but it was a
+wonder rather that he did not throw stones at all he met, he
+was so transported with joy.  Such was the parentage and blood
+of Stratonice.  She now delivered up this castle into the hands
+of Pompey, and offered him many presents of great value, of
+which he accepted only such as he thought might serve to adorn
+the temples of the gods, and add to the splendor of his
+triumph; the rest he left to Stratonice's disposal, bidding her
+please herself in the enjoyment of them.
+
+And in the same manner he dealt with the presents offered him
+by the king of Iberia, who sent him a bedstead, table, and a
+chair of state, all of gold, desiring him to accept of them;
+but he delivered them all into the custody of the public
+treasurers, for the use of the Commonwealth.
+
+In another castle called Caenum, Pompey found and read with
+pleasure several secret writings of Mithridates, containing
+much that threw light on his character.  For there were memoirs
+by which it appeared that besides others, he had made away with
+his son Ariarathes by poison, as also with Alcaeus the Sardian,
+for having robbed him of the first honors in a horse-race.
+There were several judgments upon the interpretation of dreams,
+which either he himself or some of his mistresses had had; and
+besides these, there was a series of wanton letters to and from
+his concubine Monime.  Theophanes tells us that there was found
+also an address by Rutilius, in which he attempted to
+exasperate him to the laughter of all the Romans in Asia;
+though most men justly conjecture this to be a malicious
+invention of Theophanes, who probably hated Rutilius because he
+was a man in nothing like himself; or perhaps it might be to
+gratify Pompey, whose father is described by Rutilius in his
+history, as the vilest man alive.
+
+From thence Pompey came to the city of Amisus, where his
+passion for glory put him into a position which might be called
+a punishment on himself.  For whereas he had often sharply
+reproached Lucullus, in that while the enemy was still living,
+he had taken upon him to issue decrees, and distribute rewards
+and honors, as conquerors usually do only when the war is
+brought to an end, yet now was he himself, while Mithridates
+was paramount in the kingdom of Bosporus, and at the head of a
+powerful army, as if all were ended, just doing the same thing,
+regulating the provinces, and distributing rewards, many great
+commanders and princes having flocked to him, together with no
+less than twelve barbarian kings; insomuch that to gratify
+these other kings, when he wrote to the king of Parthia, he
+would not condescend, as others used to do, in the
+superscription of his letter, to give him his title of king of
+kings.
+
+Moreover, he had a great desire and emulation to occupy Syria,
+and to march through Arabia to the Red Sea, that he might thus
+extend his conquests every way to the great ocean that
+encompasses the habitable earth; as in Africa he was the first
+Roman that advanced his victories to the ocean; and again in
+Spain he made the Atlantic Sea the limit of the empire; and
+then thirdly, in his late pursuit of the Albanians, he had
+wanted but little of reaching the Hyrcanian Sea.  Accordingly
+he raised his camp, designing to bring the Red Sea within the
+circuit of his expedition, especially as he saw how difficult
+it was to hunt after Mithridates with an army, and that he
+would prove a worse enemy flying than fighting.  But yet he
+declared, that he would leave a sharper enemy behind him than
+himself, namely, famine; and therefore he appointed a guard
+of ships to lie in wait for the merchants that sailed to
+Bosporus, death being the penalty for any who should attempt to
+carry provisions thither.
+
+Then he set forward with the greatest part of his army, and in
+his march casually fell in with several dead bodies still
+uninterred, of those soldiers who were slain with Triarius in
+his unfortunate engagement with Mithridates; these he buried
+splendidly and honorably.  The neglect of whom, it is thought,
+caused, as much as anything, the hatred that was felt against
+Lucullus, and alienated the affections of the soldiers from
+him.  Pompey having now by his forces under the command of
+Afranius, subdued the Arabians about the mountain Amanus,
+himself entered Syria, and finding it destitute of any natural
+and lawful prince, reduced it into the form of a province, as a
+possession of the people of Rome.  He conquered also Judaea,
+and took its king, Aristobulus, captive.  Some cities he built
+anew, and to others he gave their liberty, chastising their
+tyrants.  Most part of the time that he spent there was
+employed in the administration of justice, In deciding
+controversies of kings and States; and where he himself could
+not be present in person, he gave commissions to his friends,
+and sent them.  Thus when there arose a difference betwixt the
+Armenians and Parthians about some territory, and the judgment
+was referred to him, he gave a power by commission to three
+judges and arbiters to hear and determine the controversy.  For
+the reputation of his power was great; nor was the fame of his
+justice and clemency inferior to that of his power, and served
+indeed as a veil for a multitude of faults committed by his
+friends and familiars.  For although it was not in his nature
+to check or chastise wrongdoers, yet he himself always treated
+those that had to do with him in such a manner, that they
+submitted to endure with patience the acts of covetousness and
+oppression done by others.
+
+Among these friends of his, there was one Demetrius who had the
+greatest influence with him of all; he was a freed slave, a
+youth of good understanding, but somewhat too insolent in his
+good fortune, of whom there goes this story.  Cato, the
+philosopher, being as yet a very young man, but of great repute
+and a noble mind, took a journey of pleasure to Antioch, at a
+time when Pompey was not there, having a great desire to see
+the city.  He, as his custom was, walked on foot, and his
+friends accompanied him on horseback; and seeing before the
+gates of the city a multitude dressed in white, the young men
+on one side of the road, and the boys on the other, he was
+somewhat offended at it, imagining that it was officiously done
+in honor of him, which was more than he had any wish for.
+However, he desired his companions to alight and walk with him;
+but when they drew near, the master of the ceremonies in this
+procession came out with a garland and a rod in his hand, and
+met them, inquiring, where they had left Demetrius, and when he
+would come?  Upon which Cato's companions burst out into
+laughter, but Cato said only, "Alas, poor city!"  and passed by
+without any other answer.  However, Pompey rendered Demetrius
+less odious to others by enduring his presumption and
+impertinence to himself.  For it is reported how that Pompey,
+when he had invited his friends to an entertainment, would be
+very ceremonious in waiting, till they all came and were
+placed, while Demetrius would be already stretched upon the
+couch as if he cared for no one, with his dress over his ears,
+hanging down from his head.  Before his return into Italy, he
+had purchased the pleasantest country-seat about Rome, with the
+finest walks and places for exercise, and there were sumptuous
+gardens, called by the name of Demetrius, while Pompey his
+master, up to his third triumph, was contented with an ordinary
+and simple habitation.  Afterwards, it is true, when he had
+erected his famous and stately theater for the people of Rome,
+he built as a sort of appendix to it, a house for himself, much
+more splendid than his former, and yet no object even this to
+excite men's envy, since he who came to be master of it after
+Pompey could not but express wonder and inquire where Pompey
+the Great used to sup.  Such is the story told us.
+
+The king of the Arabs near Petra, who had hitherto despised the
+power of the Romans, now began to be in great alarm at it, and
+sent letters to him promising to be at his commands, and to do
+whatever he should see fit to order.  However, Pompey having a
+desire to confirm and keep him in the same mind, marched
+forwards for Petra, an expedition not altogether
+irreprehensible in the opinion of many; who thought it a mere
+running away from their proper duty, the pursuit of
+Mithridates, Rome's ancient and inveterate enemy, who was now
+rekindling the war once more, and making preparations, it was
+reported, to lead his army through Scythia and Paeonia, into
+Italy.  Pompey, on the other side, judging it easier to destroy
+his forces in battle, than to seize his person in flight,
+resolved not to tire himself out in a vain pursuit, but rather
+to spend his leisure upon another enemy, as a sort of
+digression in the meanwhile.  But fortune resolved the doubt;
+for when he was now not far from Petra, and had pitched his
+tents and encamped for that day, as he was talking exercise
+with his horse outside the camp, couriers came riding up from
+Pontus, bringing good news, as was known at once by the heads
+of their javelins, which it is the custom to carry crowned with
+branches of laurel.  The soldiers, as soon as they saw them,
+flocked immediately to Pompey, who notwithstanding was minded to
+finish his exercise; but when they began to be clamorous and
+importunate, he alighted from his horse, and taking the letters
+went before them into the camp.  Now there being no tribunal
+erected there, not even that military substitute for one which
+they make by cutting up thick turfs of earth and piling them
+one upon another, they, through eagerness and impatience,
+heaped up a pile of pack-saddles, and Pompey standing upon
+that, told them the news of Mithridates's death, how that he
+had himself put an end to his life upon the revolt of his son
+Pharnaces, and that Pharnaces had taken all things there into
+his hands and possession, which he did, his letters said, in
+right of himself and the Romans.  Upon this news, the whole
+army expressing their joy, as was to be expected, fell to
+sacrificing to the gods, and feasting, as if in the person of
+Mithridates alone there had died many thousands of their
+enemies.
+
+Pompey by this event having brought this war to its completion,
+with much more ease than was expected, departed forthwith out
+of Arabia, and passing rapidly through the intermediate
+provinces, he came at length to the city Amisus.  There he
+received many presents brought from Pharnaces, with several
+dead bodies of the royal blood, and the corpse of Mithridates
+himself, which was not easy to be known by the face, for the
+physicians that embalmed him had not dried up his brain, but
+those who were curious to see him knew him by the scars there.
+Pompey himself would not endure to see him, but to deprecate
+the divine jealousy, sent it away to the city of Sinope.  He
+admired the richness of his robes, no less than the size and
+splendor of his armor.  His swordbelt, however, which had cost
+four hundred talents, was stolen by Publius, and sold to
+Ariarathes; his tiara also, a piece of admirable workmanship,
+Gaius, the roster brother of Mithridates, gave secretly to
+Faustus, the son of Sylla, at his request.  All which Pompey
+was ignorant of, but afterwards, when Pharnaces came to
+understand it, he severely punished those that embezzled them.
+
+Pompey now having ordered all things, and established that
+province, took his journey homewards in greater pomp and with
+more festivity.  For when he came to Mitylene, he gave the city
+their freedom upon the intercession of Theophanes, and was
+present at the contest, there periodically held, of the poets,
+who took at that time no other theme or subject than the
+actions of Pompey.  He was extremely pleased with the theater
+itself, and had a model of it taken, intending to erect one in
+Rome on the same design, but larger and more magnificent.  When
+he came to Rhodes, he attended the lectures of all the
+philosophers there, and gave to every one of them a talent.
+Posidonius has published the disputation which he held before
+him against Hermagoras the rhetorician, upon the subject of
+Invention in general.  At Athens, also, he showed similar,
+munificence to the philosophers, and gave fifty talents towards
+the repairing and beautifying the city.  So that now by all
+these acts he well hoped to return into Italy in the greatest
+splendor and glory possible to man, and find his family as
+desirous to see him, as he felt himself to come home to them.
+But that supernatural agency, whose province and charge it is
+always to mix some ingredient of evil with the greatest and
+most glorious goods of fortune, had for some time back been
+busy in his household, preparing him a sad welcome.  For Mucia
+during his absence had dishonored his bed.  Whilst he was
+abroad at a distance, he had refused all credence to the
+report; but when he drew nearer to Italy, where his thoughts
+were more at leisure to give consideration to the charge, he
+sent her a bill of divorce; but neither then in writing, nor
+afterwards by word of mouth, did he ever give a reason why he
+discharged her; the cause of it is mentioned in Cicero's
+epistles.
+
+Rumors of every kind were scattered abroad about Pompey, and
+were carried to Rome before him, so that there was a great
+tumult and stir, as if he designed forthwith to march with his
+army into the city, and establish himself securely as sole
+ruler.  Crassus withdrew himself, together with his children
+and property, out of the city, either that he was really
+afraid, or that he counterfeited rather, as is most probable,
+to give credit to the calumny and exasperate the jealousy of
+the people.  Pompey, therefore, as soon as he entered Italy,
+called a general muster of the army; and having made a suitable
+address and exchanged a kind farewell with his soldiers, he
+commanded them to depart every man to his country and place of
+habitation, only taking care that they should not fail to meet
+again at his triumph.  Thus the army being disbanded, and the
+news commonly reported, a wonderful result ensued.  For when
+the cities saw Pompey the Great passing through the country
+unarmed, and with a small train of familiar friends only, as if
+he was returning from a journey of pleasure, not from his
+conquests, they came pouring out to display their affection for
+him, attending and conducting him to Rome with far greater
+forces than he disbanded; insomuch that if he had designed
+any movement or innovation in the State, he might have done it
+without his army.
+
+Now, because the law permitted no commander to enter into the
+city before his triumph, he sent to the senate, entreating them
+as a favor to him to prorogue the election of consuls, that
+thus he might be able to attend and give countenance to Piso,
+one of the candidates.  The request was resisted by Cato, and
+met with a refusal.  However, Pompey could not but admire the
+liberty and boldness of speech which Cato alone had dared to
+use in the maintenance of law and justice.  He therefore had a
+great desire to win him over, and purchase his friendship at
+any rate; and to that end, Cato having two nieces, Pompey asked
+for one in marriage for himself, the other for his son.  But
+Cato looked unfavorably on the proposal, regarding it as a
+design for undermining his honesty, and in a manner bribing him
+by a family alliance; much to the displeasure of his wife and
+sister, who were indignant that he should reject a connection
+with Pompey the Great.  About that time Pompey having a design
+of setting up Afranius for the consulship, gave a sum of money
+among the tribes for their votes, and people came and received
+it in his own gardens a proceeding which, when it came to be
+generally known, excited great disapprobation, that he should
+thus for the sake of men who could not obtain the honor by
+their own merits, make merchandise of an office which had been
+given to himself as the highest reward of his services.  "Now,"
+said Cato to his wife and sister, "had we contracted an
+alliance with Pompey, we had been allied to this dishonor too;"
+and this they could not but acknowledge, and allow his judgment
+of what was right and fitting to have been wiser and better
+than theirs.
+
+The splendor and magnificence of Pompey's triumph was such that
+though it took up the space of two days, yet they were
+extremely straitened in time, so that of what was prepared for
+that pageantry, there was as much withdrawn as would have set
+out and adorned another triumph.  In the first place, there were
+tables carried, inscribed with the names and titles of the
+nations over whom he triumphed, Pontus, Armenia, Cappadocia,
+Paphlagonia, Media, Colchis, the Iberians, the Albanians,
+Syria, Cilicia, and Mesopotamia, together with Phoenicia and
+Palestine, Judaea, Arabia, and all the power of the pirates
+subdued by sea and land.  And in these different countries
+there appeared the capture of no less than one thousand
+fortified places, nor much less than nine hundred cities,
+together with eight hundred ships of the pirates, and the
+foundation of thirty-nine towns.  Besides, there was set forth
+in these tables an account of all the tributes throughout the
+empire, and how that before these conquests the revenue
+amounted but to fifty millions, whereas from his acquisitions
+they had a revenue of eighty-five millions; and that in present
+payment he was bringing into the common treasury ready money,
+and gold and silver plate, and ornaments, to the value of
+twenty thousand talents, over and above what had been
+distributed among the soldiers, of whom he that had least had
+fifteen hundred drachmas for his share.  The prisoners of war
+that were led in triumph, besides the chief pirates, were the
+son of Tigranes, king of Armenia, with his wife and daughter;
+as also Zosime, wife of king Tigranes himself, and Aristobulus,
+king of Judaea, the sister of king Mithridates and her five
+sons, and some Scythian women.  There were likewise the
+hostages of the Albanians and Iberians, and of the king of
+Commagene, besides a vast number of trophies, one for every
+battle in which he was conqueror, either himself in person, or
+by his lieutenants.  But that which seemed to be his greatest
+glory, being one which no other Roman ever attained to, was
+this, that he made his third triumph over the third division of
+the world.  For others among the Romans had the honor of
+triumphing thrice, but his first triumph was over Africa, his
+second, over Europe, and this last, over Asia; so that he
+seemed in these three triumphs to have led the whole world
+captive.
+
+As for his age, those who affect to make the parallel exact in
+all things betwixt him and Alexander the Great, do not allow
+him to have been quite thirty-four, whereas in truth at that
+time he was near forty.  And well had it been for him had he
+terminated his life at this date, while he still enjoyed
+Alexander's fortune, since all his aftertime served only either
+to bring him prosperity that made him odious, or calamities too
+great to be retrieved.  For that great authority which he had
+gained in the city by his merits, he made use of only in
+patronizing the iniquities of others, so that by advancing
+their fortunes, he detracted from his own glory, till at last
+he was overthrown even by the force and greatness of his own
+power.  And as the strongest citadel or fort in a town, when it
+is taken by an enemy, does then afford the same strength to the
+foe, as it had done to friends before; so Caesar, after
+Pompey's aid had made him strong enough to defy his country,
+ruined and overthrew at last the power which had availed him
+against the rest.  The course of things was as follows.
+Lucullus, when he returned out of Asia, where he had been
+treated with insult by Pompey, was received by the senate with
+great honor, which was yet increased when Pompey came home; to
+check whose ambition they encouraged him to assume the
+administration of the government, whereas he was now grown cold
+and disinclined to business, having given himself over to the
+pleasures of ease and the enjoyment of a splendid fortune.
+However, he began for the time to exert himself against Pompey,
+attacked him sharply, and succeeded in having his own acts and
+decrees, which were repealed by Pompey, reestablished, and with
+the assistance of Cato, gained the superiority in the senate.
+Pompey having fallen from his hopes in such an unworthy
+repulse, was forced to fly to the tribunes of the people for
+refuge, and to attach himself to the young men, among whom was
+Clodius, the vilest and most impudent wretch alive, who took
+him about, and exposed him as a tool to the people, carrying
+him up and down among the throngs in the market-place, to
+countenance those laws and speeches which he made to cajole the
+people and ingratiate himself.  And at last for his reward, he
+demanded of Pompey, as if he had not disgraced, but done him
+great kindness, that he should forsake (as in the end he did
+forsake) Cicero, his friend, who on many public occasions had
+done him the greatest service.  And so when Cicero was in
+danger, and implored his aid, he would not admit him into his
+presence, but shutting up his gates against those that came to
+mediate for him, slips out at a back door, whereupon Cicero
+fearing the result of his trial, departed privately from Rome.
+
+About that time Caesar, returning from military service,
+started a course of policy which brought him great present
+favor, and much increased his power for the future, and proved
+extremely destructive both to Pompey and the commonwealth.  For
+now he stood candidate for his first consulship, and well
+observing the enmity betwixt Pompey and Crassus, and finding
+that by joining with one he should make the other his enemy, he
+endeavored by all means to reconcile them, an object in itself
+honorable and tending to the public good, but as he undertook
+it, a mischievous and subtle intrigue.  For he well knew that
+opposite parties or factions in a commonwealth, like passengers
+in a boat, serve to trim and balance the unready motions of
+power there; whereas if they combine and come all over to one
+side, they cause a shock which will be sure to overset the
+vessel and carry down everything.  And therefore Cato wisely
+told those who charged all the calamities of Rome upon the
+disagreement betwixt Pompey and Caesar, that they were in error
+in charging all the crime upon the last cause; for it was not
+their discord and enmity, but their unanimity and I friendship,
+that gave the first and greatest blow to the commonwealth.
+
+Caesar being thus elected consul, began at once to make an
+interest with the poor and meaner sort, by preferring and
+establishing laws for planting colonies and dividing lands,
+lowering the dignity of his office, and turning his consulship
+into a sort of tribuneship rather.  And when Bibulus, his
+colleague, opposed him, and Cato was prepared to second
+Bibulus, and assist him vigorously, Caesar brought Pompey upon
+the hustings, and addressing him in the sight of the people,
+demanded his opinion upon the laws that were proposed.  Pompey
+gave his approbation.  "Then," said Caesar, "in case any man
+should offer violence to these laws, will you be reedy to give
+assistance to the people?"  "Yes," replied Pompey, "I shall be
+ready, and against those that threaten the sword, I will appear
+with sword and buckler."  Nothing ever was said or done by
+Pompey up to that day, that seemed more insolent or
+overbearing; so that his friends endeavored to apologize for it
+as a word spoken inadvertently; but by his actions afterwards
+it appeared plainly that he was totally devoted to Caesar's
+service.  For on a sudden, contrary to all expectation, he
+married Julia, the daughter of Caesar, who had been affianced
+before and was to be married within a few days to Caepio.  And
+to appease Caepio's wrath, he gave him his own daughter in
+marriage, who had been espoused before to Faustus, the son of
+Sylla.  Caesar himself married Calpurnia, the daughter of Piso.
+
+Upon this Pompey, filling the city with soldiers, carried all
+things by force as he pleased.  As Bibulus, the consul, was
+going to the forum, accompanied by Lucullus and Cato, they fell
+upon him on a sudden and broke his rods; and somebody threw a
+vessel of ordure upon the head of Bibulus himself; and two
+tribunes of the people, who escorted him, were desperately
+wounded in the fray.  And thus having cleared the forum of all
+their adversaries, they got their bill for the division of
+lands established and passed into an act; and not only so, but
+the whole populace being taken with this bait, became totally
+at their devotion, inquiring into nothing and without a word
+giving their suffrages to whatever they propounded.  Thus they
+confirmed all those acts and decrees of Pompey, which were
+questioned and contested by Lucullus; and to Caesar they
+granted the provinces of Gaul, both within and without the
+Alps, together with Illyricum, for five years, and likewise an
+army of four entire legions; then they created consuls for the
+year ensuing, Piso, the father-in-law of Caesar, and Gabinius,
+the most extravagant of Pompey's flatterers.
+
+During all these transactions, Bibulus kept close within doors,
+nor did he appear publicly in person for the space of eight
+months together, notwithstanding he was consul, but sent out
+proclamations full of bitter invectives and accusations against
+them both.  Cato turned prophet, and, as if he had been
+possessed with a spirit of divination, did nothing else in the
+senate but foretell what evils should befall the Commonwealth
+and Pompey.  Lucullus pleaded old age, and retired to take his
+ease, as superannuated for affairs of State; which gave
+occasion to the saying of Pompey, that the fatigues of luxury
+were not more seasonable for an old man than those of
+government.  Which in truth proved a reflection upon himself;
+for he not long after let his fondness for his young wife
+seduce him also into effeminate habits.  He gave all his time
+to her, and passed his days in her company in country-houses
+and gardens, paying no heed to what was going on in the forum.
+Insomuch that Clodius, who was then tribune of the people,
+began to despise him, and engage in the most audacious
+attempts.  For when he had banished Cicero, and sent away Cato
+into Cyprus under pretence of military duty, and when Caesar
+was gone upon his expedition to Gaul, finding the populace now
+looking to him as the leader who did everything according to
+their pleasure, he attempted forthwith to repeal some of
+Pompey's decrees; he took Tigranes, the captive, out of prison,
+and kept him about him as his companion; and commenced actions
+against several of Pompey's friends, thus designing to try the
+extent of his power.  At last, upon a time when Pompey was
+present at the hearing of a certain cause, Clodius, accompanied
+with a crowd of profligate and impudent ruffians, standing up
+in a place above the rest, put questions to the populace as
+follows:  "Who is the dissolute general?  who is the man that
+seeks another man?  who scratches his head with one finger?"
+and the rabble, upon the signal of his shaking his gown, with a
+great shout to every question, like singers making, responses
+in a chorus, made answer, "Pompey."
+
+This indeed was no small annoyance to Pompey, who was quite
+unaccustomed to hear anything ill of himself, and
+unexperienced altogether in such encounters; and he was yet
+more vexed, when he saw that the senate rejoiced at this foul
+usage, and regarded it as a just punishment upon him for his
+treachery to Cicero.  But when it came even to blows and wounds
+in the forum, and that one of Clodius's bondslaves was
+apprehended, creeping through the crowd towards Pompey with a
+sword in his hand, Pompey laid hold of this pretence, though
+perhaps otherwise apprehensive of Clodius's insolence and bad
+language, and never appeared again in the forum during all the
+time he was tribune, but kept close at home, and passed his
+time in consulting with his friends, by what means he might
+best allay the displeasure of the senate and nobles against
+him.  Among other expedients, Culleo advised the divorce of
+Julia, and to abandon Caesar's friendship to gain that of the
+senate; this he would not hearken to.  Others again advised him
+to call home Cicero from banishment, a man who was always the
+great adversary of Clodius, and as great a favorite of the
+senate; to this he was easily persuaded.  And therefore he
+brought Cicero's brother into the forum, attended with a strong
+party, to petition for his return; where, after a warm dispute,
+in which several were wounded and some slain, he got the
+victory over Clodius.  No sooner was Cicero returned home upon
+this decree, but immediately he used his efforts to reconcile
+the senate to Pompey; and by speaking in favor of the law upon
+the importation of corn, did again, in effect, make Pompey
+sovereign lord of all the Roman possessions by sea and land.
+For by that law, there were placed under his control all ports,
+markets, and storehouses, and in short, all the concerns both
+of the merchants and the husbandmen; which gave occasion to the
+charge brought against it by Clodius, that the law was not made
+because of the scarcity of corn, but the scarcity of corn was
+made, that they might pass a law, whereby that power of his,
+which was now grown feeble and consumptive, might be revived
+again, and Pompey reinstated in a new empire.  Others look upon
+it as a politic device of Spinther, the consul, whose design it
+was to secure Pompey in a greater authority, that he himself
+might be sent in assistance to king Ptolemy.  However, it is
+certain that Canidius, the tribune, preferred a law to dispatch
+Pompey in the character of an ambassador, without an army,
+attended only with two lictors, as a mediator betwixt the king
+and his subjects of Alexandria.  Neither did this proposal seem
+unacceptable to Pompey, though the senate cast it out upon the
+specious pretence, that they were unwilling to hazard his
+person.  However, there were found several writings scattered
+about the forum and near the senate-house, intimating how
+grateful it would be to Ptolemy to have Pompey appointed for
+his general instead of Spinther.  And Timagenes even asserts
+that Ptolemy went away and left Egypt, not out of necessity,
+but purely upon the persuasion of Theophanes, who was anxious
+to give Pompey the opportunity for holding a new command, and
+gaining further wealth.  But Theophanes's want of honesty does
+not go so far to make this story credible as does Pompey's own
+nature, which was averse, with all its ambition, to such base
+and disingenuous acts, to render it improbable.
+
+Thus Pompey being appointed chief purveyor, and having within
+his administration and management all the corn trade, sent
+abroad his factors and agents into all quarters, and he himself
+sailing into Sicily, Sardinia, and Africa, collected vast
+stores of corn.  He was just ready to set sail upon his voyage
+home, when a great storm arose upon the sea, and the ships'
+commanders doubted whether it were safe.  Upon which Pompey
+himself went first aboard, and bid the mariners weigh anchor,
+declaring with a loud voice, that there was a necessity to
+sail, but no necessity to live.  So that with this spirit and
+courage, and having met with favorable fortune, he made a
+prosperous return, and filled the markets with corn, and the
+sea with ships.  So much so that this great plenty and
+abundance of provisions yielded a sufficient supply, not only
+to the city of Rome, but even to other places too, dispersing
+itself; like waters from a spring, into all quarters.
+
+Meantime Caesar grew great and famous with his wars in Gaul,
+and while in appearance he seemed far distant from Rome,
+entangled in the affairs of the Belgians, Suevians, and
+Britons, in truth he was working craftily by secret practices
+in the midst of the people, and countermining Pompey in all
+political matters of most importance.  He himself with his army
+close about him, as if it had been his own body, not with mere
+views of conquest over the barbarians, but as though his
+contests with them were but mere sports and exercises of the
+chase, did his utmost with this training and discipline to make
+it invincible and alarming.  And in the meantime his gold and
+silver and other spoils and treasure which he took from the
+enemy in his conquests, he sent to Rome in presents, tempting
+people with his gifts, and aiding aediles, praetors, and
+consuls, as also their wives, in their expenses, and thus
+purchasing himself numerous friends.  Insomuch, that when he
+passed back again over the Alps, and took up his winter
+quarters in the city of Luca, there flocked to him an infinite
+number of men and women, striving who should get first to him,
+two hundred senators included, among whom were Pompey and
+Crassus; so that there were to be seen at once before Caesar's
+door no less than six score rods of proconsuls and praetors.
+The rest of his addressers he sent all away full fraught with
+hopes and money; but with Crassus and Pompey, he entered into
+special articles of agreement, that they should stand
+candidates for the consulship next year; that Caesar on his
+part should send a number of his soldiers to give their votes
+at the election; that as soon as they were elected, they should
+use their interest to have the command of some provinces and
+legions assigned to themselves, and that Caesar should have
+his present charge confirmed to him for five years more.  When
+these arrangements came to be generally known, great
+indignation was excited among the chief men in Rome; and
+Marcellinus, in an open assembly of the people, demanded of
+them both, whether they designed to sue for the consulship or
+no.  And being urged by the people for their answer, Pompey
+spoke first, and told them, perhaps he would sue for it,
+perhaps he would not.  Crassus was more temperate, and said,
+that he would do what should be judged most agreeable with the
+interest of the Commonwealth; and when Marcellinus persisted in
+his attack on Pompey, and spoke, as it was thought, with some
+vehemence, Pompey remarked that Marcellinus was certainly the
+unfairest of men, to show him no gratitude for having thus made
+him an orator out of a mute, and converted him from a hungry
+starveling into a man so full-fed that he could not contain
+himself.
+
+Most of the candidates nevertheless abandoned their canvass for
+the consulship; Cato alone persuaded and encouraged Lucius
+Domitius not to desist, "since," said he, "the contest now is
+not for office, but for liberty against tyrants and usurpers."
+Therefore those of Pompey's party, fearing this inflexible
+constancy in Cato, by which he kept with him the whole senate,
+lest by this he should likewise pervert and draw after him all
+the well-affected part of the commonalty, resolved to withstand
+Domitius at once, and to prevent his entrance into the forum.
+To this end, therefore, they sent in a band of armed men, who
+slew the torchbearer of Domitius, as he was leading the way
+before him, and put all the rest to flight; last of all, Cato
+himself retired, having received a wound in his right arm while
+defending Domitius.  Thus by these means and practices they
+obtained the consulship; neither did they behave themselves
+with more decency in their further proceedings; but in the
+first place, when the people were choosing Cato praetor, and
+just ready with their votes for the poll, Pompey broke up the
+assembly, upon a pretext of some inauspicious appearance, and
+having gained the tribes by money, they publicly proclaimed
+Vatinius praetor.  Then, in pursuance of their covenants with
+Caesar, they introduced several laws by Trebonius, the tribune,
+continuing Caesar's commission to another five years' charge of
+his province; to Crassus there were appointed Syria, and the
+Parthian war; and to Pompey himself, all Africa, together with
+both Spains, and four legions of soldiers, two of which he lent
+to Caesar upon his request, for the wars in Gaul.
+
+Crassus, upon the expiration of his consulship, departed
+forthwith into his province; but Pompey spent some time in
+Rome, upon the opening or dedication of his theater, where he
+treated the people with all sorts of games, shows, and
+exercises, in gymnastics alike and in music.  There was
+likewise the hunting or baiting of wild beasts, and combats
+with them, in which five hundred lions were slain; but above
+all, the battle of elephants was a spectacle full of horror and
+amazement.
+
+These entertainments brought him great honor and popularity;
+but on the other side he created no less envy to himself, in
+that he committed the government of his provinces and legions
+into the hands of friends as his lieutenants, whilst he himself
+was going about and spending his time with his wife in all the
+places of amusement in Italy; whether it were he was so fond of
+her himself, or she so fond of him, and he unable to distress
+her by going away, for this also is stated.  And the love
+displayed by this young wife for her elderly husband was a
+matter of general note, to be attributed, it would seem, to his
+constancy in married life, and to his dignity of manner, which
+in familiar intercourse was tempered with grace and gentleness,
+and was particularly attractive to women, as even Flora, the
+courtesan, may be thought good enough evidence to prove.  It
+once happened in a public assembly, as they were at an election
+of the aediles, that the people came to blows, and several
+about Pompey were slain, so that he, finding himself all
+bloody, ordered a change of apparel; but the
+servants who brought home his clothes, making a
+great bustle and hurry about the house, it chanced
+that the young lady, who was then with child, saw his
+gown all stained with blood; upon which she dropped immediately
+into a swoon, and was hardly brought to life again; however,
+what with her fright and suffering, she fell into labor and
+miscarried; even those who chiefly censured Pompey for his
+friendship to Caesar, could not reprove him for his affection
+to so attached a wife.  Afterwards she was great again, and
+brought to bed of a daughter, but died in childbed; neither did
+the infant outlive her mother many days.  Pompey had prepared
+all things for the interment of her corpse at his house near
+Alba, but the people seized upon it by force, and performed the
+solemnities in the field of Mars, rather in compassion for the
+young lady, than in favor either for Pompey or Caesar; and yet
+of these two, the people seemed at that time to pay Caesar a
+greater share of honor in his absence, than to Pompey, though
+he was present.
+
+For the city now at once began to roll and swell, so to say,
+with the stir of the coming storm.  Things everywhere were in a
+state of agitation, and everybody's discourse tended to
+division, now that death had put an end to that relation which
+hitherto had been a disguise rather than restraint to the
+ambition of these men.  Besides, not long after came messengers
+from Parthia with intelligence of the death of Crassus there,
+by which another safeguard against civil war was removed, since
+both Caesar and Pompey kept their eyes on Crassus, and awe of
+him held them together more or less within the bounds of
+fair-dealing all his lifetime.  But when fortune had taken away
+this second, whose province it might have been to revenge the
+quarrel of the conquered, you might then say with the comic
+poet,
+
+The combatants are waiting to begin,
+Smearing their hands with dust and oiling each his skin.
+
+So inconsiderable a thing is fortune in respect of human
+nature, and so insufficient to give content to a covetous mind,
+that an empire of that mighty extent and sway could not satisfy
+the ambition of two men; and though they knew and had read,
+that
+
+The gods, when they divided out 'twixt three,
+This massive universe, heaven, hell, and sea,
+Each one sat down contented on his throne,
+And undisturbed each god enjoys his own,
+
+yet they thought the whole Roman empire not sufficient to
+contain them, though they were but two.
+
+Pompey once in an oration to the people, told them, that he had
+always come into office before he expected he should, and that
+he had always left it sooner than they expected he would; and,
+indeed, the disbanding of all his armies witnessed as much.
+Yet when he perceived that Caesar would not so willingly
+discharge his forces, he endeavored to strengthen himself
+against him by offices and commands in the city; but beyond
+this he showed no desire for any change, and would not seem to
+distrust, but rather to disregard and contemn him.  And when he
+saw how they bestowed the places of government quite contrary
+to his wishes, because the citizens were bribed in their
+elections, he let things take their course, and allowed the
+city to be left without any government at all.  Hereupon there
+was mention straightaway made of appointing a dictator.
+Lucilius, a tribune of the people, was the man who first
+adventured to propose it, urging the people to make Pompey
+dictator.  But the tribune was in danger of being turned out of
+his office, by the opposition that Cato made against it.  And
+for Pompey, many of his friends appeared and excused him,
+alleging that he never was desirous of that government, neither
+would he accept of it.  And when Cato therefore made a speech
+in commendation of Pompey, and exhorted him to support the
+cause of good order in the Commonwealth, he could not for shame
+but yield to it, and so for the present Domitius and Messala
+were elected consuls.  But shortly afterwards, when there was
+another anarchy, or vacancy in the government, and the talk of
+a dictator was much louder and more general than before, those
+of Cato's party, fearing lest they should be forced to appoint
+Pompey, thought it policy to keep him from that arbitrary and
+tyrannical power, by giving him an office of more legal
+authority.  Bibulus himself, who was Pompey's enemy, first gave
+his vote in the senate, that Pompey should be created consul
+alone; alleging, that by these means either the Commonwealth
+would be freed from its present confusion, or that its bondage
+should be lessened by serving the worthiest.  This was looked
+upon as a very strange opinion, considering the man that spoke
+it; and therefore on Cato's standing up, everybody expected
+that he would have opposed it; but after silence made, he said
+that he would never have been the author of that advice
+himself, but since it was propounded by another, his advice was
+to follow it, adding, that any form of government was better
+than none at all; and that in a time so full of distraction, he
+thought no man fitter to govern than Pompey.  This counsel was
+unanimously approved of, and a decree passed that Pompey should
+be made sole consul, with this clause, that if he thought it
+necessary to have a colleague, he might choose whom he pleased,
+provided it were not till after two months expired.
+
+Thus was Pompey created and declared sole consul by Sulpicius,
+regent in this vacancy; upon which he made very cordial
+acknowledgments to Cato, professing himself much his debtor,
+and requesting his good advice in conducting the government; to
+this Cato replied, that Pompey had no reason to thank him, for
+all that he had said was for the service of the commonwealth,
+not of Pompey; but that he would be always ready to give his
+advice privately, if he were asked for it; and if not, he
+should not fail to say what he thought in public.  Such was
+Cato's conduct on all occasions.
+
+On his return into the city Pompey married Cornelia, the
+daughter of Metellus Scipio, not a maiden, but lately left a
+widow by Publius, the son of Crassus, her first husband, who
+had been killed in Parthia.  The young lady had other
+attractions besides those of youth and beauty; for she was
+highly educated, played well upon the lute, understood
+geometry, and had been accustomed to listen with profit to
+lectures on philosophy; all this, too, without in any degree
+becoming unamiable or pretentious, as sometimes young women do
+when they pursue such studies.  Nor could any fault be found
+either with her father's family or reputation.  The disparity
+of their ages was however not liked by everybody; Cornelia
+being in this respect a fitter match for Pompey's son.  And
+wiser judges thought it rather a slight upon the commonwealth
+when he, to whom alone they had committed their broken
+fortunes, and from whom alone, as from their physician, they
+expected a cure to these distractions, went about crowned with
+garlands and celebrating his nuptial feasts; never considering,
+that his very consulship was a public calamity, which would
+never have been given him, contrary to the rules of law, had
+his country been in a flourishing state.  Afterwards, however,
+he took cognizance of the cases of those that had obtained
+offices by gifts and bribery, and enacted laws and ordinances,
+setting forth the rules of judgment by which they should be
+arraigned; and regulating all things with gravity and justice,
+he restored security, order, and silence to their courts of
+judicature, himself giving his presence there with a band of
+soldiers.  But when his father-in-law Scipio was accused, he
+sent for the three hundred and sixty judges to his house, and
+entreated them to be favorable to him; whereupon his accuser,
+seeing Scipio come into the court, accompanied by the judges
+themselves, withdrew the prosecution.  Upon this Pompey was
+very ill spoken of, and much worse in the case of Plancus; for
+whereas he himself had made a law, putting a stop to the
+practice of making speeches in praise of persons under trial,
+yet notwithstanding this prohibition, he came into court, and
+spoke openly in commendation of Plancus, insomuch that Cato,
+who happened to be one of the judges at that time, stopping his
+ears with his hands, told him, he could not in conscience
+listen to commendations contrary to law.  Cato upon this was
+refused, and set aside from being a judge, before sentence was
+given, but Plancus was condemned by the rest of the judges, to
+Pompey's dishonor.  Shortly after, Hypsaeus, a man of consular
+dignity, who was under accusation, waited for Pompey's return
+from his bath to his supper, and falling down at his feet,
+implored his favor; but he disdainfully passed him by, saying,
+that he did nothing else but spoil his supper.  Such partiality
+was looked upon as a great fault in Pompey, and highly
+condemned; however, he managed all things else discreetly, and
+having put the government in very good order, he chose his
+father-in-law to be his colleague in the consulship for the
+last five months.  His provinces were continued to him for the
+term of four years longer, with a commission to take one
+thousand talents yearly out of the treasury for the payment of
+his army.
+
+This gave occasion to some of Caesar's friends to think it
+reasonable, that some consideration should be had of him too,
+who had done such signal services in war, and fought so many
+battles for the empire, alleging, that he deserved at least a
+second consulship, or to have the government of his province
+continued, that so he might command and enjoy in peace what he
+had obtained in war, and no successor come in to reap the
+fruits of his labor, and carry off the glory of his actions.
+There arising some debate about this matter, Pompey took upon
+him, as it were out of kindness to Caesar, to plead his cause,
+and allay any jealousy that was conceived against him, telling
+them, that he had letters from Caesar, expressing his desire
+for a successor, and his own discharge from the command; but it
+would be only right that they should give him leave to stand
+for the consulship though in his absence.  But those of Cato's
+party withstood this, saying, that if he expected any favor
+from the citizens, he ought to leave his army, and come in a
+private capacity to canvas for it.  And Pompey's making no
+rejoinder, but letting it pass as a matter in which he was
+overruled, increased the suspicion of his real feelings towards
+Caesar.  Presently, also, under presence of a war with Parthia,
+he sent for his two legions which he had lent him.  However,
+Caesar, though he well knew why they were asked for, sent them
+home very liberally rewarded.
+
+About that time Pompey recovered of a dangerous fit of sickness
+which seized him at Naples, where the whole city, upon the
+suggestion of Praxagoras, made sacrifices of thanksgiving to
+the gods for his recovery.  The neighboring towns likewise
+happening to follow their example, the thing then went its
+course throughout all Italy, so that there was not a city
+either great or small, that did not feast and rejoice for many
+days together.  And the company of those that came from all
+parts to meet him was so numerous, that no place was able to
+contain them, but the villages, seaport towns, and the very
+highways, were all full of people, feasting and sacrificing to
+the gods.  Nay, many went to meet him with garlands on their
+heads, and flambeaux in their hands, casting flowers and
+nosegays upon him as he went along; so that this progress of
+his, and reception, was one of the noblest and most glorious
+sights imaginable.  And yet it is thought that this very thing
+was not one of the least causes and occasions of the civil war.
+For Pompey, yielding to a feeling of exultation, which in the
+greatness of the present display of joy lost sight of more
+solid grounds of consideration, and abandoning that prudent
+temper which had guided him hitherto to a safe use of all his
+good fortune and his successes, gave himself up to an
+extravagant confidence in his own, and contempt of Caesar's
+power; insomuch that he thought neither force of arms nor care
+necessary against him, but that he could pull him down much
+easier than he had set him up.  Besides this, Appius, under
+whose command those legions which Pompey lent to Caesar were
+returned, coming lately out of Gaul, spoke slightingly of
+Caesar's actions there, and spread scandalous reports about
+him, at the same time telling Pompey, that he was unacquainted
+with his own strength and reputation, if he made use of any
+other forces against Caesar than Caesar's own; for such was the
+soldiers' hatred to Caesar, and their love to Pompey so great,
+that they would all come over to him upon his first appearance.
+By these flatteries Pompey was so puffed up, and led on into
+such a careless security, that he could not choose but laugh at
+those who seemed to fear a war; and when some were saying, that
+if Caesar should march against the city, they could not see
+what forces there were to resist him, he replied with a smile,
+bidding them be in no concern, "for," said he, "whenever I
+stamp with my foot in any part of Italy, there will rise up
+forces enough in an instant, both horse and foot."
+
+Caesar, on the other side, was more and more vigorous in his
+proceedings, himself always at hand about the frontiers of
+Italy, and sending his soldiers continually into the city to
+attend all elections with their votes.  Besides, he corrupted
+several of the magistrates, and kept them in his pay; among
+others, Paulus, the consul, who was brought over by a bribe of
+one thousand and five hundred talents; and Curio, tribune of
+the people, by a discharge of the debts with which he was
+overwhelmed; together with Mark Antony, who, out of friendship
+to Curio, had become bound with him in the same obligations
+for them all.  And it was stated as a fact, that a centurion of
+Caesar's waiting at the senate-house, and hearing that the
+senate refused to give him a longer term of his government,
+clapped his hand upon his sword, and said, "But this shall give
+it."  And indeed all his practices and preparations seemed to
+bear this appearance.  Curio's demands, however, and requests
+in favor of Caesar, were more popular in appearance; for he
+desired one of these two things, either that Pompey also should
+be called upon to resign his army, or that Caesar's should not
+be taken away from him; for if both of them became private
+persons, both would be satisfied with simple justice; or if
+both retained their present power, each being a match for the
+other, they would be contented with what they already had; but
+he that weakens one, does at the same time strengthen the
+other, and so doubles that very strength and power which he
+stood in fear of before.  Marcellus, the consul, replied
+nothing to all this, but that Caesar was a robber, and should
+be proclaimed an enemy to the state, if he did not disband his
+army.  However, Curio, with the assistance of Antony and Piso,
+prevailed, that the matter in debate should be put to the
+question, and decided by vote in the senate.  So that it being
+ordered upon the question for those to withdraw, who were of
+opinion that Caesar only should lay down his army and Pompey
+command, the majority withdrew.  But when it was ordered again
+for those to withdraw, whose vote was that both should lay
+down their arms and neither command, there were but twenty-two
+for Pompey, all the rest remained on Curio's side.  Whereupon
+he, as one proud of his conquest, leaped out in triumph among
+the people, who received him with as great tokens of joy,
+clapping their hands, and crowning him with garlands and
+flowers.  Pompey was not then present in the senate, because it
+is not lawful for generals in command of an army to come into
+the city.  But Marcellus rising up, said, that he would not sit
+there hearing speeches, when he saw ten legions already passing
+the Alps on their march toward the city, but on his own
+authority would send someone to oppose them in defense of the
+country.
+
+Upon this the city went into mourning, as in a public calamity,
+and Marcellus, accompanied by the senate, went solemnly through
+the forum to meet Pompey, and made him this address.  "I hereby
+give you orders, O Pompey, to defend your country, to employ
+the troops you now command, and to levy more."  Lentulus,
+consul elect for the year following, spoke to the same purpose.
+Antony, however, contrary to the will of the senate, having in
+a public assembly read a letter of Caesar's, containing various
+plausible overtures such as were likely to gain the common
+people, proposing, namely, that both Pompey and he quitting
+their governments, and dismissing their armies, should submit
+to the judgment of the people, and give an account of their
+actions before them, the consequence was that when Pompey began
+to make his levies, he found himself disappointed in his
+expectations.  Some few, indeed, came in, but those very
+unwillingly; others would not answer to their names, and the
+generality cried out for peace.  Lentulus, notwithstanding he
+was now entered upon his consulship, would not assemble the
+senate; but Cicero, who was lately returned from Cilicia,
+labored for a reconciliation, proposing that Caesar should
+leave his province of Gaul and army, reserving two legions
+only, together with the government of Illyricum, and should
+thus be put in nomination for a second consulship.  Pompey
+disliking this motion, Caesar's friends were contented that he
+should surrender one of the two; but Lentulus still opposing,
+and Cato crying out that Pompey did ill to be deceived again,
+the reconciliation did not take effect.
+
+In the meantime, news was brought that Caesar had occupied
+Ariminum, a great city in Italy, and was marching directly
+towards Rome with all his forces.  But this latter was
+altogether false, for he had no more with him at that time than
+three hundred horse and five thousand foot; and he did not mean
+to tarry for the body of his army, which lay beyond the Alps,
+choosing rather to fall in on a sudden upon his enemies, while
+they were in confusion, and did not expect him, than to give
+them time, and fight them after they had made preparations.
+For when he came to the banks of the Rubicon, a river that
+made the bounds of his province, there he made a halt, pausing
+a little, and considering, we may suppose, with himself the
+greatness of the enterprise which he had undertaken; then, at
+last, like men that are throwing themselves headlong from some
+precipice into a vast abyss, having shut, as it were, his
+mind's eyes and put away from his sight the idea of danger, he
+merely uttered to those near him in Greek the words,
+"Anerriphtho kubos," (let the die be cast,) and led his army
+through it.  No sooner was the news arrived, but there was an
+uproar throughout all the city, and a consternation in the
+people even to astonishment, such as never was known in Rome
+before; all the senate ran immediately to Pompey, and the
+magistrates followed.  And when Tullus made inquiry about his
+legions and forces, Pompey seemed to pause a little, and
+answered with some hesitation, that he had those two legions
+ready that Caesar sent back, and that out of the men who had
+been previously enrolled he believed he could shortly make up a
+body of thirty thousand men.  On which Tullus crying out aloud,
+"O Pompey, you have deceived us," gave his advice to send off a
+deputation to Caesar.  Favonius, a man of fair character,
+except that he used to suppose his own petulance and abusive
+talking a copy of Cato's straight-forwardness, bade Pompey
+stamp upon the ground, and call forth the forces he had
+promised.  But Pompey bore patiently with this unseasonable
+raillery; and on Cato putting him in mind of what he had
+foretold from the very beginning about Caesar, made this answer
+only, that Cato indeed had spoken more like a prophet, but he
+had acted more like a friend.  Cato then advised them to choose
+Pompey general with absolute power and authority, saying that
+the same men who do great evils, know best how to cure them.
+He himself went his way forthwith into Sicily, the province
+that was allotted him, and all the rest of the senators
+likewise departed every one to his respective government.
+
+Thus all Italy in a manner being up in arms, no one could say
+what was best to be done.  For those that were without, came
+from all parts flocking into the city; and they who were
+within, seeing the confusion and disorder so great there, all
+good things impotent, and disobedience and insubordination
+grown too strong to be controlled by the magistrates, were
+quitting it as fast as the others came in.  Nay, it was so far
+from being possible to allay their fears, that they would not
+suffer Pompey to follow out his own judgment, but every man
+pressed and urged him according to his particular fancy,
+whether it proceeded from doubt, fear, grief, or any meaner
+passion; so that even in the same day quite contrary counsels
+were acted upon.  Then, again, it was as impossible to have any
+good intelligence of the enemy; for what each man heard by
+chance upon a flying rumor, he would report for truth, and
+exclaim against Pompey if he did not believe it.  Pompey, at
+length, seeing such a confusion in Rome, determined with
+himself to put an end to their clamors by his departure, and
+therefore commanding all the senate to follow him, and
+declaring, that whosoever tarried behind, should be judged a
+confederate of Caesar's, about the dusk of the evening he went
+out and left the city.  The consuls also followed after in a
+hurry, without offering the sacrifices to the gods, usual
+before a war.  But in all this, Pompey himself had the glory,
+that in the midst of such calamities, he had so much of men's
+love and good-will.  For though many found fault with the
+conduct of the war, yet no man hated the general; and there
+were more to be found of those that went out of Rome, because
+that they could not forsake Pompey, than of those that fled for
+love of liberty.
+
+Some few days after Pompey was gone out, Caesar came into the
+city, and made himself master of it, treating everyone with a
+great deal of courtesy, and appeasing their fears, except only
+Metellus, one of the tribunes; on whose refusing to let him
+take any money out of the treasury, Caesar threatened him with
+death, adding words yet harsher than the threat, that it was
+far easier for him to do it than say it.  By this means
+removing Metellus, and taking what moneys were of use for his
+occasions, he set forwards in pursuit of Pompey, endeavoring
+with all speed to drive him out of Italy before his army, that
+was in Spain, could join him.
+
+But Pompey arriving at Brundusium, and having plenty of ships
+there, bade the two consuls embark immediately, and with them
+shipped thirty cohorts of foot, bound before him for
+Dyrrhachium.  He sent likewise his father-in-law Scipio, and
+Cnaeus his son, into Syria, to provide and fit out a fleet
+there; himself in the meantime having blocked up the gates,
+placed his lightest soldiers as guards upon the walls; and
+giving express orders that the citizens should keep within
+doors, he dug up all the ground inside the city, cutting
+trenches, and fixing stakes and palisades throughout all the
+streets of the city, except only two that led down to the
+sea-side.  Thus in three days space having with ease put all
+the rest of his army on shipboard, he suddenly gave the signal
+to those that guarded the walls, who nimbly repairing to the
+ships, were received on board and carried off.  Caesar meantime
+perceiving their departure by seeing the walls unguarded,
+hastened after, and in the heat of pursuit was all but
+entangled himself among the stakes and trenches.  But the
+Brundusians discovering the danger to him, and showing him the
+way, he wheeled about, and taking a circuit round the city,
+made towards the haven, where he found all the ships on their
+way, excepting only two vessels that had but a few soldiers
+aboard.
+
+Most are of opinion, that this departure of Pompey's is to be
+counted among the best of his military performances, but Caesar
+himself could not but wonder that he, who was thus ingarrisoned
+in a city well fortified, who was in expectation of his forces
+from Spain, and was master of the sea besides, should leave and
+abandon Italy.  Cicero accuses him of imitating the conduct of
+Themistocles, rather than of Pericles, when the circumstances
+were more like those of Pericles than they were like those of
+Themistocles.  However, it appeared plainly, and Caesar showed
+it by his actions, that he was in great fear of delay, for when
+he had taken Numerius, a friend of Pompey's, prisoner, he sent
+him as an ambassador to Brundusium, with offers of peace and
+reconciliation upon equal terms; but Numerius sailed away with
+Pompey.  And now Caesar having become master of all Italy in
+sixty days, without a drop of blood shed, had a great desire
+forthwith to follow Pompey; but being destitute of shipping, he
+was forced to divert his course, and march into Spain,
+designing to bring over Pompey's forces there to his own.
+
+In the meantime Pompey raised a mighty army both by sea and
+land.  As for his navy, it was irresistible.  For there were
+five hundred men of war, besides an infinite company of light
+vessels, Liburnians, and others; and for his land forces, the
+cavalry made up a body of seven thousand horse, the very flower
+of Rome and Italy, men of family, wealth, and high spirit; but
+the infantry was a mixture of unexperienced soldiers drawn from
+different quarters, and these he exercised and trained near
+Beroea, where he quartered his army; himself noways slothful,
+but performing all his exercises as if he had been in the flower
+of his youth, conduct which raised the spirits of his soldiers
+extremely.  For it was no small encouragement for them to see
+Pompey the Great, sixty years of age wanting two, at one time
+handling his arms among the foot, then again mounted among the
+horse, drawing out his sword with ease in full career, and
+sheathing it up as easily; and in darting the javelin, showing
+not only skill and dexterity in hitting the mark, but also
+strength and activity in throwing it so far that few of the
+young men went beyond him.
+
+Several kings and princes of nations came thither to him, and
+there was a concourse of Roman citizens who had held the
+magistracies, so numerous that they made up a complete senate.
+Labienus forsook his old friend Caesar, whom he had served
+throughout all his wars in Gaul, and came over to Pompey; and
+Brutus, son to that Brutus that was put to death in Gaul, a man
+of a high spirit, and one that to that day had never so much as
+saluted or spoke to Pompey, looking upon him as the murderer of
+his father, came then and submitted himself to him as the
+defender of their liberty.  Cicero likewise, though he had
+written and advised otherwise, yet was ashamed not to be
+accounted in the number of those that would hazard their lives
+and fortunes for the safeguard of their country.  There came to
+him also into Macedonia, Tidius Sextius, a man extremely old,
+and lame of one leg; so that others indeed mocked and laughed
+at the spectacle, but Pompey, as soon as he saw him, rose and
+ran to meet him, esteeming it no small testimony in his favor,
+when men of such age and infirmities should rather choose to be
+with him in danger, than in safety at home.  Afterwards in a
+meeting of their senate they passed a decree, on the motion of
+Cato, that no Roman citizen should be put to death but in
+battle, and that they should not sack or plunder any city that
+was subject to the Roman empire, a resolution which gained
+Pompey's party still greater reputation, insomuch that those
+who were noways at all concerned in the war, either because
+they dwelt afar off, or were thought incapable of giving help,
+were yet, in their good wishes, upon his side, and in all their
+words, so far as that went, supported the good or just cause,
+as they called it; esteeming those as enemies to the gods and
+men, that wished not victory to Pompey.
+
+Neither was Pompey's clemency such, but that Caesar likewise
+showed himself as merciful a conqueror; for when he had taken
+and overthrown all Pompey's forces in Spain, he gave them easy
+terms, leaving the commanders at their liberty, and taking the
+common soldiers into his own pay.  Then repassing the Alps, and
+making a running march through Italy, he came to Brundusium
+about the winter solstice, and crossing the sea there, landed
+at the port of Oricum.  And having Jubius, an intimate friend
+of Pompey's, with him as his prisoner, he dispatched him to
+Pompey with an invitation, that they, meeting together in a
+conference, should disband both their armies within three days,
+and renewing their former friendship with solemn oaths, should
+return together into Italy.  Pompey looked upon this again as
+some new stratagem, and therefore marching down in all haste to
+the sea-coast, possessed himself of all forts and places of
+strength suitable to encamp in, and to secure his laud forces,
+as likewise of all ports and harbors commodious to receive any
+that came by sea, so that what wind soever blew, it must needs
+in some way or other be favorable to him, bringing in either
+provision, men, or money; while Caesar, on the contrary, was so
+hemmed in both by sea and land, that he was forced to desire
+battle, daily provoking the enemy, and assailing them in their
+very forts; and in these light skirmishes for the most part had
+the better.  Once only he was dangerously overthrown, and was
+within a little of losing his whole army, Pompey having fought
+nobly, routing the whole force, and killing two thousand on the
+spot.  But either he was not able, or was afraid, to go on and
+force his way into their camp with them, so that Caesar made
+the remark, that "Today the victory had been the enemy's, had
+there been anyone among them to gain it."  Pompey's soldiers
+were so encouraged by this victory that they were eager now to
+have all put to the decision of a battle; but Pompey himself,
+though he wrote to distant kings, generals, and states in
+confederacy with him, as a conqueror, yet was afraid to hazard
+the success of a battle, choosing rather by delays, and
+distress of provisions, to tire out a body of men, who had
+never yet been conquered by force of arms, and had long been
+used to fight and conquer together; while their time of life,
+now an advanced one, which made them quickly weary of those
+other hardships of war, such as were long marches, and frequent
+decampings, making trenches, and building fortifications, made
+them eager to come to close combat and venture a battle with
+all speed.
+
+Pompey had all along hitherto by his persuasions pretty well
+quieted his soldiers; but after this last engagement, when
+Caesar for want of provisions was forced to raise his camp, and
+passed through Athamania into Thessaly, it was impossible to
+curb or allay the heat of their spirits any longer.  For all
+crying out with a general voice, that Caesar was fled, some
+were for pursuing and pressing upon him, others for returning
+into Italy; some there were that sent their friends and
+servants beforehand to Rome, to hire houses near the forum,
+that they might be in readiness to sue for offices; several of
+their own motion sailed off at once to Lesbos to carry to
+Cornelia, (whom Pompey had conveyed thither to be in safety,)
+the joyful news, that the war was ended.  And a senate being
+called, and the matter being under debate, Afranius was of
+opinion, that Italy should first be regained, for that it was
+the grand prize and crown of all the war; and they who were
+masters of that, would quickly have at their devotion all the
+provinces of Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Spain, and Gaul; but
+what was of greatest weight and moment to Pompey, it was his
+own native country that lay near, reaching out her hand for his
+help; and certainly it could not be consistent with his honor
+to leave her thus exposed to all indignities, and in bondage
+under slaves and the flatterers of a tyrant.  But Pompey
+himself, on the contrary, thought it neither honorable to fly a
+second time before Caesar, and be pursued, when fortune had
+given him the advantage of a pursuit; nor indeed lawful before
+the gods to forsake Scipio and divers other men of consular
+dignity dispersed throughout Greece and Thessaly, who must
+necessarily fall into Caesar's hands, together with large sums
+of money and numerous forces; and as to his care for the city
+of Rome, that would most eminently appear, by removing the
+scene of war to a greater distance, and leaving her, without
+feeling the distress or even hearing the sound of these evils,
+to await in peace the return of whichever should be the victor.
+
+With this determination, Pompey marched forwards in pursuit of
+Caesar, firmly resolved with himself not to give him battle,
+but rather to besiege and distress him, by keeping close at his
+heels, and cutting him short.  There were other reasons that
+made him continue this resolution, but especially because a
+saying that was current among the Romans serving in the cavalry
+came to his ear, to the effect, that they ought to beat Caesar
+as soon as possible, and then humble Pompey too.  And some
+report, it was for this reason that Pompey never employed Cato
+in any matter of consequence during the whole war, but now when
+he pursued Caesar, left him to guard his baggage by sea,
+fearing lest, if Caesar should be taken off, he himself also by
+Cato's means not long after should be forced to give up his
+power.
+
+Whilst he was thus slowly attending the motions of the enemy,
+he was exposed on all sides to outcries, and imputations of
+using his generalship to defeat, not Caesar, but his country
+and the senate, that he might always continue in authority, and
+never cease to keep those for his guards and servants, who
+themselves claimed to govern the world.  Domitius Aenobarbus,
+continually calling him Agamemnon, and king of kings, excited
+jealousy against him; and Favonius, by his unseasonable
+raillery, did him no less injury than those who openly attacked
+him, as when he cried out, "Good friends, you must not expect
+to gather any figs in Tusculum this year."  But Lucius
+Afranius, who had lain under an imputation of treachery for the
+loss of the army in Spain, when he saw Pompey purposely
+declining an engagement, declared openly, that he could not but
+admire, why those who were so ready to accuse him, did not go
+themselves and fight this buyer and seller of their provinces.
+
+With these and many such speeches they wrought upon Pompey, who
+never could bear reproach, or resist the expectations of his
+friends; and thus they forced him to break his measures, so
+that he forsook his own prudent resolution to follow their vain
+hopes and desires:  weakness that would have been blamable ill
+the pilot of a ship, how much more in the sovereign commander
+of such an army, and so many nations.  But he, though he had
+often commended those physicians who did not comply with the
+capricious appetites of their patients, yet himself could not
+but yield to the malady and disease of his companions and
+advisers in the war, rather than use some severity in their
+cure.  Truly who could have said that health was not disordered
+and a cure not required in the case of men who went up and down
+the camp, suing already for the consulship and office of
+praetor, while Spinther, Domitius, and Scipio made friends,
+raised factions, and quarrelled among themselves, who should
+succeed Caesar in the dignity of his high-priesthood, esteeming
+all as lightly, as if they were to engage only with Tigranes,
+king of Armenia, or some petty Nabathaean king, not with that
+Caesar and his army that had stormed a thousand towns, and
+subdued more than three hundred several nations; that had
+fought innumerable battles with the Germans and Gauls, and
+always carried the victory; that had taken a million of men
+prisoners, and slain as many upon the spot in pitched battles?
+
+But they went on soliciting and clamoring, and on reaching the
+plain of Pharsalia, they forced Pompey by their pressure and
+importunities to call a council of war, where Labienus, general
+of the horse, stood up first and swore that he would not return
+out of the battle if he did not rout the enemies; and a]l the
+rest took the same oath.  That night Pompey dreamed that as he
+went into the theater, the people received him with great
+applause, and that he himself adorned the temple of Venus the
+Victorious, with many spoils.  This vision partly encouraged,
+but partly also disheartened him, fearing lest that splendor
+and ornament to Venus should be made with spoils furnished by
+himself to Caesar, who derived his family from that goddess.
+Besides there were some panic fears and alarms that ran through
+the camp, with such a noise that it awaked him out of his
+sleep.  And about the time of renewing the watch towards
+morning, there appeared a great light over Caesar's camp,
+whilst they were all at rest, and from thence a ball of flaming
+fire was carried into Pompey's camp, which Caesar himself says
+he saw, as he was walking his rounds.
+
+Now Caesar having designed to raise his camp with the morning
+and move to Scotussa, whilst the soldiers were busy in pulling
+down their tents, and sending on their cattle and servants
+before them with their baggage, there came in scouts who
+brought word that they saw arms carried to and fro in the
+enemy's camp, and heard a noise and running up and down, as of
+men preparing for battle; not long after there came in other
+scouts with further intelligence, that the first ranks were
+already set in battle array.  Thereupon Caesar, when he had
+told them that the wished for day was come at last, when they
+should fight with men, not with hunger and famine, instantly
+gave orders for the red colors to be set up before his tent,
+that being the ordinary signal of battle among the Romans.  As
+soon as the soldiers saw that, they left their tents, and with
+great shouts of joy ran to their arms; the officers, likewise,
+on their parts drawing up their companies in order of battle,
+every man fell into his proper rank without any trouble or
+noise, as quietly and orderly as if they had been in a dance.
+
+Pompey himself led the right wing of his army against Antony,
+and placed his father-in-law Scipio in the middle against
+Lucius Calvinus.  The left wing was commanded by Lucius
+Domitius; and supported by the great mass of the horse.  For
+almost the whole cavalry was posted there, in the hope of
+crushing Caesar, and cutting off the tenth legion, which was
+spoken of as the stoutest in all the army, and in which Caesar
+himself usually fought in person.  Caesar observing the left
+wing of the enemy to be lined and fortified with such a mighty
+guard of horse, and alarmed at the gallantry of their
+appearance, sent for a detachment of six cohorts out of the
+reserves, and placed them in the rear of the tenth legion,
+commanding them not to stir, lest they should be discovered by
+the enemy; but when the enemy's horse should begin to charge,
+and press upon them, that they should make up with all speed to
+the front through the foremost ranks, and not throw their
+javelins at a distance, as is usual with brave soldiers, that
+they may come to a close fight with their swords the sooner,
+but that they should strike them upwards into the eyes and
+faces of the enemy; telling them that those fine young dancers
+would never endure the steel shining in their eyes, but would
+fly to save their handsome faces.  This was Caesar's employment
+at that time.  But while he was thus instructing his soldiers,
+Pompey on horseback was viewing the order of both armies, and
+when he saw how well the enemy kept their ranks, expecting
+quietly the signal of battle; and, on the contrary, how
+impatient and unsteady his own men were, waving up and down in
+disorder for want of experience, he was very much afraid that
+their ranks would be broken upon the first onset; and therefore
+he gave out orders that the van should make a stand, and
+keeping close in their ranks, should receive the enemy's
+charge.  Caesar much condemns this command; which he says not
+only took off from the strength of the blows, which would
+otherwise have been made with a spring; but also lost the men
+the impetus, which, more than anything, in the moment of their
+coming upon the enemy, fills soldiers with impulse and
+inspiration, the very shouts and rapid pace adding to their
+fury; of which Pompey deprived his men, arresting them in their
+course and cooling down their heat.
+
+Caesar's army consisted of twenty-two thousand, and Pompey's of
+somewhat above twice as many.  When the signal of battle was
+given on both sides, and the trumpets began to sound a charge,
+most men of course were fully occupied with their own matters;
+only some few of the noblest Romans, together with certain
+Greeks there present, standing as spectators without the
+battle, seeing the armies now ready to join, could not but
+consider in themselves to what a pass private ambition and
+emulation had brought the empire.  Common arms, and kindred
+ranks drawn up under the self-same standards, the whole flower
+and strength of the same single city here meeting in collision
+with itself, offered plain proof how blind and how mad a thing
+human nature is, when once possessed with any passion; for if
+they had been desirous only to rule, and enjoy in peace what
+they had conquered in war, the greatest and best part of the
+world was subject to them both by sea and land.  But if there
+was yet a thirst in their ambition, that must still be fed with
+new trophies and triumphs, the Parthian and German wars would
+yield matter enough to satisfy the most covetous of honor.
+Scythia, moreover, was yet unconquered, and the Indians too,
+where their ambition might be colored over with the specious
+pretext of civilizing barbarous nations.  And what Scythian
+horse, Parthian arrows, or Indian riches, could be able to
+resist seventy thousand Roman soldiers, well appointed in arms,
+under the command of two such generals as Pompey and Caesar,
+whose names they had heard of before that of the Romans, and
+whose prowess, by their conquests of such wild, remote, savage,
+and brutish nations, was spread further than the fame of the
+Romans themselves?  Today they met in conflict, and could no
+longer be induced to spare their country, even out of regard
+for their own glory or the fear of losing the name which till
+this day both had held, of having never yet been defeated.  As
+for their former private ties, and the charms of Julia, and the
+marriage that had made them near connections, these could now
+only be looked upon as tricks of state, the mere securities of
+a treaty made to serve the needs of an occasion, not the
+pledges of any real friendship.
+
+Now, therefore, as soon as the plains of Pharsalia were covered
+with men, horse, and armor, and that the signal of battle was
+raised on either side, Caius Crassianus, a centurion, who
+commanded a company of one hundred and twenty men, was the
+first that advanced out of Caesar's army, to give the charge,
+and acquit himself of a solemn engagement that he had made to
+Caesar.  He had been the first man that Caesar had seen going
+out of the camp in the morning, and Caesar, after saluting him,
+had asked him what he thought of the coming battle.  To which
+he, stretching out his right hand, replied aloud, "Thine is the
+victory, O Caesar, thou shalt conquer gloriously, and I myself
+this day will be the subject of thy praise either alive or
+dead."  In pursuance of this promise he hastened forward, and
+being followed by many more, charged into the midst of the
+enemy.  There they came at once to a close fight with their
+swords, and made a great slaughter; but as he was still
+pressing forward, and breaking the ranks of the vanguard, one
+of Pompey's soldiers ran him in at the mouth, so that the point
+of the sword came out behind at his neck; and Crassianus being
+thus slain, the fight became doubtful, and continued equal on
+that part of the battle.
+
+Pompey had not yet brought on the right wing, but stayed and
+looked about, waiting to see what execution his cavalry would
+do on the left.  They had already drawn out their squadrons in
+form, designing to turn Caesar's flank, and force those few
+horse, which he had placed in the front, to give back upon the
+battalion of foot.  But Caesar, on the other side, having given
+the signal, his horse retreated back a little, and gave way to
+those six subsidiary cohorts, which had been posted in the
+rear, as a reserve to cover the flank; and which now came out,
+three thousand men in number, and met the enemy; and when they
+came up, standing by the horses, struck their javelins upwards,
+according to their instructions, and hit the horsemen full in
+their faces.  They, unskillful in any manner of fight, and
+least of all expecting or understanding such a kind as this,
+had not courage enough to endure the blows upon their faces,
+but turning their backs, and covering their eyes with their
+hands, shamefully took to flight.  Caesar's men, however, did
+not follow them, but marched upon the foot, and attacked the
+wing, which the flight of the cavalry had left unprotected, and
+liable to be turned and taken in the rear, so that this wing
+now being attacked in the flank by these, and charged in the
+front by the tenth legion, was not able to abide the charge, or
+make any longer resistance, especially when they saw themselves
+surrounded and circumvented in the very way in which they had
+designed to invest the enemy.  Thus these being likewise routed
+and put to flight, when Pompey, by the dust flying in the air,
+conjectured the fate of his horse, it were very hard to say
+what his thoughts or intentions were, but looking like one
+distracted and beside himself, and without any recollection or
+reflection that he was Pompey the Great, he retired slowly
+towards his camp, without speaking a word to any man, exactly
+according to the description in the verses,
+
+But Jove from heaven struck Ajax with a fear;
+Ajax the bold then stood astonished there,
+Flung o'er his back the mighty sevenfold shield,
+And trembling gazed and spied about the field.
+
+In this state and condition he went into his own tent, and sat
+down, speechless still, until some of the enemy fell in
+together with his men that were flying into the camp, and then
+he let fall only this one word, "What?  into the very camp?"
+and said no more; but rose up, and putting on a dress suitable
+to his present fortune, made his way secretly out.
+
+By this time the rest of the army was put to flight, and there
+was a great slaughter in the camp among the servants and those
+that guarded the tents, but of the soldiers themselves there
+were not above six thousand slain, as is stated by Asinius
+Pollio, who himself fought in this battle on Caesar's side.
+When Caesar's soldiers had taken the camp, they saw clearly the
+folly and vanity of the enemy; for all their tents and
+pavilions were richly set out with garlands of myrtle,
+embroidered carpets and hangings, and tables laid and covered
+with goblets.  There were large bowls of wine ready, and
+everything prepared and put in array, in the manner rather of
+people who had offered sacrifice and were going to celebrate a
+holiday, than of soldiers who had armed themselves to go out to
+battle, so possessed with the expectation of success and so
+full of empty confidence had they gone out that morning.
+
+When Pompey had got a little way from the camp, he dismounted
+and forsook his horse, having but a small retinue with him; and
+finding that no man pursued him, walked on softly afoot, taken
+up altogether with thoughts, such as probably might possess a
+man that for the space of thirty-four years together had been
+accustomed to conquest and victory, and was then at last, in
+his old age, learning for the first time what defeat and flight
+were.  And it was no small affliction to consider, that he had
+lost in one hour all that glory and power, which he had been
+getting in so many wars, and bloody battles; and that he who
+but a little before was guarded with such an army of foot, so
+many squadrons of horse, and such a mighty fleet, was now
+flying in so mean a condition, and with such a slender retinue,
+that his very enemies who fought him could not know him.  Thus,
+when he had passed by the city of Larissa, and came into the
+pass of Tempe, being very thirsty, he kneeled down and drank
+out of the river; then rising up again, he passed through
+Tempe, until he came to the seaside, and there he betook
+himself to a poor fisherman's cottage, where he rested the
+remainder of the night.  The next morning about break of day he
+went into one of the river boats, and taking none of those that
+followed him except such as were free, dismissed his servants,
+advising them to go boldly to Caesar, and not be afraid.  As he
+was rowing up and down near the shore, he chanced to spy a
+large merchant-ship, lying off, just ready to set sail; the
+master of which was a Roman citizen, named Peticius, who,
+though he was not familiarly acquainted with Pompey, yet knew
+him well by sight.  Now it happened that this Peticius dreamed,
+the night before, that he saw Pompey, not like the man he had
+often seen him, but in a humble and dejected condition, and in
+that posture discoursing with him.  He was then telling his
+dream to the people on board, as men do when at leisure, and
+especially dreams of that consequence, when of a sudden one of
+the mariners told him, he saw a river boat with oars putting
+off from shore, and that some of the men there shook their
+garments, and held out their hands, with signs to take them in;
+thereupon Peticius looking attentively, at once recognized
+Pompey, just as he appeared in his dream, and smiting his hand
+on his head, ordered the mariners to let down the ship's boat,
+he himself waving his hand, and calling to him by his name,
+already assured of his change and the change of his fortune by
+that of his garb.  So that without waiting for any further
+entreaty or discourse, he took him into his ship, together with
+as many of his company as he thought fit, and hoisted sail.
+There were with him the two Lentuli, and Favonius; and a little
+after they spied king Deiotarus, making up towards them from
+the shore; so they stayed and took him in along with them.  At
+supper time, the master of the ship having made ready such
+provisions as he had aboard, Pompey, for want of his servants,
+began to undo his shoes himself; which Favonius noticing ran to
+him and undid them, and helped him to anoint himself, and
+always after continued to wait upon, and attend him in all
+things, as servants do their masters, even to the washing of
+his feet, and preparing his supper.  Insomuch that anyone
+there present, observing the free and unaffected courtesy of
+these services, might have well exclaimed,
+
+O heavens, in those that noble are,
+Whate'er they do is fit and fair.
+
+Pompey, sailing by the city of Amphipolis, crossed over from
+thence to Mitylene, with a design to take in Cornelia and his
+son; and as soon as he arrived at the port in that island, he
+dispatched a messenger into the city, with news very different
+from Cornelia's expectation.  For she, by all the former
+messages and letters sent to please her, had been put in hopes
+that the war was ended at Dyrrhachium, and that there was
+nothing more remaining for Pompey, but the pursuit of Caesar.
+The messenger finding her in the same hopes still, was not able
+to salute or speak to her, but declaring the greatness of her
+misfortune by his tears rather than by his words, desired her
+to make haste if she would see Pompey, with one ship only, and
+that not of his own.  The young lady hearing this, fell down in
+a swoon, and continued a long time senseless and speechless.
+And when with some trouble she was brought to her senses again,
+being conscious to herself that this was no time for
+lamentation and tears, she started up and ran through the city
+towards the seaside, where Pompey meeting and embracing her, as
+she sank down, supported by his arms, "This, sir," she
+exclaimed, "is the effect of my fortune, not of yours, that I
+see you thus reduced to one poor vessel, who before your
+marriage with Cornelia, were wont to sail in these seas with a
+fleet of five hundred ships.  Why therefore should you come to
+see me, or why not rather have left to her evil genius one who
+has brought upon you her own ill-fortune?  How happy a woman
+had I been, if I had breathed out my last, before the news came
+from Parthia of the death of Publius, the husband of my youth,
+and how prudent if I had followed his destiny, as I designed!
+But I was reserved for a greater mischief, even the ruin of
+Pompey the Great."
+
+Thus, they say, Cornelia spoke to him, and this was Pompey's
+reply:  "You have had, Cornelia, but one season of a better
+fortune, which it may be, gave you unfounded hopes, by
+attending me a longer time than is usual.  It behoves us, who
+are mortals born, to endure these events, and to try fortune
+yet again; neither is it any less possible to recover our
+former state, than it was to fall from that into this."
+Thereupon Cornelia sent for her servants and baggage out of the
+city.  The citizens also of Mitylene came out to salute and
+invite Pompey into the city, but he refused, advising them to
+be obedient to the conqueror, and fear not, for that Caesar was
+a man of great goodness and clemency.  Then turning to
+Cratippus, the philosopher, who came among the rest out of the
+city to visit him, he began to find some fault, and briefly
+argued with him upon Providence, but Cratippus modestly
+declined the dispute, putting him in better hopes only, lest by
+opposing, he might seem too austere or unseasonable.  For he
+might have put Pompey a question in his turn, in defense of
+Providence; and might have demonstrated the necessity there was
+that the commonwealth should be turned into a monarchy, because
+of their ill government in the state; and could have asked,
+"How, O Pompey, and by what token or assurance can we
+ascertain, that if the victory had been yours, you would have
+used your fortune better than Caesar?  We must leave the divine
+power to act as we find it do."
+
+Pompey having taken his wife and friends aboard, set sail,
+making no port, nor touching anywhere, but when he was
+necessitated to take in provisions, or fresh water.  The first
+city he entered was Attalia, in Pamphylia, and whilst he was
+there, there came some galleys thither to him out of Cilicia,
+together with a small body of soldiers, and he had almost sixty
+senators with him again; then hearing that his navy was safe
+too, and that Cato had rallied a considerable body of soldiers
+after their overthrow, and was crossing with them over into
+Africa, he began to complain and blame himself to his friends
+that he had allowed himself to be driven into engaging by land,
+without making use of his other forces, in which he was
+irresistibly the stronger, and had not kept near enough to his
+fleet, that failing by land, he might have reinforced himself
+from the sea, and would have been again at the head of a power
+quite sufficient to encounter the enemy on equal terms.  And in
+truth, neither did Pompey during all the war commit a greater
+oversight, nor Caesar use a more subtle stratagem, than in
+drawing the fight so far off from the naval forces.
+
+As it now was, however, since he must come to some decision,
+and try some plan within his present ability, he dispatched his
+agents to the neighboring cities, and himself sailed about in
+person to others, requiring their aid in money and men for his
+ships.  But, fearing lest the rapid approach of the enemy might
+cut off all his preparations, he began to consider what place
+would yield him the safest refuge and retreat at present.  A
+consultation was held, and it was generally agreed that no
+province of the Romans was secure enough.  As for foreign
+kingdoms, he himself was of opinion, that Parthia would be the
+fittest to receive and defend them in their present weakness,
+and best able to furnish them with new means and send them out
+again with large forces.  Others of the council were for going
+into Africa, and to king Juba.  But Theophanes the Lesbian,
+thought it madness to leave Egypt, that was but at a distance
+of three days' sailing, and make no use of Ptolemy, who was
+still a boy, and was highly indebted to Pompey for the
+friendship and favor he had shown to his father, only to put
+himself under the Parthian, and trust the most treacherous
+nation in the world; and rather than make any trial of the
+clemency of a Roman, and his own near connection, to whom if he
+would but yield to be second, he might be the first and chief
+over all the rest, to go and place himself at the mercy of
+Arsaces, which even Crassus had not submitted to, while alive;
+and, moreover, to expose his young wife, of the family of the
+Scipios, among a barbarous people, who govern by their lusts,
+and measure their greatness by their power to commit affronts
+and insolencies; from whom, though she suffered no dishonor,
+yet it might be thought she did, being in the hands of those
+who had the power to do it.  This argument alone, they say, was
+persuasive enough to divert his course, that was designed
+towards Euphrates, if it were so indeed that any counsel of
+Pompey's, and not some superior power, made him take this other
+way.
+
+As soon, therefore, as it was resolved upon, that he should fly
+into Egypt, setting sail from Cyprus in a galley of Seleucia,
+together with Cornelia, while the rest of his company sailed
+along near him, some in ships of war, and others in merchant
+vessels, he passed over sea without danger.  But on hearing
+that king Ptolemy was posted with his army at the city of
+Pelusium, making war against his sister, he steered his course
+that way, and sent a messenger before to acquaint the king with
+his arrival, and to crave his protection.  Ptolemy himself was
+quite young, and therefore Pothinus, who had the principal
+administration of all affairs, called a council of the chief
+men, those being the greatest whom he pleased to make so, and
+commanded them every man to deliver his opinion touching the
+reception of Pompey.  It was, indeed, a miserable thing, that
+the fate of the great Pompey should be left to the
+determinations of Pothinus the eunuch, Theodotus of Chios, the
+paid rhetoric master, and Achillas the Egyptian.  For these,
+among the chamberlains and menial domestics, that made up the
+rest of the council, were the chief and leading men.  Pompey,
+who thought it dishonorable for him to owe his safety to
+Caesar, riding at anchor at a distance from shore, was forced
+to wait the sentence of this tribunal.  It seems they were so
+far different in their opinions that some were for sending the
+man away, and others again for inviting and receiving him; but
+Theodotus, to show his cleverness and the cogency of his
+rhetoric, undertook to demonstrate, that neither the one nor
+the other was safe in that juncture of affairs.  For if they
+entertained him, they would be sure to make Caesar their enemy,
+and Pompey their master; or if they dismissed him, they might
+render themselves hereafter obnoxious to Pompey, for that
+inhospitable expulsion, and to Caesar, for the escape; so that
+the most expedient course would be to send for him and take
+away his life, for by that means they would ingratiate
+themselves with the one, and have no reason to fear the other;
+adding, it is related, with a smile, that "a dead man cannot
+bite."
+
+This advice being approved of, they committed the execution of
+it to Achillas.  He, therefore, taking with him as his
+accomplices one Septimius, a man that had formerly held a
+command under Pompey, and Salvius, another centurion, with
+three or four attendants, made up towards Pompey's galley.  In
+the meantime, all the chiefest of those who accompanied Pompey
+in this voyage, were come into his ship to learn the event of
+their embassy.  But when they saw the manner of their
+reception, that in appearance it was neither princely nor
+honorable, nor indeed in any way answerable to the hopes of
+Theophanes, or their expectation, (for there came but a few men
+in a fisherman's boat to meet them,) they began to suspect the
+meanness of their entertainment, and gave warning to Pompey
+that he should row back his galley, whilst he was out of their
+reach, and make for the sea.  By this time, the Egyptian boat
+drew near, and Septimius standing up first, saluted Pompey in
+the Latin tongue, by the title of imperator.  Then Achillas,
+saluting him in the Greek language, desired him to come aboard
+his vessel, telling him, that the sea was very shallow towards
+the shore, and that a galley of that burden could not avoid
+striking upon the sands.  At the same time they saw several of
+the king's galleys getting their men on board, and all the
+shore covered with soldiers; so that even if they changed their
+minds, it seemed impossible for them to escape, and besides,
+their distrust would have given the assassins a pretence for
+their cruelty.  Pompey, therefore, taking his leave of
+Cornelia, who was already lamenting his death before it came,
+bade two centurions, with Philip, one of his freedmen, and a
+slave called Scythes, go on board the boat before him.  And as
+some of the crew with Achillas were reaching out their hands to
+help him, he turned about towards his wife and son, and
+repeated those iambics of Sophocles,
+
+He that once enters at a tyrant's door,
+Becomes a slave, though he were free before.
+
+These were the last words he spoke to his friends, and so he
+went aboard.  Observing presently that notwithstanding there
+was a considerable distance betwixt his galley and the shore,
+yet none of the company addressed any words of friendliness or
+welcome to him all the way, he looked earnestly upon Septimius,
+and said, "I am not mistaken, surely, in believing you to have
+been formerly my fellow-soldier."  But he only nodded with his
+head, making no reply at all, nor showing any other courtesy.
+Since, therefore, they continued silent, Pompey took a little
+book in his hand, in which was written out an address in Greek,
+which he intended to make to king Ptolemy, and began to read
+it.  When they drew near to the shore, Cornelia, together with
+the rest of his friends in the galley, was very impatient to
+see the event, and began to take courage at last, when she saw
+several of the royal escort coming to meet him, apparently to
+give him a more honorable reception; but in the meantime, as
+Pompey took Philip by the hand to rise up more easily,
+Septimius first stabbed him from behind with his sword; and
+after him likewise Salvius and Achillas drew out their swords.
+He, therefore, taking up his gown with both hands, drew it over
+his face, and neither saying nor doing anything unworthy of
+himself, only groaning a little, endured the wounds they gave
+him, and so ended his life, in the fifty-ninth year of his age,
+the very next day after the day of his birth.
+
+Cornelia, with her company from the galley, seeing him
+murdered, gave such a cry that it was heard to the shore, and
+weighing anchor with all speed, they hoisted sail, and fled.  A
+strong breeze from the shore assisted their flight into the
+open sea, so that the Egyptians, though desirous to overtake
+them, desisted from the pursuit.  But they cut off Pompey's
+head, and threw the rest of his body overboard, leaving it
+naked upon the shore, to be viewed by any that had the
+curiosity to see so sad a spectacle.  Philip stayed by and
+watched till they had glutted their eyes in viewing it; and
+then washing it with sea-water, having nothing else, he wrapped
+it up in a shirt of his own for a winding-sheet.  Then seeking
+up and down about the sands, at last he found some rotten
+planks of a little fisher-boat, not much, but yet enough to
+make up a funeral pile for a naked body, and that not quite
+entire.  As Philip was busy in gathering and putting these old
+planks together, an old Roman citizen, who in his youth had
+served in the wars under Pompey, came up to him and demanded,
+who he was that was preparing the funeral of Pompey the Great.
+And Philip making answer, that he was his freedman, "Nay,
+then," said he, "you shall not have this honor alone; let even
+me, too, I pray you, have my share in such a pious office.
+that I may not altogether repent me of this pilgrimage in a
+strange land, but in compensation of many misfortunes, may
+obtain this happiness at last, even with mine own hands to
+touch the body of Pompey, and do the last duties to the
+greatest general among the Romans."  And in this manner were
+the obsequies of Pompey performed.  The next day Lucius
+Lentulus, not knowing what had passed, came sailing from Cyprus
+along the shore of that coast, and seeing a funeral pile, and
+Philip standing by, exclaimed, before he was yet seen by any
+one, "Who is this that has found his end here?"  adding, after
+a short pause, with a sigh, "Possibly even thou, Pompeius
+Magnus!"  and so going ashore, he was presently apprehended and
+slain.  This was the end of Pompey.
+
+Not long after, Caesar arrived in the country that was polluted
+with this foul act, and when one of the Egyptians was sent to
+present him with Pompey's head, he turned away from him with
+abhorrence as from a murderer; and on receiving his seal, on
+which was engraved a lion holding a sword in his paw, he burst
+into tears.  Achillas and Pothinus he put to death; and king
+Ptolemy himself, being overthrown in battle upon the banks of
+the Nile, fled away and was never heard of afterwards.
+Theodotus, the rhetorician, flying out of Egypt, escaped the
+hands of Caesar's justice, but lived a vagabond in banishment;
+wandering up and down, despised and hated of all men, till at
+last Marcus Brutus, after he had killed Caesar, finding him in
+his province of Asia, put him to death, with every kind of
+ignominy.  The ashes of Pompey were carried to his wife
+Cornelia, who deposited them at his country house near Alba.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF POMPEY AND AGESILAUS
+
+Thus having drawn out the history of the lives of Agesilaus and
+Pompey, the next thing is to compare them; and in order to this, to
+take a cursory view, and bring together the points in which they
+chiefly disagree; which are these.  In the first place, Pompey
+attained to all his greatness and glory by the fairest and justest
+means, owing his advancement to his own efforts, and to the frequent
+and important aid which he rendered Sylla, in delivering Italy from
+its tyrants.  But Agesilaus appears to have obtained his kingdom,
+not without offense both towards gods and towards men, towards
+these, by procuring judgment of bastardy against Leotychides, whom
+his brother had declared his lawful son, and towards those, by
+putting a false gloss upon the oracle, and eluding its sentence
+against his lameness.  Secondly, Pompey never ceased to display his
+respect for Sylla during his lifetime, and expressed it also after
+his death, by enforcing the honorable interment of his corpse, in
+despite of Lepidus, and by giving his daughter in marriage to his
+son Faustus.  But Agesilaus, upon a slight presence, cast off
+Lysander with reproach and dishonor.  Yet Sylla in fact had owed to
+Pompey's services, as much as Pompey ever received from him, whereas
+Lysander made Agesilaus king of Sparta, and general of all Greece.
+Thirdly, Pompey's transgressions of right and justice in his
+political life were occasioned chiefly by his relations with other
+people, and most of his errors had some affinity, as well as
+himself, to Caesar and Scipio, his fathers-in-law.  But Agesilaus,
+to gratify the fondness of his son, saved the life of Sphodrias by a
+sort of violence, when he deserved death for the wrong he had done
+to the Athenians; and when Phoebidas treacherously broke the peace
+with Thebes, zealously abetted him for the sake, it was clear, of
+the unjust act itself.  In short, what mischief soever Pompey might
+be said to have brought on Rome through compliance with the wishes
+of his friends or through inadvertency, Agesilaus may be said to
+have brought on Sparta out of obstinacy and malice, by kindling the
+Boeotian war.  And if, moreover, we are to attribute any part of
+these disasters to some personal ill-fortune attaching to the men
+themselves, in the case of Pompey, certainly, the Romans had no
+reason to anticipate it.  Whereas Agesilaus would not suffer the
+Lacedaemonians to avoid what they foresaw and were forewarned must
+attend the "lame sovereignty."  For had Leotychides been chargeable
+ten thousand times as foreign and spurious, yet the race of the
+Eurypontidae was still in being, and could easily have furnished
+Sparta with a lawful king, that was sound in his limbs, had not
+Lysander darkened and disguised the true sense of the oracle in
+favor of Agesilaus.
+
+Such a politic piece of sophistry as was devised by Agesilaus, in
+that great perplexity of the people as to the treatment to be given
+to those who had played the coward at the battle of Leuctra, when
+after that unhappy defeat, he decreed, that the laws should sleep
+for that day, it would be hard to find any parallel to; neither
+indeed have we the fellow of it in all Pompey's story.  But on the
+contrary, Pompey for a friend thought it no sin to break those very
+laws which he himself had made; as if to show at once the force of
+his friendship, and the greatness of his power; whereas Agesilaus,
+under the necessity, as it seemed, of either rescinding the laws, or
+not saving the citizens, contrived an expedient by the help of which
+the laws should not touch these citizens, and yet should not, to
+avoid it, be overthrown.  Then I must commend it as an incomparable
+act of civil virtue and obedience in Agesilaus, that immediately
+upon the receipt of the scytala, he left the wars in Asia, and
+returned into his country.  For he did not like Pompey merely
+advance his country's interest by acts that contributed at the same
+time to promote his own greatness, but looking to his country's
+good, for its sake laid aside as great authority and honor as ever
+any man had before or since, except Alexander the Great.
+
+But now to take another point of view, if we sum up Pompey's
+military expeditions and exploits of war, the number of his
+trophies, and the greatness of the powers which he subdued, and the
+multitude of battles in which he triumphed, I am persuaded even
+Xenophon himself would not put the victories of Agesilaus in balance
+with his, though Xenophon has this privilege allowed him, as a sort
+of special reward for his other excellences, that he may write and
+speak, in favor of his hero, whatever he pleases.  Methinks, too,
+there is a great deal of difference betwixt these men, in their
+clemency and moderation towards their enemies.  For Agesilaus, while
+attempting to enslave Thebes and exterminate Messene, the latter,
+his country's ancient associate, and Thebes, the mother-city of his
+own royal house, almost lost Sparta itself, and did really lose the
+government of Greece; whereas Pompey gave cities to those of the
+pirates who were willing to change their manner of life; and when it
+was in his power to lead Tigranes, king of Armenia, in triumph, he
+chose rather to make him a confederate of the Romans, saying, that a
+single day was worth less than all future time.  But if the
+preeminence in that which relates to the office and virtues of a
+general, should be determined by the greatest and most important
+acts and counsels of war, the Lacedaemonian would not a little
+exceed the Roman.  For Agesilaus never deserted his city, though it
+was besieged by an army of seventy thousand men, when there were
+very few soldiers within to defend it, and those had been defeated
+too, but a little before, at the battle of Leuctra.  But Pompey,
+when Caesar with a body only of fifty-three hundred men, had taken
+but one town in Italy, departed in a panic out of Rome, either
+through cowardice, when there were so few, or at least through a
+false and mistaken belief that there were more; and having conveyed
+away his wife and children, he left all the rest of the citizens
+defenseless, and fled; whereas he ought either to have conquered in
+fight for the defense of his country, or yielded upon terms to the
+conqueror, who was moreover his fellow-citizen, and allied to him;
+but now to the same man to whom he refused a prolongation of the
+term of his government, and thought it intolerable to grant
+another consulship, to him he gave the power, by letting him take
+the city, to tell Metellus, together with all the rest, that they
+were his prisoners.
+
+That which is chiefly the office of a general, to force the enemy
+into fighting when he finds himself the stronger, and to avoid being
+driven into it himself when he is the weaker, this excellence
+Agesilaus always displayed, and by it kept himself invincible;
+whereas in contending with Pompey, Caesar, who was the weaker,
+successfully declined the danger, and his own strength being in his
+land forces.  drove him into putting the conflict to issue with
+these, and thus made himself master of the treasure, stores, and the
+sea too, which were all in his enemy's hands, and by the help of
+which the victory could have been secured without fighting.  And
+what is alleged as an apology in vindication of Pompey, is to a
+general of his age and standing the greatest of disgraces.  For,
+granting that a young commander might by clamor and outcry be
+deprived of his fortitude and strength of mind, and weakly forsake
+his better judgment, and the thing be neither strange nor altogether
+unpardonable, yet for Pompey the Great, whose camp the Romans called
+their country, and his tent the senate, styling the consuls,
+praetors, and all other magistrates who were conducting, the
+government at Rome, by no better title than that of rebels and
+traitors, for him, whom they well knew never to have been under the
+command of any but himself, having served all his campaigns under
+himself as sole general, for him upon so small a provocation as the
+scoffs of Favonius and Domitius, and lest he should bear the
+nickname of Agamemnon, to be wrought upon, and even forced to hazard
+the whole empire and liberty of Rome upon the cast of a die, was
+surely indeed intolerable.  Who, if he had so much regarded a
+present infamy, should have guarded the city at first with his arms,
+and fought the battle in defense of Rome, not have left it as he
+did; nor while declaring his flight from Italy an artifice in the
+manner of Themistocles, nevertheless be ashamed in Thessaly of a
+prudent delay before engaging.  Heaven had not appointed the
+Pharsalian fields to be the stage and theater upon which they should
+contend for the empire of Rome, neither was he summoned thither by
+any herald upon challenge, with intimation that he must either
+undergo the combat, or surrender the prize to another.  There were
+many other fields, thousands of cities, and even the whole earth
+placed at his command, by the advantage of his fleet, and his
+superiority at sea, if he would but have followed the examples of
+Maximus, Marius, Lucullus, and even Agesilaus himself, who endured
+no less tumults within the city of Sparta, when the Thebans provoked
+him to come out and fight in defense of the land, and sustained in
+Egypt also numerous calumnies, slanders, and suspicions on the part
+of the king, whom he counseled to abstain from a battle.  And thus
+following always what he had determined in his own judgment upon
+mature advice, by that means he not only preserved the Egyptians,
+against their wills, not only kept Sparta, in those desperate
+convulsions, by his sole act, safe from overthrow, but even was able
+to set up trophies likewise in the city over the Thebans, having
+given his countrymen an occasion of being victorious afterwards by
+not at first leading them out, as they tried to force him to do to
+their own destruction.  The consequence was that in the end
+Agesilaus was commended by the very men, when they found themselves
+saved, upon whom he had put this compulsion, whereas Pompey, whose
+error had been occasioned by others, found those his accusers whose
+advice had misled him.  Some indeed profess that he was deceived by
+his father-in-law Scipio, who, designing to conceal and keep to
+himself the greatest part of that treasure which he had brought out
+of Asia, pressed Pompey to battle, upon the pretence that there
+would be a want of money.  Yet admitting he was deceived, one in his
+place ought not to have been so, nor should have allowed so slight
+an artifice to cause the hazard of such mighty interests.  And thus
+we have taken a view of each, by comparing together their conduct,
+and actions in war.
+
+As to their voyages into Egypt, one steered his course thither out
+of necessity in flight; the other neither honorably, nor of
+necessity, but as a mercenary soldier, having enlisted himself into
+the service of a barbarous nation for pay, that he might be able
+afterwards to wage war upon the Greeks.  And secondly, what we
+charge upon the Egyptians in the name of Pompey, the Egyptians lay
+to the charge of Agesilaus.  Pompey trusted them and was betrayed
+and murdered by them; Agesilaus accepted their confidence and
+deserted them, transferring his aid to the very enemies who were now
+attacking those whom be had been brought over to assist.
+
+
+
+ALEXANDER
+
+It being my purpose to write the lives of Alexander the king, and
+of Caesar, by whom Pompey was destroyed, the multitude of their
+great actions affords so large a field that I were to blame if I
+should not by way of apology forewarn my reader that I have chosen
+rather to epitomize the most celebrated parts of their story, than
+to insist at large on every particular circumstance of it.  It
+must be borne in mind that my design is not to write histories,
+but lives.  And the most glorious exploits do not always furnish
+us with the clearest discoveries of virtue or vice in men;
+sometimes a matter of less moment, an expression or a jest,
+informs us better of their characters and inclinations, than the
+most famous sieges, the greatest armaments, or the bloodiest
+battles whatsoever.  Therefore as portrait-painters are more exact
+in the lines and features of the face in which the character is
+seen, than in the other parts of the body, so I must be allowed to
+give my more particular attention to the marks and indications of
+the souls of men, and while I endeavor by these to portray their
+lives, may be free to leave more weighty matters and great battles
+to be treated of by others.
+
+It is agreed on by all hands, that on the father's side, Alexander
+descended from Hercules by Caranus, and from Aeacus by Neoptolemus
+on the mother's side.  His father Philip, being in Samothrace,
+when he was quite young, fell in love there with Olympias, in
+company with whom he was initiated in the religious ceremonies of
+the country, and her father and mother being both dead, soon
+after, with the consent of her brother Arymbas, he married her.
+The night before the consummation of their marriage, she dreamed
+that a thunderbolt fell upon her body, which kindled a great fire,
+whose divided flames dispersed themselves all about, and then were
+extinguished.  And Philip some time after he was married, dreamt
+that he sealed up his wife's body with a seal, whose impression,
+as he fancied, was the figure of a lion.  Some of the diviners
+interpreted this as a warning to Philip to look narrowly to his
+wife; but Aristander of Telmessus, considering how unusual it was
+to seal up anything that was empty, assured him the meaning of
+his dream was, that the queen was with child of a boy, who would
+one day prove as stout and courageous as a lion.  Once, moreover,
+a serpent was found lying by Olympias as she slept, which more
+than anything else, it is said, abated Philip's passion for her;
+and whether he feared her as an enchantress, or thought she had
+commerce with some god, and so looked on himself as excluded, he
+was ever after less fond of her conversation.  Others say, that
+the women of this country having always been extremely addicted
+to the enthusiastic Orphic rites, and the wild worship of Bacchus,
+(upon which account they were called Clodones, and Mimallones,)
+imitated in many things the practices of the Edonian and Thracian
+women about Mount Haemus, from whom the word threskeuein, seems
+to have been derived, as a special term for superfluous and
+over-curious forms of adoration; and that Olympias, zealously
+affecting these fanatical and enthusiastic inspirations, to
+perform them with more barbaric dread, was wont in the dances
+proper to these ceremonies to have great tame serpents about her,
+which sometimes creeping out of the ivy and the mystic fans,
+sometimes winding themselves about the sacred spears, and the
+women's chaplets, made a spectacle which the men could not look
+upon without terror.
+
+Philip, after this vision, sent Chaeron of Megalopolis to consult
+the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, by which he was commanded to
+perform sacrifice, and henceforth pay particular honor, above all
+other gods, to Ammon; and was told he should one day lose that eye
+with which he presumed to peep through the chink of the door, when
+he saw the god, under the form of a serpent, in the company of his
+wife.  Eratosthenes says that Olympias, when she attended
+Alexander on his way to the army in his first expedition, told him
+the secret of his birth, and bade him behave himself with courage
+suitable to his divine extraction.  Others again affirm that she
+wholly disclaimed any pretensions of the kind, and was wont to
+say, "When will Alexander leave off slandering me to Juno?"
+
+Alexander was born the sixth of Hecatombaeon, which month the
+Macedonians call Lous, the same day that the temple of Diana at
+Ephesus was burnt; which Hegesias of Magnesia makes the occasion
+of a conceit, frigid enough to have stopped the conflagration.
+The temple, he says, took fire and was burnt while its mistress
+was absent, assisting at the birth of Alexander.  And all the
+Eastern soothsayers who happened to be then at Ephesus, looking
+upon the ruin of this temple to be the forerunner of some other
+calamity, ran about the town, beating their faces, and crying,
+that this day had brought forth something that would prove fatal
+and destructive to all Asia.
+
+Just after Philip had taken Potidaea, he received these three
+messages at one time, that Parmenio had overthrown the Illyrians
+in a great battle, that his race-horse had won the course at the
+Olympic games, and that his wife had given birth to Alexander;
+with which being naturally well pleased, as an addition to his
+satisfaction, he was assured by the diviners that a son, whose
+birth was accompanied with three such successes, could not fail of
+being invincible.
+
+The statues that gave the best representation of Alexander's
+person, were those of Lysippus, (by whom alone he would suffer his
+image to be made,) those peculiarities which many of his
+successors afterwards and his friends used to affect to imitate,
+the inclination of his head a little on one side towards his left
+shoulder, and his melting eye, having been expressed by this
+artist with great exactness.  But Apelles, who drew him with
+thunderbolts in his hand, made his complexion browner and darker
+than it was naturally; for he was fair and of a light color,
+passing into ruddiness in his face and upon his breast.
+Aristoxenus in his Memoirs tells us that a most agreeable odor
+exhaled from his skin, and that his breath and body all over was
+so fragrant as to perfume the clothes which he wore next him; the
+cause of which might probably be the hot and adjust temperament of
+his body.  For sweet smells, Theophrastus conceives, are produced
+by the concoction of moist humors by heat, which is the reason
+that those parts of the world which are driest and most burnt up,
+afford spices of the best kind, and in the greatest quantity; for
+the heat of the sun exhausts all the superfluous moisture which
+lies in the surface of bodies, ready to generate putrefaction.
+And this hot constitution, it may be, rendered Alexander so
+addicted to drinking, and so choleric.  His temperance, as to the
+pleasures of the body, was apparent in him in his very childhood,
+as he was with much difficulty incited to them, and always used
+them with great moderation; though in other things he was
+extremely eager and vehement, and in his love of glory, and the
+pursuit of it, he showed a solidity of high spirit and magnanimity
+far above his age.  For he neither sought nor valued it upon every
+occasion, as his father Philip did, (who affected to show his
+eloquence almost to a degree of pedantry, and took care to have
+the victories of his racing chariots at the Olympic games
+engraved on his coin,) but when he was asked by some about him,
+whether he would run a race in the Olympic games, as he was very
+swift-footed, he answered, he would, if he might have kings to run
+with him.  Indeed, he seems in general to have looked with
+indifference, if not with dislike, upon the professed athletes.
+He often appointed prizes, for which not only tragedians and
+musicians, pipers and harpers, but rhapsodists also, strove to
+outvie one another; and delighted in all manner of hunting and
+cudgel-playing, but never gave any encouragement to contests
+either of boxing or of the pancratium.
+
+While he was yet very young, he entertained the ambassadors from
+the king of Persia, in the absence of his father, and entering
+much into conversation with them, gained so much upon them by his
+affability, and the questions he asked them, which were far from
+being childish or trifling, (for he inquired of them the length of
+the ways, the nature of the road into inner Asia, the character of
+their king, how he carried himself to his enemies, and what forces
+he was able to bring, into the field,) that they were struck with
+admiration of him, and looked upon the ability so much famed of
+Philip, to be nothing in comparison with the forwardness and high
+purpose that appeared thus early in his son.  Whenever he heard
+Philip had taken any town of importance, or won any signal
+victory, instead of rejoicing at it altogether, he would tell his
+companions that his father would anticipate everything, and leave
+him and them no opportunities of performing great and illustrious
+actions.  For being more bent upon action and glory than either
+upon pleasure or riches, he esteemed all that he should receive
+from his father as a diminution and prevention of his own future
+achievements; and would have chosen rather to succeed to a kingdom
+involved in troubles and wars, which would have afforded him
+frequent exercise of his courage, and a large field of honor, than
+to one already flourishing and settled, where his inheritance
+would be an inactive life, and the mere enjoyment of wealth and
+luxury.
+
+The care of his education, as it might be presumed, was committed
+to a great many attendants, preceptors, and teachers, over the
+whole of whom Leonidas, a near kinsman of Olympias, a man of an
+austere temper, presided, who did not indeed himself decline the
+name of what in reality is a noble and honorable office, but in
+general his dignity, and his near relationship, obtained him from
+other people the title of Alexander's foster father and governor.
+But he who took upon him the actual place and style of his
+pedagogue, was Lysimachus the Acarnanian, who, though he had
+nothing specially to recommend him, but his lucky fancy of calling
+himself Phoenix, Alexander Achilles, and Philip Peleus, was
+therefore well enough esteemed, and ranked in the next degree
+after Leonidas.
+
+Philonicus the Thessalian brought the horse Bucephalas to Philip,
+offering to sell him for thirteen talents; but when they went into
+the field to try him, they found him so very vicious and
+unmanageable, that he reared up when they endeavored to mount him,
+and would not so much as endure the voice of any of Philip's
+attendants.  Upon which, as they were leading him away as wholly
+useless and untractable, Alexander, who stood by, said, "What an
+excellent horse do they lose, for want of address and boldness to
+manage him!"  Philip at first took no notice of what he said; but
+when he heard him repeat the same thing several times, and saw he
+was much vexed to see the horse sent away, "Do you reproach," said
+he to him, "those who are older than yourself, as if you knew
+more, and were better able to manage him than they?"  "I could
+manage this horse," replied he, "better than others do."  "And if
+you do not," said Philip, "what will you forfeit for your
+rashness?"  "I will pay," answered Alexander, "the whole price of
+the horse."  At this the whole company fell a laughing; and as
+soon as the wager was settled amongst them, he immediately ran to
+the horse, and taking hold of the bridle, turned him directly
+towards the sun, having, it seems, observed that he was disturbed
+at and afraid of the motion of his own shadow; then letting him go
+forward a little, still keeping the reins in his hand, and
+stroking him gently when he found him begin to grow eager and
+fiery, he let fall his upper garment softly, and with one nimble
+leap securely mounted him, and when he was seated, by little and
+little drew in the bridle, and curbed him without either striking
+or spurring him.  Presently, when he found him free from all
+rebelliousness, and on]y impatient for the course, he let him go
+at full speed, inciting him now with a commanding voice, and
+urging him also with his heel.  Philip and his friends looked on
+at first in silence and anxiety for the result, till seeing him
+turn at the end of his career, and come back rejoicing and
+triumphing for what he had performed, they all burst out into
+acclamations of applause; and his father, shedding tears, it is
+said, for joy, kissed him as he came down from his horse, and in
+his transport, said, "O my son, look thee out a kingdom equal to
+and worthy of thyself, for Macedonia is too little for thee."
+
+After this, considering him to be of a temper easy to be led to
+his duty by reason, but by no means to be compelled, he always
+endeavored to persuade rather than to command or force him to
+anything; and now looking upon the instruction and tuition of his
+youth to be of greater difficulty and importance, than to be
+wholly trusted to the ordinary masters in music and poetry, and
+the common school subjects, and to require, as Sophocles says,
+
+The bridle and the rudder too,
+
+he sent for Aristotle, the most learned and most cerebrated
+philosopher of his time, and rewarded him with a munificence
+proportionable to and becoming the care he took to instruct his
+son.  For he repeopled his native city Stagira, which he had
+caused to be demolished a little before, and restored all the
+citizens who were in exile or slavery, to their habitations.  As a
+place for the pursuit of their studies and exercises, he assigned
+the temple of the Nymphs, near Mieza, where, to this very day,
+they show you Aristotle's stone seats, and the shady walks which
+he was wont to frequent.  It would appear that Alexander received
+from him not only his doctrines of Morals, and of Politics, but
+also something of those more abstruse and profound theories which
+these philosophers, by the very names they gave them, professed
+to reserve for oral communication to the initiated, and did not
+allow many to become acquainted with.  For when he was in Asia,
+and heard Aristotle had published some treatises of that kind, he
+wrote to him, using very plain language to him in behalf of
+philosophy, the following letter.  "Alexander to Aristotle
+greeting.  You have not done well to publish your books of oral
+doctrine; for what is there now that we excel others in, if those
+things which we have been particularly instructed in be laid open
+to all?  For my part, I assure you, I had rather excel others in
+the knowledge of what is excellent, than in the extent of my power
+and dominion.  Farewell."  And Aristotle, soothing this passion
+for preeminence, speaks, in his excuse for himself, of these
+doctrines, as in fact both published and not published:  as
+indeed, to say the truth, his books on metaphysics are written in
+a style which makes them useless for ordinary teaching, and
+instructive only, in the way of memoranda, for those who have been
+already conversant in that sort of learning.
+
+Doubtless also it was to Aristotle, that he owed the inclination
+he had, not to the theory only, but likewise to the practice of
+the art of medicine.  For when any of his friends were sick, he
+would often prescribe them their course of diet, and medicines
+proper to their disease, as we may find in his epistles.  He was
+naturally a great lover of all kinds of learning and reading; and
+Onesicritus informs us, that he constantly laid Homer's Iliads,
+according to the copy corrected by Aristotle, called the casket
+copy, with his dagger under his pillow, declaring that he esteemed
+it a perfect portable treasure of all military virtue and
+knowledge.  When he was in the upper Asia, being destitute of
+other books, he ordered Harpalus to send him some; who furnished
+him with Philistus's History, a great many of the plays of
+Euripides, Sophocles, and Aeschylus, and some dithyrambic odes,
+composed by Telestes and Philoxenus.  For awhile he loved and
+cherished Aristotle no less, as he was wont to say himself, than
+if he had been his father, giving this reason for it, that as he
+had received life from the one, so the other had taught him to
+live well.  But afterwards, upon some mistrust of him, yet not so
+great as to make him do him any hurt, his familiarity and friendly
+kindness to him abated so much of its former force and
+affectionateness, as to make it evident he was alienated from him.
+However, his violent thirst after and passion for learning, which
+were once implanted, still grew up with him, and never decayed; as
+appears by his veneration of Anaxarchus, by the present of fifty
+talents which he sent to Xenocrates, and his particular care and
+esteem of Dandamis and Calanus.
+
+While Philip went on his expedition against the Byzantines, he
+left Alexander, then sixteen years old, his lieutenant in
+Macedonia, committing the charge of his seal to him; who, not to
+sit idle, reduced the rebellious Maedi, and having taken their
+chief town by storm, drove out the barbarous inhabitants, and
+planting a colony of several nations in their room, called the
+place after his own name, Alexandropolis.  At the battle of
+Chaeronea, which his father fought against the Grecians, he is
+said to have been the first man that charged the Thebans' sacred
+band.  And even in my remembrance, there stood an old oak near the
+river Cephisus, which people called Alexander's oak, because his
+tent was pitched under it.  And not far off are to be seen the
+graves of the Macedonians who fell in that battle.  This early
+bravery made Philip so fond of him, that nothing pleased him more
+than to hear his subjects call himself their general and Alexander
+their king.
+
+But the disorders of his family, chiefly caused by his new
+marriages and attachments, (the troubles that began in the women's
+chambers spreading, so to say, to the whole kingdom,) raised
+various complaints and differences between them, which the
+violence of Olympias, a woman of a jealous and implacable temper,
+made wider, by exasperating Alexander against his father.  Among
+the rest, this accident contributed most to their falling out.  At
+the wedding of Cleopatra, whom Philip fell in love with and
+married, she being much too young for him, her uncle Attalus in
+his drink desired the Macedonians would implore the gods to give
+them a lawful successor to the kingdom by his niece.  This so
+irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head,
+"You villain," said he, "what, am I then a bastard?"  Then Philip
+taking Attalus's part, rose up and would have run his son through;
+but by good fortune for them both, either his over-hasty rage, or
+the wine he had drunk, made his foot slip, so that he fell down on
+the floor.  At which Alexander reproachfully insulted over him:
+"See there," said he, "the man, who makes preparations to pass out
+of Europe into Asia, overturned in passing from one seat to
+another."  After this debauch, he and his mother Olympias withdrew
+from Philip's company, and when he had placed her in Epirus, he
+himself retired into Illyria.
+
+About this time, Demaratus the Corinthian, an old friend of the
+family, who had the freedom to say anything among them without
+offense, coming to visit Philip, after the first compliments and
+embraces were over, Philip asked him, whether the Grecians were at
+amity with one another.  "It ill becomes you," replied Demaratus,
+"to be so solicitous about Greece, when you have involved your own
+house in so many dissensions and calamities."  He was so convinced
+by this seasonable reproach, that he immediately sent for his son
+home, and by Demartatus's mediation prevailed with him to return.
+But this reconciliation lasted not long; for when Pixodorus,
+viceroy of Caria, sent Aristocritus to treat for a match between
+his eldest daughter and Philip's son Arrhidaeus, hoping by this
+alliance to secure his assistance upon occasion, Alexander's
+mother, and some who pretended to be his friends, presently filled
+his head with tales and calumnies, as if Philip, by a splendid
+marriage and important alliance, were preparing the way for
+settling the kingdom upon Arrhidaeus.  In alarm at this, he
+dispatched Thessalus, the tragic actor, into Caria, to dispose
+Pixodorus to slight Arrhidaeus, both as illegitimate and a fool,
+and rather to accept of himself for his son-in-law.  This
+proposition was much more agreeable to Pixodorus than the former.
+But Philip, as soon as he was made acquainted with this
+transaction, went to his son's apartment, taking with him
+Philotas, the son of Parmenio, one of Alexander's intimate friends
+and companions, and there reproved him severely, and reproached
+him bitterly, that he should be so degenerate, and unworthy of the
+power he was to leave him, as to desire the alliance of a mean
+Carian, who was at best but the slave of a barbarous prince.  Nor
+did this satisfy his resentment, for he wrote to the Corinthians,
+to send Thessalus to him in chains, and banished Harpalus,
+Nearchus, Erigyius, and Ptolemy, his son's friends and favorites,
+whom Alexander afterwards recalled, and raised to great honor and
+preferment.
+
+Not long after this, Pausanias, having had an outrage done to him
+at the instance of Attalus and Cleopatra, when he found he could
+get no reparation for his disgrace at Philip's hands, watched his
+opportunity and murdered him.  The guilt of which fact was laid
+for the most part upon Olympias, who was said to have encouraged
+and exasperated the enraged youth to revenge; and some sort of
+suspicion attached even to Alexander himself, who, it was said,
+when Pausanias came and complained to him of the injury he had
+received, repeated the verse out of Euripides's Medea:  --
+
+On husband, and on father, and on bride.
+
+However, he took care to find out and punish the accomplices of
+the conspiracy severely, and was very angry with Olympias for
+treating Cleopatra inhumanly in his absence.
+
+Alexander was but twenty years old when his father was murdered,
+and succeeded to a kingdom beset on all sides with great dangers,
+and rancorous enemies.  For not only the barbarous nations that
+bordered on Macedonia, were impatient of being governed by any but
+their own native princes; but Philip likewise, though he had been
+victorious over the Grecians, yet, as the time had not been
+sufficient for him to complete his conquest and accustom them to
+his sway, had simply left all things in a general disorder and
+confusion.  It seemed to the Macedonians a very critical time; and
+some would have persuaded Alexander to give up all thought of
+retaining the Grecians in subjection by force of arms, and rather
+to apply himself to win back by gentle means the allegiance of the
+tribes who were designing revolt, and try the effect of indulgence
+in arresting the first motions towards revolution.  But he
+rejected this counsel as weak and timorous, and looked upon it to
+be more prudence to secure himself by resolution and magnanimity,
+than, by seeming to buckle to any, to encourage all to trample on
+him.  In pursuit of this opinion, he reduced the barbarians to
+tranquility, and put an end to all fear of war from them, by a
+rapid expedition into their country as far as the river Danube,
+where he gave Syrmus, king of the Triballians, an entire
+overthrow.  And hearing the Thebans were in revolt, and the
+Athenians in correspondence with them, he immediately marched
+through the pass of Thermopylae, saying that to Demosthenes who
+had called him a child while he was in Illyria and in the country
+of the Triballians, and a youth when he was in Thessaly, he would
+appear a man before the walls of Athens.
+
+When he came to Thebes, to show how willing he was to accept of
+their repentance for what was past, he only demanded of them
+Phoenix and Prothytes, the authors of the rebellion, and
+proclaimed a general pardon to those who would come over to him.
+But when the Thebans merely retorted by demanding Philotas and
+Antipater to be delivered into their hands, and by a proclamation
+on their part, invited all who would assert the liberty of Greece
+to come over to them, he presently applied himself to make them
+feel the last extremities of war.  The Thebans indeed defended
+themselves with a zeal and courage beyond their strength, being
+much outnumbered by their enemies.  But when the Macedonian garrison
+sallied out upon them from the citadel, they were so hemmed in on
+all sides, that the greater part of them fell in the battle; the
+city itself being taken by storm, was sacked and razed,
+Alexander's hope being that so severe an example might terrify the
+rest of Greece into obedience, and also in order to gratify the
+hostility of his confederates, the Phocians and Plataeans.  So
+that, except the priests, and some few who had heretofore been the
+friends and connections of the Macedonians, the family of the poet
+Pindar, and those who were known to have opposed the public vote
+for the war, all the rest, to the number of thirty thousand, were
+publicly sold for slaves; and it is computed that upwards of six
+thousand were put to the sword.  Among the other calamities that
+befell the city, it happened that some Thracian soldiers having
+broken into the house of a matron of high character and repute,
+named Timoclea, their captain, after he had used violence with
+her, to satisfy his avarice as well as lust, asked her, if she
+knew of any money concealed; to which she readily answered she
+did, and bade him follow her into a garden, where she showed him a
+well, into which, she told him, upon the taking of the city she
+had thrown what she had of most value.  The greedy Thracian
+presently stooping down to view the place where he thought the
+treasure lay, she came behind him, and pushed him into the well,
+and then flung great stones in upon him, till she had killed him.
+After which, when the soldiers led her away bound to Alexander,
+her very mien and gait showed her to be a woman of dignity, and of
+a mind no less elevated, not betraying the least sign of fear or
+astonishment.  And when the king asked her who she was, "I am,"
+said she, "the sister of Theagenes, who fought the battle of
+Chaeronea with your father Philip, and fell there in command for
+the liberty of Greece."  Alexander was so surprised, both at what
+she had done, and what she said, that he could not choose but give
+her and her children their freedom to go whither they pleased.
+
+After this he received the Athenians into favor, although they had
+shown themselves so much concerned at the calamity of Thebes that
+out of sorrow they omitted the celebration of the Mysteries, and
+entertained those who escaped with all possible humanity.  Whether
+it were, like the lion, that his passion was now satisfied, or
+that after an example of extreme cruelty, he had a mind to appear
+merciful, it happened well for the Athenians; for he not only
+forgave them all past offenses, but bade them to look to their
+affairs with vigilance, remembering that if he should miscarry,
+they were likely to be the arbiters of Greece.  Certain it is,
+too, that in after-time he often repented of his severity to the
+Thebans, and his remorse had such influence on his temper as to
+make him ever after less rigorous to all others.  He imputed also
+the murder of Clitus, which he committed in his wine, and the
+unwillingness of the Macedonians to follow him against the
+Indians, by which his enterprise and glory was left imperfect, to
+the wrath and vengeance of Bacchus, the protector of Thebes.  And
+it was observed that whatsoever any Theban, who had the good
+fortune to survive this victory, asked of him, he was sure to
+grant without the least difficulty.
+
+Soon after, the Grecians, being assembled at the Isthmus, declared
+their resolution of joining with Alexander in the war against the
+Persians, and proclaimed him their general.  While he stayed here,
+many public ministers and philosophers came from all parts to
+visit him, and congratulated him on his election, but contrary to
+his expectation, Diogenes of Sinope, who then was living at
+Corinth, thought so little of him, that instead of coming to
+compliment him, he never so much as stirred out of the suburb
+called the Cranium, where Alexander found him lying along in the
+sun.  When he saw so much company near him, he raised himself a
+little, and vouchsafed to look upon Alexander; and when he kindly
+asked him whether he wanted anything, "Yes," said he, "I would
+have you stand from between me and the sun."  Alexander was so
+struck at this answer, and surprised at the greatness of the man,
+who had taken so little notice of him, that as he went away, he
+told his followers who were laughing at the moroseness of the
+philosopher, that if he were not Alexander, he would choose to be
+Diogenes.
+
+Then he went to Delphi, to consult Apollo concerning the success
+of the war he had undertaken, and happening to come on one of the
+forbidden days, when it was esteemed improper to give any answers
+from the oracle, he sent messengers to desire the priestess to do
+her office; and when she refused, on the plea of a law to the
+contrary, he went up himself, and began to draw her by force into
+the temple, until tired and overcome with his importunity, "My
+son," said she, "thou art invincible."  Alexander taking hold of
+what she spoke, declared he had received such an answer as he
+wished for, and that it was needless to consult the god any
+further.  Among other prodigies that attended the departure of his
+army, the image of Orpheus at Libethra, made of cypress-wood, was
+seen to sweat in great abundance, to the discouragement of many.
+But Aristander told him, that far from presaging any ill to him,
+it signified he should perform acts so important and glorious as
+would make the poets and musicians of future ages labor and sweat
+to describe and celebrate them.
+
+His army, by their computation who make the smallest amount,
+consisted of thirty thousand foot, and four thousand horse; and
+those who make the most of it, speak but of forty-three thousand
+foot, and three thousand horse.  Aristobulus says, he had not a
+fund of above seventy talents for their pay, nor had he more than
+thirty days' provision, if we may believe Duris; Onesicritus tells
+us, he was two hundred talents in debt.  However narrow and
+disproportionable the beginnings of so vast an undertaking might
+seem to be, yet he would not embark his army until he had informed
+himself particularly what means his friends had to enable them to
+follow him, and supplied what they wanted, by giving good farms to
+some, a village to one, and the revenue of some hamlet or harbor
+town to another.  So that at last he had portioned out or engaged
+almost all the royal property; which giving Perdiccas an occasion
+to ask him what he would leave himself, he replied, his hopes.
+"Your soldiers," replied Perdiccas, "will be your partners in
+those," and refused to accept of the estate he had assigned him.
+Some others of his friends did the like, but to those who
+willingly received, or desired assistance of him, he liberally
+granted it, as far as his patrimony in Macedonia would reach, the
+most part of which was spent in these donations.
+
+With such vigorous resolutions, and his mind thus disposed, he
+passed the Hellespont, and at Troy sacrificed to Minerva, and
+honored the memory of the heroes who were buried there, with
+solemn libations; especially Achilles, whose gravestone he
+anointed, and with his friends, as the ancient custom is, ran
+naked about his sepulchre, and crowned it with garlands, declaring
+how happy he esteemed him, in having while he lived so faithful a
+friend, and when he was dead, so famous a poet to proclaim his
+actions.  While he was viewing the rest of the antiquities and
+curiosities of the place, being told he might see Paris's harp, if
+he pleased, he said, he thought it not worth looking on, but he
+should be glad to see that of Achilles, to which he used to sing
+the glories and great actions of brave men.
+
+In the meantime Darius's captains having collected large forces,
+were encamped on the further bank of the river Granicus, and it
+was necessary to fight, as it were, in the gate of Asia for an
+entrance into it.  The depth of the river, with the unevenness and
+difficult ascent of the opposite bank, which was to be gained by
+main force, was apprehended by most, and some pronounced it an
+improper time to engage, because it was unusual for the kings of
+Macedonia to march with their forces in the month called Daesius.
+But Alexander broke through these scruples, telling; them they
+should call it a second Artemisius.  And when Parmenio advised him
+not to attempt anything that day, because it was late, he told
+him that he should disgrace the Hellespont, should he fear the
+Granicus.  And so without more saying, he immediately took the
+river with thirteen troops of horse, and advanced against whole
+showers of darts thrown from the steep opposite side, which was
+covered with armed multitudes of the enemy's horse and foot,
+notwithstanding the disadvantage of the ground and the rapidity of
+the stream; so that the action seemed to have more of frenzy and
+desperation in it, than of prudent conduct.  However, he persisted
+obstinately to gain the passage, and at last with much ado making
+his way up the banks, which were extremely muddy and slippery, he
+had instantly to join in a mere confused hand-to-hand combat with
+the enemy, before he could draw up his men, who were still passing
+over, into any order.  For the enemy pressed upon him with loud
+and warlike outcries; and charging horse against horse, with their
+lances, after they had broken and spent these, they fell to it
+with their swords.  And Alexander, being easily known by his
+buckler, and a large plume of white feathers on each side of his
+helmet, was attacked on all sides, yet escaped wounding, though
+his cuirass was pierced by a javelin in one of the joinings.  And
+Rhoesaces and Spithridates, two Persian commanders, falling upon
+him at once, he avoided one of them, and struck at Rhoesaces, who
+had a good cuirass on, with such force, that his spear breaking in
+his hand, he was glad to betake himself to his dagger.  While they
+were thus engaged, Spithridates came up on one side of him, and
+raising himself upon his horse, gave him such a blow with his
+battle-axe on the helmet, that he cut off the crest of it, with
+one of his plumes, and the helmet was only just so far strong
+enough to save him, that the edge of the weapon touched the hair
+of his head.  But as he was about to repeat his stroke, Clitus,
+called the black Clitus, prevented him, by running him through the
+body with his spear.  At the same time Alexander dispatched
+Rhoesaces with his sword.  While the horse were thus dangerously
+engaged, the Macedonian phalanx passed the river, and the foot on
+each side advanced to fight.  But the enemy hardly sustaining the
+first onset, soon gave ground and fled, all but the mercenary
+Greeks, who, making a stand upon a rising ground, desired quarter,
+which Alexander, guided rather by passion than judgment, refused
+to grant, and charging them himself first, had his horse (not
+Bucephalas, but another) killed under him.  And this obstinacy of
+his to cut off these experienced desperate men, cost him the lives
+of more of his own soldiers than all the battle before, besides
+those who were wounded.  The Persians lost in this battle twenty
+thousand foot, and two thousand five hundred horse.  On
+Alexander's side, Aristobulus says there were not wanting above
+four and thirty, of whom nine were foot-soldiers; and in memory of
+them he caused so many statues of brass, of Lysippus's making, to
+be erected.  And that the Grecians might participate the honor of
+his victory, he sent a portion of the spoils home to them,
+particularly to the Athenians three hundred bucklers, and upon all
+the rest he ordered this inscription to be set:  "Alexander the
+son of Philip, and the Grecians, except the Lacedaemonians, won
+these from the barbarians who inhabit Asia."  All the plate and
+purple garments, and other things of the same kind that he took
+from the Persians, except a very small quantity which he reserved
+for himself, he sent as a present to his mother.
+
+This battle presently made a great change of affairs to
+Alexander's advantage.  For Sardis itself, the chief seat of the
+barbarian's power in the maritime provinces, and many other
+considerable places were surrendered to him; only Halicarnassus
+and Miletus stood out, which he took by force, together with the
+territory about them.  After which he was a little unsettled in
+his opinion how to proceed.  Sometimes he thought it best to find
+out Darius as soon as he could, and put all to the hazard of a
+battle; another while he looked upon it as a more prudent course
+to make an entire reduction of the sea-coast, and not to seek the
+enemy till he had first exercised his power here and made himself
+secure of the resources of these provinces.  While he was thus
+deliberating what to do, it happened that a spring of water near
+the city of Xanthus in Lycia, of its own accord swelled over its
+banks, and threw up a copper plate upon the margin, in which was
+engraven in ancient characters, that the time would come, when the
+Persian empire should be destroyed by the Grecians.  Encouraged by
+this accident, he proceeded to reduce the maritime parts of
+Cilicia and Phoenicia, and passed his army along the sea-coasts of
+Pamphylia with such expedition that many historians have described
+and extolled it with that height of admiration, as if it were no
+less than a miracle, and an extraordinary effect of divine favor,
+that the waves which usually come rolling in violently from the
+main, and hardly ever leave so much as a narrow beach under the
+steep, broken cliffs at any time uncovered, should on a sudden
+retire to afford him passage.  Menander, in one of his comedies,
+alludes to this marvel when he says,
+
+Was Alexander ever favored more?
+Each man I wish for meets me at my door,
+And should I ask for passage through the sea,
+The sea I doubt not would retire for me.
+
+But Alexander himself in his epistles mentions nothing unusual in
+this at all, but says he went from Phaselis, and passed through
+what they call the Ladders. At Phaselis he stayed some time, and
+finding the statue of Theodectes, who was a native of this town
+and was now dead, erected in the marketplace, after he had supped,
+having drunk pretty plentifully, he went and danced about it, and
+crowned it with garlands, honoring not ungracefully in his sport,
+the memory of a philosopher whose conversation he had formerly
+enjoyed, when he was Aristotle's scholar.
+
+Then he subdued the Pisidians who made head against him, and
+conquered the Phrygians, at whose chief city Gordium, which is
+said to be the seat of the ancient Midas, he saw the famous
+chariot fastened with cords made of the rind of the corner-tree,
+which whosoever should untie, the inhabitants had a tradition,
+that for him was reserved the empire of the world.  Most authors
+tell the story that Alexander, finding himself unable to untie the
+knot, the ends of which were secretly twisted round and folded up
+within it, cut it asunder with his sword.  But Aristobulus tells
+us it was easy for him to undo it, by only pulling the pin out of
+the pole, to which the yoke was tied, and afterwards drawing off
+the yoke itself from below.  From hence he advanced into
+Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, both which countries he soon reduced
+to obedience, and then hearing of the death of Memnon, the best
+commander Darius had upon the sea-coasts, who, if he had lived,
+might, it was supposed, have put many impediments and difficulties
+in the way of the progress of his arms, he was the rather
+encouraged to carry the war into the upper provinces of Asia.
+
+Darius was by this time upon his march from Susa, very confident,
+not only in the number of his men, which amounted to six hundred
+thousand, but likewise in a dream, which the Persian soothsayers
+interpreted rather in flattery to him, than according to the
+natural probability.  He dreamed that he saw the Macedonian
+phalanx all on fire, and Alexander waiting on him, clad in the
+same dress which he himself had been used to wear when he was
+courier to the late king; after which, going into the temple of
+Belus, he vanished out of his sight.  The dream would appear to
+have supernaturally signified to him the illustrious actions the
+Macedonians were to perform, and that as he from a courier's place
+had risen to the throne, so Alexander should come to be master of
+Asia, and not long surviving his conquests, conclude his life with
+glory.  Darius's confidence increased the more, because Alexander
+spent so much time in Cilicia, which he imputed to his cowardice.
+But it was sickness that detained him there, which some say he
+contracted from his fatigues, others from bathing in the river
+Cydnus, whose waters were exceedingly cold.  However it happened,
+none of his physicians would venture to give him any remedies,
+they thought his case so desperate, and were so afraid of the
+suspicions and ill-will of the Macedonians if they should fail in
+the cure; till Philip, the Acarnanian, seeing how critical his
+case was, but relying on his own well-known friendship for him,
+resolved to try the last efforts of his art, and rather hazard his
+own credit and life, than suffer him to perish for want of physic,
+which he confidently administered to him, encouraging him to take
+it boldly, if he desired a speedy recovery, in order to prosecute
+the war.  At this very time, Parmenio wrote to Alexander from the
+camp, bidding him have a care of Philip, as one who was bribed by
+Darius to kill him, with great sums of money, and a promise of his
+daughter in marriage.  When he had perused the letter, he put it
+under his pillow, without showing it so much as to any of his most
+intimate friends, and when Philip came in with the potion, he took
+it with great cheerfulness and assurance, giving him meantime the
+letter to read.  This was a spectacle well worth being present at,
+to see Alexander take the draught, and Philip read the letter at
+the same time, and then turn and look upon one another, but with
+different sentiments; for Alexander's looks were cheerful and
+open, to show his kindness to and confidence in his physician,
+while the other was full of surprise and alarm at the accusation,
+appealing to the gods to witness his innocence, sometimes lifting
+up his hands to heaven, and then throwing himself down by the
+bedside, and beseeching Alexander to lay aside all fear, and
+follow his directions without apprehension.  For the medicine at
+first worked so strongly as to drive, so to say, the vital forces
+into the interior; he lost his speech, and falling into a swoon,
+had scarce any sense or pulse left.  However, in no long time, by
+Philip's means, his health and strength returned, and he showed
+himself in public to the Macedonians, who were in continual fear
+and dejection until they saw him abroad again.
+
+There was at this time in Darius's army a Macedonian refugee,
+named Amyntas, one who was pretty well acquainted with Alexander's
+character.  This man, when he saw Darius intended to fall upon the
+enemy in the passes and defiles, advised him earnestly to keep
+where he was, in the open and extensive plains, it being the
+advantage of a numerous army to have field-room enough when it
+engages with a lesser force.  Darius, instead of taking his
+counsel, told him he was afraid the enemy would endeavor to run
+away, and so Alexander would escape out of his hands.  "That
+fear," replied Amyntas, "is needless, for assure yourself that far
+from avoiding, you, he will make all the speed he can to meet you,
+and is now most likely on his march towards you."  But Amyntas's
+counsel was to no purpose, for Darius immediately decamping,
+marched into Cilicia, at the same time that Alexander advanced
+into Syria to meet him; and missing one another in the night, they
+both turned back again.  Alexander, greatly pleased with the
+event, made all the haste he could to fight in the defiles, and
+Darius to recover his former ground, and draw his army out of so
+disadvantageous a place.  For now he began to perceive his error
+in engaging himself too far in a country in which the sea, the
+mountains, and the river Pinarus running through the midst of it,
+would necessitate him to divide his forces, render his horse
+almost unserviceable, and only cover and support the weakness of
+the enemy.  Fortune was not kinder to Alexander in the choice of
+the ground, than he was careful to improve it to his advantage.
+For being much inferior in numbers, so far from allowing himself
+to be outflanked, he stretched his right wing much further out
+than the left wing of his enemies, and fighting there himself in
+the very foremost ranks, put the barbarians to flight.  In this
+battle he was wounded in the thigh, Chares says by Darius, with
+whom he fought hand to hand.  But in the account which he gave
+Antipater of the battle though indeed he owns he was wounded in
+the thigh with sword, though not dangerously, yet he takes no
+notice who it was that wounded him.
+
+Nothing was wanting to complete this victory, in which he
+overthrew above a hundred and ten thousand of his enemies, but
+the taking the person of Darius, who escaped very narrowly by
+flight.  However, having taken his chariot and his bow, he
+returned from pursuing him, and found his own men busy in
+pillaging the barbarians' camp, which (though to disburden
+themselves, they had left most of their baggage at Damascus) was
+exceedingly rich.  But Darius's tent, which was full of splendid
+furniture, and quantities of gold and silver, they reserved for
+Alexander himself, who after he had put off his arms, went to
+bathe himself, saying, "Let us now cleanse ourselves from the
+toils of war in the bath of Darius."  "Not so," replied one of his
+followers, "but in Alexander's rather; for the property of the
+conquered is, and should be called the conqueror's."  Here, when
+he beheld the bathing vessels, the water-pots, the pans, and the
+ointment boxes, all of gold, curiously wrought, and smelt the
+fragrant odors with which the whole place was exquisitely
+perfumed, and from thence passed into a pavilion of great size and
+height, where the couches and tables and preparations for an
+entertainment were perfectly magnificent, he turned to those about
+him and said, "This, it seems, is royalty."
+
+But as he was going to supper, word was brought him that Darius's
+mother and wife and two unmarried daughters, being taken among the
+rest of the prisoners, upon the sight of his chariot and bow were
+all in mourning and sorrow, imagining him to be dead.  After a
+little pause, more livelily affected with their affliction than
+with his own success he sent Leonnatus to them to let them know
+Darius was not dead, and that they need not fear any harm from
+Alexander, who made war upon him only for dominion; they should
+themselves be provided with everything they had been used to
+receive from Darius.  This kind message could not but be very
+welcome to the captive ladies, especially being made good by
+actions no less humane and generous.  For he gave them leave to
+bury whom they pleased of the Persians, and to make use for this
+purpose of what garments and furniture they thought fit out of the
+booty.  He diminished nothing of their equipage, or of the
+attentions and respect formerly paid them, and allowed larger
+pensions for their maintenance than they had before.  But the
+noblest and most royal part of their usage was, that he treated
+these illustrious prisoners according to their virtue and
+character, not suffering them to hear, or receive, or so much as
+to apprehend anything that was unbecoming.  So that they seemed
+rather lodged in some temple, or some holy virgin chambers, where
+they enjoyed their privacy sacred and uninterrupted, than in the
+camp of an enemy.  Nevertheless Darius's wife was accounted the
+most beautiful princess then living, as her husband the tallest
+and handsomest man of his time, and the daughters were not
+unworthy of their parents.  But Alexander, esteeming it more
+kingly to govern himself than to conquer his enemies, sought no
+intimacy with any one of them, nor indeed with any other woman
+before marriage, except Barsine, Memnon's widow, who was taken
+prisoner at Damascus.  She had been instructed in the Grecian
+learning, was of a gentle temper, and, by her father Artabazus,
+royally descended, which good qualities, added to the
+solicitations and encouragement of Parmenio, as Aristobulus tells
+us, made him the more willing to attach himself to so agreeable
+and illustrious a woman.  Of the rest of the female captives
+though remarkably handsome and well proportioned, he took no
+further notice than to say jestingly, that Persian women were
+terrible eye-sores.  And he himself, retaliating, as it were, by
+the display of the beauty of his own temperance and self-control,
+bade them be removed, as he would have done so many lifeless
+images.  When Philoxenus, his lieutenant on the sea-coast, wrote
+to him to know if he would buy two young boys, of great beauty,
+whom one Theodorus, a Tarentine, had to sell, he was so offended,
+that he often expostulated with his friends, what baseness
+Philoxenus had ever observed in him, that he should presume to
+make him such a reproachful offer.  And he immediately wrote him a
+very sharp letter, telling him Theodorus and his merchandise might
+go with his good-will to destruction.  Nor was he less severe to
+Hagnon, who sent him word he would buy a Corinthian youth named
+Crobylus, as a present for him.  And hearing that Damon and
+Timotheus, two of Parmenio's Macedonian soldiers, had abused the
+wives of some strangers who were in his pay, he wrote to Parmenio,
+charging him strictly, if he found them guilty, to put them to
+death, as wild beasts that were only made for the mischief of
+mankind.  In the same letter he added, that he had not so much as
+seen or desired to see the wife of Darius, no, nor suffered
+anybody to speak of her beauty before him.  He was wont to say,
+that sleep and the act of generation chiefly made him sensible
+that he was mortal; as much as to say, that weariness and pleasure
+proceed both from the same frailty and imbecility of human nature.
+
+In his diet, also, he was most temperate, as appears, omitting
+many other circumstances, by what he said to Ada, whom he adopted,
+with the title of mother, and afterwards created queen of Caria.
+For when she out of kindness sent him every day many curious
+dishes, and sweetmeats, and would have furnished him with some
+cooks and pastry-men, who were thought to have great skill, he
+told her he wanted none of them, his preceptor, Leonidas, having
+already given him the best, which were a night march to prepare
+for breakfast, and a moderate breakfast to create an appetite for
+supper.  Leonidas also, he added, used to open and search the
+furniture of his chamber, and his wardrobe, to see if his mother
+had left him anything that was delicate or superfluous.  He was
+much less addicted to wine than was generally believed; that which
+gave people occasion to think so of him was, that when he had
+nothing else to do, he loved to sit long and talk, rather than
+drink, and over every cup hold a long conversation.  For when his
+affairs called upon him, he would not be detained, as other
+generals often were, either by wine, or sleep, nuptial
+solemnities, spectacles, or any other diversion whatsoever; a
+convincing argument of which is, that in the short time he lived,
+he accomplished so many and so great actions.  When he was free
+from employment, after he was up, and had sacrificed to the gods,
+he used to sit down to breakfast, and then spend the rest of the
+day in hunting, or writing memoirs, giving decisions on some
+military questions, or reading.  In marches that required no great
+haste, he would practice shooting as he went along, or to mount a
+chariot, and alight from it in full speed.  Sometimes, for sport's
+sake, as his journals tell us, he would hunt foxes and go fowling.
+When he came in for the evening, after he had bathed and was
+anointed, he would call for his bakers and chief cooks, to know if
+they had his dinner ready.  He never cared to dine till it was
+pretty late and beginning to be dark, and was wonderfully
+circumspect at meals that everyone who sat with him should be
+served alike and with proper attention; and his love of talking,
+as was said before, made him delight to sit long at his wine.  And
+then, though otherwise no prince's conversation was ever so
+agreeable, he would fall into a temper of ostentation and soldierly
+boasting, which gave his flatterers a great advantage to ride him,
+and made his better friends very uneasy.  For though they thought
+it too base to strive who should flatter him most, yet they found
+it hazardous not to do it; so that between the shame and the
+danger, they were in a great strait how to behave themselves.
+After such an entertainment, he was wont to bathe, and then
+perhaps he would sleep till noon, and sometimes all day long.  He
+was so very temperate in his eating, that when any rare fish or
+fruits were sent him, he would distribute them among his friends,
+and often reserve nothing for himself.  His table, however, was
+always magnificent, the expense of it still increasing with his
+good fortune, till it amounted to ten thousand drachmas a day, to
+which sum he limited it, and beyond this he would suffer none to
+lay out in any entertainment where he himself was the guest.
+
+After the battle of Issus, he sent to Damascus to seize upon the
+money and baggage, the wives and children of the Persians, of
+which spoil the Thessalian horsemen had the greatest share; for
+he had taken particular notice of their gallantry in the fight,
+and sent them thither on purpose to make their reward suitable to
+their courage.  Not but that the rest of the army had so
+considerable a part of the booty as was sufficient to enrich them
+all.  This first gave the Macedonians such a taste of the Persian
+wealth and women and barbaric splendor of living, that they were
+ready to pursue and follow upon it with all the eagerness of
+hounds upon a scent.  But Alexander, before he proceeded any
+further, thought it necessary to assure himself of the sea-coast.
+Those who governed in Cyprus, put that island into his possession,
+and Phoenicia, Tyre only excepted, was surrendered to him.  During
+the siege of this city, which with mounds of earth cast up, and
+battering engines, and two hundred galleys by sea, was carried on
+for seven months together, he dreamt that he saw Hercules upon the
+walls, reaching, out his hand, and calling to him.  And many of
+the Tyrians in their sleep, fancied that Apollo told them he was
+displeased with their actions, and was about to leave them and go
+over to Alexander.  Upon which, as if the god had been a deserting
+soldier, they seized him, so to say, in the act, tied down the
+statue with ropes, and nailed it to the pedestal, reproaching him,
+that he was a favorer of Alexander.  Another time, Alexander
+dreamed he saw a Satyr mocking him at a distance, and when he
+endeavored to catch him, he still escaped from him, till at last
+with much perseverance, and running about after him, he got him
+into his power.  The soothsayers making two words of Satyrus,
+assured him, that Tyre should he his own.  The inhabitants at this
+time show a spring of water, near which they say Alexander slept,
+when he fancied the Satyr appeared to him.
+
+While the body of the army lay before Tyre, he made an excursion
+against the Arabians who inhabit the Mount Antilibanus, in which
+he hazarded his life extremely to bring off his master Lysimachus,
+who would needs go along with him, declaring he was neither older
+nor inferior in courage to Phoenix, Achilles's guardian.  For
+when, quitting their horses, they began to march up the hills on
+foot, the rest of the soldiers outwent them a great deal, so that
+night drawing on, and the enemy near, Alexander was fain to stay
+behind so long, to encourage and help up the lagging and tired old
+man, that before he was aware, he was left behind, a great way
+from his soldiers, with a slender attendance, and forced to pass
+an extremely cold night in the dark, and in a very inconvenient
+place; till seeing a great many scattered fires of the enemy at
+some distance, and trusting to his agility of body, and as he was
+always wont by undergoing toils and labors himself to cheer and
+support the Macedonians in any distress, he ran straight to one of
+the nearest fires, and with his dagger dispatching two of the
+barbarians that sat by it, snatched up a lighted brand, and
+returned with it to his own men.  They immediately made a great
+fire, which so alarmed the enemy that most of them fled, and those
+that assaulted them were soon routed, and thus they rested
+securely the remainder of the night.  Thus Chares writes.
+
+But to return to the siege, it had this issue.  Alexander, that he
+might refresh his army, harassed with many former encounters, had
+led only a small party towards the walls, rather to keep the enemy
+busy, than with any prospect of much advantage.  It happened at
+this time that Aristander, the soothsayer, after he had
+sacrificed, upon view of the entrails, affirmed confidently to
+those who stood by, that the city should be certainly taken that
+very month, upon which there was a laugh and some mockery among
+the soldiers, as this was the last day of it.  The king seeing him
+in perplexity, and always anxious to support the credit of the
+predictions, gave order that they should not count it as the
+thirtieth, but as the twenty-third of the month, and ordering the
+trumpets to sound, attacked the walls more seriously than he at
+first intended.  The sharpness of the assault so inflamed the rest
+of his forces who were left in the camp, that they could not hold
+from advancing to second it, which they performed with so much
+vigor, that the Tyrians retired, and the town was carried that
+very day.  The next place he sat down before was Gaza, one of the
+largest cities of Syria, where this accident befell him.  A large
+bird flying over him, let a clod of earth fall upon his shoulder,
+and then settling upon one of the battering engines, was suddenly
+entangled and caught in the nets composed of sinews, which
+protected the ropes with which the machine was managed.  This fell
+out exactly according to Aristander's prediction, which was, that
+Alexander should be wounded, and the city reduced.
+
+From hence he sent great part of the spoils to Olympias,
+Cleopatra, and the rest of his friends, not omitting his preceptor
+Leonidas, on whom he bestowed five hundred talents weight of
+frankincense, and a hundred of myrrh, in remembrance of the hopes
+he had once expressed of him when he was but a child.  For
+Leonidas, it seems, standing by him one day while he was
+sacrificing, and seeing him take both his hands full of incense to
+throw into the fire, told him it became him to be more sparing in
+his offerings, and not be so profuse till he was master of the
+countries which those sweet gums and spices came from.  So
+Alexander now wrote to him, saying, "We have sent you abundance of
+myrrh and frankincense, that for the future you may not be stingy
+to the gods."  Among the treasures and other booty that was taken
+from Darius, there was a very precious casket, which being brought
+to Alexander for a great rarity, he asked those about him what
+they thought fittest to be laid up in it; and when they had
+delivered their various opinions, he told them he should keep
+Homer's Iliad in it.  This is attested by many credible authors,
+and if what those of Alexandria tell us, relying upon the
+authority of Heraclides, be true, Homer was neither an idle, nor
+an unprofitable companion to him in his expedition.  For when he
+was master of Egypt, designing to settle a colony of Grecians
+there, he resolved to build a large and populous city, and give
+it his own name.  In order to which, after he had measured and
+staked out the ground with the advice of the best architects, he
+chanced one night in his sleep to see a wonderful vision; a
+grey-headed old man, of a venerable aspect, appeared to stand by
+him, and pronounce these verses:--
+
+An island lies, where loud the billows roar,
+Pharos they call it, on the Egyptian shore.
+
+Alexander upon this immediately rose up and went to Pharos, which,
+at that time, was an island lying a little above the Canobic mouth
+of the river Nile, though it has now been joined to the main land
+by a mole.  As soon as he saw the commodious situation of the
+place, it being a long neck of land, stretching like an isthmus
+between large lagoons and shallow waters on one side, and the sea
+on the other, the latter at the end of it making a spacious
+harbor, he said, Homer, besides his other excellences, was a very
+good architect, and ordered the plan of a city to be drawn out
+answerable to the place.  To do which, for want of chalk, the soil
+being black, they laid out their lines with flour, taking in a
+pretty large compass of ground in a semicircular figure, and
+drawing into the inside of the circumference equal straight lines
+from each end, thus giving it something of the form of a cloak or
+cape.  While he was pleasing himself with his design, on a sudden
+an infinite number of great birds of several kinds, rising like a
+black cloud out of the river and the lake, devoured every morsel
+of the flour that had been used in setting out the lines; at which
+omen even Alexander himself was troubled, till the augurs restored
+his confidence again by telling him, it was a sign the city he was
+about to build would not only abound in all things within itself,
+but also be the nurse and feeder of many nations.  He commanded
+the workmen to proceed, while he went to visit the temple of
+Ammon.
+
+This was a long and painful, and, in two respects, a dangerous
+journey; first, if they should lose their provision of water, as
+for several days none could be obtained; and, secondly, if a
+violent south wind should rise upon them, while they were
+traveling through the wide extent of deep sands, as it is said to
+have done when Cambyses led his army that way, blowing the sand
+together in heaps, and raising, as it were, the whole desert like
+a sea upon them, till fifty thousand were swallowed up and
+destroyed by it.  All these difficulties were weighed and
+represented to him; but Alexander was not easily to be diverted
+from anything he was bent upon.  For fortune having hitherto
+seconded him in his designs, made him resolute and firm in his
+opinions, and the boldness of his temper raised a sort of passion
+in him for surmounting difficulties; as if it were not enough to
+be always victorious in the field, unless places and seasons and
+nature herself submitted to him.  In this journey, the relief and
+assistance the gods afforded him in his distresses, were more
+remarkable, and obtained greater belief than the oracles he
+received afterwards, which, however, were valued and credited the
+more on account of those occurrences.  For first, plentiful rains
+that fell, preserved them from any fear of perishing by drought,
+and, allaying the extreme dryness of the sand, which now became
+moist and firm to travel on, cleared and purified the air.
+Besides this, when they were out of their way, and were wandering
+up and down, because the marks which were wont to direct the
+guides were disordered and lost, they were set right again by some
+ravens, which flew before them when on their march, and waited for
+them when they lingered and fell behind; and the greatest miracle,
+as Callisthenes tells us, was that if any of the company went
+astray in the night, they never ceased croaking and making a
+noise, till by that means they had brought them into the right way
+again.  Having passed through the wilderness, they came to the
+place; where the high-priest at the first salutation bade
+Alexander welcome from his father Ammon.  And being asked by him
+whether any of his father's murderers had escaped punishment, he
+charged him to speak with more respect, since his was not a mortal
+father.  Then Alexander, changing his expression, desired to know
+of him if any of those who murdered Philip were yet unpunished,
+and further concerning dominion, whether the empire of the world
+was reserved for him?  This, the god answered, he should obtain,
+and that Philip's death was fully revenged, which gave him so much
+satisfaction, that he made splendid offerings to Jupiter, and gave
+the priests very rich presents.  This is what most authors write
+concerning the oracles.  But Alexander, in a letter to his mother,
+tells her there were some secret answers, which at his return he
+would communicate to her only.  Others say that the priest,
+desirous as a piece of courtesy to address him in Greek, "O
+Paidion," by a slip in pronunciation ended with the s instead of
+the n, and said, "O Paidios," which mistake Alexander was well
+enough pleased with, and it went for current that the oracle had
+called him so.
+
+Among the sayings of one Psammon, a philosopher, whom he heard in
+Egypt, he most approved of this, that all men are governed by God,
+because in everything, that which is chief and commands, is
+divine.  But what he pronounced himself upon this subject, was
+even more like a philosopher, for he said, God was the common
+father of us all, but more particularly of the best of us.  To the
+barbarians he carried himself very haughtily, as if he were fully
+persuaded of his divine birth and parentage; but to the Grecians
+more moderately, and with less affectation of divinity, except it
+were once in writing to the Athenians about Samos, when he tells
+them that he should not himself have bestowed upon them that free
+and glorious city; "You received it," he says, "from the bounty of
+him who at that time was called my lord and father," meaning
+Philip.  However, afterwards being wounded with an arrow, and
+feeling much pain, he turned to those about him, and told them,
+"This, my friends, is real flowing blood, not Ichor,
+
+"Such as immortal gods are wont to shed."
+
+And another time, when it thundered so much that everybody was
+afraid, and Anaxarchus, the sophist, asked him if he who was
+Jupiter's son could do anything like this, "Nay," said Alexander,
+laughing, "I have no desire to be formidable to my friends, as you
+would have me, who despised my table for being furnished with
+fish, and not with the heads of governors of provinces."  For in
+fact it is related as true, that Anaxarchus seeing a present of
+small fishes, which the king sent to Hephaestion, had used this
+expression, in a sort of irony, and disparagement of those who
+undergo vast labors and encounter great hazards in pursuit of
+magnificent objects, which after all bring them little more
+pleasure or enjoyment than what others have.  From what I have
+said upon this subject, it is apparent that Alexander in himself
+was not foolishly affected, or had the vanity to think himself
+really a god, but merely used his claims to divinity as a means of
+maintaining among other people the sense of his superiority.
+
+At his return out of Egypt into Phoenicia, he sacrificed and made
+solemn processions, to which were added shows of lyric dances and
+tragedies, remarkable not merely for the splendor of the equipage
+and decorations, but for the competition among those who exhibited
+them.  For the kings of Cyprus were here the exhibitors, just in
+the same manner as at Athens those who are chosen by lot out of
+the tribes.  And, indeed, they showed the greatest emulation to
+outvie each other; especially Nicocreon, king of Salamis, and
+Pasicrates of Soli, who furnished the chorus, and defrayed the
+expenses of the two most celebrated actors, Athenodorus and
+Thessalus, the former performing for Pasicrates, and the latter
+for Nicocreon.  Thessalus was most favored by Alexander, though it
+did not appear till Athenodorus was declared victor by the
+plurality of votes.  For then at his going away, he said the
+judges deserved to be commended for what they had done, but that
+he would willingly have lost part of his kingdom, rather than to
+have seen Thessalus overcome.  However, when he understood
+Athenodorus was fined by the Athenians for being absent at the
+festivals of Bacchus, though he refused his request that he would
+write a letter in his behalf, he gave him a sufficient sum to
+satisfy the penalty.  Another time, when Lycon of Scarphia
+happened to act with great applause in the theater, and in a verse
+which he introduced into the comic part which he was acting,
+begged for a present of ten talents, he laughed and gave him the
+money.
+
+Darius wrote him a letter, and sent friends to intercede with him,
+requesting him to accept as a ransom of his captives the sum of a
+thousand talents, and offering him in exchange for his amity and
+alliance, all the countries on this side the river Euphrates,
+together with one of his daughters in marriage.  These propositions
+he communicated to his friends, and when Parmenio told him, that
+for his part, if he were Alexander, he should readily embrace
+them, "So would I," said Alexander, "if I were Parmenio."
+Accordingly, his answer to Darius was, that if he would come and
+yield himself up into his power, he would treat him with all
+possible kindness; if not, he was resolved immediately to go
+himself and seek him.  But the death of Darius's wife in
+childbirth made him soon after regret one part of this answer, and
+he showed evident marks of grief, at being thus deprived of a
+further opportunity of exercising his clemency and good nature,
+which he manifested, however, as far as he could, by giving her a
+most sumptuous funeral.
+
+Among the eunuchs who waited in the queen's chamber, and were
+taken prisoners with the women, there was one Tireus, who getting
+out of the camp, fled away on horseback to Darius, to inform him
+of his wife's death.  He, when he heard it, beating his head, and
+bursting into tears and lamentations, said, "Alas! how great is
+the calamity of the Persians!  Was it not enough that their king's
+consort and sister was a prisoner in her lifetime, but she must,
+now she is dead also, be but meanly and obscurely buried?"  "Oh
+king," replied the eunuch, "as to her funeral rites, or any
+respect or honor that should have been shown in them, you have not
+the least reason to accuse the ill-fortune of your country; for to
+my knowledge neither your queen Statira when alive, nor your
+mother, nor children, wanted anything of their former happy
+condition, unless it were the light of your countenance, which I
+doubt not but the lord Oromasdes will yet restore to its former
+glory.  And after her decease, I assure you, she had not only all
+due funeral ornaments, but was honored also with the tears of your
+very enemies; for Alexander is as gentle after victory, as he is
+terrible in the field."  At the hearing of these words, such was
+the grief and emotion of Darius's mind, that they carried him into
+extravagant suspicions; and taking Tireus aside into a more
+private part of his tent, "Unless thou likewise," said he to him,
+"hast deserted me, together with the good fortune of Persia, and
+art become a Macedonian in thy heart; if thou yet ownest me for
+thy master Darius, tell me, I charge thee, by the veneration thou
+payest the light of Mithras, and this right hand of thy king, do I
+not lament the least of Statira's misfortunes in her captivity and
+death?  Have I not suffered something more injurious and
+deplorable in her lifetime?  And had I not been miserable with
+less dishonor, if I had met with a more severe and inhuman enemy?
+For how is it possible a young man as he is, should treat the wife
+of his opponent with so much distinction, were it not from some
+motive that does me disgrace?"  Whilst he was yet speaking, Tireus
+threw himself at his feet, and besought him neither to wrong
+Alexander so much, nor his dead wife and sister, as to give
+utterance to any such thoughts, which deprived him of the greatest
+consolation left him in his adversity, the belief that he was
+overcome by a man whose virtues raised him above human nature;
+that he ought to look upon Alexander with love and admiration, who
+had given no less proofs of his continence towards the Persian
+women, than of his valor among the men.  The eunuch confirmed all
+he said with solemn and dreadful oaths, and was further enlarging
+upon Alexander's moderation and magnanimity on other occasions,
+when Darius, breaking away from him into the other division of the
+tent, where his friends and courtiers were, lifted up his hands to
+heaven, and uttered this prayer, "Ye gods," said he, "of my
+family, and of my kingdom, if it be possible, I beseech you to
+restore the declining affairs of Persia, that I may leave them in
+as flourishing a condition as I found them, and have it in my
+power to make a grateful return to Alexander for the kindness
+which in my adversity he has shown to those who are dearest to me.
+But if, indeed, the fatal time be come, which is to give a period
+to the Persian monarchy, if our ruin be a debt that must be paid
+to the divine jealousy and the vicissitude of things, then I
+beseech you grant that no other man but Alexander may sit upon the
+throne of Cyrus."  Such is the narrative given by the greater
+number of the historians.
+
+But to return to Alexander.  After he had reduced all Asia on this
+side the Euphrates, he advanced towards Darius, who was coming
+down against him with a million of men.  In his march, a very
+ridiculous passage happened.  The servants who followed the camp,
+for sport's sake divided themselves into two parties, and named
+the commander of one of them Alexander, and of the other Darius.
+At first they only pelted one another with clods of earth, but
+presently took to their fists, and at last, heated with the
+contention, they fought in good earnest with stones and clubs, so
+that they had much ado to part them; till Alexander, upon hearing
+of it, ordered the two captains to decide the quarrel by single
+combat, and armed him who bore his name himself, while Philotas
+did the same to him who represented Darius.  The whole army were
+spectators of this encounter, willing from the event of it to
+derive an omen of their own future success.  After they had fought
+stoutly a pretty long while, at last he who was called Alexander
+had the better, and for a reward of his prowess, had twelve
+villages given him, with leave to wear the Persian dress.  So we
+are told by Eratosthenes.
+
+But the great battle of all that was fought with Darius, was not,
+as most writers tell us, at Arbela, but at Gaugamela, which, in
+their language, signifies the camel's house, forasmuch as one of
+their ancient kings having escaped the pursuit of his enemies on a
+swift camel, in gratitude to his beast, settled him at this place,
+with an allowance of certain villages and rents for his
+maintenance.  It came to pass that in the month Boedromion, about
+the beginning of the feast of Mysteries at Athens, there was an
+eclipse of the moon, the eleventh night after which, the two
+armies being now in view of one another, Darius kept his men in
+arms, and by torchlight took a general review of them.  But
+Alexander, while his soldiers slept, spent the night before his
+tent with his diviner Aristander, performing certain mysterious
+ceremonies, and sacrificing to the god Fear.  In the meanwhile
+the oldest of his commanders, and chiefly Parmenio, when they
+beheld all the plain between Niphates and the Gordyaean mountains
+shining with the lights and fires which were made by the
+barbarians, and heard the uncertain and confused sound of voices
+out of their camp, like the distant roaring of a vast ocean, were
+so amazed at the thoughts of such a multitude, that after some
+conference among themselves, they concluded it an enterprise too
+difficult and hazardous for them to engage so numerous an enemy in
+the day, and therefore meeting the king as he came from
+sacrificing, besought him to attack Darius by night, that the
+darkness might conceal the danger of the ensuing battle.  To this
+he gave them the celebrated answer, "I will not steal a victory,"
+which though some at the time thought a boyish and inconsiderate
+speech, as if he played with danger, others, however, regarded as
+an evidence that he confided in his present condition, and acted
+on a true judgment of the future, not wishing to leave Darius, in
+case he were worsted, the pretext of trying his fortune again,
+which he might suppose himself to have, if he could impute his
+overthrow to the disadvantage of the night, as he did before to
+the mountains, the narrow passages, and the sea.  For while he had
+such numerous forces and large dominions still remaining, it was
+not any want of men or arms that could induce him to give up the
+war, but only the loss of all courage and hope upon the conviction
+of an undeniable and manifest defeat.
+
+After they were gone from him with this answer, he laid himself
+down in his tent and slept the rest of the night more soundly than
+was usual with him, to the astonishment of the commanders, who
+came to him early in the morning, and were fain themselves to give
+order that the soldiers should breakfast.  But at last, time not
+giving them leave to wait any longer, Parmenio went to his
+bedside, and called him twice or thrice by his name, till he waked
+him, and then asked him how it was possible, when he was to fight
+the most important battle of all, he could sleep as soundly as if
+he were already victorious.  "And are we not so, indeed," replied
+Alexander, smiling, "since we are at last relieved from the
+trouble of wandering in pursuit of Darius through a wide and
+wasted country, hoping in vain that he would fight us?"  And not
+only before the battle, but in the height of the danger, he showed
+himself great, and manifested the self-possession of a just
+foresight and confidence.  For the battle for some time fluctuated
+and was dubious.  The left wing, where Parmenio commanded, was so
+impetuously charged by the Bactrian horse that it was disordered
+and forced to give ground, at the same time that Mazaeus had sent
+a detachment round about to fall upon those who guarded the
+baggage, which so disturbed Parmenio, that he sent messengers to
+acquaint Alexander that the camp and baggage would be all lost
+unless he immediately believed the rear by a considerable
+reinforcement drawn out of the front.  This message being brought
+him just as he was giving the signal to those about him for the
+onset, he bade them tell Parmenio that he must have surely lost
+the use of his reason, and had forgotten, in his alarm, that
+soldiers, if victorious, become masters of their enemies' baggage;
+and if defeated, instead of taking care of their wealth or their
+slaves, have nothing more to do but to fight gallantly and die
+with honor.  When he had said this, he put on his helmet, having
+the rest of his arms on before he came out of his tent, which were
+coat of the Sicilian make, girt close about him, and over that a
+breastpiece of thickly quilted linen, which was taken among other
+booty at the battle of Issus.  The helmet, which was made by
+Theophilus, though of iron, was so well wrought and polished, that
+it was as bright as the most refined silver.  To this was fitted a
+gorget of the same metal, set with precious stones.  His sword,
+which was the weapon he most used in fight, was given him by the
+king of the Citieans, and was of an admirable temper and
+lightness.  The belt which he also wore in all engagements, was of
+much richer workmanship than the rest of his armor.  It was a work
+of the ancient Helicon, and had been presented to him by the
+Rhodians, as mark of their respect to him.  So long as he was
+engaged in drawing up his men, or riding about to give orders or
+directions, or to view them, he spared Bucephalas, who was now
+growing old, and made use of another horse; but when he was
+actually to fight, he sent for him again, and as soon as he was
+mounted, commenced the attack.
+
+He made the longest address that day to the Thessalians and other
+Greeks, who answered him with loud shouts, desiring him to lead
+them on against the barbarians, upon which he shifted his javelin
+into his left hand, and with his right lifted up towards heaven,
+besought the gods, as Callisthenes tells us, that if he was of a
+truth the son of Jupiter, they would he pleased to assist and
+strengthen the Grecians.  At the same time the augur Aristander,
+who had a white mantle about him, and a crown of gold on his head,
+rode by and showed them an eagle that soared just over Alexander,
+and directed his Right towards the enemy; which so animated the
+beholders, that after mutual encouragements and exhortations, the
+horse charged at full speed, and were followed in a mass by the
+whole phalanx of the foot.  But before they could well come to
+blows with the first ranks, the barbarians shrunk back, and were
+hotly pursued by Alexander, who drove those that fled before him
+into the middle of the battle, where Darius himself was in person,
+whom he saw from a distance over the foremost ranks, conspicuous
+in the midst of his life-guard, a tall and fine-looking man, drawn
+in a lofty chariot, defended by an abundance of the best horse,
+who stood close in order about it, ready to receive the enemy.
+But Alexander's approach was so terrible, forcing those who gave
+back upon those who yet maintained their ground, that he beat down
+and dispersed them almost all.  Only a few of the bravest and
+valiantest opposed the pursuit, who were slain in their king's
+presence, falling in heaps upon one another, and in the very pangs
+of death striving to catch hold of the horses.  Darius now seeing
+all was lost, that those who were placed in front to defend him
+were broken and beat back upon him, that he could not turn or
+disengage his chariot without great difficulty, the wheels being
+clogged and entangled among the dead bodies, which lay in such
+heaps as not only stopped, but almost covered the horses, and made
+them rear and grow so unruly, that the frighted charioteer could
+govern them no longer, in this extremity was glad to quit his
+chariot and his arms, and mounting, it is said, upon a mare that
+had been taken from her foal, betook himself to flight.  But he
+had not escaped so either, if Parmenio had not sent fresh
+messengers to Alexander, to desire him to return and assist him
+against a considerable body of the enemy which yet stood together,
+and would not give ground.  For, indeed, Parmenio is on all hands
+accused of having been sluggish and unserviceable in this battle,
+whether age had impaired his courage, or that, as Callisthenes
+says, he secretly disliked and envied Alexander's growing
+greatness.  Alexander, though he was not a little vexed to be so
+recalled and hindered from pursuing his victory, yet concealed the
+true reason from his men, and causing a retreat to be sounded, as
+if it were too late to continue the execution any longer, marched
+back towards the place of danger, and by the way met with the news
+of the enemy's total overthrow and flight.
+
+This battle being thus over, seemed to put a period to the Persian
+empire; and Alexander, who was now proclaimed king of Asia,
+returned thanks to the gods in magnificent sacrifices, and
+rewarded his friends and followers with great sums of money, and
+places, and governments of provinces.  And eager to gain honor
+with the Grecians, he wrote to them that he would have all
+tyrannies abolished, that they might live free according to their
+own laws, and specially to the Plataeans, that their city should
+be rebuilt, because their ancestors had permitted their countrymen
+of old to make their territory the seat of the war, when they
+fought with the barbarians for their common liberty.  He sent also
+part of the spoils into Italy, to the Crotoniats, to honor the
+zeal and courage of their citizen Phayllus, the wrestler, who, in
+the Median war, when the other Grecian colonies in Italy disowned
+Greece, that he might have a share in the danger, joined the fleet
+at Salamis, with a vessel set forth at his own charge.  So
+affectionate was Alexander to all kind of virtue, and so desirous
+to preserve the memory of laudable actions.
+
+From hence he marched through the province of Babylon, which
+immediately submitted to him, and in Ecbatana was much surprised
+at the sight of the place where fire issues in a continuous
+stream, like a spring of water, out of a cleft in the earth, and
+the stream of naphtha, which, not far from this spot, flows out so
+abundantly as to form a sort of lake.  This naphtha, in other
+respects resembling bitumen, is so subject to take fire, that
+before it touches the flame, it will kindle at the very light that
+surrounds it, and often inflame the intermediate air also.  The
+barbarians, to show the power and nature of it, sprinkled the
+street that led to the king's lodgings with little drops of it,
+and when it was almost night, stood at the further end with
+torches, which being applied to the moistened places, the first at
+once taking fire, instantly, as quick as a man could think of it,
+it caught from one end to another, in such a manner that the whole
+street was one continued flame.  Among those who used to wait on
+the king and find occasion to amuse him when he anointed and
+washed himself, there was one Athenophanes, an Athenian, who
+desired him to make an experiment of the naphtha upon Stephanus,
+who stood by in the bathing place, a youth with a ridiculously
+ugly face, whose talent was singing well, "For," said he, "if it
+take hold of him and is not put out, it must undeniably be allowed
+to be of the most invincible strength."  The youth, as it
+happened, readily consented to undergo the trial, and as soon as
+he was anointed and rubbed with it, his whole body broke out into
+such a flame, and was so seized by the fire, that Alexander was
+in the greatest perplexity and alarm for him, and not without
+reason; for nothing could have prevented his being consumed by it,
+if by good chance there had not been people at hand with a great
+many vessels of water for the service of the bath, with all which
+they had much ado to extinguish the fire; and his body was so
+burned all over, that he was not cured of it a good while after.
+And thus it is not without some plausibility that they endeavor to
+reconcile the fable to truth, who say this was the drug in the
+tragedies with which Medea anointed the crown and veil which she
+gave to Creon's daughter.  For neither the things themselves, nor
+the fire could kindle of its own accord, but being prepared for it
+by the naphtha, they imperceptibly attracted and caught a flame
+which happened to be brought near them.  For the rays and
+emanations of fire at a distance have no other effect upon some
+bodies than bare light and heat, but in others, where they meet
+with airy dryness, and also sufficient rich moisture, they collect
+themselves and soon kindle and create a transformation.  The
+manner, however, of the production of naphtha admits of a
+diversity of opinion on whether this liquid substance that
+feeds the flame does not rather proceed from a soil that is
+unctuous and productive of fire, as that of the province of
+Babylon is, where the ground is so very hot, that oftentimes the
+grains of barley leap up, and are thrown out, as if the violent
+inflammation had made the earth throb; and in the extreme heats
+the inhabitants are wont to sleep upon skins filled with water.
+Harpalus, who was left governor of this country, and was desirous
+to adorn the palace gardens and walks with Grecian plants,
+succeeded in raising all but ivy, which the earth would not bear,
+but constantly killed.  For being a plant that loves a cold soil,
+the temper of this hot and fiery earth was improper for it.  But
+such digressions as these the impatient reader will be more
+willing to pardon, if they are kept within a moderate compass.
+
+At the taking of Susa, Alexander found in the palace forty
+thousand talents in money ready coined, besides an unspeakable
+quantity of other furniture and treasure; amongst which was five
+thousand talents' worth of Hermionian purple, that had been laid
+up there a hundred and ninety years, and yet kept its color as
+fresh and lively as at first.  The reason of which, they say, is
+that in dyeing the purple they made use of honey, and of white oil
+in the white tincture, both which after the like space of time
+preserve the clearness and brightness of their luster.  Dinon also
+relates that the Persian kings had water fetched from the Nile and
+the Danube, which they laid up in their treasuries as a sort of
+testimony of the greatness of their power and universal empire.
+
+The entrance into Persia was through a most difficult country,
+and was guarded by the noblest of the Persians, Darius himself
+having escaped further.  Alexander, however, chanced to find a
+guide in exact correspondence with what the Pythia had foretold
+when he was a child, that a lycus should conduct him into Persia.
+For by such an one, whose father was a Lycian, and his mother a
+Persian, and who spoke both languages, he was now led into the
+country, by a way something about, yet without fetching any
+considerable compass.  Here a great many of the prisoners were put
+to the sword, of which himself gives this account, that he
+commanded them to be killed in the belief that it would be for his
+advantage.  Nor was the money found here less, he says, than at
+Susa, besides other movables and treasure, as much as ten thousand
+pair of mules and five thousand camels could well carry away.
+Amongst other things he happened to observe a large statue of
+Xerxes thrown carelessly down to the ground in the confusion made
+by the multitude of soldiers pressing; into the palace.  He stood
+still, and accosting it as if it had been alive, "Shall we," said
+he, "neglectfully pass thee by, now thou art prostrate on the
+ground, because thou once invadedst Greece, or shall we erect thee
+again in consideration of the greatness of thy mind and thy other
+virtues?"  But at last, after he had paused some time, and
+silently considered with himself, he went on without taking any
+further notice of it.  In this place he took up his winter
+quarters, and stayed four months to refresh his soldiers.  It is
+related that the first time he sat on the royal throne of Persia,
+under the canopy of gold, Demaratus, the Corinthian, who was much
+attached to him and had been one of his father's friends, wept, in
+an old man's manner, and deplored the misfortune of those Creeks
+whom death had deprived of the satisfaction of seeing Alexander
+seated on the throne of Darius.
+
+From hence designing to march against Darius, before he set out,
+he diverted himself with his officers at an entertainment of
+drinking and other pastimes, and indulged so far as to let every
+one's mistress sit by and drink with them.  The most celebrated of
+them was Thais, an Athenian, mistress of Ptolemy, who was
+afterwards king of Egypt.  She, partly as a sort of well-turned
+compliment to Alexander, partly out of sport, as the drinking went
+on, at last was carried so far as to utter a saying, not
+misbecoming her native country's character, though somewhat too
+lofty for her own condition.  She said it was indeed some
+recompense for the toils she had undergone in following the camp
+all over Asia, that she was that day treated in, and could insult
+over, the stately palace of the Persian monarchs.  But, she added,
+it would please her much better, if while the king looked on, she
+might in sport, with her own hands, set fire to the court of that
+Xerxes who reduced the city of Athens to ashes, that it might be
+recorded to posterity, that the women who followed Alexander had
+taken a severer revenge on the Persians for the sufferings and
+affronts of Greece, than all the famed commanders had been able to
+do by sea or land.  What she said was received with such universal
+liking and murmurs of applause, and so seconded by the
+encouragement and eagerness of the company, that the king himself,
+persuaded to be of the party, started from his seat, and with a
+chaplet of flowers on his head, and a lighted torch in his hand,
+led them the way, while they went after him in a riotous manner,
+dancing and making loud cries about the place; which when the rest
+of the Macedonians perceived, they also in great delight ran
+thither with torches; for they hoped the burning and destruction
+of the royal palace was an argument that he looked homeward, and
+had no design to reside among the barbarians.  Thus some writers
+give their account of this action, while others say it was done
+deliberately; however, all agree that he soon repented of it, and
+gave order to put out the fire.
+
+Alexander was naturally most munificent, and grew more so as his
+fortune increased, accompanying what he gave with that courtesy
+and freedom, which, to speak truth, is necessary to make a benefit
+really obliging.  I will give a few instances of this kind.
+Ariston, the captain of the Paeonians, having killed an enemy,
+brought his head to show him, and told him that in his country,
+such a present was recompensed with a cup of gold.  "With an empty
+one," said Alexander, smiling, "but I drink to you in this, which
+I give you full of wine."  Another time, as one of the common
+soldier was driving a mule laden with some of the king's treasure,
+the beast grew tired, and the soldier took it upon his own back,
+and began to march with it, till Alexander seeing the man so
+overcharged, asked what was the matter; and when he was informed,
+just as he was ready to lay down his burden for weariness, "Do not
+faint now," said he to him, "but finish the journey, and carry
+what you have there to your own tent for yourself."  He was always
+more displeased with those who would not accept of what he gave
+than with those who begged of him.  And therefore he wrote to
+Phocion, that he would not own him for his friend any longer, if
+he refused his presents.  He had never given anything to Serapion,
+one of the youths that played at ball with him, because he did not
+ask of him, till one day, it coming to Serapion's turn to play, he
+still threw the ball to others, and when the king asked him why he
+did not direct it to him, "Because you do not ask for it," said
+he; which answer pleased him so, that he was very liberal to him
+afterwards.  One Proteas, a pleasant, jesting, drinking fellow,
+having incurred his displeasure, got his friends to intercede for
+him, and begged his pardon himself with tears, which at last
+prevailed, and Alexander declared he was friends with him.  "I
+cannot believe it," said Proteas, "unless you first give me some
+pledge of it."  The king understood his meaning, and presently
+ordered five talents to be given him.  How magnificent he was in
+enriching his friends, and those who attended on his person,
+appears by a letter which Olympias wrote to him, where she tells
+him he should reward and honor those about him in a more moderate
+way, For now," said she, "you make them all equal to kings, you
+give them power and opportunity of making many friends of their
+own, and in the meantime you leave yourself destitute."  She
+often wrote to him to this purpose, and he never communicated her
+letters to anybody, unless it were one which he opened when
+Hephaestion was by, whom he permitted, as his custom was, to read
+it along with him; but then as soon as he had done, he took off
+his ring, and set the seal upon Hephaestion's lips.  Mazaeus, who
+was the most considerable man in Darius's court, had a son who was
+already governor of a province.  Alexander bestowed another upon
+him that was better; he, however, modestly refused, and told him,
+instead of one Darius, he went the way to make many Alexanders.
+To Parmenio he gave Bagoas's house, in which he found a wardrobe
+of apparel worth more than a thousand talents.  He wrote to
+Antipater, commanding him to keep a life-guard about him for the
+security of his person against conspiracies.  To his mother he
+sent many presents, but would never suffer her to meddle with
+matters of state or war, not indulging her busy temper, and when
+she fell out with him upon this account, he bore her ill-humor
+very patiently.  Nay more, when he read a long letter from
+Antipater, full of accusations against her, "Antipater," he said,
+"does not know that one tear of a mother effaces a thousand such
+letters as these."
+
+But when he perceived his favorites grow so luxurious and
+extravagant in their way of living and expenses, that Hagnon, the
+Teian, wore silver nails in his shoes, that Leonnatus employed
+several camels, only to bring him powder out of Egypt to use when
+he wrestled, and that Philotas had hunting nets a hundred furlongs
+in length, that more used precious ointment than plain oil when
+they went to bathe, and that they carried about servants
+everywhere with them to rub them and wait upon them in their
+chambers, he reproved them in gentle and reasonable terms, telling
+them he wondered that they who had been engaged in so many signal
+battles did not know by experience, that those who labor sleep
+more sweetly and soundly than those who are labored for, and could
+fail to see by comparing the Persians' manner of living with their
+own, that it was the most abject and slavish condition to be
+voluptuous, but the most noble arid royal to undergo pain and
+labor.  He argued with them further, how it was possible for anyone
+who pretended to be a soldier, either to look well after his
+horse, or to keep his armor bright and in good order, who thought
+it much to let his hands be serviceable to what was nearest to
+him, his own body.  "Are you still to learn," said he, "that the
+end and perfection of our victories is to avoid the vices and
+infirmities of those whom we subdue?"  And to strengthen his
+precepts by example, he applied himself now more vigorously than
+ever to hunting and warlike expeditions, embracing all
+opportunities of hardship and danger, insomuch that a
+Lacedaemonian, who was there on an embassy to him, and chanced to
+be by when he encountered with and mastered a huge lion, told him
+he had fought gallantly with the beast, which of the two should be
+king.  Craterus caused a representation to be made of this
+adventure, consisting of the lion and the dogs, of the king
+engaged with the lion, and himself coming in to his assistance,
+all expressed in figures of brass, some of which were by Lysippus,
+and the rest by Leochares; and had it dedicated in the temple of
+Apollo at Delphi.  Alexander exposed his person to danger in this
+manner, with the object both of inuring himself, and inciting
+others to the performance of brave and virtuous actions.
+
+But his followers, who were grown rich, and consequently proud,
+longed to indulge themselves in pleasure and idleness, and were
+weary of marches and expeditions, and at last went on so far as to
+censure and speak ill of him.  All which at first he bore very
+patiently, saying, it became a king well to do good to others, and
+be evil spoken of.  Meantime, on the smallest occasions that
+called for a show of kindness to his friends, there was every
+indication on his part of tenderness and respect.  Hearing
+Peucestes was bitten by a bear, he wrote to him, that he took it
+unkindly he should send others notice of it, and not make him
+acquainted with it; "But now," said he, "since it is so, let me
+know how you do, and whether any of your companions forsook you
+when you were in danger, that I may punish them."  He sent
+Hephaestion, who was absent about some business, word how while
+they were fighting for their diversion with an ichneumon, Craterus
+was by chance run through both thighs with Perdiccas's javelin.
+And upon Peucestes's recovery from a fit of sickness, he sent a
+letter of thanks to his physician Alexippus.  When Craterus was
+ill, he saw a vision in his sleep, after which he offered
+sacrifices for his health, and bade him to do so likewise.  He
+wrote also to Pausanias, the physician, who was about to purge
+Craterus with hellebore, partly out of an anxious concern for him,
+and partly to give him a caution how he used that medicine.  He
+was so tender of his friends' reputation that he imprisoned
+Ephialtes and Cissus, who brought him the first news of Harpalus's
+flight and withdrawal from his service, as if they had falsely
+accused him.  When he sent the old and infirm soldiers home,
+Eurylochus, a citizen of Aegae, got his name enrolled among the
+sick, though he ailed nothing, which being discovered, he
+confessed he was in love with a young woman named Telesippa, and
+wanted to go along with her to the seaside.  Alexander inquired to
+whom the woman belonged, and being told she was a free courtesan,
+"I will assist you," said he to Eurylochus, "in your amour, if
+your mistress be to be gained either by presents or persuasions;
+but we must use no other means, because she is free-born."
+
+It is surprising to consider upon what slight occasions he would
+write letters to serve his friends.  As when he wrote one in which
+he gave order to search for a youth that belonged to Seleucus, who
+was run away into Cilicia; and in another, thanked and commended
+Peucestes for apprehending Nicon, a servant of Craterus; and in
+one to Megabyzus, concerning a slave that had taken sanctuary in a
+temple, gave direction that he should not meddle with him while he
+was there, but if he could entice him out by fair means, then he
+gave him leave to seize him.  It is reported of him that when he
+first sat in judgment upon capital causes, he would lay his hand
+upon one of his ears while the accuser spoke, to keep it free and
+unprejudiced in behalf of the party accused.  But afterwards such
+a multitude of accusations were brought before him, and so many
+proved true, that he lost his tenderness of heart, and gave credit
+to those also that were false; and especially when anybody spoke
+ill of him, he would be transported out of his reason, and show
+himself cruel and inexorable, valuing his glory and reputation
+beyond his life or kingdom.
+
+He now, as we said, set forth to seek Darius, expecting he should
+be put to the hazard of another battle, but heard he was taken and
+secured by Bessus, upon which news he sent home the Thessalians,
+and gave them a largess of two thousand talents over and above the
+pay that was due to them.  This long and painful pursuit of
+Darius, for in eleven days he marched thirty-three hundred
+furlongs, harassed his soldiers so that most of them were ready to
+give it up, chiefly for want of water.  While they were in this
+distress, it happened that some Macedonians who had fetched water
+in skins upon their mules from a river they had found out, came
+about noon to the place where Alexander was, and seeing him almost
+choked with thirst, presently filled a helmet and offered it him.
+He asked them to whom they were carrying the water; they told him
+to their children, adding, that if his life were but saved, it was
+no matter for them, they should be able well enough to repair that
+loss, though they all perished.  Then he took the helmet into his
+hands, and looking round about, when he saw all those who were
+near him stretching their heads out and looking, earnestly after
+the drink, he returned it again with thanks without tasting a drop
+of it, "For," said he, "if I alone should drink, the rest will be
+out of heart."  The soldiers no sooner took notice of his
+temperance and magnanimity upon this occasion, but they one and
+all cried out to him to lead them forward boldly, and began
+whipping on their horses.  For whilst they had such a king, they
+said they defied both weariness and thirst, and looked upon
+themselves to be little less than immortal.  But though they were
+all equally cheerful and willing, yet not above threescore horse
+were able, it is said, to keep up, and to fall in with Alexander
+upon the enemy's camp, where they rode over abundance of gold and
+silver that lay scattered about, and passing by a great many
+chariots full of women that wandered here and there for want of
+drivers, they endeavored to overtake the first of those that fled,
+in hopes to meet with Darius among them.  And at last, after much
+trouble, they found him lying in a chariot, wounded all over with
+darts, just at the point of death.  However, he desired they would
+give him some drink, and when he had drunk a little cold water, he
+told Polystratus, who gave it him, that it had become the last
+extremity of his ill fortune, to receive benefits and not be able
+to return them.  "But Alexander," said he, "whose kindness to my
+mother, my wife, and my children I hope the gods will recompense,
+will doubtless thank you for your humanity to me.  Tell him,
+therefore, in token of my acknowledgment, I give him this right
+hand," with which words he took hold of Polystratus's hand and
+died.  When Alexander came up to them, he showed manifest tokens
+of sorrow, and taking off his own cloak, threw it upon the body to
+cover it.  And sometime afterwards, when Bessus was taken, he
+ordered him to be torn in pieces in this manner.  They fastened
+him to a couple of trees which were bound down so as to meet, and
+then being let loose, with a great force returned to their places,
+each of them carrying that part of the body along with it that was
+tied to it.  Darius's body was laid in state, and sent to his
+mother with pomp suitable to his quality.  His brother Exathres,
+Alexander received into the number of his intimate friends.
+
+And now with the flower of his army he marched into Hyrcania,
+where he saw a large bay of an open sea, apparently not much less
+than the Euxine, with water, however, sweeter than that of other
+seas, but could learn nothing of certainty concerning it, further
+than that in all probability it seemed to him to be an arm
+issuing from the lake of Maeotis.  However, the naturalists were
+better informed of the truth, and had given an account of it many
+years before Alexander's expedition; that of four gulfs which out
+of the main sea enter into the continent, this, known
+indifferently as the Caspian and as the Hyrcanian sea, is the most
+northern.  Here the barbarians, unexpectedly meeting with those
+who led Bucephalas, took them prisoners, and carried the horse
+away with them, at which Alexander was so much vexed, that he sent
+a herald to let them know he would put them all to the sword,
+men, women, and children, without mercy, if they did not restore
+him.  But on their doing so, and at the same time surrendering
+their cities into his hands, he not only treated them kindly, but
+also paid a ramsom for his horse to those who took him.
+
+From hence he marched into Parthia, where not having much to do,
+he first put on the barbaric dress, perhaps with the view of
+making the work of civilizing them the easier, as nothing gains
+more upon men than a conformity to their fashions and customs.  Or
+it may have been as a first trial, whether the Macedonians might
+be brought to adore him, as the Persians did their kings, by
+accustoming them by little and little to bear with the alteration
+of his rule and course of life in other things.  However, he
+followed not the Median fashion, which was altogether foreign and
+uncouth, and adopted neither the trousers nor the sleeved vest,
+nor the tiara for the head, but taking a middle way between the
+Persian mode and the Macedonian, so contrived his habit that it
+was not so flaunting as the one, and yet more pompous and
+magnificent than the other.  At first he wore this habit only when
+he conversed with the barbarians, or within doors, among his
+intimate friends and companions, but afterwards he appeared in it
+abroad, when he rode out, and at public audiences, a sight which
+the Macedonians beheld with grief; but they so respected his other
+virtues and good qualities, that they felt it reasonable in some
+things to gratify his fancies and his passion of glory, in pursuit
+of which he hazarded himself so far, that, besides his other
+adventures, he had but lately been wounded in the leg by an arrow,
+which had so shattered the shank-bone that splinters were taken
+out.  And on another occasion he received a violent blow with a
+stone upon the nape of the neck, which dimmed his sight for a good
+while afterwards.  And yet all this could not hinder him from
+exposing himself freely to any dangers, insomuch that he passed
+the river Orexartes, which he took to be the Tanais, and putting
+the Scythians to flight, followed them above a hundred furlongs,
+though suffering all the time from a diarrhea.
+
+Here many affirm that the Amazon came to give him a visit.  So
+Clitarchus, Polyclitus, Onesicritus, Antigenes, and Ister, tell
+us.  But Aristobulus and Chares, who held the office of reporter
+of requests, Ptolemy and Anticlides, Philon the Theban, Philip of
+Theangela, Hecataeus the Eretrian, Philip the Chalcidian, and
+Duris the Samian, say it is wholly a fiction.  And truly Alexander
+himself seems to confirm the latter statement, for in a letter in
+which he gives Antipater an account of all that happened, he tells
+him that the king of Scythia offered him his daughter in marriage,
+but makes no mention at all of the Amazon.  And many years after,
+when Onesicritus read this story in his fourth book to Lysimachus,
+who then reigned, the king laughed quietly and asked, "Where could
+I have been at that time?"
+
+But it signifies little to Alexander whether this be credited or
+no.  Certain it is, that apprehending the Macedonians would be
+weary of pursuing the war, he left the greater part of them in
+their quarters; and having with him in Hyrcania the choice of his
+men only, amounting to twenty thousand foot, and three thousand
+horse, he spoke to them to this effect:  That hitherto the
+barbarians had seen them no otherwise than as it were in a dream,
+and if they should think of returning when they had only alarmed
+Asia, and not conquered it, their enemies would set upon them as
+upon so many women.  However, he told them he would keep none of
+them with him against their will, they might go if they pleased;
+he should merely enter his protest, that when on his way to make
+the Macedonians the masters of the world, he was left alone with a
+few friends and volunteers.  This is almost word for word, as he
+wrote in a letter to Antipater, where he adds, that when he had
+thus spoken to them, they all cried out, they would go along with
+him whithersoever it was his pleasure to lead them.  After
+succeeding with these, it was no hard matter for him to bring over
+the multitude, which easily followed the example of their betters.
+Now, also, he more and more accommodated himself in his way of
+living to that of the natives, and tried to bring them, also, as
+near as he could to the Macedonian customs, wisely considering
+that whilst he was engaged in an expedition which would carry him
+far from thence, it would be wiser to depend upon the goodwill
+which might arise from intermixture and association as a means of
+maintaining tranquillity, than upon force and compulsion.  In
+order to this, he chose out thirty thousand boys, whom he put
+under masters to teach them the Greek tongue, and to train them up
+to arms in the Macedonian discipline.  As for his marriage with
+Roxana, whose youthfulness and beauty had charmed him at a
+drinking entertainment, where he first happened to see her, taking
+part in a dance, it was, indeed, a love affair, yet it seemed at
+the same time to be conducive to the object he had in hand.  For
+it gratified the conquered people to see him choose a wife from
+among themselves, and it made them feel the most lively affection
+for him, to find that in the only passion which he, the most
+temperate of men, was overcome by, he yet forbore till he could
+obtain her in a lawful and honorable way.
+
+Noticing, also, that among his chief friends and favorites,
+Hephaestion most approved all that he did, and complied with and
+imitated him in his change of habits, while Craterus continued
+strict in the observation of the customs and fashions of his own
+country, he made it his practice to employ the first in all
+transactions with the Persians, and the latter when he had to do
+with the Greeks or Macedonians.  And in general he showed more
+affection for Hephaestion, and more respect for Craterus;
+Hephaestion, as he used to say, being Alexander's, and Craterus
+the king's friend.  And so these two friends always bore in secret
+a grudge to each other, and at times quarreled openly, so much so,
+that once in India they drew upon one another, and were proceeding
+in good earnest, with their friends on each side to second them,
+when Alexander rode up and publicly reproved Hephaestion, calling
+him fool and madman, not to be sensible that without his favor he
+was nothing.  He rebuked Craterus, also, in private, severely, and
+then causing them both to come into his presence, he reconciled
+them, at the same time swearing by Ammon and the rest of the gods,
+that he loved them two above all other men, but if ever he
+perceived them fall out again he would be sure to put both of them
+to death, or at least the aggressor.  After which they neither
+ever did or said anything, so much as in jest, to offend one
+another.
+
+There was scarcely anyone who had greater repute among the
+Macedonians than Philotas, the son of Parmenio.  For besides that
+he was valiant and able to endure any fatigue of war, he was also
+next to Alexander himself the most munificent, and the greatest
+lover of his friends, one of whom asking him for some money, he
+commanded his steward to give it him; and when he told him he had
+not wherewith, "Have you not any plate then," said he, "or any
+clothes of mine to sell?"  But he carried his arrogance and his
+pride of wealth and his habits of display and luxury to a degree
+of assumption unbecoming a private man, and affecting all the
+loftiness without succeeding in showing any of the grace or
+gentleness of true greatness, by this mistaken and spurious
+majesty he gained so much envy and ill-will, that Parmenio would
+sometimes tell him, "My son, to be not quite so great would be
+better."  For he had long before been complained of, and accused
+to Alexander.  Particularly when Darius was defeated in Cilicia,
+and an immense booty was taken at Damascus, among the rest of the
+prisoners who were brought into the camp, there was one Antigone
+of Pydna, a very handsome woman, who fell to Philotas's share.
+The young man one day in his cups, in the vaunting, outspoken,
+soldier's manner, declared to his mistress, that all the great
+actions were performed by him and his father, the glory and
+benefit of which, he said, together with the title of king, the
+boy Alexander reaped and enjoyed by their means.  She could not
+hold, but discovered what he had said to one of her acquaintance,
+and he, as is usual in such cases, to another, till at last the
+story came to the ears of Craterus, who brought the woman secretly
+to the king.  When Alexander had heard what she had to say, he
+commanded her to continue her intrigue with Philotas, and give him
+an account from time to time of all that should fall from him to
+this purpose.  He thus unwittingly caught in a snare, to gratify
+some times a fit of anger, sometimes a mere love of vainglory, let
+himself utter numerous foolish, indiscreet speeches against the
+king in Antigone's hearing, of which though Alexander was informed
+and convinced by strong evidence, yet he would take no notice of
+it at present, whether it was that he confided in Parmenio's
+affection and loyalty, or that he apprehended their authority and
+interest in the army.  But about this time one Limnus, a
+Macedonian of Chalastra, conspired against Alexander's life, and
+communicated his design to a youth whom he was fond of, named
+Nicomachus, inviting him to be of the party.  But he not relishing
+the thing, revealed it to his brother Balinus, who immediately
+addressed himself to Philotas, requiring him to introduce them
+both to Alexander, to whom they had something of great moment to
+impart which very nearly concerned him.  But he, for what reason
+is uncertain, went not with them, professing that the king was
+engaged with affairs of more importance.  And when they had urged
+him a second time, and were still slighted by him, they applied
+themselves to another, by whose means being admitted into
+Alexander's presence, they first told about Limnus's conspiracy,
+and by the way let Philotas's negligence appear, who had twice
+disregarded their application to him.  Alexander was greatly
+incensed, and on finding that Limnus had defended himself, and had
+been killed by the soldier who was sent to seize him, he was still
+more discomposed, thinking he had thus lost the means of detecting
+the plot.  As soon as his displeasure against Philotas began to
+appear, presently all his old enemies showed themselves, and said
+openly, the king was too easily imposed on, to imagine that one so
+inconsiderable as Limnus, a Chalastrian, should of his own head
+undertake such an enterprise; that in all likelihood he was but
+subservient to the design, an instrument that was moved by some
+greater spring; that those ought to be more strictly examined
+about the matter whose interest it was so much to conceal it.
+When they had once gained the king's ear for insinuations of this
+sort, they went on to show a thousand grounds of suspicion against
+Philotas, till at last they prevailed to have him seized and put
+to the torture, which was done in the presence of the principal
+officers, Alexander himself being placed behind some tapestry to
+understand what passed.  Where, when he heard in what a miserable
+tone, and with what abject submissions Philotas applied himself to
+Hephaestion, he broke out, it is said, in this manner:  "Are you
+so mean-spirited and effeminate, Philotas, and yet can engage in
+so desperate a design?"  After his death, he presently sent into
+Media, and put also Parmenio, his father, to death, who had done
+brave service under Philip, and was the only man, of his older
+friends and counselors, who had encouraged Alexander to invade
+Asia.  Of three sons whom he had had in the army, he had already
+lost two, and now was himself put to death with the third.  These
+actions rendered Alexander an object of terror to many of his
+friends, and chiefly to Antipater, who, to strengthen himself,
+sent messengers privately to treat for an alliance with the
+Aetolians, who stood in fear of Alexander, because they had
+destroyed the town of the Oeniadae; on being informed of which,
+Alexander had said the children of the Oeniadae need not revenge
+their fathers' quarrel, for he would himself take care to punish
+the Aetolians.
+
+Not long after this happened the deplorable end of Clitus, which
+to those who barely hear the matter-of-fact, may seem more inhuman
+than that of Philotas; but if we consider the story with its
+circumstance of time, and weigh the cause, we shall find it to
+have occurred rather through a sort of mischance of the king's,
+whose anger and over-drinking offered an occasion to the evil
+genius of Clitus.  The king had a present of Grecian fruit brought
+him from the sea-coast, which was so fresh and beautiful, that he
+was surprised at it, and called Clitus to him to see it, and to
+give him a share of it.  Clitus was then sacrificing, but he
+immediately left off and came, followed by three sheep, on whom
+the drink-offering had been already poured preparatory to
+sacrificing them.  Alexander, being informed of this, told his
+diviners, Aristander and Cleomantis the Lacedaemonian, and asked
+them what it meant; on whose assuring him, it was an ill omen, he
+commanded them in all haste to offer sacrifices for Clitus's
+safety, forasmuch as three days before he himself had seen a
+strange vision in his sleep, of Clitus all in mourning, sitting by
+Parmenio's sons who were dead.  Clitus, however, stayed not to
+finish his devotions, but came straight to supper with the king,
+who had sacrificed to Castor and Pollux.  And when they had drunk
+pretty hard, some of the company fell a singing the verses of one
+Pranichus, or as others say of Pierion, which were made upon those
+captains who had been lately worsted by the barbarians, on purpose
+to disgrace and turn them to ridicule.  This gave offense to the
+older men who were there, and they upbraided both the author and
+the singer of the verses, though Alexander and the younger men
+about him were much amused to hear them, and encouraged them to go
+on, till at last Clitus, who had drunk too much, and was besides
+of a froward and willful temper, was so nettled that he could hold
+no longer, saying, it was not well done to expose the Macedonians
+so before the barbarians and their enemies, since though it was
+their unhappiness to be overcome, yet they were much better men
+than those who laughed at them.  And when Alexander remarked, that
+Clitus was pleading his own cause, giving cowardice the name of
+misfortune, Clitus started up; "This cowardice, as you are pleased
+to term it," said he to him, "saved the life of a son of the gods,
+when in flight from Spithridates's sword; and it is by the expense
+of Macedonian blood, and by these wounds, that you are now raised
+to such a height, as to be able to disown your father Philip, and
+call yourself the Son of Ammon."  "Thou base fellow," said
+Alexander, who was now thoroughly exasperated, "dost thou think to
+utter these things everywhere of me, and stir up the Macedonians
+to sedition, and not be punished for it?"  "We are sufficiently
+punished already," answered Clitus, "if this be the recompense of
+our toils, and we must esteem theirs a happy lot, who have not
+lived to see their countrymen scourged with Median rods, and
+forced to sue to the Persians to have access to their king."
+While he talked thus at random, and those near Alexander got up
+from their seats and began to revile him in turn, the elder men
+did what they could to compose the disorder.  Alexander, in the
+meantime turning about to Xenodochus, the Cardian, and Artemius,
+the Colophonian, asked them if they were not of opinion that the
+Greeks, in comparison with the Macedonians, behaved themselves
+like so many demi-gods among wild beasts.  But Clitus for all this
+would not give over, desiring Alexander to speak out if he had
+anything more to say, or else why did he invite men who were
+freeborn and accustomed to speak their minds openly without
+restraint, to sup with him.  He had better live and converse with
+barbarians and slaves who would not scruple to bow the knee to his
+Persian girdle and his white tunic.  Which words so provoked
+Alexander, that not able to suppress his anger any longer, he threw
+one of the apples that lay upon the table at him, and hit him, and
+then looked about for his sword.  But Aristophanes, one of his
+life-guard, had hid that out of the way, and others came about him
+and besought him, but in vain.  For breaking from them, he called
+out aloud to his guards in the Macedonian language, which was a
+certain sign of some great disturbance in him, and commanded a
+trumpeter to sound, giving him a blow with his clenched fist for
+not instantly obeying him; though afterwards the same man was
+commended for disobeying an order which would have put the whole
+army into tumult and confusion.  Clitus still refusing to yield,
+was with much trouble forced by his friends out of the room.  But
+he came in again immediately at another door, very irreverently
+and confidently singing the verses out of Euripides's Andromache, --
+
+In Greece, alas! how ill things ordered are!
+
+Upon this, at last, Alexander, snatching a spear from one of the
+soldiers, met Clitus as he was coming forward and was putting by
+the curtain that hung before the door, and ran him through the
+body.  He fell at once with a cry and a groan.  Upon which the
+king's anger immediately vanishing, he came perfectly to himself,
+and when he saw his friends about him all in a profound silence,
+he pulled the spear out of the dead body, and would have thrust it
+into his own throat, if the guards had not held his hands, and by
+main force carried him away into his chamber, where all that night
+and the next day he wept bitterly, till being quite spent with
+lamenting and exclaiming, he lay as it were speechless, only
+fetching deep sighs.  His friends apprehending some harm from his
+silence, broke into the room, but he took no notice of what any of
+them said, till Aristander putting him in mind of the vision he
+had seen concerning Clitus, and the prodigy that followed, as if
+all had come to pass by an unavoidable fatality, he then seemed to
+moderate his grief.  They now brought Callisthenes, the
+philosopher, who was the near friend of Aristotle, and Anaxarchus
+of Abdera, to him.  Callisthenes used moral language, and gentle
+and soothing means, hoping to find access for words of reason, and
+get a hold upon the passion.  But Anaxarchus, who had always taken
+a course of his own in philosophy, and had a name for despising
+and slighting his contemporaries, as soon as he came in, cried out
+aloud, "Is this the Alexander whom the whole world looks to, lying
+here weeping like a slave, for fear of the censure and reproach of
+men, to whom he himself ought to be a law and measure of equity,
+if he would use the right his conquests have given him as supreme
+lord and governor of all, and not be the victim of a vain and idle
+opinion?  Do not you know," said he, "that Jupiter is represented
+to have Justice and Law on each hand of him, to signify that all
+the actions of a conqueror are lawful and just?"  With these and
+the like speeches, Anaxarchus indeed allayed the king's grief, but
+withal corrupted his character, rendering him more audacious and
+lawless than he had been.  Nor did he fail by these means to
+insinuate himself into his favor, and to make Callisthenes's
+company, which at all times, because of his austerity, was not
+very acceptable, more uneasy and disagreeable to him.
+
+It happened that these two philosophers meeting at an
+entertainment, where conversation turned on the subject of climate
+and the temperature of the air, Callisthenes joined with their
+opinion, who held that those countries were colder, and the winter
+sharper there than in Greece.  Anaxarchus would by no means allow
+this, but argued against it with some heat.  "Surely," said
+Callisthenes, "you cannot but admit this country to be colder than
+Greece, for there you used to have but one threadbare cloak to
+keep out the coldest winter, and here you have three good warm
+mantles one over another."  This piece of raillery irritated
+Anaxarchus and the other pretenders to learning, and the crowd of
+flatterers in general could not endure to see Callisthenes so much
+admired and followed by the youth, and no less esteemed by the
+older men for his orderly life, and his gravity, and for being
+contented with his condition; all confirming what he had professed
+about the object he had in his journey to Alexander, that it was
+only to get his countrymen recalled from banishment, and to
+rebuild and repeople his native town.  Besides the envy which his
+great reputation raised, he also, by his own deportment, gave
+those who wished him ill, opportunity to do him mischief.  For
+when he was invited to public entertainments, he would most times
+refuse to come, or if he were present at any, he put a constraint
+upon the company by his austerity and silence, which seemed to
+intimate his disapproval of what he saw.  So that Alexander
+himself said in application to him,
+
+That vain pretense to wisdom I detest,
+Where a man's blind to his own interest.
+
+Being with many more invited to sup with the king, he was called
+upon when the cup came to him, to make an oration extempore in
+praise of the Macedonians; and he did it with such a flow of
+eloquence, that all who heard it rose from their seats to clap and
+applaud him, and threw their garland upon him; only Alexander told
+him out of Euripides,
+
+I wonder not that you have spoke so well,
+'Tis easy on good subjects to excel.
+
+"Therefore," said he, "if you will show the force of your
+eloquence, tell my Macedonians their faults, and dispraise them,
+that by hearing their errors they may learn to he better for the
+future."  Callisthenes presently obeyed him, retracting all he had
+said before, and, inveighing against the Macedonians with great
+freedom, added, that Philip thrived and grew powerful, chiefly by
+the discord of the Grecians, applying this verse to him:--
+
+In civil strife e'en villains rise to fame;
+
+which so offended the Macedonians, that he was odious to them ever
+after.  And Alexander said, that instead of his eloquence, he had
+only made his ill-will appear in what he had spoken.  Hermippus
+assures us, that one Stroebus, a servant whom Callisthenes kept to
+read to him, gave this account of these passages afterwards to
+Aristotle; and that when he perceived the king grow more and more
+averse to him, two or three times, as he was going away, he
+repeated the verses, --
+
+Death seiz'd at last on great Patroclus too,
+Though he in virtue far exceeded you.
+
+Not without reason, therefore, did Aristotle give this character
+of Callisthenes, that he was, indeed, a powerful speaker, but had
+no judgment.  He acted certainly a true philosopher's part in
+positively refusing, as he did, to pay adoration; and by speaking
+out openly against that which the best and gravest of the
+Macedonians only repined at in secret, he delivered the Grecians
+and Alexander himself from a great disgrace, when the practice was
+given up.  But he ruined himself by it, because he went too
+roughly to work, as if he would have forced the king to that which
+he should have effected by reason and persuasion.  Chares of
+Mitylene writes, that at a banquet, Alexander, after he had drunk,
+reached the cup to one of his friends, who, on receiving it, rose
+up towards the domestic altar, and when he had drunk, first
+adored, and then kissed Alexander, and afterwards laid himself
+down at the table with the rest.  Which they all did one after
+another, till it came to Callisthenes's turn, who took the cup and
+drank, while the king who was engaged in conversation with
+Hephaestion was not observing, and then came and offered to kiss
+him.  But Demetrius, surnamed Phidon, interposed, saying, "Sir, by
+no means let him kiss you, for he only of us all has refused to
+adore you;" upon which the king declined it, and all the concern
+Callisthenes showed was, that he said aloud, "Then I go away with
+a kiss less than the rest."  The displeasure he incurred by this
+action procured credit for Hephaestion's declaration that he had
+broken his word to him in not paying the king the same veneration
+that others did, as he had faithfully promised to do.  And to
+finish his disgrace, a number of such men as Lysimachus and Hagnon
+now came in with their asseverations that the sophist went about
+everywhere boasting of his resistance to arbitrary power, and that
+the young men all ran after him, and honored him as the only man
+among so many thousands who had the courage to preserve his
+liberty.  Therefore when Hermolaus's conspiracy came to be
+discovered, the charges which his enemies brought against him were
+the more easily believed, particularly that when the young man
+asked him what he should do to be the most illustrious person on
+earth, he told him the readiest way was to kill him who was
+already so; and that to incite him to commit the deed, he bade him
+not be awed by the golden couch, but remember Alexander was a man
+equally infirm and vulnerable as another.  However, none of
+Hermolaus's accomplices, in the utmost extremity, made any mention
+of Callisthenes's being engaged in the design.  Nay, Alexander
+himself, in the letters which he wrote soon after to Craterus,
+Attalus, and Alcetas, tells them that the young men who were put
+to the torture, declared they had entered into the conspiracy of
+themselves, without any others being privy to, or guilty of it.
+But yet afterwards, in a letter to Antipater, he accuses
+Callisthenes.  "The young men," he says, "were stoned to death by
+the Macedonians, but for the sophist," (meaning Callisthenes,) "I
+will take care to punish him with them too who sent him to me, and
+who harbor those in their cities who conspire against my life," an
+unequivocal declaration against Aristotle, in whose house
+Callisthenes, for his relationship's sake, being his niece Hero's
+son, had been educated.  His death is variously related.  Some say
+he was hanged by Alexander's orders; others, that he died of
+sickness in prison; but Chares writes he was kept in chains seven
+months after he was apprehended, on purpose that he might be
+proceeded against in full council, when Aristotle should be
+present; and that growing very fat, and contracting a disease of
+vermin, he there died, about the time that Alexander was wounded
+in India, in the country of the Malli Oxydracae, all which came
+to pass afterwards.
+
+For to go on in order, Demaratus of Corinth, now quite an old man,
+had made a great effort, about this time, to pay Alexander a
+visit; and when he had seen him, said he pitied the misfortune of
+those Grecians, who were so unhappy as to die before they had
+beheld Alexander seated on the throne of Darius.  But he did not
+long enjoy the benefit of the king's kindness for him, any
+otherwise than that soon after falling sick and dying, he had a
+magnificent funeral, and the army raised him a monument of earth,
+fourscore cubits high, and of a vast circumference.  His ashes
+were conveyed in a very rich chariot, drawn by four horses, to the
+seaside.
+
+Alexander now intent upon his expedition into India, took notice
+that his soldiers were so charged with booty that it hindered
+their marching.  Therefore, at break of day, as soon as the
+baggage wagons were laden, first he set fire to his own, and to
+those of his friends, and then commanded those to be burnt which
+belonged to the rest of the army.  An act which in the
+deliberation of it had seemed more dangerous and difficult than it
+proved in the execution, with which few were dissatisfied; for
+most of the soldiers, as if they had been inspired, uttering loud
+outcries and warlike shoutings, supplied one another with what was
+absolutely necessary, and burnt and destroyed all that was
+superfluous, the sight of which redoubled Alexander's zeal and
+eagerness for his design.  And, indeed, he was now grown very
+severe and inexorable in punishing those who committed any fault.
+For he put Menander, one of his friends, to death, for deserting a
+fortress where he had placed him in garrison, and shot Orsodates,
+one of the barbarians who revolted from him, with his own hand.
+
+At this time a sheep happened to yean a lamb, with the perfect
+shape and color of a tiara upon the head, and testicles on each
+side; which portent Alexander regarded with such dislike, that he
+immediately caused his Babylonian priests, whom he usually carried
+about with him for such purposes, to purify him, and told his
+friends he was not so much concerned for his own sake as for
+theirs, out of an apprehension that after his death the divine
+power might suffer his empire to fall into the hands of some
+degenerate, impotent person.  But this fear was soon removed by a
+wonderful thing that happened not long after, and was thought to
+presage better.  For Proxenus, a Macedonian, who was the chief of
+those who looked to the king's furniture, as he was breaking up
+the ground near the river Oxus, to set up the royal pavilion,
+discovered a spring of a fat, oily liquor, which after the top was
+taken off, ran pure, clear oil, without any difference either of
+taste or smell, having exactly the same smoothness and brightness,
+and that, too, in a country where no olives grew.  The water,
+indeed, of the river Oxus, is said to be the smoothest to the
+feeling of all waters, and to leave a gloss on the skins of those
+who bathe themselves in it.  Whatever might be the cause, certain
+it is that Alexander was wonderfully pleased with it, as appears
+by his letters to Antipater, where he speaks of it as one of the
+most remarkable presages that God had ever favored him with.  The
+diviners told him it signified his expedition would be glorious in
+the event, but very painful, and attended with many difficulties;
+for oil, they said, was bestowed on mankind by God as a
+refreshment of their labors.
+
+Nor did they judge amiss, for he exposed himself to many hazards
+in the battles which he fought, and received very severe wounds,
+but the greatest loss in his army was occasioned through the
+unwholesomeness of the air, and the want of necessary provisions.
+But he still applied himself to overcome fortune and whatever
+opposed him, by resolution and virtue, and thought nothing
+impossible to true intrepidity, and on the other hand nothing
+secure or strong for cowardice.  It is told of him that when he
+besieged Sisimithres, who held an inaccessible, impregnable rock
+against him, and his soldiers began to despair of taking it, he
+asked Oxyartes whether Sisimithres was a man of courage, who
+assuring him he was the greatest coward alive, "Then you tell me,"
+said he, "that the place may easily be taken, since what is in
+command of it is weak."  And in a little time he so terrified
+Sisimithres, that he took it without any difficulty.  At an attack
+which he made upon such another precipitous place with some of his
+Macedonian soldiers, he called to one whose name was Alexander,
+and told him, he at any rate must fight bravely, if it were but
+for his name's sake.  The youth fought gallantly and was killed in
+the action, at which he was sensibly afflicted.  Another time,
+seeing his men march slowly and unwillingly to the siege of the
+place called Nysa, because of a deep river between them and the
+town, he advanced before them, and standing upon the bank, "What a
+miserable man," said he, "am I, that I have not learned to swim!"
+and then was hardly dissuaded from endeavoring to pass it upon his
+shield.  Here, after the assault was over, the ambassadors who
+from several towns which he had blocked up, came to submit to him
+and make their peace, were surprised to find him still in his
+armor, without anyone in waiting or attendance upon him, and when
+at last some one brought him a cushion, he made the eldest of
+them, named Acuphis, take it and sit down upon it.  The old man,
+marveling at his magnanimity and courtesy, asked him what his
+countrymen should do to merit his friendship.  "I would have
+them," said Alexander, "choose you to govern them, and send one
+hundred of the most worthy men among them to remain with me as
+hostages."  Acuphis laughed and answered, "I shall govern them
+with more ease, Sir, if I send you so many of the worst, rather
+than the best of my subjects."
+
+The extent of king Taxiles's dominions in India was thought to be
+as large as Egypt, abounding in good pastures, and producing
+beautiful fruits.  The king himself had the reputation of a wise
+man, and at his first interview with Alexander, he spoke to him
+in these terms:  "To what purpose," said he, "should we make war
+upon one another, if the design of your coming into these parts be
+not to rob us of our water or our necessary food, which are the
+only things that wise men are indispensably obliged to fight for?
+As for other riches and possessions, as they are accounted in the
+eye of the world, if I am better provided of them than you, I am
+ready to let you share with me; but if fortune has been more
+liberal to you than me, I have no objection to be obliged to you."
+This discourse pleased Alexander so much, that embracing him, "Do
+you think," said he to him, "your kind words and courteous
+behavior will bring you off in this interview without a contest?
+No, you shall not escape so.  I shall contend and do battle with
+you so far, that how obliging soever you are, you shall not have
+the better of me."  Then receiving some presents from him, he
+returned him others of greater value, and to complete his bounty,
+gave him in money ready coined one thousand talents; at which his
+old friends were much displeased, but it gained him the hearts of
+many of the barbarians.  But the best soldiers of the Indians now
+entering into the pay of several of the cities, undertook to
+defend them, and did it so bravely, that they put Alexander to a
+great deal of trouble, till at last, after a capitulation, upon
+the surrender of the place, he fell upon them as they were
+marching away, and put them all to the sword.  This one breach of
+his word remains as a blemish upon his achievements in war, which
+he otherwise had performed throughout with that justice and honor
+that became a king.  Nor was he less incommoded by the Indian
+philosophers, who inveighed against those princes who joined his
+party, and solicited the free nations to oppose him.  He took
+several of these also, and caused them to be hanged.
+
+Alexander, in his own letters, has given us an account of his war
+with Porus.  He says the two armies were separated by the river
+Hydaspes, on whose opposite bank Porus continually kept his
+elephants in order of battle, with their heads towards their
+enemies, to guard the passage; that he, on the other hand, made
+every day a great noise and clamor in his camp, to dissipate the
+apprehensions of the barbarians; that one stormy dark night he
+passed the river, at a distance from the place where the enemy
+lay, into a little island, with part of his foot, and the best of
+his horse.  Here there fell a most violent storm of rain,
+accompanied with lightning and whirlwinds, and seeing some of his
+men burnt and dying with the lightning, he nevertheless quitted
+the island and made over to the other side.  The Hydaspes, he
+says, now after the storm, was so swollen and grown so rapid, as
+to have made a breach in the bank, and a part of the river was now
+pouring in here, so that when he came across, it was with
+difficulty he got a footing on the land, which was slippery and
+unsteady, and exposed to the force of the currents on both sides.
+This is the occasion when he is related to have said, "O ye
+Athenians, will ye believe what dangers I incur to merit your
+praise?"  This, however, is Onesicritus's story.  Alexander says,
+here the men left their boats, and passed the breach in their
+armor, up to the breast in water, and that then he advanced with
+his horse about twenty furlongs before his foot, concluding that
+if the enemy charged him with their cavalry, he should be too
+strong for them; if with their foot, his own would come up time
+enough to his assistance.  Nor did he judge amiss; for being
+charged by a thousand horse, and sixty armed chariots, which
+advanced before their main body, he took all the chariots, and
+killed four hundred horse upon the place.  Porus, by this time
+guessing that Alexander himself had crossed over, came on with his
+whole army, except a party which he left behind, to hold the rest
+of the Macedonians in play, if they should attempt to pass the
+river.  But he, apprehending the multitude of the enemy, and to
+avoid the shock of their elephants, dividing his forces, attacked
+their left wing himself, and commanded Coenus to fall upon the
+right, which was performed with good success.  For by this means
+both wings being broken, the enemies fell back in their retreat
+upon the center, and crowded in upon their elephants.  There
+rallying, they fought a hand to hand battle, and it was the eighth
+hour of the day before they were entirely defeated.  This
+description the conqueror himself has left us in his own epistles.
+
+Almost all the historians agree in relating that Porus was four
+cubits and a span high, and that when he was upon his elephant,
+which was of the largest size, his stature and bulk were so
+answerable, that he appeared to be proportionably mounted, as a
+horseman on his horse.  This elephant, during the whole battle,
+gave many singular proofs of sagacity and of particular care of
+the king, whom as long as he was strong and in a condition to
+fight, he defended with great courage, repelling those who set
+upon him; and as soon as he perceived him overpowered with his
+numerous wounds and the multitude of darts that were thrown at
+him, to prevent his falling off, he softly knelt down and began to
+draw out the darts with his proboscis.  When Porus was taken
+prisoner; and Alexander asked him how he expected to be used, he
+answered, "As a king."  For that expression, he said, when the
+same question was put to him a second time, comprehended
+everything.  And Alexander, accordingly, not only suffered him to
+govern his own kingdom as satrap under himself, but gave him also
+the additional territory of various independent tribes whom he
+subdued, a district which, it is said, contained fifteen several
+nations and five thousand considerable towns, besides abundance of
+villages.  To another government, three times as large as this, he
+appointed Philip, one of his friends.
+
+Some little time after the battle with Porus, Bucephalas died, as
+most of the authorities state, under cure of his wounds, or as
+Onesicritus says, of fatigue and age, being thirty years old.
+Alexander was no less concerned at his death, than if he had lost
+an old companion or an intimate friend, and built a city, which he
+named Bucephalia, in memory of him, on the bank of the river
+Hydaspes.  He also, we are told, built another city, and called it
+after the name of a favorite dog, Peritas, which he had brought up
+himself.  So Sotion assures us he was informed by Potamon of
+Lesbos.
+
+But this last combat with Porus took off the edge of the
+Macedonians' courage, and stayed their further progress into
+India.  For having found it hard enough to defeat an enemy who
+brought but twenty thousand foot and two thousand horse into the
+field, they thought they had reason to oppose Alexander's design
+of leading them on to pass the Ganges too, which they were told
+was thirty-two furlongs broad and a hundred fathoms deep, and the
+banks on the further side covered with multitudes of enemies.  For
+they were told that the kings of the Gandaritans and Praesians
+expected them there with eighty thousand horse, two hundred
+thousand foot, eight thousand armed chariots, and six thousand
+fighting elephants.  Nor was this a mere vain report, spread to
+discourage them.  For Androcottus, who not long after reigned in
+those parts, made a present of five hundred elephants at once to
+Seleucus, and with an army of six hundred thousand men subdued all
+India.  Alexander at first was so grieved and enraged at his men's
+reluctancy, that he shut himself up in his tent, and threw himself
+upon the ground, declaring, if they would not pass the Ganges, he
+owed them no thanks for anything they had hitherto done, and that
+to retreat now, was plainly to confess himself vanquished.  But at
+last the reasonable persuasions of his friends and the cries and
+lamentations of his soldiers, who in a suppliant manner crowded
+about the entrance of his tent, prevailed with him to think of
+returning.  Yet he could not refrain from leaving behind him
+various deceptive memorials of his expedition, to impose upon
+after-times, and to exaggerate his glory with posterity, such as
+arms larger than were really worn, and mangers for horses, with
+bits of bridles above the usual size, which he set up, and
+distributed in several places.  He erected altars, also, to the
+gods, which the kings of the Praesians even in our time do honor
+to when they pass the river, and offer sacrifice upon them after
+the Grecian manner.  Androcottus, then a boy, saw Alexander there,
+and is said often afterwards to have been heard to say, that he
+missed but little of making himself master of those countries;
+their king, who then reigned, was so hated and despised for the
+viciousness of his life, and the meanness of his extraction.
+
+Alexander was now eager to see the ocean.  To which purpose he
+caused a great many row-boats and rafts to be built, in which he
+fell gently down the rivers at his leisure, yet so that his
+navigation was neither unprofitable nor inactive.  For by several
+descents upon the banks, he made himself master of the fortified
+towns, and consequently of the country on both sides.  But at a
+siege of a town of the Mallians, who have the repute of being the
+bravest people of India, he ran in great danger of his life.  For
+having beaten off the defendants with showers of arrows, he was
+the first man that mounted the wall by a scaling ladder, which, as
+soon as he was up, broke and left him almost alone, exposed to the
+darts which the barbarians threw at him in great numbers from
+below.  In this distress, turning himself as well as he could, he
+leaped down in the midst of his enemies, and had the good fortune
+to light upon his feet.  The brightness and clattering of his
+armor when he came to the ground, made the barbarians think they
+saw rays of light, or some bright phantom playing before his body,
+which frightened them so at first, that they ran away and
+dispersed.  Till seeing him seconded but by two of his guards,
+they fell upon him hand to hand, and some, while he bravely
+defended himself, tried to wound him through his armor with their
+swords and spears.  And one who stood further off, drew a bow with
+such just strength, that the arrow finding its way through his
+cuirass, stuck in his ribs under the breast.  This stroke was so
+violent, that it made him give back, and set one knee to the
+ground, upon which the man ran up with his drawn scimitar,
+thinking to dispatch him, and had done it, if Peucestes and
+Limnaeus had not interposed, who were both wounded, Limnaeus
+mortally, but Peucestes stood his ground, while Alexander killed
+the barbarian.  But this did not free him from danger; for besides
+many other wounds, at last he received so weighty a stroke of a
+club upon his neck, that he was forced to lean his body against
+the wall, still, however, facing the enemy.  At this extremity,
+the Macedonians made their way in and gathered round him.  They
+took him up, just as he was fainting away, having lost all sense
+of what was done near him, and conveyed him to his tent, upon
+which it was presently reported all over the camp that he was
+dead.  But when they had with great difficulty and pains sawed off
+the shaft of the arrow, which was of wood, and so with much
+trouble got off his cuirass, they came to cut out the head of it,
+which was three fingers broad and four long, and stuck fast in the
+bone.  During the operation, he was taken with almost mortal
+swoonings, but when it was out he came to himself again.  Yet
+though all danger was past, he continued very weak, and confined
+himself a great while to a regular diet and the method of his
+cure, till one day hearing the Macedonians clamoring outside in
+their eagerness to see him, he took his cloak and went out.  And
+having sacrificed to the gods, without more delay he went on board
+again, and as he coasted along, subdued a great deal of the
+country on both sides, and several considerable cities.
+
+In this voyage, he took ten of the Indian philosophers prisoners,
+who had been most active in persuading Sabbas to revolt, and had
+caused the Macedonians a great deal of trouble.  These men, called
+Gymnosophists, were reputed to be extremely ready and succinct in
+their answers, which he made trial of, by putting difficult
+questions to them, letting them know that those whose answers were
+not pertinent, should be put to death, of which he made the eldest
+of them judge.  The first being asked which he thought most
+numerous, the dead or the living, answered, "The living, because
+those who are dead are not at all."  Of the second, he desired to
+know whether the earth or the sea produced the largest beast; who
+told him, "The earth, for the sea is but a part of it."  His
+question to the third was, Which is the cunningest of beasts?
+"That," said he, "which men have not yet found out."  He bade the
+fourth tell him what argument he used to Sabbas to persuade him to
+revolt.  "No other," said he, "than that he should either live or
+die nobly."  Of the fifth he asked, Which was eldest, night or
+day?  The philosopher replied, "Day was eldest, by one day at
+least."  But perceiving Alexander not well satisfied with that
+account, he added, that he ought not to wonder if strange
+questions had as strange answers made to them.  Then he went on and
+inquired of the next, what a man should do to be exceedingly
+beloved.  "He must be very powerful," said he, "without making
+himself too much feared."  The answer of the seventh to his
+question, how a man might become a god, was, "By doing that which
+was impossible for men to do."  The eighth told him, "Life is
+stronger than death, because it supports so many miseries."  And
+the last being asked, how long he thought it decent for a man to
+live, said, "Till death appeared more desirable than life."  Then
+Alexander turned to him whom he had made judge, and commanded him
+to give sentence.  "All that I can determine," said he, "is, that
+they have every one answered worse than another."  "Nay," said the
+king, "then you shall die first, for giving such a sentence."
+"Not so, O king," replied the gymnosophist, "unless you said
+falsely that he should die first who made the worst answer."  In
+conclusion he gave them presents and dismissed them.
+
+But to those who were in greatest reputation among them, and lived
+a private quiet life, he sent Onesicritus, one of Diogenes the
+Cynic's disciples, desiring them to come to him.  Calanus, it is
+said, very arrogantly and roughly commanded him to strip himself,
+and hear what he said, naked, otherwise he would not speak a word
+to him, though he came from Jupiter himself.  But Dandamis
+received him with more civility, and hearing him discourse of
+Socrates, Pythagoras, and Diogenes, told him he thought them men
+of great parts, and to have erred in nothing so much as in
+having too great respect for the laws and customs of their
+country.  Others say, Dandamis only asked him the reason why
+Alexander undertook so long a journey to come into those parts.
+Taxiles, however, persuaded Calanus to wait upon Alexander.  His
+proper name was Sphines, but because he was wont to say Cale,
+which in the Indian tongue is a form of salutation, to those he
+met with anywhere, the Greeks called him Calanus.  He is said to
+have shown Alexander an instructive emblem of government, which
+was this.  He threw a dry shriveled hide upon the ground, and trod
+upon the edges of it.  The skin when it was pressed in one place,
+still rose up in another, wheresoever he trod round about it, till
+he set his foot in the middle, which made all the parts lie even
+and quiet.  The meaning of this similitude being that he ought to
+reside most in the middle of his empire, and not spend too much
+time on the borders of it.
+
+His voyage down the rivers took up seven months' time, and when he
+came to the sea, he sailed to an island which he himself called
+Scillustis, others Psiltucis, where going ashore, he sacrificed,
+and made what observations he could as to the nature of the sea
+and the sea-coast.  Then having besought the gods that no other
+man might ever go beyond the bounds of this expedition, he ordered
+his fleet of which he made Nearchus admiral, and Onesicritus
+pilot, to sail round about, keeping the Indian shore on the right
+hand, and returned himself by land through the country of the
+Orites, where he was reduced to great straits for want of
+provisions, and lost a vast number of men, so that of an army of
+one hundred and twenty thousand foot and fifteen thousand horse,
+he scarcely brought back above a fourth part out of India, they
+were so diminished by diseases, ill diet, and the scorching heats,
+but most by famine.  For their march was through an uncultivated
+country whose inhabitants fared hardly, possessing only a few
+sheep, and those of a wretched kind, whose flesh was rank and
+unsavory, by their continual feeding upon sea-fish.
+
+After sixty days march he came into Gedrosia, where he found great
+plenty of all things, which the neighboring kings and governors of
+provinces, hearing of his approach, had taken care to provide.
+When he had here refreshed his army, he continued his march
+through Carmania, feasting all the way for seven days together.
+He with his most intimate friends banqueted and reveled night and
+day upon a platform erected on a lofty, conspicuous scaffold,
+which was slowly drawn by eight horses.  This was followed by a
+great many chariots, some covered with purple and embroidered
+canopies, and some with green boughs, which were continually
+supplied afresh, and in them the rest of his friends and
+commanders drinking, and crowned with garlands of flowers.  Here
+was now no target or helmet or spear to be seen; instead of armor,
+the soldiers handled nothing but cups and goblets and Thericlean
+drinking vessels, which, along the whole way, they dipped into
+large bowls and jars, and drank healths to one another, some
+seating themselves to it, others as they went along.  All places
+resounded with music of pipes and flutes, with harping and
+singing, and women dancing as in the rites of Bacchus.  For this
+disorderly, wandering march, besides the drinking part of it, was
+accompanied with all the sportiveness and insolence of bacchanals,
+as much as if the god himself had been there to countenance and
+lead the procession.  As soon as he came to the royal palace of
+Gedrosia, he again refreshed and feasted his army; and one day
+after he had drunk pretty hard, it is said, he went to see a prize
+of dancing contended for, in which his favorite Bagoas, having
+gained the victory, crossed the theater in his dancing habit, and
+sat down close by him, which so pleased the Macedonians, that they
+made loud acclamations for him to kiss Bagoas, and never stopped
+clapping their hands and shouting till Alexander put his arms
+round him and kissed him.
+
+Here his admiral, Nearchus, came to him and delighted him so with
+the narrative of his voyage, that he resolved himself to sail out
+of the mouth of Euphrates with a great fleet, with which he
+designed to go round by Arabia and Africa, and so by Hercules's
+Pillars into the Mediterranean; in order for which, he directed
+all sorts of vessels to be built at Thapsacus, and made great
+provision everywhere of seamen and pilots.  But the tidings of the
+difficulties he had gone through in his Indian expedition, the
+danger of his person among the Mallians, the reported loss of a
+considerable part of his forces, and a general doubt as to his own
+safety, had begun to give occasion for revolt among many of the
+conquered nations, and for acts of great injustice, avarice, and
+insolence on the part of the satraps and commanders in the
+provinces, so that there seemed to be an universal fluctuation and
+disposition to change.  Even at home, Olympias and Cleopatra had
+raised a faction against Antipater, and divided his government
+between them, Olympias seizing upon Epirus, and Cleopatra upon
+Macedonia.  When Alexander was told of it, he said his mother had
+made the best choice, for the Macedonians would never endure to be
+ruled by a woman.  Upon this he dispatched Nearchus again to his
+fleet, to carry the war into the maritime provinces, and as he
+marched that way himself, he punished those commanders who had
+behaved ill, particularly Oxyartes, one of the sons of Abuletes,
+whom he killed with his own hand, thrusting him through the body
+with his spear.  And when Abuletes, instead of the necessary
+provisions which he ought to have furnished, brought him three
+thousand talents in coined money, he ordered it to be thrown to
+his horses, and when they would not touch it, "What good," he
+said, "will this provision do us?" and sent him away to prison.
+
+When he came into Persia, he distributed money among the women, as
+their own kings had been wont to do, who as often as they came
+thither, gave every one of them a piece of gold; on account of
+which custom, some of them, it is said, had come but seldom, and
+Ochus was so sordidly covetous, that to avoid this expense, he
+never visited his native country once in all his reign.  Then
+finding Cyrus's sepulchre opened and rifled, he put Polymachus,
+who did it, to death, though he was a man of some distinction, a
+born Macedonian of Pella.  And after he had read the inscription,
+he caused it to be cut again below the old one in Greek
+characters; the words being these:  "O man, whosoever thou art,
+and from whencesoever thou comest (for I know thou wilt come), I
+am Cyrus, the founder of the Persian empire; do not grudge me this
+little earth which covers my body."  The reading of this sensibly
+touched Alexander, filling him with the thought of the uncertainty
+and mutability of human affairs.  At the same time, Calanus having
+been a little while troubled with a disease in the bowels,
+requested that he might have a funeral pile erected, to which he
+came on horseback, and after he had said some prayers and
+sprinkled himself and cut off some of his hair to throw into the
+fire, before he ascended it, he embraced and took leave of the
+Macedonians who stood by, desiring them to pass that day in mirth
+and good-fellowship with their king, whom in a little time, he
+said, he doubted not but to see again at Babylon.  Having thus
+said, he lay down, and covering up his face, he stirred not when
+the fire came near him, but continued still in the same posture
+as at first, and so sacrificed himself, as it was the ancient
+custom of the philosophers in those countries to do.  The same
+thing was done long after by another Indian, who came with Caesar
+to Athens, where they still show you "the Indian's monument."  At
+his return from the funeral pile, Alexander invited a great many
+of his friends and principal officers to supper, and proposed a
+drinking match, in which the victor should receive a crown.
+Promachus drank twelve quarts of wine, and won the prize, which
+was a talent, from them all; but he survived his victory but three
+days, and was followed, as Chares says, by forty-one more, who
+died of the same debauch, some extremely cold weather having set
+in shortly after.
+
+At Susa, he married Darius's daughter Statira, and celebrated also
+the nuptials of his friends, bestowing the noblest of the Persian
+ladies upon the worthiest of them, at the same time making in an
+entertainment in honor of the other Macedonians whose marriages
+had already taken place.  At this magnificent festival, it is
+reported, there were no less than nine thousand guests, to each of
+whom he gave a golden cup for the libations.  Not to mention other
+instances of his wonderful magnificence, he paid the debts of his
+army, which amounted to nine thousand eight hundred and seventy
+talents.  But Antigenes, who had lost one of his eyes, though he
+owed nothing, got his name set down in the list of those who were
+in debt, and bringing one who pretended to be his creditor, and to
+have supplied him from the bank, received the money.  But when the
+cheat was found out, the king was so incensed at it, that he
+banished him from court, and took away his command, though he was
+an excellent soldier, and a man of great courage.  For when he was
+but a youth, and served under Philip at the siege of Perinthus,
+where he was wounded in the eye by an arrow shot out of an engine,
+he would neither let the arrow be taken out, nor be persuaded to
+quit the field, till he had bravely repulsed the enemy and forced
+them to retire into the town.  Accordingly he was not able to
+support such a disgrace with any patience, and it was plain that
+grief and despair would have made him kill himself, but that the
+king fearing it, not only pardoned him, but let him also enjoy the
+benefit of his deceit.
+
+The thirty thousand boys whom he left behind him to be taught and
+disciplined, were so improved at his return, both in strength and
+beauty, and performed their exercises with such dexterity and
+wonderful agility, that he was extremely pleased with them, which
+grieved the Macedonians, and made them fear he would have the less
+value for them.  And when he proceeded to send down the infirm and
+maimed soldiers to the sea, they said they were unjustly and
+infamously dealt with, after they were worn out in his service
+upon all occasions, now to be turned away with disgrace and sent
+home into their country among their friends and relations, in a
+worse condition than when they came out; therefore they desired
+him to dismiss them one and all, and to account his Macedonians
+useless, now he was so well furnished with a set of dancing boys,
+with whom, if he pleased, he might go on and conquer the world.
+These speeches so incensed Alexander, that after he had given them
+a great deal of reproachful language in his passion, he drove them
+away, and committed the watch to Persians, out of whom he chose
+his guards and attendants.  When the Macedonians saw him escorted
+by these men, and themselves excluded and shamefully disgraced,
+their high spirits fell, and conferring with one another, they
+found that jealousy and rage had almost distracted them.  But at
+last coming to themselves again, they went without their arms,
+with on]y their under garments on, crying and weeping, to offer
+themselves at his tent, and desired him to deal with them as their
+baseness and ingratitude deserved.  However, this would not
+prevail; for though his anger was already something mollified, yet
+he would not admit them into his presence, nor would they stir
+from thence, but continued two days and nights before his tent,
+bewailing themselves, and imploring him as their lord to have
+compassion on them.  But the third day he came out to them, and
+seeing them very humble and penitent, he wept himself a great
+while, and after a gentle reproof spoke kindly to them, and
+dismissed those who were unserviceable with magnificent rewards,
+and with this recommendation to Antipater, that when they came
+home, at all public shows and in the theaters, they should sit on
+the best and foremost seats, crowned with chaplets of flowers.  He
+ordered, also, that the children of those who had lost their lives
+in his service, should have their fathers' pay continued to them.
+
+When he came to Ecbatana in Media, and had dispatched his most
+urgent affairs, he began to divert himself again with spectacles
+and public entertainments, to carry on which he had a supply of
+three thousand actors and artists, newly arrived out of Greece.
+But they were soon interrupted by Hephaestion's falling sick of a
+fever, in which, being a young man and a soldier too, he could not
+confine himself to so exact a diet as was necessary; for whilst
+his physician Glaucus was gone to the theater, he ate a fowl for
+his dinner, and drank a large draught of wine, upon which he
+became very ill, and shortly after died.  At this misfortune,
+Alexander was so beyond all reason transported, that to express
+his sorrow, he immediately ordered the manes and tails of all his
+horses and mules to be cut, and threw down the battlements of the
+neighboring cities.  The poor physician he crucified, and forbade
+playing on the flute, or any other musical instrument in the camp
+a great while, till directions came from the oracle of Ammon, and
+enjoined him to honor Hephaestion, and sacrifice to him as to a
+hero.  Then seeking to alleviate his grief in war, he set out, as
+it were, to a hunt and chase of men, for he fell upon the
+Cossaeans, and put the whole nation to the sword.  This was called
+a sacrifice to Hephaestion's ghost.  In his sepulchre and monument
+and the adorning of them, he intended to bestow ten thousand
+talents; and designing that the excellence of the workmanship and
+the singularity of the design might outdo the expense, his wishes
+turned, above all other artists, to Stasicrates, because he always
+promised something very bold, unusual, and magnificent in his
+projects.  Once when they had met before, he had told him, that of
+all the mountains he knew, that of Athos in Thrace was the most
+capable of being adapted to represent the shape and lineaments of
+a man; that if he pleased to command him, he would make it the
+noblest and most durable statue in the world, which in its left
+hand should hold a city of ten thousand inhabitants, and out of
+its right should pour a copious river into the sea.  Though
+Alexander declined this proposal, yet now he spent a great deal of
+time with workmen to invent and contrive others even more
+extravagant and sumptuous.
+
+As he was upon his way to Babylon, Nearchus, who had sailed back
+out of the ocean up the mouth of the river Euphrates, came to tell
+him he had met with some Chaldaean diviners, who had warned him
+against Alexander's going thither.  Alexander, however, took no
+thought of it, and went on, and when he came near the walls of the
+place, he saw a great many crows fighting with one another, some
+of whom fell down just by him.  After this, being privately
+informed that Apollodorus, the governor of Babylon, had
+sacrificed, to know what would become of him, he sent for
+Pythagoras, the soothsayer, and on his admitting the thing, asked
+him, in what condition he found the victim; and when he told him
+the liver was defective in its lobe, "A great presage indeed!"
+said Alexander.  However, he offered Pythagoras no injury, but was
+sorry that he had neglected Nearchus's advice, and stayed for the
+most part outside the town, removing his tent from place to place,
+and sailing up and down the Euphrates.  Besides this, he was
+disturbed by many other prodigies.  A tame ass fell upon the
+biggest and handsomest lion that he kept, and killed him by a
+kick.  And one day after he had undressed himself to be anointed,
+and was playing at ball, just as they were going to bring his
+clothes again, the young men who played with him perceived a man
+clad in the king's robes, with a diadem upon his head, sitting
+silently upon his throne.  They asked him who he was, to which he
+gave no answer a good while, till at last coming to himself, he
+told them his name was Dionysius, that he was of Messenia, that
+for some crime of which he was accused, he was brought thither
+from the sea-side, and had been kept long in prison, that Serapis
+appeared to him, had freed him from his chains, conducted him to
+that place, and commanded him to put on the king's robe and
+diadem, and to sit where they found him, and to say nothing.
+Alexander, when he heard this, by the direction of his
+soothsayers, put the fellow to death, but he lost his spirits, and
+grew diffident of the protection and assistance of the gods, and
+suspicious of his friends.  His greatest apprehension was of
+Antipater and his sons, one of whom, Iolaus, was his chief
+cupbearer; and Cassander, who had lately arrived, and had been
+bred up in Greek manners, the first time he saw some of the
+barbarians adore the king, could not forbear laughing at it aloud,
+which so incensed Alexander, that he took him by the hair with
+both hands, and dashed his head against the wall.  Another time,
+Cassander would have said something in defense of Antipater to
+those who accused him, but Alexander interrupting him said, "What
+is it you say?  Do you think people, if they had received no
+injury, would come such a journey only to calumniate your father?"
+To which when Cassander replied, that their coming so far from the
+evidence was a great proof of the falseness of their charges,
+Alexander smiled, and said those were some of Aristotle's
+sophisms, which would serve equally on both sides; and added, that
+both he and his father should be severely punished, if they were
+found guilty of the least injustice towards those who complained.
+All which made such a deep impression of terror in Cassander's
+mind, that long after when he was king of Macedonia, and master of
+Greece, as he was walking up and down at Delphi, and looking at
+the statues, at the sight of that of Alexander he was suddenly
+struck with alarm, and shook all over, his eyes rolled, his head
+grew dizzy, and it was long before he recovered himself.
+
+When once Alexander had given way to fears of supernatural
+influence, his mind grew so disturbed and so easily alarmed, that
+if the least unusual or extraordinary thing happened, he thought
+it a prodigy or a presage, and his court was thronged with
+diviners and priests whose business was to sacrifice and purify
+and foretell the future.  So miserable a thing is incredulity and
+contempt of divine power on the one hand, and so miserable, also,
+superstition on the other, which like water, where the level has
+been lowered, flowing in and never stopping, fills the mind with
+slavish fears and follies, as now in Alexander's case.  But upon
+some answers which were brought him from the oracle concerning
+Hephaestion, he laid aside his sorrow, and fell again to
+sacrificing and drinking; and having given Nearchus a splendid
+entertainment, after he had bathed, as was his custom, just as he
+was going to bed, at Medius's request he went to supper with him.
+Here he drank all the next day, and was attacked with a fever,
+which seized him, not as some write, after he had drunk of the
+bowl of Hercules; nor was he taken with any sudden pain in his
+back, as if he had been struck with lance, for these are the
+inventions of some authors who thought it their duty to make the
+last scene of so great an action as tragical and moving as they
+could.  Aristobulus tells us, that in the rage of his fever and a
+violent thirst, he took a draught of wine, upon which he fell into
+delirium, and died on the thirtieth day of the month Daesius.
+
+But the journals give the following record.  On the eighteenth of
+the month, he slept in the bathing-room on account of his fever.
+The next day he bathed and removed into his chamber, and spent
+his time in playing dice with Medius.  In the evening he bathed
+and sacrificed, and ate freely, and had the fever on him through
+the night.  On the twentieth, after the usual sacrifices and
+bathing, he lay in the bathing-room and heard Nearchus's narrative
+of his voyage, and the observations he had made in the great sea.
+The twenty-first he passed in the same manner, his fever still
+increasing, and suffered much during the night.  The next day the
+fever was very violent, and he had himself removed and his bed set
+by the great bath, and discoursed with his principal officers
+about finding fit men to fill up the vacant places in the army.
+On the twenty-fourth he was much worse, and was carried out of his
+bed to assist at the sacrifices, and gave order that the general
+officers should wait within the court, whilst the inferior
+officers kept watch without doors.  On the twenty-fifth he was
+removed to his palace on the other side the river, where he slept
+a little, but his fever did not abate, and when the generals came
+into his chamber, he was speechless, and continued so the
+following day.  The Macedonians, therefore, supposing he was dead,
+came with great clamors to the gates, and menaced his friends so
+that they were forced to admit them, and let them all pass through
+unarmed along by his bedside.  The same day Python and Seleucus
+were dispatched to the temple of Serapis to inquire if they should
+bring Alexander thither, and were answered by the god, that they
+should not remove him.  On the twenty-eighth, in the evening, he
+died.  This account is most of it word for word as it is written
+in the diary.
+
+At the time, nobody had any suspicion of his being poisoned, but
+upon some information given six years after, they say Olympias put
+many to death, and scattered the ashes of Iolaus, then dead, as if
+he had given it him.  But those who affirm that Aristotle
+counseled Antipater to do it, and that by his means the poison was
+brought, adduce one Hagnothemis as their authority, who, they say,
+heard king Antigonus speak of it, and tell us that the poison was
+water, deadly cold as ice, distilling from a rock in the district
+of Nonacris, which they gathered like a thin dew, and kept in an
+ass's hoof; for it was so very cold and penetrating that no other
+vessel would hold it.  However, most are of opinion that all this
+is a mere made-up story, no slight evidence of which is, that
+during the dissensions among the commanders, which lasted several
+days, the body continued clear and fresh, without any sign of such
+taint or corruption, though it lay neglected in a close, sultry
+place.
+
+Roxana, who was now with child, and upon that account much honored
+by the Macedonians, being jealous of Statira, sent for her by a
+counterfeit letter, as if Alexander had been still alive; and when
+she had her in her power, killed her and her sister, and threw
+their bodies into a well, which they filled up with earth, not
+without the privity and assistance of Perdiccas, who in the time
+immediately following the king's death, under cover of the name of
+Arrhidaeus, whom he carried about him as a sort of guard to his
+person, exercised the chief authority Arrhidaeus, who was Philip's
+son by an obscure woman of the name of Philinna, was himself of
+weak intellect, not that he had been originally deficient either
+in body or mind; on the contrary, in his childhood, he had showed
+a happy and promising character enough.  But a diseased habit of
+body, caused by drugs which Olympias gave him, had ruined not only
+his health, but his understanding.
+
+
+
+CAESAR
+
+After Sylla became master of Rome, he wished to make Caesar put
+away his wife Cornelia, daughter of Cinna, the late sole ruler
+of the commonwealth, but was unable to effect it either by
+promises or intimidation, and so contented himself with
+confiscating her dowry.  The ground of Sylla's hostility to
+Caesar, was the relationship between him and Marius; for Marius,
+the elder, married Julia, the sister of Caesar's father, and had
+by her the younger Marius, who consequently was Caesar's first
+cousin.  And though at the beginning, while so many were to be
+put to death and there was so much to do, Caesar was overlooked
+by Sylla, yet he would not keep quiet, but presented himself to
+the people as a candidate for the priesthood, though he was yet
+a mere boy.  Sylla, without any open opposition, took measures
+to have him rejected, and in consultation whether he should be
+put to death, when it was urged by some that it was not worth
+his while to contrive the death of a boy, he answered, that they
+knew little who did not see more than one Marius in that boy.
+Caesar, on being informed of this saying, concealed himself, and
+for a considerable time kept out of the way in the country of
+the Sabines, often changing his quarters, till one night, as he
+was removing from one house to another on account of his health,
+he fell into the hands of Sylla's soldiers, who were searching
+those parts in order to apprehend any who had absconded.
+Caesar, by a bribe of two talents, prevailed with Cornelius,
+their captain, to let him go, and was no sooner dismissed but he
+put to sea, and made for Bithynia.  After a short stay there
+with Nicomedes, the king, in his passage back he was taken near
+the island Pharmacusa by some of the pirates, who, at that time,
+with large fleets of ships and innumerable smaller vessels
+infested the seas everywhere.
+
+When these men at first demanded of him twenty talents for his
+ransom, he laughed at them for not understanding the value of
+their prisoner, and voluntarily engaged to give them fifty.  He
+presently dispatched those about him to several places to raise
+the money, till at last he was left among a set of the most
+bloodthirsty people in the world, the Cilicians, only with one
+friend and two attendants.  Yet he made so little of them, that
+when he had a mind to sleep, he would send to them, and order
+them to make no noise.  For thirty-eight days, with all the
+freedom in the world, he amused himself with joining in their
+exercises and games, as if they had not been his keepers, but
+his guards.  He wrote verses and speeches, and made them his
+auditors, and those who did not admire them, he called to their
+faces illiterate and barbarous, and would often, in raillery,
+threaten to hang them.  They were greatly taken with this, and
+attributed his free talking to a kind of simplicity and boyish
+playfulness.  As soon as his ransom was come from Miletus, he
+paid it, and was discharged, and proceeded at once to man some
+ships at the port of Miletus, and went in pursuit of the
+pirates, whom he surprised with their ships still stationed at
+the island, and took most of them.  Their money he made his
+prize, and the men he secured in prison at Pergamus, and made
+application to Junius, who was then governor of Asia, to whose
+office it belonged, as praetor, to determine their punishment.
+Junius, having his eye upon the money, for the sum was
+considerable, said he would think at his leisure what to do with
+the prisoners, upon which Caesar took his leave of him, and went
+off to Pergamus, where he ordered the pirates to be brought
+forth and crucified; the punishment he had often threatened them
+with whilst he was in their hands, and they little dreamed he
+was in earnest.
+
+In the meantime Sylla's power being now on the decline, Caesar's
+friends advised him to return to Rome, but he went to Rhodes,
+and entered himself in the school of Apollonius, Molon's son, a
+famous rhetorician, one who had the reputation of a worthy man,
+and had Cicero for one of his scholars.  Caesar is said to have
+been admirably fitted by nature to make a great statesman and
+orator, and to have taken such pains to improve his genius this
+way, that without dispute he might challenge the second place.
+More he did not aim at, as choosing to be first rather amongst
+men of arms and power, and, therefore, never rose to that height
+of eloquence to which nature would have carried him, his
+attention being diverted to those expeditions and designs, which
+at length gained him the empire.  And he himself, in his answer
+to Cicero's panegyric on Cato, desires his reader not to compare
+the plain discourse of a soldier with the harangues of an orator
+who had not only fine parts, but had employed his life in this
+study.
+
+When he was returned to Rome, he accused Dolabella of
+maladministration, and many cities of Greece came in to attest
+it.  Dolabella was acquitted, and Caesar, in return for the
+support he had received from the Greeks, assisted them in their
+prosecution of Publius Antonius for corrupt practices, before
+Marcus Lucullus, praetor of Macedonia.  In this cause he so far
+succeeded, that Antonius was forced to appeal to the tribunes
+at Rome, alleging that in Greece he could not have fair play
+against Grecians.  In his pleadings at Rome, his eloquence soon
+obtained him great credit and favor, and he won no less upon the
+affections of the people by the affability of his manners and
+address, in which he slowed a tact and consideration beyond what
+could have been expected at his age; and the open house he kept,
+the entertainments he gave, and the general splendor of his
+manner of life contributed little by little to create and
+increase his political influence.  His enemies slighted the
+growth of it at first, presuming it would soon fail when his
+money was gone; whilst in the meantime it was growing up and
+flourishing among the common people.  When his power at last was
+established and not to be overthrown, and now openly tended to
+the altering of the whole constitution, they were aware too
+late, that there is no beginning so mean, which continued
+application will not make considerable, and that despising a
+danger at first, will make it at last irresistible.  Cicero was
+the first who had any suspicions of his designs upon the
+government, and, as a good pilot is apprehensive of a storm when
+the sea is most smiling, saw the designing temper of the man
+through this disguise of good-humor and affability, and said,
+that in general, in all he did and undertook, he detected the
+ambition for absolute power, "but when I see his hair so
+carefully arranged, and observe him adjusting it with one
+finger, I cannot imagine it should enter into such a man's
+thoughts to subvert the Roman state."  But of this more
+hereafter.
+
+The first proof he had of the people's good-will to him, was
+when he received by their suffrages a tribuneship in the army,
+and came out on the list with a higher place than Caius
+Popilius.  A second and clearer instance of their favor appeared
+upon his making a magnificent oration in praise of his aunt
+Julia, wife to Marius, publicly in the forum, at whose funeral
+he was so bold as to bring forth the images of Marius, which
+nobody had dared to produce since the government came into
+Sylla's hands, Marius's party having from that time been
+declared enemies of the State.  When some who were present had
+begun to raise a cry against Caesar, the people answered with
+loud shouts and clapping in his favor, expressing their joyful
+surprise and satisfaction at his having, as it were, brought up
+again from the grave those honors of Marius, which for so long a
+time had been lost to the city.  It had always been the custom
+at Rome to make funeral orations in praise of elderly matrons,
+but there was no precedent of any upon young women till Caesar
+first made one upon the death of his own wife.  This also
+procured him favor, and by this show of affection he won upon
+the feelings of the people, who looked upon him as a man of
+great tenderness and kindness of heart.  After he had buried his
+wife, he went as quaestor into Spain under one of the praetors,
+named Vetus, whom he honored ever after, and made his son his
+own quaestor, when he himself came to be praetor.  After this
+employment was ended, he married Pompeia, his third wife, having
+then a daughter by Cornelia, his first wife, whom he afterwards
+married to Pompey the Great.  He was so profuse in his expenses,
+that before he had any public employment, he was in debt
+thirteen hundred talents, and many thought that by incurring
+such expense to be popular, he changed a solid good for what
+would prove but short and uncertain return; but in truth he was
+purchasing what was of the greatest value at an inconsiderable
+rate.  When he was made surveyor of the Appian Way, he
+disbursed, besides the public money, a great sum out of his
+private purse; and when he was aedile, be provided such a number
+of gladiators, that he entertained the people with three hundred
+and twenty single combats, and by his great liberality and
+magnificence in theatrical shows, in processions, and public
+feastings, he threw into the shade all the attempts that had
+been made before him, and gained so much upon the people, that
+everyone was eager to find out new offices and new honors for
+him in return for his munificence.
+
+There being two factions in the city, one that of Sylla, which
+was very powerful, the other that of Marius, which was then
+broken and in a very low condition, he undertook to revive this
+and to make it his own.  And to this end, whilst he was in the
+height of his repute with the people for the magnificent shows
+he gave as aedile, he ordered images of Marius, and figures of
+Victory, with trophies in their hands, to be carried privately
+in the night and placed in the capitol.  Next morning, when some
+saw them bright with gold and beautifully made, with
+inscriptions upon them, referring them to Marius's exploits over
+the Cimbrians, they were surprised at the boldness of him who
+had set them up, nor was it difficult to guess who it was.  The
+fame of this soon spread and brought together a great concourse
+of people.  Some cried out that it was an open attempt against
+the established government thus to revive those honors which had
+been buried by the laws and decrees of the senate; that Caesar
+had done it to sound the temper of the people whom he had
+prepared before, and to try whether they were tame enough to
+bear his humor, and would quietly give way to his innovations.
+On the other hand, Marius's party took courage, and it was
+incredible how numerous they were suddenly seen to be, and what
+a multitude of them appeared and came shouting into the capitol.
+Many, when they saw Marius's likeness, cried for joy, and Caesar
+was highly extolled as the one man, in the place of all others,
+who was a relation worthy of Marius.  Upon this the senate met,
+and Catulus Lutatius, one of the most eminent Romans of that
+time, stood up and inveighed against Caesar, closing his speech
+with the remarkable saying, that Caesar was now not working
+mines, but planting batteries to overthrow the state.  But when
+Caesar had made an apology for himself, and satisfied the
+senate, his admirers were very much animated, and advised him
+not to depart from his own thoughts for anyone, since with the
+people's good favor he would erelong get the better of them all,
+and be the first man in the commonwealth.
+
+At this time, Metellus, the High-Priest, died, and Catulus and
+Isauricus, persons of the highest reputation, and who had great
+influence in the senate, were competitors for the office; yet
+Caesar would not give way to them, but presented himself to the
+people as a candidate against them.  The several parties seeming
+very equal, Catulus, who, because he had the most honor to lose,
+was the most apprehensive of the event, sent to Caesar to buy
+him off, with offers of a great sum of money.  But his answer
+was, that he was ready to borrow a larger sum than that, to
+carry on the contest.  Upon the day of election, as his mother
+conducted him out of doors with tears, after embracing her, "My
+mother," he said, "today you will see me either High-Priest, or
+an exile."  When the votes were taken, after a great struggle,
+he carried it, and excited among the senate and nobility great
+alarm lest he might now urge on the people to every kind of
+insolence.  And Piso and Catulus found fault with Cicero for
+having let Caesar escape, when in the conspiracy of Catiline he
+had given the government such advantage against him.  For
+Catiline, who had designed not only to change the present state
+of affairs, but to subvert the whole empire and confound all,
+had himself taken to flight, while the evidence was yet
+incomplete against him, before his ultimate purposes had been
+properly discovered.  But he had left Lentulus and Cethegus in
+the city to supply his place in the conspiracy, and whether they
+received any secret encouragement and assistance from Caesar is
+uncertain; all that is certain, is, that they were fully
+convicted in the senate, and when Cicero, the consul, asked the
+several opinions of the senators, how they would have them
+punished, all who spoke before Caesar sentenced them to death;
+but Caesar stood up and made a set speech, in which he told
+them, that he thought it without precedent and not just to take
+away the lives of persons of their birth and distinction before
+they were fairly tried, unless there was an absolute necessity
+for it; but that if they were kept confined in any towns of
+Italy Cicero himself should choose, till Catiline was defeated,
+then the senate might in peace and at their leisure determine
+what was best to be done.
+
+This sentence of his carried so much appearance of humanity, and
+he gave it such advantage by the eloquence with which he urged
+it, that not only those who spoke after him closed with it, but
+even they who had before given a contrary opinion, now came over
+to his, till it came about to Catulus's and Cato's turn to
+speak.  They warmly opposed it, and Cato intimated in his speech
+the suspicion of Caesar himself, and pressed the matter so
+strongly, that the criminals were given up to suffer execution.
+As Caesar was going out of the senate, many of the young men who
+at that time acted as guards to Cicero, ran in with their naked
+swords to assault him.  But Curio, it is said, threw his gown
+over him, and conveyed him away, and Cicero himself, when the
+young men looked up to see his wishes, gave a sign not to kill
+him, either for fear of the people, or because he thought the
+murder unjust and illegal.  If this be true, I wonder how Cicero
+came to omit all mention of it in his book about his consulship.
+He was blamed, however, afterwards, for not having made use of
+so fortunate an opportunity against Caesar, as if he had let it
+escape him out of fear of the populace, who, indeed, showed
+remarkable solicitude about Caesar, and some time after, when he
+went into the senate to clear himself of the suspicions he lay
+under, and found great clamors raised against him, upon the
+senate in consequence sitting longer than ordinary, they went up
+to the house in a tumult, and beset it, demanding Caesar, and
+requiring them to dismiss him.  Upon this, Cato, much fearing
+some movement among the poor citizens, who were always the first
+to kindle the flame among the people, and placed all their hopes
+in Caesar, persuaded the senate to give them a monthly allowance
+of corn, an expedient which put the commonwealth to the
+extraordinary charge of seven million five hundred thousand
+drachmas in the year, but quite succeeded in removing the great
+cause of terror for the present, and very much weakened Caesar's
+power, who at that time was just going to be made praetor, and
+consequently would have been more formidable by his office.
+
+But there was no disturbance during his praetorship, only what
+misfortune he met with in his own domestic affairs.  Publius
+Clodius was a patrician by descent, eminent both for his riches
+and eloquence, but in licentiousness of life and audacity
+exceeded the most noted profligates of the day.  He was in love
+with Pompeia, Caesar's wife, and she had no aversion to him.
+But there was strict watch kept on her apartment, and Caesar's
+mother, Aurelia, who was a discreet woman, being continually
+about her, made any interview very dangerous and difficult.  The
+Romans have a goddess whom they call Bona, the same whom the
+Greeks call Gynaecea.  The Phrygians, who claim a peculiar title
+to her, say she was mother to Midas.  The Romans profess she was
+one of the Dryads, and married to Faunus.  The Grecians affirm
+that she is that mother of Bacchus whose name is not to be
+uttered, and, for this reason, the women who celebrate her
+festival, cover the tents with vine-branches, and, in accordance
+with the fable, a consecrated serpent is placed by the goddess.
+It is not lawful for a man to be by, nor so much as in the
+house, whilst the rites are celebrated, but the women by
+themselves perform the sacred offices, which are said to be
+much the same with those used in the solemnities of Orpheus.
+When the festival comes, the husband, who is either consul or
+praetor; and with him every male creature, quits the house.  The
+wife then taking it under her care, sets it in order, and the
+principal ceremonies are performed during the night, the women
+playing together amongst themselves as they keep watch, and
+music of various kinds going on.
+
+As Pompeia was at that time celebrating this feast, Clodius, who
+as yet had no beard, and so thought to pass undiscovered, took
+upon him the dress and ornaments of a singing woman, and so came
+thither, having the air of a young girl.  Finding the doors
+open, he was without any stop introduced by the maid, who was in
+the intrigue.  She presently ran to tell Pompeia, but as she was
+away a long time, he grew uneasy in waiting for her, and left
+his post and traversed the house from one room to another, still
+taking care to avoid the lights, till at last Aurelia's woman
+met him, and invited him to play with her, as the women did
+among themselves.  He refused to comply, and she presently
+pulled him forward, and asked him who he was, and whence he
+came.  Clodius told her he was waiting for Pompeia's own maid,
+Abra, being in fact her own name also, and as he said so,
+betrayed himself by his voice.  Upon which the woman shrieking,
+ran into the company where there were lights, and cried out, she
+had discovered a man.  The women were all in a fright.  Aurelia
+covered up the sacred things and stopped the proceedings, and
+having ordered the doors to be shut, went about with lights to
+find Clodius, who was got into the maid's room that he had come
+in with, and was seized there.  The women knew him, and drove
+him out of doors, and at once, that same night, went home and
+told their husbands the story.  In the morning, it was all about
+the town, what an impious attempt Clodius had made, and how he
+ought to be punished as an offender, not only against those whom
+he had affronted, but also against the public and the gods.
+Upon which one of the tribunes impeached him for profaning the
+holy rites, and some of the principal senators combined together
+and gave evidence against him, that besides many other horrible
+crimes, he had been guilty of incest with his own sister, who
+was married to Lucullus.  But the people set themselves against
+this combination of the nobility, and defended Clodius, which
+was of great service to him with the judges, who took alarm and
+were afraid to provoke the multitude.  Caesar at once dismissed
+Pompeia, but being summoned as a witness against Clodius, said
+he had nothing to charge him with.  This looking like a paradox,
+the accuser asked him why he parted with his wife.  Caesar
+replied, "I wished my wife to be not so much as suspected."
+Some say that Caesar spoke this as his real thought; others,
+that he did it to gratify the people, who were very earnest to
+save Clodius.  Clodius, at any rate, escaped; most of the judges
+giving their opinions so written as to be illegible, that they
+might not be in danger from the people by condemning him, nor in
+disgrace with the nobility by acquitting him.
+
+Caesar, in the meantime, being out of his praetorship, had got
+the province of Spain, but was in great embarrassment with his
+creditors, who, as he was going off, came upon him, and were
+very pressing and importunate.  This led him to apply himself to
+Crassus, who was the richest man in Rome, but wanted Caesar's
+youthful vigor and heat to sustain the opposition against
+Pompey.  Crassus took upon him to satisfy those creditors who
+were most uneasy to him, and would not be put off any longer,
+and engaged himself to the amount of eight hundred and thirty
+talents, upon which Caesar was now at liberty to go to his
+province.  In his journey, as he was crossing the Alps, and
+passing by a small village of the barbarians with but few
+inhabitants and those wretchedly poor, his companions asked the
+question among themselves by way of mockery, if there were any
+canvassing for offices there; any contention which should be
+uppermost, or feuds of great men one against another.  To which
+Caesar made answer seriously, "For my part, I had rather be the
+first man among these fellows, than the second man in Rome."  It
+is said that another time, when free from business in Spain,
+after reading some part of the history of Alexander, he sat a
+great while very thoughtful, and at last burst out into tears.
+His friends were surprised, and asked him the reason of it.  "Do
+you think," said he, "I have not just cause to weep, when I
+consider that Alexander at my age had conquered so many nations,
+and I have all this time done nothing that is memorable?"  As
+soon as he came into Spain he was very active, and in a few
+days had got together ten new cohorts of foot in addition to the
+twenty which were there before.  With these he marched against
+the Calaici and Lusitani and conquered them, and advancing as
+far as the ocean, subdued the tribes which never before had been
+subject to the Romans.  Having managed his military affairs with
+good success, he was equally happy in the course of his civil
+government.  He took pains to establish a good understanding
+amongst the several states, and no less care to heal the
+differences between debtors and creditors.  He ordered that the
+creditor should receive two parts of the debtor's yearly
+income, and that the other part should be managed by the debtor
+himself, till by this method the whole debt was at last
+discharged.  This conduct made him leave his province with a
+fair reputation; being rich himself, and having enriched his
+soldiers, and having received from them the honorable name of
+Imperator.
+
+There is a law among the Romans, that whoever desires the honor
+of a triumph must stay without the city and expect his answer.
+And another, that those who stand for the consulship shall
+appear personally upon the place.  Caesar was come home at the
+very time of choosing consuls, and being in a difficulty between
+these two opposite laws, sent to the senate to desire that since
+he was obliged to be absent, he might sue for the consulship by
+his friends.  Cato, being backed by the law, at first opposed
+his request; afterwards perceiving that Caesar had prevailed
+with a great part of the senate to comply with it, he made it
+his business to gain time, and went on wasting the whole day in
+speaking.  Upon which Caesar thought fit to let the triumph
+fall, and pursued the consulship.  Entering the town and coming
+forward immediately, he had recourse to a piece of state-policy
+by which everybody was deceived but Cato.  This was the
+reconciling of Crassus and Pompey, the two men who then were
+most powerful in Rome.  There had been a quarrel between them,
+which he now succeeded in making up, and by this means
+strengthened himself by the united power of both, and so under
+the cover of an action which carried all the appearance of a
+piece of kindness and good-nature, caused what was in effect a
+revolution in the government.  For it was not the quarrel
+between Pompey and Caesar, as most men imagine, which was the
+origin of the civil wars, but their union, their conspiring
+together at first to subvert the aristocracy, and so quarreling
+afterwards between themselves.  Cato, who often foretold what
+the consequence of this alliance would be, had then the
+character of a sullen, interfering man, but in the end the
+reputation of a wise but unsuccessful counselor.
+
+Thus Caesar being doubly supported by the interests of Crassus
+and Pompey, was promoted to the consulship, and triumphantly
+proclaimed with Calpurnius Bibulus.  When he entered on his
+office, he brought in bills which would have been preferred with
+better grace by the most audacious of the tribunes than by a
+consul, in which he proposed the plantation of colonies and
+division of lands, simply to please the commonalty.  The best
+and most honorable of the senators opposed it, upon which, as he
+had long wished for nothing more than for such a colorable
+pretext, he loudly protested how much against his will it was to
+be driven to seek support from the people, and how the senate's
+insulting and harsh conduct left no other course possible for
+him, than to devote himself henceforth to the popular cause and
+interest.  And so he hurried out of the senate, and presenting
+himself to the people, and there placing Crassus and Pompey, one
+on each side of him, he asked them whether they consented to the
+bills he had proposed.  They owned their assent, upon which he
+desired them to assist him against those who had threatened to
+oppose him with their swords.  They engaged they would, and
+Pompey added further, that he would meet their swords with a
+sword and buckler too.  These words the nobles much resented, as
+neither suitable to his own dignity, nor becoming the reverence
+due to the senate, but resembling rather the vehemence of a boy,
+or the fury of a madman.  But the people were pleased with it.
+In order to get a yet firmer hold upon Pompey, Caesar having a
+daughter, Julia, who had been before contracted to Servilius
+Caepio, now betrothed her to Pompey, and told Servilius he
+should have Pompey's daughter, who was not unengaged either, but
+promised to Sylla's son, Faustus.  A little time after, Caesar
+married Calpurnia, the daughter of Piso, and got Piso made
+consul for the year following.  Cato exclaimed loudly against
+this, and protested with a great deal of warmth, that it was
+intolerable the government should be prostituted by marriages,
+and that they should advance one another to the commands of
+armies, provinces, and other great posts, by means of women.
+Bibulus, Caesar's colleague, finding it was to no purpose to
+oppose his bills, but that he was in danger of being murdered in
+the forum, as also was Cato, confined himself to his house, and
+there let the remaining part of his consulship expire.  Pompey,
+when he was married, at once filled the forum with soldiers, and
+gave the people his help in passing the new laws, and secured
+Caesar the government of all Gaul, both on this and the other
+side of the Alps, together with Illyricum, and the command of
+four legions for five years.  Cato made some attempts against
+these proceedings, but was seized and led off on the way to
+prison by Caesar, who expected he would appeal to the tribunes.
+But when he saw that Cato went along without speaking a word,
+and not only the nobility were indignant, but that the people,
+also, out of respect for Cato's virtue, were following in
+silence, and with dejected looks, he himself privately desired
+one of the tribunes to rescue Cato.  As for the other senators,
+some few of them attended the house, the rest being disgusted,
+absented themselves.  Hence Considius, a very old man, took
+occasion one day to tell Caesar, that the senators did not meet
+because they were afraid of his soldiers.  Caesar asked, "Why
+don't you then, out of the same fear, keep at home?"  To which
+Considius replied, that age was his guard against fear, and that
+the small remains of his life were not worth much caution.  But
+the most disgraceful thing that was done in Caesar's consulship,
+was his assisting to gain the tribuneship for the same Clodius
+who had made the attempt upon his wife's chastity, and intruded
+upon the secret vigils.  He was elected on purpose to effect
+Cicero's downfall; nor did Caesar leave the city to join his
+army, till they two had overpowered Cicero, and driven him out
+of Italy.
+
+Thus far have we followed Caesar's actions before the wars of
+Gaul.  After this, he seems to begin his course afresh, and to
+enter upon a new life and scene of action.  And the period of
+those wars which he now fought, and those many expeditions in
+which he subdued Gaul, showed him to be a soldier and general
+not in the least inferior to any of the greatest and most
+admired commanders who had ever appeared at the head of armies.
+For if we compare him with the Fabii, the Metelli, the Scipios,
+and with those who were his contemporaries, or not long before
+him, Sylla, Marius, the two Luculli, or even Pompey himself,
+whose glory, it may be said, went up at that time to heaven for
+every excellence in war, we shall find Caesar's actions to have
+surpassed them all.  One he may be held to have outdone in
+consideration of the difficulty of the country in which he
+fought, another in the extent of territory which he conquered;
+some, in the number and strength of the enemies whom he
+defeated; one man, because of the wildness and perfidiousness of
+the tribes whose good-will he conciliated, another in his
+humanity and clemency to those he overpowered; others, again in
+his gifts and kindnesses to his soldiers; all alike in the
+number of the battles which he fought and the enemies whom he
+killed.  For he had not pursued the wars in Gaul full ten years,
+when he had taken by storm above eight hundred towns, subdued
+three hundred states, and of the three millions of men, who made
+up the gross sum of those with whom at several times he engaged,
+he had killed one million, and taken captive a second.
+
+He was so much master of the good-will and hearty service of his
+soldiers, that those who in other expeditions were but ordinary
+men, displayed a courage past defeating or withstanding when
+they went upon any danger where Caesar's glory was concerned.
+Such a one was Acilius, who, in the sea-fight before Marseilles,
+had his right hand struck off with a sword, yet did not quit his
+buckler out of his left, but struck the enemies in the face with
+it, till he drove them off, and made himself master of the
+vessel.  Such another was Cassius Scaeva, who, in a battle near
+Dyrrhachium, had one of his eyes shot out with an arrow, his
+shoulder pierced with one javelin, and his thigh with another;
+and having received one hundred and thirty darts upon his
+target, called to the enemy, as though he would surrender
+himself.  But when two of them came up to him, he cut off the
+shoulder of one with a sword, and by a blow over the face forced
+the other to retire, and so with the assistance of his friends,
+who now came up, made his escape.  Again, in Britain, when some
+of the foremost officers had accidentally got into a morass full
+of water, and there were assaulted by the enemy, a common
+soldier, whilst Caesar stood and looked on, threw himself into
+the midst of them, and after many signal demonstrations of his
+valor, rescued the officers, and beat off the barbarians.  He
+himself, in the end, took to the water, and with much
+difficulty, partly by swimming, partly by wading, passed it, but
+in the passage lost his shield.  Caesar and his officers saw it
+and admired, and went to meet him with joy and acclamation.  But
+the soldier, much dejected and in tears, threw himself down at
+Caesar's feet, and begged his pardon for having let go his
+buckler.  Another time in Africa, Scipio having taken a ship of
+Caesar's in which Granius Petro, lately appointed quaestor, was
+sailing, gave the other passengers as free prize to his
+soldiers, but thought fit to offer the quaestor his life.  But
+he said it was not usual for Caesar's soldiers to take, but give
+mercy, and having said so, fell upon his sword and killed
+himself.
+
+This love of honor and passion for distinction were inspired
+into them and cherished in them by Caesar himself, who, by his
+unsparing distribution of money and honors, showed them that he
+did not heap up wealth from the wars for his own luxury, or the
+gratifying his private pleasures, but that all he received was
+but a public fund laid by for the reward and encouragement of
+valor, and that he looked upon all he gave to deserving soldiers
+as so much increase to his own riches.  Added to this, also,
+there was no danger to which he did not willingly expose
+himself, no labor from which he pleaded all exemption.  His
+contempt of danger was not so much wondered at by his soldiers,
+because they knew how much he coveted honor.  But his enduring
+so much hardship, which he did to all appearance beyond his
+natural strength, very much astonished them.  For he was a spare
+man, had a soft and white skin, was distempered in the head, and
+subject to an epilepsy, which, it is said, first seized him at
+Corduba.  But he did not make the weakness of his constitution a
+pretext for his ease, but rather used war as the best physic
+against his indispositions; whilst by indefatigable journeys,
+coarse diet, frequent lodging in the field, and continual
+laborious exercise, he struggled with his diseases, and
+fortified his body against all attacks.  He slept generally in
+his chariots or litters, employing even his rest in pursuit of
+action.  In the day he was thus carried to the forts, garrisons,
+and camps, one servant sitting with him, who used to write down
+what he dictated as he went, and a soldier attending behind with
+his sword drawn.  He drove so rapidly, that when he first left
+Rome, he arrived at the river Rhone within eight days.  He had
+been an expert rider from his childhood; for it was usual with
+him to sit with his hands joined together behind his back, and
+so to put his horse to its full speed.  And in this war he
+disciplined himself so far as to be able to dictate letters from
+on horseback, and to give directions to two who took notes at
+the same time, or, as Oppius says, to more.  And it is thought
+that he was the first who contrived means for communicating with
+friends by cipher, when either press of business, or the large
+extent of the city, left him no time for a personal conference
+about matters that required dispatch.  How little nice he was in
+his diet, may be seen in the following instance.  When at the
+table of Valerius Leo, who entertained him at supper at Milan, a
+dish of asparagus was put before him, on which his host instead
+of oil had poured sweet ointment.  Caesar partook of it without
+any disgust, and reprimanded his friends for finding fault with
+it.  "For it was enough," said he, "not to eat what you did not
+like; but he who reflects on another man's want of breeding,
+shows he wants it as much himself."  Another time upon the road
+he was driven by a storm into a poor man's cottage, where he
+found but one room, and that such as would afford but a mean
+reception to a single person, and therefore told his companions,
+places of honor should be given up to the greater men, and
+necessary accommodations to the weaker, and accordingly ordered
+that Oppius, who was in bad health, should lodge within, whilst
+he and the rest slept under a shed at the door.
+
+His first war in Gaul was against the Helvetians and Tigurini,
+who having burnt their own towns, twelve in number, and four
+hundred villages, would have marched forward through that part
+of Gaul which was included in the Roman province, as the
+Cimbrians and Teutons formerly had done.  Nor were they inferior
+to these in courage; and in numbers they were equal, being in
+all three hundred thousand, of which one hundred and ninety
+thousand were fighting men.  Caesar did not engage the Tigurini
+in person, but Labienus, under his directions, routed them near
+the river Arar.  The Helvetians surprised Caesar, and
+unexpectedly set upon him as he was conducting his army to a
+confederate town.  He succeeded, however, in making his retreat
+into a strong position, where, when he had mustered and
+marshalled his men, his horse was brought to him; upon which he
+said, "When I have won the battle, I will use my horse for the
+chase, but at present let us go against the enemy,"  and
+accordingly charged them on foot.  After a long and severe
+combat, he drove the main army out of the field, but found the
+hardest work at their carriages and ramparts, where not only the
+men stood and fought, but the women also and children defended
+themselves, till they were cut to pieces; insomuch that the
+fight was scarcely ended till midnight.  This action, glorious
+in itself, Caesar crowned with another yet more noble, by
+gathering in a body all the barbarians that had escaped out of
+the battle, above one hundred thousand in number, and obliging
+them to reoccupy the country which they had deserted, and the
+cities which they had burnt.  This he did for fear the Germans
+should pass in and possess themselves of the land whilst it lay
+uninhabited.
+
+His second war was in defense of the Gauls against the Germans,
+though some time before he had made Ariovistus, their king,
+recognized at Rome as an ally.  But they were very insufferable
+neighbors to those under his government; and it was probable,
+when occasion offered, they would renounce the present
+arrangements, and march on to occupy Gaul.  But finding his
+officers timorous, and especially those of the young nobility
+who came along with him in hopes of turning their campaigns with
+him into a means for their own pleasure or profit, he called
+them together, and advised them to march off, and not run the
+hazard of a battle against their inclinations, since they had
+such weak and unmanly feelings; telling them that he would take
+only the tenth legion, and march against the barbarians, whom he
+did not expect to find an enemy more formidable than the Cimbri,
+nor, he added, should they find him a general inferior to
+Marius.  Upon this, the tenth legion deputed some of their body
+to pay him their acknowledgments and thanks, and the other
+legions blamed their officers, and all, with great vigor and
+zeal, followed him many days' journey, till they encamped within
+two hundred furlongs of the enemy.  Ariovistus's courage to some
+extent was cooled upon their very approach; for never expecting
+the Romans would attack the Germans, whom he had thought it more
+likely they would not venture to withstand even in defense of
+their own subjects, he was the more surprised at Caesar's
+conduct, and saw his army to be in consternation.  They were
+still more discouraged by the prophecies of their holy women,
+who foretell the future by observing the eddies of rivers, and
+taking signs from the windings and noise of streams, and who now
+warned them not to engage before the next new moon appeared.
+Caesar having had intimation of this, and seeing the Germans lie
+still, thought it expedient to attack them whilst they were
+under these apprehensions, rather than sit still and wait their
+time.  Accordingly he made his approaches to the strong-holds
+and hills on which they lay encamped, and so galled and fretted
+them, that at last they came down with great fury to engage.
+But he gained a signal victory, and pursued them for four
+hundred furlongs, as far as the Rhine; all which space was
+covered with spoils and bodies of the slain.  Ariovistus made
+shift to pass the Rhine with the small remains of an army, for
+it is said the number of the slain amounted to eighty thousand.
+
+After this action, Caesar left his army at their winter-quarters
+in the country of the Sequani, and in order to attend to affairs
+at Rome, went into that part of Gaul which lies on the Po, and
+was part of his province; for the river Rubicon divides Gaul,
+which is on this side the Alps, from the rest of Italy.  There
+he sat down and employed himself in courting people's favor;
+great numbers coming to him continually, and always finding
+their requests answered; for he never failed to dismiss all with
+present pledges of his kindness in hand, and further hopes for
+the future.  And during all this time of the war in Gaul, Pompey
+never observed how Caesar was on the one hand using the arms of
+Rome to effect his conquests, and on the other was gaining over
+and securing to himself the favor of the Romans, with the wealth
+which those conquests obtained him.  But when he heard that the
+Belgae, who were the most powerful of all the Gauls, and
+inhabited a third part of the country, were revolted, and had
+got together a great many thousand men in arms, he immediately
+set out and took his way thither with great expedition, and
+falling upon the enemy as they were ravaging the Gauls, his
+allies, he soon defeated and put to flight the largest and least
+scattered division of them.  For though their numbers were
+great, yet they made but a slender defense, and the marshes and
+deep rivers were made passable to the Roman foot by the vast
+quantity of dead bodies.  Of those who revolted, all the tribes
+that lived near the ocean came over without fighting, and he,
+therefore, led his army against the Nervii, the fiercest and
+most warlike people of all in those parts.  These live in a
+country covered with continuous woods, and having lodged their
+children and property out of the way in the depth of the forest,
+fell upon Caesar with a body of sixty thousand men, before he
+was prepared for them, while he was making his encampment.  They
+soon routed his cavalry, and having surrounded the twelfth and
+seventh legions, killed all the officers, and had not Caesar
+himself snatched up a buckler, and forced his way through his
+own men to come up to the barbarians, or had not the tenth
+legion, when they saw him in danger, run in from the tops of the
+hills, where they lay, and broken through the enemy's ranks to
+rescue him, in all probability not a Roman would have been
+saved.  But now, under the influence of Caesar's bold example,
+they fought a battle, as the phrase is, of more than human
+courage, and yet with their utmost efforts they were not able to
+drive the enemy out of the field, but cut them down fighting in
+their defense.  For out of sixty thousand men, it is stated that
+not above five hundred survived the battle, and of four hundred
+of their senators not above three.
+
+When the Roman senate had received news of this, they voted
+sacrifices and festivals to the gods, to be strictly observed
+for the space of fifteen days, a longer space than ever was
+observed for any victory before.  The danger to which they had
+been exposed by the joint outbreak of such a number of nations
+was felt to have been great; and the people's fondness for
+Caesar gave additional luster to successes achieved by him.  He
+now, after settling everything in Gaul, came back again, and
+spent the winter by the Po, in order to carry on the designs he
+had in hand at Rome.  All who were candidates for offices used
+his assistance, and were supplied with money from him to corrupt
+the people and buy their votes, in return of which, when they
+were chosen, they did all things to advance his power.  But what
+was more considerable, the most eminent and powerful men in Rome
+in great numbers came to visit him at Lucca, Pompey, and
+Crassus, and Appius, the governor of Sardinia, and Nepos, the
+proconsul of Spain, so that there were in the place at one time
+one hundred and twenty lictors, and more than two hundred
+senators.  In deliberation here held, it was determined that
+Pompey and Crassus should be consuls again for the following
+year; that Caesar should have a fresh supply of money, and that
+his command should be renewed to him for five years more.  It
+seemed very extravagant to all thinking men, that those very
+persons who had received so much money from Caesar should
+persuade the senate to grant him more, as if he were in want.
+Though in truth it was not so much upon persuasion as
+compulsion, that, with sorrow and groans for their own acts,
+they passed the measure.  Cato was not present, for they had
+sent him seasonably out of the way into Cyprus; but Favonius,
+who was a zealous imitator of Cato, when he found he could do no
+good by opposing it, broke out of the house, and loudly
+declaimed against these proceedings to the people, but none gave
+him any hearing; some slighting him out of respect to Crassus
+and Pompey, and the greater part to gratify Caesar, on whom
+depended their hopes.
+
+After this, Caesar returned again to his forces in Gaul, where
+he found that country involved in a dangerous war, two strong
+nations of the Germans having lately passed the Rhine, to
+conquer it; one of them called the Usipes, the other the
+Tenteritae. Of the war with this people, Caesar himself has
+given this account in his commentaries, that the barbarians,
+having sent ambassadors to treat with him, did, during the
+treaty, set upon him in his march, by which means with eight
+hundred men they routed five thousand of his horse, who did not
+suspect their coming; that afterwards they sent other
+ambassadors to renew the same fraudulent practices, whom he kept
+in custody, and led on his army against the barbarians, as
+judging it mere simplicity to keep faith with those who had so
+faithlessly broken the terms they had agreed to.  But Tanusius
+states, that when the senate decreed festivals and sacrifices
+for this victory, Cato declared it to be his opinion that Caesar
+ought to be given into the hands of the barbarians, that so the
+guilt which this breach of faith might otherwise bring upon the
+state, might be expiated by transferring the curse on him, who
+was the occasion of it.  Of those who passed the Rhine, there were
+four hundred thousand cut off; those few who escaped were
+sheltered by the Sugambri, a people of Germany.  Caesar took
+hold of this pretense to invade the Germans, being at the same
+time ambitious of the honor of being the first man that should
+pass the Rhine with an army.  He carried a bridge across it,
+though it was very wide, and the current at that particular
+point very full, strong, and violent, bringing down with its
+waters trunks of trees, and other lumber, which much shook and
+weakened the foundations of his bridge.  But he drove great
+piles of wood into the bottom of the river above the passage,
+to catch and stop these as they floated down, and thus fixing
+his bridle upon the stream, successfully finished this bridge,
+which no one who saw could believe to be the work but of ten
+days.
+
+In the passage of his army over it, he met with no opposition;
+the Suevi themselves, who are the most warlike people of all
+Germany, flying with their effects into the deepest and most
+densely wooded valleys.  When he had burnt all the enemy's
+country, and encouraged those who embraced the Roman interest,
+he went back into Gaul, after eighteen days' stay in Germany.
+But his expedition into Britain was the most famous testimony of
+his courage.  For he was the first who brought a navy into the
+western ocean, or who sailed into the Atlantic with an army to
+make war; and by invading an island, the reported extent of
+which had made its existence a matter of controversy among
+historians, many of whom questioned whether it were not a mere
+name and fiction, not a real place, he might be said to have
+carried the Roman empire beyond the limits of the known world.
+He passed thither twice from that part of Gaul which lies over
+against it, and in several battles which he fought, did more
+hurt to the enemy than service to himself, for the islanders
+were so miserably poor, that they had nothing worth being
+plundered of.  When he found himself unable to put such an end
+to the war as he wished, he was content to take hostages from
+the king, and to impose a tribute, and then quitted the island.
+At his arrival in Gaul, he found letters which lay ready to be
+conveyed over the water to him from his friends at Rome,
+announcing his daughter's death, who died in labor of a child by
+Pompey.  Caesar and Pompey both were much afflicted with her
+death, nor were their friends less disturbed, believing that the
+alliance was now broken, which had hitherto kept the sickly
+commonwealth in peace, for the child also died within a few days
+after the mother.  The people took the body of Julia, in spite
+of the opposition of the tribunes, and carried it into the field
+of Mars, and there her funeral rites were performed, and her
+remains are laid.
+
+Caesar's army was now grown very numerous, so that he was forced
+to disperse them into various camps for their winter-quarters,
+and he having gone himself to Italy as he used to do, in his
+absence a general outbreak throughout the whole of Gaul
+commenced, and large armies marched about the country, and
+attacked the Roman quarters, and attempted to make themselves
+masters of the forts where they lay.  The greatest and strongest
+party of the rebels, under the command of Abriorix, cut off
+Costa and Titurius with all their men, while a force sixty
+thousand strong besieged the legion under the command of
+Cicero, and had almost taken it by storm, the Roman soldiers
+being all wounded, and having quite spent themselves by a
+defense beyond their natural strength.  But Caesar, who was at a
+great distance, having received the news, quickly got together
+seven thousand men, and hastened to relieve Cicero.  The
+besiegers were aware of it, and went to meet him, with great
+confidence that they should easily overpower such an handful of
+men.  Caesar, to increase their presumption, seemed to avoid
+fighting, and still marched off, till he found a place
+conveniently situated for a few to engage against many, where he
+encamped.  He kept his soldiers from making any attack upon the
+enemy, and commanded them to raise the ramparts higher, and
+barricade the gates, that by show of fear, they might heighten
+the enemy's contempt of them.  Till at last they came without
+any order in great security to make an assault, when he issued
+forth, and put them to flight with the loss of many men.
+
+This quieted the greater part of the commotions in these parts
+of Gaul, and Caesar, in the course of the winter, visited every
+part of the country, and with great vigilance took precautions
+against all innovations.  For there were three legions now come
+to him to supply the place of the men he had lost, of which
+Pompey furnished him with two, out of those under his command;
+the other was newly raised in the part of Gaul by the Po.  But
+in a while the seeds of war, which had long since been secretly
+sown and scattered by the most powerful men in those warlike
+nations, broke forth into the greatest and most dangerous war
+that ever was in those parts, both as regards the number of men
+in the vigor of their youth who were gathered and armed from all
+quarters, the vast funds of money collected to maintain it, the
+strength of the towns, and the difficulty of the country where
+it was carried on.  It being winter, the rivers were frozen, the
+woods covered with snow, and the level country flooded, so that
+in some places the ways were lost through the depth of the snow;
+in others, the overflowing of marshes and streams made every
+kind of passage uncertain.  All which difficulties made it seem
+impracticable for Caesar to make any attempt upon the
+insurgents.  Many tribes had revolted together, the chief of
+them being the Arverni and Carnutini ; the general who had the
+supreme command in war was Vergentorix, whose father the Gauls
+had put to death on suspicion of his aiming at absolute
+government.
+
+He having disposed his army in several bodies, and set officers
+over them, drew over to him all the country round about as far
+as those that lie upon the Arar, and having intelligence of the
+opposition which Caesar now experienced at Rome, thought to
+engage all Gaul in the war.  Which if he had done a little
+later, when Caesar was taken up with the civil wars, Italy had
+been put into as great a terror as before it was by the Cimbri.
+But Caesar, who above all men was gifted with the faculty of
+making the right use of everything in war, and most especially
+of seizing the right moment, as soon as he heard of the revolt,
+returned immediately the same way he went, and showed the
+barbarians, by the quickness of his march in such a severe
+season, that an army was advancing against them which was
+invincible.  For in the time that one would have thought it
+scarce credible that a courier or express should have come with
+a message from him, he himself appeared with all his army,
+ravaging the country, reducing their posts, subduing their
+towns, receiving into his protection those who declared for him.
+Till at last the Edui, who hitherto had styled themselves
+brethren to the Romans, and had been much honored by them,
+declared against him, and joined the rebels, to the great
+discouragement of his army.  Accordingly he removed thence, and
+passed the country of the Lingones, desiring to reach the
+territories of the Sequani, who were his friends, and who lay
+like a bulwark in front of Italy against the other tribes of
+Gaul.  There the enemy came upon him, and surrounded him with
+many myriads, whom he also was eager to engage; and at last,
+after some time and with much slaughter, gained on the whole a
+complete victory; though at first he appears to have met with
+some reverse, and the Aruveni show you a small sword hanging up
+in a temple, which they say was taken from Caesar.  Caesar saw
+this afterwards himself, and smiled, and when his friends
+advised it should be taken down, would not permit it, because he
+looked upon it as consecrated.
+
+After the defeat a great part of those who had escaped, fled
+with their king into a town called Alesia, which Caesar
+besieged, though the height of the walls, and number of those
+who defended them, made it appear impregnable; and meantime,
+from without the walls, he was assailed by a greater danger than
+can be expressed.  For the choice men of Gaul, picked out of
+each nation, and well armed, came to relieve Alesia, to the
+number of three hundred thousand; nor were there in the town
+less than one hundred and seventy thousand.  So that Caesar
+being shut up betwixt two such forces, was compelled to protect
+himself by two walls, one towards the town, the other against
+the relieving army, as knowing it these forces should join, his
+affairs would be entirely ruined.  The danger that he underwent
+before Alesia, justly gained him great honor on many accounts,
+and gave him an opportunity of showing greater instances of his
+valor and conduct than any other contest had done.  One wonders
+much how he should be able to engage and defeat so many
+thousands of men without the town, and not be perceived by those
+within, but yet more, that the Romans themselves, who guarded
+their wall which was next the town, should be strangers to it.
+For even they knew nothing of the victory, till they heard the
+cries of the men and lamentations of the women who were in the
+town, and had from thence seen the Romans at a distance carrying
+into their camp a great quantity of bucklers, adorned with gold
+and silver, many breastplates stained with blood, besides cups
+and tents made in the Gallic fashion.  So soon did so vast an
+army dissolve and vanish like a ghost or dream, the greatest
+part of them being killed upon the spot.  Those who were in
+Alesia, having given themselves and Caesar much trouble,
+surrendered at last; and Vergentorix, who was the chief spring
+of all the war, putting his best armor on, and adorning his
+horse, rode out of the gates, and made a turn about Caesar as he
+was sitting, then quitted his horse, threw off his armor, and
+remained seated quietly at Caesar's feet until he was led away
+to be reserved for the triumph.
+
+Caesar had long ago resolved upon the overthrow of Pompey, as
+had Pompey, for that matter, upon his.  For Crassus, the fear of
+whom had hitherto kept them in peace, having now been killed in
+Parthia, if the one of them wished to make himself the greatest
+man in Rome, he had only to overthrow the other; and if he again
+wished to prevent his own fall, he had nothing for it but to be
+beforehand with him whom he feared.  Pompey had not been long
+under any such apprehensions, having till lately despised
+Caesar, as thinking it no difficult matter to put down him whom
+he himself had advanced.  But Caesar had entertained this design
+from the beginning against his rivals, and had retired, like an
+expert wrestler, to prepare himself apart for the combat.
+Making the Gallic wars his exercise-ground, he had at once
+improved the strength of his soldiery, and had heightened his
+own glory by his great actions, so that he was looked on as one
+who might challenge comparison with Pompey.  Nor did he let go
+any of those advantages which were now given him both by Pompey
+himself and the times, and the ill government of Rome, where all
+who were candidates for offices publicly gave money, and without
+any shame bribed the people, who having received their pay, did
+not contend for their benefactors with their bare suffrages, but
+with bows, swords, and slings.  So that after having many times
+stained the place of election with the blood of men killed upon
+the spot, they left the city at last without a government at
+all, to be carried about like a ship without a pilot to steer
+her; while all who had any wisdom could only be thankful if a
+course of such wild and stormy disorder and madness might end no
+worse than in a monarchy.  Some were so bold as to declare
+openly, that the government was incurable but by a monarchy, and
+that they ought to take that remedy from the hands of the
+gentlest physician, meaning Pompey, who, though in words he
+pretended to decline it, yet in reality made his utmost efforts
+to be declared dictator.  Cato perceiving his design, prevailed
+with the senate to make him sole consul, that with the offer of
+a more legal sort of monarchy he might be withheld from
+demanding the dictatorship.  They over and above voted him the
+continuance of his provinces, for he had two, Spain and all
+Africa, which he governed by his lieutenants, and maintained
+armies under him, at the yearly charge of a thousand talents out
+of the public treasury.
+
+Upon this Caesar also sent and petitioned for the consulship,
+and the continuance of his provinces.  Pompey at first did not
+stir in it, but Marcellus and Lentulus opposed it, who had
+always hated Caesar, and now did every thing, whether fit or
+unfit, which might disgrace and affront him.  For they took away
+the privilege of Roman citizens from the people of New Comum,
+who were a colony that Caesar had lately planted in Gaul; and
+Marcellus, who was then consul, ordered one of the senators of
+that town, then at Rome, to be whipped, and told him he laid
+that mark upon him to signify he was no citizen of Rome, bidding
+him, when he went back again, to show it to Caesar.  After
+Marcellus's consulship, Caesar began to lavish gifts upon all
+the public men out of the riches he had taken from the Gauls;
+discharged Curio, the tribune, from his great debts; gave
+Paulus, then consul, fifteen hundred talents, with which he
+built the noble court of justice adjoining the forum, to supply
+the place of that called the Fulvian.  Pompey, alarmed at these
+preparations, now openly took steps, both by himself and his
+friends, to have a successor appointed in Caesar's room, and
+sent to demand back the soldiers whom he had lent him to carry
+on the wars in Gaul.  Caesar returned them, and made each
+soldier a present of two hundred and fifty drachmas.  The
+officer who brought them home to Pompey, spread amongst the
+people no very fair or favorable report of Caesar, and flattered
+Pompey himself with false suggestions that he was wished for by
+Caesar's army; and though his affairs here were in some
+embarrassment through the envy of some, and the ill state of the
+government, yet there the army was at his command, and if they
+once crossed into Italy, would presently declare for him; so
+weary were they of Caesar's endless expeditions, and so
+suspicious of his designs for a monarchy.  Upon this Pompey grew
+presumptuous, and neglected all warlike preparations, as
+fearing no danger, and used no other means against him than mere
+speeches and votes, for which Caesar cared nothing.  And one of
+his captains, it is said, who was sent by him to Rome, standing
+before the senate-house one day, and being told that the senate
+would not give Caesar a longer time in his government, clapped
+his hand on the hilt of his sword, and said, "But this shall."
+
+Yet the demands which Caesar made had the fairest colors of
+equity imaginable.  For he proposed to lay down his arms, and
+that Pompey should do the same, and both together should become
+private men, and each expect a reward of his services from the
+public.  For that those who proposed to disarm him, and at the
+same time to confirm Pompey in all the power he held, were
+simply establishing the one in the tyranny which they accused
+the other of aiming at.  When Curio made these proposals to the
+people in Caesar's name, he was loudly applauded, and some threw
+garlands towards him, and dismissed him as they do successful
+wrestlers, crowned with flowers.  Antony, being tribune,
+produced a letter sent from Caesar on this occasion, and read
+it, though the consuls did what they could to oppose it.  But
+Scipio, Pompey's father-in-law, proposed in the senate, that if
+Caesar did not lay down his arms within such a time, he should
+be voted an enemy; and the consuls putting it to the question,
+whether Pompey should dismiss his soldiers, and again, whether
+Caesar should disband his, very few assented to the first, but
+almost all to the latter.  But Antony proposing again, that both
+should lay down their commissions, all but a very few agreed to
+it.  Scipio was upon this very violent, and Lentulus the consul
+cried aloud, that they had need of arms, and not of suffrages,
+against a robber; so that the senators for the present
+adjourned, and appeared in mourning as a mark of their grief for
+the dissension.
+
+Afterwards there came other letters from Caesar, which seemed
+yet more moderate, for he proposed to quit everything else, and
+only to retain Gaul within the Alps, Illyricum, and two
+legions, till he should stand a second time for consul.  Cicero,
+the orator, who was lately returned from Cilicia, endeavored to
+reconcile differences, and softened Pompey, who was willing to
+comply in other things, but not to allow him the soldiers.  At
+last Cicero used his persuasions with Caesar's friends to accept
+of the provinces, and six thousand soldiers only, and so to make
+up the quarrel.  And Pompey was inclined to give way to this,
+but Lentulus, the consul, would not hearken to it, but drove
+Antony and Curio out of the senate-house with insults, by which
+he afforded Caesar the most plausible pretense that could be,
+and one which he could readily use to inflame the soldiers, by
+showing them two persons of such repute and authority, who were
+forced to escape in a hired carriage in the dress of slaves.
+For so they were glad to disguise themselves, when they fled out
+of Rome.
+
+There were not about him at that time above three hundred horse,
+and five thousand foot; for the rest of his army, which was left
+behind the Alps, was to be brought after him by officers who had
+received orders for that purpose.  But he thought the first
+motion towards the design which he had on foot did not require
+large forces at present, and that what was wanted was to make
+this first step suddenly, and so as to astound his enemies with
+the boldness of it; as it would be easier, he thought, to throw
+them into consternation by doing what they never anticipated,
+than fairly to conquer them, if he had alarmed them by his
+preparations.  And therefore, he commanded his captains and
+other officers to go only with their swords in their hands,
+without any other arms, and make themselves masters of Ariminum,
+a large city of Gaul, with as little disturbance and bloodshed
+as possible.  He committed the care of these forces to
+Hortensius, and himself spent the day in public as a stander-by
+and spectator of the gladiators, who exercised before him.  A
+little before night he attended to his person, and then went
+into the hall, and conversed for some time with those he had
+invited to supper, till it began to grow dusk, when he rose from
+table, and made his excuses to the company, begging them to stay
+till he came back, having already given private directions to a
+few immediate friends, that they should follow him, not all the
+same way, but some one way, some another.  He himself got into
+one of the hired carriages, and drove at first another way, but
+presently turned towards Ariminum.  When he came to the river
+Rubicon, which parts Gaul within the Alps from the rest of
+Italy, his thoughts began to work, now he was just entering upon
+the danger, and he wavered much in his mind, when he considered
+the greatness of the enterprise into which he was throwing
+himself.  He checked his course, and ordered a halt, while he
+revolved with himself, and often changed his opinion one way and
+the other, without speaking a word.  This was when his purposes
+fluctuated most; presently he also discussed the matter with his
+friends who were about him, (of which number Asinius Pollio was
+one,) computing how many calamities his passing that river would
+bring upon mankind, and what a relation of it would be
+transmitted to posterity.  At last, in a sort of passion,
+casting aside calculation, and abandoning himself to what might
+come, and using the proverb frequently in their mouths who enter
+upon dangerous and bold attempts, "The die is cast," with these
+words he took the river.  Once over, he used all expedition
+possible, and before it was day reached Ariminum, and took it.
+It is said that the night before he passed the river, he had an
+impious dream, that he was unnaturally familiar with his own
+mother.
+
+As soon as Ariminum was taken, wide gates, so to say, were
+thrown open, to let in war upon every land alike and sea, and
+with the limits of the province, the boundaries of the laws were
+transgressed.  Nor would one have thought that, as at other
+times, the mere men and women fled from one town of Italy to
+another in their consternation, but that the very towns
+themselves left their sites, and fled for succor to each other.
+The city of Rome was overrun as it were with a deluge, by the
+conflux of people flying in from all the neighboring places.
+Magistrates could no longer govern, nor the eloquence of any
+orator quiet it; it was all but suffering shipwreck by the
+violence of its own tempestuous agitation.  The most vehement
+contrary passions and impulses were at work everywhere.  Nor
+did those who rejoiced at the prospect of the change altogether
+conceal their feelings, but when they met, as in so great a city
+they frequently must, with the alarmed and dejected of the other
+party, they provoked quarrels by their bold expressions of
+confidence in the event.  Pompey, sufficiently disturbed of
+himself; was yet more perplexed by the clamors of others; some
+telling him that he justly suffered for having armed Caesar
+against himself and the government; others blaming him for
+permitting Caesar to be insolently used by Lentulus, when he
+made such ample concessions, and offered such reasonable
+proposals towards an accommodation.  Favonius bade him now stamp
+upon the ground; for once talking big in the senate, he desired
+them not to trouble themselves about making any preparations for
+the war, for that he himself, with one stamp of his foot, would
+fill all Italy with soldiers.  Yet still Pompey at that time had
+more forces than Caesar; but he was not permitted to pursue his
+own thoughts, but being continually disturbed with false reports
+and alarms, as if the enemy was close upon him and carrying all
+before him, he gave way, and let himself be borne down by the
+general cry.  He put forth an edict declaring the city to be in
+a state of anarchy, and left it with orders that the senate
+should follow him, and that no one should stay behind who did
+not prefer tyranny to their country and liberty.
+
+The consuls at once fled, without making even the usual
+sacrifices; so did most of the senators, carrying off their own
+goods in as much haste as if they had been robbing their
+neighbors.  Some, who had formerly much favored Caesar's cause,
+in the prevailing alarm, quitted their own sentiments, and
+without any prospect of good to themselves, were carried along
+by the common stream.  It was a melancholy thing to see the city
+tossed in these tumults, like a ship given up by her pilots, and
+left to run, as chance guides her, upon any rock in her way.
+Yet, in spite of their sad condition, people still esteemed the
+place of their exile to be their country for Pompey's sake, and
+fled from Rome, as if it had been Caesar's camp.  Labienus even,
+who had been one of Caesar's nearest friends, and his
+lieutenant, and who had fought by him zealously in the Gallic
+wars, now deserted him, and went over to Pompey.  Caesar sent
+all his money and equipage after him, and then sat down before
+Corfinium, which was garrisoned with thirty cohorts under the
+command of Domitius.  He, in despair of maintaining the defense,
+requested a physician, whom he had among his attendants, to give
+him poison; and taking the dose, drank it, in hopes of being
+dispatched by it.  But soon after, when he was told that Caesar
+showed the utmost clemency towards those he took prisoners, he
+lamented his misfortune, and blamed the hastiness of his
+resolution.  His physician consoled him, by informing him that
+he had taken a sleeping draught, not a poison; upon which, much
+rejoiced, and rising from his bed, he went presently to Caesar,
+and gave him the pledge of his hand, yet afterwards again
+went over to Pompey.  The report of these actions at Rome,
+quieted those who were there, and some who had fled thence
+returned.
+
+Caesar took into his army Domitius's soldiers, as he did all
+those whom he found in any town enlisted for Pompey's service.
+Being now strong and formidable enough, he advanced against
+Pompey himself, who did not stay to receive him, but fled to
+Brundisium, having sent the consuls before with a body of troops
+to Dyrrhachium.  Soon after, upon Caesar's approach, he set to
+sea, as shall be more particularly related in his Life.  Caesar
+would have immediately pursued him, but wanted shipping, and
+therefore went back to Rome, having made himself master of all
+Italy without bloodshed in the space of sixty days.  When he
+came thither, he found the city more quiet than he expected, and
+many senators present, to whom he addressed himself with
+courtesy and deference, desiring them to send to Pompey about
+any reasonable accommodations towards a peace.  But nobody
+complied with this proposal; whether out of fear of Pompey, whom
+they had deserted, or that they thought Caesar did not mean what
+he said, but thought it his interest to talk plausibly.
+Afterwards, when Metellus, the tribune, would have hindered him
+from taking money out of the public treasure, and adduced some
+laws against it, Caesar replied, that arms and laws had each
+their own time; "If what I do displeases you, leave the place;
+war allows no free talking.  When I have laid down my arms, and
+made peace, come back and make what speeches you please.  And
+this," he added, "I tell you in diminution of my own just right,
+as indeed you and all others who have appeared against me and
+are now in my power, may be treated as I please."  Having said
+this to Metellus, he went to the doors of the treasury, and the
+keys being not to be found, sent for smiths to force them open.
+Metellus again making resistance, and some encouraging him in
+it, Caesar, in a louder tone, told him he would put him to
+death, if he gave him any further disturbance.  "And this," said
+he, "you know, young man, is more disagreeable for me to say,
+than to do."  These words made Metellus withdraw for fear, and
+obtained speedy execution henceforth for all orders that Caesar
+gave for procuring necessaries for the war.
+
+He was now proceeding to Spain, with the determination of first
+crushing Afranius and Varro, Pompey's lieutenants, and making
+himself master of the armies and provinces under them, that he
+might then more securely advance against Pompey, when he had no
+enemy left behind him.  In this expedition his person was often
+in danger from ambuscades, and his army by want of provisions,
+yet he did not desist from pursuing the enemy, provoking them to
+fight, and hemming them with his fortifications, till by main
+force he made himself master of their camps and their forces.
+Only the generals got off, and fled to Pompey.
+
+When Caesar came back to Rome, Piso, his father-in-law, advised
+him to send men to Pompey, to treat of a peace; but Isauricus,
+to ingratiate himself with Caesar, spoke against it.  After
+this, being created dictator by the senate, he called home the
+exiles, and gave back then rights as citizens to the children of
+those who had suffered under Sylla; he relieved the debtors by
+an act remitting some part of the interest on their debts, and
+passed some other measures of the same sort, but not many.  For
+within eleven days he resigned his dictatorship, and having
+declared himself consul, with Servilius Isauricus, hastened
+again to the war.  He marched so fast, that he left all his army
+behind him, except six hundred chosen horse, and five legions,
+with which he put to sea in the very middle of winter, about
+the beginning of the month January, (which corresponds pretty
+nearly with the Athenian month Posideon,) and having past the
+Ionian Sea, took Oricum and Apollonia, and then sent back the
+ships to Brundisium, to bring over the soldiers who were left
+behind in the march.  They, while yet on the march, their bodies
+now no longer in the full vigor of youth, and they themselves
+weary with such a multitude of wars, could not but exclaim
+against Caesar, "When at last, and where, will this Caesar let
+us be quiet?  He carries us from place to place, and uses us as
+if we were not to be worn out, and had no sense of labor.  Even
+our iron itself is spent by blows, and we ought to have some
+pity on our bucklers and breastplates, which have been used so
+long.  Our wounds, if nothing else, should make him see that we
+are mortal men, whom he commands, subject to the same pains and
+sufferings as other human beings.  The very gods themselves
+cannot force the winter season, or hinder the storms in their
+time; yet he pushes forward, as if he were not pursuing, but
+flying from an enemy."  So they talked as they marched leisurely
+towards Brundisium.  But when they came thither, and found
+Caesar gone off before them, their feelings changed, and they
+blamed themselves as traitors to their general.  They now railed
+at their officers for marching so slowly, and placing themselves
+on the heights overlooking the sea towards Epirus, they kept
+watch to see if they could espy the vessels which were to
+transport them to Caesar.
+
+He in the meantime was posted in Apollonia, but had not an army
+with him able to fight the enemy, the forces from Brundisium
+being so long in coming, which put him to great suspense and
+embarrassment what to do.  At last he resolved upon a most
+hazardous experiment, and embarked, without anyone's knowledge,
+in a boat of twelve oars, to cross over to Brundisium, though
+the sea was at that time covered with a vast fleet of the
+enemies.  He got on board in the night time, in the dress of a
+slave, and throwing himself down like a person of no
+consequence, lay along at the bottom of the vessel.  The river
+Anius was to carry them down to sea, and there used to blow a
+gentle gale every morning from the land, which made it calm at
+the mouth of the river, by driving the waves forward; but this
+night there had blown a strong wind from the sea, which
+overpowered that from the land, so that where the river met the
+influx of the sea-water and the opposition of the waves, it was
+extremely rough and angry; and the current was beaten back with
+such a violent swell, that the master of the boat could not make
+good his passage, but ordered his sailors to tack about and
+return.  Caesar, upon this, discovers himself, and taking the
+man by the hand, who was surprised to see him there, said, "Go
+on, my friend, and fear nothing; you carry Caesar and his
+fortune in your boat."  The mariners, when they heard that,
+forgot the storm, and laying all their strength to their oars,
+did what they could to force their way down the river.  But when
+it was to no purpose, and the vessel now took in much water,
+Caesar finding himself in such danger in the very mouth of the
+river, much against his will permitted the master to turn back.
+When he was come to land, his soldiers ran to him in a
+multitude, reproaching him for what he had done, and indignant
+that he should think himself not strong enough to get a victory
+by their sole assistance, but must disturb himself, and expose
+his life for those who were absent, as if he could not trust
+those who were with him.
+
+After this, Antony came over with the forces from Brundisium,
+which encouraged Caesar to give Pompey battle, though he was
+encamped very advantageously, and furnished with plenty of
+provisions both by sea and land, whilst he himself was at the
+beginning but ill-supplied, and before the end was extremely
+pinched for want of necessaries, so that his soldiers were
+forced to dig up a kind of root which grew there, and tempering
+it with milk, to feed on it.  Sometimes they made a kind of
+bread of it, and advancing up to the enemy's outposts, would
+throw in these loaves, telling them, that as long as the earth
+produced such roots they would not give up blockading Pompey.
+But Pompey took what care he could, that neither the loaves nor
+the words should reach his men, who were out of heart and
+despondent, through terror at the fierceness and hardiness of
+their enemies, whom they looked upon as a sort of wild beasts.
+There were continual skirmishes about Pompey's outworks, in all
+which Caesar had the better, except one, when his men were
+forced to fly in such a manner that he had like to have lost his
+camp.  For Pompey made such a vigorous sally on them that not a
+man stood his ground; the trenches were filled with the
+slaughter, many fell upon their own ramparts and bulwarks,
+whither they were driven in flight by the enemy.  Caesar met
+them, and would have turned them back, but could not.  When he
+went to lay hold of the ensigns, those who carried them threw
+them down, so that the enemies took thirty-two of them.  He
+himself narrowly escaped; for taking hold of one of his
+soldiers, a big and strong man, that was flying by him, he bade
+him stand and face about; but the fellow, full of apprehensions
+from the danger he was in, laid hold of his sword, as if he
+would strike Caesar, but Caesar's armor-bearer cut off his arm.
+Caesar's affairs were so desperate at that time, that when
+Pompey, either through over-cautiousness, or his ill fortune,
+did not give the finishing stroke to that great success, but
+retreated after he had driven the routed enemy within their
+camp, Caesar, upon seeing his withdrawal, said to his friends,
+"The victory to-day had been on the enemies' side, if they had
+had a general who knew how to gain it."  When he was retired
+into his tent, he laid himself down to sleep, but spent that
+night as miserably as ever he did any, in perplexity and
+consideration with himself, coming to the conclusion that he had
+conducted the war amiss.  For when he had a fertile country
+before him, and all the wealthy cities of Macedonia and
+Thessaly, he had neglected to carry the war thither, and had sat
+down by the seaside, where his enemies had such a powerful
+fleet, so that he was in fact rather besieged by the want of
+necessaries, than besieging others with his arms.  Being thus
+distracted in his thoughts with the view of the difficulty and
+distress he was in, he raised his camp, with the intention of
+advancing towards Scipio, who lay in Macedonia; hoping either to
+entice Pompey into a country where he should fight without the
+advantage he now had of supplies from the sea, or to overpower
+Scipio, if not assisted.
+
+This set all Pompey's army and officers on fire to hasten and
+pursue Caesar, whom they concluded to be beaten and flying.  But
+Pompey was afraid to hazard a battle on which so much depended,
+and being himself provided with all necessaries for any length
+of time, thought to tire out and waste the vigor of Caesar's
+army, which could not last long.  For the best part of his men,
+though they had great experience and showed an irresistible
+courage in all engagements, yet by their frequent marches,
+changing their camps, attacking fortifications, and keeping
+long night-watches, were getting worn-out and broken; they being
+now old, their bodies less fit for labor, and their courage,
+also, beginning to give way with the failure of their strength.
+Besides, it was said that an infectious disease, occasioned by
+their irregular diet, was prevailing in Caesar's army, and what
+was of greatest moment, he was neither furnished with money nor
+provisions, so that in a little time he must needs fall of
+himself.
+
+For these reasons Pompey had no mind to fight him, but was
+thanked for it by none but Cato, who rejoiced at the prospect of
+sparing his fellow-citizens.  For he when he saw the dead bodies
+of those who had fallen in the last battle on Caesar's side, to
+the number of a thousand, turned away, covered his face, and
+shed tears.  But everyone else upbraided Pompey for being
+reluctant to fight, and tried to goad him on by such nicknames
+as Agamemnon, and king of kings, as if he were in no hurry to
+lay down his sovereign authority, but was pleased to see so many
+commanders attending on him, and paying their attendance at his
+tent.  Favonius, who affected Cato's free way of speaking his
+mind, complained bitterly that they should eat no figs even this
+year at Tusculum, because of Pompey's love of command.
+Afranius, who was lately returned out of Spain, and on account
+of his ill success there, labored under the suspicion of having
+been bribed to betray the army, asked why they did not fight
+this purchaser of provinces.  Pompey was driven, against his own
+will, by this kind of language, into offering battle, and
+proceeded to follow Caesar.  Caesar had found great difficulties
+in his march, for no country would supply him with provisions,
+his reputation being very much fallen since his late defeat.
+But after he took Gomphi, a town of Thessaly, he not only found
+provisions for his army, but physic too.  For there they met
+with plenty of wine, which they took very freely, and heated
+with this, sporting and reveling on their march in bacchanalian
+fashion, they shook off the disease, and their whole
+constitution was relieved and changed into another habit.
+
+When the two armies were come into Pharsalia, and both encamped
+there, Pompey's thoughts ran the same way as they had done
+before, against fighting, and the more because of some unlucky
+presages, and a vision he had in a dream. But those who were
+about him were so confident of success, that Domitius, and
+Spinther, and Scipio, as if they had already conquered,
+quarreled which should succeed Caesar in the pontificate.  And
+many sent to Rome to take houses fit to accommodate consuls and
+praetors, as being sure of entering upon those offices, as soon
+as the battle was over.  The cavalry especially were obstinate
+for fighting, being splendidly armed and bravely mounted, and
+valuing themselves upon the fine horses they kept, and upon
+their own handsome persons; as also upon the advantage of their
+numbers, for they were five thousand against one thousand of
+Caesar's.  Nor were the numbers of the infantry less
+disproportionate, there being forty-five thousand of Pompey's,
+against twenty-two thousand of the enemy.
+
+Caesar, collecting his soldiers together, told them that
+Corfinius  was coming up to them with two legions, and that
+fifteen cohorts more under Calenus were posted at Megara and
+Athens; he then asked them whether they would stay till these
+joined them, or would hazard the battle by themselves.  They all
+cried out to him not to wait, but on the contrary to do whatever
+he could to bring about an engagement as soon as possible.  When
+he sacrificed to the gods for the lustration of his army, upon
+the death of the first victim, the augur told him, within three
+days he should come to a decisive action.  Caesar asked him
+whether he saw anything in the entrails, which promised a
+happy event.  "That," said the priest, "you can best answer
+yourself; for the gods signify a great alteration from the
+present posture of affairs.  If, therefore, you think yourself
+well off now, expect worse fortune; if unhappy, hope for
+better."  The night before the battle, as he walked the rounds
+about midnight, there was a light seen in the heaven, very
+bright and flaming, which seemed to pass over Caesar's camp, and
+fall into Pompey's.  And when Caesar's soldiers came to relieve
+the watch in the morning, they perceived a panic disorder among
+the enemies.  However, he did not expect to fight that day, but
+set about raising his camp with the intention of marching
+towards Scotussa.
+
+But when the tents were now taken down, his scouts rode up to
+him, and told him the enemy would give him battle.  With this
+news he was extremely pleased, and having performed his
+devotions to the gods, set his army in battle array, dividing
+them into three bodies.  Over the middlemost he placed Domitius
+Calvinus; Antony commanded the left wing, and he himself the
+right, being resolved to fight at the head of the tenth legion.
+But when he saw the enemies' cavalry taking position against
+him, being struck with their fine appearance and their number,
+he gave private orders that six cohorts from the rear of the
+army should come round and join him, whom he posted behind the
+right wing, and instructed them what they should do, when the
+enemy's horse came to charge.  On the other side, Pompey
+commanded the right wing, Domitius the left, and Scipio,
+Pompey's father-in-law, the center.  The whole weight of the
+cavalry was collected on the left wing, with the intent that
+they should outflank the right wing of the enemy, and rout that
+part where the general himself commanded.  For they thought no
+phalanx of infantry could be solid enough to sustain such a
+shock, but that they must necessarily be broken and shattered
+all to pieces upon the onset of so immense a force of cavalry.
+When they were ready on both sides to give the signal for
+battle, Pompey commended his foot who were in the front to stand
+their ground, and without breaking their order, receive quietly
+the enemy's first attack, till they came within javelin's cast.
+Caesar, in this respect, also, blames Pompey's generalship, as
+if he had not been aware how the first encounter, when made with
+an impetus and upon the run, gives weight and force to the
+strokes, and fires the men's spirits into a flame, which the
+general concurrence fans to full heat.  He himself was just
+putting the troops into motion and advancing to the action, when
+he found one of his captains, a trusty and experienced soldier,
+encouraging his men to exert their utmost.  Caesar called him by
+his name, and said, "What hopes, Caius Crassinius, and what
+grounds for encouragement?"  Crassinius stretched out his hand,
+and cried in a loud voice, "We shall conquer nobly, Caesar; and
+I this day will deserve your praises, either alive or dead."  So
+he said, and was the first man to run in upon the enemy,
+followed by the hundred and twenty soldiers about him, and
+breaking through the first rank, still pressed on forwards with
+much slaughter of the enemy, till at last he was struck back by
+the wound of a sword, which went in at his mouth with such force
+that it came out at his neck behind.
+
+Whilst the foot was thus sharply engaged in the main battle, on
+the flank Pompey's horse rode up confidently, and opened their
+ranks very wide, that they might surround the Fight wing of
+Caesar.  But before they engaged, Caesar's cohorts rushed out
+and attacked them, and did not dart their javelins at a
+distance, nor strike at the thighs and legs, as they usually did
+in close battle, but aimed at their faces.  For thus Caesar had
+instructed them, in hopes that young gentlemen, who had not
+known much of battles and wounds, but came wearing their hair
+long, in the flower of their age and height of their beauty,
+would be more apprehensive of such blows, and not care for
+hazarding both a danger at present and a blemish for the future.
+And so it proved, for they were so far from bearing the stroke
+of the javelins, that they could not stand the sight of them,
+but turned about, and covered their faces to secure them.  Once
+in disorder, presently they turned about to fly; and so most
+shamefully ruined all.  For those who had beat them back, at
+once outflanked the infantry, and falling on their rear, cut
+them to pieces.  Pompey, who commanded the other wing of the
+army, when he saw his cavalry thus broken and flying, was no
+longer himself, nor did he now remember that he was Pompey the
+Great, but like one whom some god had deprived of his senses,
+retired to his tent without speaking; a word, and there sat to
+expect the event, till the whole army was routed, and the enemy
+appeared upon the works which were thrown up before the camp,
+where they closely engaged with his men, who were posted there
+to defend it.  Then first he seemed to have recovered his
+senses, and uttering, it is said, only these words, "What, into
+the camp too?" he laid aside his general's habit, and putting on
+such clothes as might best favor his flight, stole off.  What
+fortune he met with afterwards, how he took shelter in Egypt,
+and was murdered there, we tell you in his Life.
+
+Caesar, when he came to view Pompey's camp, and saw some of his
+opponents dead upon the ground, others dying, said, with a
+groan, "This they would have; they brought me to this necessity.
+I, Caius Caesar, after succeeding in so many wars, had been
+condemned, had I dismissed my army."  These words, Pollio says,
+Caesar spoke in Latin at that time, and that he himself wrote
+them in Greek; adding, that those who were killed at the taking
+of the camp, were most of them servants; and that not above six
+thousand soldiers fell.  Caesar incorporated most of the foot
+whom he took prisoners, with his own legions, and gave a free
+pardon to many of the distinguished persons, and amongst the
+rest, to Brutus, who afterwards killed him.  He did not
+immediately appear after the battle was over, which put Caesar,
+it is said, into great anxiety for him; nor was his pleasure
+less when he saw him present himself alive.
+
+There were many prodigies that foreshowed this victory, but the
+most remarkable that we are told of, was that at Tralles.  In
+the temple of Victory stood Caesar's statue.  The ground on
+which it stood was naturally hard and solid, and the stone with
+which it was paved still harder; yet it is said that a palm-tree
+shot itself up near the pedestal of this statue.  In the city of
+Padua, one Caius Cornelius, who had the character of a good
+augur, the fellow-citizen and acquaintance of Livy, the
+historian, happened to be making some augural observations that
+very day when the battle was fought.  And first, as Livy tells
+us, he pointed out the time of the fight, and said to those who
+were by him, that just then the battle was begun, and the men
+engaged.  When he looked a second time, and observed the omens,
+he leaped up as if he had been inspired, and cried out, "Caesar,
+you are victorious."  This much surprised the standers by, but
+he took the garland which he had on from his head, and swore he
+would never wear it again till the event should give authority
+to his art.  This Livy positively states for a truth.
+
+Caesar, as a memorial of his victory, gave the Thessalians
+their freedom, and then went in pursuit of Pompey.  When he was
+come into Asia, to gratify Theopompus, the author of the
+collection of fables, he enfranchised the Cnidians, and remitted
+one third of their tribute to all the people of the province of
+Asia.  When he came to Alexandria, where Pompey was already
+murdered, he would not look upon Theodotus, who presented him
+with his head, but taking only his signet, shed tears.  Those of
+Pompey's friends who had been arrested by the king of Egypt, as
+they were wandering in those parts, he relieved, and offered
+them his own friendship.  In his letter to his friends at Rome,
+he told them that the greatest and most signal pleasure his
+victory had given him, was to be able continually to save the
+lives of fellow-citizens who had fought against him.  As to the
+war in Egypt, some say it was at once dangerous and
+dishonorable, and noways necessary, but occasioned only by his
+passion for Cleopatra.  Others blame the ministers of the king,
+and especially the eunuch Pothinus, who was the chief favorite,
+and had lately killed Pompey, who had banished Cleopatra, and
+was now secretly plotting Caesar's destruction, (to prevent
+which, Caesar from that time began to sit up whole nights, under
+pretense of drinking, for the security of his person,) while
+openly he was intolerable in his affronts to Caesar, both by his
+words and actions.  For when Caesar's soldiers had musty and
+unwholesome corn measured out to them, Pothinus told them they
+must be content with it, since they were fed at another's cost.
+He ordered that his table should be served with wooden and
+earthen dishes, and said Caesar had carried off all the gold and
+silver plate, under pretense of arrears of debt.  For the
+present king's father owed Caesar one thousand seven hundred and
+fifty myriads of money; Caesar had formerly remitted to his
+children the rest, but thought fit to demand the thousand
+myriads at that time, to maintain his army.  Pothinus told him
+that he had better go now and attend to his other affairs of
+greater consequence, and that he should receive his money at
+another time with thanks.  Caesar replied that he did not want
+Egyptians to be his counselors, and soon after, privately sent
+for Cleopatra from her retirement.
+
+She took a small boat, and one only of her confidents,
+Apollodorus, the Sicilian, along with her, and in the dusk of
+the evening landed near the palace.  She was at a loss how to
+get in undiscovered, till she thought of putting herself into
+the coverlet of a bed and lying at length, whilst Apollodorus
+tied up the bedding and carried it on his back through the gates
+to Caesar's apartment.  Caesar was first captivated by this
+proof of Cleopatra's bold wit, and was afterwards so overcome by
+the charm of her society, that he made a reconciliation between
+her and her brother, on condition that she should rule as his
+colleague in the kingdom.  A festival was kept to celebrate this
+reconciliation, where Caesar's barber, a busy, listening fellow,
+whose excessive timidity made him inquisitive into everything,
+discovered that there was a plot carrying on against Caesar by
+Achillas, general of the king's forces, and Pothinus, the
+eunuch.  Caesar, upon the first intelligence of it, set a guard
+upon the hall where the feast was kept, and killed Pothinus.
+Achillas escaped to the army, and raised a troublesome and
+embarrassing war against Caesar, which it was not easy for him
+to manage with his few soldiers against so powerful a city and
+so large an army.  The first difficulty he met with was want of
+water, for the enemies had turned the canals. Another was, when
+the enemy endeavored to cut off his communication by sea, he was
+forced to divert that danger by setting fire to his own ships,
+which, after burning the docks, thence spread on and destroyed
+the great library.  A third was, when in an engagement near
+Pharos, he leaped from the mole into a small boat, to assist his
+soldiers who were in danger, and when the Egyptians pressed him
+on every side, he threw himself into the sea, and with much
+difficulty swam off.  This was the time when, according to the
+story, he had a number of manuscripts in his hand, which, though
+he was continually darted at, and forced to keep his head often
+under water, yet he did not let go, but held them up safe from
+wetting in one hand, whilst he swam with the other.  His boat,
+in the meantime, was quickly sunk.  At last, the king having
+gone off to Achillas and his party, Caesar engaged and conquered
+them.  Many fell in that battle, and the king himself was never
+seen after.  Upon this, he left Cleopatra queen of Egypt, who
+soon after had a son by him, whom the Alexandrians called
+Caesarion, and then departed for Syria.
+
+Thence he passed to Asia, where he heard that Domitius was
+beaten by Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, and had fled out of
+Pontus with a handful of men; and that Pharnaces pursued the
+victory so eagerly, that though he was already master of
+Bithynia and Cappadocia, he had a further design of attempting
+the Lesser Armenia, and was inviting all the kings and tetrarchs
+there to rise.  Caesar immediately marched against him with
+three legions, fought him near Zela, drove him out of Pontus,
+and totally defeated his army.  When he gave Amantius, a friend
+of his at Rome, an account of this action, to express the
+promptness and rapidity of it, he used three words, I came, saw,
+and conquered, which in Latin having all the same cadence,
+carry with them a very suitable air of brevity.
+
+Hence he crossed into Italy, and came to Rome at the end of that
+year, for which he had been a second time chosen dictator,
+though that office had never before lasted a whole year, and was
+elected consul for the next.  He was ill spoken of, because upon
+a mutiny of some soldiers, who killed Cosconius and Galba, who
+had been praetors, he gave them only the slight reprimand of
+calling them Citizens, instead of Fellow-Soldiers, and
+afterwards assigned to each man a thousand drachmas, besides a
+share of lands in Italy.  He was also reflected on for
+Dolabella's extravagance, Amantius's covetousness, Antony's
+debauchery, and Corfinius's profuseness, who pulled down
+Pompey's house, and rebuilt it, as not magnificent enough; for
+the Romans were much displeased with all these.  But Caesar, for
+the prosecution of his own scheme of government, though he knew
+their characters and disapproved them, was forced to make use of
+those who would serve him.
+
+After the battle of Pharsalia, Cato and Scipio fled into Africa,
+and there, with the assistance of king Juba, got together a
+considerable force, which Caesar resolved to engage.  He,
+accordingly, passed into Sicily about the winter-solstice, and
+to remove from his officers' minds all hopes of delay there,
+encamped by the sea-shore, and as soon as ever he had a fair
+wind, put to sea with three thousand foot and a few horse.  When
+he had landed them, he went back secretly, under some
+apprehensions for the larger part of his army, but met them upon
+the sea, and brought them all to the same camp.  There he was
+informed that the enemies relied much upon an ancient oracle,
+that the family of the Scipios should be always victorious in
+Africa.  There was in his army a man, otherwise mean and
+contemptible, but of the house of the Africani, and his name
+Scipio Sallutio.  This man Caesar, (whether in raillery, to
+ridicule Scipio, who commended the enemy, or seriously to bring
+over the omen to his side, it were hard to say,) put at the head
+of his troops, as if he were general, in all the frequent
+battles which he was compelled to fight.  For he was in such
+want both of victualing for his men, and forage for his horses,
+that he was forced to feed the horses with sea-weed, which he
+washed thoroughly to take off its saltiness, and mixed with a
+little grass, to give it a more agreeable taste.  The Numidians,
+in great numbers, and well horsed, whenever he went, came up and
+commanded the country.  Caesar's cavalry being one day
+unemployed, diverted themselves with seeing an African, who
+entertained them with dancing and at the same time playing upon
+the pipe to admiration.  They were so taken with this, that they
+alighted, and gave their horses to some boys, when on a sudden
+the enemy surrounded them, killed some, pursued the rest, and
+fell in with them into their camp; and had not Caesar himself
+and Asinius Pollio come to their assistance, and put a stop to
+their flight, the war had been then at an end.  In another
+engagement, also, the enemy had again the better, when Caesar,
+it is said, seized a standard-bearer, who was running away, by
+the neck, and forcing him to face about, said, "Look, that is
+the way to the enemy."
+
+Scipio, flushed with this success at first, had a mind to come to
+one decisive action.  He therefore left Afranius and Juba in two
+distinct bodies not far distant, and marched himself towards
+Thapsus, where he proceeded to build a fortified camp above a
+lake, to serve as a center-point for their operations, and also
+as a place of refuge.  Whilst Scipio was thus employed, Caesar
+with incredible dispatch made his way through thick woods, and a
+country supposed to be impassable, cut off one party of the
+enemy, and attacked another in the front.  Having routed these,
+he followed up his opportunity and the current of his good
+fortune, and on the first onset carried Afranius's camp, and
+ravaged that of the Numidians, Juba, their king, being glad to
+save himself by flight; so that in a small part of a single day
+he made himself master of three camps, and killed fifty thousand
+of the enemy, with the loss only of fifty of his own men.  This
+is the account some give of that fight.  Others say, he was not
+in the action, but that he was taken with his usual distemper
+just as he was setting his army in order.  He perceived the
+approaches of it, and before it had too far disordered his
+senses, when he was already beginning to shake under its
+influence, withdrew into a neighboring fort, where he reposed
+himself.  Of the men of consular and praetorian dignity that
+were taken after the fight, several Caesar put to death, others
+anticipated him by killing themselves.
+
+Cato had undertaken to defend Utica, and for that reason was not
+in the battle.  The desire which Caesar had to take him alive,
+made him hasten thither; and upon the intelligence that he had
+dispatched himself, he was much discomposed, for what reason is
+not so well agreed.  He certainly said, "Cato, I must grudge you
+your death, as you grudged me the honor of saving your life."
+Yet the discourse he wrote against Cato after his death, is no
+great sign of his kindness, or that he was inclined to be
+reconciled to him.  For how is it probable that he would have
+been tender of his life, when he was so bitter against his
+memory?  But from his clemency to Cicero, Brutus, and many
+others who fought against him, it may be divined that Caesar's
+book was not written so much out of animosity to Cato, as in his
+own vindication.  Cicero had written an encomium upon Cato, and
+called it by his name.  A composition by so great a master upon
+so excellent a subject, was sure to be in everyone's hands.
+This touched Caesar, who looked upon a panegyric on his enemy,
+as no better than an invective against himself; and therefore he
+made in his Anti-Cato, a collection of whatever could be said in
+his derogation.  The two compositions, like Cato and Caesar
+themselves, have each of them their several admirers.
+
+Caesar, upon his return to Rome, did not omit to pronounce
+before the people a magnificent account of his victory, telling
+them that he had subdued a country which would supply the public
+every year with two hundred thousand attic bushels of corn, and
+three million pounds weight of oil.  He then led three triumphs
+for Egypt, Pontus, and Africa, the last for the victory over,
+not Scipio, but king Juba, as it was professed, whose little son
+was then carried in the triumph, the happiest captive that ever
+was, who of a barbarian Numidian, came by this means to obtain a
+place among the most learned historians of Greece.  After the
+triumphs, he distributed rewards to his soldiers, and treated
+the people with feasting and shows.  He entertained the whole
+people together at one feast, where twenty-two thousand dining
+couches were laid out; and he made a display of gladiators, and
+of battles by sea, in honor, as he said, of his daughter Julia,
+though she had been long since dead.  When these shows were
+over, an account was taken of the people, who from three hundred
+and twenty thousand, were now reduced to one hundred and fifty
+thousand.  So great a waste had the civil war made in Rome
+alone, not to mention what the other parts of Italy and the
+provinces suffered.
+
+He was now chosen a fourth time consul, and went into Spain
+against Pompey's sons.  They were but young, yet had gathered
+together a very numerous army, and showed they had courage and
+conduct to command it, so that Caesar was in extreme danger.
+The great battle was near the town of Munda, in which Caesar
+seeing his men hard pressed, and making but a weak resistance,
+ran through the ranks among the soldiers, and crying out, asked
+them whether they were not ashamed to deliver him into the hands
+of boys?  At last, with great difficulty, and the best efforts
+he could make, he forced back the enemy, killing thirty thousand
+of them, though with the loss of one thousand of his best men.
+When he came back from the fight, he told his friends that he
+had often fought for victory, but this was the first time that
+he had ever fought for life.  This battle was won on the feast
+of Bacchus, the very day in which Pompey, four years before.
+had set out for the war.  The younger of Pompey's sons escaped;
+but Didius, some days after the fight, brought the head of the
+elder to Caesar.  This was the last war he was engaged in.  The
+triumph which he celebrated for this victory, displeased the
+Romans beyond any thing.  For he had not defeated foreign
+generals, or barbarian kings, but had destroyed the children and
+family of one of the greatest men of Rome, though unfortunate;
+and it did not look well to lead a procession in celebration of
+the calamities of his country, and to rejoice in those things
+for which no other apology could be made either to gods or men,
+than their being absolutely necessary.  Besides that, hitherto
+he had never sent letters or messengers to announce any victory
+over his fellow-citizens, but had seemed rather to be ashamed of
+the action, than to expect honor from it.
+
+Nevertheless his countrymen, conceding all to his fortune, and
+accepting the bit, in the hope that the government of a single
+person would give them time to breathe after so many civil wars
+and calamities, made him dictator for life.  This was indeed a
+tyranny avowed, since his power now was not only absolute, but
+perpetual too.  Cicero made the first proposals to the senate
+for conferring honors upon him, which might in some sort be said
+not to exceed the limits of ordinary human moderation.  But
+others, striving which should deserve most, carried them so
+excessively high, that they made Caesar odious to the most
+indifferent and moderate sort of men, by the pretension and the
+extravagance of the titles which they decreed him.  His enemies,
+too, are thought to have had some share in this, as well as his
+flatterers.  It gave them advantage against him, and would be
+their justification for any attempt they should make upon him;
+for since the civil wars were ended, he had nothing else that he
+could be charged with.  And they had good reason to decree a
+temple to Clemency, in token of their thanks for the mild use he
+made of his victory.  For he not only pardoned many of those who
+fought against him, but, further, to some gave honors and
+offices; as particularly to Brutus and Cassius, who both of them
+were praetors.  Pompey's images that were thrown down, he set up
+again, upon which Cicero also said that by raising Pompey's
+statues he had fixed his own.  When his friends advised him to
+have a guard, and several offered their service, he would not
+hear of it; but said it was better to suffer death once, than
+always to live in fear of it.  He looked upon the affections of
+the people to be the best and surest guard, and entertained them
+again with public feasting, and general distributions of corn;
+and to gratify his army, he sent out colonies to several places,
+of which the most remarkable were Carthage and Corinth; which as
+before they had been ruined at the same time, so now were
+restored and repeopled together.
+
+As for the men of high rank, he promised to some of them future
+consulships and praetorships, some he consoled with other
+offices and honors, and to all held out hopes of favor by the
+solicitude he showed to rule with the general good-will;
+insomuch that upon the death of Maximus one day before his
+consulship was ended, he made Caninius Revilius consul for that
+day.  And when many went to pay the usual compliments and
+attentions to the new consul, "Let us make haste," said Cicero,
+"lest the man be gone out of his office before we come."
+
+Caesar was born to do great things, and had a passion after
+honor, and the many noble exploits he had done did not now serve
+as an inducement to him to sit still and reap the fruit of his
+past labors, but were incentives and encouragments to go on, and
+raised in him ideas of still greater actions, and a desire of
+new glory, as if the present were all spent.  It was in fact a
+sort of emulous struggle with himself, as it had been with
+another, how he might outdo his past actions by his future.  In
+pursuit of these thoughts, he resolved to make war upon the
+Parthians, and when he had subdued them, to pass through
+Hyrcania; thence to march along by the Caspian Sea to Mount
+Caucasus, and so on about Pontus, till he came into Scythia;
+then to overrun all the countries bordering upon Germany, and
+Germany itself; and so to return through Gaul into Italy, after
+completing the whole circle of his intended empire, and bounding
+it on every side by the ocean.  While preparations were making
+for this expedition, he proposed to dig through the isthmus on
+which Corinth stands; and appointed Anienus to superintend the
+work.  He had also a design of diverting the Tiber, and carrying
+it by a deep channel directly from Rome to Circeii, and so into
+the sea near Tarracina, that there might be a safe and easy
+passage for all merchants who traded to Rome.  Besides this, he
+intended to drain all the marshes by Pomentium and Setia, and
+gain ground enough from the water to employ many thousands of
+men in tillage.  He proposed further to make great mounds on the
+shore nearest Rome, to hinder the sea from breaking in upon the
+land, to clear the coast at Ostia of all the hidden rocks and
+shoals that made it unsafe for shipping, and to form ports and
+harbors fit to receive the large number of vessels that would
+frequent them.
+
+These things were designed without being carried into effect;
+but his reformation of the calendar, in order to rectify the
+irregularity of time, was not only projected with great
+scientific ingenuity, but was brought to its completion, and
+proved of very great use.  For it was not only in ancient times
+that the Romans had wanted a certain rule to make the
+revolutions of their months fall in with the course of the year,
+so that their festivals and solemn days for sacrifice were
+removed by little and little, till at last they came to be kept
+at seasons quite the contrary to what was at first intended, but
+even at this time the people had no way of computing the solar
+year; only the priests could say the time, and they, at their
+pleasure, without giving any notice, slipped in the intercalary
+month, which they called Mercedonius.  Numa was the first who
+put in this month, but his expedient was but a poor one and
+quite inadequate to correct all the errors that arose in the
+returns of the annual cycles, as we have shown in his life.
+Caesar called in the best philosophers and mathematicians of his
+time to settle the point, and out of the systems he had before
+him, formed a new and more exact method of correcting the
+calendar, which the Romans use to this day, and seem to succeed
+better than any nation in avoiding the errors occasioned by the
+inequality of the cycles.  Yet even this gave offense to those
+who looked with an evil eye on his position, and felt oppressed
+by his power.  Cicero, the orator, when someone in his company
+chanced to say, the next morning Lyra would rise, replied, "Yes,
+in accordance with the edict," as if even this were a matter of
+compulsion.
+
+But that which brought upon him the most apparent and mortal
+hatred, was his desire of being king; which gave the common
+people the first occasion to quarrel with him, and proved the
+most specious pretense to those who had been his secret enemies
+all along.  Those, who would have procured him that title, gave
+it out, that it was foretold in the Sybils' books that the
+Romans should conquer the Parthians when they fought against
+them under the conduct of a king, but not before.  And one day,
+as Caesar was coming down from Alba to Rome, some were so bold
+as to salute him by the name of king; but he finding the people
+disrelish it, seemed to resent it himself, and said his name was
+Caesar, not king.  Upon this, there was a general silence, and
+he passed on looking not very well pleased or contented.
+Another time, when the senate had conferred on him some
+extravagant honors, he chanced to receive the message as he was
+sitting on the rostra, where, though the consuls and praetors
+themselves waited on him, attended by the whole body of the
+senate, he did not rise, but behaved himself to them as if they
+had been private men, and told them his honors wanted rather to
+be retrenched than increased.  This treatment offended not only
+the senate, but the commonalty too, as if they thought the
+affront upon the senate equally reflected upon the whole
+republic; so that all who could decently leave him went off,
+looking much discomposed.  Caesar, perceiving the false step he
+had made, immediately retired home; and laying his throat bare,
+told his friends that he was ready to offer this to anyone who
+would give the stroke.  But afterwards he made the malady from
+which he suffered, the excuse for his sitting, saying that those
+who are attacked by it, lose their presence of mind, if they
+talk much standing; that they presently grow giddy, fall into
+convulsions, and quite lose their reason.  But this was not the
+reality, for he would willingly have stood up to the senate, had
+not Cornelius Balbus, one of his friends, or rather flatterers,
+hindered him.  "Will you not remember," said he, "you are
+Caesar, and claim the honor which is due to your merit?"
+
+He gave a fresh occasion of resentment by his affront to the
+tribunes.  The Lupercalia were then celebrated, a feast at the
+first institution belonging, as some writers say, to the
+shepherds, and having some connection with the Arcadian Lycaea.
+Many young noblemen and magistrates run up and down the city
+with their upper garments off, striking all they meet with
+thongs of hide, by way of sport; and many women, even of the
+highest rank, place themselves in the way, and hold out their
+hands to the lash, as boys in a school do to the master, out of
+a belief that it procures an easy labor to those who are with
+child, and makes those conceive who are barren.  Caesar, dressed
+in a triumphal robe, seated himself in a golden chair at the
+rostra, to view this ceremony.  Antony, as consul, was one of
+those who ran this course, and when he came into the forum, and
+the people made way for him, he went up and reached to Caesar a
+diadem wreathed with laurel.  Upon this, there was a shout, but
+only a slight one, made by the few who were planted there for
+that purpose; but when Caesar refused it, there was universal
+applause.  Upon the second offer, very few, and upon the second
+refusal, all again applauded.  Caesar finding it would not take,
+rose up, and ordered the crown to be carried into the capitol.
+Caesar's statues were afterwards found with royal diadems on
+their heads.  Flavius and Marullus, two tribunes of the people,
+went presently and pulled them off, and having apprehended those
+who first saluted Caesar as king, committed them to prison.  The
+people followed them with acclamations, and called them by the
+name of Brutus, because Brutus was the first who ended the
+succession of kings, and transferred the power which before was
+lodged in one man into the hands of the senate and people.
+Caesar so far resented this, that he displaced Marullus and
+Flavius; and in urging his charges against them, at the same
+time ridiculed the people, by himself giving the men more than
+once the names of Bruti, and Cumaei.
+
+This made the multitude turn their thoughts to Marcus Brutus,
+who, by his father's side, was thought to be descended from that
+first Brutus, and by his mother's side from the Servilii,
+another noble family, being besides nephew and son-in-law to
+Cato.  But the honors and favors he had received from Caesar,
+took off the edge from the desires he might himself have felt
+for overthrowing the new monarchy.  For he had not only been
+pardoned himself after Pompey's defeat at Pharsalia, and had
+procured the same grace for many of his friends, but was one in
+whom Caesar had a particular confidence.  He had at that time
+the most honorable praetorship of the year, and was named for
+the consulship four years after, being preferred before Cassius,
+his competitor.  Upon the question as to the choice, Caesar, it
+is related, said that Cassius had the fairer pretensions, but
+that he could not pass by Brutus.  Nor would he afterwards
+listen to some who spoke against Brutus, when the conspiracy
+against him was already afoot, but laying his hand on his body,
+said to the informers, "Brutus will wait for this skin of mine,"
+intimating that he was worthy to bear rule on account of his
+virtue, but would not be base and ungrateful to gain it.  Those
+who desired a change, and looked on him as the only, or at least
+the most proper, person to effect it, did not venture to speak
+with him; but in the night time laid papers about his chair of
+state, where he used to sit and determine causes, with such
+sentences in them as, "You are asleep, Brutus," "You are no
+longer Brutus."  Cassius, when he perceived his ambition a
+little raised upon this, was more instant than before to work
+him yet further, having himself a private grudge against Caesar,
+for some reasons that we have mentioned in the Life of Brutus.
+Nor was Caesar without suspicions of him, and said once to his
+friends, "What do you think Cassius is aiming at?  I don't like
+him, he looks so pale."  And when it was told him that Antony
+and Dolabella were in a plot against him, he said he did not
+fear such fat, luxurious men, but rather the pale, lean fellows,
+meaning Cassius and Brutus.
+
+Fate, however, is to all appearance more unavoidable than
+unexpected.  For many strange prodigies and apparitions are said
+to have been observed shortly before the event.  As to the
+lights in the heavens, the noises heard in the night, and the
+wild birds which perched in the forum, these are not perhaps
+worth taking notice of in so great a case as this.  Strabo, the
+philosopher, tells us that a number of men were seen, looking as
+if they were heated through with fire, contending with each
+other; that a quantity of flame issued from the hand of a
+soldier's servant, so that they who saw it thought he must be
+burnt, but that after all he had no hurt.  As Caesar was
+sacrificing, the victim's heart was missing, a very bad omen,
+because no living creature can subsist without a heart.  One
+finds it also related by many, that a soothsayer bade him
+prepare for some great danger on the ides of March.  When the
+day was come, Caesar, as he went to the senate, met this
+soothsayer, and said to him by way of raillery, "The ides of
+March are come;" who answered him calmly, "Yes, they are come,
+but they are not past."  The day before this assassination, he
+supped with Marcus Lepidus; and as he was signing some letters,
+according to his custom, as he reclined at table, there arose a
+question what sort of death was the best.  At which he
+immediately, before anyone could speak, said, "A sudden one."
+
+After this, as he was in bed with his wife, all the doors and
+windows of the house flew open together; he was startled at the
+noise, and the light which broke into the room, and sat up in
+his bed, where by the moonshine he perceived Calpurnia fast
+asleep, but heard her utter in her dream some indistinct words
+and inarticulate groans.  She fancied at that time she was
+weeping over Caesar, and holding him butchered in her arms.
+Others say this was not her dream, but that she dreamed that a
+pinnacle which the senate, as Livy relates, had ordered to be
+raised on Caesar's house by way of ornament and grandeur, was
+tumbling down, which was the occasion of her tears and
+ejaculations.  When it was day, she begged of Caesar, if it were
+possible, not to stir out, but to adjourn the senate to another
+time; and if he slighted her dreams, that he would be pleased to
+consult his fate by sacrifices, and other kinds of divination.
+Nor was he himself without some suspicion and fears; for he
+never before discovered any womanish superstition in Calpurnia,
+whom he now saw in such great alarm.  Upon the report which the
+priests made to him, that they had killed several sacrifices,
+and still found them inauspicious, he resolved to send Antony to
+dismiss the senate.
+
+In this juncture, Decimus Brutus, surnamed Albinus, one whom
+Caesar had such confidence in that he made him his second heir,
+who nevertheless was engaged in the conspiracy with the other
+Brutus and Cassius, fearing lest if Caesar should put off the
+senate to another day, the business might get wind, spoke
+scoffingly and in mockery of the diviners, and blamed Caesar for
+giving the senate so fair an occasion of saying he had put a
+slight upon them, for that they were met upon his summons, and
+were ready to vote unanimously, that he should be declared king
+of all the provinces out of Italy, and might wear a diadem in
+any other place but Italy, by sea or land.  If anyone should be
+sent to tell them they might break up for the present, and meet
+again when Calpurnia should chance to have better dreams, what
+would his enemies say?  Or who would with any patience hear his
+friends, if they should presume to defend his government as not
+arbitrary and tyrannical?  But if he was possessed so far as to
+think this day unfortunate, yet it were more decent to go
+himself to the senate, and to adjourn it in his own person.
+Brutus, as he spoke these words, took Caesar by the hand, and
+conducted him forth.  He was not gone far from the door, when a
+servant of some other person's made towards him, but not being
+able to come up to him, on account of the crowd of those who
+pressed about him, he made his way into the house, and committed
+himself to Calpurnia, begging of her to secure him till Caesar
+returned, because he had matters of great importance to
+communicate to him.
+
+Artemidorus, a Cnidian, a teacher of Greek logic, and by that
+means so far acquainted with Brutus and his friends as to have
+got into the secret, brought Caesar in a small written memorial,
+the heads of what he had to depose.  He had observed that
+Caesar, as he received any papers, presently gave them to the
+servants who attended on him; and therefore came as near to him
+as he could, and said, "Read this, Caesar, alone, and quickly,
+for it contains matter of great importance which nearly concerns
+you."  Caesar received it, and tried several times to read it,
+but was still hindered by the crowd of those who came to speak
+to him.  However, he kept it in his hand by itself till he came
+into the senate.  Some say it was another who gave Caesar this
+note, and that Artemidorus could not get to him, being all along
+kept off by the crowd.
+
+All these things might happen by chance.  But the place which
+was destined for the scene of this murder, in which the senate
+met that day, was the same in which Pompey's statue stood, and
+was one of the edifices which Pompey had raised and dedicated
+with his theater to the use of the public, plainly showing that
+there was something of a supernatural influence which guided the
+action, and ordered it to that particular place.  Cassius, just
+before the act, is said to have looked towards Pompey's statue,
+and silently implored his assistance, though he had been
+inclined to the doctrines of Epicurus.  But this occasion, and
+the instant danger, carried him away out of all his reasonings,
+and filled him for the time with a sort of inspiration.  As for
+Antony, who was firm to Caesar, and a strong man, Brutus Albinus
+kept him outside the house, and delayed him with a long
+conversation contrived on purpose.  When Caesar entered, the
+senate stood up to show their respect to him, and of Brutus's
+confederates, some came about his chair and stood behind it,
+others met him, pretending to add their petitions to those of
+Tillius Cimber, in behalf of his brother, who was in exile; and
+they followed him with their joint supplications till he came to
+his seat.  When he was sat down, he refused to comply with their
+requests, and upon their urging him further, began to reproach
+them severally for their importunities, when Tillius, laying
+hold of his robe with both his hands, pulled it down from his
+neck, which was the signal for the assault.  Casca gave him the
+first cut, in the neck, which was not mortal nor dangerous, as
+coming from one who at the beginning of such a bold action was
+probably very much disturbed.  Caesar immediately turned about,
+and laid his hand upon the dagger and kept hold of it.  And both
+of them at the same time cried out, he that received the blow,
+in Latin, "Vile Casca, what does this mean?" and he that gave
+it, in Greek, to his brother, "Brother, help!"  Upon this first
+onset, those who were not privy to the design were astonished
+and their horror and amazement at what they saw were so great,
+that they durst not fly nor assist Caesar, nor so much as speak
+a word.  But those who came prepared for the business enclosed
+him on every side, with their naked daggers in their hands.
+Which way soever he turned, he met with blows, and saw their
+swords leveled at his face and eyes, and was encompassed, like a
+wild beast in the toils, on every side.  For it had been agreed
+they should each of them make a thrust at him, and flesh
+themselves with his blood; for which reason Brutus also gave him
+one stab in the groin.  Some say that he fought and resisted all
+the rest, shifting his body to avoid the blows, and calling out
+for help, but that when he saw Brutus's sword drawn, he covered
+his face with his robe and submitted, letting himself fall,
+whether it were by chance, or that he was pushed in that
+direction by his murderers, at the foot of the pedestal on which
+Pompey's statue stood, and which was thus wetted with his blood.
+So that Pompey himself seemed to have presided, as it were, over
+the revenge done upon his adversary, who lay here at his feet,
+and breathed out his soul through his multitude of wounds, for
+they say he received three and twenty.  And the conspirators
+themselves were many of them wounded by each other, whilst they
+all leveled their blows at the same person.
+
+When Caesar was dispatched, Brutus stood forth to give a reason
+for what they had done, but the senate would not hear him, but
+flew out of doors in all haste, and filled the people with so
+much alarm and distraction, that some shut up their houses,
+others left their counters and shops.  All ran one way or the
+other, some to the place to see the sad spectacle, others back
+again after they had seen it.  Antony and Lepidus, Caesar's
+most faithful friends, got off privately, and hid themselves in
+some friends' houses.  Brutus and his followers, being yet hot
+from the deed, marched in a body from the senate-house to the
+capitol with their drawn swords, not like persons who thought of
+escaping, but with an air of confidence and assurance, and as
+they went along, called to the people to resume their liberty,
+and invited the company of any more distinguished people whom
+they met.  And some of these joined the procession and went up
+along with them, as if they also had been of the conspiracy, and
+could claim a share in the honor of what had been done.  As, for
+example, Caius Octavius and Lentulus Spinther, who suffered
+afterwards for their vanity, being taken off by Antony and the
+young Caesar, and lost the honor they desired, as well as their
+lives, which it cost them, since no one believed they had any
+share in the action.  For neither did those who punished them
+profess to revenge the fact, but the ill-will.  The day after,
+Brutus with the rest came down from the capitol, and made a
+speech to the people, who listened without expressing either any
+pleasure or resentment, but showed by their silence that they
+pitied Caesar, and respected Brutus.  The senate passed acts of
+oblivion for what was past, and took measures to reconcile all
+parties.  They ordered that Caesar should be worshipped as a
+divinity, and nothing, even of the slightest consequence, should
+be revoked, which he had enacted during his government.  At the
+same time they gave Brutus and his followers the command of
+provinces, and other considerable posts.  So that all people now
+thought things were well settled, and brought to the happiest
+adjustment.
+
+But when Caesar's will was opened, and it was found that he had
+left a considerable legacy to each one of the Roman citizens,
+and when his body was seen carried through the market-place all
+mangled with wounds, the multitude could no longer contain
+themselves within the bounds of tranquillity and order, but
+heaped together a pile of benches, bars, and tables, which they
+placed the corpse on, and setting fire to it, burnt it on them.
+Then they took brands from the pile, and ran some to fire the
+houses of the conspirators, others up and down the city, to find
+out the men and tear them to pieces, but met, however, with none
+of them, they having taken effectual care to secure themselves.
+
+One Cinna, a friend of Caesar's, chanced the night before to
+have an odd dream.  He fancied that Caesar invited him to
+supper, and that upon his refusal to go with him, Caesar took
+him by the hand and forced him, though he hung back.  Upon
+hearing the report that Caesar's body was burning in the
+market-place, he got up and went thither, out of respect to his
+memory, though his dream gave him some ill apprehensions, and
+though he was suffering from a fever.  One of the crowd who saw
+him there, asked another who that was, and having learned his
+name, told it to his next neighbor.  It presently passed for a
+certainty that he was one of Caesar's murderers, as, indeed,
+there was another Cinna, a conspirator, and they, taking this to
+be the man, immediately seized him, and tore him limb from limb
+upon the spot.
+
+Brutus and Cassius, frightened at this, within a few days
+retired out of the city.  What they afterwards did and suffered,
+and how they died, is written in the Life of Brutus.  Caesar
+died in his fifty-sixth year, not having survived Pompey above
+four years.  That empire and power which he had pursued through
+the whole course of his life with so much hazard, he did at last
+with much difficulty compass, but reaped no other fruits from it
+than the empty name and invidious glory.  But the great genius
+which attended him through his lifetime, even after his death
+remained as the avenger of his murder, pursuing through every
+sea and land all those who were concerned in it, and suffering
+none to escape, but reaching all who in any sort or kind were
+either actually engaged in the fact, or by their counsels any
+way promoted it.
+
+The most remarkable of mere human coincidences was that which
+befell Cassius, who, when he was defeated at Philippi, killed
+himself with the same dagger which he had made use of against
+Caesar.  The most signal preternatural appearances were the
+great comet, which shone very bright for seven nights after
+Caesar's death, and then disappeared, and the dimness of the
+sun, whose orb continued pale and dull for the whole of that
+year, never showing its ordinary radiance at its rising, and
+giving but a weak and feeble heat.  The air consequently was
+damp and gross, for want of stronger rays to open and rarify it.
+The fruits, for that reason, never properly ripened, and began
+to wither and fall off for want of heat, before they were fully
+formed.  But above all, the phantom which appeared to Brutus
+showed the murder was not pleasing to the gods.  The story of it
+is this.
+
+Brutus being to pass his army from Abydos to the continent on
+the other side, laid himself down one night, as he used to do,
+in his tent, and was not asleep, but thinking of his affairs,
+and what events he might expect.  For he is related to have been
+the least inclined to sleep of all men who have commanded
+armies, and to have had the greatest natural capacity for
+continuing awake, and employing himself without need of rest.
+He thought he heard a noise at the door of his tent, and looking
+that way, by the light of his lamp, which was almost out, saw a
+terrible figure, like that of a man, but of unusual stature and
+severe countenance.  He was somewhat frightened at first, but
+seeing it neither did nor spoke anything to him, only stood
+silently by his bed-side, he asked who it was.  The specter
+answered him, "Thy evil genius, Brutus, thou shalt see me at
+Philippi."  Brutus answered courageously, "Well, I shall see
+you," and immediately the appearance vanished.  When the time
+was come, he drew up his army near Philippi against Antony and
+Caesar, and in the first battle won the day, routed the enemy,
+and plundered Caesar's camp.  The night before the second
+battle, the same phantom appeared to him again, but spoke not a
+word.  He presently understood his destiny was at hand, and
+exposed himself to all the danger of the battle.  Yet he did not
+die in the fight, but seeing his men defeated, got up to the top
+of a rock, and there presenting his sword to his naked breast,
+and assisted, as they say, by a friend, who helped him to give
+the thrust, met his death.
+
+
+
+PHOCION
+
+Demades, the orator, when in the height of the power which he
+obtained at Athens by advising the state in the interest of
+Antipater and the Macedonians, being necessitated to write and
+speak many things below the dignity, and contrary to the
+character, of the city, was wont to excuse himself by saying he
+steered only the shipwrecks of the commonwealth.  This hardy
+saying of his might have some appearance of truth, if applied to
+Phocion's government.  For Demades indeed was himself the mere
+wreck of his country, living and ruling so dissolutely, that
+Antipater took occasion to say of him, when he was now grown old,
+that he was like a sacrificed beast, all consumed except the
+tongue and the belly.  But Phocion's was a real virtue, only
+overmatched in the unequal contest with an adverse time, and
+rendered by the ill fortunes of Greece inglorious and obscure.  We
+must not, indeed, allow ourselves to concur with Sophocles in so
+far diminishing the force of virtue as to say that,
+
+When fortune fails, the sense we had before
+Deserts us also, and is ours no more.
+
+Yet thus much, indeed, must be allowed to happen in the conflicts
+between good men and ill fortune, that instead of due returns of
+honor and gratitude, obloquy and unjust surmises may often
+prevail, to weaken, in a considerable degree, the credit of their
+virtue.
+
+It is commonly said that public bodies are most insulting and
+contumelious to a good man, when they are puffed up with
+prosperity and success.  But the contrary often happens;
+afflictions and public calamities naturally embittering and
+souring the minds and tempers of men, and disposing them to such
+peevishness and irritability, that hardly any word or sentiment of
+common vigor can be addressed to them, but they will be apt to
+take offense.  He that remonstrates with them on their errors, is
+presumed to be insulting over their misfortunes, and any free
+spoken expostulation is construed into contempt.  Honey itself is
+searching in sore and ulcerated parts; and the wisest and most
+judicious counsels prove provoking to distempered minds, unless
+offered with those soothing and compliant approaches which made
+the poet, for instance, characterize agreeable things in general,
+by a word expressive of a grateful and easy touch, exciting
+nothing of offense or resistance.  Inflamed eyes require a retreat
+into dusky places, amongst colors of the deepest shades, and are
+unable to endure the brilliancy of light.  So fares it in the body
+politic, in times of distress and humiliation; a certain
+sensitiveness and soreness of humor prevail, with a weak
+incapacity of enduring any free and open advice, even when the
+necessity of affairs most requires such plain-dealing, and when
+the consequences of any single error may be beyond retrieving.  At
+such times the conduct of public affairs is on all hands most
+hazardous.  Those who humor the people are swallowed up in the
+common ruin; those who endeavor to lead them aright, perish the
+first in their attempt.
+
+Astronomers tell us, the sun's motion is neither exactly parallel
+with that of the heavens in general, nor yet directly and
+diametrically opposite, but describing an oblique line, with
+insensible declination he steers his course in such a gentle, easy
+curve, as to dispense his light and influence, in his annual
+revolution, at several seasons, in just proportions to the whole
+creation.  So it happens in political affairs; if the motions of
+rulers be constantly opposite and cross to the tempers and
+inclination of the people, they will be resented as arbitrary and
+harsh; as, on the other side, too much deference, or
+encouragement, as too often it has been, to popular faults and
+errors, is full of danger and ruinous consequences.  But where
+concession is the response to willing obedience, and a statesman
+gratifies his people, that he may the more imperatively recall
+them to a sense of the common interest, then, indeed, human
+beings, who are ready enough to serve well and submit to much, if
+they are not always ordered about and roughly handled, like
+slaves, may be said to be guided and governed upon the method that
+leads to safety.  Though it must be confessed, it is a nice point
+and extremely difficult, so to temper this lenity as to preserve
+the authority of the government.  But if such a blessed mixture
+and temperament may be obtained, it seems to be of all concords
+and harmonies the most concordant and most harmonious.  For thus
+we are taught even God governs the world, not by irresistible
+force, but persuasive argument and reason, controlling it into
+compliance with his eternal purposes.
+
+Cato the younger is a similar instance.  His manners were little
+agreeable or acceptable to the people, and he received very
+slender marks of their favor; witness his repulse when he sued for
+the consulship, which he lost, as Cicero says, for acting rather
+like a citizen in Plato's commonwealth, than among the dregs of
+Romulus's posterity, the same thing happening to him, in my
+opinion, as we observe in fruits ripe before their season, which
+we rather take pleasure in looking at and admiring, than actually
+use; so much was his old-fashioned virtue out of the present mode,
+among the depraved customs which time and luxury had introduced,
+that it appeared indeed remarkable and wonderful, but was too
+great and too good to suit the present exigencies, being so out of
+all proportion to the times.  Yet his circumstances were not
+altogether like Phocion's, who came to the helm when the ship of
+the state was just upon sinking.  Cato's time was, indeed, stormy
+and tempestuous, yet so as he was able to assist in managing the
+sails, and lend his helping hand to those who, which he was not
+allowed to do, commanded at the helm.  Others were to blame for
+the result; yet his courage and virtue made it in spite of all a
+hard task for fortune to ruin the commonwealth, and it was only
+with long time and effort and by slow degrees, when he himself had
+all but succeeded in averting it, that the catastrophe was at last
+effected.
+
+Phocion and he may be well compared together, not for any mere
+general resemblances, as though we should say, both were good men
+and great statesmen.  For assuredly there is difference enough among
+virtues of the same denomination, as between the bravery of
+Alcibiades and that of Epaminondas, the prudence of Themistocles
+and that of Aristides, the justice of Numa and that of Agesilaus.
+But these men's virtues, even looking to the most minute points of
+difference, bear the same color, stamp, and character impressed
+upon them, so as not to be distinguishable.  The mixture is still
+made in the same exact proportions, whether we look at the
+combination to be found in them both of lenity on the one hand,
+with austerity on the other; their boldness upon some occasions,
+and caution on others; their extreme solicitude for the public,
+and perfect neglect of themselves; their fixed and immovable bent
+to all virtuous and honest actions, accompanied with an extreme
+tenderness and scrupulosity as to doing anything which might
+appear mean or unworthy; so that we should need a very nice and
+subtle logic of discrimination to detect and establish the
+distinctions between them.
+
+As to Cato's extraction, it is confessed by all to have been
+illustrious, as will be said hereafter, nor was Phocion's, I feel
+assured, obscure or ignoble.  For had he been the son of a turner,
+as Idomeneus reports, it had certainly not been forgotten to his
+disparagement by Glaucippus, the son of Hyperides, when heaping up
+a thousand spiteful things to say against him.  Nor, indeed, had
+it been possible for him, in such circumstances, to have had such
+a liberal breeding and education in his youth, as to be first
+Plato's, and afterwards Xenocrates's scholar in the Academy, and
+to have devoted himself from the first to the pursuit of the
+noblest studies and practices.  His countenance was so composed,
+that scarcely was he ever seen by any Athenian either laughing, or
+in tears.  He was rarely known, so Duris has recorded, to appear
+in the public baths, or was observed with his hand exposed outside
+his cloak, when he wore one.  Abroad, and in the camp, he was so
+hardy in going always thin clad and barefoot, except in a time of
+excessive and intolerable cold, that the soldiers used to say in
+merriment, that it was like to be a hard winter when Phocion wore
+his coat.
+
+Although he was most gentle and humane in his disposition, his
+aspect was stern and forbidding, so that he was seldom accosted
+alone by any who were not intimate with him.  When Chares once
+made some remark on his frowning looks, and the Athenians laughed
+at the jest.  "My sullenness," said Phocion, "never yet made any
+of you sad, but these men's jollities have given you sorrow
+enough."  In like manner Phocion's language, also, was full of
+instruction, abounding in happy maxims and wise thoughts, but
+admitted no embellishment to its austere and commanding brevity.
+Zeno said a philosopher should never speak till his words had been
+steeped in meaning; and such, it may be said, were Phocion's,
+crowding the greatest amount of significance into the smallest
+allowance of space.  And to this, probably, Polyeuctus, the
+Sphettian, referred, when he said that Demosthenes was, indeed,
+the best orator of his time, but Phocion the most powerful
+speaker.  His oratory, like small coin of great value, was to be
+estimated, not by its bulk, but its intrinsic worth.  He was once
+observed, it is said, when the theater was filling with the
+audience, to walk musing alone behind the scenes, which one of his
+friends taking notice of, said, "Phocion, you seem to be
+thoughtful."  "Yes," replied he, "I am considering how I may
+shorten what I am going to say to the Athenians."  Even
+Demosthenes himself, who used to despise the rest of the
+haranguers, when Phocion stood up, was wont to say quietly to
+those about him, "Here is the pruning-knife of my periods."  This
+however, might refer, perhaps, not so much to his eloquence, as to
+the influence of his character, since not only a word, but even a
+nod from a person who is esteemed, is of more force than a
+thousand arguments or studied sentences from others.
+
+In his youth he followed Chabrias, the general, from whom he
+gained many lessons in military knowledge, and in return did
+something to correct his unequal and capricious humor.  For
+whereas at other times Chabrias was heavy and phlegmatic, in the
+heat of battle he used to be so fired and transported, that he
+threw himself headlong into danger beyond the forwardest, which,
+indeed, in the end, cost him his life in the island of Chios, he
+having pressed his own ship foremost to force a landing.  But
+Phocion, being a man of temper as well as courage, had the
+dexterity at some times to rouse the general, when in his
+procrastinating mood, to action, and at others to moderate and
+cool the impetuousness of his unseasonable fury.  Upon which
+account Chabrias, who was a good-natured, kindly-tempered man,
+loved him much, and procured him commands and opportunities for
+action, giving him means to make himself known in Greece, and
+using his assistance in all his affairs of moment.  Particularly
+the sea-fight at Naxos added not a little to Phocion's reputation,
+when he had the left squadron committed to him by Chabrias, as in
+this quarter the battle was sharply contested, and was decided by
+a speedy victory.  And this being the first prosperous sea-battle
+the city had engaged in with its own force since its captivity,
+Chabrias won great popularity by it, and Phocion, also, got the
+reputation of a good commander.  The victory was gained at the
+time of the Great Mysteries, and Chabrias used to keep the
+commemoration of it, by distributing wine among the Athenians,
+yearly, on the sixteenth day of Boedromion.
+
+After this, Chabrias sent Phocion to demand their quota of the
+charges of the war from the islanders, and offered him a guard of
+twenty ships.  Phocion told him, if he intended him to go against
+them as enemies, that force was insignificant; if as to friends
+and allies, one vessel was sufficient.  So he took his own single
+galley, and having visited the cities, and treated with the
+magistrates in an equitable and open manner, he brought back a
+number of ships, sent by the confederates to Athens, to convey the
+supplies.  Neither did his friendship and attention close with
+Chabrias's life, but after his decease he carefully maintained it
+to all that were related to him, and chiefly to his son Ctesippus,
+whom he labored to bring to some good, and although he was a
+stupid and intractable young fellow, always endeavored, so far as
+in him lay, to correct and cover his faults and follies.  Once,
+however, when the youngster was very impertinent and troublesome
+to him in the camp, interrupting him with idle questions, and
+putting forward his opinions and suggestions of how the war should
+be conducted, he could not forbear exclaiming, "O Chabrias,
+Chabrias, how grateful I show myself for your friendship, in
+submitting to endure your son."
+
+Upon looking into public matters, and the way in which they were
+now conducted, he observed that the administration of affairs was
+cut and parceled out, like so much land by allotment, between the
+military men and the public speakers, so that neither these nor
+those should interfere with the claims of the others.  As the one
+were to address the assemblies, to draw up votes and prepare
+motions, men, for example, like Eubulus, Aristophon, Demosthenes,
+Lycurgus, and Hyperides, and were to push their interests here;
+so, in the meantime, Diopithes, Menestheus, Leosthenes, and
+Chares, were to make their profit by war and in military commands.
+Phocion, on the other hand, was desirous to restore and carry out
+the old system, more complete in itself, and more harmonious and
+uniform, which prevailed in the times of Pericles, Aristides, and
+Solon; when statesmen showed themselves, to use Archilochus's
+words, --
+
+Mars' and the Muses' friends alike designed,
+To arts and arms indifferently inclined,
+
+and the presiding goddess of his country was, he did not fail to
+see, the patroness and protectress of both civil and military
+wisdom.  With these views, while his advice at home was always for
+peace and quietness, he nevertheless held the office of general
+more frequently than any of the statesmen, not only of his own
+times, but of those preceding, never, indeed, promoting or
+encouraging military expeditions, yet never, on the other hand,
+shunning or declining, when he was called upon by the public
+voice.  Thus much is well known, that he was no less than
+forty-five several times chosen general, he being never on any one
+of those occasions present at the election, but having the
+command, in his absence, by common suffrage, conferred on him, and
+he sent for on purpose to undertake it.  Insomuch that it amazed
+those who did not well consider, to see the people always prefer
+Phocion, who was so far from humoring them or courting their
+favor, that he always thwarted and opposed them.  But so it was,
+as great men and princes are said to call in their flatterers when
+dinner has been served, so the Athenians, upon slight occasions,
+entertained and diverted themselves with their spruce speakers and
+trim orators, but when it came to action, they were sober and
+considerate enough to single out the austerest and wisest for
+public employment, however much he might be opposed to their
+wishes and sentiments.  This, indeed, he made no scruple to admit,
+when the oracle from Delphi was read, which informed them that the
+Athenians were all of one mind, a single dissentient only
+excepted, frankly coming forward and declaring that they need look
+no further; he was the man, there was no one but he who was
+dissatisfied with everything they did.  And when once he gave his
+opinion to the people, and was met with the general approbation
+and applause of the assembly, turning to some of his friends, he
+asked them, "Have I inadvertently said something foolish?"
+
+Upon occasion of a public festivity, being solicited for his
+contribution by the example of others, and the people pressing him
+much, he bade them apply themselves to the wealthy; for his part
+he should blush to make a present here, rather than a repayment
+there, turning and, pointing to Callicles, the money-lender.
+Being still clamored upon and importuned, he told them this tale.
+A certain cowardly fellow setting out for the wars, hearing the
+ravens croak in his passage, threw down his arms, resolving to
+wait.  Presently he took them and ventured out again, but hearing
+the same music, once more made a stop.  "For," said he, "you may
+croak till you are tired, but you shall make no dinner upon me."
+
+The Athenians urging him at an unseasonable time to lead them out
+against the enemy, he peremptorily refused, and being upbraided by
+them with cowardice and pusillanimity, he told them, "Just now, do
+what you will, I shall not be brave; and do what I will, you will
+not be cowards.  Nevertheless, we know well enough what we are."
+And when again, in a time of great danger, the people were very
+harsh upon him, demanding a strict account how the public money
+had been employed, and the like, he bade them, "First, good
+friends, make sure you are safe."  After a war, during which they
+had been very tractable and timorous, when, upon peace being made,
+they began again to be confident and overbearing, and to cry out
+upon Phocion, as having lost them the honor of victory, to all
+their clamor he made only this answer, "My friends, you are
+fortunate in having a leader who knows you; otherwise, you had
+long since been undone."
+
+Having a controversy with the Boeotians about boundaries, which he
+counseled them to decide by negotiation, they inclined to blows.
+"You had better," said he, "carry on the contest with the weapons
+in which you excel, (your tongues,) and not by war, in which you
+are inferior."  Once, when he was addressing them, and they would
+not hear him or let him go on, said he, "You may compel me to act
+against my wishes, but you shall never force me to speak against
+my judgment."  Among the many public speakers who opposed him,
+Demosthenes, for example, once told him, "The Athenians, Phocion,
+will kill you some day when they once are in a rage."  "And you,"
+said he, "if they once are in their senses."  Polyeuctus, the
+Sphettian, once on a hot day was urging war with Philip, and being
+a corpulent man, and out of breath and in a great heat with
+speaking, took numerous draughts of water as he went on.  "Here,
+indeed," said Phocion, "is a fit man to lead us into a war!  What
+think you he will do when he is carrying his corslet and his
+shield to meet the enemy, if even here, delivering a prepared
+speech to you has almost killed him with exhaustion?"  When
+Lycurgus in the assembly made many reflections on his past
+conduct, upbraiding him above all for having advised them to
+deliver up the ten citizens whom Alexander had demanded, he
+replied that he had been the author of much safe and wholesome
+counsel, which had not been followed.
+
+There was a man called Archibiades, nicknamed the Lacedaemonian,
+who used to go about with a huge overgrown beard, wearing an old
+threadbare cloak, and affecting a very stern countenance.  Phocion
+once, when attacked in council by the rest, appealed to this man
+for his support and testimony.  And when he got up and began to
+speak on the popular side, putting his hand to his beard, "O
+Archibiades," said he, "it is time you should shave."
+Aristogiton, a common accuser, was a terrible man of war within
+the assembly, always inflaming the people to battle, but when the
+muster-roll came to be produced, he appeared limping on a crutch,
+with a bandage on his leg; Phocion descried him afar off, coming
+in, and cried out to the clerk, "Put down Aristogiton, too, as
+lame and worthless."
+
+So that it is a little wonderful, how a man so severe and harsh
+upon all occasions should, notwithstanding, obtain the name of the
+Good.  Yet, though difficult, it is not, I suppose, impossible for
+men's tempers, any more than for wines, to be at the same time
+harsh and agreeable to the taste; just as on the other hand many
+that are sweet at the first taste, are found, on further use,
+extremely disagreeable and very unwholesome.  Hyperides, we are
+told, once said to the people, "Do not ask yourselves, men of
+Athens, whether or not I am bitter, but whether or not I am paid
+for being so," as though a covetous purpose were the only thing
+that should make a harsh temper insupportable, and as if men might
+not even more justly render themselves obnoxious to popular
+dislike and censure, by using their power and influence in the
+indulgence of their own private passions of pride and jealousy,
+anger and animosity.  Phocion never allowed himself from any
+feeling of personal hostility to do hurt to any fellow-citizen,
+nor, indeed, reputed any man his enemy, except so far as he could
+not but contend sharply with such as opposed the measures he urged
+for the public good; in which argument he was, indeed, a rude,
+obstinate, and uncompromising adversary.  For his general
+conversation, it was easy, courteous, and obliging to all, to that
+point that he would befriend his very opponents in their distress,
+and espouse the cause of those who differed most from him, when
+they needed his patronage.  His friends reproaching him for
+pleading in behalf of a man of indifferent character, he told them
+the innocent had no need of an advocate.  Aristogiton, the
+sycophant, whom we mentioned before, having after sentence passed
+upon him, sent earnestly to Phocion to speak with him in the
+prison, his friends dissuaded him from going; "Nay, by your
+favor," said he, "where should I rather choose to pay Aristogiton
+a visit?"
+
+As for the allies of the Athenians, and the islanders, whenever
+any admiral besides Phocion was sent, they treated him as an enemy
+suspect, barricaded their gates, blocked up their havens, brought
+in from the country their cattle, slaves, wives, and children, and
+put them in garrison; but upon Phocion's arrival, they went out to
+welcome him in their private boats and barges, with streamers
+and garlands, and received him at landing with every demonstration
+of joy and pleasure.
+
+When king Philip was effecting his entry into Euboea, and was
+bringing over troops from Macedonia, and making himself master of
+the cities, by means of the tyrants who ruled in them, Plutarch of
+Eretria sent to request aid of the Athenians for the relief of the
+island, which was in imminent danger of falling wholly into the
+hands of the Macedonians.  Phocion was sent thither with a handful
+of men in comparison, in expectation that the Euboeans themselves
+would flock in and join him.  But when he came, he found all
+things in confusion, the country all betrayed, the whole ground,
+as it were, undermined under his feet, by the secret pensioners of
+king Philip, so that he was in the greatest risk imaginable.  To
+secure himself as far as he could, he seized a small rising
+ground, which was divided from the level plains about Tamynae by a
+deep watercourse, and here he enclosed and fortified the choicest
+of his army.  As for the idle talkers and disorderly bad citizens
+who ran off from his camp and made their way back, he bade his
+officers not regard them, since here they would have been not only
+useless and ungovernable themselves, but an actual hindrance to
+the rest; and further, being conscious to themselves of the
+neglect of their duty, they would be less ready to misrepresent
+the action, or raise a cry against them at their return home.
+When the enemy drew nigh, he bade his men stand to their arms,
+until he had finished the sacrifice, in which he spent a
+considerable time, either by some difficulty of the thing itself,
+or on purpose to invite the enemy nearer.  Plutarch, interpreting
+this tardiness as a failure in his courage, fell on alone with the
+mercenaries, which the cavalry perceiving, could not be contained,
+but issuing also out of the camp, confusedly and in disorder,
+spurred up to the enemy.  The first who came up were defeated, the
+rest were put to the rout, Plutarch himself took to flight, and a
+body of the enemy advanced in the hope of carrying the camp,
+supposing themselves to have secured the victory.  But by this
+time, the sacrifice being over, the Athenians within the camp came
+forward, and falling upon them put them to flight, and killed the
+greater number as they fled among the entrenchments, while
+Phocion ordering his infantry to keep on the watch and rally those
+who came in from the previous flight, himself, with a body of his
+best men, engaged the enemy in a sharp and bloody fight, in which
+all of them behaved with signal courage and gallantry.  Thallus,
+the son of Cineas, and Glaucus, of Polymedes, who fought near the
+general, gained the honors of the day.  Cleophanes, also, did good
+service in the battle.  Recovering the cavalry from its defeat,
+and with his shouts and encouragement bringing them up to succor
+the general, who was in danger, he confirmed the victory obtained
+by the infantry.  Phocion now expelled Plutarch from Eretria, and
+possessed himself of the very important fort of Zaretra, situated
+where the island is pinched in, as it were, by the seas on each
+side, and its breadth most reduced to a narrow girth.  He released
+all the Greeks whom he took out of fear of the public speakers at
+Athens, thinking they might very likely persuade the people in
+their anger into committing some act of cruelty.
+
+This affair thus dispatched and settled, Phocion set sail
+homewards, and the allies had soon as good reason to regret the
+loss of his just and humane dealing, as the Athenians that of his
+experience and courage.  Molossus, the commander who took his
+place, had no better success than to fall alive into the enemy's
+hands.  Philip, full of great thoughts and designs, now advanced
+with all his forces into the Hellespont, to seize the Chersonesus
+and Perinthus, and after them, Byzantium.  The Athenians raised a
+force to relieve them, but the popular leaders made it their
+business to prefer Chares to be general, who, sailing thither,
+effected nothing worthy of the means placed in his hands.  The
+cities were afraid, and would not receive his ships into their
+harbors, so that he did nothing but wander about, raising money
+from their friends, and despised by their enemies.  And when the
+people, chafed by the orators, were extremely indignant, and
+repented having ever sent any help to the Byzantines, Phocion rose
+and told them they ought not to be angry with the allies for
+distrusting, but with their generals for being distrusted.  "They
+make you suspected," he said, "even by those who cannot possibly
+subsist without your succor."  The assembly being moved with this
+speech of his, changed their minds on the sudden, and commanded
+him immediately to raise another force, and go himself to assist
+their confederates in the Hellespont; an appointment which, in
+effect, contributed more than anything to the relief of
+Byzantium.
+
+For Phocion's name was already honorably known; and an old
+acquaintance of his, who had been his fellow-student in the
+Academy, Leon, a man of high renown for virtue among the
+Byzantines, having vouched for Phocion to the city, they opened
+their gates to receive him, not permitting him, though he desired
+it, to encamp without the walls, but entertained him and all the
+Athenians with perfect reliance, while they, to requite their
+confidence, behaved among their new hosts soberly and
+inoffensively, and exerted themselves on all occasions with the
+greatest zeal and resolution for their defense.  Thus king Philip
+was driven out of the Hellespont, and was despised to boot, whom
+till now, it had been thought impossible to match, or even to
+oppose.  Phocion also took some of his ships, and recaptured some
+of the places he had garrisoned, making besides several inroads
+into the country, which he plundered and overran, until he
+received a wound from some of the enemy who came to the defense,
+and, thereupon, sailed away home.
+
+The Megarians at this time privately praying aid of the Athenians,
+Phocion, fearing lest the Boeotians should hear of it, and
+anticipate them, called an assembly at sunrise, and brought
+forward the petition of the Megarians, and immediately after the
+vote had been put, and carried in their favor, he sounded the
+trumpet, and led the Athenians straight from the assembly, to arm
+and put themselves in posture.  The Megarians received them
+joyfully, and he proceeded to fortify Nisea, and built two new
+long walls from the city to the arsenal, and so joined it to the
+sea, so that having now little reason to regard the enemies on the
+land side, it placed its dependence entirely on the Athenians.
+
+When final hostilities with Philip were now certain, and in
+Phocion's absence other generals had been nominated, he on his
+arrival from the islands, dealt earnestly with the Athenians, that
+since Philip showed peaceable inclinations towards them, and
+greatly apprehended the danger, they would consent to a treaty.
+Being contradicted in this by one of the ordinary frequenters of
+the courts of justice, a common accuser, who asked him if he durst
+presume to persuade the Athenians to peace, now their arms were in
+their hands, "Yes," said he, "though I know that if there be war,
+I shall be in office over you, and if peace, you over me."  But
+when he could not prevail, and Demosthenes's opinion carried it,
+advising them to make war as far off from home as possible, and
+fight the battle out of Attica, "Good friend," said Phocion, "let
+us not ask where we shall fight, but how we may conquer in the
+war.  That will be the way to keep it at a distance.  If we are
+beaten, it will be quickly at our doors."  After the defeat, when
+the clamorers and incendiaries in the town would have brought up
+Charidemus to the hustings, to be nominated to the command, the
+best of the citizens were in a panic, and supporting themselves
+with the aid of the council of the Areopagus, with entreaties and
+tears hardly prevailed upon the people to have Phocion entrusted
+with the care of the city.  He was of opinion, in general, that
+the fair terms to be expected from Philip should be accepted, yet
+after Demades had made a motion that the city should receive the
+common conditions of peace in concurrence with the rest of the
+states of Greece, he opposed it, till it were known what the
+particulars were which Philip demanded.  He was overborne in this
+advice, under the pressure of the time, but almost immediately
+after, the Athenians repented it, when they understood that by
+these articles, they were obliged to furnish Philip both with
+horse and shipping.  "It was the fear of this," said Phocion,
+"that occasioned my opposition.  But since the thing is done, let
+us make the best of it, and not be discouraged.  Our forefathers
+were sometimes in command, and sometimes under it; and by doing
+their duty, whether as rulers or as subjects, saved their own
+country and the rest of Greece."
+
+Upon the news of Philip's death, he opposed himself to any public
+demonstrations of joy and jubilee, saying it would be ignoble to
+show malice upon such an occasion, and that the army that had
+fought them at Chaeronea, was only diminished by a single man.
+
+When Demosthenes made his invectives against Alexander, now on his
+way to attack Thebes, he repeated those verses of Homer, --
+
+"Unwise one, wherefore to a second stroke
+His anger be foolhardy to provoke?"
+
+and asked, "Why stimulate his already eager passion for glory?
+Why take pains to expose the city to the terrible conflagration
+now so near?  We, who accepted office to save our fellow-citizens,
+will not, however they desire it, be consenting to their
+destruction."
+
+After Thebes was lost, and Alexander had demanded Demosthenes,
+Lycurgus, Hyperides, and Charidemus to be delivered up, the whole
+assembly turning their eyes to him, and calling on him by name to
+deliver his opinion, at last he rose up, and showing them one of
+his most intimate friends, whom he loved and confided in above all
+others, told them, "You have brought things amongst you to that
+pass, that for my part, should he demand this my friend Nicocles,
+I would not refuse to give him up.  For as for myself, to have it
+in my power to sacrifice my own life and fortune for the common
+safety, I should think the greatest of good fortune.  Truly," he
+added, "it pierces my heart to see those who are fled hither for
+succor from the desolation of Thebes.  Yet it is enough for Greece
+to have Thebes to deplore.  It will be more for the interest of
+all that we should deprecate the conqueror's anger, and intercede
+for both, than run the hazard of another battle."
+
+When this was decreed by the people, Alexander is said to have
+rejected their first address when it was presented, throwing it
+from him scornfully, and turning his back upon the deputation, who
+left him in affright.  But the second, which was presented by
+Phocion, he received, understanding from the older Macedonians how
+much Philip had admired and esteemed him.  And he not only gave
+him audience and listened to his memorial and petition, but also
+permitted him to advise him, which he did to this effect, that if
+his designs were for quietness, he should make peace at once; if
+glory were his aim, he should make war, not upon Greece, but on
+the barbarians.  And with various counsels and suggestions,
+happily designed to meet the genius and feelings of Alexander, he
+so won upon him, and softened his temper, that he bade the
+Athenians not forget their position, as if anything went wrong
+with him, the supremacy belonged to them.  And to Phocion himself,
+whom he adopted as his friend and guest, he showed a respect, and
+admitted him to distinctions, which few of those who were
+continually near his person ever received.  Duris, at any rate,
+tells us, that when he became great, and had conquered Darius, in
+the heading of all his letters he left off the word Greeting,
+except in those he wrote to Phocion.  To him, and to Antipater
+alone, he condescended to use it.  This, also, is stated by
+Chares.
+
+As for his munificence to him, it is well known he sent him a
+present at one time of one hundred talents; and this being brought
+to Athens, Phocion asked of the bearers, how it came to pass, that
+among all the Athenians, he alone should be the object of this
+bounty.  And being told that Alexander esteemed him alone a person
+of honor and worth, "Let him, then," said he, "permit me to
+continue so, and be still so reputed."  Following him to his
+house, and observing his simple and plain way of living, his wife
+employed in kneading bread with her own hands, himself drawing
+water to wash his feet, they pressed him to accept it, with some
+indignation, being ashamed, as they said, that Alexander's friend
+should live so poorly and pitifully.  So Phocion pointing out to
+them a poor old fellow, in a dirty worn-out coat, passing by,
+asked them if they thought him in worse condition than this man.
+They bade him not mention such a comparison.  "Yet," said Phocion,
+"he with less to live upon than I, finds it sufficient, and in
+brief," he continued, "if I do not use this money, what good is
+there in my having it; and if I do use it, I shall procure an ill
+name, both for myself and for Alexander, among my countrymen."  So
+the treasure went back again from Athens, to prove to Greece, by a
+signal example, that he who could afford to give so magnificent a
+present, was yet not so rich as he who could afford to refuse it.
+And when Alexander was displeased, and wrote back to him to say
+that he could not esteem those his friends, who would not be
+obliged by him, not even would this induce Phocion to accept the
+money, but he begged leave to intercede with him in behalf of
+Echecratides, the sophist, and Athenodorus, the Imbrian, as also
+for Demaratus and Sparton, two Rhodians, who had been arrested
+upon some charges, and were in custody at Sardis.  This was
+instantly granted by Alexander, and they were set at liberty.
+Afterwards, when sending Craterus into Macedonia, he commanded him
+to make him an offer of four cities in Asia, Cius, Gergithus,
+Mylasa, and Elaea, any one of which, at his choice, should be
+delivered to him; insisting yet more positively with him, and
+declaring he should resent it, should he continue obstinate in his
+refusal.  But Phocion was not to be prevailed with at all, and,
+shortly after, Alexander died.
+
+Phocion's house is shown to this day in Melita, ornamented with
+small plates of copper, but otherwise plain and homely.
+Concerning his wives, of the first of them there is little said,
+except that she was sister of Cephisodotus, the statuary.  The
+other was a matron of no less reputation for her virtues and
+simple living among the Athenians, than Phocion was for his
+probity.  It happened once when the people were entertained with a
+new tragedy, that the actor, just as he was to enter the stage to
+perform the part of a queen, demanded to have a number of
+attendants sumptuously dressed, to follow in his train, and on
+their not being provided, was sullen and refused to act, keeping
+the audience waiting, till at last Melanthius, who had to furnish
+the chorus, pushed him on the stage, crying out, "What, don't you
+know that Phocion's wife is never attended by more than a single
+waiting woman, but you must needs be grand, and fill our women's
+heads with vanity?"  This speech of his, spoken loud enough to be
+heard, was received with great applause, and clapped all round the
+theater.  She herself, when once entertaining a visitor out of
+Ionia, who showed her all her rich ornaments, made of gold and set
+with jewels, her wreaths, necklaces, and the like, "For my part,"
+said she, "all my ornament is my husband Phocion, now for the
+twentieth year in office as general at Athens."
+
+He had a son named Phocus, who wished to take part in the games at
+the great feast of Minerva.  He permitted him so to do, in the
+contest of leaping, not with any view to the victory, but in the
+hope that the training and discipline for it would make him a
+better man, the youth being in a general way a lover of drinking,
+and ill-regulated in his habits.  On his having succeeded in the
+sports, many were eager for the honor of his company at banquets
+in celebration of the victory.  Phocion declined all these
+invitations but one, and when he came to this entertainment and
+saw the costly preparations, even the water brought to wash the
+guests' feet being mingled with wine and spices, he reprimanded
+his son, asking him why he would so far permit his friend to sully
+the honor of his victory.  And in the hope of wholly weaning the
+young man from such habits and company, he sent him to Lacedaemon,
+and placed him among the youths then under the course of the
+Spartan discipline.  This the Athenians took offense at, as though
+he slighted and contemned the education at home; and Demades
+twitted him with it publicly, "Suppose, Phocion, you and I advise
+the Athenians to adopt the Spartan constitution.  If you like, I
+am ready to introduce a bill to that effect, and to speak in its
+favor."  "Indeed," said Phocion, "you with that strong scent of
+perfumes about you, and with that mantle on your shoulders, are
+just the very man to speak in honor of Lycurgus, and recommend the
+Spartan table."
+
+When Alexander wrote to demand a supply of galleys, and the public
+speakers objected to sending them, Phocion, on the council
+requesting his opinion, told them freely, "Sirs, I would either
+have you victorious yourselves, or friends of those who are so."
+He took up Pytheas, who about this time first began to address the
+assembly, and already showed himself a confident, talking fellow,
+by saying that a young slave whom the people had but bought
+yesterday, ought to have the manners to hold his tongue.  And
+when Harpalus, who had fled from Alexander out of Asia, carrying
+off a large sum of money, came to Attica, and there was a perfect
+race among the ordinary public men of the assembly who should be
+the first to take his pay, he distributed amongst these some
+trifling sums by way of a bait and provocative, but to Phocion he
+made an offer of no less than seven hundred talents and all manner
+of other advantages he pleased to demand; with the compliment that
+he would entirely commit himself and all his affairs to his
+disposal.  Phocion answered sharply, Harpalus should repent of it,
+if he did not quickly leave off corrupting and debauching the
+city, which for the time silenced him, and checked his
+proceedings.  But afterwards, when the Athenians were deliberating
+in council about him, he found those that had received money from
+him to be his greatest enemies, urging and aggravating matters
+against him, to prevent themselves being discovered, whereas
+Phocion, who had never touched his pay, now, so far as the public
+interest would admit of it, showed some regard to his particular
+security.  This encouraged him once more to try his inclinations,
+and upon further survey, finding that he himself was a fortress,
+inaccessible on every quarter to the approaches of corruption, he
+professed a particular friendship to Phocion's son-in-law,
+Charicles.  And admitting him into his confidence in all his
+affairs, and continually requesting his assistance, he brought him
+into some suspicion.  Upon the occasion, for example, of the death
+of Pythonice, who was Harpalus's mistress, for whom he had a great
+fondness, and had a child by her, he resolved to build her a
+sumptuous monument, and committed the care of it to his friend
+Charicles.  This commission, disreputable enough in itself, was
+yet further disparaged by the figure the piece of workmanship made
+after it was finished.  It is yet to be seen in the Hermeum. as
+you go from Athens to Eleusis, with nothing in its appearance
+answerable to the sum of thirty talents, with which Charicles is
+said to have charged Harpalus for its erection.  After Harpalus's
+own decease, his daughter was educated by Phocion and Charicles
+with great care.  But when Charicles was called to account for his
+dealings with Harpalus, and entreated his father-in-law's
+protection, begging that he would appear for him in the court,
+Phocion refused, telling him, "I did not choose you for my
+son-in-law for any but honorable purposes."
+
+Asclepiades, the son of Hipparchus, brought the first tidings of
+Alexander's death to Athens, which Demades told them was not to be
+credited; for, were it true, the whole world would ere this have
+stunk with the dead body.  But Phocion seeing the people eager for
+an instant revolution, did his best to quiet and repress them.
+And when numbers of them rushed up to the hustings to speak, and
+cried out that the news was true, and Alexander was dead, "If he
+is dead today," said he, "he will be so tomorrow and the day
+after tomorrow equally.  So that there is no need to take counsel
+hastily or before it is safe."
+
+When Leosthenes now had embarked the city in the Lamian war,
+greatly against Phocion's wishes, to raise a laugh against
+Phocion, he asked him scoffingly, what the State had been
+benefited by his having now so many years been general.  "It is
+not a little," said Phocion, "that the citizens have been buried
+in their own sepulchers."  And when Leosthenes continued to speak
+boldly and boastfully in the assembly, "Young man," he said, "your
+speeches are like cypress trees, stately and tall, and no fruit to
+come of them."  And when he was then attacked by Hyperides, who
+asked him when the time would come, that he would advise the
+Athenians to make war, "As soon," said he, "as I find the young
+men keep their ranks, the rich men contribute their money, and the
+Orators leave off robbing the treasury."  Afterwards, when many
+admired the forces raised, and the preparations for war that were
+made by Leosthenes, they asked Phocion how he approved of the new
+levies.  "Very well," said he, "for the short course; but what I
+fear, is the long race. Since however late the war may last, the
+city has neither money, ships, nor soldiers, but these."  And the
+event justified his prognostics.  At first all things appeared
+fair and promising.  Leosthenes gained great reputation by
+worsting the Boeotians  in battle, and driving Antipater within
+the walls of Lamia, and the citizens were so transported with the
+first successes, that they kept solemn festivities for them, and
+offered public sacrifices to the gods.  So that some, thinking
+Phocion must now be convinced of his error, asked him whether he
+would not willingly have been author of these successful actions.
+"Yes," said he, "most gladly, but also of the former counsel."
+And when one express after another came from the camp, confirming
+and magnifying the victories, "When," said he, "will the end of
+them come?"
+
+Leosthenes, soon after, was killed, and now those who feared lest
+if Phocion obtained the command, he would put an end to the war,
+arranged with an obscure person in the assembly, who should stand
+up and profess himself to be a friend and old confidant of
+Phocion's, and persuade the people to spare him at this time, and
+reserve him (with whom none could compare) for a more pressing
+occasion, and now to give Antiphilus the command of the army.
+This pleased the generality, but Phocion made it appear he was so
+far from having any friendship with him of old standing, that he
+had not so much as the least familiarity with him; "Yet now, sir,"
+says he, "give me leave to put you down among the number of my
+friends and well-wishers, as you have given a piece of advice so
+much to my advantage."
+
+And when the people were eager to make an expedition against the
+Boeotians, he at first opposed it; and on his friends telling him
+the people would kill him, for always running counter to them,
+"That will be unjust of them," he said, "if I give them honest
+advice, if not, it will be just of them.''  But when he found them
+persisting and shouting to him to lead them out, he commanded the
+crier to make proclamation, that all the Athenians under sixty
+should instantly provide themselves with five days' provision, and
+follow him from the assembly.  This caused a great tumult.  Those
+in years were startled, and clamored against the order; he
+demanded wherein he injured them, "For I," says he, "am now
+fourscore, and am ready to lead you."  This succeeded in pacifying
+them for the present.
+
+But when Micion, with a large force of Macedonians and
+mercenaries, began to pillage the sea-coast, having made a descent
+upon Rhamnus, and overrun the neighboring country, Phocion led out
+the Athenians to attack him.  And when sundry private persons
+came, intermeddling with his dispositions, and telling him that he
+ought to occupy such or such a hill, detach the cavalry in this or
+that direction, engage the enemy on this point or that, "O
+Hercules," said he, "how many generals have we here, and how few
+soldiers!"  Afterwards, having formed the battle, one who wished
+to show his bravery, advanced out of his post before the rest, but
+on the enemy's approaching, lost heart, and retired back into his
+rank.  "Young man," said Phocion, "are you not ashamed twice in
+one day to desert your station, first that on which I had placed
+you, and secondly, that on which you had placed yourself?"
+However, he entirely routed the enemy, killing Micion and many
+more on the spot.  The Grecian army, also, in Thessaly, after
+Leonnatus and the Macedonians who came with him out of Asia, had
+arrived and joined Antipater, fought and beat them in a battle.
+Leonnatus was killed in the fight, Antiphilus commanding the foot,
+and Menon, the Thessalian, the horse.
+
+But not long after, Craterus crossed from Asia with numerous
+forces; a pitched battle was fought at Cranon; the Greeks were
+beaten; though not, indeed, in a signal defeat, nor with any great
+loss of men.  But what with their want of obedience to their
+commanders, who were young and over-indulgent with them, and what
+with Antipater's tampering and treating with their separate
+cities, one by one, the end of it was that the army was dissolved,
+and the Greeks shamefully surrendered the liberty of their
+country.
+
+Upon the news of Antipater's now advancing at once against Athens
+with all his force, Demosthenes and Hyperides deserted the city,
+and Demades, who was altogether insolvent for any part of the
+fines that had been laid upon him by the city, for he had been
+condemned no less than seven times for introducing bills contrary
+to the laws, and who had been disfranchised, and was no longer
+competent to vote in the assembly, laid hold of this season of
+impunity, to bring in a bill for sending ambassadors with
+plenipotentiary power to Antipater, to treat about a peace.  But
+the people distrusted him, and called upon Phocion to give his
+opinion, as the person they only and entirely confided in.  He
+told them, "If my former counsels had been prevalent with you, we
+had not been reduced to deliberate on the question at all."
+However, the vote passed; and a decree was made, and he with
+others deputed to go to Antipater, who lay now encamped in the
+Theban territories, but intended to dislodge immediately, and pass
+into Attica.  Phocion's first request was, that he would make the
+treaty without moving his camp.  And when Craterus declared that
+it was not fair to ask them to be burdensome to the country of
+their friends and allies by their stay, when they might rather use
+that of their enemies for provisions and the support of their
+army, Antipater taking him by the hand, said, "We must grant this
+favor to Phocion."  For the rest, he bade them return to their
+principals, and acquaint them that he could only offer them the
+same terms, namely, to surrender at discretion, which Leosthenes
+had offered to him when he was shut up in Lamia.
+
+When Phocion had returned to the city, and acquainted them with
+this answer, they made a virtue of necessity, and complied, since
+it would be no better.  So Phocion returned to Thebes with the
+other ambassadors, and among the rest, Xenocrates, the
+philosopher, the reputation of whose virtue and wisdom was so
+great and famous everywhere, that they conceived there could not
+be any pride, cruelty, or anger arising in the heart of man, which
+would not at the mere sight of him be subdued into something of
+reverence and admiration.  But the result, as it happened, was the
+very opposite, Antipater showed such a want of feeling, and such a
+dislike of goodness.  He saluted everyone else, but would not so
+much as notice Xenocrates.  Xenocrates, they tell us, observed
+upon it, that Antipater when meditating such cruelty to Athens,
+did well to be ashamed of seeing him. When he began to speak, he
+would not hear him, but broke in and rudely interrupted him, until
+at last he was obliged to he silent.  But when Phocion had
+declared the purport of their embassy, he replied shortly, that he
+would make peace with the Athenians on these conditions, and no
+others; that Demosthenes and Hyperides should be delivered up to
+him; that they should retain their ancient form of government, the
+franchise being determined by a property qualification; that they
+should receive a garrison into Munychia, and pay a certain sum for
+the cost of the war.  As things stood, these terms were judged
+tolerable by the rest of the ambassadors; Xenocrates only said,
+that if Antipater considered the Athenians slaves, he was treating
+them fairly, but if free, severely.  Phocion pressed him only to
+spare them the garrison, and used many arguments and entreaties.
+Antipater replied, "Phocion, we are ready to do you any favor,
+which will not bring ruin both on ourselves and on you."  Others
+report it differently; that Antipater asked Phocion, supposing he
+remitted the garrison to the Athenians, would he, Phocion, stand
+surety for the city's observing the terms and attempting no
+revolution?  And when he hesitated, and did not at once reply,
+Callimedon, the Carabus, a hot partisan and professed enemy of
+free states, cried out, "And if he should talk so idly, Antipater,
+will you be so much abused as to believe him and not carry out
+your own purpose?"  So the Athenians received the garrison, and
+Menyllus for the governor, a fair-dealing man, and one of
+Phocion's acquaintance.
+
+But the proceeding seemed sufficiently imperious and arbitrary,
+indeed rather a spiteful and insulting ostentation of power, than
+that the possession of the fortress would be of any great
+importance.  The resentment felt upon it was heightened by the
+time it happened in, for the garrison was brought in on the
+twentieth of the month of Boedromion, just at the time of the
+great festival, when they carry forth Iacchus with solemn pomp
+from the city to Eleusis; so that the solemnity being disturbed,
+many began to call to mind instances, both ancient and modern, of
+divine interventions and intimations.  For in old time, upon the
+occasions of their happiest successes, the presence of the shapes
+and voices of the mystic ceremonies had been vouchsafed to them,
+striking terror and amazement into their enemies; but now, at the
+very season of their celebration, the gods themselves stood
+witnesses of the saddest oppressions of Greece, the most holy time
+being profaned, and their greatest jubilee made the unlucky date
+of their most extreme calamity.  Not many years before, they had a
+warning from the oracle at Dodona, that they should carefully
+guard the summits of Diana, lest haply strangers should seize
+them.  And about this very time, when they dyed the ribbons and
+garlands with which they adorn the couches and cars of the
+procession, instead of a purple they received only a faint yellow
+color; and to make the omen yet greater, all the things that were
+dyed for common use, took the natural color.  While a candidate
+for initiation was washing a young pig in the haven of Cantharus,
+a shark seized him, bit off all his lower parts up to the belly,
+and devoured them, by which the god gave them manifestly to
+understand, that having lost the lower town and the sea-coast,
+they should keep only the upper city.
+
+Menyllus was sufficient security that the garrison should behave
+itself inoffensively.  But those who were now excluded from the
+franchise by poverty, amounted to more than twelve thousand; so
+that both those that remained in the city thought themselves
+oppressed and shamefully used, and those who on this account left
+their homes and went away into Thrace, where Antipater offered
+them a town and some territory to inhabit, regarded themselves
+only as a colony of slaves and exiles.  And when to this was added
+the deaths of Demosthenes at Calauria, and of Hyperides at
+Cleonae, as we have elsewhere related, the citizens began to think
+with regret of Philip and Alexander, and almost to wish the return
+of those times.  And as, after Antigonus was slain, when those
+that had taken him off were afflicting and oppressing the people,
+a countryman in Phrygia, digging in the fields, was asked what he
+was doing, "I am," said he, fetching a deep sigh, "searching for
+Antigonus;" so said many that remembered those days, and the
+contests they had with those kings, whose anger, however great,
+was yet generous and placable; whereas Antipater, with the
+counterfeit humility of appearing like a private man, in the
+meanness of his dress  and his homely fare, merely belied his
+real love of that arbitrary power, which he exercised, as a cruel
+master and despot, to distress those under his command.  Yet
+Phocion had interest with him to recall many from banishment by
+his intercession, and prevailed also for those who were driven
+out, that they might not, like others, be hurried beyond Taenarus,
+and the mountains of Ceraunia, but remain in Greece, and plant
+themselves in Peloponnesus, of which number was Agnonides, the
+sycophant.  He was no less studious to manage the affairs within
+the city with equity and moderation, preferring constantly those
+that were men of worth and good education to the magistracies, and
+recommending the busy and turbulent talkers, to whom it was a
+mortal blow to be excluded from office and public debating, to
+learn to stay at home, and be content to till their land.  And
+observing that Xenocrates paid his alien-tax as a foreigner, he
+offered him the freedom of the city, which he refused, saying he
+could not accept a franchise which he had been sent, as an
+ambassador, to deprecate.
+
+Menyllus wished to give Phocion a considerable present of money,
+who, thanking him, said, neither was Menyllus greater than
+Alexander, nor his own occasions more urgent to receive it now,
+than when he refused it from him..  And on his pressing him to
+permit his son Phocus to receive it, he replied, "If my son
+returns to a right mind, his patrimony is sufficient; if not, all
+supplies will be insufficient."  But to Antipater he answered more
+sharply, who would have him engaged in something dishonorable.
+"Antipater," said he, "cannot have me both as his friend and his
+flatterer."  And, indeed, Antipater was wont to say, he had two
+friends at Athens, Phocion and Demades; the one would never suffer
+him to gratify him at all, the other would never be satisfied.
+Phocion might well think that poverty a virtue, in which, after
+having so often been general of the Athenians, and admitted to the
+friendship of potentates and princes, he had now grown old.
+Demades, meantime, delighted in lavishing his wealth even in
+positive transgressions of the law.  For there having been an
+order that no foreigner should be hired to dance in any chorus on
+the penalty of a fine of one thousand drachmas on the exhibitor,
+he had the vanity to exhibit an entire chorus of a hundred
+foreigners, and paid down the penalty of a thousand drachmas a
+head upon the stage itself.  Marrying his son Demeas, he told him
+with the like vanity, "My son, when I married your mother, it was
+done so privately it was not known to the next neighbors, but
+kings and princes give presents at your nuptials."
+
+The garrison in Munychia continued to be felt as a great
+grievance, and the Athenians did not cease to be importunate upon
+Phocion, to prevail with Antipater for its removal; but whether he
+despaired of effecting it, or perhaps observed the people to be
+more orderly, and public matters more reasonably conducted by the
+awe that was thus created, he constantly declined the office, and
+contented himself with obtaining from Antipater the postponement
+for the present of the payment of the sum of money in which the
+city was fined.  So the people, leaving him off, applied
+themselves to Demades, who readily undertook the employment, and
+took along with him his son also into Macedonia; and some superior
+power, as it seems, so ordering it, he came just at that nick of
+time, when Antipater was already seized with his sickness, and
+Cassander, taking upon himself the command, had found a letter of
+Demades's, formerly written by him to Antigonus in Asia,
+recommending him to come and possess himself of the empire of
+Greece and Macedon, now hanging, he said, (a scoff at Antipater,)
+"by an old and rotten thread."  So when Cassander saw him come, he
+seized him; and first brought out the son and killed him so close
+before his face, that the blood ran all over his clothes and
+person, and then, after bitterly taunting and upbraiding him with
+his ingratitude and treachery, dispatched him himself.
+
+Antipater being dead, after nominating Polysperchon
+general-in-chief, and Cassander commander of the cavalry,
+Cassander at once set up for himself and immediately dispatched
+Nicanor to Menyllus, to succeed him in the command of the
+garrison, commanding him to possess himself of Munychia before the
+news of Antipater's death should be heard; which being done, and
+some days after the Athenians hearing the report of it, Phocion
+was taxed as privy to it before, and censured heavily for
+dissembling it, out of friendship for Nicanor.  But he slighted
+their talk, and making it his duty to visit and confer
+continually with Nicanor, he succeeded in procuring his good-will
+and kindness for the Athenians, and induced him even to put
+himself to trouble and expense to seek popularity with them, by
+undertaking the office of presiding at the games.
+
+In the meantime Polysperchon, who was entrusted with the charge
+of the king, to countermine Cassander, sent a letter to the city,
+declaring in the name of the king, that he restored them their
+democracy, and that the whole Athenian people were at liberty to
+conduct their commonwealth according to their ancient customs and
+constitutions.  The object of these pretenses was merely the
+overthrow of Phocion's influence, as the event manifested.  For
+Polysperchon's design being to possess himself of the city, he
+despaired altogether of bringing it to pass, whilst Phocion
+retained his credit; and the most certain way to ruin him, would
+be again to fill the city with a crowd of disfranchised citizens,
+and let loose the tongues of the demagogues and common accusers.
+
+With this prospect, the Athenians were all in excitement, and
+Nicanor, wishing to confer with them on the subject, at a meeting
+of the Council in Piraeus, came himself, trusting for the safety
+of his person to Phocion.  And when Dercyllus, who commanded the
+guard there, made an attempt to seize him, upon notice of it
+beforehand, he made his escape, and there was little doubt he
+would now lose no time in righting himself upon the city for the
+affront; and when Phocion was found fault with for letting him get
+off and not securing him, he defended himself by saying that he
+had no mistrust of Nicanor, nor the least reason to expect any
+mischief from him, but should it prove otherwise, for his part he
+would have them all know, he would rather receive than do the
+wrong.  And so far as he spoke for himself alone, the answer was
+honorable and high-minded enough, but he who hazards his country's
+safety, and that, too, when he is her magistrate and chief
+commander, can scarcely he acquitted, I fear, of transgressing a
+higher and more sacred obligation of justice, which he owed to his
+fellow citizens.  For it will not even do to say, that he dreaded
+the involving the city in war, by seizing Nicanor, and hoped by
+professions of confidence and just-dealing, to retain him in the
+observance of the like; but it was, indeed, his credulity and
+confidence in him, and an overweening opinion of his sincerity,
+that imposed upon him.  So that notwithstanding the sundry
+intimations he had of his making preparations to attack Piraeus,
+sending soldiers over into Salamis, and tampering with, and
+endeavoring to corrupt various residents in Piraeus, he would,
+notwithstanding all this evidence, never be persuaded to believe
+it.  And even when Philomedes of Lampra had got a decree passed,
+that all the Athenians should stand to their arms, and be ready to
+follow Phocion their general, he yet sat still and did nothing,
+until Nicanor actually led his troops out from Munychia, and drew
+trenches about Piraeus; upon which, when Phocion at last would
+have led out the Athenians, they cried out against him, and
+slighted his orders.
+
+Alexander, the son of Polysperchon, was at hand with a
+considerable force, and professed to come to give them succor
+against Nicanor, but intended nothing less, if possible, than to
+surprise the city, whilst they were in tumult and divided among
+themselves.  For all that had previously been expelled from the
+city, now coming back with him, made their way into it, and were
+joined by a mixed multitude of foreigners and disfranchised
+persons, and of these a motley and irregular public assembly came
+together, in which they presently divested Phocion of all power,
+and chose other generals; and if, by chance Alexander had not
+been spied from the walls, alone in close conference with Nicanor,
+and had not this, which was often repeated, given the Athenians
+cause of suspicion, the city had not escaped the snare.  The
+orator Agnonides, however, at once fell foul upon Phocion, and
+impeached him of treason; Callimedon and Charicles, fearing the
+worst, consulted their own security by flying from the city;
+Phocion, with a few of his friends that stayed with him, went over
+to Polysperchon, and out of respect for him, Solon of Plataea,
+and Dinarchus of Corinth, who were reputed friends and confidants
+of Polysperchon, accompanied him.  But on account of Dinarchus
+falling ill, they remained several days in Elatea, during which
+time, upon the persuasion of Agnonides and on the motion of
+Archestratus a decree passed that the people should send delegates
+thither to accuse Phocion.  So both parties reached Polysperchon
+at the same time, who was going through the country with the king,
+and was then at a small village of Phocis, Pharygae, under the
+mountain now called Galate, but then Acrurium.
+
+There Polysperchon, having set up the golden canopy, and seated
+the king and his company under it, ordered Dinarchus at once to be
+taken, and tortured, and put to death; and that done, gave
+audience to the Athenians, who filled the place with noise and
+tumult, accusing and recriminating on one another, till at last
+Agnonides came forward, and requested they might all be shut up
+together in one cage, and conveyed to Athens, there to decide the
+controversy.  At that the king could not forbear smiling, but the
+company that attended, for their own amusement, Macedonians and
+strangers, were eager to hear the altercation, and made signs to
+the delegates to go on with their case at once.  But it was no
+sort of fair hearing.  Polysperchon frequently interrupted
+Phocion, till at last Phocion struck his staff on the ground, and
+declined to speak further.  And when Hegemon said, Polysperchon
+himself could bear witness to his affection for the people,
+Polysperchon called out fiercely, "Give over slandering me to the
+king," and the king starting up was about to have run him through
+with his javelin, but Polysperchon interposed and hindered him; so
+that the assembly dissolved.
+
+Phocion, then, and those about him, were seized; those of his
+friends that were not immediately by him, on seeing this, hid
+their faces, and saved themselves by flight.  The rest Clitus took
+and brought to Athens, to be submitted to trial; but, in truth, as
+men already sentenced to die.  The manner of conveying them was
+indeed extremely moving; they were carried in chariots through the
+Ceramicus, straight to the place of judicature, where Clitus
+secured them till they had convoked an assembly of the people,
+which was open to all comers, neither foreigners, nor slaves, nor
+those who had been punished with disfranchisement, being refused
+admittance, but all alike, both men and women, being allowed to
+come into the court, and even upon the place of speaking.  So
+having read the king's letters, in which he declared he was
+satisfied himself that these men were traitors, however, they
+being a free city, he willingly accorded them the grace of trying
+and judging them according to their own laws, Clitus brought in
+his prisoners.  Every respectable citizen, at the sight of
+Phocion, covered up his face, and stooped down to conceal his
+tears.  And one of them had the courage to say, that since the
+king had committed so important a cause to the judgment of the
+people, it would be well that the strangers, and those of servile
+condition, should withdraw.  But the populace would not endure it,
+crying out they were oligarchs, and enemies to the liberty of the
+people, and deserved to be stoned; after which no man durst offer
+anything further in Phocion's behalf.  He was himself with
+difficulty heard at all, when he put the question, "Do you wish to
+put us to death lawfully, or unlawfully?"  Some answered,
+"According to law." He replied, "How can you, except we have a
+fair hearing?"  But when they were deaf to all he said,
+approaching nearer, "As to myself," said he, "I admit my guilt,
+and pronounce my public conduct to have deserved sentence of
+death.  But why, O men of Athens, kill others who have offended in
+nothing?"  The rabble cried out, they were his friends, that was
+enough.  Phocion therefore drew back, and said no more.
+
+Then Agnonides read the bill, in accordance with which the people
+should decide by show of hands whether they judged them guilty,
+and if so it should be found, the penalty should be death.  When
+this had been read out, some desired it might be added to the
+sentence, that Phocion should be tortured also, and that the rack
+should be produced with the executioners.  But Agnonides
+perceiving even Clitus to dislike this, and himself thinking it
+horrid and barbarous, said, "When we catch that slave, Callimedon,
+men of Athens, we will put him to the rack, but I shall make no
+motion of the kind in Phocion's case."  Upon which one of the
+better citizens remarked, he was quite right; "If we should
+torture Phocion, what could we do to you?"  So the form of the
+bill was approved of, and the show of hands called for; upon
+which, not one man retaining his seat, but all rising up, and some
+with garlands on their heads, they condemned them all to death.
+
+There were present with Phocion, Nicocles, Thudippus, Hegemon, and
+Pythocles.  Demetrius the Phalerian, Callimedon, Charicles, and
+some others, were included in the condemnation, being absent.
+
+After the assembly was dismissed, they were carried to the prison;
+the rest with cries and lamentations, their friends and relatives
+following; and clinging about them, but Phocion looking (as men
+observed with astonishment at his calmness and magnanimity) just
+the same as when he had been used to return to his home attended,
+as general, from the assembly.  His enemies ran along by his side,
+reviling and abusing him.  And one of them coming up to him, spat
+in his face; at which Phocion, turning to the officers, only said,
+"You should stop this indecency."  Thudippus, on their reaching
+the prison, when he observed the executioner tempering the poison
+and preparing it for them, gave way to his passion, and began to
+bemoan his condition and the hard measure he received, thus
+unjustly to suffer with Phocion.  "You cannot be contented," said
+he, "to die with Phocion?"  One of his friends that stood by,
+asked him if he wished to have anything said to his son.  "Yes, by
+all means," said he, "bid him bear no grudge against the
+Athenians."  Then Nicocles, the dearest and most faithful of his
+friends, begged to be allowed to drink the poison first.  "My
+friend," said he, "you ask what I am loath and sorrowful to give,
+but as I never yet in all my life was so thankless as to refuse
+you, I must gratify you in this also."  After they had all drunk
+of it, the poison ran short; and the executioner refused to
+prepare more, except they would pay him twelve drachmas, to defray
+the cost of the quantity required.  Some delay was made, and time
+spent, when Phocion called one of his friends, and observing that
+a man could not even die at Athens without paying for it,
+requested him to give the sum.
+
+It was the nineteenth day of the month Munychion, on which it was
+the usage to have a solemn procession in the city, in honor of
+Jupiter.  The horsemen, as they passed by, some of them threw away
+their garlands, others stopped, weeping, and casting sorrowful
+looks towards the prison doors, and all the citizens whose minds
+were not absolutely debauched by spite and passion, or who had any
+humanity left, acknowledged it to have been most impiously done,
+not, at least, to let that day pass, and the city so be kept pure
+from death and a public execution at the solemn festival.  But as
+if this triumph had been insufficient, the malice of Phocion's
+enemies went yet further; his dead body was excluded from burial
+within the boundaries of the country, and none of the Athenians
+could light a funeral pile to burn the corpse; neither durst any
+of his friends venture to concern themselves about it.  A certain
+Conopion, a man who used to do these offices for hire, took the
+body and carried it beyond Eleusis, and procuring fire from over
+the frontier of Megara, burned it.  Phocion's wife, with her
+servant-maids, being present and assisting at the solemnity,
+raised there an empty tomb, and performed the customary libations,
+and gathering up the bones in her lap, and bringing them home by
+night, dug a place for them by the fireside in her house, saying,
+"Blessed hearth, to your custody I commit the remains of a good
+and brave man; and, I beseech you, protect and restore them to the
+sepulcher of his fathers, when the Athenians return to their right
+minds."
+
+And, indeed, a very little time and their own sad experience soon
+informed them what an excellent governor, and how great an example
+and guardian of justice and of temperance they had bereft
+themselves of.  And now they decreed him a statue of brass, and
+his bones to be buried honorably at the public charge; and for his
+accusers, Agnonides they took themselves, and caused him to be put
+to death.  Epicurus and Demophilus, who fled from the city for
+fear, his son met with, and took his revenge upon them.  This son
+of his, we are told, was in general of an indifferent character,
+and once, when enamored of a slave girl kept by a common harlot
+merchant, happened to hear Theodorus, the atheist, arguing in the
+Lyceum, that if it were a good and honorable thing to buy the
+freedom of a friend in the masculine, why not also of a friend in
+the feminine, if, for example, a master, why not also a mistress?
+So putting the good argument and his passion together, he went off
+and purchased the girl's freedom.  The death which was thus
+suffered by Phocion, revived among the Greeks the memory of that
+of Socrates, the two cases being so similar, and both equally the
+sad fault and misfortune of the city.
+
+
+
+CATO THE YOUNGER
+
+The family of Cato derived its first luster from his
+great-grandfather Cato, whose virtue gained him such great
+reputation and authority among the Romans, as we have written in
+his life.
+
+This Cato was, by the loss of both his parents, left an orphan,
+together with his brother Caepio, and his sister Porcia.  He had
+also a half-sister, Servilia, by the mother's side.  All these
+lived together, and were bred up in the house of Livius Drusus,
+their uncle by the mother who, at that time, had a great share in
+the government, being a very eloquent speaker, a man of the
+greatest temperance, and yielding in dignity to none of the
+Romans.
+
+It is said of Cato, that even from his infancy, in his speech,
+his countenance, and all his childish pastimes, he discovered an
+inflexible temper, unmoved by any passion, and firm in
+everything.  He was resolute in his purposes, much beyond the
+strength of his age, to go through with whatever he undertook.
+He was rough and ungentle toward those that flattered him, and
+still more unyielding to those who threatened him.  It was
+difficult to excite him to laughter; his countenance seldom
+relaxed even into a smile; he was not quickly or easily provoked
+to anger, but if once incensed, he was no less difficult to
+pacify.
+
+When he began to learn, he proved dull, and slow to apprehend,
+but of what he once received, his memory was remarkably
+tenacious.  And such, in fact, we find generally to be the course
+of nature; men of fine genius are readily reminded of things, but
+those who receive with most pains and difficulty, remember best;
+every new thing they learn, being, as it were, burnt and branded
+in on their minds.  Cato's natural stubbornness and slowness to
+be persuaded, may also have made it more difficult for him to be
+taught.  For to learn, is to submit to have something done to
+one; and persuasion comes soonest to those who have least
+strength to resist it.  Hence young men are sooner persuaded than
+those that are more in years, and sick men, than those that are
+well in health In fine, where there is least previous doubt and
+difficulty the new impression is most easily accepted.  Yet Cato,
+they say, was very obedient to his preceptor, and would do
+whatever he was commanded; but he would also ask the reason, and
+inquire the cause of everything.  And, indeed, his teacher was a
+very well-bred man, more ready to instruct, than to beat his
+scholars.  His name was Sarpedon.
+
+When Cato was a child, the allies of the Romans sued to be made
+free citizens of Rome.  Pompaedius Silo, one of their deputies, a
+brave soldier, and a man of great repute, who had contracted a
+friendship with Drusus, lodged at his house for several days, in
+which time being grown familiar with the children, "Well," said
+he to them, "will you entreat your uncle to befriend us in our
+business?"  Caepio, smiling, assented, but Cato made no answer,
+only he looked steadfastly and fiercely on the strangers.  Then
+said Pompaedius, "And you, young sir, what say you to us? will
+not you, as well as your brother, intercede with your uncle in
+our behalf?"  And when Cato continued to give no answer, by his
+silence and his countenance seeming to deny their petition,
+Pompaedius snatched him up to the window as if he would throw him
+out, and told him to consent, or he would fling him down, and,
+speaking in a harsher tone, held his body out of the window, and
+shook him several times.  When Cato had suffered this a good
+while, unmoved and unalarmed, Pompaedius setting him down, said
+in an under-voice to his friend, "What a blessing for Italy,
+that he is but a child!  If he were a man, I believe we should
+not gain one voice among the people."  Another time, one of his
+relations, on his birthday, invited Cato and some other children
+to supper, and some of the company diverted themselves in a
+separate part of the house, and were at play, the elder and the
+younger together, their sport being to act the pleadings before
+the judges, accusing one another, and carrying away the condemned
+to prison.  Among these a very beautiful young child, being bound
+and carried by a bigger into prison, cried out to Cato, who
+seeing what was going on, presently ran to the door, and
+thrusting away those who stood there as guard, took out the
+child, and went home in anger, followed by some of his
+companions.
+
+Cato at length grew so famous among them, that when Sylla
+designed to exhibit the sacred game of young men riding courses
+on horseback, which they called Troy, having gotten together the
+youth of good birth, he appointed two for their leaders.  One of
+them they accepted for his mother's sake, being the son of
+Metella, the wife of Sylla; but as for the other, Sextus, the
+nephew of Pompey, they would not be led by him, nor exercise
+under him.  Then Sylla asking, whom they would have, they all
+cried out, Cato; and Sextus willingly yielded the honor to him,
+as the more worthy.
+
+Sylla, who was a friend of their family, sent at times for Cato
+and his brother to see them and talk with them; a favor which he
+showed to very few, after gaining his great power and authority.
+Sarpedon, full of the advantage it would be, as well for the
+honor as the safety of his scholars, would often bring Cato to
+wait upon Sylla at his house, which, for the multitude of those
+that were being carried off in custody, and tormented there,
+looked like a place of execution.  Cato was then in his
+fourteenth year, and seeing the heads of men said to be of great
+distinction brought thither, and observing the secret sighs of
+those that were present, he asked his preceptor, "Why does nobody
+kill this man?''  "Because," said he, "they fear him, child, more
+than they hate him."  "Why, then," replied Cato, "did you not
+give me a sword, that I might stab him, and free my country from
+this slavery?"  Sarpedon hearing this, and at the same time
+seeing his countenance swelling with anger and determination,
+took care thenceforward to watch him strictly, lest he should
+hazard any desperate attempt.
+
+While he was yet very young, to some that asked him, whom he
+loved best, he answered, his brother.  And being asked, whom
+next, he replied, his brother, again.  So likewise the third
+time, and still the same, till they left off to ask any further.
+As he grew in age, this love to his brother grew yet the
+stronger.  When he was about twenty years old, he never supped,
+never went out of town, nor into the forum, without Caepio.  But
+when his brother made use of precious ointments and perfumes,
+Cato declined them; and he was, in all his habits, very strict
+and austere, so that when Caepio was admired for his moderation
+and temperance, he would acknowledge that indeed he might be
+accounted such, in comparison with some other men, "but," said
+he, "when I compare myself with Cato, I find myself scarcely
+different from Sippius," one at that time notorious for his
+luxurious and effeminate living.
+
+Cato being made priest of Apollo, went to another house, took his
+portion of their paternal inheritance, amounting to a hundred and
+twenty talents, and began to live yet more strictly than before.
+Having gained the intimate acquaintance of Antipater the Tyrian,
+the Stoic philosopher, he devoted himself to the study, above
+everything, of moral and political doctrine.  And though
+possessed, as it were, by a kind of inspiration for the pursuit
+of every virtue, yet what most of all virtue and excellence fixed
+his affection, was that steady and inflexible Justice, which is
+not to be wrought upon by favor or compassion.  He learned also
+the art of speaking and debating in public, thinking that
+political philosophy, like a great city, should maintain for its
+security the military and warlike element. But he would never
+recite his exercises before company, nor was he ever heard to
+declaim.  And to one that told him, men blamed his silence, "But
+I hope not my life," he replied, "I will begin to speak, when I
+have that to say which had not better be unsaid."
+
+The great Porcian Hall, as it was called, had been built and
+dedicated to the public use by the old Cato, when aedile.  Here
+the tribunes of the people used to transact their business, and
+because one of the pillars was thought to interfere with the
+convenience of their seats, they deliberated whether it were
+best to remove it to another place, or to take it away.  This
+occasion first drew Cato, much against his will, into the forum;
+for he opposed the demand of the tribunes, and in so doing, gave
+a specimen both of his courage and his powers of speaking, which
+gained him great admiration.  His speech had nothing youthful or
+refined in it, but was straightforward, full of matter, and
+rough, at the same time that there was a certain grace about his
+rough statements which won the attention; and the speaker's
+character showing itself in all he said, added to his severe
+language something that excited feelings of natural pleasure and
+interest.  His voice was full and sounding, and sufficient to be
+heard by so great a multitude, and its vigor and capacity of
+endurance quite indefatigable; for he often would speak a whole
+day, and never stop.
+
+When he had carried this cause, he betook himself again to study
+and retirement.  He employed himself in inuring his body to labor
+and violent exercise; and habituated himself to go bareheaded in
+the hottest and the coldest weather, and to walk on foot at all
+seasons.  When he went on a journey with any of his friends,
+though they were on horseback and he on foot, yet he would often
+join now one, then another, and converse with them on the way.
+In sickness, the patience he showed in supporting, and the
+abstinence he used for curing his distempers, were admirable.
+When he had an ague, he would remain alone, and suffer nobody to
+see him, till he began to recover, and found the fit was over.
+At supper, when he threw dice for the choice of dishes, and lost,
+and the company offered him nevertheless his choice, he declined
+to dispute, as he said, the decision of Venus. At first, he was
+wont to drink only once after supper, and then go away; but in
+process of time he grew to drink more, insomuch that oftentimes
+he would continue till morning.  This his friends explained by
+saying that state affairs and public business took him up all
+day, and being desirous of knowledge, he liked to pass the night
+at wine in the conversation of philosophers.  Hence, upon one
+Memmius saying in public, that Cato spent whole nights in
+drinking, "You should add," replied Cicero, "that he spends whole
+days in gambling."  And in general Cato esteemed the customs and
+manners of men at that time so corrupt, and a reformation in them
+so necessary, that he thought it requisite, in many things, to go
+contrary to the ordinary way of the world.  Seeing the lightest
+and gayest purple was then most in fashion, he would always wear
+that which was nearest black; and he would often go out of doors,
+after his morning meal, without either shoes or tunic; not that
+he sought vainglory from such novelties, but he would accustom
+himself to be ashamed only of what deserves shame, and to despise
+all other sorts of disgrace.
+
+The estate of one Cato, his cousin, which was worth one hundred
+talents, falling to him, he turned it all into ready money, which
+he kept by him for any of his friends that should happen to want,
+to whom he would lend it without interest.  And for some of them,
+he suffered his own land and his slaves to be mortgaged to the
+public treasury.
+
+When he thought himself of an age fit to marry, having never
+before known any woman, he was contracted to Lepida, who had
+before been contracted to Metellus Scipio, but on Scipio's own
+withdrawal from it, the contract had been dissolved, and she
+left at liberty.  Yet Scipio afterward repenting himself, did all
+he could to regain her, before the marriage with Cato was
+completed, and succeeded in so doing.  At which Cato was
+violently incensed, and resolved at first to go to law about it;
+but his friends persuaded him to the contrary.  However, he was
+so moved by the heat of youth and passion, that he wrote a
+quantity of iambic verses against Scipio, in the bitter,
+sarcastic style of Archilochus, without, however, his license and
+scurrility.  After this, he married Atilia, the daughter of
+Soranus, the first, but not the only woman he ever knew, less
+happy thus far than Laelius, the friend of Scipio, who in the
+whole course of so long a life never knew but the one woman to
+whom he was united in his first and only marriage.
+
+In the war of the slaves, which took its name from Spartacus,
+their ringleader, Gellius was general, and Cato went a volunteer,
+for the sake of his brother Caepio, who was a tribune in the
+army.  Cato could find here no opportunity to show his zeal or
+exercise his valor, on account of the ill conduct of the general.
+However, amidst the corruption and disorders of that army, he
+showed such a love of discipline, so much bravery upon occasion,
+and so much courage and wisdom in everything, that it appeared
+he was no way inferior to the old Cato.  Gellius offered him
+great rewards, and would have decreed him the first honors;
+which, however, he refused, saying, he had done nothing that
+deserved them.  This made him be thought a man of a strange and
+eccentric temper.
+
+There was a law passed, moreover, that the candidates who stood
+for any office should not have prompters in their canvass, to
+tell them the names of the citizens;  and Cato, when he sued to
+be elected tribune, was the only man that obeyed this law.  He
+took great pains to learn by his own knowledge to salute those he
+had to speak with, and to call them by their names; yet even
+those who praised him for this, did not do so without some envy
+and jealousy, for the more they considered the excellence of
+what he did, the more they were grieved at the difficulty they
+found to do the like.
+
+Being chosen tribune, he was sent into Macedon to join Rubrius,
+who was general there.  It is said that his wife showing much
+concern, and weeping at his departure, Munatius, one of Cato's
+friends, said to her, "Do not trouble yourself, Atilia, I will
+engage to watch over him for you."  "By all means," replied Cato;
+and when they had gone one day's journey together, "Now," said he
+to Munatius, after they had supped, "that you may be sure to keep
+your promise to Atilia, you must not leave me day nor night," and
+from that time, he ordered two beds to be made in his own
+chamber, that Munatius might lie there.  And so he continued to
+do, Cato making it his jest to see that he was always there.
+There went with him fifteen slaves, two freedmen, and four of his
+friends; these rode on horseback, but Cato always went on foot,
+yet would he keep by them, and talk with each of them in turn, as
+they went.
+
+When he came to the army, which consisted of several legions, the
+general gave him the command of one; and as he looked upon it as
+a small matter, and not worthy a commander, to give evidence of
+his own single valor, he resolved to make his soldiers, as far as
+he could, like himself, not, however, in this, relaxing the
+terrors of his office, but associating reason with his authority.
+He persuaded and instructed every one in particular, and bestowed
+rewards or punishments according to desert; and at length his men
+were so well disciplined, that it was hard to say, whether they
+were more peaceable, or more warlike, more valiant, or more just;
+they were alike formidable to their enemies and courteous to
+their allies, fearful to do wrong, and forward to gain honor.
+And Cato himself acquired in the fullest measure, what it had
+been his least desire to seek, glory and good repute; he was
+highly esteemed by all men, and entirely beloved by the soldiers.
+Whatever he commanded to be done, he himself took part in the
+performing; in his apparel, his diet and mode of traveling, he
+was more like a common soldier than an officer; but in character,
+high purpose, and wisdom, he far exceeded all that had the names
+and titles of commanders, and he made himself, without knowing
+it, the object of general affection.  For the true love of virtue
+is in all men produced by the love and respect they bear to him
+that teaches it; and those who praise good men, yet do not love
+them, may respect their reputation, but do not really admire, and
+will never imitate their virtue.
+
+There dwelt at that time in Pergamus, Athenodorus, surnamed
+Cordylio, a man of high repute for his knowledge of the stoic
+philosophy, who was now grown old, and had always steadily
+refused the friendship and acquaintance of princes and great men.
+Cato understood this; so that imagining he should not be able to
+prevail with him by sending or writing, and being by the laws
+allowed two months' absence from the army, he resolved to go into
+Asia to see him in person, trusting to his own good qualities not
+to lose his labor.  And when he had conversed with him, and
+succeeded in persuading him out of his former resolutions, he
+returned and brought him to the camp, as joyful and as proud of
+this victory as if he had done some heroic exploit, greater than
+any of those of Pompey or Lucullus, who, with their armies, at
+that time were subduing so many nations and kingdoms.
+
+While Cato was yet in the service, his brother, on a journey
+towards Asia, fell sick at Aenus in Thrace, letters with
+intelligence of which were immediately dispatched to him.  The
+sea was very rough, and no convenient ship of any size to be had;
+so Cato, getting into a small trading-vessel, with only two of his
+friends and three servants, set sail from Thessalonica, and
+having very narrowly escaped drowning, he arrived at Aenus just
+as Caepio expired.  Upon this occasion, he was thought to have
+showed himself more a fond brother than a philosopher, not only
+in the excess of his grief, bewailing, and embracing the dead
+body, but also in the extravagant expenses of the funeral, the
+vast quantity of rich perfumes and costly garments which were
+burnt with the corpse, and the monument of Thasian marble, which
+he erected, at the cost of eight talents, in the public place of
+the town of Aenus.  For there were some who took upon them to
+cavil at all this, as not consistent with his usual calmness and
+moderation, not discerning that though he were steadfast, firm,
+and inflexible to pleasure, fear, or foolish entreaties, yet he
+was full of natural tenderness and brotherly affection.  Divers
+of the cities and princes of the country, sent him many presents,
+to honor the funeral of his brother; but he took none of their
+money, only the perfumes and ornaments he received, and paid for
+them also.  And afterwards, when the inheritance was divided
+between him and Caepio's daughter, he did not require any portion
+of the funeral expenses to be discharged out of it.
+Notwithstanding this, it has been affirmed that he made his
+brother's ashes be passed through a sieve, to find the gold that
+was melted down when burnt with the body.  But he who made this
+statement appears to have anticipated an exemption for his pen,
+as much as for his sword, from all question and criticism.
+
+The time of Cato's service in the army being expired, he
+received, at his departure, not only the prayers and praises, but
+the tears, and embraces of the soldiers, who spread their clothes
+at his feet, and kissed his hand as he passed, an honor which the
+Romans at that time scarcely paid even to a very few of their
+generals and commander-in-chief.  Having left the army, he
+resolved, before he would return home and apply himself to state
+affairs, to travel in Asia, and observe the manners, the customs,
+and the strength of every province.  He was also unwilling to
+refuse the kindness of Deiotarus, king of Galatia, who having had
+great familiarity and friendship with his father, was very
+desirous to receive a visit from him.  Cato's arrangements in his
+journey were as follows.  Early in the morning he sent out his
+baker and his cook towards the place where he designed to stay
+the next night; these went soberly and quietly into the town, in
+which, if there happened to be no friend or acquaintance of Cato
+or his family, they provided for him in an inn, and gave no
+disturbance to anybody; but if there were no inn, then and in
+this case only, they went to the magistrates, and desiring them
+to help them to lodgings, took without complaint whatever was
+allotted to them.  His servants thus behaving themselves towards
+the magistrates, without noise and threatening, were often
+discredited, or neglected by them, so that Cato many times
+arrived and found nothing provided for him.  And it was all the
+worse when he appeared himself; still less account was taken of
+him.  When they saw him sitting, without saying anything, on his
+baggage, they set him down at once as a person of no consequence,
+who did not venture to make any demand.  Sometimes, on such
+occasions, he would call them to him and tell them, "Foolish
+people, lay aside this inhospitality.  All your visitors will not
+be Catos.  Use your courtesy, to take off the sharp edge of
+power.  There are men enough who desire but a pretense, to take
+from you by force, what you give with such reluctance."
+
+While he traveled in this manner, a diverting accident befell him
+in Syria.  As he was going into Antioch, he saw a great multitude
+of people outside the gates, ranged in order on either side the
+way; here the young men with long cloaks, there the children
+decently dressed; others wore garlands and white garments, who
+were the priests and magistrates.  Cato, imagining all this could
+mean nothing but a display in honor of his reception, began to be
+angry with his servants who had been sent before, for suffering
+it to be done; then making his friends alight, he walked along
+with them on foot.  As soon as he came near the gate, an elderly
+man, who seemed to be master of these ceremonies, with a wand and
+a garland in his hand, came up to Cato, and without saluting him,
+asked him, where he had left Demetrius, and how soon he thought
+he would be there.  This Demetrius was Pompey's servant, and as
+at this time the whole world, so to say, had its eyes fixed upon
+Pompey, this man also was highly honored, on account of his
+influence with his master.  Upon this, Cato's friends fell into
+such violent laughter, that they could not restrain themselves
+while they passed through the crowd; and he himself, ashamed and
+distressed, uttered the words, "Unfortunate city!" and said no
+more.  Afterwards, however, it always made him laugh, when he
+either told the story or was otherwise reminded of it.
+
+Pompey himself shortly after made the people ashamed of their
+ignorance and folly in thus neglecting him, for Cato, coming in
+his journey to Ephesus, went to pay his respects to him, who was
+the elder man, had gained much honor, and was then general of a
+great army.  Yet Pompey would not receive him sitting, but as
+soon as he saw him, rose up, and going to meet him, as the more
+honorable person, gave him his hand, and embraced him with great
+show of kindness.  He said much in commendation of his virtue,
+both at that time when receiving him, and also yet more, after he
+had withdrawn.  So that now all men began at once to display
+their respect for Cato, and discovered in the very same things
+for which they despised him before, an admirable mildness of
+temper, and greatness of spirit.  And indeed the civility that
+Pompey himself showed him, appeared to come from one that rather
+respected than loved him; and the general opinion was, that while
+Cato was there, he paid him admiration, but was not sorry when he
+was gone.  For when other young men came to see him, he usually
+urged and entreated them to continue with him.  Now he did not at
+all invite Cato to stay, but as if his own power were lessened by
+the other's presence, he very willingly allowed him to take his
+leave.  Yet to Cato alone, of all those who went for Rome, he
+recommended his children and his wife, who was indeed connected
+by relationship with Cato.
+
+After this, all the cities through which he passed, strove and
+emulated each other in showing him respect and honor.  Feasts and
+entertainments were made for his reception, so that he bade his
+friends keep strict watch and take care of him, lest he should
+end by making good what was said by Curio, who though he were his
+familial friend, yet disliking the austerity of his temper, asked
+him one day, if when he left the army, he designed to see Asia,
+and Cato answering, "Yes, by all means," "You do well," replied
+Curio, "you will bring back with you a better temper and
+pleasanter manners;" pretty nearly the very words he used.
+
+Deiotarus being now an old man, had sent for Cato, to recommend
+his children and family to his protection; and as soon as he
+came, brought him presents of all sorts of things, which he
+begged and entreated him to accept.  And his importunities
+displeased Cato so much, that though he came but in the evening,
+he stayed only that night, and went away early the next morning.
+After he was gone one day's journey, he found at Pessinus a yet
+greater quantity of presents provided for him there, and also
+letters from Deiotarus, entreating him to receive them, or at
+least to permit his friends to take them, who for his sake
+deserved some gratification, and could not have much done for
+them out of Cato's own means.  Yet he would not suffer it, though
+he saw some of them very willing to receive such gifts, and ready
+to complain of his severity; but he answered, that corruption
+would never want pretense, and his friends should share with him
+in whatever he should justly and honestly obtain, and so returned
+the presents to Deiotarus.
+
+When he took ship for Brundusium, his friends would have
+persuaded him to put his brother's ashes into another vessel; but
+he said, he would sooner part with his life than leave them, and
+so set sail.  And as it chanced, he, we are told, had a very
+dangerous passage, though others at the same time went over
+safely enough.
+
+After he was returned to Rome, he spent his time for the most
+part either at home, in conversation with Athenodorus, or at the
+forum, in the service of his friends.  Though it was now the time
+that he should become quaestor, he would not stand for the place
+till he had studied the laws relating to it, and by inquiry from
+persons of experience, had attained a distinct understanding of
+the duty and authority belonging to it.  With this knowledge, as
+soon as he came into the office, he made a great reformation
+among the clerks and under-officers of the treasury, people who
+had long practice and familiarity in all the public records and
+the laws, and, when new magistrates came in year by year, so
+ignorant and unskillful as to be in absolute need of others to
+teach them what to do, did not submit and give way, but kept the
+power in their own hands, and were in effect the treasurers
+themselves.  Till Cato, applying himself roundly to the work,
+showed that he possessed not only the title and honor of a
+quaestor, but the knowledge and understanding and full authority
+of his office.  So that he used the clerks and under-officers
+like servants, as they were, exposing their corrupt practices,
+and instructing their ignorance.  Being bold impudent fellows,
+they flattered the other quaestors, his colleagues, and by their
+means endeavored to maintain an opposition against him.  But he
+convicted the chiefest of them of a breach of trust in the charge
+of an inheritance, and turned him out of his place.  A second he
+brought to trial for dishonesty, who was defended by Lutatius
+Catulus, at that time censor, a man very considerable for his
+office, but yet more for his character, as he was eminent above
+all the Romans of that age for his reputed wisdom and integrity.
+He was also intimate with Cato, and much commended his way of
+living.  So perceiving he could not bring off his client, if he
+stood a fair trial, he openly began to beg him off.  Cato
+objected to his doing this.  And when he continued still to be
+importunate, "It would be shameful, Catulus," he said, "that the
+censor, the judge of all our lives, should incur the dishonor of
+removal by our officers."  At this expression, Catalus looked as
+if he would have made some answer; but he said nothing, and
+either through anger or shame went away silent, and out of
+countenance.  Nevertheless, the man was not found guilty, for the
+voices that acquitted him were but one in number less than those
+that condemned him, and Marcus Lollius, one of Cato's colleagues,
+who was absent by reason of sickness, was sent for by Catalus,
+and entreated to come and save the man.  So Lollius was brought
+into court in a chair, and gave his voice also for acquitting
+him.  Yet Cato never after made use of that clerk, and never paid
+him his salary, nor would he make any account of the vote given
+by Lollius.  Having thus humbled the clerks, and brought them to
+be at command, he made use of the books and registers as he
+thought fit, and in a little while gained the treasury a higher
+name than the Senate-house itself; and all men said, Cato had
+made the office of a quaestor equal to the dignity of a consul.
+When he found many indebted to the state upon old accounts, and
+the state also in debt to many private persons, he took care that
+the public might no longer either do or suffer wrong; he strictly
+and punctually exacted what was due to the treasury, and as
+freely and speedily paid all those to whom it was indebted.  So
+that the people were filled with sentiments of awe and respect,
+on seeing those made to pay, who thought to have escaped with
+their plunder, and others receiving all their due, who despaired
+of getting anything.  And whereas usually those who brought
+false bills and pretended orders of the senate, could through
+favor get them accepted, Cato would never be so imposed upon, and
+in the case of one particular order, question arising, whether it
+had passed the senate, he would not believe a great many
+witnesses that attested it, nor would admit of it, till the
+consuls came and affirmed it upon oath.
+
+There were at that time a great many whom Sylla had made use of
+as his agents in the proscription, and to whom he had for their
+service in putting men to death, given twelve thousand drachmas
+apiece.  These men everybody hated as wicked and polluted
+wretches, but nobody durst be revenged upon them.  Cato called
+everyone to account, as wrongfully possessed of the public
+money, and exacted it of them, and at the same time sharply
+reproved them for their unlawful and impious actions.  After
+these proceedings, they were presently accused of murder, and
+being already in a manner prejudged as guilty, they were easily
+found so, and accordingly suffered; at which the whole people
+rejoiced, and thought themselves now to see the old tyranny
+finally abolished, and Sylla himself, so to say, brought to
+punishment.
+
+Cato's assiduity also, and indefatigable diligence, won very much
+upon the people.  He always came first of any of his colleagues
+to the treasury, and went away the last.  He never missed any
+assembly of the people, or sitting of the senate; being always
+anxious and on the watch for those who lightly, or as a matter of
+interest, passed votes in favor of this or that person, for
+remitting debts or granting away customs that were owing to the
+state.  And at length, having kept the exchequer pure and clear
+from base informers, and yet having filled it with treasure, he
+made it appear the state might be rich, without oppressing the
+people.  At first he excited feelings of dislike and irritation
+in some of his colleagues, but after a while they were well
+contented with him, since he was perfectly willing that they
+should cast all the odium on him, when they declined to gratify
+their friends with the public money, or to give dishonest judgments
+in passing their accounts; and when hard pressed by suitors, they
+could readily answer it was impossible to do anything, unless
+Cato would consent.  On the last day of his office, he was
+honorably attended to his house by almost all the people;
+but on the way he was informed that several powerful friends were
+in the treasury with Marcellus, using all their interest with him
+to pass a certain debt to the public revenue, as if it had been a
+gift.  Marcellus had been one of Cato's friends from his
+childhood, and so long as Cato was with him, was one of the best
+of his colleagues in this office, but when alone, was unable to
+resist the importunity of suitors, and prone to do anybody a
+kindness.  So Cato immediately turned back, and finding that
+Marcellus had yielded to pass the thing, he took the book, and
+while Marcellus silently stood by and looked on, struck it out.
+This done, he brought Marcellus out of the treasury, and took him
+home with him; who for all this, neither then, nor ever after,
+complained of him, but always continued his friendship and
+familiarity with him.
+
+Cato after he had laid down his office, yet did not cease to keep
+a watch upon the treasury.  He had his servants who continually
+wrote out the details of the expenditure, and he himself kept
+always by him certain books, which contained the accounts of the
+revenue from Sylla's time to his own quaestorship, which he had
+bought for five talents.
+
+He was always first at the senate, and went out last; and often,
+while the others were slowly collecting, he would sit and read by
+himself, holding his gown before his book.  He was never once out
+of town when the senate was to meet.  And when afterwards Pompey
+and his party, finding that he could never be either persuaded or
+compelled to favor their unjust designs, endeavored to keep him
+from the senate, by engaging him in business for his friends, to
+plead their causes, or arbitrate in their differences, or the
+like, he quickly discovered the trick, and to defeat it, fairly
+told all his acquaintance that he would never meddle in any
+private business when the senate was assembled.  Since it was not
+in the hope of gaining honor or riches, nor out of mere impulse,
+or by chance that he engaged himself in politics, but he
+undertook the service of the state, as the proper business of an
+honest man, and therefore he thought himself obliged to be as
+constant to his public duty, as the bee to the honeycomb.  To
+this end, he took care to have his friends and correspondents
+everywhere, to send him reports of the edicts, decrees,
+judgments, and all the important proceedings that passed in any
+of the provinces.  Once when Clodius, the seditious orator, to
+promote his violent and revolutionary projects, traduced to the
+people some of the priests and priestesses, (among whom Fabia,
+sister to Cicero's wife, Terentia, ran great danger,) Cato,
+having boldly interfered, and having made Clodius appear so
+infamous that he was forced to leave the town, was addressed,
+when it was over, by Cicero, who came to thank him for what he
+had done.  "You must thank the commonwealth," said he, for whose
+sake alone he professed to do everything.  Thus he gained a
+great and wonderful reputation; so that an advocate in a cause,
+where there was only one witness against him, told the judges
+they ought not to rely upon a single witness, though it were Cato
+himself.  And it was a sort of proverb with many people, if any
+very unlikely and incredible thing were asserted, to say, they
+would not believe it, though Cato himself should affirm it.  One
+day a debauched and sumptuous liver talking in the senate about
+frugality and temperance, Amnaeus standing up, cried, "Who can
+endure this, Sir, to have you feast like Crassus, build like
+Lucullus and talk like Cato."  So likewise those who were vicious
+and dissolute in their manners, yet affected to be grave and
+severe in their language, were in derision called Catos.
+
+At first, when his friends would have persuaded him to stand to
+be tribune of the people, he thought it undesirable; for that the
+power of so great an office ought to be reserved, as the
+strongest medicines, for occasions of the last necessity.  But
+afterwards in a vacation time, as he was going, accompanied with
+his books and philosophers, to Lucania, where he had lands with a
+pleasant residence, they met by the way a great many horses,
+carriages, and attendants, of whom they understood, that Metellus
+Nepos was going to Rome, to stand to be tribune of the people.
+Hereupon Cato stopped, and after a little pause, gave orders to
+return back immediately; at which the company seeming to wonder,
+"Don't you know," said he, "how dangerous of itself the madness
+of Metellus is? and now that he comes armed with the support of
+Pompey, he will fall like lightning on the state, and bring it to
+utter disorder; therefore this is no time for idleness and
+diversion, but we must go and prevent this man in his designs, or
+bravely die in defense of our liberty."  Nevertheless, by the
+persuasion of his friends, he went first to his country-house,
+where he stayed but a very little time, and then returned to
+town.
+
+He arrived in the evening, and went straight the next morning to
+the forum, where he began to solicit for the tribuneship, in
+opposition to Metellus.  The power of this office consists rather
+in controlling, than performing any business; for though all the
+rest except any one tribune should be agreed, yet his denial or
+intercession could put a stop to the whole matter.  Cato, at
+first, had not many that appeared for him; but as soon as his
+design was known, all the good and distinguished persons of the
+city quickly came forward to encourage and support him, looking
+upon him, not as one that desired a favor of them, but one that
+proposed to do a great favor to his country and all honest men;
+who had many times refused the same office, when he might have
+had it without trouble, but now sought it with danger, that he
+might defend their liberty and their government.  It is reported
+that so great a number flocked about him, that he was like to be
+stifled amidst the press, and could scarce get through the crowd.
+He was declared tribune, with several others, among whom was
+Metellus.
+
+When Cato was chosen into this office, observing that the
+election of consuls was become a matter of purchase, he sharply
+rebuked the people for this corruption, and in the conclusion of
+his speech protested, he would bring to trial whomever he should
+find giving money, making an exception only in the case of
+Silanus, on account of their near connection, he having married
+Servilia, Cato's sister.  He therefore did not prosecute him, but
+accused Lucius Murena, who had been chosen consul by corrupt
+means with Silanus.  There was a law that the party accused might
+appoint a person to keep watch upon his accuser, that he might
+know fairly what means he took in preparing the accusation.  He
+that was set upon Cato by Murena, at first followed and observed
+him strictly, yet never found him dealing any way unfairly or
+insidiously, but always generously and candidly going on in the
+just and open methods of proceeding.  And he so admired Cato's
+great spirit, and so entirely trusted to his integrity, that
+meeting him in the forum, or going to his house, he would ask
+him, if he designed to do anything that day in order to the
+accusation, and if Cato said no, he went away, relying on his
+word.  When the cause was pleaded, Cicero, who was then consul
+and defended Murena, took occasion to be extremely witty and
+jocose, in reference to Cato, upon the stoic philosophers, and
+their paradoxes, as they call them, and so excited great laughter
+among the judges; upon which Cato, smiling, said to the standers
+by, "What a pleasant consul we have, my friends."  Murena was
+acquitted, and afterwards showed himself a man of no ill feeling
+or want of sense; for when he was consul, he always took Cato's
+advice in the most weighty affairs, and during all the time of
+his office, paid him much honor and respect.  Of which not only
+Murena's prudence, but also Cato's own behavior, was the cause;
+for though he were terrible and severe as to matters of justice,
+in the senate, and at the bar, yet after the thing was over, his
+manner to all men was perfectly friendly and humane.
+
+Before he entered on the office of tribune, he assisted Cicero,
+at that time consul, in many contests that concerned his office,
+but most especially in his great and noble acts at the time of
+Catiline's conspiracy, which owed their last successful issue to
+Cato.  Catiline had plotted a dreadful and entire subversion of
+the Roman state by sedition and open war, but being convicted by
+Cicero, was forced to fly the city.  Yet Lentulus and Cethegus
+remained with several others, to carry on the same plot; and
+blaming Catiline, as one that wanted courage, and had been timid
+and petty in his designs, they themselves resolved to set the
+whole town on fire, and utterly to overthrow the empire, rousing
+whole nations to revolt and exciting foreign wars.  But the
+design was discovered by Cicero, (as we have written in his
+life,) and the matter brought before the senate.  Silanus, who
+spoke first, delivered his opinion, that the conspirators ought
+to suffer the last of punishments, and was therein followed by
+all who spoke after him; till it came to Caesar, who being an
+excellent speaker, and looking upon all changes and commotions in
+the state as materials useful for his own purposes, desired
+rather to increase than extinguish them; and standing up, he made
+a very merciful and persuasive speech, that they ought not to
+suffer death without fair trial according to law, and moved that
+they might be kept in prison.  Thus was the house almost wholly
+turned by Caesar, apprehending also the anger of the people;
+insomuch that even Silanus retracted, and said he did not mean to
+propose death, but imprisonment, for that was the utmost a Roman
+could suffer.  Upon this they were all inclined to the milder and
+more merciful opinion, when Cato standing up, began at once with
+great passion and vehemence to reproach Silanus for his change of
+opinion, and to attack Caesar, who would, he said, ruin the
+commonwealth by soft words and popular speeches, and was
+endeavoring to frighten the senate, when he himself ought to
+fear, and be thankful, if he escaped unpunished or unsuspected,
+who thus openly and boldly dared to protect the enemies of the
+state, and while finding no compassion for his own native
+country, brought, with all its glories, so near to utter ruin,
+could yet be full of pity for those men, who had better never
+have been born, and whose death must deliver the commonwealth
+from bloodshed and destruction.  This only of all Cato's
+speeches, it is said, was preserved; for Cicero, the consul, had
+disposed, in various parts of the senate-house, several of the
+most expert and rapid writers, whom he had taught to make figures
+comprising numerous words in a few short strokes; as up to that
+time they had not used those we call short-hand writers, who
+then, as it is said, established the first example of the art.
+Thus Cato carried it, and so turned the house again, that it was
+decreed the conspirators should be put to death.
+
+Not to omit any small matters that may serve to show Cato's
+temper, and add something to the portraiture of his mind, it is
+reported, that while Caesar and he were in the very heat, and the
+whole senate regarding them two, a little note was brought in to
+Caesar, which Cato declared to be suspicious, and urging that
+some seditious act was going on, bade the letter be read.  Upon
+which Caesar handed the paper to Cato; who discovering it to be a
+love-letter from his sister Servilia to Caesar, by whom she had
+been corrupted, threw it to him again, saying, "Take it,
+drunkard," and so went on with his discourse.  And, indeed, it
+seems Cato had but ill-fortune in women; for this lady was ill
+spoken of, for her familiarity with Caesar, and the other
+Servilia, Cato's sister also, was yet more ill-conducted; for
+being married to Lucullus, one of the greatest men in Rome, and
+having brought him a son, she was afterwards divorced for
+incontinency.  But what was worst of all, Cato's own wife Atilia
+was not free from the same fault; and after she had borne him two
+children, he was forced to put her away for her misconduct.
+After that he married Marcia, the daughter of Philippus, a woman
+of good reputation, who yet has occasioned much discourse; and
+the life of Cato, like a dramatic piece, has this one scene or
+passage full of perplexity and doubtful meaning.
+
+It is thus related by Thrasea, who refers to the authority of
+Munatius, Cato's friend and constant companion.  Among many that
+loved and admired Cato, some were more remarkable and conspicuous
+than others.  Of these was Quintus Hortensius, a man of high
+repute and approved virtue, who desired not only to live in
+friendship and familiarity with Cato, but also to unite his whole
+house and family with him by some sort or other of alliance in
+marriage.  Therefore he set himself to persuade Cato, that his
+daughter Porcia, who was already married to Bibulus, and had
+borne him two children, might nevertheless be given to him, as a
+fair plot of land, to bear fruit also for him.  "For," said he,
+"though this in the opinion of men may seem strange, yet in
+nature it is honest, and profitable for the public, that a woman
+in the prime of her youth should not lie useless, and lose the
+fruit of her womb, nor, on the other side, should burden and
+impoverish one man, by bringing him too many children.  Also by
+this communication of families among worthy men, virtue would
+increase, and be diffused through their posterity; and the
+commonwealth would be united and cemented by their alliances."
+Yet if Bibulus would not part with his wife altogether, he would
+restore her as soon as she had brought him a child, whereby he
+might be united to both their families.  Cato answered, that he
+loved Hortensius very well, and much approved of uniting their
+houses, but he thought it strange to speak of marrying his
+daughter, when she was already given to another.  Then
+Hortensius, turning the discourse, did not hesitate to speak
+openly and ask for Cato's own wife, for she was young and
+fruitful, and he had already children enough.  Neither can it be
+thought that Hortensius did this, as imagining Cato did not care
+for Marcia; for, it is said, she was then with child.  Cato,
+perceiving his earnest desire, did not deny his request, but said
+that Philippus, the father of Marcia, ought also to be consulted.
+Philippus, therefore, being sent for, came; and finding they were
+well agreed, gave his daughter Marcia to Hortensius in the
+presence of Cato, who himself also assisted at the marriage.
+This was done at a later time, but since I was speaking of women,
+I thought it well to mention it now.
+
+Lentulus and the rest of the conspirators were put to death, but
+Caesar, finding so much insinuated and charged against him in the
+senate, betook himself to the people, and proceeded to stir up
+the most corrupt and dissolute elements of the state to form a
+party in his support.  Cato, apprehensive of what might ensue,
+persuaded the senate to win over the poor and unprovided-for
+multitude, by a distribution of corn, the annual charge of which
+amounted to twelve hundred and fifty talents.  This act of
+humanity and kindness unquestionably dissipated the present
+danger.  But Metellus, coming into his office of tribune, began
+to hold tumultuous assemblies, and had prepared a decree, that
+Pompey the Great should presently be called into Italy, with all
+his forces, to preserve the city from the danger of Catiline's
+conspiracy.  This was the fair pretense; but the true design was,
+to deliver all into the hands of Pompey, and give him an absolute
+power.  Upon this the senate was assembled, and Cato did not fall
+sharply upon Metellus, as he often did, but urged his advice in
+the most reasonable and moderate tone.  At last he descended even
+to entreaty, and extolled the house of Metellus, as having always
+taken part with the nobility.  At this Metellus grew the more
+insolent, and despising Cato, as if he yielded and were afraid,
+let himself proceed to the most audacious menaces, openly
+threatening to do whatever he pleased in spite of the senate.
+Upon this Cato changed his countenance, his voice, and his
+language; and after many sharp expressions, boldly concluded,
+that while he lived, Pompey should never come armed into the
+city.  The senate thought them both extravagant, and not well in
+their safe senses; for the design of Metellus seemed to be mere
+rage and frenzy, out of excess of mischief bringing all things to
+ruin and confusion, and Cato's virtue looked like a kind of
+ecstasy of contention in the cause of what was good and just.
+
+But when the day came for the people to give their voices for the
+passing this decree, and Metellus beforehand occupied the forum
+with armed men, strangers, gladiators, and slaves, those that in
+hopes of change followed Pompey, were known to be no small part
+of the people, and besides, they had great assistance from
+Caesar, who was then praetor; and though the best and chiefest
+men of the city were no less offended at these proceedings than
+Cato, they seemed rather likely to suffer with him, than able to
+assist him.  In the meantime Cato's whole family were in extreme
+fear and apprehension for him; some of his friends neither ate
+nor slept all the night, passing the whole time in debating and
+perplexity; his wife and sisters also bewailed and lamented him.
+But he himself, void of all fear, and full of assurance,
+comforted and encouraged them by his own words and conversation
+with them.  After supper he went to rest at his usual hour, and
+was the next day waked out of a profound sleep by Minucius
+Thermus, one of his colleagues.  So soon as he was up, they two
+went together into the forum, accompanied by very few, but met by
+a great many, who bade them have a care of themselves.  Cato,
+therefore, when he saw the temple of Castor and Pollux
+encompassed with armed men, and the steps guarded by gladiators,
+and at the top Metellus and Caesar seated together, turning to
+his friends, "Behold," said he, "this audacious coward, who has
+levied a regiment of soldiers against one unarmed naked man;"
+and so he went on with Thermus.  Those who kept the passages,
+gave way to these two only, and would not let anybody else pass.
+Yet Cato taking Munatius by the hand, with much difficulty pulled
+him through along with him.  Then going directly to Metellus and
+Caesar, he sat himself down between them, to prevent their
+talking to one another, at which they were both amazed and
+confounded.  And those of the honest party, observing the
+countenance, and admiring the high spirit and boldness of Cato,
+went nearer, and cried out to him to have courage, exhorting also
+one another to stand together, and not betray their liberty, nor
+the defender of it.
+
+Then the clerk took out the bill, but Cato forbade him to read
+it, whereupon Metellus took it, and would have read it himself,
+but Cato snatched away the book.  Yet Metellus having the decree
+by heart, began to recite it without book; but Thermus put his
+hand to his mouth, and stopped his speech.  Metellus seeing them
+fully bent to withstand him, and the people cowed, and inclining
+to the better side, sent to his house for armed men.  And on
+their rushing in with great noise and terror, all the rest
+dispersed and ran away, except Cato, who alone stood still, while
+the other party threw sticks and stones at him from above, until
+Murena, whom he had formerly accused, came up to protect him, and
+holding his gown before him, cried out to them to leave off
+throwing; and, in fine, persuading and pulling him along, he
+forced him into the temple of Castor and Pollux.  Metellus now
+seeing the place clear, and all the adverse party fled out of the
+forum, thought he might easily carry his point; so he commanded
+the soldiers to retire, and recommencing in an orderly manner,
+began to proceed to passing the decree.  But the other side
+having recovered themselves, returned very boldly, and with loud
+shouting, insomuch that Metellus's adherents were seized with a
+panic, supposing them to be coming with a reinforcement of armed
+men, and fled every one out of the place.  They being thus
+dispersed, Cato came in again, and confirmed the courage, and
+commended the resolution of the people; so that now the majority
+were, by all means, for deposing Metellus from his office.  The
+senate also being assembled, gave orders once more for supporting
+Cato, and resisting the motion, as of a nature to excite sedition
+and perhaps civil war in the city.
+
+But Metellus continued still very bold and resolute; and seeing
+his party stood greatly in fear of Cato, whom they looked upon as
+invincible, he hurried out of the senate into the forum, and
+assembled the people, to whom he made a bitter and invidious
+speech against Cato, crying out, he was forced to fly from his
+tyranny, and this conspiracy against Pompey; that the city would
+soon repent their having dishonored so great a man.  And from
+hence he started to go to Asia, with the intention, as would be
+supposed, of laying before Pompey all the injuries that were done
+him.  Cato was highly extolled for having delivered the state
+from this dangerous tribuneship, and having in some measure
+defeated, in the person of Metellus, the power of Pompey; but he
+was yet more commended when, upon the senate proceeding to
+disgrace Metellus and depose him from his office, he altogether
+opposed and at length diverted the design.  The common people
+admired his moderation and humanity, in not trampling wantonly on
+an enemy whom he had overthrown, and wiser men acknowledged his
+prudence and policy, in not exasperating Pompey.
+
+Lucullus soon after returned from the war in Asia, the finishing
+of which, and thereby the glory of the whole, was thus, in all
+appearance, taken out of his hands by Pompey.  And he was also
+not far from losing his triumph, for Caius Memmius traduced him
+to the people, and threatened to accuse him; rather, however, out
+of love to Pompey, than for any particular enmity to him.  But
+Cato, being allied to Lucullus, who had married his sister
+Servilia, and also thinking it a great injustice, opposed
+Memmius, thereby exposing himself to much slander and
+misrepresentation, insomuch that they would have turned him out
+of his office, pretending that he used his power tyrannically.
+Yet at length Cato so far prevailed against Memmius, that he was
+forced to let fall the accusations, and abandon the contest.  And
+Lucullus having thus obtained his triumph, yet more sedulously
+cultivated Cato's friendship, which he looked upon as a great
+guard and defense for him against Pompey's power.
+
+And now Pompey also returning with glory from the war, and
+confiding in the good-will of the people, shown in their splendid
+reception of him, thought he should be denied nothing, and sent
+therefore to the senate to put off the assembly for the election
+of consuls, till he could be present to assist Piso, who stood
+for that office.  To this most of the senators were disposed to
+yield; Cato, only, not so much thinking that this delay would be
+of great importance, but, desiring to cut down at once Pompey's
+high expectations and designs, withstood his request, and so
+overruled the senate, that it was carried against him.  And this
+not a little disturbed Pompey, who found he should very often
+fail in his projects, unless he could bring over Cato to his
+interest.  He sent, therefore, for Munatius, his friend; and Cato
+having two nieces that were marriageable, he offered to marry the
+eldest himself, and take the youngest for his son.  Some say they
+were not his nieces, but his daughters.  Munatius proposed the
+matter to Cato, in presence of his wife and sisters; the women
+were full of joy at the prospect of an alliance with so great and
+important a person.  But Cato, without delay or balancing,
+forming his decision at once, answered, "Go, Munatius, go and
+tell Pompey, that Cato is not assailable on the side of the
+women's chamber; I am grateful indeed for the intended kindness,
+and so long as his actions are upright, I promise him a
+friendship more sure than any marriage alliance, but I will not
+give hostages to Pompey's glory, against my country's safety."
+This answer was very much against the wishes of the women, and to
+all his friends it seemed somewhat harsh and haughty.  But
+afterwards, when Pompey, endeavoring to get the consulship for
+one of his friends, gave pay to the people for their votes, and
+the bribery was notorious, the money being counted out in
+Pompey's own gardens, Cato then said to the women, they must
+necessarily have been concerned in the contamination of these
+misdeeds of Pompey, if they had been allied to his family; and
+they acknowledged that he did best in refusing it.  Yet if we may
+judge by the event, Cato was much to blame in rejecting that
+alliance, which thereby fell to Caesar.  And then that match was
+made, which, uniting his and Pompey's power, had well-nigh ruined
+the Roman empire, and did destroy the commonwealth.  Nothing of
+which perhaps had come to pass, but that Cato was too
+apprehensive of Pompey's least faults, and did not consider how
+he forced him into conferring on another man the opportunity of
+committing the greatest.
+
+These things, however, were yet to come.  Lucullus, meantime, and
+Pompey, had a great dispute concerning their orders and
+arrangements in Pontus, each endeavoring that his own ordinances
+might stand.  Cato took part with Lucullus, who was manifestly
+suffering wrong; and Pompey, finding himself the weaker in the
+senate, had recourse to the people, and to gain votes, he
+proposed a law for dividing the lands among the soldiers.  Cato
+opposing him in this also, made the bill be rejected.  Upon this
+he joined himself with Clodius, at that time the most violent of
+all the demagogues; and entered also into friendship with Caesar,
+upon an occasion of which also Cato was the cause.  For Caesar
+returning from his government in Spain, at the same time sued to
+be chosen consul, and yet desired not to lose his triumph.  Now
+the law requiring that those who stood for any office should be
+present, and yet that whoever expected a triumph should continue
+without the walls, Caesar requested the senate, that his friends
+might be permitted to canvass for him in his absence.  Many of
+the senators were willing to consent to it, but Cato opposed it,
+and perceiving them inclined to favor Caesar, spent the whole day
+in speaking, and so prevented the senate from coming to any
+conclusion.  Caesar, therefore, resolving to let fall his
+pretensions to the triumph, came into the town, and immediately
+made a friendship with Pompey, and stood for the consulship.  And
+so soon as he was declared consul elect, he married his daughter
+Julia to Pompey.  And having thus combined themselves together
+against the commonwealth, the one proposed laws for dividing the
+lands among the poor people, and the other was present to support
+the proposals Lucullus, Cicero, and their friends, joined with
+Bibulus, the other consul, to hinder their passing, and, foremost
+of them all, Cato, who already looked upon the friendship and
+alliance of Pompey and Caesar as very dangerous, and declared he
+did not so much dislike the advantage the people should get by
+this division of the lands, as he feared the reward these men
+would gain, by thus courting and cozening the people.  And in
+this he gained over the senate to his opinion, as likewise many
+who were not senators, who were offended at Caesar's ill conduct,
+that he, in the office of consul, should thus basely and
+dishonorably flatter the people; practicing, to win their favor,
+the same means that were wont to be used only by the most rash
+and rebellious tribunes.  Caesar, therefore, and his party,
+fearing they should not carry it by fair dealing, fell to open
+force.  First a basket of dung was thrown upon Bibulus as he was
+going to the forum; then they set upon his lictors and broke
+their rods; at length several darts were thrown, and many men
+wounded; so that all that were against those laws, fled out of
+the forum, the rest with what haste they could, and Cato, last of
+all, walking out slowly, often turning back and calling down
+vengeance upon them.
+
+Thus the other party not only carried their point of dividing the
+lands, but also ordained, that all the senate should swear to
+confirm this law, and to defend it against whoever should attempt
+to alter it, indicting great penalties on those that should
+refuse the oath.  All the senators seeing the necessity they were
+in, took the oath, remembering the example of Metellus in old
+time, who refusing to swear upon the like occasion, was forced to
+leave Italy.  As for Cato, his wife and children with tears
+besought him, his friends and familiars persuaded and entreated
+him, to yield and take the oath; but he that principally
+prevailed with him was Cicero, the orator, who urged upon him
+that it was perhaps not even right in itself, that a private man
+should oppose what the public had decreed; that the thing being
+already past altering, it were folly and madness to throw himself
+into danger, without the chance of doing his country any good; it
+would be the greatest of all evils, to embrace, as it were, the
+opportunity to abandon the commonwealth, for whose sake he did
+everything, and to let it fall into the hands of those who
+designed nothing but its ruin, as if he were glad to be saved
+from the trouble of defending it.  "For," said he, "though Cato
+have no need of Rome, yet Rome has need of Cato, and so likewise
+have all his friends."  Of whom Cicero professed he himself was
+the chief, being; at that time aimed at by Clodius, who openly
+threatened to fall upon him, as soon as ever he should get to be
+tribune.  Thus Cato, they say, moved by the entreaties and the
+arguments of his friends, went unwillingly to take the oath,
+which he did the last of all, except only Favonius, one of his
+intimate acquaintance.
+
+Caesar, exalted with this success, proposed another law, for
+dividing almost all the country of Campania among the poor and
+needy citizens.  Nobody durst speak against it but Cato, whom
+Caesar therefore pulled from the rostra, and dragged to prison:
+yet Cato did not even thus remit his freedom of speech, but as
+he went along, continued to speak against the law, and advised
+the people to put down all legislators who proposed the like.
+The senate and the best of the citizens followed him with sad and
+dejected looks, showing their grief and indignation by their
+silence, so that Caesar could not be ignorant how much they were
+offended; but for contention's sake, he still persisted,
+expecting Cato should either supplicate him, or make an appeal.
+But when he saw that he did not so much as think of doing either,
+ashamed of what he was doing and of what people thought of it, he
+himself privately bade one of the tribunes interpose and procure
+his release.  However, having won the multitude by these laws and
+gratifications, they decreed that Caesar should have the
+government of Illyricum, and all Gaul, with an army of four
+legions, for the space of five years, though Cato still cried out
+they were, by their own vote, placing a tyrant in their citadel.
+Publius Clodius, who illegally of a patrician became a plebeian,
+was declared tribune of the people, as he had promised to do all
+things according to their pleasure, on condition he might banish
+Cicero.  And for consuls, they set up Calpurnius Piso, the father
+of Caesar's wife, and Aulus Gabinius, one of Pompey's creatures,
+as they tell us, who best knew his life and manners.
+
+Yet when they had thus firmly established all things, having
+mastered one part of the city by favor, and the other by fear,
+they themselves were still afraid of Cato, and remembered with
+vexation what pains and trouble their success over him had cost
+them, and indeed what shame and disgrace, when at last they were
+driven to use violence to him.  This made Clodius despair of
+driving Cicero out of Italy while Cato stayed at home.
+Therefore, having first laid his design, as soon as he came into
+his office, he sent for Cato, and told him, that he looked upon
+him as the most incorrupt of all the Romans, and was ready to
+show he did so.  "For whereas," said he, "many have applied to be
+sent to Cyprus on the commission in the case of Ptolemy, and have
+solicited to have the appointment, I think you alone are
+deserving of it, and I desire to give you the favor of the
+appointment."  Cato at once cried out, it was a mere design upon
+him, and no favor, but an injury.  Then Clodius proudly and
+fiercely answered, "If you will not take it as a kindness, you
+shall go, though never so unwillingly;" and immediately going
+into the assembly of the people, he made them pass a decree, that
+Cato should be sent to Cyprus.  But they ordered him neither
+ship, nor soldier, nor any attendant, except two secretaries; one
+of whom was a thief and a rascal, and the other a retainer to
+Clodius.  Besides, as if Cyprus and Ptolemy were not work
+sufficient, he was ordered also to restore the refugees of
+Byzantium.  For Clodius was resolved to keep him far enough off,
+whilst himself continued tribune.
+
+Cato being in this necessity of going away, advised Cicero, who
+was next to be set upon, to make no resistance, lest he should
+throw the state into civil war and confusion, but to give way to
+the times, and thus become once more the preserver of his
+country.  He himself sent forward Canidius, one of his friends,
+to Cyprus, to persuade Ptolemy to yield, without being forced;
+which if he did, he should want neither riches nor honor, for the
+Romans would give him the priesthood of the goddess at Paphos.
+He himself stayed at Rhodes, making some preparations, and
+expecting an answer from Cyprus.  In the meantime, Ptolemy, king
+of Egypt, who had left Alexandria, upon some quarrel between him
+and his subjects, and was sailing for Rome, in hopes that Pompey
+and Caesar would send troops to restore him, in his way thither
+desired to see Cato, to whom he sent, supposing he would come to
+him.  Cato had taken purging medicine at the time when the
+messenger came, and made answer, that Ptolemy had better come to
+him, if he thought fit.  And when he came, he neither went
+forward to meet him, nor so much as rose up to him, but saluting
+him as an ordinary person, bade him sit down.  This at once threw
+Ptolemy into some confusion, who was surprised to see such stern
+and haughty manners in one who made so plain and unpretending an
+appearance; but afterwards, when he began to talk about his
+affairs, he was no less astonished at the wisdom and freedom of
+his discourse.  For Cato blamed his conduct, and pointed out to
+him what honor and happiness he was abandoning, and what
+humiliations and troubles he would run himself into; what bribery
+he must resort to and what cupidity he would have to satisfy,
+when he came to the leading men at Rome, whom all Egypt turned
+into silver would scarcely content.  He therefore advised him to
+return home, and be reconciled to his subjects, offering to go
+along with him, and assist him in composing the differences.  And
+by this language Ptolemy being brought to himself, as it might be
+out of a fit of madness or delirium and discerning the truth and
+wisdom of what Cato said, resolved to follow his advice; but he
+was again over-persuaded by his friends to the contrary, and so,
+according to his first design, went to Rome.  When he came there,
+and was forced to wait at the gate of one of the magistrates, he
+began to lament his folly, in having rejected, rather, as it
+seemed to him, the oracle of a god, than the advice merely of a
+good and wise man.
+
+In the meantime, the other Ptolemy, in Cyprus, very luckily for
+Cato, poisoned himself.  It was reported he had left great
+riches; therefore Cato designing to go first to Byzantium, sent
+his nephew Brutus to Cyprus, as he would not wholly trust
+Canidius.  Then, having reconciled the refugees and the people of
+Byzantium, he left the city in peace and quietness; and so sailed
+to Cyprus, where he found a royal treasure of plate, tables,
+precious stones and purple, all which was to be turned into ready
+money.  And being determined to do everything with the greatest
+exactness, and to raise the price of everything to the utmost, to
+this end he was always present at selling the things, and went
+carefully into all the accounts.  Nor would he trust to the usual
+customs of the market, but looked doubtfully upon all alike, the
+officers, criers, purchasers, and even his own friends; and so in
+fine he himself talked with the buyers, and urged them to bid
+high, and conducted in this manner the greatest part of the
+sales.
+
+This mistrustfulness offended others of his friends, and, in
+particular, Munatius, the most intimate of them all, became
+almost irreconcilable.  And this afforded Caesar the subject of
+his severest censures in the book he wrote against Cato.  Yet
+Munatius himself relates, that the quarrel was not so much
+occasioned by Cato's mistrust, as by his neglect of him, and by
+his own jealousy of Canidius.  For Munatius also wrote a book
+concerning Cato, which is the chief authority followed by
+Thrasea.  Munatius says, that coming to Cyprus after the other,
+and having a very poor lodging provided for him, he went to
+Cato's house, but was not admitted, because he was engaged in
+private with Canidius; of which he afterwards complained in very
+gentle terms to Cato, but received a very harsh answer, that too
+much love, according to Theophrastus, often causes hatred; "and
+you," he said, "because you bear me much love, think you receive
+too little honor, and presently grow angry.  I employ Canidius on
+account of his industry and his fidelity; he has been with me
+from the first, and I have found him to be trusted."  These
+things were said in private between them two; but Cato afterwards
+told Canidius what had passed; on being informed of which,
+Munatius would no more go to sup with him, and when he was
+invited to give his counsel, refused to come.  Then Cato
+threatened to seize his goods, as was the custom in the case of
+those who were disobedient; but Munatius not regarding his
+threats, returned to Rome, and continued a long time thus
+discontented.  But afterwards, when Cato was come back also,
+Marcia, who as yet lived with him, contrived to have them both
+invited to sup together at the house of one Barca; Cato came in
+last of all, when the rest were laid down, and asked, where he
+should be.  Barca answered him, where he pleased; then looking
+about, he said, he would be near Munatius, and went and placed
+himself next to him; yet he showed him no other mark of kindness,
+all the time they were at table together.  But another time, at
+the entreaty of Marcia, Cato wrote to Munatius, that he desired
+to speak with him.  Munatius went to his house in the morning,
+and was kept by Marcia till all the company was gone; then Cato
+came, threw both his arms about him, and embraced him very
+kindly, and they were reconciled.  I have the more fully related
+this passage, for that I think the manners and tempers of men are
+more clearly discovered by things of this nature, than by great
+and conspicuous actions.
+
+Cato got together little less than seven thousand talents of
+silver; but apprehensive of what might happen in so long a voyage
+by sea, he provided a great many coffers, that held two talents
+and five hundred drachmas apiece; to each of these he fastened a
+long rope, and to the other end of the rope a piece of cork, so
+that if the ship should miscarry, it might be discovered
+thereabout the chests lay under water.  Thus all the money,
+except a very little, was safely transported.  But he had made
+two books, in which all the accounts of his commission were
+carefully written out, and neither of these was preserved.  For
+his freedman Philargyrus, who had the charge of one of them,
+setting sail from Cenchreae was lost, together with the ship and
+all her freight.  And the other Cato himself kept safe, till he
+came to Corcyra, but there he set up his tent in the
+market-place, and the sailors being very cold in the night, made
+a great many fires, some of which caught the tents, so that they
+were burnt, and the book lost.  And though he had brought with
+him several of Ptolemy's stewards, who could testify to his
+integrity, and stop the mouths of enemies and false accusers, yet
+the loss annoyed him, and he was vexed with himself about the
+matter, as he had designed them not so much for a proof of his
+own fidelity, as for a pattern of exactness to others.
+
+The news did not fail to reach Rome, that he was coming up the
+river.  All the magistrates, the priests, and the whole senate,
+with great part of the people, went out to meet him; both the
+banks of the Tiber were covered with people; so that his entrance
+was in solemnity and honor not inferior to a triumph.  But it was
+thought somewhat strange, and looked like willfulness and pride,
+that when the consuls and praetors appeared, he did not
+disembark, nor stay to salute them, but rowed up the stream in a
+royal galley of six banks of oars, and stopped not till he
+brought his vessels to the dock.  However, when the money was
+carried through the streets, the people much wondered at the vast
+quantity of it, and the senate being assembled, decreed him in
+honorable terms an extraordinary praetorship, and also the
+privilege of appearing at the public spectacles in a robe faced
+with purple.  Cato declined all these honors, but declaring what
+diligence and fidelity he had found in Nicias, the steward of
+Ptolemy, he requested the senate to give him his freedom.
+
+Philippus, the father of Marcia, was that year consul, and the
+authority and power of the office rested in a manner in Cato; for
+the other consul paid him no less regard for his virtue's sake,
+than Philippus did on account of the connection between them.
+And Cicero now being returned from his banishment, into which he
+was driven by Clodius, and having again obtained great credit
+among the people, went, in the absence of Clodius, and by force
+took away the records of his tribuneship, which had been laid up
+in the capitol.  Hereupon the senate was assembled, and Clodius
+complained of Cicero, who answered, that Clodius was never
+legally tribune, and therefore whatever he had done, was void,
+and of no authority.  But Cato interrupted him while he spoke,
+and at last standing up said, that indeed he in no way justified
+or approved of Clodius's proceedings; but if they questioned the
+validity of what had been done in his tribuneship, they might
+also question what himself had done at Cyprus, for the expedition
+was unlawful, if he that sent him had no lawful authority:  for
+himself, he thought Clodius wee legally made tribune, who, by
+permission of the law, was from a patrician adopted into a
+plebeian family; if he had done ill in his office, he ought to be
+called to account for it; but the authority of the magistracy
+ought not to suffer for the faults of the magistrate.  Cicero
+took this ill, and for a long time discontinued his friendship
+with Cato; but they were afterwards reconciled.
+
+Pompey and Crassus, by agreement with Caesar, who crossed the
+Alps to see them, had formed a design, that they two should stand
+to be chosen consuls a second time, and when they should be in
+their office, they would continue to Caesar his government for
+five years more, and take to themselves the greatest provinces,
+with armies and money to maintain them.  This seemed a plain
+conspiracy to subvert the constitution and parcel out the empire.
+Several men of high character had intended to stand to be consuls
+that year, but upon the appearance of these great competitors,
+they all desisted, except only Lucius Domitius, who had married
+Porcia, the sister of Cato, and was by him persuaded to stand it
+out, and not abandon such an undertaking, which, he said, was not
+merely to gain the consulship, but to save the liberty of Rome.
+In the meantime, it was the common topic among the more prudent
+part of the citizens, that they ought not to suffer the power of
+Pompey and Crassus to be united, which would then be carried
+beyond all bounds, and become dangerous to the state; that
+therefore one of them must be denied.  For these reasons they
+took part with Domitius, whom they exhorted and encouraged to go
+on, assuring him, that many who feared openly to appear for him,
+would privately assist him.  Pompey's party fearing this, laid
+wait for Domitius, and set upon him as he was going before
+daylight, with torches, into the Field.  First he that bore the
+light next before Domitius, was knocked down and killed; then
+several others being wounded, all the rest fled, except Cato and
+Domitius, whom Cato held, though himself were wounded in the arm,
+and crying out, conjured the others to stay, and not while they
+had any breath, forsake the defense of their liberty against
+those tyrants, who plainly showed with what moderation they were
+likely to use the power, which they endeavored to gain by such
+violence.  But at length Domitius also, no longer willing to face
+the danger, fled to his own house, and so Pompey and Crassus were
+declared consuls.
+
+Nevertheless, Cato would not give over, but resolved to stand
+himself to be praetor that year, which he thought would be some
+help to him in his design of opposing them; that he might not act
+as a private man, when he was to contend with public magistrates.
+Pompey and Crassus apprehended this; and fearing that the office
+of praetor in the person of Cato might be equal in authority to
+that of consul, they assembled the senate unexpectedly, without
+giving any notice to a great many of the senators, and made an
+order, that those who were chosen praetors, should immediately
+enter upon their office, without attending the usual time, in
+which, according to law, they might be accused, if they had
+corrupted the people with gifts.  When by this order they had got
+leave to bribe freely, without being called to account, they set
+up their own friends and dependents to stand for the praetorship,
+giving money, and watching the people as they voted.  Yet the
+virtue and reputation of Cato was like to triumph over all these
+stratagems; for the people generally felt it to be shameful that
+a price should be paid for the rejection of Cato, who ought
+rather to be paid himself to take upon him the office.  So he
+carried it by the voices of the first tribe.  Hereupon Pompey
+immediately framed a lie, crying out, it thundered; and straight
+broke up the assembly; for the Romans religiously observed this
+as a bad omen, and never concluded any matter after it had
+thundered.  Before the next time, they had distributed larger
+bribes, and driving also the best men out of the Field, by these
+foul means they procured Vatinius to be chosen praetor, instead
+of Cato.  It is said, that those who had thus corruptly and
+dishonestly given their voices, at once, when it was done,
+hurried, as if it were in flight, out of the Field.  The others
+staying together, and exclaiming at the event, one of the
+tribunes continued the assembly, and Cato standing up, as it were
+by inspiration, foretold all the miseries that afterward befell
+the state, exhorted them to beware of Pompey and Crassus, who
+were guilty of such things, and had laid such designs, that they
+might well fear to have Cato praetor.  When he had ended this
+speech, he was followed to his house by a greater number of
+people than were all the new praetors elect put together.
+
+Caius Trebonius now proposed the law for allotting provinces to
+the consuls, one of whom was to have Spain and Africa, the other
+Egypt and Syria, with full power of making war, and carrying it
+on both by sea and land, as they should think fit.  When this was
+proposed, all others despaired of putting any stop to it, and
+neither did nor said anything against it.  But Cato, before the
+voting began, went up into the place of speaking, and desiring to
+be heard, was with much difficulty allowed two hours to speak.
+Having spent that time in informing them and reasoning with them,
+and in foretelling to them much that was to come, he was not
+suffered to speak any longer; but as he was going on, a sergeant
+came and pulled him down; yet when he was down, he still
+continued speaking in a loud voice, and finding many to listen
+to him, and join in his indignation.  Then the sergeant took him,
+and forced him out of the forum; but as soon as he got loose, he
+returned again to the place of speaking, crying out to the people
+to stand by him.  When he had done thus several times, Trebonius
+grew very angry, and commanded him to be carried to prison; but
+the multitude followed him, and listened to the speech which he
+made to them, as he went along, so that Trebonius began to be
+afraid again, and ordered him to be released.  Thus that day was
+expended, and the business staved off by Cato.  But in the days
+succeeding, many of the citizens being overawed by fears and
+threats, and others won by gifts and favors, Aquillius, one of
+the tribunes, they kept by an armed force within the
+senate-house; Cato, who cried, it thundered, they drove out of
+the forum; many were wounded, and some slain; and at length by
+open force they passed the law.  At this many were so incensed,
+that they got together, and were going to throw down the statues
+of Pompey; but Cato went, and diverted them from that design.
+
+Again, another law was proposed, concerning the provinces and
+legions for Caesar.  Upon this occasion Cato did not apply
+himself to the people, but appealed to Pompey himself; and told
+him, he did not consider now, that he was setting Caesar upon his
+own shoulders, who would shortly grow too weighty for him, and at
+length, not able to lay down the burden, nor yet to bear it any
+longer, he would precipitate both it and himself with it upon the
+commonwealth; and then he would remember Cato's advice, which was
+no less advantageous to him, than just and honest in itself.
+Thus was Pompey often warned, but still disregarded and slighted
+it, never mistrusting Caesar's change, and always confiding in
+his own power and good fortune.
+
+Cato was made praetor the following year; but, it seems, he did
+not do more honor and credit to the office by his signal
+integrity, than he disgraced and diminished it by his strange
+behavior.  For he would often come to the court without his
+shoes, and sit upon the bench without any under garment, and in
+this attire would give judgment in capital causes, and upon
+persons of the highest rank.  It is said, also, he used to drink
+wine after his morning meal, and then transact the business of
+his office; but this was wrongfully reported of him.  The people
+were at that time extremely corrupted by the gifts of those who
+sought offices, and most made a constant trade of selling their
+voices.  Cato was eager utterly to root this corruption out of
+the commonwealth; he therefore persuaded the senate to make an
+order, that those who were chosen into any office, though nobody
+should accuse them, should be obliged to come into the court, and
+give account upon oath of their proceedings in their election.
+This was extremely obnoxious to those who stood for the offices,
+and yet more to those vast numbers who took the bribes.  Insomuch
+that one morning, as Cato was going to the tribunal, a great
+multitude of people flocked together, and with loud cries and
+maledictions reviled him, and threw stones at him.  Those that
+were about the tribunal presently fled, and Cato himself being
+forced thence, and jostled about in the throng, very narrowly
+escaped the stones that were thrown at him, and with much
+difficulty got hold of the Rostra, where, standing up with a bold
+and undaunted countenance, he at once mastered the tumult, and
+silenced the clamor; and addressing them in fit terms for the
+occasion, was heard with great attention, and perfectly quelled
+the sedition.  Afterwards, on the senate commending him for this,
+"But I," said he, "do not commend you for abandoning your praetor
+in danger, and bringing him no assistance."
+
+In the meantime, the candidates were in great perplexity; for
+every one dreaded to give money himself, and yet feared lest his
+competitors should.  At length they agreed to lay down one
+hundred and twenty-five thousand drachmas apiece, and then all of
+them to canvass fairly and honestly, on condition, that if any
+one was found to make use of bribery, he should forfeit the
+money.  Being thus agreed, they chose Cato to keep the stakes,
+and arbitrate the matter; to him they brought the sum concluded
+on, and before him subscribed the agreement.  The money he did
+not choose to have paid for them, but took their securities who
+stood bound for them.  Upon the day of election, he placed
+himself by the tribune who took the votes, and very watchfully
+observing all that passed, he discovered one who had broken the
+agreement, and immediately ordered him to pay his money to the
+rest.  They, however, commending his justice highly, remitted the
+penalty, as thinking the discovery a sufficient punishment.  It
+raised, however, as much envy against Cato as it gained him
+reputation, and many were offended at his thus taking upon
+himself the whole authority of the senate, the courts of
+judicature, and the magistracies.  For there is no virtue, the
+honor and credit for which procures a man more odium than that of
+justice; and this, because more than any other, it acquires a man
+power and authority among the common people.  For they only honor
+the valiant and admire the wise, while in addition they also love
+just men, and put entire trust and confidence in them.  They fear
+the bold man, and mistrust the clever man, and moreover think
+them rather beholding; to their natural complexion, than to any
+goodness of their will, for these excellences; they look upon
+valor as a certain natural strength of the mind, and wisdom as a
+constitutional acuteness; whereas a man has it in his power to be
+just, if he have but the will to be so, and therefore injustice
+is thought the most dishonorable, because it is least excusable.
+
+Cato upon this account was opposed by all the great men, who
+thought themselves reproved by his virtue.  Pompey especially
+looked upon the increase of Cato's credit, as the ruin of his own
+power, and therefore continually set up men to rail against him.
+Among these was the seditious Clodius, now again united to
+Pompey; who declared openly, that Cato had conveyed away a great
+deal of the treasure that was found in Cyprus; and that he hated
+Pompey, only because he refused to marry his daughter.  Cato
+answered, that although they had allowed him neither horse nor
+man, he had brought more treasure from Cyprus alone, than Pompey
+had, after so many wars and triumphs, from the ransacked world;
+that he never sought the alliance of Pompey; not that he thought
+him unworthy of being related to him, but because he differed so
+much from him, in things that concerned the commonwealth.  "For,"
+said he, "I laid down the province that was given me, when I went
+out of my praetorship; Pompey, on the contrary, retains many
+provinces for himself; and he bestows many on others; and but now
+he sent Caesar a force of six thousand men into Gaul, which
+Caesar never asked the people for, nor had Pompey obtained their
+consent to give.  Men, and horse, and arms in any number, are
+become the mutual gifts of private men to one another; and Pompey
+keeping the titles of commander and general, hands over the
+armies and provinces to others to govern, while he himself stays
+at home to preside at the contests of the canvass, and to stir up
+tumults at elections; out of the anarchy he thus creates amongst
+us, seeking, we see well enough, a monarchy for himself."  Thus
+he retorted on Pompey.
+
+He had an intimate friend and admirer of the name of Marcus
+Favonius, much the same to Cato as we are told Apollodorus, the
+Phalerian, was in old time to Socrates, whose words used to throw
+him into perfect transports and ecstasies, getting into his head,
+like strong wine, and intoxicating him to a sort of frenzy.  This
+Favonius stood to be chosen aedile, and was like to lose it; but
+Cato, who was there to assist him, observed that all the votes
+were written in one hand, and discovering the cheat, appealed to
+the tribunes, who stopped the election.  Favonius was afterward
+chosen aedile, and Cato, who assisted him in all things that
+belonged to his office, also undertook the care of the spectacles
+that were exhibited in the theater; giving the actors crowns, not
+of gold, but of wild olive, such as used to be given at the
+Olympic games; and instead of the magnificent presents that were
+usually made, he offered to the Greeks beet root, lettuces,
+radishes, and pears; and to the Romans, earthen pots of wine,
+pork, figs, cucumbers, and little fagots of wood.  Some ridiculed
+Cato for his economy, others looked with respect on this gentle
+relaxation of his usual rigor and austerity.  In fine, Favonius
+himself mingled with the crowd, and sitting among the spectators,
+clapped and applauded Cato, bade him bestow rewards on those who
+did well, and called on the people to pay their honors to him, as
+for himself he had placed his whole authority in Cato's hands.
+At the same time, Curio, the colleague of Favonius, gave very
+magnificent entertainments in another theater; but the people
+left his, and went to those of Favonius, which they much
+applauded, and joined heartily in the diversion, seeing him act
+the private man, and Cato the master of the shows, who, in fact,
+did all this in derision of the great expenses that others
+incurred, and to teach them that in amusements men ought to
+seek amusement only, and the display of a decent cheerfulness,
+not great preparations and costly magnificence, demanding the
+expenditure of endless care and trouble about things of little
+concern.
+
+After this Scipio, Hypsaeus, and Milo, stood to be consuls, and
+that not only with the usual and now recognized disorders of
+bribery and corruption, but with arms and slaughter, and every
+appearance of carrying their audacity and desperation to the
+length of actual civil war.  Whereupon it was proposed, that
+Pompey might be empowered to preside over that election.  This
+Cato at first opposed, saying that the laws ought not to seek
+protection from Pompey, but Pompey from the laws.  Yet the
+confusion lasting a long time, the forum continually, as it were,
+besieged with three armies, and no possibility appearing of a
+stop being put to these disorders, Cato at length agreed, that
+rather than fall into the last extremity, the senate should
+freely confer all on Pompey, since it was necessary to make use
+of a lesser illegality as a remedy against the greatest of all,
+and better to set up a monarchy themselves, than to suffer a
+sedition to continue, that must certainly end in one.  Bibulus,
+therefore, a friend of Cato's, moved the senate to create Pompey
+sole consul; for that either he would reestablish the lawful
+government, or they should serve under the best master.  Cato
+stood up, and, contrary to all expectation, seconded this motion,
+concluding, that any government was better than mere confusion,
+and that he did not question but Pompey would deal honorably, and
+take care of the commonwealth, thus committed to his charge.
+Pompey being hereupon declared consul, invited Cato to see him in
+the suburbs.  When he came, he saluted and embraced him very
+kindly, acknowledged the favor he had done him, and desired his
+counsel and assistance, in the management of this office.  Cato
+made answer, that what he had spoken on any former occasion was
+not out of hate to Pompey, nor what he had now done, out of love
+to him, but all for the good of the commonwealth; that in
+private, if he asked him, he would freely give his advice; and
+in public, though he asked him not, he would always speak his
+opinion.  And he did accordingly.  For first, when Pompey made
+severe laws for punishing and laying great fines on those who had
+corrupted the people with gifts, Cato advised him to let alone
+what was already passed, and to provide for the future; for if he
+should look up past misdemeanors, it would be difficult to know
+where to stop; and if he would ordain new penalties, it would be
+unreasonable to punish men by a law, which at that time they had
+not the opportunity of breaking.  Afterwards, when many
+considerable men, and some of Pompey's own relations were
+accused, and he grew remiss, and disinclined to the prosecution,
+Cato sharply reproved him, and urged him to proceed.  Pompey had
+made a law, also, to forbid the custom of making commendatory
+orations in behalf of those that were accused; yet he himself
+wrote one for Munatius Plancus, and sent it while the cause was
+pleading; upon which Cato, who was sitting as one of the judges,
+stopped his ears with his hands, and would not hear it read.
+Whereupon Plancus, before sentence was given, excepted against
+him, but was condemned notwithstanding.  And indeed Cato was a
+great trouble and perplexity to almost all that were accused of
+anything, as they feared to have him one of their judges, yet did
+not dare to demand his exclusion.  And many had been condemned,
+because by refusing him, they seemed to show that they could not
+trust their own innocence; and it was a reproach thrown in the
+teeth of some by their enemies, that they had not accepted Cato
+for their judge.
+
+In the meanwhile, Caesar kept close with his forces in Gaul, and
+continued in arms; and at the same time employed his gifts, his
+riches, and his friends above all things, to increase his power
+in the city.  And now Cato's old admonitions began to rouse
+Pompey out of the negligent security in which he lay, into a sort
+of imagination of danger at hand; but seeing him slow and
+unwilling, and timorous to undertake any measures of prevention
+against Caesar, Cato resolved himself to stand for the
+consulship, and presently force Caesar either to lay down his
+arms or discover his intentions.  Both Cato's competitors were
+persons of good position; Sulpicius, who was one, owed much to
+Cato's credit and authority in the city, and it was thought
+unhandsome and ungratefully done, to stand against him; not that
+Cato himself took it ill, "For it is no wonder," said he, "if a
+man will not yield to another, in that which he esteems the
+greatest good."  He had persuaded the senate to make an order,
+that those who stood for offices, should themselves ask the
+people for their votes, and not solicit by others, nor take
+others about with them, to speak for them, in their canvass.  And
+this made the common people very hostile to him, if they were to
+lose not only the means of receiving money, but also the
+opportunity of obliging several persons, and so to become by his
+means both poor and less regarded.  Besides this, Cato himself
+was by nature altogether unfit for the business of canvassing, as
+he was more anxious to sustain the dignity of his life and
+character, than to obtain the office.  Thus by following his own
+way of soliciting, and not suffering his friends to do those
+things which take with the multitude, he was rejected, and lost
+the consulship.
+
+But whereas, upon such occasions, not only those who missed the
+office, but even their friends and relations, used to feel
+themselves disgraced and humiliated, and observed a sort of
+mourning for several days after, Cato took it so unconcernedly,
+that he anointed himself, and played at ball in the Field, and
+after breakfasting, went into the forum, as he used to do,
+without his shoes or his tunic, and there walked about with his
+acquaintance.  Cicero blames him, for that when affairs required
+such a consul, he would not take more pains, nor condescend to
+pay some court to the people, as also because that he afterwards
+neglected to try again; whereas he had stood a second time to be
+chosen praetor.  Cato answered, that he lost the praetorship the
+first time, not by the voice of the people, but by the violence
+and corrupt dealing of his adversaries; whereas in the election
+of consuls, there had been no foul play.  So that he plainly saw
+the people did not like his manners, which an honest man ought
+not to alter for their sake; nor yet would a wise man attempt the
+same thing again, while liable to the same prejudices.
+
+Caesar was at this time engaged with many warlike nations, and
+was subduing them at great hazards.  Among the rest, it was
+believed he had set upon the Germans, in a time of truce, and had
+thus slain three hundred thousand of them.  Upon which, some of
+his friends moved the senate for a public thanksgiving; but Cato
+declared, they ought to deliver Caesar into the hands of those
+who had been thus unjustly treated, and so expiate the offense
+and not bring a curse upon the city; "Yet we have reason," said
+he, "to thank the gods, for that they spared the commonwealth,
+and did not take vengeance upon the army, for the madness and
+folly of the general."  Hereupon Caesar wrote a letter to the
+senate, which was read openly, and was full of reproachful
+language and accusations against Cato; who, standing up, seemed
+not at all concerned, and without any heat or passion, but in a
+calm and, as it were, premeditated discourse, made all Caesar's
+charges against him show like mere common scolding and abuse, and
+in fact a sort of pleasantry and play on Caesar's part; and
+proceeding then to go into all Caesar's political courses, and to
+explain and reveal (as though he had been not his constant
+opponent, but his fellow-conspirator,) his whole conduct and
+purpose from its commencement, he concluded by telling the
+senate, it was not the sons of the Britons or the Gauls they need
+fear, but Caesar himself, if they were wise.  And this discourse
+so moved and awakened the senate, that Caesar's friends repented
+they had had a letter read, which had given Cato an opportunity
+of saying so many reasonable things, and such severe truths
+against him.  However, nothing was then decided upon; it was
+merely said, that it would be well to send him a successor.  Upon
+that Caesar's friends required, that Pompey also should lay down
+his arms, and resign his provinces, or else that Caesar might not
+be obliged to either.  Then Cato cried out, what he had foretold
+was come to pass; now it was manifest he was using his forces to
+compel their judgment, and was turning against the state those
+armies he had got from it by imposture and trickery.  But out of
+the Senate-house Cato could do but little, as the people were
+ever ready to magnify Caesar and the senate, though convinced by
+Cato, were afraid of the people.
+
+But when the news was brought that Caesar had seized Ariminum,
+and was marching with his army toward Rome, then all men, even
+Pompey, and the common people too, cast their eyes on Cato, who
+had alone foreseen and first clearly declared Caesar's
+intentions.  He, therefore, told them, "If you had believed me,
+or regarded my advice, you would not now have been reduced to
+stand in fear of one man, or to put all your hopes in one alone."
+Pompey acknowledged, that Cato indeed had spoken most like a
+prophet, while he himself had acted too much like a friend.  And
+Cato advised the senate to put all into the hands of Pompey; "For
+those who can raise up great evils," said he, "can best allay
+them."
+
+Pompey, finding he had not sufficient forces, and that those he
+could raise, were not very resolute, forsook the city.  Cato,
+resolving to follow Pompey into exile, sent his younger son to
+Munatius, who was then in the country of Bruttium, and took his
+eldest with him; but wanting somebody to keep his house and take
+care of his daughters, he took Marcia again, who was now a rich
+widow, Hortensius being dead, and having left her all his estate.
+Caesar afterward made use of this action also, to reproach him
+with covetousness, and a mercenary design in his marriage.
+"For," said he, "if he had need of wife, why did he part with
+her?  And if he had not, why did he take her again?  Unless he
+gave her only as a bait to Hortensius; and lent her when she was
+young, to have her again when she was rich."  But in answer to
+this, we might fairly apply the saying of Euripides.
+
+To speak of mysteries -- the chief of these
+Surely were cowardice in Hercules.
+
+For it is much the same thing to reproach Hercules for cowardice,
+and to accuse Cato of covetousness; though otherwise, whether he
+did altogether right in this marriage, might be disputed.  As
+soon, however, as he had again taken Marcia, he committed his
+house and his daughters to her, and himself followed Pompey.  And
+it is said, that from that day he never cut his hair, nor shaved
+his beard, nor wore a garland, but was always full of sadness,
+grief, and dejectedness for the calamities of his country, and
+continually showed the same feeling to the last, whatever party
+had misfortune or success.
+
+The government of Sicily being allotted to him, he passed over to
+Syracuse; where understanding that Asinius Pollio was arrived at
+Messena, with forces from the enemy, Cato sent to him, to know
+the reason of his coming thither:  Pollio, on the other side,
+called upon him to show reason for the present convulsions.  And
+being at the same time informed how Pompey had quite abandoned
+Italy, and lay encamped at Dyrrhachium, he spoke of the
+strangeness and incomprehensibility of the divine government of
+things; "Pompey, when he did nothing wisely nor honestly, was
+always successful; and now that he would preserve his country,
+and defend her liberty, he is altogether unfortunate."  As for
+Asinius, he said, he could drive him out of Sicily, but as there
+were larger forces coming to his assistance, he would not engage
+the island in a war.  He therefore advised the Syracusans to join
+the conquering party and provide for their own safety; and so set
+sail from thence.
+
+When he came to Pompey, he uniformly gave advice to protract the
+war; as he always hoped to compose matters, and was by no means
+desirous that they should come to action; for the commonwealth
+would suffer extremely, and be the certain cause of its own ruin,
+whoever were conqueror by the sword.  In like manner, he
+persuaded Pompey and the council to ordain, that no city should
+be sacked that was subject to the people of Rome; and that no
+Roman should be killed, but in the heat of battle; and hereby he
+got himself great honor, and brought over many to Pompey's party,
+whom his moderation and humanity attracted.  Afterwards being
+sent into Asia, to assist those who were raising men, and
+preparing ships in those parts, he took with him his sister
+Servilia, and a little boy whom she had by Lucullus.  For since
+her widowhood, she had lived with her brother, and much recovered
+her reputation, having put herself under his care, followed him
+in his voyages, and complied with his severe way of living.  Yet
+Caesar did not fail to asperse him upon her account also.
+
+Pompey's officers in Asia, it seems, had no great need of Cato;
+but he brought over the people of Rhodes by his persuasions, and
+leaving his sister Servilia and her child there, he returned to
+Pompey, who had now collected very great forces both by sea and
+land.  And here Pompey, more than in any other act, betrayed his
+intentions.  For at first he designed to give Cato the command of
+the navy, which consisted of no less than five hundred ships of
+war, besides a vast number of light galleys, scouts, and open
+boats.  But presently bethinking himself, or put in mind by his
+friends, that Cato's principal and only aim being to free his
+country from all usurpation, if he were master of such great
+forces, as soon as ever Caesar should be conquered, he would
+certainly call upon Pompey, also, to lay down his arms, and be
+subject to the laws, he changed his mind, and though he had
+already mentioned it to Cato, nevertheless made Bibulus admiral.
+Notwithstanding this, he had no reason to suppose that Cato's
+zeal in the cause was in any way diminished.  For before one of
+the battles at Dyrrhachium, when Pompey himself, we are told,
+made an address to the soldiers and bade the officers do the
+like, the men listened to them but coldly, and with silence,
+until Cato, last of all, came forward, and in the language of
+philosophy, spoke to them, as the occasion required, concerning
+liberty, manly virtue, death, and a good name; upon all which he
+delivered himself with strong natural passion, and concluded with
+calling in the aid of the gods, to whom he directed his speech,
+as if they were present to behold them fight for their country.
+And at this the army gave such a shout and showed such
+excitement, that their officers led them on full of hope and
+confidence to the danger.  Caesar's party were routed, and put to
+flight; but his presiding fortune used the advantage of Pompey's
+cautiousness and diffidence, to render the victory incomplete.
+But of this we have spoken in the life of Pompey.  While,
+however, all the rest rejoiced, and magnified their success, Cato
+alone bewailed his country, and cursed that fatal ambition, which
+made so many brave Romans murder one another.
+
+After this, Pompey following Caesar into Thessaly, left at
+Dyrrhachium a quantity of munitions, money, and stores, and many
+of his domestics and relations; the charge of all which he gave
+to Cato, with the command only of fifteen cohorts.  For though he
+trusted him much, yet he was afraid of him too, knowing full
+well, that if he had bad success, Cato would be the last to
+forsake him, but if he conquered, would never let him use his
+victory at his pleasure.  There were, likewise, many persons of
+high rank that stayed with Cato at Dyrrhachium.  When they heard
+of the overthrow at Pharsalia, Cato resolved with himself, that
+if Pompey were slain, he would conduct those that were with him
+into Italy, and then retire as far from the tyranny of Caesar as
+he could, and live in exile; but if Pompey were safe, he would
+keep the army together for him.  With this resolution he passed
+over to Corcyra, where the navy lay, there he would have resigned
+his command to Cicero, because he had been consul, and himself
+only a praetor:  but Cicero refused it, and was going for Italy.
+At which Pompey's son being incensed, would rashly and in heat
+have punished all those who were going away, and in the first
+place have laid hands on Cicero; but Cato spoke with him in
+private, and diverted him from that design.  And thus he clearly
+saved the life of Cicero, and rescued several others also from
+ill-treatment.
+
+Conjecturing that Pompey the Great was fled toward Egypt or
+Africa, Cato resolved to hasten after him; and having taken all
+his men aboard, he set sail; but first to those who were not
+zealous to continue the contest, he gave free liberty to depart.
+When they came to the coast of Africa, they met with Sextus,
+Pompey's younger son, who told them of the death of his father in
+Egypt; at which they were all exceedingly grieved, and declared
+that after Pompey they would follow no other leader but Cato.
+Out of compassion therefore to so many worthy persons, who had
+given such testimonies of their fidelity, and whom he could not
+for shame leave in a desert country, amidst so many difficulties,
+he took upon him the command, and marched toward the city of
+Cyrene, which presently received him, though not long before they
+had shut their gates against Labienus.  Here he was informed that
+Scipio, Pompey's father-in-law, was received by king Juba, and
+that Attius Varus, whom Pompey had made governor of Africa, had
+joined them with his forces.  Cato therefore resolved to march
+toward them by land, it being now winter; and got together a
+number of asses to carry water, and furnished himself likewise
+with plenty of all other provision, and a number of carriages.
+He took also with him some of those they call Psylli, who cure
+the biting of serpents, by sucking out the poison with their
+mouths, and have likewise certain charms, by which they stupefy
+and lay asleep the serpents.
+
+Thus they marched seven days together, Cato all the time going on
+foot at the head of his men, and never making use of any horse or
+chariot.  Ever since the battle of Pharsalia, he used to sit at
+table, and added this to his other ways of mourning, that he
+never lay down but to sleep.
+
+Having passed the winter in Africa, Cato drew out his army, which
+amounted to little less than ten thousand.  The affairs of Scipio
+and Varus went very ill, by reason of their dissensions and
+quarrels among themselves, and their submissions and flatteries
+to king Juba, who was insupportable for his vanity, and the pride
+he took in his strength and riches.  The first time he came to a
+conference with Cato, he had ordered his own seat to be placed in
+the middle, between Scipio and Cato; which Cato observing, took
+up his chair, and set himself on the other side of Scipio, to
+whom he thus gave the honor of sitting in the middle, though he
+were his enemy, and had formerly published some scandalous
+writing against him.  There are people who speak as if this were
+quite an insignificant matter, and who nevertheless find fault
+with Cato, because in Sicily, walking one day with Philostratus,
+he gave him the middle place, to show his respect for philosophy.
+However, he now succeeded both in humbling the pride of Juba, who
+was treating Scipio and Varus much like a pair of satraps under
+his orders, and also in reconciling them to each other.  All the
+troops desired him to be their leader; Scipio, likewise, and
+Varus gave way to it, and offered him the command; but he said,
+he would not break those laws, which he sought to defend, and he,
+being, but propraetor, ought not to command in the presence of a
+proconsul, (for Scipio had been created proconsul,) besides that
+people took it as a good omen; to see a Scipio command in Africa,
+and the very name inspired the soldiers with hopes of success.
+
+Scipio, having taken upon him the command, presently resolved, at
+the instigation of Juba, to put all the inhabitants of Utica to
+the sword, and to raze the city, for having, as they professed,
+taken part with Caesar.  Cato would by no means suffer this; but
+invoking the gods, exclaiming and protesting against it in the
+council of war, he with much difficulty delivered the poor people
+from this cruelty.  And afterwards, upon the entreaty of the
+inhabitants, and at the instance of Scipio, Cato took upon
+himself the government of Utica, lest, one way or other, it
+should fall into Caesar's hands; for it was a strong place, and
+very advantageous for either party.  And it was yet better
+provided and more strongly fortified by Cato, who brought in
+great store of corn, repaired the walls, erected towers, and made
+deep trenches and palisades around the town.  The young men of
+Utica he lodged among these works, having first taken their arms
+from them; the rest of the inhabitants he kept within the town,
+and took the greatest care, that no injury should be done nor
+affront offered them by the Romans.  From hence he sent great
+quantity of arms, money, and provision to the camp, and made this
+city their chief magazine.
+
+He advised Scipio, as he had before done Pompey, by no means to
+hazard a battle against a man experienced in war, and formidable
+in the field, but to use delay; for time would gradually abate
+the violence of the crisis, which is the strength of usurpation.
+But Scipio out of pride rejected this counsel, and wrote a letter
+to Cato, in which he reproached him with cowardice; and that he
+could not be content to lie secure himself within walls and
+trenches, but he must hinder others from boldly using their own
+good-sense to seize the right opportunity.  In answer to this,
+Cato wrote word again, that he would take the horse and foot
+which he had brought into Africa, and go over into Italy, to make
+a diversion there, and draw Caesar off from them.  But Scipio
+derided this proposition also.  Then Cato openly let it be seen
+that he was sorry he had yielded the command to Scipio, who he
+saw would not carry on the war with any wisdom, and if, contrary
+to all appearance, he should succeed, he would use his success as
+unjustly at home.  For Cato had then made up his mind, and so he
+told his friends, that he could have but slender hopes in those
+generals that had so much boldness, and so little conduct; yet if
+anything should happen beyond expectation, and Caesar should be
+overthrown, for his part he would not stay at Rome, but would
+retire from the cruelty and inhumanity of Scipio, who had already
+uttered fierce and proud threats against many.
+
+But what Cato had looked for, fell out sooner than he expected.
+Late in the evening came one from the army, whence he had been
+three days coming, who brought word there had been a great battle
+near Thapsus; that all was utterly lost; Caesar had taken the
+camps, Scipio and Juba were fled with a few only, and all the
+rest of the army was lost.  This news arriving in time of war,
+and in the night, so alarmed the people, that they were almost
+out of their wits, and could scarce keep themselves within the
+walls of the city.  But Cato came forward, and meeting the people
+in this hurry and clamor, did all he could to comfort and
+encourage them, and somewhat appeased the fear and amazement they
+were in, telling them that very likely things were not so bad in
+truth, but much exaggerated in the report.  And so he pacified
+the tumult for the present.  The next morning, he sent for the
+three hundred, whom he used as his council; these were Romans,
+who were in Africa upon business, in commerce and money-lending;
+there were also several senators and their sons.  They were
+summoned to meet in the temple of Jupiter.  While they were
+coming together, Cato walked about very quietly and unconcerned,
+as if nothing new had happened.  He had a book in his hand, which
+he was reading; in this book was an account of what provision he
+had for war, armor, corn, ammunition and soldiers.
+
+When they were assembled, he began his discourse; first, as
+regarded the three hundred themselves, and very much commended
+the courage and fidelity they had shown, and their having very
+well served their country with their persons, money, and counsel.
+Then he entreated them by no means to separate, as if each single
+man could hope for any safety in forsaking his companions; on
+the contrary, while they kept together, Caesar would have less
+reason to despise them, if they fought against him, and be more
+forward to pardon them, if they submitted to him.  Therefore, he
+advised them to consult among themselves, nor should he find
+fault, whichever course they adopted.  If they thought fit to
+submit to fortune, he would impute their change to necessity; but
+if they resolved to stand firm, and undertake the danger for the
+sake of liberty, he should not only commend, but admire their
+courage, and would himself be their leader and companion too,
+till they had put to the proof the utmost fortune of their
+country; which was not Utica or Adrumetum, but Rome, and she had
+often, by her own greatness, raised herself after worse
+disasters.  Besides, as there were many things that would conduce
+to their safety, so chiefly this, that they were to fight against
+one whose affairs urgently claimed his presence in various
+quarters.  Spain was already revolted to the younger Pompey; Rome
+was unaccustomed to the bridle, and impatient of it, and would
+therefore be ready to rise in insurrection upon any turn of
+affairs.  As for themselves, they ought not to shrink from the
+danger; and in this might take example from their enemy, who so
+freely exposes his life to effect the most unrighteous designs,
+yet never can hope for so happy a conclusion, as they may promise
+themselves; for notwithstanding the uncertainty of war, they will
+be sure of a most happy life, if they succeed, or a most glorious
+death, if they miscarry.  However, he said, they ought to
+deliberate among themselves, and he joined with them in praying
+the gods that in recompense of their former courage and goodwill,
+they would prosper their present determinations.  When Cato had
+thus spoken, many were moved and encouraged by his arguments, but
+the greatest part were so animated by the sense of his
+intrepidity, generosity, and goodness, that they forgot the
+present danger, and as if he were the only invincible leader, and
+above all fortune, they entreated him to employ their persons,
+arms, and estates, as he thought fit; for they esteemed it far
+better to meet death in following his counsel, than to find their
+safety in betraying one of so great virtue.  One of the assembly
+proposed the making a decree, to set the slaves at liberty; and
+most of the rest approved the motion.  Cato said, that it ought
+not to be done, for it was neither just nor lawful; but if any of
+their masters would willingly set them free, those that were fit
+for service should be received.  Many promised so to do; whose
+names he ordered to be enrolled, and then withdrew.
+
+Presently after this, he received letters from Juba and Scipio.
+Juba, with some few of his men, was retired to a mountain, where
+he waited to hear what Cato would resolve upon; and intended to
+stay there for him, if he thought fit to leave Utica, or to come
+to his aid with his troops, if he were besieged.  Scipio was on
+shipboard, near a certain promontory, not far from Utica,
+expecting an answer upon the same account.  But Cato thought fit
+to retain the messengers, till the three hundred should come to
+some resolution,
+
+As for the senators that were there, they showed great
+forwardness, and at once set free their slaves, and furnished
+them with arms.  But the three hundred being men occupied in
+merchandise and money-lending, much of their substance also
+consisting in slaves, the enthusiasm that Cato's speech had
+raised in them, did not long continue.  As there are substances
+that easily admit heat, and as suddenly lose it, when the fire is
+removed, so these men were heated and inflamed, while Cato was
+present; but when they began to reason among themselves, the
+fear they had of Caesar, soon overcame their reverence for Cato
+and for virtue.  "For who are we," said they, "and who is it we
+refuse to obey?  Is it not that Caesar, who is now invested with
+all the power of Rome? and which of us is a Scipio, a Pompey, or
+a Cato?  But now that all men make their honor give way to their
+fear, shall we alone engage for the liberty of Rome, and in Utica
+declare war against him, before whom Cato and Pompey the Great
+fled out of Italy?  Shall we set free our slaves against Caesar,
+who have ourselves no more liberty than he is pleased to allow?
+No, let us, poor creatures, know ourselves, submit to the victor,
+and send deputies to implore his mercy."  Thus said the most
+moderate of them; but the greatest part were for seizing the
+senators, that by securing them, they might appease Caesar's
+anger.  Cato, though he perceived the change, took no notice of
+it; but wrote to Juba and Scipio to keep away from Utica, because
+he mistrusted the three hundred.
+
+A considerable body of horse, which had escaped from the late
+fight, riding up towards Utica, sent three men before to Cato,
+who yet did not all bring the same message; for one party was for
+going to Juba, another for joining with Cato, and some again were
+afraid to go into Utica.  When Cato heard this, he ordered Marcus
+Rubrius to attend upon the three hundred, and quietly take the
+names of those who of their own accord set their slaves at
+liberty, but by no means to force anybody.  Then, taking with him
+the senators, he went out of the town, and met the principal
+officers of these horsemen, whom he entreated not to abandon so
+many Roman senators, nor to prefer Juba for their commander
+before Cato, but consult the common safety, and to come into the
+city, which was impregnable, and well furnished with corn and
+other provision, sufficient for many years.  The senators,
+likewise, with tears besought them to stay.  Hereupon the
+officers went to consult their soldiers, and Cato with the
+senators sat down upon an embankment, expecting their resolution.
+In the meantime comes Rubrius in great disorder, crying out, the
+three hundred were all in commotion, and exciting revolt and
+tumult in the city.  At this all the rest fell into despair,
+lamenting and bewailing their condition.  Cato endeavored to
+comfort them, and sent to the three hundred, desiring them to
+have patience.  Then the officers of the horse returned with no
+very reasonable demands.  They said, they did not desire to serve
+Juba, for his pay, nor should they fear Caesar, while they
+followed Cato, but they dreaded to be shut up with the Uticans,
+men of traitorous temper, and Carthaginian blood; for though they
+were quiet at present, yet as soon as Caesar should appear,
+without doubt they would conspire together, and betray the
+Romans.  Therefore, if he expected they should join with him, he
+must drive out of the town or destroy all the Uticans, that he
+might receive them into a place clear both of enemies and
+barbarians.  This Cato thought utterly cruel and barbarous; but
+he mildly answered, he would consult the three hundred.
+
+Then he returned to the city, where he found the men, not framing
+excuses, or dissembling out of reverence to him, but openly
+declaring that no one should compel them to make war against
+Caesar; which, they said, they were neither able nor willing to
+do.  And some there were who muttered words about retaining the
+senators till Caesar's coming; but Cato seemed not to hear this,
+as indeed he had the excuse of being a little deaf.  At the same
+time came one to him, and told him the horse were going away.
+And now, fearing lest the three hundred should take some
+desperate resolution concerning the senators, he presently went
+out with some of his friends, and seeing they were gone some way,
+he took horse, and rode after them.  They, when they saw him
+coming, were very glad, and received him very kindly, entreating
+him to save himself with them.  At this time, it is said, Cato
+shed tears, while entreating them on behalf of the senators, and
+stretching out his hands in supplication.  He turned some of
+their horses' heads, and laid hold of the men by their armor,
+till in fine he prevailed with them, out of compassion, to stay
+only that one day, to procure a safe retreat for the senators.
+Having thus persuaded them to go along with him, some he placed
+at the gates of the town, and to others gave the charge of the
+citadel.  The three hundred began to fear they should suffer for
+their inconstancy, and sent to Cato, entreating him by all means
+to come to them; but the senators flocking about him, would not
+suffer him to go, and said they would not trust their guardian
+and savior to the hands of perfidious traitors.
+
+For there had never, perhaps, been a time when Cato's virtue
+appeared more manifestly; and every class of men in Utica could
+clearly see, with sorrow and admiration, how entirely free was
+everything that he was doing from any secret motives or any
+mixture of self-regard; he, namely, who had long before resolved
+on his own death, was taking such extreme pains, toil, and care,
+only for the sake of others, that when he had secured their
+lives, he might put an end to his own.  For it was easily
+perceived, that he had determined to die, though he did not let
+it appear.
+
+Therefore, having pacified the senators, he complied with the
+request of the three hundred, and went to them alone without any
+attendance.  They gave him many thanks, and entreated him to
+employ and trust them for the future; and if they were not Catos,
+and could not aspire to his greatness of mind, they begged he
+would pity their weakness; and told him, they had determined to
+send to Caesar and entreat him, chiefly and in the first place,
+for Cato, and if they could not prevail for him, they would not
+accept of pardon for themselves, but as long as they had breath,
+would fight in his defense.  Cato commended their good
+intentions, and advised them to send speedily, for their own
+safety, but by no means to ask anything in his behalf; for those
+who are conquered, entreat, and those who have done wrong, beg
+pardon; for himself, he did not confess to any defeat in all his
+life, but rather, so far as he had thought fit, he had got the
+victory, and had conquered Caesar in all points of justice and
+honesty.  It was Caesar that ought to be looked upon as one
+surprised and vanquished; for he was now convicted and found
+guilty of those designs against his country, which he had so long
+practiced and so constantly denied.  When he had thus spoken, he
+went out of the assembly, and being informed that Caesar was
+coming with his whole army, "Ah," said he, "he expects to find us
+brave men."  Then he went to the senators, and urged them to make
+no delay, but hasten to be gone, while the horsemen were yet in
+the city.  So ordering all the gates to be shut, except one
+towards the sea, he assigned their several ships to those that
+were to depart, and gave money and provision to those that
+wanted; all which he did with great order and exactness, taking
+care to suppress all tumults, and that no wrong should be done to
+the people.
+
+Marcus Octavius, coming with two legions, now encamped near
+Utica, and sent to Cato, to arrange about the chief command.
+Cato returned him no answer; but said to his friends, "Can we
+wonder all has gone ill with us, when our love of office survives
+even in our very ruin?"  In the meantime, word was brought him,
+that the horse were going away, and were beginning to spoil and
+plunder the citizens.  Cato ran to them, and from the first he
+met, snatched what they had taken; the rest threw down all they
+had gotten, and went away silent, and ashamed of what they had
+done.  Then he called together all the people of Utica, and
+requested them upon the behalf of the three hundred, not to
+exasperate Caesar against them, but all to seek their common
+safety together with them.  After that, he went again to the
+port, to see those who were about to embark; and there he
+embraced and dismissed those of his friends and acquaintance whom
+he had persuaded to go.  As for his son, he did not counsel him
+to be gone, nor did he think fit to persuade him to forsake his
+father.  But there was one Statyllius, a young man, in the flower
+of his age, of a brave spirit, and very desirous to imitate the
+constancy of Cato.  Cato entreated him to go away, as he was a
+noted enemy to Caesar, but without success.  Then Cato looked at
+Apollonides, the stoic philosopher, and Demetrius, the
+peripatetic; "It belongs to you," said he, "to cool the fever of
+this young man's spirit, and to make him know what is good for
+him."  And thus, in setting his friends upon their way, and in
+dispatching the business of any that applied to him, he spent
+that night, and the greatest part of the next day.
+
+Lucius Caesar, a kinsman of Caesar's, being appointed to go
+deputy for the three hundred, came to Cato, and desired he would
+assist him to prepare a persuasive speech for them; "And as to
+you yourself," said he, "it will be an honor for me to kiss the
+hands and fall at the knees of Caesar, in your behalf."  But Cato
+would by no means permit him to do any such thing; "For as to
+myself," said he, "if I would be preserved by Caesar's favor, I
+should myself go to him; but I would not be beholden to a tyrant,
+for his acts of tyranny.  For it is but usurpation in him to
+save, as their rightful lord, the lives of men over whom he has
+no title to reign.  But if you please, let us consider what you
+had best say for the three hundred."  And when they had continued
+some time together, as Lucius was going away, Cato recommended to
+him his son, and the rest of his friends; and taking him by the
+hand, bade him farewell.
+
+Then he retired to his house again, and called together his son
+and his friends, to whom he conversed on various subjects; among
+the rest, he forbade his son to engage himself in the affairs of
+state.  For to act therein as became him, was now impossible; and
+to do otherwise, would be dishonorable.  Toward evening he went
+into his bath.  As he was bathing, he remembered Statyllius, and
+called out aloud, "Apollonides, have you tamed the high spirit of
+Statyllius, and is he gone without bidding us farewell?"  "No,"
+said Apollonides, "I have said much to him, but to little
+purpose; he is still resolute and unalterable, and declares he is
+determined to follow your example."  At this, it is said, Cato
+smiled, and answered, "That will soon be tried."
+
+After he had bathed, he went to supper, with a great deal of
+company; at which he sat up, as he had always used to do ever
+since the battle of Pharsalia; for since that time he never lay
+down, but when he went to sleep.  There supped with him all his
+own friends and the magistrates of Utica.
+
+After supper, the wine produced a great deal of lively and
+agreeable discourse, and a whole series of philosophical
+questions was discussed.  At length they came to the strange
+dogmas of the stoics, called their Paradoxes; and to this in
+particular, That the good man only is free, and that all wicked
+men are slaves.  The peripatetic, as was to be expected, opposing
+this, Cato fell upon him very warmly; and somewhat raising his
+voice, he argued the matter at great length, and urged the point
+with such vehemence, that it was apparent to everybody, he was
+resolved to put an end to his life, and set himself at liberty.
+And so, when he had done speaking, there was a great silence, and
+evident dejection.  Cato, therefore, to divert them from any
+suspicion of his design, turned the conversation, and began again
+to talk of matters of present interest and expectation, showing
+great concern for those that were at sea, as also for the others,
+who, traveling by land, were to pass through a dry and barbarous
+desert.
+
+When the company was broke up, he walked with his friends, as he
+used to do after supper, gave the necessary orders to the
+officers of the watch, and going into his chamber, he embraced
+his son and every one of his friends with more than usual warmth,
+which again renewed their suspicion of his design.  Then laying
+himself down, he took into his hand Plato's dialogue concerning
+the soul.  Having read more than half the book, he looked up, and
+missing his sword, which his son had taken away while he was at
+supper, he called his servant, and asked, who had taken away his
+sword.  The servant making no answer, he fell to reading again;
+and a little after, not seeming importunate, or hasty for it, but
+as if he would only know what was become of it, he bade it be
+brought.  But having waited some time, when he had read through
+the book, and still nobody brought the sword, he called up all
+his servants, and in a louder tone demanded his sword.  To one of
+them he gave such a blow in the mouth, that he hurt his own hand;
+and now grew more angry, exclaiming that he was betrayed and
+delivered naked to the enemy by his son and his servants.  Then
+his son, with the rest of his friends, came running, into the
+room, and falling at his feet, began to lament and beseech him.
+But Cato raising up himself, and looking fiercely, "When," said
+he, "and how did I become deranged, and out of my senses, that
+thus no one tries to persuade me by reason, or show me what is
+better, if I am supposed to be ill-advised?  Must I be disarmed,
+and hindered from using my own reason?  And you, young man, why
+do not you bind your father's hands behind him, that when Caesar
+comes, he may find me unable to defend myself?  To dispatch
+myself I want no sword; I need but hold my breath awhile, or
+strike my head against the wall."
+
+When he had thus spoken, his son went weeping out of the chamber,
+and with him all the rest, except Demetrius and Apollollides, to
+whom, being left alone with him, he began to speak more calmly.
+"And you," said he, "do you also think to keep a man of my age
+alive by force, and to sit here and silently watch me?  Or do you
+bring me some reasons to prove, that it will not be base and
+unworthy for Cato, when he can find his safety no other way, to
+seek it from his enemy?  If so, adduce your arguments, and show
+cause why we should now unlearn what we formerly were taught, in
+order that rejecting all the convictions in which we lived, we
+may now by Caesar's help grow wiser, and be yet more obliged to
+him, than for life only.  Not that I have determined aught
+concerning myself, but I would have it in my power to perform
+what I shall think fit to resolve; and I shall not fail to take
+you as my advisers, in holding counsel, as I shall do, with the
+doctrines which your philosophy teaches; in the meantime, do not
+trouble yourselves; but go tell my son, that he should not compel
+his father to what he cannot persuade him to."  They made him no
+answer, but went weeping out of the chamber.  Then the sword
+being brought in by a little boy, Cato took it, drew it out, and
+looked at it; and when he saw the point was good, "Now," said he,
+"I am master of myself;" and laying down the sword, he took his
+book again, which, it is related, he read twice over.  After this
+he slept so soundly, that he was heard to snore by those that
+were without.
+
+About midnight, he called up two of his freedmen, Cleanthes, his
+physician, and Butas, whom he chiefly employed in public
+business.  Him he sent to the port, to see if all his friends had
+sailed; to the physician he gave his hand to be dressed, as it
+was swollen with the blow he had struck one of his servants.  At
+this they all rejoiced, hoping that now he designed to live.
+
+Butas, after a while, returned, and brought word they were all
+gone except Crassus, who had stayed about some business, but was
+just ready to depart; he said, also, that the wind was high, and
+the sea very rough.  Cato, on hearing this, sighed, out of
+compassion to those who were at sea, and sent Butas again, to see
+if any of them should happen to return for anything they wanted,
+and to acquaint him therewith.
+
+Now the birds began to sing, and he again fell into a little
+slumber.  At length Butas came back, and told him, all was quiet
+in the port.  Then Cato, laying himself down, as if he would
+sleep out the rest of the night, bade him shut the door after
+him.  But as soon as Butas was gone out, he took his sword, and
+stabbed it into his breast; yet not being able to use his hand so
+well, on account of the swelling, he did not immediately die of
+the wound; but struggling, fell off the bed, and throwing down a
+little mathematical table that stood by, made such a noise, that
+the servants, hearing it, cried out.  And immediately his son and
+all his friends came into the chamber, where seeing him lie
+weltering in his blood, great part of his bowels out of his body,
+but himself still alive and able to look at them, they all stood
+in horror.  The physician went to him, and would have put in his
+bowels, which were not pierced, and sewed up the wound; but Cato,
+recovering himself, and understanding the intention, thrust away
+the physician, plucked out his own bowels, and tearing open the
+wound, immediately expired.
+
+In less time than one would think his own family could have known
+this accident, all the three hundred were at the door.  And a
+little after, the people of Utica flocked thither, crying out
+with one voice, he was their benefactor and their savior, the
+only free and only undefeated man.  At the very same time, they
+had news that Caesar was coming; yet neither fear of the present
+danger, nor desire to flatter the conqueror, nor the commotions
+and discord among themselves, could divert them from doing honor
+to Cato.  For they sumptuously set out his body, made him a
+magnificent funeral, and buried him by the seaside, where now
+stands his statue, holding a sword.  And only when this had been
+done, they returned to consider of preserving themselves and
+their city.
+
+Caesar had been informed that Cato stayed at Utica, and did not
+seek to fly; that he had sent away the rest of the Romans, but
+himself, with his son and a few of his friends, continued there
+very unconcernedly, so that he could not imagine what might be
+his design.  But having a great consideration for the man, he
+hastened thither with his army.  When he heard of his death, it
+is related he said these words, "Cato, I grudge you your death,
+as you have grudged me the preservation of your life."  And,
+indeed, if Cato would have suffered himself to owe his life to
+Caesar, he would not so much have impaired his own honor, as
+augmented the other's glory.  What would have been done, of
+course we cannot know, but from Caesar's usual clemency, we may
+guess what was most likely.
+
+Cato was forty-eight years old when he died.  His son suffered no
+injury from Caesar; but, it is said, he grew idle, and was
+thought to be dissipated among women.  In Cappadocia, he stayed
+at the house of Marphadates, one of the royal family there, who
+had a very handsome wife; and continuing his visit longer than
+was suitable, he made himself the subject of various epigrams;
+such as, for example,
+
+Tomorrow, (being the thirtieth day),
+Cato, 't is thought, will go away;
+
+Porcius and Marphadates, friends so true,
+One Soul, they say, suffices for the two,
+
+that being the name of the woman, and so again,
+
+To Cato's greatness every one confesses,
+A royal Soul he certainly possesses.
+
+But all these stains were entirely wiped off by the bravery of
+his death.  For in the battle of Philippi, where he fought for
+his country's liberty against Caesar and Antony, when the ranks
+were breaking, he, scorning to fly, or to escape unknown, called
+out to the enemy, showed himself to them in the front, and
+encouraged those of his party who stayed; and at length fell, and
+left his enemies full of admiration of his valor.
+
+Nor was the daughter of Cato inferior to the rest of her family,
+for sober-living and greatness of spirit.  She was married to
+Brutus, who killed Caesar; was acquainted with the conspiracy,
+and ended her life as became one of her birth and virtue.  All
+which is related in the life of Brutus.
+
+Statyllius, who said he would imitate Cato, was at that time
+hindered by the philosophers, when he would have put an end to
+his life.  He afterward followed Brutus, to whom he was very
+faithful and very serviceable, and died in the field of Philippi.
+
+
+
+AGIS
+
+The fable of Ixion, who, embracing a cloud instead of Juno,
+begot the Centaurs, has been ingeniously enough supposed to have
+been invented to represent to us ambitious men, whose minds,
+doting on glory, which is a mere image of virtue, produce
+nothing that is genuine or uniform, but only, as might be
+expected of such a conjunction, misshapen and unnatural actions.
+Running after their emulations and passions, and carried away by
+the impulses of the moment, they may say with the herdsmen, in
+the tragedy of Sophocles,
+
+We follow these, though born their rightful lords,
+And they command us, though they speak no words.
+
+For this is indeed the true condition of men in public life,
+who, to gain the vain title of being the people's leaders and
+governors, are content to make themselves the slaves and
+followers of all the people's humors and caprices.  For as the
+look-out men at the ship's prow, though they see what is ahead
+before the men at the helm, yet constantly look back to the
+pilots there, and obey the orders they give; so these men
+steered, as I may say, by popular applause, though they bear the
+name of governors, are in reality the mere underlings of the
+multitude.  The man who is completely wise and virtuous, has no
+need at all of glory, except so far as it disposes and eases his
+way to action by the greater trust that it procures him.  A
+young man, I grant, may be permitted, while yet eager for
+distinction, to pride himself a little in his good deeds; for
+(as Theophrastus says) his virtues, which are yet tender and, as
+it were, in the blade, cherished and supported by praises, grow
+stronger, and take the deeper root.  But when this passion is
+exorbitant, it is dangerous in all men, and in those who govern
+a commonwealth, utterly destructive.  For in the possession of
+large power and authority, it transports men to a degree of
+madness; so that now they no more think what is good, glorious,
+but will have those actions only esteemed good that are
+glorious.  As Phocion, therefore, answered king Antipater, who
+sought his approbation of some unworthy action, "I cannot be
+your flatterer, and your friend," so these men should answer the
+people, "I cannot govern, and obey you."  For it may happen to
+the commonwealth, as to the serpent in the fable, whose tail,
+rising in rebellion against the head, complained, as of a great
+grievance, that it was always forced to follow, and required
+that it should be permitted by turns to lead the way.  And
+taking the command accordingly, it soon indicted by its
+senseless courses mischiefs in abundance upon itself, while the
+head was torn and lacerated with following, contrary to nature,
+a guide that was deaf and blind.  And such we see to have been
+the lot of many, who, submitting to be guided by the
+inclinations of an uninformed and unreasoning multitude, could
+neither stop, nor recover themselves out of the confusion.
+
+This is what has occurred to us to say, of that glory which
+depends on the voice of large numbers, considering the sad
+effects of it in the misfortunes of Caius and Tiberius Gracchus,
+men of noble nature, and whose generous natural dispositions
+were improved by the best of educations, and who came to the
+administration of affairs with the most laudable intentions; yet
+they were ruined, I cannot say by an immoderate desire of glory,
+but by a more excusable fear of disgrace.  For being excessively
+beloved and favored by the people, they thought it a discredit
+to them not to make full repayment, endeavoring by new public
+acts to outdo the honors they had received, and again, because
+of these new kindnesses, incurring yet further distinctions;
+till the people and they, mutually inflamed, and vieing thus
+with each other in honors and benefits, brought things at last
+to such a pass, that they might say that to engage so far was
+indeed a folly, but to retreat would now be a shame.
+
+This the reader will easily gather from the story.  I will now
+compare with them two Lacedaemonian popular leaders, the kings
+Agis and Cleomenes.  For they, being desirous also to raise the
+people, and to restore the noble and just form of government,
+now long fallen into disuse, incurred the hatred of the rich and
+powerful, who could not endure to be deprived of the selfish
+enjoyments to which they were accustomed.  These were not indeed
+brothers by nature, as the two Romans, but they had a kind of
+brotherly resemblance in their actions and designs, which took a
+rise from such beginnings and occasions as I am now about to
+relate.
+
+When the love of gold and silver had once gained admittance into
+the Lacedaemonian commonwealth, it was quickly followed by
+avarice and baseness of spirit in the pursuit of it, and by
+luxury, effeminacy, and prodigality in the use.  Then Sparta
+fell from almost all her former virtue and repute, and so
+continued till the days of Agis and Leonidas, who both together
+were kings of the Lacedaemonians.
+
+Agis was of the royal family of Eurypon, son of Eudamidas, and
+the sixth in descent from Agesilaus, who made the expedition
+into Asia, and was the greatest man of his time in Greece.
+Agesilaus left behind him a son called Archidamus, the same who
+was slain at Mandonium, in Italy, by the Messapians, and who
+was then succeeded by his eldest son Agis.  He being killed by
+Antipater near Megalopolis, and leaving no issue, was succeeded
+by his brother Eudamidas; he, by a son called Archidamus; and
+Archidamus, by another Eudamidas, the father of this Agis of
+whom we now treat.
+
+Leonidas, son of Cleonymus, was of the other royal house of the
+Agiadae, and the eighth in descent from Pausanias, who defeated
+Mardonius in the battle of Plataea.  Pausanias was succeeded by
+a son called Plistoanax; and he, by another Pausanias, who was
+banished, and lived as a private man at Tegea; while his eldest
+son Agesipolis reigned in his place.  He, dying without issue,
+was succeeded by a younger brother, called Cleombrotus, who left
+two sons; the elder was Agesipolis, who reigned but a short
+time, and died without issue; the younger, who then became king,
+was called Cleomenes, and had also two sons, Acrotatus and
+Cleonymus.  The first died before his father, but left a son
+called Areus, who succeeded, and being slain at Corinth, left
+the kingdom to his son Acrotatus.  This Acrotatus was defeated,
+and slain near Megalopolis, in a battle against the tyrant
+Aristodemus; he left his wife big with child, and on her being
+delivered of a son, Leonidas, son of the above-named Cleonymus,
+was made his guardian, and as the young king died before
+becoming a man, he succeeded in the kingdom.
+
+Leonidas was a king not particularly suitable to his people.
+For though there were at that time at Sparta a general decline
+in manners, yet a greater revolt from the old habits appeared in
+him than in others.  For having lived a long time among the
+great lords of Persia, and been a follower of king Seleucus, he
+unadvisedly thought to imitate, among Greek institutions and in
+a lawful government, the pride and assumption usual in those
+courts.  Agis, on the contrary, in fineness of nature and
+elevation of mind, not only far excelled Leonidas, but in a
+manner all the kings that had reigned since the great Agesilaus.
+For though he had been bred very tenderly, in abundance and even
+in luxury, by his mother Agesistrata and his grandmother
+Archidamia, who were the wealthiest of the Lacedaemonians, yet
+before the age of twenty, he renounced all indulgence in
+pleasures.  Withdrawing himself as far as possible from the
+gaiety and ornament which seemed becoming to the grace of his
+person, he made it his pride to appear in the coarse Spartan
+coat.  In his meals, his bathings, and in all his exercises, he
+followed the old Laconian usage, and was often heard to say, he
+had no desire for the place of king, if he did not hope by means
+of that authority to restore their ancient laws and discipline.
+
+The Lacedaemonians might date the beginning of their corruption
+from their conquest of Athens, and the influx of gold and silver
+among them that thence ensued.  Yet, nevertheless, the number of
+houses which Lycurgus appointed being still maintained, and the
+law remaining in force by which everyone was obliged to leave
+his lot or portion of land entirely to his son, a kind of order
+and equality was thereby preserved, which still in some degree
+sustained the state amidst its errors in other respects.  But
+one Epitadeus happening to be ephor, a man of great influence,
+and of a willful, violent spirit, on some occasion of a quarrel
+with his son, proposed a decree, that all men should have
+liberty to dispose of their land by gift in their lifetime, or
+by their last will and testament.  This being promoted by him to
+satisfy a passion of revenge, and through covetousness consented
+to by others, and thus enacted for a law, was the ruin of the
+best state of the commonwealth.  For the rich men without
+scruple drew the estates into their own hands, excluding the
+rightful heirs from their succession; and all the wealth being
+centered upon a few, the generality were poor and miserable.
+Honorable pursuits, for which there was no longer leisure, were
+neglected; and the state was filled with sordid business, and
+with hatred and envy of the rich.  There did not remain above
+seven hundred of the old Spartan families, of which perhaps one
+hundred might have estates in land, the rest were destitute
+alike of wealth and of honor, were tardy and unperforming in the
+defense of their country against its enemies abroad, and eagerly
+watched the opportunity for change and revolution at home.
+
+Agis, therefore, believing it a glorious action, as in truth it
+was, to equalize and repeople the state, began to sound the
+inclinations of the citizens.  He found the young men disposed
+beyond his expectation; they were eager to enter with him upon
+the contest in the cause of virtue, and to fling aside, for
+freedom's sake, their old manner of life, as readily as the
+wrestler does his garment.  But the old men, habituated and more
+confirmed in their vices, were most of them as alarmed at the
+very name of Lycurgus, as a fugitive slave to be brought back
+before his offended master.  These men could not endure to hear
+Agis continually deploring the present state of Sparta, and
+wishing she might be restored to her ancient glory.  But on the
+other side, Lysander, the son of Libys, Mandroclidas, the son of
+Ecphanes, together with Agesilaus, not only approved his design,
+but assisted and confirmed him in it.  Lysander had a great
+authority and credit with the people; Mandroclidas was esteemed
+the ablest Greek of his time to manage an affair and put it in
+train, and, joined with skill and cunning, had a great degree of
+boldness.  Agesilaus was the king's uncle, by the mother's side;
+an eloquent man, but covetous and voluptuous, who was not moved
+by considerations of public good, but rather seemed to be
+persuaded to it by his son Hippomedon, whose courage and signal
+actions in war had gained him a high esteem and great influence
+among the young men of Sparta, though indeed the true motive
+was, that he had many debts, and hoped by this means to be freed
+from them.
+
+As soon as Agis had prevailed with his uncle, he endeavored by
+his mediation to gain his mother also, who had many friends and
+followers, and a number of persons in her debt in the city, and
+took a considerable part in public affairs.  At the first
+proposal, she was very averse, and strongly advised her son not
+to engage in so difficult and so unprofitable an enterprise.
+But Agesilaus endeavored to possess her, that the thing was not
+so difficult as she imagined, and that it might, in all
+likelihood, redound to the advantage of her family; while the
+king, her son, besought her not for money's sake to decline
+assisting his hopes of glory.  He told her, he could not pretend
+to equal other kings in riches, the very followers and menials
+of the satraps and stewards of Seleucus or Ptolemy abounding
+more in wealth than all the Spartan kings put together; but if
+by contempt of wealth and pleasure, by simplicity and
+magnanimity, he could surpass their luxury and abundance, if he
+could restore their former equality to the Spartans, then he
+should be a great king indeed.  In conclusion, the mother and
+the grandmother also were so taken, so carried away with the
+inspiration, as it were, of the young man's noble and generous
+ambition, that they not only consented, but were ready on an
+occasions to spur him on to a perseverance, and not only sent to
+speak on his behalf with the men with whom they had an interest,
+but addressed the other women also, knowing well that the
+Lacedaemonian wives had always a great power with their
+husbands, who used to impart to them their state affairs with
+greater freedom than the women would communicate with the men in
+the private business of their families.  Which was indeed one
+of the greatest obstacles to this design; for the money of
+Sparta being most of it in the women's hands, it was their
+interest to oppose it, not only as depriving them of those
+superfluous trifles, in which through want of better knowledge
+and experience, they placed their chief felicity, but also
+because they knew their riches were the main support of their
+power and credit.
+
+Those, therefore, who were of this faction, had recourse to
+Leonidas, representing to him, how it was his part, as the elder
+and more experienced, to put a stop to the ill-advised projects
+of a rash young man.  Leonidas, though of himself sufficiently
+inclined to oppose Agis, durst not openly, for fear of the
+people, who were manifestly desirous of this change; but
+underhand he did all he could to discredit and thwart the
+project, and to prejudice the chief magistrates against him, and
+on all occasions craftily insinuated, that it was as the price
+of letting him usurp arbitrary power, that Agis thus proposed to
+divide the property of the rich among the poor, and that the
+object of these measures for canceling debts, and dividing the
+lands, was, not to furnish Sparta with citizens, but purchase
+him a tyrant's body-guard.
+
+Agis, nevertheless, little regarding these rumors, procured
+Lysander's election as ephor; and then took the first occasion
+of proposing through him his Rhetra to the council, the chief
+articles of which were these: That every one should be free from
+their debts; all the lands to be divided into equal portions,
+those that lay betwixt the watercourse near Pellene and Mount
+Taygetus, and as far as the cities of Malea and Sellasia, into
+four thousand five hundred lots, the remainder into fifteen
+thousand; these last to be shared out among those of the country
+people who were fit for service as heavy-armed soldiers, the
+first among the natural born Spartans; and their number also
+should be supplied from any among the country people or
+strangers who had received the proper breeding of freemen, and
+were of vigorous, body and of age for military service.  All
+these were to be divided into fifteen companies, some of four
+hundred, and some of two, with a diet and discipline agreeable
+to the laws of Lycurgus.
+
+This decree being proposed in the council of Elders, met there
+with opposition; so that Lysander immediately convoked the great
+assembly of the people, to whom he, Mandroclidas, and Agesilaus
+made orations, exhorting them that they would not suffer the
+majesty of Sparta to remain abandoned to contempt, to gratify a
+few rich men, who lorded it over them; but that they should call
+to mind the oracles in old time which had forewarned them to
+beware of the love of money, as the great danger and probable
+ruin of Sparta, and, moreover, those recently brought from the
+temple of Pasiphae.  This was a famous temple and oracle at
+Thalamae; and this Pasiphae, some say, was one of the daughters
+of Atlas, who had by Jupiter a son called Ammon; others are of
+opinion it was Cassandra, the daughter of king Priam, who, dying
+in this place, was called Pasiphae, as the revealer of oracles
+to all men. Phylarchus says, that this was Daphne, the daughter
+of Amyclas, who, flying from Apollo, was transformed into a
+laurel, and honored by that god with the gift of prophecy.  But
+be it as it will, it is certain the people were made to
+apprehend, that this oracle had commanded them to return to
+their former state of equality settled by Lycurgus.  As soon as
+these had done speaking, Agis stood up, and after a few words,
+told them he would make the best contribution in his power to
+the new legislation, which was proposed for their advantage.  In
+the first place, he would divide among them all his patrimony,
+which was of large extent in tillage and pasture; he would also
+give six hundred talents in ready money, and his mother,
+grandmother, and his other friends and relations, who were the
+richest of the Lacedaemonians, were ready to follow his example.
+
+The people were transported with admiration of the young man's
+generosity, and with joy, that after three hundred years'
+interval, at last there had appeared a king worthy of Sparta.
+But, on the other side, Leonidas was now more than ever averse,
+being sensible that he and his friends would be obliged to
+contribute with their riches, and yet all the honor and
+obligation would redound to Agis.  He asked him then before them
+all, whether Lycurgus were not in his opinion a wise man, and a
+lover of his country.  Agis answering he was, "And when did
+Lycurgus," replied Leonidas, "cancel debts, or admit strangers
+to citizenship, -- he who thought the commonwealth not secure
+unless from time to time the city was cleared of all
+strangers?"  To this Agis replied, "It is no wonder that
+Leonidas, who was brought up and married abroad, and has
+children by a wife taken out of a Persian court, should know
+little of Lycurgus or his laws.  Lycurgus took away both debts
+and loans, by taking away money; and objected indeed to the
+presence of men who were foreign to the manners and customs of
+the country, not in any case from an ill-will to their persons,
+but lest the example of their lives and conduct should infect
+the city with the love of riches, and of delicate and luxurious
+habits.  For it is well known that he himself gladly kept
+Terpander, Thales, and Pherecycles, though they were strangers,
+because he perceived they were in their poems and in their
+philosophy of the same mind with him.  And you that are wont to
+praise Ecprepes, who, being ephor, cut with his hatchet two of
+the nine strings from the instrument of Phrynis, the musician,
+and to commend those who afterwards imitated him, in cutting the
+strings of Timotheus's harp, with what face can you blame us,
+for designing to cut off superfluity and luxury and display from
+the commonwealth?  Do you think those men were so concerned only
+about a lute-string, or intended anything else than to check in
+music that same excess and extravagance which rule in our
+present lives and manners, and have disturbed and destroyed all
+the harmony and order of our city?"
+
+From this time forward, as the common people followed Agis, so
+the rich men adhered to Leonidas.  They be sought him not to
+forsake their cause; and with persuasions and entreaties so far
+prevailed with the council of Elders, whose power consisted in
+preparing all laws before they were proposed to the people, that
+the designed Rhetra was rejected, though but by only one vote.
+Whereupon Lysander, who was still ephor, resolving to be
+revenged on Leonidas, drew up an information against him,
+grounded on two old laws: the one forbids any of the blood of
+Hercules to raise up children by a foreign woman, and the other
+makes it capital for a Lacedaemonian to leave his country to
+settle among foreigners.  Whilst he set others on to manage this
+accusation, he with his colleagues went to observe the sign,
+which was a custom they had, and performed in this manner.
+Every ninth year, the ephors, choosing a starlight night, when
+there is neither cloud nor moon, sit down together in quiet and
+silence, and watch the sky.  And if they chance to see the
+shooting of a star, they presently pronounce their king guilty
+of some offense against the gods, and thereupon he is
+immediately suspended from all exercise of regal power, till he
+is relieved by an oracle from Delphi or Olympia.
+
+Lysander, therefore, assured the people, he had seen a star
+shoot, and at the same time Leonidas was cited to answer for
+himself.  Witnesses were produced to testify he had married an
+Asian woman, bestowed on him by one of king Seleucus's
+lieutenants; that he had two children by her, but she so
+disliked and hated him, that, against his wishes, flying from
+her, he was in a manner forced to return to Sparta, where, his
+predecessor dying without issue, he took upon him the
+government.  Lysander, not content with this, persuaded also
+Cleombrotus to lay claim to the kingdom.  He was of the royal
+family, and son-in-law to Leonidas; who, fearing now the event
+of this process, fled as a suppliant to the temple of Minerva of
+the Brazen House, together with his daughter, the wife of
+Cleombrotus; for she in this occasion resolved to leave her
+husband, and to follow her father.  Leonidas being again cited,
+and not appearing, they pronounced a sentence of deposition
+against him, and made Cleombrotus king in his place.
+
+Soon after this revolution, Lysander, his year expiring, went
+out of his office, and new ephors were chosen, who gave Leonidas
+assurance of safety, and cited Lysander and Mandroclidas to
+answer for having, contrary to law, canceled debts, and designed
+a new division of lands.  They, seeing themselves in danger, had
+recourse to the two kings, and represented to them, how
+necessary it was for their interest and safety to act with
+united authority and bid defiance to the ephors.  For, indeed,
+the power of the ephors, they said, was only grounded on the
+dissensions of the kings, it being their privilege, when the
+kings differed in opinion, to add their suffrage to whichever
+they judged to have given the best advice; but when the two
+kings were unanimous, none ought or durst resist their
+authority, the magistrate, whose office it was to stand as
+umpire when they were at variance, had no call to interfere when
+they were of one mind.  Agis and Cleombrotus, thus persuaded,
+went together with their friends into the market-place, where,
+removing the ephors from their seats, they placed others in
+their room of whom Agesilaus was one; proceeding then to arm a
+company of young men, and releasing many out of prison; so that
+those of the contrary faction began to be in great fear of their
+lives; but there was no blood spilt.  On the contrary, Agis,
+having notice that Agesilaus had ordered a company of soldiers
+to lie in wait for Leonidas, to kill him as he fled to Tegea,
+immediately sent some of his followers to defend him, and to
+convey him safely into that city.
+
+Thus far all things proceeded prosperously, none daring to
+oppose; but through the sordid weakness of one man these
+promising beginnings were blasted, and a most noble and truly
+Spartan purpose overthrown and ruined, by the love of money.
+Agesilaus, as we said, was much in debt, though in possession of
+one of the largest and best estates in land; and while he gladly
+joined in this design to be quit of his debts, he was not at all
+willing to part with his land.  Therefore he persuaded Agis,
+that if both these things should be put in execution at the same
+time, so great and so sudden an alteration might cause some
+dangerous commotion; but if debts were in the first place
+canceled, the rich men would afterwards more easily be
+prevailed with to part with their land.  Lysander, also, was of
+the same opinion, being deceived in like manner by the craft of
+Agesilaus; so that all men were presently commanded to bring in
+their bonds, or deeds of obligation, by the Lacedaemonians
+called Claria, into the market-place, where being laid together
+in a heap, they set fire to them.  The wealthy, money-lending
+people, one may easily imagine, beheld it with a heavy heart;
+but Agesilaus told them scoffingly, his eyes had never seen so
+bright and so pure a flame.
+
+And now the people pressed earnestly for an immediate division
+of lands; the kings also had ordered it should be done; but
+Agesilaus, sometimes pretending one difficulty, and sometimes
+another, delayed the execution, till an occasion happened to
+call Agis to the wars.  The Achaeans, in virtue of a defensive
+treaty of alliance, sent to demand succors, as they expected
+every day that the Aetolians would attempt to enter
+Peloponnesus, from the territory of Megara.  They had sent
+Aratus, their general, to collect forces to hinder this
+incursion.  Aratus wrote to the ephors, who immediately gave
+order that Agis should hasten to their assistance with the
+Lacedaemonian auxiliaries.  Agis was extremely pleased to see
+the zeal and bravery of those who went with him upon this
+expedition.  They were for the most part young men, and poor;
+and being just released from their debts and set at liberty, and
+hoping on their return to receive each man his lot of land, they
+followed their king with wonderful alacrity.  The cities through
+which they passed, were in admiration to see how they marched
+from one end of Peloponnesus to the other, without the least
+disorder, and, in a manner, without being heard.  It gave the
+Greeks occasion to discourse with one another, how great might
+be the temperance and modesty of a Laconian army in old time,
+under their famous captains Agesilaus, Lysander, or Leonidas,
+since they saw such discipline and exact obedience under a
+leader who perhaps was the youngest man all the army.  They saw
+also how he was himself content to fare hardly, ready to undergo
+any labors, and not to be distinguished by pomp or richness of
+habit or arms from the meanest of his soldiers; and to people in
+general it was an object of regard and admiration.  But rich men
+viewed the innovation with dislike and alarm, lest haply the
+example might spread, and work changes to their prejudice in
+their own countries as well.
+
+Agis joined Aratus near the city of Corinth, where it was still
+a matter of debate whether or no it were expedient to give the
+enemy battle.  Agis, on this occasion, showed great forwardness
+and resolution, yet without temerity or presumption.  He
+declared it was his opinion they ought to fight, thereby to
+hinder the enemy from passing the gates of Peloponnesus, but,
+nevertheless, he would submit to the judgment of Aratus, not
+only as the elder and more experienced captain, but as he was
+general of the Achaeans, whose forces he would not pretend to
+command, but was only come thither to assist them.  I am not
+ignorant that Baton of Sinope, relates it in another manner; he
+says, Aratus would have fought, and that Agis was against it;
+but it is certain he was mistaken, not having read what Aratus
+himself wrote in his own justification, that knowing the people
+had wellnigh got in their harvest, he thought it much better to
+let the enemy pass, than put all to the hazard of a battle.  And
+therefore, giving thanks to the confederates for their
+readiness, he dismissed them.  And Agis, not without having
+gained a great deal of honor, returned to Sparta, where he found
+the people in disorder, and a new revolution imminent, owing to
+the ill government of Agesilaus.
+
+For he, being now one of the ephors, and freed from the fear
+which formerly kept him in some restraint, forbore no kind of
+oppression which might bring in gain.  Among other things, he
+exacted a thirteenth month's tax, whereas the usual cycle
+required at this time no such addition to the year.  For these
+and other reasons fearing those whom he injured, and knowing how
+he was hated by the people, he thought it necessary to maintain
+a guard, which always accompanied him to the magistrate's
+office.  And presuming now on his power, he was grown so
+insolent, that of the two kings, the one he openly contemned,
+and if he showed any respect towards Agis, would have it thought
+rather an effect of his near relationship, than any duty or
+submission to the royal authority.  He gave it out also, that he
+was to continue ephor the ensuing year.
+
+His enemies, therefore, alarmed by this report, lost no time in
+risking an attempt against him; and openly bringing hack
+Leonidas from Tegea, reestablished him in the kingdom, to which
+even the people, highly incensed for having been defrauded in
+the promised division of lands, willingly consented.  Agesilaus
+himself would hardly have escaped their fury, if his son,
+Hippomedon, whose manly virtues made him dear to all, had not
+saved him out of their hands, and then privately conveyed him
+from the city.
+
+During this commotion, the two kings fled, Agis to the temple of
+the Brazen House, and Cleombrotus to that of Neptune.  For
+Leonidas was more incensed against his son-in-law; and leaving
+Agis alone, went with his soldiers to Cleombrotus's sanctuary,
+and there with great passion reproached him for having, though
+he was his son-in-law, conspired with his enemies, usurped his
+throne, and forced him from his country.  Cleombrotus, having
+little to say for himself, sat silent.  His wife, Chilonis, the
+daughter of Leonidas, had chosen to follow her father in his
+sufferings; for when Cleombrotus usurped the kingdom, she
+forsook him, and wholly devoted herself to comfort her father in
+his affliction; whilst he still remained in Sparta, she remained
+also, as a suppliant, with him, and when he fled, she fled with
+him, bewailing his misfortune, and extremely displeased with
+Cleombrotus.  But now, upon this turn of fortune, she changed in
+like manner, and was seen sitting now, as a suppliant, with her
+husband, embracing him with her arms, and having her two little
+children beside her.  All men were full of wonder at the piety
+and tender affection of the young woman, who, pointing to her
+robes and her hair, both alike neglected and unattended to, said
+to Leonidas, "I am not brought, my father, to this condition you
+see me in, on account of the present misfortunes of Cleombrotus;
+my mourning habit is long since familiar to me.  It was put on
+to condole with you in your banishment; and now you are restored
+to your country, and to your kingdom, must I still remain in
+grief and misery?  Or would you have me attired in my royal
+ornaments, that I may rejoice with you, when you have killed,
+within my arms, the man to whom you gave me for a wife?  Either
+Cleombrotus must appease you by mine and my children's tears, or
+he must suffer a punishment greater than you propose for his
+faults, and shall see me, whom he loves so well, die before him.
+To what end should I live, or how shall I appear among the
+Spartan women, when it shall so manifestly be seen, that I have
+not been able to move to compassion either a husband or a
+father?  I was born, it seems, to participate in the ill fortune
+and in the disgrace, both as a wife and a daughter, of those
+nearest and dearest to me.  As for Cleombrotus, I sufficiently
+surrendered any honorable plea on his behalf, when I forsook him
+to follow you; but you yourself offer the fairest excuse for his
+proceedings, by showing to the world that for the sake of a
+kingdom, it is just to kill a son-in-law, and be regardless of a
+daughter."  Chilonis, having ended this lamentation, rested her
+face on her husband's head, and looked round with her weeping
+and woebegone eyes upon those who stood be fore her.
+
+Leonidas, touched with compassion, withdrew a while to advise
+with his friends; then returning, bade Cleombrotus leave the
+sanctuary and go into banishment; Chilonis, he said, ought to
+stay with him, it not being just she should forsake a father
+whose affection had granted to her intercession the life of her
+husband.  But all he could say would not prevail.  She rose up
+immediately, and taking one of her children in her arms, gave
+the other to her husband; and making her reverence to the altar
+of the goddess, went out and followed him.  So that, in a word,
+if Cleombrotus were not utterly blinded by ambition, he must
+surely choose to be banished with so excellent a woman rather
+than without her to possess a kingdom.
+
+Cleombrotus thus removed, Leonidas proceeded also to displace
+the ephors, and to choose others in their room; then he began to
+consider how he might entrap Agis.  At first, he endeavored by
+fair means to persuade him to leave the sanctuary, and partake
+with him in the kingdom.  The people, he said, would easily
+pardon the errors of a young man, ambitious of glory, and
+deceived by the craft of Agesilaus.  But finding Agis was
+suspicious, and not to be prevailed with to quit his sanctuary,
+he gave up that design; yet what could not then be effected by
+the dissimulation of an enemy, was soon after brought to pass by
+the treachery of friends.
+
+Amphares, Damochares, and Arcesilaus often visited Agis, and he
+was so confident of their fidelity that after a while he was
+prevailed with to accompany them to the baths, which were not
+far distant, they constantly returning to see him safe again in
+the temple.  They were all three his familiars; and Amphares had
+borrowed a great deal of plate and rich household stuff from
+Agesistrata, and hoped if he could destroy her and the whole
+family, he might peaceably enjoy those goods.  And he, it is
+said, was the readiest of all to serve the purposes of Leonidas,
+and being one of the ephors, did all he could to incense the
+rest of his colleagues against Agis.  These men, therefore,
+finding that Agis would not quit his sanctuary, but on occasion
+would venture from it to go to the bath, resolved to seize him
+on the opportunity thus given them.  And one day as he was
+returning, they met and saluted him as formerly, conversing
+pleasantly by the way, and jesting, as youthful friends might,
+till coming to the turning of a street which led to the prison,
+Amphares, by virtue of his office, laid his hand on Agis, and
+told him, "You must go with me, Agis, before the other ephors,
+to answer for your misdemeanors."  At the same time, Damochares,
+who was a tall, strong man, drew his cloak tight round his neck,
+and dragged him after by it, whilst the others went behind to
+thrust him on.  So that none of Agis's friends being near to
+assist him, nor anyone by, they easily got him into the prison,
+where Leonidas was already arrived, with a company of soldiers,
+who strongly guarded all the avenues; the ephors also came in,
+with as many of the Elders as they knew to be true to their
+party, being desirous to proceed with some resemblance of
+justice.  And thus they bade him give an account of his actions.
+To which Agis, smiling at their dissimulation, answered not a
+word.  Amphares told him, it was more seasonable to weep, for
+now the time was come in which he should be punished for his
+presumption.  Another of the ephors, as though he would be more
+favorable, and offering as it were an excuse, asked him whether
+he was not forced to what he did by Agesilaus and Lysander.  But
+Agis answered, he had not been constrained by any man, nor had
+any other intent in what he did, but only to follow the example
+of Lycurgus, and to govern conformably to his laws.  The same
+ephor asked him, whether now at least he did not repent his
+rashness.  To which the young man answered, that though he were
+to suffer the extremest penalty for it, yet he could never
+repent of so just and so glorious a design.  Upon this they
+passed sentence of death on him, and bade the officers carry him
+to the Dechas, as it is called, a place in the prison where they
+strangle malefactors.  And when the officers would not venture
+to lay hands on him, and the very mercenary soldiers declined
+it, believing it an illegal and a wicked act to lay violent
+hands on a king, Damochares, threatening and reviling them for
+it, himself thrust him into the room.
+
+For by this time the news of his being seized had reached many
+parts of the city, and there was a concourse of people with
+lights and torches about the prison gates, and in the midst of
+them the mother and the grandmother of Agis, crying out with a
+loud voice, that their king ought to appear, and to be heard and
+judged by the people.  But this clamor, instead of preventing,
+hastened his death; his enemies fearing, if the tumult should
+increase, he might be rescued during the night out of their
+hands.
+
+Agis, being now at the point to die, perceived one of the
+officers bitterly bewailing his misfortune; "Weep not, friend,"
+said he, "for me, who die innocent, by the lawless act of wicked
+men.  My condition is much better than theirs."  As soon as he
+had spoken these words, not showing the least sign of fear, he
+offered his neck to the noose.
+
+Immediately after he was dead, Amphares went out of the prison
+gate, where he found Agesistrata, who, believing him still the
+same friend as before, threw herself at his feet.  He gently
+raised her up, and assured her, she need not fear any further
+violence or danger of death for her son, and that if she
+pleased, she might go in and see him.  She begged her mother
+might also have the favor to be admitted, and he replied, nobody
+should hinder it.  When they were entered, he commanded the
+gate should again be locked, and Archidamia, the grandmother, to
+be first introduced; she was now grown very old, and had lived
+all her days in the highest repute among her fellows.  As soon
+as Amphares thought she was dispatched, he told Agesistrata she
+might now go in if she pleased.  She entered, and beholding her
+son's body stretched on the ground, and her mother hanging by
+the neck, the first thing she did was, with her own hands, to
+assist the officers in taking down the body; then covering it
+decently, she laid it out by her son's, whom then embracing, and
+kissing his cheeks, "O my son," said she, "it was thy too great
+mercy and goodness which brought thee and us to ruin."
+Amphares, who stood watching behind the door, on hearing this,
+broke in, and said angrily to her, " Since you approve so well
+of your son's actions, it is fit you should partake in his
+reward."  She, rising up to offer herself to the noose, said
+only, "I pray that it may redound to the good of Sparta."
+
+And now the three bodies being exposed to view, and the fact
+divulged, no fear was strong enough to hinder the people from
+expressing their abhorrence of what was done, and their
+detestation of Leonidas and Amphares, the contrivers of it.  So
+wicked and barbarous an act had never been committed in Sparta,
+since first the Dorians inhabited Peloponnesus; the very enemies
+in war, they said, were always cautious of spilling the blood of
+a Lacedaemonian king, insomuch that in any combat they would
+decline, and endeavor to avoid them, from feelings of respect
+and reverence for their station.  And certainly we see that in
+the many battles fought betwixt the Lacedaemonians and the other
+Greeks, up to the time of Philip of Macedon, not one of their
+kings was ever killed, except Cleombrotus, by a javelin-wound,
+at the battle of Leuctra.  I am not ignorant that the Messenians
+affirm, Theopompus was also slain by their Aristomenes; but the
+Lacedaemonians deny it, and say he was only wounded.
+
+Be it as it will, it is certain at least that Agis was the first
+king put to death in Lacedaemon by the ephors, for having
+undertaken a design noble in itself and worthy of his country,
+at a time of life when men's errors usually meet with an easy
+pardon.  And if errors he did commit, his enemies certainly had
+less reason to blame him, than had his friends for that gentle
+and compassionate temper which made him save the life of
+Leonidas, and believe in other men's professions.
+
+
+
+CLEOMENES
+
+Thus fell Agis.  His brother Archidamus was too quick for
+Leonidas, and saved himself by a timely retreat.  But his
+wife, then mother of a young child, he forced from her own
+house, and compelled Agiatis, for that was her name, to marry
+his son Cleomenes, though at that time too young for a wife,
+because he was unwilling that anyone else should have her,
+being heiress to her father Glylippus's great estate; in
+person the most youthful and beautiful woman in all Greece,
+and well-conducted in her habits of life.  And therefore,
+they say, she did all she could that she might not be
+compelled to this new marriage.  But being thus united to
+Cleomenes, she indeed hated Leonidas, but to the youth showed
+herself a kind and obliging wife.  He, as soon as they came
+together, began to love her very much, and the constant
+kindness that she still retained for the memory of Agis,
+wrought somewhat of the like feeling in the young man for
+him, so that he would often inquire of her concerning what
+had passed, and attentively listen to the story of Agis's
+purpose and design.  Now Cleomenes had a generous and great
+soul; he was as temperate and moderate in his pleasures as
+Agis, but not so scrupulous, circumspect, and gentle.  There
+was something of heat and passion always goading him on, and
+an impetuosity and violence in his eagerness to pursue
+anything which he thought good and just.  To have men obey
+him of their own freewill, he conceived to be the best
+discipline; but, likewise, to subdue resistance, and force
+them to the better course, was, in his opinion, commendable
+and brave.
+
+This disposition made him dislike the management of the city.
+The citizens lay dissolved in supine idleness and pleasures;
+the king let everything take its own way, thankful if nobody
+gave him any disturbance, nor called him away from the
+enjoyment of his wealth and luxury.  The public interest was
+neglected, and each man intent upon his private gain.  It was
+dangerous, now Agis was killed, so much as to name such a
+thing as the exercising and training of their youth; and to
+speak of the ancient temperance, endurance, and equality, was
+a sort of treason against the state.  It is said also that
+Cleomenes, whilst a boy, studied philosophy under Sphaerus,
+the Borysthenite, who crossed over to Sparta, and spent some
+time and trouble in instructing the youth.  Sphaerus was one
+of the first of Zeno the Citiean's scholars, and it is likely
+enough that he admired the manly temper of Cleomenes and
+inflamed his generous ambition.  The ancient Leonidas, as
+story tells, being asked what manner of poet he thought
+Tyrtaeus, replied, "Good to whet young men's courage;" for
+being filled with a divine fury by his poems, they rushed
+into any danger.  And so the stoic philosophy is a dangerous
+incentive to strong and fiery dispositions, but where it
+combines with a grave and gentle temper, is most successful
+in leading it to its proper good.
+
+Upon the death of his father Leonidas, he succeeded, and
+observing the citizens of all sorts to be debauched, the rich
+neglecting the public good, and intent on their private gain
+and pleasure, and the poor distressed in their own homes, and
+therefore without either spirit for war or ambition to be
+trained up as Spartans, that he had only the name of king,
+and the ephors all the power, he was resolved to change the
+present posture of affairs.  He had a friend whose name was
+Xenares, his lover, (such an affection the Spartans express
+by the term, being inspired, or imbreathed with); him he
+sounded, and of him he would commonly inquire what manner of
+king Agis was, by what means and by what assistance he began
+and pursued his designs.  Xenares, at first, willingly
+compiled with his request, and told him the whole story, with
+all the particular circumstances of the actions.  But when he
+observed Cleomenes to be extremely affected at the relation,
+and more than ordinarily taken with Agis's new model of the
+government, and begging a repetition of the story, he at
+first severely chid him, told him he was frantic, and at last
+left off all sort of familiarity and intercourse with him,
+yet he never told any man the cause of their disagreement,
+but would only say, Cleomenes knew very well.  Cleomenes,
+finding Xenares averse to his designs, and thinking all
+others to be of the same disposition, consulted with none,
+but contrived the whole business by himself.  And considering
+that it would be easier to bring about an alteration when the
+city was at war, than when in peace, he engaged the
+commonwealth in a quarrel with the Achaeans, who had given
+them fair occasions to complain.  For Aratus, a man of the
+greatest power amongst all the Achaeans, designed from the
+very beginning to bring all the Peloponnesians into one
+common body.  And to effect this was the one object of all
+his many commanderships and his long political course; as he
+thought this the only means to make them a match for their
+foreign enemies.  Pretty nearly all the rest agreed to his
+proposals, only the Lacedaemonians, the Eleans, and as many
+of the Arcadians as inclined to the Spartan interest,
+remained unpersuaded.  And so as soon as Leonidas was dead,
+he began to attack the Arcadians, and wasted those especially
+that bordered on Achaea, by this means designing to try the
+inclinations of the Spartans, and despising Cleomenes as a
+youth, and of no experience in affairs of state or war.  Upon
+this, the ephors sent Cleomenes to surprise the Athenaeum,
+near Belbina, which is a pass commanding an entrance into
+Laconia and was then the subject of litigation with the
+Megalopolitans.  Cleomenes possessed himself of the place,
+and fortified it, at which action Aratus showed no public
+resentment, but marched by night to surprise Tegea and
+Orchormenus.  The design failed, for those that were to
+betray the cities into his hands, turned afraid; so Aratus
+retreated, imagining that his design had been undiscovered.
+But Cleomenes wrote a sarcastic letter to him, and desired to
+know, as from a friend, whither he intended to march at
+night; and Aratus answering, that having heard of his design
+to fortify Belbina, he meant to march thither to oppose him,
+Cleomenes rejoined, that he did not dispute it, but begged to
+be informed, if he might be allowed to ask the question, why
+he carried those torches and ladders with him.
+
+Aratus laughing at the jest, and asking what manner of youth
+this was, Damocrates, a Spartan exile, replied, "If you have
+any designs upon the Lacedaemonians, begin before this young
+eagle's talons are grown."  Presently after this, Cleomenes,
+encamping in Arcadia with a few horse and three hundred foot,
+received orders from the ephors, who feared to engage in the
+war, commanding him home; but when upon his retreat Aratus
+took Caphyae, they commissioned him again.  In this
+expedition he took Methydrium, and overran the country of the
+Argives; and the Achaeans, to oppose him, came out with an
+army of twenty thousand foot and one thousand horse, under
+the command of Aristomachus.  Cleomenes faced them at
+Pallantium, and offered battle, but Aratus, being cowed by
+his bravery, would not suffer the general to engage, but
+retreated, amidst the reproaches of the Achaeans, and the
+derision and scorn of the Spartans, who were not above five
+thousand.  Cleomenes, encouraged by this success, began to
+speak boldly among the citizens, and reminding them of a
+sentence of one of their ancient kings, said, it was in vain
+now that the Spartans asked, not how many their enemies were,
+but where they were. After this, marching to the assistance
+of the Eleans, whom the Achaeans were attacking, falling upon
+the enemy in their retreat near the Lycaeum, he put their
+whole army to flight, taking a great number of captives, and
+leaving many dead upon the place; so that it was commonly
+reported amongst the Greeks that Aratus was slain.  But
+Aratus, making the best advantage of the opportunity,
+immediately after the defeat marched to Mantinea, and before
+anybody suspected it, took the city, and put a garrison into
+it.  Upon this, the Lacedaemonians being quite discouraged,
+and opposing Cleomenes's designs of carrying on the war, he
+now exerted himself to have Archidamus, the brother of Agis,
+sent for from Messene, as he, of the other family, had a
+right to the kingdom ; and besides, Cleomenes thought that
+the power of the ephors would be reduced, when the kingly
+state was thus filled up, and raised to its proper position.
+But those that were concerned in the murder of Agis,
+perceiving the design, and fearing that upon Archidamus's
+return they should be called to an account, received him on
+his coming privately into town, and joined in bringing him
+home, and presently after murdered him.  Whether Cleomenes
+was against it, as Phylarchus thinks, or whether he was
+persuaded by his friends, or let him fall into their hands,
+is uncertain; however, they were most blamed, as having
+forced his consent.
+
+He, still resolving to new model the state, bribed the ephors
+to send him out to war; and won the affections of many others
+by means of his mother Cratesiclea, who spared no cost and
+was very zealous to promote her son's ambition; and though of
+herself she had no inclination to marry, yet for his sake,
+she accepted, as her husband, one of the chiefest citizens
+for wealth and power.  Cleomenes, marching forth with the
+army now under his commend, took Leuctra, a place belonging
+to Megalopolis; and the Achaeans quickly coming up to resist
+him with a good body of men commanded by Aratus, in a battle
+under the very walls of the city some part of his army was
+routed.  But whereas Aratus had commanded the Achaeans not to
+pass a deep watercourse, and thus put a stop to the pursuit,
+Lydiadas, the Megalopolitan, fretting at the orders, and
+encouraging the horse which he led, and following the routed
+enemy, got into a place full of vines, hedges, and ditches;
+and being forced to break his ranks, began to retire in
+disorder.  Cleomenes, observing the advantage, commanded the
+Tarentines and Cretans to engage him, by whom, after a brave
+defense, he was routed and slain.  The Lacedaemonians, thus
+encouraged, fell with a great shout upon the Achaeans, and
+routed their whole army.  Of the slain, who were very many,
+the rest Cleomenes delivered up, when the enemy petitioned
+for them; but the body of Lydiadas he commanded to be brought
+to him; and then putting on it a purple robe, and a crown
+upon its head, sent a convoy with it to the gates of
+Megalopolis.  This is that Lydiadas who resigned his power as
+tyrant, restored liberty to the citizens, and joined the city
+to the Achaean interest.
+
+Cleomenes, being very much elated by this success, and
+persuaded that if matters were wholly at his disposal, he
+should soon be too hard for the Achaeans, persuaded
+Megistonus, his mother's husband, that it was expedient for
+the state to shake off the power of the ephors, and to put
+all their wealth into one common stock for the whole body;
+thus Sparta, being restored to its old equality, might aspire
+again to the command of all Greece.  Megistonus liked the
+design, and engaged two or three more of his friends.  About
+that time, one of the ephors, sleeping in Pasiphae's temple,
+dreamed a very surprising dream; for he thought he saw the
+four chairs removed out of the place where the ephors used to
+sit and do the business of their office, and one only set
+there; and whilst he wondered, he heard a voice out of the
+temple, saying, "This is best for Sparta."  The person
+telling Cleomenes this dream, he was a little troubled at
+first, fearing that he used this as a trick to sift him, upon
+some suspicion of his design, but when he was satisfied that
+the relater spoke truth, he took heart again.  And carrying
+with him those whom he thought would be most against his
+project, he took Heraea and Alsaea, two towns in league with
+the Achaeans, furnished Orchomenus with provisions, encamped
+before Mantinea, and with long marches up and down so
+harassed the Lacedaemonians, that many of them at their own
+request were left behind in Arcadia, while he with the
+mercenaries went on toward Sparta, and by the way
+communicated his design to those whom he thought fittest for
+his purpose, and marched slowly, that he might catch the
+ephors at supper.
+
+When he was come near the city, he sent Euryclidas to the
+public table, where the ephors supped, under pretense of
+carrying some message from him from the army; Therycion,
+Phoebis, and two of those who had been bred up with
+Cleomenes, whom they call mothaces, followed with a few
+soldiers; and whilst Euryclidas was delivering his message to
+the ephors, they ran upon them with their drawn swords, and
+slew them.  The first of them, Agylaeus, on receiving the
+blow, fell and lay as dead; but in a little time quietly
+raising himself, and drawing himself out of the room, he
+crept, without being discovered, into a little building which
+was dedicated to Fear, and which always used to be shut, but
+then by chance was open; and being got in, he shut the door,
+and lay close.  The other four were killed, and above ten
+more that came to their assistance; to those that were quiet
+they did no harm, stopped none that fled from the city, and
+spared Agylaeus, when he came out of the temple the next day.
+
+The Lacedaemonians have not only sacred places dedicated to
+Fear, but also to Death, Laughter, and the like Passions.
+Now they worship Fear, not as they do supernatural powers
+which they dread, esteeming it hurtful, but thinking their
+polity is chiefly kept up by fear.  And therefore, the
+ephors, Aristotle is my author, when they entered upon their
+government, made proclamation to the people, that they should
+shave their mustaches, and be obedient to the laws, that the
+laws might not be hard upon them, making, I suppose, this
+trivial injunction, to accustom their youth to obedience even
+in the smallest matters.  And the ancients, I think, did not
+imagine bravery to be plain fearlessness, but a cautious fear
+of blame and disgrace.  For those that show most timidity
+towards the laws, are most bold against their enemies; and
+those are least afraid of any danger who are most afraid of a
+just reproach.  Therefore it was well said that
+
+A reverence still attends on fear;
+
+and by Homer,
+
+Feared you shall be, dear father, and revered;
+
+and again,
+
+In silence fearing those that bore the sway;
+
+for the generality of men are most ready to reverence those
+whom they fear.  And, therefore, the Lacedaemonians placed
+the temple of Fear by the Syssitium of the ephors, having
+raised that magistracy to almost royal authority.
+
+The next day, Cleomenes proscribed eighty of the citizens,
+whom he thought necessary to banish, and removed all the
+seats of the ephors, except one, in which he himself designed
+to sit and give audience; and calling the citizens together,
+he made an apology for his proceedings, saying, that by
+Lycurgus the council of Elders was joined to the kings, and
+that that model of government had continued a long time, and
+no other sort of magistrates had been wanted.  But
+afterwards, in the long war with the Messenians, when the
+kings, having to command the army, found no time to
+administer justice, they chose some of their friends, and
+left them to determine the suits of the citizens in their
+stead.  These were called ephors, and at first behaved
+themselves as servants to the kings; but afterwards, by
+degrees, they appropriated the power to themselves and
+erected a distinct magistracy.  An evidence of the truth of
+this was the custom still observed by the kings, who, when
+the ephors send for them, refuse, upon the first and the
+second summons, to go, but upon the third, rise up and attend
+them.  And Asteropus, the first that raised the ephors to
+that height of power, lived a great many years after their
+institution.  So long, therefore, he continued, as they
+contained themselves within their own proper sphere, it had
+been better to bear with them than to make a disturbance.
+But that an upstart, introduced power should so far subvert
+the ancient form of government as to banish some kings,
+murder others, without hearing their defense, and threaten
+those who desired to see the best and most divine
+constitution restored in Sparta, was not to be borne.
+Therefore, if it had been possible for him, without
+bloodshed, to free Lacedaemon from those foreign plagues,
+luxury, sumptuosity, debts, and usury, and from those yet
+more ancient evils, poverty and riches, he should have
+thought himself the happiest king in the world, to have
+succeeded, like an expert physician, in curing the diseases
+of his country without pain.  But now, in this necessity,
+Lycurgus's example favored his proceedings, who being neither
+king nor magistrate, but a private man, and aiming at the
+kingdom, came armed into the market-place, so that king
+Charillus fled in alarm to the altar.  He, being a good man,
+and a lover of his country, readily concurred in Lycurgus's
+designs, and admitted the revolution in the state.  But, by
+his own actions, Lycurgus had nevertheless borne witness that
+it was difficult to change the government without force and
+fear, in the use of which he himself, he said, had been so
+moderate as to do no more than put out of the way those who
+opposed themselves to Sparta's happiness and safety.  For the
+rest of the nation, he told them, the whole land was now
+their common property; debtors should be cleared of their
+debts, and examination made of those who were not citizens,
+that the bravest men might thus be made free Spartans, and
+give aid in arms to save the city, and "We" he said, "may no
+longer see Laconia, for want of men to defend it, wasted by
+the Aetolians and Illyrians."
+
+Then he himself first, with his step-father, Megistonus, and
+his friends, gave up all their wealth into one public stock,
+and all the other citizens followed the example.  The land
+was divided, and everyone that he had banished, had a share
+assigned him; for he promised to restore all, as soon as
+things were settled and in quiet.  And completing the number
+of citizens out of the best and most promising of the
+country people, he raised a body of four thousand men; and
+instead of a spear, taught them to use a surissu, with both
+hands, and to carry their shields by a band, and not by a
+handle, as before.  After this, he began to consult about
+the education of the youth, and the Discipline, as they call
+it; most of the particulars of which, Sphaerus, being then at
+Sparta, assisted in arranging; and, in a short time, the
+schools of exercise and the common tables recovered their
+ancient decency and order, a few out of necessity, but the
+most voluntarily, returning to that generous and Laconic way
+of living.  And, that the name of monarch might give them no
+jealousy, he made Euclidas, his brother, partner in the
+throne; and that was the only time that Sparta had two kings
+of the same family.
+
+Then, understanding that the Achaeans and Aratus imagined
+that this change had disturbed and shaken his affairs, and
+that he would not venture out of Sparta and leave the city
+now unsettled in the midst of so great an alteration, he
+thought it great and serviceable to his designs, to show his
+enemies the zeal and forwardness of his troops.  And,
+therefore, making an incursion into the territories of
+Megalopolis, he wasted the country far and wide, and
+collected a considerable booty.  And, at last, taking a
+company of actors, as they were traveling from Messene, and
+building a theater in the enemy's country, and offering a
+prize of forty minae in value, he sat spectator a whole day;
+not that he either desired or needed such amusement, but
+wishing to show his disregard for his enemies, and by a
+display of his contempt, to prove the extent of his
+superiority to them.  For his alone, of all the Greek or
+royal armies, had no stage-players, no jugglers, no dancing
+or singing women attending it, but was free from all sorts of
+looseness, wantonness, and festivity; the young men being for
+the most part at their exercises, and the old men giving them
+lessons, or, at leisure times, diverting themselves with
+their native jests, and quick Laconian answers; the good
+results of which we have noticed in the life of Lycurgus.
+
+He himself instructed all by his example; he was a living
+pattern of temperance before every man's eyes; and his course
+of living was neither more stately, nor more expensive, nor
+in any way more pretentious, than that of any of his people.
+And this was a considerable advantage to him in his designs
+on Greece.  For men when they waited upon other kings, did
+not so much admire their wealth, costly furniture, and
+numerous attendance, as they hated their pride and state,
+their difficulty of access, and imperious answers to their
+addresses.  But when they came to Cleomenes, who was both
+really a king, and bore that title, and saw no purple, no
+robes of state upon him, no couches and litters about him for
+his ease, and that he did not receive requests and return
+answers after a long delay and difficulty, through a number
+of messengers and doorkeepers, or by memorials, but that he
+rose and came forward in any dress he might happen to be
+wearing, to meet those that came to wait upon him, stayed,
+talked freely and affably with all that had business, they
+were extremely taken, and won to his service, and professed
+that he alone was the true son of Hercules.  His common every
+day's meal was in an ordinary room, very sparing, and after
+the Laconic manner; and when he entertained ambassadors or
+strangers, two more couches were added, and a little better
+dinner provided by his servants, but no savoring sauces or
+sweetmeats; only the dishes were larger, and the wine more
+plentiful.  For he reproved one of his friends for
+entertaining some strangers with nothing but barley bread and
+black broth, such diet as they usually had in their phiditia;
+saying, that upon such occasions, and when they entertained
+strangers, it was not well to be too exact Laconians.  After
+the table was removed, a stand was brought in, with a brass
+vessel full of wine, two silver bowls which held about a pint
+apiece, a few silver cups, of which he that pleased might
+drink, but wine was not urged on any of the guests.  There
+was no music, nor was any required; for he entertained the
+company himself, sometimes asking questions, sometimes
+telling stories; and his conversation was neither too grave
+or disagreeably serious, nor yet in any way rude or
+ungraceful in its pleasantry.  For he thought those ways of
+entrapping men by gifts and presents, which other kings use,
+dishonest and inartificial; and it seemed to him to be the
+most noble method, and most suitable to a king, to win the
+affections of those that came near him, by personal
+intercourse and agreeable conversation, since between a
+friend and a mercenary the only distinction is, that we gain
+the one by one's character and conversation, the other by
+one's money.
+
+The Mantineans were the first that requested his aid; and
+when he entered their city by night, they aided him to expel
+the Achaean garrison, and put themselves under his
+protection.  He restored them their polity and laws, and the
+same day marched to Tegea; and a little while after, fetching
+a compass through Arcadia, he made a descent upon Pherae, in
+Achaea, intending to force Aratus to a battle, or bring him
+into disrepute, for refusing to engage, and suffering him to
+waste the country.  Hyperbatas at that time was general, but
+Aratus had all the power amongst the Achaeans.  The Achaeans,
+marching forth with their whole strength, and encamping in
+Dymae, near the Hecatombaeum, Cleomenes came up, and thinking
+it not advisable to pitch between Dymae, a city of the
+enemies, and the camp of the Achaeans, he boldly dared the
+Achaeans, and forced them to a battle, and routing their
+phalanx, slew a great many in the fight, and took many
+prisoners, and thence marching to Langon, and driving out the
+Achaean garrison, he restored the city to the Eleans.
+
+The affairs of the Achaeans being in this unfortunate
+condition, Aratus, who was wont to take office every other
+year, refused the command, though they entreated and urged
+him to accept it.  And this was ill done, when the storm was
+high, to put the power out of his own hands, and set another
+to the helm.  Cleomenes at first proposed fair and easy
+conditions by his ambassadors to the Achaeans, but afterward
+he sent others, and required the chief command to be settled
+upon him; in other matters offering to agree to reasonable
+terms, and to restore their captives and their country.  The
+Achaeans were willing to come to an agreement upon those
+terms, and invited Cleomenes to Lerna, where an assembly was
+to be held; but it happened that Cleomenes, hastily marching
+on, and drinking water at a wrong time, brought up a quantity
+of blood, and lost his voice; therefore being unable to
+continue his journey, he sent the chiefest of the captives to
+the Achaeans, and, putting off the meeting for some time,
+retired to Lacedaemon.
+
+This ruined the affairs of Greece, which was just beginning
+in some sort to recover from its disasters, and to show some
+capability of delivering itself from the insolence and
+rapacity of the Macedonians.  For Aratus, (whether fearing or
+distrusting Cleomenes, or envying his unlooked-for success,
+or thinking it a disgrace for him who had commanded
+thirty-three years, to have a young man succeed to all his
+glory and his power, and be head of that government which he
+had been raising and settling so many years,) first
+endeavored to keep the Achaeans from closing with Cleomenes;
+but when they would not hearken to him, fearing Cleomenes's
+daring spirit, and thinking the Lacedaemonians' proposals to
+be very reasonable, who designed only to reduce Peloponnesus
+to its old model, upon this he took his last refuge in an
+action which was unbecoming any of the Greeks, most
+dishonorable to him, and most unworthy his former bravery and
+exploits.  For he called Antigonus into Greece, and filled
+Peloponnesus with Macedonians, whom he himself, when a youth,
+having beaten their garrison out of the castle of Corinth,
+had driven from the same country.  And there had been
+constant suspicion and variance between him and all the
+kings, and of Antigonus, in particular, he has said a
+thousand dishonorable things in the commentaries he has left
+behind him.  And though he declares himself how he suffered
+considerable losses, and underwent great dangers, that he
+might free Athens from the garrison of the Macedonians, yet,
+afterwards, he brought the very same men armed into his own
+country, and his own house, even to the women's apartment.
+He would not endure that one of the family of Hercules, and
+king of Sparta, and one that had reformed the polity of his
+country, as it were, from a disordered harmony, and retuned
+it to the plain Doric measure and rule of life of Lycurgus,
+should be styled head of the Tritaeans and Sicyonians; and
+whilst he fled the barley-cake and coarse coat, and which
+were his chief accusations against Cleomenes, the extirpation
+of wealth and reformation of poverty, he basely subjected
+himself, together with Achaea, to the diadem and purple, to
+the imperious commands of the Macedonians and their satraps.
+That he might not seem to be under Cleomenes, he offered
+sacrificers, called Antigonea, in honor of Antigonus, and
+sang paeans himself, with a garland on his head, to the
+praise of a wasted, consumptive Macedonian.  I write this not
+out of any design to disgrace Aratus, for in many things he
+showed himself a true lover of Greece, and a great man, but
+out of pity to the weakness of human nature, which in
+characters like this, so worthy and in so many ways disposed
+to virtue, cannot maintain its honors unblemished by some
+envious fault.
+
+The Achaeans meeting again in assembly at Argos, and
+Cleomenes having come from Tegea, there were great hopes that
+all differences would be composed.  But Aratus, Antigonus and
+he having already agreed upon the chief articles of their
+league, fearing that Cleomenes would carry all before him,
+and either win or force the multitude to comply with his
+demands, proposed, that having three hundred hostages put
+into his hands, he should come alone into the town, or bring
+his army to the place of exercise, called the Cyllarabium,
+outside the city, and treat there.
+
+Cleomenes, hearing this, said, that he was unjustly dealt
+with; for they ought to have told him so plainly at first,
+and not now he was come even to their doors, show their
+jealousy, and deny him admission.  And writing a letter to
+the Achaeans about the same subject, the greatest part of
+which was an accusation of Aratus, while Aratus, on the other
+side, spoke violently against him to the assembly, he hastily
+dislodged, and sent a trumpeter to denounce war against the
+Achaeans, not to Argos, but to Aegium, as Aratus writes, that
+he might not give them notice enough to make provision for
+their defense.  There had also been a movement among the
+Achaeans themselves, and the cities were eager for revolt;
+the common people expecting a division of the land, and a
+release from their debts, and the chief men being in many
+places ill-disposed to Aratus, and some of them angry and
+indignant with him, for having brought the Macedonians into
+Peloponnesus.  Encouraged by these misunderstandings,
+Cleomenes invaded Achaea, and first took Pellene by surprise,
+and beat out the Achaean garrison, and afterwards brought
+over Pheneus and Penteleum to his side.  Now the Achaeans,
+suspecting some treacherous designs at Corinth and Sicyon,
+sent their horse and mercenaries out of Argos, to have an eye
+upon those cities, and they themselves went to Argos, to
+celebrate the Nemean games.  Cleomenes, advertised of this
+march, and hoping, as it afterward fell out, that upon an
+unexpected advance to the city, now busied in the solemnity
+of the games, and thronged with numerous spectators, he
+should raise a considerable terror and confusion amongst
+them, by night marched with his army to the walls, and taking
+the quarter of the town called Aspis, which lies above the
+theater, well fortified, and hard to be approached, he so
+terrified them that none offered to resist, but they agreed
+to accept a garrison, to give twenty citizens for hostages,
+and to assist the Lacedaemonians, and that he should have the
+chief command.
+
+This action considerably increased his reputation and his
+power; for the ancient Spartan kings, though they many ways
+endeavored to effect it, could never bring Argos to be
+permanently theirs.  And Pyrrhus, the most experienced
+captain, though he entered the city by force, could not keep
+possession, but was slain himself, with a considerable part
+of his army.  Therefore they admired the dispatch and
+contrivance of Cleomenes; and those that before derided him,
+for imitating, as they said, Solon and Lycurgus, in releasing
+the people from their debts, and in equalizing the property
+of the citizens, were now fain to admit that this was the
+cause of the change in the Spartans.  For before they were
+very low in the world, and so unable to secure their own,
+that the Aetolians, invading Laconia, brought away fifty
+thousand slaves; so that one of the elder Spartans is
+reported to have said, that they had done Laconia a kindness
+by unburdening it; and yet a little while after, by merely
+recurring once again to their native customs, and reentering
+the track of the ancient discipline, they were able to give,
+as though it had been under the eyes and conduct of Lycurgus
+himself, the most signal instances of courage and obedience,
+raising Sparta to her ancient place as the commanding state
+of Greece, and recovering all Peloponnesus.
+
+When Argos was captured, and Cleonae and Phlius came over, as
+they did at once, to Cleomenes, Aratus was at Corinth,
+searching after some who were reported to favor the Spartan
+interest.  The news, being brought to him, disturbed him very
+much; for he perceived the city inclining to Cleomenes, and
+willing to be rid of the Achaeans.  Therefore he summoned the
+citizens to meet in the Council Hall, and slipping away
+without being observed to the gate, he mounted his horse that
+had been brought for him thither, and fled to Sicyon.  And
+the Corinthians made such haste to Cleomenes at Argos, that,
+as Aratus says, striving who should be first there, they
+spoiled all their horses; he adds that Cleomenes was very
+angry with the Corinthians for letting him escape; and that
+Megistonus came from Cleomenes to him, desiring him to
+deliver up the castle at Corinth, which was then garrisoned
+by the Achaeans, and offered him a considerable sum of money,
+and that he answered, that matters were not now in his power,
+but he in theirs.  Thus Aratus himself writes.  But
+Cleomenes, marching from Argos, and taking in the
+Troezenians, Epidaurians, and Hermioneans, came to Corinth,
+and blocked up the castle, which the Achaeans would not
+surrender; and sending for Aratus's friends and stewards,
+committed his house and estate to their care and management;
+and sent Tritymallus, the Messenian, to him a second time,
+desiring that the castle might be equally garrisoned by the
+Spartans and Achaeans, and promising to Aratus himself double
+the pension that he received from king Ptolemy.  But Aratus,
+refusing the conditions, and sending his own son with the
+other hostages to Antigonus, and persuading the Achaeans to
+make a decree for delivering the castle into Antigonus's
+hands, upon this Cleomenes invaded the territory of the
+Sicyonians, and by a decree of the Corinthians, accepted
+Aratus's estate as a gift.
+
+In the meantime, Antigonus, with a great army, was passing
+Geranea; and Cleomenes, thinking it more advisable to fortify
+and garrison, not the isthmus, but the mountains called Onea,
+and by a war of posts and positions to weary the Macedonians,
+rather than to venture a set battle with the highly
+disciplined phalanx, put his design in execution, and very
+much distressed Antigonus.  For he had not brought victuals
+sufficient for his army; nor was it easy to force a way
+through, whilst Cleomenes guarded the pass.  He attempted by
+night to pass through Lechaeum, but failed, and lost some
+men; so that Cleomenes and his army were mightily encouraged,
+and so flushed with the victory, that they went merrily to
+supper; and Antigonus was very much dejected, being driven,
+by the necessity he was in, to most unpromising attempts.  He
+was proposing to march to the promontory of Heraeum, and
+thence transport his army in boats to Sicyon, which would
+take up a great deal of time, and require much preparation
+and means.  But when it was now evening, some of Aratus's
+friends came from Argos by sea, and invited him to return,
+for the Argives would revolt from Cleomenes.  Aristoteles was
+the man that wrought the revolt, and he had no hard task to
+persuade the common people; for they were all angry with
+Cleomenes for not releasing them from their debts as they
+expected.  Accordingly, obtaining fifteen hundred of
+Antigonus's soldiers, Aratus sailed to Epidaurus; but
+Aristoteles, not staying for his coming, drew out the
+citizens, and fought against the garrison of the castle; and
+Timoxenus, with the Achaeans from Sicyon, came to his
+assistance.
+
+Cleomenes heard the news about the second watch of the night,
+and sending for Megistonus, angrily commanded him to go and
+set things right at Argos.  Megistonus had passed his word
+for the Argives' loyalty, and had persuaded him not to banish
+the suspected.  Therefore, dispatching him with two thousand
+soldiers, he himself kept watch upon Antigonus, and
+encouraged the Corinthians, pretending that there was no
+great matter in the commotions at Argos, but only a little
+disturbance raised by a few inconsiderable persons.  But when
+Megistonus, entering Argos, was slain, and the garrison could
+scarce hold out, and frequent messengers came to Cleomenes
+for succors, he, fearing least the enemy, having taken Argos,
+should shut up the passes, and securely waste Laconia, and
+besiege Sparta itself, which he had left without forces,
+dislodged from Corinth, and immediately lost that city; for
+Antigonus entered it, and garrisoned the town.  He turned
+aside from his direct march, and assaulting the walls of
+Argos, endeavored to carry it by a sudden attack and then,
+having collected his forces from their march, breaking into
+the Aspis, he joined the garrison, which still held out
+against the Achaeans; some parts of the city he scaled and
+took, and his Cretan archers cleared the streets.  But when
+he saw Antigonus with his phalanx descending from the
+mountains into the plain, and the horse on all sides entering
+the city, he thought it impossible to maintain his post, and,
+gathering together all his men, came safely down, and made
+his retreat under the walls, having in so short a time
+possessed himself of great power, and in one journey, so to
+say, having made himself master of almost all Peloponnesus,
+and now lost all again in as short a time.  For some of his
+allies at once withdrew and forsook him, and others not long
+after put their cities under Antigonus's protection.  His
+hopes thus defeated, as he was leading back the relics of his
+forces, messengers from Lacedaemon met him in the evening at
+Tegea, and brought him, news of as great a misfortune as
+that which he had lately suffered, and this was the death of
+his wife, to whom he was so attached, and thought so much of
+her, that even in his most successful expeditions, when he
+was most prosperous, he could not refrain, but would ever now
+and then come home to Sparta, to visit Agiatis.
+
+This news afflicted him extremely, and he grieved, as a young
+man would do, for the loss of a very beautiful and excellent
+wife; yet he did not let his passion disgrace him, or impair
+the greatness of his mind, but keeping his usual voice, his
+countenance, and his habit, he gave necessary orders to his
+captains, and took the precautions required for the safety of
+Tegea.  Next morning he came to Sparta, and having at home
+with his mother and children bewailed the loss, and finished
+his mourning, he at once devoted himself to the public
+affairs of the state.
+
+Now Ptolemy, the king of Egypt, promised him assistance, but
+demanded his mother and children for hostages.  This, for
+some considerable time, he was ashamed to discover to his
+mother; and though he often went to her on purpose, and was
+just upon the discourse, yet he still refrained, and kept it
+to himself; so that she began to suspect, and asked his
+friends, whether Cleomenes had something to say to her, which
+he was afraid to speak.  At last, Cleomenes venturing to tell
+her, she laughed aloud, and said, "Was this the thing that
+you had so often a mind to tell me, and were afraid?  Make
+haste and put me on shipboard, and send this carcass where it
+may be most serviceable to Sparta, before age destroys it
+unprofitably here."  Therefore, all things being provided for
+the voyage, they went by land to Taenarus, and the army
+waited on them.  Cratesiclea, when she was ready to go on
+board, took Cleomenes aside into Neptune's temple, and
+embracing him, who was much dejected, and extremely
+discomposed, she said, "Go to, king of Sparta; when we come
+forth at the door, let none see us weep, or show any passion
+that is unworthy of Sparta, for that alone is in our own
+power; as for success or disappointment, those wait on us as
+the deity decrees."  Having thus said, and composed her
+countenance, she went to the ship with her little grandson,
+and bade the pilot put at once out to sea.  When she came to
+Egypt, and understood that Ptolemy entertained proposals and
+overtures of peace from Antigonus, and that Cleomenes, though
+the Achaeans invited and urged him to an agreement, was
+afraid, for her sake, to come to any, without Ptolemy's
+consent, she wrote to him, advising him to do that which was
+most becoming and most profitable for Sparta, and not, for
+the sake of an old woman and a little child, stand always in
+fear of Ptolemy.  This character she maintained in her
+misfortunes.
+
+Antigonus, having taken Tegea, and plundered Orchomenus and
+Mantinea, Cleomenes was shut up within the narrow bounds of
+Laconia; and making such of the helots as could pay five
+Attic pounds, free of Sparta, and, by that means, getting
+together five hundred talents, and arming two thousand after
+the Macedonian fashion, that he might make a body fit to
+oppose Antigonus's Leucaspides he undertook a great and
+unexpected enterprise.  Megalopolis was at that time a city
+of itself as great and as powerful as Sparta, and had the
+forces of the Achaeans and of Antigonus encamping beside it;
+and it was chiefly the Megalopolitans' doing, that Antigonus
+had been called in to assist the Achaeans.  Cleomenes,
+resolving to snatch the city (no other word so well suits so
+rapid and so surprising an action), ordered his men to take
+five days' provision, and marched to Sellasia, as if he
+intended to ravage the country of the Argives; but from
+thence making a descent into the territories of Megalopolis,
+and refreshing his army about Rhoeteum, he suddenly took the
+road by Helicus, and advanced directly upon the city.  When
+he was not far off the town, he sent Panteus, with two
+regiments, to surprise a portion of the wall between two
+towers, which he learnt to be the most unguarded quarter of
+the Megalopolitans' fortifications, and with the rest of his
+forces he followed leisurely.  Panteus not only succeeded at
+that point, but finding a great part of the wall without
+guards, he at once proceeded to pull it down in some places,
+and make openings through it in others, and killed all the
+defenders that he found.  Whilst he was thus busied,
+Cleomenes came up to him, and was got with his army within
+the city, before the Megalopolitans knew of the surprise.
+When, after some time, they learned their misfortune, some
+left the town immediately, taking with them what property
+they could; others armed, and engaged the enemy; and through
+they were not able to beat them out, yet they gave their
+citizens time and opportunity safely to retire, so that there
+were not above one thousand persons taken in the town, all
+the rest flying, with their wives and children, and escaping
+to Messene.  The greater number, also, of those that armed
+and fought the enemy, were saved, and very few taken, amongst
+whom were Lysandridas and Thearidas, two men of great power
+and reputation amongst the Megalopolitans; and therefore the
+soldiers, as soon as they were taken, brought them to
+Cleomenes.  And Lysandridas, as soon as he saw Cleomenes afar
+off, cried out, "Now, king of Sparta, it is in your power, by
+doing a most kingly and a nobler action than you have
+already performed, to purchase the greatest glory."  And
+Cleomenes, guessing at his meaning, replied, "What,
+Lysandridas, you will not surely advise me to restore your
+city to you again?"  "It is that which I mean," Lysandridas
+replied, "and I advise you not to ruin so brave a city, but
+to fill it with faithful and steadfast friends and allies, by
+restoring their country to the Megalopolitans, and being the
+savior of so considerable a people."  Cleomenes paused a
+while, and then said, "It is very hard to trust so far in
+these matters; but with us let profit always yield to glory."
+Having said this, he sent the two men to Messene with a
+herald from himself, offering the Megalopolitans their city
+again, if they would forsake the Achaean interest, and be on
+his side.  But though Cleomenes made these generous and
+humane proposals, Philopoemen would not suffer them to break
+their league with the Achaeans; and accusing Cleomenes to the
+people, as if his design was not to restore the city, but to
+take the citizens too, he forced Thearidas and Lysandridas to
+leave Messene.
+
+This was that Philopoemen who was afterward chief of the
+Achaeans and a man of the greatest reputation amongst the
+Greeks, as I have refuted in his own life.  This news coming
+to Cleomenes, though he had before taken strict care that the
+city should not be plundered, yet then, being in anger, and
+out of all patience, he despoiled the place of all the
+valuables, and sent the statues and pictures to Sparta; and
+demolishing a great part of the city, he marched away for
+fear of Antigonus and the Achaeans; but they never stirred,
+for they were at Aegium, at a council of war.  There Aratus
+mounted the speaker's place, and wept a long while, holding
+his mantle before his face; and at last, the company being
+amazed, and commanding him to speak, he said, "Megalopolis is
+destroyed by Cleomenes."  The assembly instantly dissolved,
+the Achaeans being astounded at the suddenness and greatness
+of the loss; and Antigonus, intending to send speedy succors,
+when he found his forces gather very slowly out of their
+winter-quarters, sent them orders to continue there still;
+and he himself marched to Argos with a small body of men.
+And now the second enterprise of Cleomenes, though it had the
+look of a desperate and frantic adventure, yet in Polybius's
+opinion, was done with mature deliberation and great
+foresight.  For knowing very well that the Macedonians were
+dispersed into their winter-quarters, and that Antigonus with
+his friends and a few mercenaries about him wintered in
+Argos, upon these considerations he invaded the country of
+the Argives, hoping to shame Antigonus to a battle upon
+unequal terms, or else, if he did not dare to fight, to bring
+him into disrepute with the Achaeans.  And this accordingly
+happened.  For Cleomenes wasting, plundering, and spoiling
+the whole country, the Argives, in grief and anger at the
+loss, gathered in crowds at the king's gates, crying out that
+he should either fight, or surrender his command to better
+and braver men.  But Antigonus, as became an experienced
+captain, accounting it rather dishonorable foolishly to
+hazard his army and quit his security, than merely to be
+railed at by other people, would not march out against
+Cleomenes, but stood firm to his convictions.  Cleomenes, in
+the meantime, brought his army up to the very walls, and
+having without opposition spoiled the country, and insulted
+over his enemies, drew off again.
+
+A little while after, being informed that Antigonus designed
+a new advance to Tegea, and thence to invade Laconia, he
+rapidly took his soldiers, and marching by a side road,
+appeared early in the morning before Argos, and wasted the
+fields about it.  The corn he did not cut down, as is usual,
+with reaping hooks and knives, but beat it down with great
+wooden staves made like broadswords, as if, in mere contempt
+and wanton scorn, while traveling on his way, without any
+effort or trouble, he spoiled and destroyed their harvest.
+Yet when his soldiers would have set Cyllabaris, the exercise
+ground, on fire, he stopped the attempt, as if he felt, that
+the mischief he had done at Megalopolis had been the effects
+of his passion rather than his wisdom.  And when Antigonus,
+first of all, came hastily back to Argos, and then occupied
+the mountains and passes with his posts, he professed to
+disregard and despise it all; and sent heralds to ask for the
+keys of the temple of Juno, as though he proposed to offer
+sacrifice there and then return.  And with this scornful
+pleasantry upon Antigonus, having sacrificed to the goddess
+under the walls of the temple, which was shut, he went to
+Phlius; and from thence driving out those that garrisoned
+Oligyrtus, he marched down to Orchomenus.  And these
+enterprises not only encouraged the citizens, but made him
+appear to the very enemies to be a man worthy of high
+command, and capable of great things.  For with the strength
+of one city, not only to fight the power of the Macedonians
+and all the Peloponnesians, supported by all the royal
+treasures, not only to preserve Laconia from being spoiled,
+but to waste the enemy's country, and to take so many and
+such considerable cities, was an argument of no common skill
+and genius for command.
+
+But he that first said that money was the sinews of affairs,
+seems especially in that saying to refer to war.  Demades,
+when the Athenians had voted that their galleys should be
+launched and equipped for action, but could produce no money,
+told them, "The baker was wanted first, and the pilot after."
+And the old Archidamus, in the beginning of the Peloponnesian
+war, when the allies desired that the amount of their
+contributions should be determined, is reported to have
+answered, that war cannot be fed upon so much a day.  For as
+wrestlers, who have thoroughly trained and disciplined their
+bodies, in time tire down and exhaust the most agile and most
+skillful combatant, so Antigonus, coming to the war with
+great resources to spend from, wore out Cleomenes, whose
+poverty made it difficult for him to provide the merest
+sufficiency of pay for the mercenaries, or of provisions for
+the citizens.  For, in all other respects, time favored
+Cleomenes; for Antigonus's affairs at home began to be
+disturbed.  For the barbarians wasted and overran Macedonia
+whilst he was absent, and at that particular time a vast army
+of Illyrians had entered the country; to be freed from whose
+devastations, the Macedonians sent for Antigonus, and the
+letters had almost been brought to him before the battle was
+fought; upon the receipt of which he would at once have
+marched away home, and left the Achaeans to look to
+themselves.  But Fortune, that loves to determine the
+greatest affairs by a minute, in this conjuncture showed such
+an exact niceness of time, that immediately after the battle
+in Sellasia was over, and Cleomenes had lost his army and his
+city, the messengers came up and called for Antigonus.  And
+this above everything made Cleomenes's misfortune to be
+pitied; for if he had gone on retreating and had forborne
+fighting two days longer, there had been no need of hazarding
+a battle; since upon the departure of the Macedonians, he
+might have had what conditions he pleased from the Achaeans.
+But now, as was said before, for want of money, being
+necessitated to trust everything to arms, he was forced with
+twenty thousand (such is Polybius's account) to engage thirty
+thousand.  And approving himself an admirable commander in
+this difficulty, his citizens showing an extraordinary
+courage, and his mercenaries bravery enough, he was overborne
+by the different way of fighting, and the weight of the
+heavy-armed phalanx.  Phylarchus also affirms, that the
+treachery of some about him was the chief cause of
+Cleomenes's ruin.
+
+For Antigonus gave orders, that the Illyrians and Acarnanians
+should march round by a secret way, and encompass the other
+wing, which Euclidas, Cleomenes's brother, commanded; and
+then drew out the rest of his forces to the battle.  And
+Cleomenes, from a convenient rising, viewing his order, and
+not seeing any of the Illyrians and Acarnanians, began to
+suspect that Antigonus had sent them upon some such design,
+and calling for Damoteles, who was at the head of those
+specially appointed to such ambush duty, he bade him
+carefully to look after and discover the enemy's designs upon
+his rear.  But Damoteles, for some say Antigonus had bribed
+him, telling him that he should not be solicitous about that
+matter, for all was well enough, but mind and fight those
+that met him in the front, he was satisfied, and advanced
+against Antigonus; and by the vigorous charge of his
+Spartans, made the Macedonian phalanx give ground, and
+pressed upon them with great advantage about half a mile; but
+then making a stand, and seeing the danger which the
+surrounded wing, commanded by his brother Euclidas, was in,
+he cried out, "Thou art lost, dear brother, thou art lost,
+thou brave example to our Spartan youth, and theme of our
+matrons' songs."  And Euclidas's wing being cut in pieces,
+and the conquerors from that part falling upon him, he
+perceived his soldiers to be disordered, and unable to
+maintain the fight, and therefore provided for his own
+safety.  There fell, we are told, in the battle, besides many
+of the mercenary soldiers, all the Spartans, six thousand in
+number, except two hundred.
+
+When Cleomenes came into the city, he advised those citizens
+that he met to receive Antigonus; and as for himself, he
+said, which should appear most advantageous to Sparta,
+whether his life or death, that he would choose.  Seeing the
+women running out to those that had fled with him, taking
+their arms, and bringing drink to them, he entered into his
+own house, and his servant, who was a freeborn woman, taken
+from Megalopolis after his wife's death, offering, as usual,
+to do the service he needed on returning from war, though he
+was very thirsty, he refused to drink, and though very weary,
+to sit down; but in his corselet as he was, he laid his arm
+sideways against a pillar, and leaning his forehead upon his
+elbow, he rested his body a little while, and ran over in his
+thoughts all the courses he could take; and then with his
+friends set on at once for Gythium; where finding ships which
+had been got ready for this very purpose, they embarked.
+Antigonus, taking the city, treated the Lacedaemonians
+courteously, and in no way offering any insult or offense to
+the dignity of Sparta, but permitting them to enjoy their own
+laws and polity, and sacrificing to the gods, dislodged the
+third day.  For he heard that there was a great war in
+Macedonia, and that the country was devastated by the
+barbarians.  Besides, his malady had now thoroughly settled
+into a consumption and continual catarrh.  Yet he still kept
+up, and managed to return and deliver his country, and meet
+there a more glorious death in a great defeat and vast
+slaughter of the barbarians.  As Phylarchus says, and as is
+probable in itself, he broke a blood vessel by shouting in
+the battle itself.  In the schools we used to be told, that
+after the victory was won, he cried out for joy, "O glorious
+day!" and presently bringing up a quantity of blood, fell
+into a fever, which never left him till his death.  And thus
+much concerning Antigonus.
+
+Cleomenes, sailing from Cythera, touched at another island
+called Aegialia, whence as he was about to depart for Cyrene,
+one of his friends, Therycion by name, a man of a noble
+spirit in all enterprises, and bold and lofty in his talk,
+came privately to him, and said thus: "Sir, death in battle,
+which is the most glorious, we have let go; though all heard
+us say that Antigonus should never tread over the king of
+Sparta, unless dead.  And now that course which is next in
+honor and virtue, is presented to us.  Whither do we madly
+sail, flying the evil which is near, to seek that which is at
+a distance?  For if it is not dishonorable for the race of
+Hercules to serve the successors of Philip and Alexander, we
+shall save a long voyage by delivering ourselves up to
+Antigonus, who, probably, is as much better than Ptolemy, as
+the Macedonians are better than the Egyptians; but if we
+think it mean to submit to those whose arms have conquered
+us, why should we choose him for our master, by whom we have
+not yet been beaten?  Is it to acknowledge two superiors
+instead of one, whilst we run away from Antigonus, and
+flatter Ptolemy?  Or, is it for your mother's sake that you
+retreat to Egypt?  It will indeed be a very fine and very
+desirable sight for her, to show her son to Ptolemy's women,
+now changed from a prince into an exile and a slave.  Are we
+not still masters of our own swords?  And whilst we have
+Laconia in view, shall we not here free ourselves from this
+disgraceful misery, and clear ourselves to those who at
+Sellasia died for the honor and defense of Sparta?  Or, shall
+we sit lazily in Egypt, inquiring what news from Sparta, and
+whom Antigonus hath been pleased to make governor of
+Lacedaemon?"  Thus spoke Therycion; and this was Cleomenes's
+reply: "By seeking death, you coward, the most easy and most
+ready refuge, you fancy that you shall appear courageous and
+brave, though this flight is baser than the former.  Better
+men than we have given way to their enemies, having been
+betrayed by fortune, or oppressed by multitude; but he that
+gives way under labor or distresses, under the ill opinions
+or reports of men, yields the victory to his own effeminacy.
+For a voluntary death ought not to be chosen as a relief from
+action, but as an exemplary action itself; and it is base
+either to live or to die only to ourselves.  That death to
+which you now invite us, is proposed only as a release from
+our present miseries, but carries nothing of nobleness or
+profit in it.  And I think it becomes both me and you not to
+despair of our country; but when there are no hopes of that
+left, those that have an inclination may quickly die."  To
+this Therycion returned no answer but as soon as he had an
+opportunity of leaving Cleomenes's company, went aside on the
+sea-shore, and ran himself through.
+
+But Cleomenes sailed from Aegialia, landed in Libya, and
+being honorably conducted through the king's country, came to
+Alexandria.  When he was first brought to Ptolemy, no more
+than common civilities and usual attentions were paid him;
+but when, upon trial, he found him a man of deep sense and
+great reason, and that his plain Laconic way of conversation
+carried with it a noble and becoming grace, that he did
+nothing unbecoming his birth, nor bent under fortune, and was
+evidently a more faithful counselor than those who made it
+their business to please and flatter, he was ashamed, and
+repented that he had neglected so great a man, and suffered
+Antigonus to get so much power and reputation by ruining him.
+He now offered him many marks of respect and kindness, and
+gave him hopes that he would furnish him with ships and money
+to return to Greece, and would reinstate him in his kingdom.
+He granted him a yearly pension of four and twenty talents; a
+little part of which sum supplied his and his friends'
+thrifty temperance; and the rest was employed in doing good
+offices to, and in relieving the necessities of the refugees
+that had fled from Greece, and retired into Egypt.
+
+But the elder Ptolemy dying before Cleomenes's affairs had
+received a full dispatch, and the successor being a loose,
+voluptuous, and effeminate prince, under the power of his
+pleasures and his women, his business was neglected.  For the
+king was so besotted with his women and his wine, that the
+employments of his most busy and serious hours consisted at
+the utmost in celebrating religious feasts in his palace,
+carrying a timbrel, and taking part in the show; while the
+greatest affairs of state were managed by Agathoclea, the
+king's mistress, her mother, and the pimp Oenanthes.  At the
+first, indeed, they seemed to stand in need of Cleomenes; for
+Ptolemy, being afraid of his brother Magas, who by his
+mother's means had a great interest amongst the soldiers,
+gave Cleomenes a place in his secret councils, and acquainted
+him with the design of taking off his brother.  He, though
+all were for it, declared his opinion to the contrary,
+saying, "The king, if it were possible, should have more
+brothers for the better security and stability of his
+affairs."  And Sosibius, the greatest favorite, replying,
+that they were not secure of the mercenaries whilst Magas was
+alive, Cleomenes returned, that he need not trouble himself
+about that matter; for amongst the mercenaries there were
+above three thousand Peloponnesians, who were his fast
+friends, and whom he could command at any time with a nod.
+This discourse made Cleomenes for the present to be looked
+upon as a man of great influence and assured fidelity; but
+afterwards, Ptolemy's weakness increasing his fear, and he,
+as it usually happens, where there is no judgment and wisdom,
+placing his security in general distrust and suspicion, it
+rendered Cleomenes suspected to the courtiers, as having too
+much interest with the mercenaries; and many had this saying
+in their mouths, that he was a lion amidst a flock of sheep.
+For, in fact, such he seemed to be in the court, quietly
+watching, and keeping his eye upon all that went on.
+
+He, therefore, gave up all thought of asking for ships and
+soldiers from the king.  But receiving news that Antigonus
+was dead, that the Achaeans were engaged in a war with the
+Aetolians, and that the affairs of Peloponnesus, being now in
+very great distraction and disorder, required and invited his
+assistance, he desired leave to depart only with his friends,
+but could not obtain that, the king not so much as hearing
+his petition, being shut up amongst his women, and wasting
+his hours in bacchanalian rites and drinking parties.  But
+Sosibius, the chief minister and counselor of state, thought
+that Cleomenes, being detained against his will, would grow
+ungovernable and dangerous, and yet that it was not safe to
+let him go, being an aspiring, daring man, and well
+acquainted with the diseases and weakness of the kingdom.
+For neither could presents and gifts conciliate or content
+him; but even as Apis, while living in all possible plenty
+and apparent delight, yet desires to live as nature would
+provide for him, to range at liberty, and bound about the
+fields, and can scarce endure to be under the priests'
+keeping, so he could not brook their courtship and soft
+entertainment, but sat like Achilles,
+
+and languished far,
+Desiring battle and the shout of war.
+
+His affairs standing in this condition, Nicagoras, the
+Messenian, came to Alexandria, a man that deeply hated
+Cleomenes, yet pretended to be his friend; for he had
+formerly sold Cleomenes a fair estate, but never received the
+money, because Cleomenes was either unable, as it may be, or
+else, by reason of his engagement in the wars and other
+distractions, had no opportunity to pay him.  Cleomenes,
+seeing him landing, for he was then walking upon the quay,
+kindly saluted him, and asked what business brought him to
+Egypt.  Nicagoras returned his compliment, and told him, that
+he came to bring some excellent war-horses to the king.  And
+Cleomenes, with a smile, subjoined, "I could wish you had
+rather brought young boys and music-girls; for those now are
+the king's chief occupation."  Nicagoras at the moment smiled
+at the conceit; but a few days after, he put Cleomenes in
+mind of the estate that he had bought of him, and desired his
+money, protesting, that he would not have troubled him, if
+his merchandise had turned out as profitable as he had
+thought it would.  Cleomenes replied, that he had nothing
+left of all that had been given him.  At which answer,
+Nicagoras, being nettled, told Sosibius Cleomenes's scoff
+upon the king.  He was delighted to receive the information;
+but desiring to have some greater reason to excite the king
+against Cleomenes, persuaded Nicagoras to leave a letter
+written against Cleomenes, importing that he had a design, if
+he could have gotten ships and soldiers, to surprise Cyrene.
+Nicagoras wrote such a letter and left Egypt.  Four days
+after, Sosibius brought the letter to Ptolemy, pretending it
+was just then delivered him, and excited the young man's fear
+and anger; upon which it was agreed, that Cleomenes should be
+invited into a large house, and treated as formerly, but not
+suffered to go out again.
+
+This usage was grievous to Cleomenes, and another incident
+that occurred, made him feel his hopes to be yet more
+entirely overcast.  Ptolemy, the son of Chrysermas, a
+favorite of the king's, had always shown civility to
+Cleomenes; there was a considerable intimacy between them,
+and they had been used to talk freely together about the
+state.  He, upon Cleomenes's desire, came to him, and spoke
+to him in fair terms, softening down his suspicions and
+excusing the king's conduct.  But as he went out again, not
+knowing that Cleomenes followed him to the door, he severely
+reprimanded the keepers for their carelessness in looking
+after "so great and so furious a wild beast."  This Cleomenes
+himself heard, and retiring before Ptolemy perceived it, told
+his friends what had been said.  Upon this they cast off all
+their former hopes, and determined for violent proceedings,
+resolving to be revenged on Ptolemy for his base and unjust
+dealing, to have satisfaction for the affronts, to die as it
+became Spartans, and not stay till, like fatted sacrifices,
+they were butchered.  For it was both grievous and
+dishonorable for Cleomenes, who had scorned to come to terms
+with Antigonus, a brave warrior, and a man of action, to wait
+an effeminate king's leisure, till he should lay aside his
+timbrel and end his dance, and then kill him.
+
+These courses being resolved on, and Ptolemy happening at the
+same time to make a progress to Canopus, they first spread
+abroad a report, that his freedom was ordered by the king,
+and, it being the custom for the king to send presents and an
+entertainment to those whom he would free, Cleomenes's
+friends made that provision, and sent it into the prison,
+thus imposing upon the keepers, who thought it had been sent
+by the king.  For he sacrificed, and gave them large
+portions, and with a garland upon his head, feasted and made
+merry with his friends.  It is said that he began the action
+sooner than he designed, having understood that a servant who
+was privy to the plot, had gone out to visit a mistress that
+he loved.  This made him afraid of a discovery; and
+therefore, as soon as it was full noon, and all the keepers
+sleeping off their wine, he put on his coat, and opening the
+seam to bare his right shoulder, with his drawn sword in his
+hand, he issued forth, together with his friends, provided in
+the same manner, making thirteen in all.  One of them, by
+name Hippitas, was lame, and followed the first onset very
+well, but when he presently perceived that they were more
+slow in their advances for his sake, he desired them to run
+him through, and not ruin their enterprise by staying for an
+useless, unprofitable man.  By chance an Alexandrian was then
+riding by the door; him they threw off, and setting Hippitas
+on horseback, ran through the streets, and proclaimed liberty
+to the people.  But they, it seems, had courage enough to
+praise and admire Cleomenes's daring, but not one had the
+heart to follow and assist him.  Three of them fell on
+Ptolemy, the son of Chrysermas, as he was coming out of the
+palace, and killed him.  Another Ptolemy, the officer in
+charge of the city, advancing against them in a chariot, they
+set upon, dispersed his guards and attendants, and pulling
+him out of the chariot, killed him upon the place.  Then they
+made toward the castle, designing to break open the prison,
+release those who were confined, and avail themselves of
+their numbers; but the keepers were too quick for them, and
+secured the passages.  Being baffled in this attempt,
+Cleomenes with his company roamed about the city, none
+joining with him, but all retreating from and flying his
+approach.  Therefore, despairing of success, and saying to
+his friends, that it was no wonder that women ruled over men
+that were afraid of liberty, he bade them all die as bravely
+as became his followers and their own past actions.  This
+said, Hippitas was first, as he desired, run through by one
+of the younger men, and then each of them readily and
+resolutely fell upon his own sword, except Panteus, the same
+who first surprised Megalopolis.  This man, being; of a very
+handsome person, and a great lover of the Spartan discipline,
+the king had made his dearest friend; and he now bade him,
+when he had seen him and the rest fallen, die by their
+example.  Panteus walked over them as they lay, and pricked
+everyone with his dagger, to try whether any was alive, when
+he pricked Cleomenes in the ankle, and saw him turn upon his
+back, he kissed him, sat down by him, and when he was quite
+dead, covered up the body, and then killed himself over it.
+
+Thus fell Cleomenes, after the life which we have narrated,
+having been king of Sparta sixteen years.  The news of their
+fall being noised through the city, Cratesiclea, though a
+woman of a great spirit, could not bear up against the weight
+of this affliction; but embracing Cleomenes's children, broke
+out into lamentations.  But the eldest boy, none suspecting
+such a spirit in a child, threw himself headlong from the top
+of the house.  He was bruised very much, but not killed by
+the fall, and was taken up crying, and expressing his
+resentment for not being permitted to destroy himself.
+Ptolemy, as soon as an account of the action was brought him,
+gave order that Cleomenes's body should be flayed and hung
+up, and that his children, mother, and the women that were
+with her, should be killed.  Amongst these was Panteus's
+wife, a beautiful and noble-looking woman, who had been but
+lately married, and suffered these disasters in the height of
+her love.  Her parents would not have her embark with
+Panteus, so shortly after they were married, though she
+eagerly desired it, but shut her up, and kept her forcibly at
+home.  But a few days after, she procured a horse and a
+little money, and escaping by night, made speed to Taenarus,
+where she embarked for Egypt, came to her husband, and with
+him cheerfully endured to live in a foreign country.  She
+gave her hand to Cratesiclea, as she was going with the
+soldiers to execution, held up her robe, and begged her to be
+courageous; who of herself was not in the least afraid of
+death, and desired nothing else but only to be killed before
+the children.  When they were come to the place of execution,
+the children were first killed before Cratesiclea's eyes, and
+afterward she herself, with only these words in her mouth, "O
+children, whither are you gone?"  But Panteus's wife,
+fastening her dress close about her, and being a strong
+woman, in silence and perfect composure, looked after every
+one that was slain, and laid them decently out as far as
+circumstances would permit; and after all were killed,
+rearraying her dress, and drawing her clothes close about
+her, and suffering none to come near or be an eyewitness of
+her fall, besides the executioner, she courageously submitted
+to the stroke, and wanted nobody to look after her or wind
+her up after she was dead.  Thus in her death the modesty of
+her mind appeared, and set that guard upon her body which she
+always kept when alive.  And she, in the declining age of the
+Spartans, showed that women were no unequal rivals of the
+men, and was an instance of a courage superior to the
+affronts of fortune.
+
+A few days after, those that watched the hanging body of
+Cleomenes, saw a large snake winding about his head, and
+covering his face, so that no bird of prey would fly at it.
+This made the king superstitiously afraid, and set the women
+upon several expiations, as if he had been some extraordinary
+being, and one beloved by the gods, that had been slain.  And
+the Alexandrians made processions to the place, and gave
+Cleomenes the title of hero, and son of the gods, till the
+philosophers satisfied them by saying, that as oxen breed
+bees, putrefying horses breed wasps, and beetles rise from
+the carcasses of dead asses, so the humors and juices of the
+marrow of a man's body, coagulating, produce serpents.  And
+this the ancients observing, appropriated a serpent, rather
+than any other creature to heroes.
+
+
+
+TIBERIUS GRACCHUS
+
+Having completed the first two narratives, we now may proceed
+to take a view of misfortunes, not less remarkable, in the
+Roman couple, and with the lives of Agis and Cleomenes,
+compare these of Tiberius and Caius.  They were the sons of
+Tiberius Gracchus, who, though he had been once censor, twice
+consul, and twice had triumphed, yet was more renowned and
+esteemed for his virtue than his honors.  Upon this account,
+after the death of Scipio who overthrew Hannibal, he was
+thought worthy to match with his daughter Cornelia, though
+there had been no friendship or familiarity between Scipio
+and him, but rather the contrary.  There is a story told,
+that he once found in his bedchamber a couple of snakes, and
+that the soothsayers, being consulted concerning the prodigy,
+advised, that he should neither kill them both nor let them
+both escape; adding, that if the male serpent was killed,
+Tiberius should die, and if the female, Cornelia.  And that,
+therefore, Tiberius, who extremely loved his wife, and
+thought, besides, that it was much more his part, who was an
+old man, to die, than it was hers, who as yet was but a young
+woman, killed the male serpent, and let the female escape;
+and soon after himself died, leaving behind him twelve
+children borne to him by Cornelia.
+
+Cornelia, taking upon herself all the care of the household
+and the education of her children, approved herself so
+discreet a matron, so affectionate a mother, and so constant
+and noble-spirited a widow, that Tiberius seemed to all men
+to have done nothing unreasonable, in choosing to die for
+such a woman; who, when king Ptolemy himself proffered her
+his crown, and would have married her, refused it, and chose
+rather to live a widow.  In this state she continued, and
+lost all her children, except one daughter, who was married
+to Scipio the younger, and two sons, Tiberius and Caius,
+whose lives we are now writing.
+
+These she brought up with such care, that though they were
+without dispute in natural endowments and dispositions the
+first among the Romans of their time, yet they seemed to owe
+their virtues even more to their education than to their
+birth.  And as, in the statues and pictures made of Castor
+and Pollux, though the brothers resemble one another, yet
+there is a difference to be perceived in their countenances,
+between the one, who delighted in the cestus, and the other,
+that was famous in the course, so between these two noble
+youths, though there was a strong general likeness in their
+common love of fortitude and temperance, in their liberality,
+their eloquence, and their greatness of mind, yet in their
+actions and administrations of public affairs, a considerable
+variation showed itself.  It will not be amiss, before we
+proceed, to mark the difference between them.
+
+Tiberius, in the form and expression of his countenance, and
+in his gesture and motion, was gentle and composed; but
+Caius, earnest and vehement.  And so, in their public
+speeches to the people, the one spoke in a quiet orderly
+manner, standing throughout on the same spot; the other would
+walk about on the hustings, and in the heat of his orations,
+pull his gown off his shoulders, and was the first of all the
+Romans that used such gestures; as Cleon is said to have been
+the first orator among the Athenians that pulled off his
+cloak and smote his thigh, when addressing the people.
+Caius's oratory was impetuous and passionate, making
+everything tell to the utmost, whereas Tiberius was gentle,
+rather, and persuasive, awakening emotions of pity.  His
+diction was pure, and carefully correct, while that of Caius
+was vehement and rich.  So likewise in their way of living,
+and at their tables, Tiberius was frugal and plain, Caius,
+compared with other men temperate and even austere, but
+contrasting with his brother in a fondness for new fashions
+and rarities, as appears in Drusus's charge against him, that
+he had bought some silver dolphins, to the value of twelve
+hundred and fifty drachmas for every pound weight.
+
+The same difference that appeared in their diction, was
+observable also in their tempers.  The one was mild and
+reasonable, the other rough and passionate, and to that
+degree, that often, in the midst of speaking, he was so
+hurried away by his passion, against his judgment, that his
+voice lost its tone, and he began to pass into mere abusive
+talking, spoiling his whole speech.  As a remedy to this
+excess, he made use of an ingenious servant of his, one
+Licinius, who stood constantly behind him with a sort of
+pitch-pipe, or instrument to regulate the voice by, and
+whenever he perceived his master's tone alter, and break with
+anger, he struck a soft note with his pipe, on hearing which,
+Caius immediately checked the vehemence of his passion and
+his voice, grew quieter, and allowed himself to be recalled
+to temper.  Such are the differences between the two
+brothers; but their valor in war against their country's
+enemies, their justice in the government of its subjects,
+their care and industry in office, and their self-command in
+all that regarded their pleasures were equally remarkable in
+both.
+
+Tiberius was the elder by nine years; owing to which their
+actions as public men were divided by the difference of the
+times in which those of the one and those of the other were
+performed.  And one of the principal causes of the failure of
+their enterprises was this interval between their careers,
+and the want of combination of their efforts.  The power they
+would have exercised, had they flourished both together,
+could scarcely have failed to overcome all resistance.  We
+must therefore give an account of each of them singly, and
+first of the eldest.
+
+Tiberius, immediately on his attaining manhood, had such a
+reputation, that he was admitted into the college of the
+augurs, and that in consideration more of his early virtue
+than of his noble birth.  This appeared by what Appius
+Claudius did, who, though he had been consul and censor, and
+was now the head of the Roman senate, and had the highest
+sense of his own place and merit, at a public feast of the
+augurs, addressed himself openly to Tiberius, and with great
+expressions of kindness, offered him his daughter in
+marriage.  And when Tiberius gladly accepted, and the
+agreement had thus been completed, Appius, returning home, no
+sooner had reached his door, but he called to his wife and
+cried out in a loud voice, "O Antistia, I have contracted our
+daughter Claudia to a husband."  She, being amazed, answered,
+"But why so suddenly, or what means this haste? Unless you
+have provided Tiberius Gracchus for her husband."  I am not
+ignorant that some apply this story to Tiberius, the father
+of the Gracchi, and Scipio Africanus; but most relate it as
+we have done.  And Polybius writes, that after the death of
+Scipio Africanus, the nearest relations of Cornelia,
+preferring Tiberius to all other competitors, gave her to him
+in marriage, not having been engaged or promised to anyone
+by her father.
+
+This young Tiberius, accordingly, serving in Africa under the
+younger Scipio, who had married his sister, and living there
+under the same tent with him, soon learned to estimate the
+noble spirit of his commander, which was so fit to inspire
+strong feelings of emulation in virtue and desire to prove
+merit in action, and in a short time he excelled all the
+young men of the army in obedience and courage; and he was
+the first that mounted the enemy's wall, as Fannius says, who
+writes, that he himself climbed up with him, and was partaker
+in the achievement.  He was regarded, while he continued with
+the army, with great affection; and left behind him on his
+departure a strong desire for his return.
+
+After that expedition, being chosen paymaster, it was his
+fortune to serve in the war against the Numantines, under the
+command of Caius Mancinus, the consul, a person of no bad
+character, but the most unfortunate of all the Roman
+generals.  Notwithstanding, amidst the greatest misfortunes,
+and in the most unsuccessful enterprises, not only the
+discretion and valor of Tiberius, but also, which was still
+more to be admired, the great respect and honor which he
+showed for his general, were most eminently remarkable;
+though the general himself, when reduced to straits, forgot
+his own dignity and office.  For being beaten in various
+great battles, he endeavored to dislodge by night, and leave
+his camp; which the Numantines perceiving, immediately
+possessed themselves of his camp, and pursuing that part of
+the forces which was in flight, slew those that were in the
+rear, hedged the whole army in on every side, and forced them
+into difficult ground, whence there could be no possibility
+of an escape.  Mancinus, despairing to make his way through
+by force, sent a messenger to desire a truce, and conditions
+of peace.  But they refused to give their confidence to any
+one except Tiberius, and required that he should be sent to
+treat with them.  This was not only in regard to the young
+man's own character, for he had a great reputation amongst
+the soldiers, but also in remembrance of his father Tiberius,
+who, in his command against the Spaniards, had reduced great
+numbers of them to subjection, but granted a peace to the
+Numantines, and prevailed upon the Romans to keep it
+punctually and inviolably.
+
+Tiberius was accordingly dispatched to the enemy, whom he
+persuaded to accept of several conditions, and he himself
+complied with others; and by this means it is beyond a
+question, that he saved twenty thousand of the Roman
+citizens, besides attendants and camp followers.  However,
+the Numantines retained possession of all the property they
+had found and plundered in the encampment; and amongst other
+things were Tiberius's books of accounts, containing the
+whole transactions of his quaestorship, which he was
+extremely anxious to recover.  And therefore, when the army
+were already upon their march, he returned to Numantia,
+accompanied with only three or four of his friends; and
+making his application to the officers of the Numantines, he
+entreated that they would return him his books, lest his
+enemies should have it in their power to reproach him with
+not being able to give an account of the monies entrusted to
+him.  The Numantines joyfully embraced this opportunity of
+obliging him, and invited him into the city; as he stood
+hesitating, they came up and took him by the hands, and
+begged that he would no longer look upon them as enemies, but
+believe them to be his friends, and treat them as such.
+Tiberius thought it well to consent, desirous as he was to
+have his books returned, and was afraid lest he should
+disoblige them by showing any distrust.  As soon as he
+entered into the city, they first offered him food, and made
+every kind of entreaty that he would sit down and eat
+something in their company.  Afterwards they returned his
+books, and gave him the liberty to take whatever he wished
+for in the remaining spoils.  He, on the other hand, would
+accept of nothing but some frankincense, which he used in his
+public sacrifices, and, bidding them farewell with every
+expression of kindness, departed.
+
+When he returned to Rome, he found the whole transaction
+censured and reproached, as a proceeding that was base, and
+scandalous to the Romans.  But the relations and friends of
+the soldiers, forming a large body among the people, came
+flocking to Tiberius, whom they acknowledged as the preserver
+of so many citizens, imputing to the general all the
+miscarriages which had happened.  Those who cried out against
+what had been done, urged for imitation the example of their
+ancestors, who stripped and handed over to the Samnites not
+only the generals who had consented to the terms of release,
+but also all the quaestors, for example, and tribunes, who
+had in any way implicated themselves in the agreement, laying
+the guilt of perjury and breach of conditions on their heads.
+But, in this affair, the populace, showing an extraordinary
+kindness and affection for Tiberius, indeed voted that the
+consul should be stripped and put in irons, and so delivered
+to the Numantines; but for the sake of Tiberius, spared all
+the other officers.  It may be probable, also, that Scipio,
+who at that time was the greatest and most powerful man among
+the Romans, contributed to save him, though indeed he was
+also censured for not protecting Mancinus too, and that he
+did not exert himself to maintain the observance of the
+articles of peace which had been agreed upon by his kinsman
+and friend Tiberius.  But it may be presumed that the
+difference between them was for the most part due to
+ambitious feelings, and to the friends and reasoners who
+urged on Tiberius, and, as it was, it never amounted to any
+thing that might not have been remedied, or that was really
+bad.  Nor can I think that Tiberius would ever have met with
+his misfortunes, if Scipio had been concerned in dealing with
+his measures; but he was away fighting at Numantia, when
+Tiberius, upon the following occasion, first came forward as
+a legislator.
+
+Of the land which the Romans gained by conquest from their
+neighbors, part they sold publicly, and turned the remainder
+into common; this common land they assigned to such of the
+citizens as were poor and indigent, for which they were to
+pay only a small acknowledgment into the public treasury.
+But when the wealthy men began to offer larger rents, and
+drive the poorer people out, it was enacted by law, that no
+person whatever should enjoy more than five hundred acres of
+ground.  This act for some time checked the avarice of the
+richer, and was of great assistance to the poorer people, who
+retained under it their respective proportions of ground, as
+they had been formerly rented by them.  Afterwards the rich
+men of the neighborhood contrived to get these lands again
+into their possession, under other people's names, and at
+last would not stick to claim most of them publicly in their
+own.  The poor, who were thus deprived of their farms, were
+no longer either ready, as they had formerly been, to serve
+in war, or careful in the education of their children;
+insomuch that in a short time there were comparatively few
+freemen remaining in all Italy, which swarmed with workhouses
+full of foreign-born slaves.  These the rich men employed in
+cultivating their ground, of which they dispossessed the
+citizens.  Caius Laelius, the intimate friend of Scipio,
+undertook to reform this abuse; but meeting with opposition
+from men of authority, and fearing a disturbance, he soon
+desisted, and received the name of the Wise or the Prudent,
+both which meanings belong to the Latin word Sapiens.
+
+But Tiberius, being elected tribune of the people, entered
+upon that design without delay, at the instigation, as is
+most commonly stated, of Diophanes, the rhetorician, and
+Blossius, the philosopher.  Diophanes was a refugee from
+Mitylene, the other was an Italian, of the city of Cuma, and
+was educated there under Antipater of Tarsus, who afterwards
+did him the honor to dedicate some of his philosophical
+lectures to him.  Some have also charged Cornelia, the mother
+of Tiberius, with contributing towards it, because she
+frequently upbraided her sons, that the Romans as yet rather
+called her the daughter of Scipio, than the mother of the
+Gracchi.  Others again say Spurius Postumius was the chief
+occasion.  He was a man of the same age with Tiberius, and
+his rival for reputation as a public speaker; and when
+Tiberius, at his return from the campaign, found him to have
+got far beyond him in fame and influence, and to be much
+looked up to, he thought to outdo him, by attempting a
+popular enterprise of this difficulty, and of such great
+consequence.  But his brother Caius has left it us in
+writing, that when Tiberius went through Tuscany to Numantia,
+and found the country almost depopulated, there being hardly
+any free husbandmen or shepherds, but for the most part only
+barbarian, imported slaves, he then first conceived the
+course of policy which in the sequel proved so fatal to his
+family.  Though it is also most certain that the people
+themselves chiefly excited his zeal and determination in the
+prosecution of it, by setting up writings upon the porches,
+walls, and monuments, calling upon him to reinstate the poor
+citizens in their former possessions.
+
+However, he did not draw up his law without the advice and
+assistance of those citizens that were then most eminent for
+their virtue and authority; amongst whom were Crassus, the
+high-priest, Mucius Scaevola, the lawyer, who at that time
+was consul, and Claudius Appius, his father-in-law.  Never
+did any law appear more moderate and gentle, especially being
+enacted against such great oppression and avarice.  For they
+who ought to have been severely punished for transgressing
+the former laws, and should at least have lost all their
+titles to such lands which they had unjustly usurped, were
+notwithstanding to receive a price for quitting their
+unlawful claims, and giving up their lands to those fit
+owners who stood in need of help.  But though this
+reformation was managed with so much tenderness, that, all
+the former transactions being passed over, the people were
+only thankful to prevent abuses of the like nature for the
+future, yet, on the other hand, the moneyed men, and those of
+great estates were exasperated, through their covetous
+feelings against the law itself, and against the law giver,
+through anger and party spirit.  They therefore endeavored to
+seduce the people, declaring that Tiberius was designing a
+general redivision of lands, to overthrow the government, and
+put all things into confusion.
+
+But they had no success.  For Tiberius, maintaining an
+honorable and just cause, and possessed of eloquence
+sufficient to have made a less creditable action appear
+plausible, was no safe or easy antagonist, when, with the
+people crowding around the hustings, he took his place, and
+spoke in behalf of the poor.  "The savage beasts," said he,
+"in Italy, have their particular dens, they have their places
+of repose and refuge; but the men who bear arms, and expose
+their lives for the safety of their country, enjoy in the
+meantime nothing more in it but the air and light; and
+having no houses or settlements of their own, are constrained
+to wander from place to place with their wives and children."
+He told them that the commanders were guilty of a ridiculous
+error, when, at the head of their armies, they exhorted the
+common soldiers to fight for their sepulchres and altars;
+when not any amongst so many Romans is possessed of either
+altar or monument, neither have they any houses of their own,
+or hearths of their ancestors to defend.  They fought indeed,
+and were slain, but it was to maintain the luxury and the
+wealth of other men.  They were styled the masters of the
+world, but in the meantime had not one foot of ground which
+they could call their own.  A harangue of this nature,
+spoken to an enthusiastic and sympathizing audience, by a
+person of commanding spirit and genuine feeling, no
+adversaries at that time were competent to oppose.
+Forbearing, therefore, all discussion and debate, they
+addressed themselves to Marcus Octavius, his fellow-tribune,
+who, being a young man of a steady, orderly character, and an
+intimate friend of Tiberius, upon this account declined at
+first the task of opposing him; but at length, over-persuaded
+with the repeated importunities of numerous considerable
+persons, he was prevailed upon to do so, and hindered the
+passing of the law; it being the rule that any tribune has a
+power to hinder an act, and that all the rest can effect
+nothing, if only one of them dissents.  Tiberius, irritated
+at these proceedings, presently laid aside this milder bill,
+but at the same time preferred another; which, as it was more
+grateful to the common people, so it was much more severe
+against the wrongdoers, commanding them to make an immediate
+surrender of all lands which, contrary to former laws, had
+come into their possession.  Hence there arose daily
+contentions between him and Octavius in their orations.
+However, though they expressed themselves with the utmost
+heat and determination, they yet were never known to descend
+to any personal reproaches, or in their passion to let slip
+any indecent expressions, so as to derogate from one another.
+
+For not alone
+
+In revelings and Bacchic play,
+
+but also in contentions and political animosities, a noble
+nature and a temperate education stay and compose the mind.
+Observing, however, that Octavius himself was an offender
+against this law, and detained a great quantity of ground
+from the commonalty, Tiberius desired him to forbear opposing
+him any further, and proffered, for the public good, though
+he himself had but an indifferent estate, to pay a price for
+Octavius's share at his own cost and charges.  But upon the
+refusal of this proffer by Octavius, he then interposed an
+edict, prohibiting all magistrates to exercise their
+respective functions, till such time as the law was either
+ratified or rejected by public votes.  He further sealed up
+the gates of Saturn's temple, so that the treasurers could
+neither take any money out from thence, or put any in.  He
+threatened to impose a severe fine upon those of the praetors
+who presumed to disobey his commands, insomuch that all the
+officers, for fear of this penalty, intermitted the exercise
+of their several jurisdictions.  Upon this, the rich
+proprietors put themselves into mourning, went up and down
+melancholy and dejected; they entered also into a conspiracy
+against Tiberius, and procured men to murder him; so that he
+also, with all men's knowledge, whenever he went abroad, took
+with him a sword-staff, such as robbers use, called in Latin
+a dolo.
+
+When the day appointed was come, and the people summoned to
+give their votes, the rich men seized upon the voting urns,
+and carried them away by force; thus all things were in
+confusion.  But when Tiberius's party appeared strong enough
+to oppose the contrary faction, and drew together in a body,
+with the resolution to do so, Manlius and Fulvius, two of the
+consular quality, threw themselves before Tiberius, took him
+by the hand, and with tears in their eyes, begged of him to
+desist.  Tiberius, considering the mischiefs that were all
+but now occurring, and having a great respect for two such
+eminent persons, demanded of them what they would advise him
+to do.  They acknowledged themselves unfit to advise in a
+matter of so great importance, but earnestly entreated him to
+leave it to the determination of the senate.  But when the
+senate assembled, and could not bring the business to any
+result, through the prevalence of the rich faction, he then
+was driven to a course neither legal nor fair, and proposed
+to deprive Octavius of his tribuneship, it being impossible
+for him in any other way to get the law brought to the vote.
+At first he addressed him publicly, with entreaties couched
+in the kindest terms, and taking him by his hands, besought
+him, that now, in the presence of all the people, he would
+take this opportunity to oblige them, in granting only that
+request which was in itself so just and reasonable, being but
+a small recompense in regard of those many dangers and
+hardships which they had undergone for the public safety.
+Octavius, however, would by no means be persuaded to
+compliance; upon which Tiberius declared openly, that seeing
+they two were united in the same office, and of equal
+authority, it would be a difficult matter to compose their
+difference on so weighty a matter without a civil war; and
+that the only remedy which he knew, must be the deposing one
+of them from their office.  He desired, therefore, that
+Octavius would summon the people to pass their verdict upon
+him first, averring that he would willingly relinquish his
+authority if the citizens desired it.  Octavius refused; and
+Tiberius then said he would himself put to the people the
+question of Octavius's deposition, if upon mature
+deliberation he did not alter his mind; and after this
+declaration, he adjourned the assembly till the next day.
+
+When the people were met together again, Tiberius placed
+himself in the rostra, and endeavored a second time to
+persuade Octavius.  But all being to no purpose, he referred
+the whole matter to the people, calling on them to vote at
+once, whether Octavius should be deposed or not; and when
+seventeen of the thirty-five tribes had already voted against
+him, and there wanted only the votes of one tribe more for
+his final deprivation, Tiberius put a short stop to the
+proceedings, and once more renewed his importunities; he
+embraced and kissed him before all the assembly, begging,
+with all the earnestness imaginable, that he would neither
+suffer himself to incur the dishonor, nor him to be reputed
+the author and promoter of so odious a measure.  Octavius, we
+are told, did seem a little softened and moved with these
+entreaties; his eyes filled with tears, and he continued
+silent for a considerable time.  But presently looking
+towards the rich men and proprietors of estates, who stood
+gathered in a body together, partly for shame, and partly for
+fear of disgracing himself with them, he boldly bade Tiberius
+use any severity he pleased.  The law for his deprivation
+being thus voted, Tiberius ordered one of his servants, whom
+he had made a freeman, to remove Octavius from the rostra,
+employing his own domestic freed servants in the stead of the
+public officers.  And it made the action seem all the sadder,
+that Octavius was dragged out in such an ignominious manner.
+The people immediately assaulted him, whilst the rich men ran
+in to his assistance.  Octavius, with some difficulty, was
+snatched away, and safely conveyed out of the crowd; though a
+trusty servant of his, who had placed himself in front of his
+master that he might assist his escape, in keeping off the
+multitude, had his eyes struck out, much to the displeasure
+of Tiberius, who ran with all haste, when he perceived the
+disturbance, to appease the rioters.
+
+This being done, the law concerning the lands was ratified
+and confirmed, and three commissioners were appointed, to
+make a survey of the grounds and see the same equally
+divided.  These were Tiberius himself, Claudius Appius, his
+father-in-law, and his brother, Caius Gracchus, who at this
+time was not at Rome, but in the army under the command of
+Scipio Africanus before Numantia.  These things were
+transacted by Tiberius without any disturbance, none daring
+to offer any resistance to him, besides which, he gave the
+appointment as tribune in Octavius's place, not to any person
+of distinction, but to a certain Mucius, one of his own
+clients.  The great men of the city were therefore utterly
+offended, and, fearing lest he should grow yet more popular,
+they took all opportunities of affronting him publicly in the
+senate house.  For when he requested, as was usual, to have a
+tent provided at the public charge for his use, while
+dividing the lands, though it was a favor commonly granted to
+persons employed in business of much less importance, it was
+peremptorily refused to him; and the allowance made him for
+his daily expenses was fixed to nine obols only.  The chief
+promoter of these affronts was Publius Nasica, who openly
+abandoned himself to his feelings of hatred against Tiberius,
+being a large holder of the public lands, and not a little
+resenting now to be turned out of them by force.  The people,
+on the other hand, were still more and more excited, insomuch
+that a little after this, it happening that one of Tiberius's
+friends died suddenly, and his body being marked with
+malignant-looking spots, they ran, in tumultuous manner, to
+his funeral, crying aloud that the man was poisoned.  They
+took the bier upon their shoulders, and stood over it, while
+it was placed on the pile, and really seemed to have fair
+grounds for their suspicion of foul play.  For the body burst
+open, and such a quantity of corrupt humors issued out, that
+the funeral fire was extinguished, and when it was again
+kindled, the wood still would not burn; insomuch that they
+were constrained to carry the corpse to another place, where
+with much difficulty it took fire.  Besides this, Tiberius,
+that he might incense the people yet more, put himself into
+mourning, brought his children amongst the crowd, and
+entreated the people to provide for them and their mother, as
+if he now despaired of his own security.
+
+About this time, king Attalus, surnamed Philometor, died, and
+Eudemus, a Pergamenian, brought his last will to Rome, by
+which he had made the Roman people his heirs.  Tiberius, to
+please the people, immediately proposed making a law, that
+all the money which Attalus left, should be distributed
+amongst such poor citizens as were to be sharers of the
+public lands, for the better enabling them to proceed in
+stocking and cultivating their ground; and as for the cities
+that were in the territories of Attalus, he declared that the
+disposal of them did not at all belong to the senate, but to
+the people, and that he himself would ask their pleasure
+herein.  By this he offended the senate more than ever he had
+done before, and Pompeius stood up, and acquainted them that
+he was the next neighbor to Tiberius, and so had the
+opportunity of knowing that Eudemus, the Pergamenian, had
+presented Tiberius with a royal diadem and a purple robe, as
+before long he was to be king of Rome.  Quintus Metellus also
+upbraided him, saying, that when his father was censor, the
+Romans, whenever he happened to be going home from a supper,
+used to put out all their lights, lest they should be seen to
+have indulged themselves in feastings and drinking at
+unseasonable hours, whereas, now, the most indigent and
+audacious of the people were found with their torches at
+night, following Tiberius home.  Titus Annius, a man of no
+great repute for either justice or temperance, but famous for
+his skill in putting and answering questions, challenged
+Tiberius to the proof by wager, declaring him to have deposed
+a magistrate who by law was sacred and inviolable.  Loud
+clamor ensued, and Tiberius, quitting the senate hastily,
+called together the people, and summoning Annius to appear,
+was proceeding to accuse him.  But Annius, being no great
+speaker, nor of any repute compared to him, sheltered himself
+in his own particular art, and desired that he might propose
+one or two questions to Tiberius, before he entered upon the
+chief argument.  This liberty being granted, and silence
+proclaimed, Annius proposed his question.  "If you," said he,
+"had a design to disgrace and defame me, and I should apply
+myself to one of your colleagues for redress, and he should
+come forward to my assistance, would you for that reason fall
+into a passion, and depose him?"  Tiberius, they say, was so
+much disconcerted at this question, that, though at other
+times his assurance as well as his readiness of speech was
+always remarkable, yet now he was silent and made no reply.
+
+For the present he dismissed the assembly.  But beginning to
+understand that the course he had taken with Octavius had
+created offense even among the populace as well as the
+nobility, because the dignity of the tribunes seemed to be
+violated, which had always continued till that day sacred and
+honorable, he made a speech to the people in justification of
+himself; out of which it may not be improper to collect some
+particulars, to give an impression of his force and
+persuasiveness in speaking.  "A tribune," he said, "of the
+people, is sacred indeed, and ought to be inviolable, because
+in a manner consecrated to be the guardian and protector of
+them; but if he degenerate so far as to oppress the people,
+abridge their powers, and take away their liberty of voting,
+he stands deprived by his own act of his honors and
+immunities, by the neglect of the duty, for which the honor
+was bestowed upon him.  Otherwise we should be under the
+obligation to let a tribune do his pleasure, though he should
+proceed to destroy the capitol or set fire to the arsenal.
+He who should make these attempts, would be a bad tribune.
+He who assails the power of the people, is no longer a
+tribune at all.  Is it not inconceivable, that a tribune
+should have power to imprison a consul, and the people have
+no authority to degrade him when he uses that honor which he
+received from them, to their detriment? For the tribunes, as
+well as the consuls, hold office by the people's votes.  The
+kingly government, which comprehends all sorts of authority
+in itself alone, is morever elevated by the greatest and most
+religious solemnity imaginable into a condition of sanctity.
+But the citizens, notwithstanding this, deposed Tarquin, when
+he acted wrongfully; and for the crime of one single man, the
+ancient government under which Rome was built, was abolished
+forever.  What is there in all Rome so sacred and venerable
+as the vestal virgins, to whose care alone the preservation
+of the eternal fire is committed? yet if one of these
+transgress, she is buried alive; the sanctity which for the
+gods' sakes is allowed them, is forfeited when they offend
+against the gods.  So likewise a tribune retains not his
+inviolability, which for the people's sake was accorded to
+him, when he offends against the people, and attacks the
+foundations of that authority from whence he derived his own.
+We esteem him to be legally chosen tribune who is elected
+only by the majority of votes; and is not therefore the same
+person much more lawfully degraded, when by a general consent
+of them all, they agree to depose him?  Nothing is so sacred
+as religious offerings; yet the people were never prohibited
+to make use of them, but suffered to remove and carry them
+wherever they pleased; so likewise, as it were some sacred
+present, they have lawful power to transfer the tribuneship
+from one man's hands to another's.  Nor can that authority be
+thought inviolable and irremovable which many of those who
+have held it, have of their own act surrendered, and desired
+to be discharged from."
+
+These were the principal heads of Tiberius's apology.  But
+his friends, apprehending the dangers which seemed to
+threaten him, and the conspiracy that was gathering head
+against him, were of opinion, that the safest way would be
+for him to petition that he might be continued tribune for
+the year ensuing.  Upon this consideration, he again
+endeavored to secure the people's good-will with fresh laws,
+making the years of serving in the war fewer than formerly,
+granting liberty of appeal from the judges to the people, and
+joining to the senators, who were judges at that time, an
+equal number of citizens of the horsemen's degree,
+endeavoring as much as in him lay to lessen the power of the
+senate, rather from passion and partisanship than from any
+rational regard to equity and the public good.  And when it
+came to the question, whether these laws should be passed,
+and they perceived that the opposite party were strongest,
+the people as yet being not got together in a full body, they
+began first of all to gain time by speeches in accusation of
+some of their fellow-magistrates, and at length adjourned the
+assembly till the day following.
+
+Tiberius then went down into the marketplace amongst the
+people, and made his addresses to them humbly and with tears
+in his eyes; and told them, he had just reason to suspect,
+that his adversaries would attempt in the night time to break
+open his house, and murder him.  This worked so strongly with
+the multitude, that several of them pitched tents round about
+his house, and kept guard all night for the security of his
+person.  By break of day came one of the soothsayers, who
+prognosticate good or bad success by the pecking of fowls,
+and threw them something to eat.  The soothsayer used his
+utmost endeavors to fright the fowls out of their coop; but
+none of them except one would venture out, which fluttered
+with its left wing, and stretched out its leg, and ran back
+again into the coop, without eating anything.  This put
+Tiberius in mind of another ill omen which had formerly
+happened to him.  He had a very costly headpiece, which he
+made use of when he engaged in any battle, and into this
+piece of armor two serpents crawled, laid eggs, and brought
+forth young ones.  The remembrance of which made Tiberius
+more concerned now, than otherwise he would have been.
+However, he went towards the capitol, as soon as he
+understood that the people were assembled there; but before
+he got out of the house, he stumbled upon the threshold with
+such violence, that he broke the nail of his great toe,
+insomuch that blood gushed out of his shoe.  He was not gone
+very far before he saw two ravens fighting on the top of a
+house which stood on his left hand as he passed along; and
+though he was surrounded with a number of people, a stone,
+struck from its place by one of the ravens, fell just at his
+foot.  This even the boldest men about him felt as a check.
+But Blossius of Cuma, who was present, told him, that it
+would be a shame, and an ignominious thing, for Tiberius, who
+was the son of Gracchus, the grandson of Scipio Africanus,
+and the protector of the Roman people, to refuse, for fear of
+a silly bird, to answer, when his countrymen called to him;
+and that his adversaries would represent it not as a mere
+matter for their ridicule, but would declaim about it to the
+people as the mark of a tyrannical temper, which felt a pride
+in taking liberties with the people.  At the same time
+several messengers came also from his friends, to desire his
+presence at the capitol, saying that all things went there
+according to expectation.  And indeed Tiberius's first
+entrance there was in every way successful; as soon as ever
+he appeared, the people welcomed him with loud acclamations,
+and as he went up to his place, they repeated their
+expressions of joy, and gathered in a body around him, so
+that no one who was not well known to be his friend, might
+approach.  Mucius then began to put the business again to the
+vote; but nothing could be performed in the usual course and
+order, because of the disturbance caused by those who were on
+the outside of the crowd, where there was a struggle going on
+with those of the opposite party, who were pushing on and
+trying to force their way in and establish themselves among
+them.
+
+Whilst things were in this confusion, Flavius Flaccus, a
+senator, standing in a place where he could be seen, but at
+such a distance from Tiberius that he could not make him
+hear, signified to him by motions of his hand, that he wished
+to impart something of consequence to him in private.
+Tiberius ordered the multitude to make way for him, by which
+means, though not without some difficulty, Flavius got to
+him, and informed him, that the rich men, in a sitting of the
+senate, seeing they could not prevail upon the consul to
+espouse their quarrel, had come to a final determination
+amongst themselves, that he should be assassinated, and to
+that purpose had a great number of their friends and servants
+ready armed to accomplish it.  Tiberius no sooner
+communicated this confederacy to those about him, but they
+immediately tucked up their gowns, broke the halberts which
+the officers used to keep the crowd off into pieces, and
+distributed them among themselves, resolving to resist the
+attack with these.  Those who stood at a distance wondered,
+and asked what was the occasion; Tiberius, knowing that they
+could not hear him at that distance, lifted his hand to his
+head, wishing to intimate the great danger which he
+apprehended himself to be in.  His adversaries, taking notice
+of that action, ran off at once to the senate house, and
+declared, that Tiberius desired the people to bestow a crown
+upon him, as if this were the meaning of his touching his
+head.  This news created general confusion in the senators,
+and Nasica at once called upon the consul to punish this
+tyrant, and defend the government.  The consul mildly
+replied, that he would not be the first to do any violence;
+and as he would not suffer any freeman to be put to death,
+before sentence had lawfully passed upon him, so neither
+would he allow any measure to be carried into effect, if by
+persuasion or compulsion on the part of Tiberius the people
+had been induced to pass any unlawful vote.  But Nasica,
+rising from his seat, "Since the consul," said he, "regards
+not the safety of the commonwealth, let everyone who will
+defend the laws, follow me."  He, then, casting the skirt of
+his gown over his head, hastened to the capitol; those who
+bore him company, wrapped their gowns also about their arms.
+and forced their way after him.  And as they were persons of
+the greatest authority in the city, the common people did not
+venture to obstruct their passing, but were rather so eager
+to clear the way for them, that they tumbled over one another
+in haste.  The attendants they brought with them, had
+furnished themselves with clubs and staves from their houses,
+and they themselves picked up the feet and other fragments of
+stools and chairs, which were broken by the hasty flight of
+the common people.  Thus armed, they made towards Tiberius,
+knocking down those whom they found in front of him, and
+those were soon wholly dispersed, and many of them slain.
+Tiberius tried to save himself by flight.  As he was running,
+he was stopped by one who caught hold of him by the gown; but
+he threw it off, and fled in his under-garments only.  And
+stumbling over those who before had been knocked down, as he
+was endeavoring to get up again, Publius Satureius, a
+tribune, one of his colleagues, was observed to give him the
+first fatal stroke, by hitting him upon the head with the
+foot of a stool.  The second blow was claimed, as though it
+had been a deed to be proud of, by Lucius Rufus.  And of the
+rest there fell above three hundred, killed by clubs and
+staves only, none by an iron weapon.
+
+This, we are told, was the first sedition amongst the Romans,
+since the abrogation of kingly government, that ended in the
+effusion of blood.  All former quarrels which were neither
+small nor about trivial matters, were always amicably
+composed, by mutual concessions on either side, the senate
+yielding for fear of the commons, and the commons out of
+respect to the senate.  And it is probable indeed that
+Tiberius himself might then have been easily induced, by mere
+persuasion, to give way, and certainly, if attacked at all,
+must have yielded without any recourse to violence and
+bloodshed, as he had not at that time above three thousand
+men to support him.  But it is evident, that this conspiracy
+was fomented against him, more out of the hatred and malice
+which the rich men had to his person, than for the reasons
+which they commonly pretended against him.  In testimony of
+which, we may adduce the cruelty and unnatural insults which
+they used to his dead body.  For they would not suffer his
+own brother, though he earnestly begged the favor, to bury
+him in the night, but threw him, together with the other
+corpses, into the river.  Neither did their animosity stop
+here; for they banished some of his friends without legal
+process, and slew as many of the others us they could lay
+their hands on; amongst whom Diophanes, the orator, was
+slain, and one Caius Villius cruelly murdered by being shut
+up in a large tun with vipers and serpents.  Blossius of
+Cuma, indeed, was carried before the consuls, and examined
+touching what had happened, and freely confessed, that he
+had done, without scruple, whatever Tiberius bade him.
+"What," replied Nasica, "then if Tiberius had bidden you burn
+the capitol, would you have burnt it?"  His first answer was,
+that Tiberius never would have ordered any such thing; but
+being pressed with the same question by several others, he
+declared, "If Tiberius had commanded it, it would have been
+right for me to do it; for he never would have commanded it,
+if it had not been for the people's good."  Blossius at this
+time was pardoned, and afterwards went away to Aristonicus in
+Asia, and when Aristonicus was overthrown and ruined, killed
+himself.
+
+The senate, to soothe the people after these transactions,
+did not oppose the division of the public lands, and
+permitted them to choose another commissioner in the room of
+Tiberius.  So they elected Publius Crassus, who was
+Gracchus's near connection, as his daughter Licinia was
+married to Caius Gracchus; although Cornelius Nepos says,
+that it was not Crassus's daughter whom Caius married, but
+Brutus's, who triumphed for his victories over the
+Lusitanians; but most writers state it as we have done.  The
+people, however, showed evident marks of their anger at
+Tiberius's death; and were clearly waiting only for the
+opportunity to be revenged, and Nasica was already threatened
+with an impeachment.  The senate, therefore, fearing lest
+some mischief should befall him, sent him ambassador into
+Asia, though there was no occasion for his going thither.
+For the people did not conceal their indignation, even in the
+open streets, but railed at him, whenever they met him
+abroad, calling him a murderer and a tyrant, one who had
+polluted the most holy and religious spot in Rome with the
+blood of a sacred and inviolable magistrate.  And so Nasica
+left Italy, although be was bound, being the chief priest, to
+officiate in all principal sacrifices.  Thus wandering
+wretchedly and ignominiously from one place to another, he
+died in a short time after, not far from Pergamus.  It is no
+wonder that the people had such an aversion to Nasica, when
+even Scipio Africanus, though so much and so deservedly
+beloved by the Romans, was in danger of quite losing the good
+opinion which the people had of him, only for repeating, when
+the news of Tiberius's death was first brought to Numantia,
+the verse out of Homer
+
+Even so perish all who do the same.
+
+And afterwards, being asked by Caius and Fulvius, in a great
+assembly, what he thought of Tiberius's death, he gave an
+answer adverse to Tiberius's public actions.  Upon which
+account, the people thenceforth used to interrupt him when he
+spoke, which, until that time, they had never done, and he,
+on the other hand, was induced to speak ill of the people.
+But of this the particulars are given in the life of Scipio.
+
+
+
+CAIUS GRACCHUS
+
+Caius Gracchus, at first, either for fear of his brother's enemies,
+or designing to render them more odious to the people, absented
+himself from the public assemblies, and lived quietly in his own
+house, as if he were not only reduced for the present to live
+unambitiously, but was disposed in general to pass his life in
+inaction.  And some, indeed, went so far as to say that he
+disliked his brother's measures, and had wholly abandoned the
+defense of them.  However, he was now but very young, being not so
+old as Tiberius by nine years; and he was not yet thirty when he
+was slain.
+
+In some little time, however, he quietly let his temper appear,
+which was one of an utter antipathy to a lazy retirement and
+effeminacy, and not the least likely to be contented with a life
+of eating, drinking, and money getting.  He gave great pains to
+the study of eloquence, as wings upon which he might aspire to
+public business; and it was very apparent that he did not intend
+to pass his days in obscurity.  When Vettius, a friend of his, was
+on his trial, he defended his cause, and the people were in an
+ecstasy, and transported with joy, finding him master of such
+eloquence that the other orators seemed like children in
+comparison, and jealousies and fears on the other hand began to be
+felt by the powerful citizens; and it was generally spoken of
+amongst them that they must hinder Caius from being made tribune.
+
+But soon after, it happened that he was elected quaestor, and
+obliged to attend Orestes, the consul, into Sardinia.  This, as it
+pleased his enemies, so it was not ungrateful to him, being
+naturally of a warlike character, and as well trained in the art
+of war as in that of pleading.  And, besides, as yet he very much
+dreaded meddling with state affairs, and appearing publicly in the
+rostra, which, because of the importunity of the people and his
+friends, he could no otherwise avoid, than by taking this journey.
+He was therefore most thankful for the opportunity of absenting
+himself.  Notwithstanding which, it is the prevailing opinion that
+Caius was a far more thorough demagogue, and more ambitious than
+ever Tiberius had been, of popular applause; yet it is certain
+that he was borne rather by a sort of necessity than by any
+purpose of his own into public business.  And Cicero, the orator,
+relates, that when he declined all such concerns, and would have
+lived privately, his brother appeared to him in a dream, and
+calling him by his name, said, "why do you tarry, Caius?  There is
+no escape; one life and one death is appointed for us both, to
+spend the one and to meet the other, in the service of the
+people."
+
+Caius was no sooner arrived in Sardinia, but he gave exemplary
+proofs of his high merit; he not only excelled all the young men
+of his age in his actions against his enemies, in doing justice to
+his inferiors, and in showing all obedience and respect to his
+superior officer; but likewise in temperance, frugality, and
+industry, he surpassed even those who were much older than
+himself.  It happened to be a sharp and sickly winter in Sardinia,
+insomuch that the general was forced to lay an imposition upon
+several towns to supply the soldiers with necessary clothes.  The
+cities sent to Rome, petitioning to be excused from that burden;
+the senate found their request reasonable, and ordered the general
+to find some other way of new clothing the army.  While he was at
+a loss what course to take in this affair, the soldiers were
+reduced to great distress; but Caius went from one city to
+another, and by his mere representations, he prevailed with them,
+that of their own accord they clothed the Roman army.  This again
+being reported to Rome, and seeming to be only an intimation of
+what was to be expected of him as a popular leader hereafter,
+raised new jealousies amongst the senators.  And, besides, there
+came ambassadors out of Africa from king Micipsa, to acquaint the
+senate, that their master, out of respect to Caius Gracchus, had
+sent a considerable quantity of corn to the general in Sardinia;
+at which the senators were so much offended, that they turned the
+ambassadors out of the senate house, and made an order that the
+soldiers should be relieved by sending others in their room; but
+that Orestes should continue at his post, with whom Caius, also,
+as they presumed, being his quaestor, would remain.  But he,
+finding how things were carried, immediately in anger took ship
+for Rome, where his unexpected appearance obtained him the censure
+not only of his enemies, but also of the people; who thought it
+strange that a quaestor should leave before his commander.
+Nevertheless, when some accusation upon this ground was made
+against him to the censors, he desired leave to defend himself,
+and did it so effectually, that, when he ended, he was regarded as
+one who had been very much injured.  He made it then appear, that
+he had served twelve years in the army, whereas others are obliged
+to serve only ten; that he had continued quaestor to the general
+three years, whereas he might by law have returned at the end of
+one year; and alone of all who went on the expedition, he had
+carried out a full, and had brought home an empty purse, while
+others, after drinking up the wine they had carried out with them,
+brought back the wine-jars filled again with gold and silver from
+the war.
+
+After this, they brought other accusations and writs against him,
+for exciting insurrection amongst the allies, and being engaged
+in the conspiracy that was discovered about Fregellae.  But having
+cleared himself of every suspicion, and proved his entire
+innocence, he now at once came forward to ask for the tribuneship;
+in which, though he was universally opposed by all persons of
+distinction, yet there came such infinite numbers of people from
+all parts of Italy to vote for Caius, that lodgings for them could
+not be supplied in the city; and the Field being not large enough
+to contain the assembly, there were numbers who climbed upon the
+roofs and the tilings of the houses to use their voices in his
+favor.  However, the nobility so far forced the people to their
+pleasure and disappointed Caius's hope, that he was not returned
+the first, as was expected, but the fourth tribune.  But when he
+came to the execution of his office, it was seen presently who was
+really first tribune, as he was a better orator than any of his
+contemporaries, and the passion with which he still lamented his
+brother's death, made him the bolder in speaking.  He used on all
+occasions to remind the people of what had happened in that
+tumult, and laid before them the examples of their ancestors, how
+they declared war against the Faliscans, only for giving
+scurrilous language to one Genucius, a tribune of the people; and
+sentenced Caius Veturius to death, for refusing to give way in the
+forum to a tribune; "Whereas," said he, "these men did, in the
+presence of you all, murder Tiberius with clubs, and dragged the
+slaughtered body through the middle of the city, to be cast into
+the river.  Even his friends, as many as could be taken, were put
+to death immediately, without any trial, notwithstanding that just
+and ancient custom, which has always been observed in our city,
+that whenever anyone is accused of a capital crime, and does not
+make his personal appearance in court, a trumpeter is sent in the
+morning to his lodging, to summon him by sound of trumpet to
+appear; and before this ceremony is performed, the judges do not
+proceed to the vote; so cautious and reserved were our ancestors
+about business of life and death."
+
+Having moved the people's passion with such addresses (and his
+voice was of the loudest and strongest), he proposed two laws.
+The first was, that whoever was turned out of any public office by
+the people, should be thereby rendered incapable of bearing any
+office afterwards; the second, that if any magistrate condemn a
+Roman to be banished, without a legal trial, the people be
+authorized to take cognizance thereof.
+
+One of these laws was manifestly leveled at Marcus Octavius, who,
+at the instigation of Tiberius, had been deprived of his
+tribuneship.  The other touched Popilius, who, in his praetorship,
+had banished all Tiberius's friends; whereupon Popilius, being
+unwilling to stand the hazard of a trial, fled out of Italy.  As
+for the former law, it was withdrawn by Caius himself, who said he
+yielded in the case of Octavius, at the request of his mother
+Cornelia.  This was very acceptable and pleasing to the people,
+who had a great veneration for Cornelia, not more for the sake of
+her father than for that of her children; and they afterwards
+erected a statue of brass in honor of her, with this inscription,
+Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi.  There are several
+expressions recorded, in which he used her name perhaps with too
+much rhetoric, and too little self-respect, in his attacks upon
+his adversaries.  "How," said he, "dare you presume to reflect
+upon Cornelia, the mother of Tiberius?"  And because the person
+who made the redactions had been suspected of effeminate courses,
+"With what face," said he, "can you compare Cornelia with
+yourself?  Have you brought forth children as she has done?  And
+yet all Rome knows, that she has refrained from the conversation
+of men longer than you yourself have done."  Such was the
+bitterness he used in his language; and numerous similar
+expressions might be adduced from his written remains.
+
+Of the laws which he now proposed, with the object of gratifying
+the people and abridging the power of the senate, the first was
+concerning the public lands, which were to be divided amongst the
+poor citizens; another was concerning the common soldiers, that
+they should be clothed at the public charge, without any
+diminution of their pay, and that none should be obliged to serve
+in the army who was not full seventeen years old; another gave the
+same right to all the Italians in general, of voting at elections,
+as was enjoyed by the citizens of Rome; a fourth related to the
+price of corn, which was to be sold at a lower rate than formerly
+to the poor; and a fifth regulated the courts of justice, greatly
+reducing the power of the senators.  For hitherto, in all causes
+senators only sat as judges, and were therefore much dreaded by
+the Roman knights and the people.  But Caius joined three hundred
+ordinary citizens of equestrian rank with the senators, who were
+three hundred likewise in number, and ordained that the judicial
+authority should be equally invested in the six hundred.  While he
+was arguing for the ratification of this law, his behavior was
+observed to show in many respects unusual earnestness, and whereas
+other popular leaders had always hitherto, when speaking, turned
+their faces towards the senate house, and the place called the
+comitium, he, on the contrary, was the first man that in his
+harangue to the people turned himself the other way, towards them,
+and continued after that time to do so.  An insignificant movement
+and change of posture, yet it marked no small revolution in state
+affairs, the conversion, in a manner, of the whole government from
+an aristocracy to a democracy; his action intimating that public
+speakers should address themselves to the people, not the senate.
+
+When the commonalty ratified this law, and gave him power to
+select those of the knights whom he approved of, to be judges, he
+was invested with a sort of kingly power, and the senate itself
+submitted to receive his advice in matters of difficulty; nor did
+he advise anything that might derogate from the honor of that
+body.  As, for example, his resolution about the corn which Fabius
+the propraetor sent from Spain, was very just and honorable; for
+he persuaded the senate to sell the corn, and return the money to
+the same provinces which had furnished them with it; and also that
+Fabius should be censured for rendering the Roman government
+odious and insupportable.  This got him extraordinary respect and
+favor among the provinces.  Besides all this, he proposed measures
+for the colonization of several cities, for making roads, and for
+building public granaries; of all which works he himself undertook
+the management and superintendence, and was never wanting to give
+necessary orders for the dispatch of all these different and great
+undertakings; and that with such wonderful expedition and
+diligence, as if he had been but engaged upon one of them;
+insomuch that all persons, even those who hated or feared him,
+stood amazed to see what a capacity he had for effecting and
+completing all he undertook.  As for the people themselves, they
+were transported at the very sight, when they saw him surrounded
+with a crowd of contractors, artificers, public deputies, military
+officers, soldiers, and scholars.  All these he treated with an
+easy familiarity, yet without abandoning his dignity in his
+gentleness; and so accommodated his nature to the wants and
+occasions of everyone who addressed him, that those were looked
+upon as no better than envious detractors, who had represented him
+as a terrible, assuming, and violent character.  He was even a
+greater master of the popular leader's art in his common talk and
+his actions, than he was in his public addresses.
+
+His most especial exertions were given to constructing the roads,
+which he was careful to make beautiful and pleasant, as well as
+convenient.  They were drawn by his directions through the fields,
+exactly in a straight line, partly paved with hewn stone, and
+partly laid with solid masses of gravel.  When he met with any
+valleys or deep watercourses crossing the line, he either caused
+them to be filled up with rubbish, or bridges to be built over
+them, so well leveled, that all being of an equal height on both
+sides, the work presented one uniform and beautiful prospect.
+Besides this, he caused the roads to be all divided into miles
+(each mile containing little less than eight furlongs, and erected
+pillars of stone to signify the distance from one place to
+another.  He likewise placed other stones at small distances from
+one another, on both sides of the way, by the help of which
+travelers might get easily on horseback without wanting a groom.
+
+For these reasons, the people highly extolled him, and were ready
+upon all occasions to express their affection towards him.  One
+day, in an oration to them, he declared that he had only one favor
+to request, which if they granted, he should think the greatest
+obligation in the world; yet if it were denied, he would never
+blame them for the refusal.  This expression made the world
+believe that his ambition was to be consul; and it was generally
+expected that he wished to be both consul and tribune at the same
+time.  When the day for election of consuls was at hand, and all
+in great expectation, he appeared in the Field with Caius Fannius,
+canvassing together with his friends for his election.  This was
+of great effect in Fannius's favor.  He was chosen consul, and
+Caius elected tribune the second time, without his own seeking or
+petitioning for it, but at the voluntary motion of the people.
+But when he understood that the senators were his declared
+enemies, and that Fannius himself was none of the most zealous of
+friends, he began again to rouse the people with other new laws.
+He proposed that a colony of Roman citizens might be sent to
+re-people Tarentum and Capua, and that the Latins should enjoy the
+same privileges with the citizens of Rome.  But the senate,
+apprehending that he would at last grow too powerful and
+dangerous, took a new and unusual course to alienate the people's
+affections from him, by playing the demagogue in opposition to
+him, and offering favors contrary to all good policy.  Livius
+Drusus was fellow-tribune with Caius, a person of as good a family
+and as well educated as any amongst the Romans, and noways
+inferior to those who for their eloquence and riches were the most
+honored and most powerful men of that time.  To him, therefore,
+the chief senators made their application, exhorting him to attack
+Caius, and join in their confederacy against him; which they
+designed to carry on, not by using any force, or opposing the
+common people, but by gratifying and obliging them with such
+unreasonable things as otherwise they would have felt it honorable
+for them to incur the greatest unpopularity in resisting.
+
+Livius offered to serve the senate with his authority in this
+business; and proceeded accordingly to bring forward such laws as
+were in reality neither honorable nor advantageous for the public;
+his whole design being to outdo Caius in pleasing and cajoling the
+populace (as if it had been in some comedy), with obsequious
+flattery and every kind of gratifications; the senate thus letting
+it be seen plainly, that they were not angry with Caius's public
+measures, but only desirous to ruin him utterly, or at least to
+lessen his reputation.  For when Caius proposed the settlement of
+only two colonies, and mentioned the better class of citizens for
+that purpose, they accused him of abusing the people; and yet, on
+the contrary, were pleased with Drusus, when he proposed the
+sending out of twelve colonies, each to consist of three thousand
+persons, and those, too, the most needy that he could find.  When
+Caius divided the public land amongst the poor citizens, and
+charged them with a small rent, annually, to be paid into the
+exchequer, they were angry at him, as one who sought to gratify
+the people only for his own interest; yet afterwards they
+commended Livius, though he exempted them from paying even that
+little acknowledgment.  They were displeased with Caius, for
+offering the Latins an equal right with the Romans of voting at
+the election of magistrates; but when Livius proposed that it
+might not be lawful for a Roman captain to scourge a Latin
+soldier, they promoted the passing of that law.  And Livius, in
+all his speeches to the people, always told them, that he proposed
+no laws but such as were agreeable to the senate, who had a
+particular regard to the people's advantage.  And this truly was
+the only point in all his proceedings which was of any real
+service, as it created more kindly feelings towards the senate in
+the people; and whereas they formerly suspected and hated the
+principal senators, Livius appeased and mitigated this
+perverseness and animosity, by his profession that he had done
+nothing in favor and for the benefit of the commons, without their
+advice and approbation.
+
+But the greatest credit which Drusus got for kindness and justice
+towards the people was, that he never seemed to propose any law
+for his own sake, or his own advantage; he committed the charge of
+seeing the colonies rightly settled to other commissioners;
+neither did he ever concern himself with the distribution of the
+moneys; whereas Caius always took the principal part in any
+important transactions of this kind.  Rubrius, another tribune of
+the people, had proposed to have Carthage again inhabited, which
+had been demolished by Scipio, and it fell to Caius's lot to see
+this performed, and for that purpose he sailed to Africa.  Drusus
+took this opportunity of his absence to insinuate himself still
+more into the peoples' affections, which he did chiefly by
+accusing Fulvius, who was a particular friend to Caius, and was
+appointed a commissioner with him for the division of the lands.
+Fulvius was a man of a turbulent spirit, and notoriously hated by
+the senate; and besides, he was suspected by others to have
+fomented the differences between the citizens and their
+confederates, and underhand to be inciting the Italians to rebel;
+though there was little other evidence of the truth of these
+accusations, than his being an unsettled character, and of a
+well-known seditious temper.  This was one principal cause of
+Caius's ruin; for part of the envy which fell upon Fulvius, was
+extended to him.  And when Scipio Africanus died suddenly, and no
+cause of such an unexpected death could be assigned, only some
+marks of blows upon his body seemed to intimate that he had
+suffered violence, as is related in the history of his life, the
+greatest part of the odium attached to Fulvius, because he was his
+enemy, and that very day had reflected upon Scipio in a public
+address to the people.  Nor was Caius himself clear from
+suspicion.  However, this great outrage, committed too upon the
+person of the greatest and most considerable man in Rome, was
+never either punished or inquired into thoroughly, for the
+populace opposed and hindered any judicial investigation, for fear
+that Caius should be implicated in the charge if proceedings were
+carried on.  This, however, had happened some time before.
+
+But in Africa, where at present Caius was engaged in the
+repeopling of Carthage, which he named Junonia, many ominous
+appearances, which presaged mischief, are reported to have been
+sent from the gods.  For a sudden gust of wind falling upon the
+first standard, and the standard-bearer holding it fast, the staff
+broke; another sudden storm blew away the sacrifices, which were
+laid upon the altars, and carried them beyond the bounds laid out
+for the city; and the wolves came and carried away the very marks
+that were set up to show the boundary.  Caius, notwithstanding all
+this, ordered and dispatched the whole business in the space of
+seventy days, and then returned to Rome, understanding how Fulvius
+was prosecuted by Drusus, and that the present juncture of affairs
+would not suffer him to be absent.  For Lucius Opimius, one who
+sided with the nobility, and was of no small authority in the
+senate, who had formerly sued to be consul, but was repulsed by
+Caius's interest, at the time when Fannius was elected, was in a
+fair way now of being chosen consul, having a numerous company of
+supporters.  And it was generally believed, if he did obtain it,
+that he would wholly ruin Caius, whose power was already in a
+declining condition; and the people were not so apt to admire his
+actions as formerly, because there were so many others who every
+day contrived new ways to please them, with which the senate
+readily complied.
+
+After his return to Rome, he quitted his house on the Palatine
+Mount, and went to live near the market-place, endeavoring to make
+himself more popular in those parts, where most of the humbler and
+poorer citizens lived.  He then brought forward the remainder of
+his proposed laws, as intending to have them ratified by the
+popular vote; to support which a vast number of people collected
+from all quarters.  But the senate persuaded Fannius, the consul,
+to command all persons who were not born Romans, to depart the
+city.  A new and unusual proclamation was thereupon made,
+prohibiting any of the Allies or Confederates to appear at Rome
+during that time.  Caius, on the contrary, published an edict,
+accusing the consul for what he had done, and setting forth to the
+Confederates, that if they would continue upon the place, they
+might be assured of his assistance and protection.  However, he
+was not so good as his word; for though he saw one of his own
+familiar friends and companions dragged to prison by Fannius's
+officers, he notwithstanding passed by, without assisting him;
+either because he was afraid to stand the test of his power, which
+was already decreased, or because, as he himself reported, he was
+unwilling to give his enemies an opportunity, which they very much
+desired, of coming to actual violence and fighting.  About that
+time there happened likewise a difference between him and his
+fellow-officers upon this occasion.  A show of gladiators was to
+be exhibited before the people in the marketplace, and most of the
+magistrates erected scaffolds round about, with an intention of
+letting them for advantage.  Caius commanded them to take down
+their scaffolds, that the poor people might see the sport without
+paying anything.  But nobody obeying these orders of his, he
+gathered together a body of laborers, who worked for him, and
+overthrew all the scaffolds, the very night before the contest was
+to take place.  So that by the next morning the market-place was
+cleared, and the common people had an opportunity of seeing the
+pastime.  In this, the populace thought he had acted the part of a
+man; but he much disobliged the tribunes, his colleagues, who
+regarded it as a piece of violent and presumptuous interference.
+
+This was thought to be the chief reason that he failed of being a
+third time elected tribune; not but that he had the most votes,
+but because his colleagues out of revenge caused false returns to
+be made.  But as to this matter there was a controversy.  Certain
+it is, he very much resented this repulse, and behaved with
+unusual arrogance towards some of his adversaries who were joyful
+at his defeat, telling them, that all this was but a false,
+sardonic mirth, as they little knew how much his actions threw
+them into obscurity.
+
+As soon as Opimius also was chosen consul, they presently canceled
+several of Caius's laws, and especially called in question his
+proceedings at Carthage, omitting nothing that was likely to
+irritate him, that from some effect of his passion they might find
+out a colorable pretense to put him to death.  Caius at first bore
+these things very patiently; but afterwards, at the instigation of
+his friends, especially Fulvius, he resolved to put himself at the
+head of a body of supporters, to oppose the consul by force.  They
+say also that on this occasion his mother, Cornelia, joined in the
+sedition, and assisted him by sending privately several strangers
+into Rome, under pretense as if they came to be hired there for
+harvestmen; for that intimations of this are given in her letters
+to him.  However, it is confidently affirmed by others, that
+Cornelia did not in the least approve of these actions.
+
+When the day came in which Opimius designed to abrogate the laws
+of Caius, both parties met very early at the capitol; and the
+consul having performed all the rites usual in their sacrifices,
+one Quintus Antyllius, an attendant on the consul, carrying out
+the entrails of the victim, spoke to Fulvius, and his friends who
+stood about him, "Ye factious citizens, make way for honest men."
+Some report, that besides this provoking language, he extended his
+naked arm towards them, as a piece of scorn and contempt.  Upon
+this he was presently killed with the strong stiles which are
+commonly used in writing, though some say that on this occasion
+they had been manufactured for this purpose only.  This murder
+caused a sudden consternation in the whole assembly, and the heads
+of each faction had their different sentiments about it.  As for
+Caius he was much grieved, and severely reprimanded his own party,
+because they had given their adversaries a reasonable pretense to
+proceed against them, which they had so long hoped for.  Opimius,
+immediately seizing the occasion thus offered, was in great
+delight, and urged the people to revenge; but there happening a
+great shower of rain on a sudden, it put an end to the business of
+that day.
+
+Early the next morning, the consul summoned the senate, and whilst
+he advised with the senators in the senate-house, the corpse of
+Antyllius was laid upon a bier, and brought through the
+market-place, being there exposed to open view, just before the
+senate-house, with a great deal of crying and lamentation.
+Opimius was not at all ignorant that this was designed to be done;
+however, he seemed to be surprised, and wondered what the meaning
+of it should be; the senators, therefore, presently went out to
+know the occasion of it and, standing about the corpse, uttered
+exclamations against the inhuman and barbarous act.  The people
+meantime could not but feel resentment and hatred for the
+senators, remembering how they themselves had not only
+assassinated Tiberius Gracchus, as he was executing his office in
+the very capitol, but had also thrown his mangled body into the
+river; yet now they could honor with their presence and their
+public lamentations in the forum the corpse of an ordinary hired
+attendant, (who, though he might perhaps die wrongfully, was,
+however, in a great measure the occasion of it himself,) by these
+means hoping to undermine him who was the only remaining defender
+and safeguard of the people.
+
+The senators, after some time, withdrew, and presently ordered
+that Opimius, the consul, should be invested with extraordinary
+power to protect the commonwealth and suppress all tyrants.  This
+being decreed, he presently commanded the senators to arm
+themselves, and the Roman knights to be in readiness very early
+the next morning, and every one of them to be attended with two
+servants well armed.  Fulvius, on the other side, made his
+preparations and collected the populace.  Caius at that time
+returning from the market-place, made a stop just before his
+father's statue, and fixing his eyes for some time upon it,
+remained in a deep contemplation; at length he sighed, shed tears,
+and departed.  This made no small impression upon those who saw
+it, and they began to upbraid themselves, that they should desert
+and betray so worthy a man as Caius.  They therefore went
+directly to his house, remaining there as a guard about it all
+night, though in a different manner from those who were a guard to
+Fulvius; for they passed away the night with shouting and
+drinking, and Fulvius himself, being the first to get drunk,
+spoke and acted many things very unbecoming a man of his age and
+character.  On the other side, the party which guarded Caius, were
+quiet and diligent, relieving one another by turns, and
+forecasting, as in a public calamity, what the issue of things
+might be.  As soon as daylight appeared, they roused Fulvius, who
+had not yet slept off the effects of his drinking; and having
+armed themselves with the weapons hung up in his house, that were
+formerly taken from the Gauls, whom he conquered in the time of
+his consulship, they presently, with threats and loud
+acclamations, made their way towards the Aventine Mount.
+
+Caius could not be persuaded to arm himself, but put on his gown,
+as if he had been going to the assembly of the people, only with
+this difference, that under it he had then a short dagger by his
+side.  As he was going out, his wife came running to him at the
+gate, holding him with one hand, and with her other a young child
+of his.  She thus bespoke him: "Alas, Caius, I do not now part
+with you to let you address the people, either as a tribune or a
+lawgiver, nor as if you were going to some honorable war, when
+though you might perhaps have encountered that fate which all must
+sometime or other submit to, yet you had left me this mitigation
+of my sorrow, that my mourning was respected and honored.  You go
+now to expose your person to the murderers of Tiberius, unarmed,
+indeed, and rightly so, choosing rather to suffer the worst of
+injuries, than do the least yourself.  But even your very death at
+this time will not be serviceable to the public good.  Faction
+prevails; power and arms are now the only measures of justice.
+Had your brother fallen before Numantia, the enemy would have
+given back what then had remained of Tiberius; but such is my hard
+fate, that I probably must be an humble suppliant to the floods or
+the waves, that they would somewhere restore to me your relics;
+for since Tiberius was not spared, what trust can we place either
+on the laws, or in the gods?"  Licinia, thus bewailing, Caius, by
+degrees getting loose from her embraces, silently withdrew
+himself, being accompanied by his friends; she, endeavoring to
+catch him by the gown, fell prostrate upon the earth, lying there
+for some time speechless.  Her servants took her up for dead, and
+conveyed her to her brother Crassus.
+
+Fulvius, when the people were gathered together in a full body, by
+the advice of Caius, sent his youngest son into the market-place,
+with a herald's rod in his hand.  He, being a very handsome youth,
+and modestly addressing himself, with tears in his eyes and a
+becoming bashfulness, offered proposals of agreement to the consul
+and the whole senate.  The greatest part of the assembly were
+inclinable to accept of the proposals; but Opimius said, that it
+did not become them to send messengers and capitulate with the
+senate, but to surrender at discretion to the laws, like loyal
+citizens, and endeavor to merit their pardon by submission.  He
+commanded the youth not to return, unless they would comply with
+these conditions.  Caius, as it is reported, was very forward to
+go and clear himself before the senate; but none of his friends
+consenting to it, Fulvius sent his son a second time to intercede
+for them, as before.  But Opimius, who was resolved that a
+battle should ensue, caused the youth to be apprehended, and
+committed into custody; and then, with a company of his
+foot-soldiers and some Cretan archers, set upon the party under
+Fulvius.  These archers did such execution, and inflicted so many
+wounds, that a rout and flight quickly ensued.  Fulvius fled into
+an obscure bathing-house; but shortly after being discovered, he
+and his eldest son were slain together.  Caius was not observed to
+use any violence against anyone; but, extremely disliking all
+these outrages, retired to Diana's temple.  There he attempted to
+kill himself, but was hindered by his faithful friends, Pomponius
+and Licinius, they took his sword away from him, and were very
+urgent that he would endeavor to make his escape.  It is reported,
+that falling upon his knee and lifting up his hands, he prayed the
+goddess that the Roman people, as a punishment for their
+ingratitude and treachery, might always remain in slavery.  For as
+soon as a proclamation was made of a pardon, the greater part
+openly deserted him.
+
+Caius, therefore, endeavored now to make his escape, but was
+pursued so close by his enemies, as far as the wooden bridge, that
+from thence he narrowly escaped.  There his two trusty friends
+begged of him to preserve his own person by flight, whilst they in
+the meantime would keep their post, and maintain the passage;
+neither could their enemies, until they were both slain, pass the
+bridge.  Caius had no other companion in his flight but one
+Philocrates, a servant of his.  As he ran along, everybody
+encouraged him, and wished him success, as standers-by may do to
+those who are engaged in a race, but nobody either lent him any
+assistance, or would furnish him with a horse, though he asked for
+one; for his enemies had gained ground, and got very near him.
+However, he had still time enough to hide himself in a little
+grove, consecrated to the Furies.  In that place, his servant
+Philocrates having first slain him, presently afterwards killed
+himself also, and fell dead upon his master.  Though some affirm
+it for a truth, that they were both taken alive by their enemies,
+and that Philocrates embraced his master so close, that they could
+not wound Caius until his servant was slain.
+
+They say that when Caius's head was cut off, and carried away by
+one of his murderers, Septimuleius, Opimius's friend met him, and
+forced it from him; because, before the battle began, they had
+made proclamation, that whoever should bring the head either of
+Caius or Fulvius, should, as a reward, receive its weight in gold.
+Septimuleius, therefore, having fixed Caius's head upon the top of
+his spear, came and presented it to Opimius.  They presently
+brought the scales, and it was found to weigh above seventeen
+pounds.  But in this affair, Septimuleius gave as great signs of
+his knavery, as he had done before of his cruelty; for having
+taken out the brains, he had filled the skull with lead.  There
+were others who brought the head of Fulvius too, but, being mean,
+inconsiderable persons, were turned away without the promised
+reward.  The bodies of these two persons, as well as of the rest
+who were slain, to the number of three thousand men, were all
+thrown into the river; their goods were confiscated, and their
+widows forbidden to put themselves into mourning.  They dealt even
+more severely with Licinia, Caius's wife, and deprived her even of
+her jointure; and as an addition still to all their inhumanity,
+they barbarously murdered Fulvius's youngest son; his only crime
+being, not that he took up arms against them, or that he was
+present in the battle, but merely that he had come with articles
+of agreement; for this he was first imprisoned, then slain.
+
+But that which angered the common people beyond all these things
+was, because at this time, in memory of his success, Opimius built
+the temple of Concord, as if he gloried and triumphed in the
+slaughter of so many citizens.  Somebody in the night time, under
+the inscription of the temple, added this verse:--
+
+Folly and Discord Concord's temple built.
+
+Yet this Opimius, the first who, being consul, presumed to usurp
+the power of a dictator, condemning, without any trial, with three
+thousand other citizens, Caius Gracchus and Fulvius Flaccus, one
+of whom had triumphed, and been consul, the other far excelled all
+his contemporaries in virtue and honor, afterwards was found
+incapable of keeping his hands from thieving; and when he was sent
+ambassador to Jugurtha, king of Numidia, he was there corrupted by
+presents, and at his return being shamefully convicted of it, lost
+all his honors, and grew old amidst the hatred and the insults of
+the people, who, though humbled, and affrighted at the time, did
+not fail before long to let everybody see what respect and
+veneration they had for the memory of the Gracchi.  They ordered
+their statues to be made and set up in public view; they
+consecrated the places where they were slain, and thither brought
+the first-fruits of everything, according to the season of the
+year, to make their offerings.  Many came likewise thither to
+their devotions, and daily worshipped there, as at the temples of
+the gods.
+
+It is reported, that as Cornelia, their mother, bore the loss of
+her two sons with a noble and undaunted spirit, so, in reference
+to the holy places in which they were slain, she said, their dead
+bodies were well worthy of such sepulchres.  She removed
+afterwards, and dwelt near the place called Misenum, not at all
+altering her former way of living.  She had many friends, and
+hospitably received many strangers at her house; many Greeks and
+learned men were continually about her; nor was there any foreign
+prince but received gifts from her and presented her again.  Those
+who were conversant with her, were much interested, when she
+pleased to entertain them with her recollections of her father
+Scipio Africanus, and of his habits and way of living.  But it was
+most admirable to hear her make mention of her sons, without any
+tears or sign of grief, and give the full account of all their
+deeds and misfortunes, as if she had been relating the history of
+some ancient heroes.  This made some imagine, that age, or the
+greatness of her afflictions, had made her senseless and devoid of
+natural feelings.  But they who so thought, were themselves more
+truly insensible, not to see how much a noble nature and education
+avail to conquer any affliction; and though fortune may often be
+more successful, and may defeat the efforts of virtue to avert
+misfortunes, it cannot, when we incur them, prevent our bearing
+them reasonably.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF TIBERIUS AND CAIUS GRACCHUS WITH AGIS AND CLEOMENES
+
+Having given an account severally of these persons, it remains
+only that we should take a view of them in comparison with one
+another.
+
+As for the Gracchi, the greatest detractors and their worst
+enemies could not but allow, that they had a genius to virtue
+beyond all other Romans, which was improved also by a generous
+education.  Agis and Cleomenes may be supposed to have had
+stronger natural gifts, since, though they wanted all the
+advantages of good education, and were bred up in those very
+customs, manners, and habits of living, which had for a long time
+corrupted others, yet they were public examples of temperance and
+frugality.  Besides, the Gracchi, happening to live when Rome had
+her greatest repute for honor and virtuous actions, might justly
+have been ashamed, if they had not also left to the next
+generation the noble inheritance of the virtues of their
+ancestors.  Whereas the other two had parents of different morals;
+and though they found their country in a sinking condition, and
+debauched, yet that did not quench their forward zeal to what was
+just and honorable.
+
+The integrity of the two Romans, and their superiority to money,
+was chiefly remarkable in this; that in office and the
+administration of public affairs, they kept themselves from the
+imputation of unjust gain; whereas Agis might justly be offended,
+if he had only that mean commendation given him, that he took
+nothing wrongfully from any man, seeing he distributed his own
+fortunes, which, in ready money only, amounted to the value of
+six hundred talents, amongst his fellow-citizens.  Extortion
+would have appeared a crime of a strange nature to him, who
+esteemed it a piece of covetousness to possess, though never so
+justly gotten, greater riches than his neighbors.
+
+Their political actions, also, and the state revolutions they
+attempted, were very different in magnitude.  The chief things in
+general that the two Romans commonly aimed at, were the settlement
+of cities and mending of highways; and, in particular, the boldest
+design which Tiberius is famed for, was the recovery of the public
+lands; and Caius gained his greatest reputation by the addition,
+for the exercise of judicial powers, of three hundred of the order
+of knights to the same number of senators.  Whereas the alteration
+which Agis and Cleomenes made, was in a quite different kind.
+They did not set about removing partial evils and curing petty
+incidents of disease, which would have been (as Plato says), like
+cutting off one of the Hydra's heads, the very means to increase
+the number; but they instituted a thorough reformation, such as
+would free the country at once from all its grievances, or rather,
+to speak more truly, they reversed that former change which had
+been the cause of all their calamities, and so restored their city
+to its ancient state.
+
+However, this must be confessed in the behalf of the Gracchi, that
+their undertakings were always opposed by men of the greatest
+influence.  On the other side, those things which were first
+attempted by Agis, and afterwards consummated by Cleomenes, were
+supported by the great and glorious precedent of those ancient
+laws concerning frugality and leveling which they had themselves
+received upon the authority of Lycurgus, and he had instituted on
+that of Apollo.  It is also further observable, that from the
+actions of the Gracchi, Rome received no additions to her former
+greatness; whereas, under the conduct of Cleomenes, Greece
+presently saw Sparta exert her sovereign power over all
+Peloponnesus, and contest the supreme command with the most
+powerful princes of the time; success in which would have freed
+Greece from Illyrian and Gaulish violence, and placed her once
+again under the orderly rule of the sons of Hercules.
+
+From the circumstances of their deaths, also, we may infer some
+difference in the quality of their courage.  The Gracchi, fighting
+with their fellow-citizens, were both slain, as they endeavored to
+make their escape; Agis willingly submitted to his fate, rather
+than any citizen should be in danger of his life.  Cleomenes,
+being shamefully and unjustly treated, made an effort toward
+revenge, but failing of that, generously fell by his own hand.
+
+On the other side it must be said, that Agis never did a great
+action worthy a commander, being prevented by an untimely death.
+And as for those heroic actions of Cleomenes, we may justly
+compare with them that of Tiberius, when he was the first who
+attempted to scale the walls of Carthage, which was no mean
+exploit.  We may add the peace which he concluded with the
+Numantines, by which he saved the lives of twenty thousand Romans,
+who otherwise had certainly been cut off.  And Caius, not only at
+home, but in war in Sardinia, displayed distinguished courage.  So
+that their early actions were no small argument, that afterwards
+they might have rivaled the best of the Roman commanders, if they
+had not died so young.
+
+In civil life, Agis showed a lack of determination; he let himself
+be baffled by the craft of Agesilaus; disappointed the
+expectations of the citizens as to the division of the lands, and
+generally left all the designs which he had deliberately formed
+and publicly announced, unperformed and unfulfilled, through a
+young man's want of resolution.  Cleomenes, on the other hand,
+proceeded to effect the revolution with only too much boldness and
+violence, and unjustly slew the Ephors, whom he might, by
+superiority in arms, have gained over to his party, or else might
+easily have banished, as he did several others of the city.  For
+to use the knife, unless in the extremest necessity, is neither
+good surgery nor wise policy, but in both cases mere
+unskillfulness; and in the latter, unjust as well as unfeeling.
+Of the Gracchi, neither the one nor the other was the first to
+shed the blood of his fellow-citizens; and Caius is reported to
+have avoided all manner of resistance, even when his life was
+aimed at, showing himself always valiant against a foreign enemy,
+but wholly inactive in a sedition.  This was the reason that he
+went from his own house unarmed, and withdrew when the battle
+began, and in all respects showed himself anxious rather not to do
+any harm to others, than not to suffer any himself.  Even the very
+flight of the Gracchi must not be looked upon as an argument of
+their mean spirit, but an honorable retreat from endangering of
+others.  For if they had stayed, they must either have yielded to
+those who assailed them, or else have fought them in their own
+defense.
+
+The greatest crime that can be laid to Tiberius's charge, was the
+deposing of his fellow tribune, and seeking afterwards a second
+tribuneship for himself.  As for the death of Antyllius, it is
+falsely and unjustly attributed to Caius, for he was slain unknown
+to him, and much to his grief.  On the contrary, Cleomenes (not to
+mention the murder of the Ephors) set all the slaves at liberty,
+and governed by himself alone in reality, having a partner only
+for show; having made choice of his brother Euclidas, who was one
+of the same family.  He prevailed upon Archidamus, who was the
+right heir to the kingdom of the other line, to venture to return
+home from Messene; but after his being slain, by not doing
+anything to revenge his death, confirmed the suspicion that he was
+privy to it himself.  Lycurgus, whose example he professed to
+imitate, after he had voluntarily settled his kingdom upon
+Charillus, his brother's son, fearing lest, if the youth should
+chance to die by accident, he might be suspected for it, traveled
+a long time, and would not return again to Sparta until Charillus
+had a son, and an heir to his kingdom.  But we have indeed no
+other Grecian who is worthy to be compared with Lycurgus, and it
+is clear enough that in the public measures of Cleomenes various
+acts of considerable audacity and lawlessness may be found.
+
+Those, therefore, who incline to blame their characters, may
+observe, that the two Grecians were disturbers even from their
+youth, lovers of contest, and aspirants to despotic power; that
+Tiberius and Caius by nature had an excessive desire after glory
+and honors.  Beyond this, their enemies could find nothing to
+bring against them; but as soon as the contention began with their
+adversaries, their heat and passions would so far prevail beyond
+their natural temper, that by them, as by ill winds, they were
+driven afterwards to all their rash undertakings.  What could be
+more just and honorable than their first design, had not the power
+and the faction of the rich, by endeavoring to abrogate that law,
+engaged them both in those fatal quarrels, the one, for his own
+preservation, the other, to revenge his brother's death, who was
+murdered without any law or justice?
+
+From the account, therefore, which has been given, you yourself
+may perceive the difference; which if it were to be pronounced of
+every one singly, I should affirm Tiberius to have excelled them
+all in virtue; that young Agis had been guilty of the fewest
+misdeeds; and that in action and boldness Caius came far short of
+Cleomenes.
+
+
+
+DEMOSTHENES
+
+Whoever it was, Sosius, that wrote the poem in honor of
+Alcibiades, upon his winning the chariot race at the Olympian
+Games, whether it were Euripides, as is most commonly thought,
+or some other person, he tells us, that to a man's being happy
+it is in the first place requisite he should be born in "some
+famous city." But for him that would attain to true happiness,
+which for the most part is placed in the qualities and
+disposition of the mind, it is, in my opinion, of no other
+disadvantage to be of a mean, obscure country, than to be born
+of a small or plain-looking woman.  For it were ridiculous to
+think that Iulis, a little part of Ceos, which itself is no
+great island, and Aegina, which an Athenian once said ought to
+be removed, like a small eye-sore, from the port of Piraeus,
+should breed good actors and poets, and yet should never be
+able to produce a just, temperate, wise, and high-minded man.
+Other arts, whose end it is to acquire riches or honor, are
+likely enough to wither and decay in poor and undistinguished
+towns; but virtue, like a strong and durable plant, may take
+root and thrive in any place where it can lay hold of an
+ingenuous nature, and a mind that is industrious.  I, for my
+part, shall desire that for any deficiency of mine in right
+judgment or action, I myself may be, as in fairness, held
+accountable, and shall not attribute it to the obscurity of my
+birthplace.
+
+But if any man undertake to write a history, that has to be
+collected from materials gathered by observation and the reading
+of works not easy to be got in all places, nor written always in
+his own language, but many of them foreign and dispersed in
+other hands, for him, undoubtedly, it is in the first place and
+above all things most necessary, to reside in some city of good
+note, addicted to liberal arts, and populous; where he may have
+plenty of all sorts of books, and upon inquiry may hear and
+inform himself of such particulars as, having escaped the pens
+of writers, are more faithfully preserved in the memories of
+men, lest his work be deficient in many things, even those which
+it can least dispense with.
+
+But for me, I live in a little town, where I am willing to
+continue, lest it should grow less; and having had no leisure,
+while I was in Rome and other parts of Italy, to exercise myself
+in the Roman language, on account of public business and of
+those who came to be instructed by me in philosophy, it was very
+late, and in the decline of my age, before I applied myself to
+the reading of Latin authors.  Upon which that which happened to
+me, may seem strange, though it be true; for it was not so much
+by the knowledge of words, that I came to the understanding of
+things, as by my experience of things I was enabled to follow
+the meaning of words.  But to appreciate the graceful and ready
+pronunciation of the Roman tongue, to understand the various
+figures and connection of words, and such other ornaments, in
+which the beauty of speaking consists, is, I doubt not, an
+admirable and delightful accomplishment; but it requires a
+degree of practice and study, which is not easy, and will better
+suit those who have more leisure, and time enough yet before
+them for the occupation.
+
+And so in this fifth book of my Parallel Lives, in giving an
+account of Demosthenes and Cicero, my comparison of their
+natural dispositions and their characters will be formed upon
+their actions and their lives as statesmen, and I shall not
+pretend to criticize their orations one against the other, to
+show which of the two was the more charming or the more powerful
+speaker.  For there, as Ion says,
+
+We are but like a fish upon dry land;
+
+a proverb which Caecilius perhaps forgot, when he employed his
+always adventurous talents in so ambitious an attempt as a
+comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero: and, possibly, if it were
+a thing obvious and easy for every man to know himself, the
+precept had not passed for an oracle.
+
+The divine power seems originally to have designed Demosthenes
+and Cicero upon the same plan, giving them many similarities in
+their natural characters, as their passion for distinction and
+their love of liberty in civil life, and their want of courage
+in dangers and war, and at the same time also to have added many
+accidental resemblances.  I think there can hardly be found two
+other orators, who, from small and obscure beginnings, became so
+great and mighty; who both contested with kings and tyrants;
+both lost their daughters, were driven out of their country, and
+returned with honor; who, flying from thence again, were both
+seized upon by their enemies, and at last ended their lives with
+the liberty of their countrymen.  So that if we were to suppose
+there had been a trial of skill between nature and fortune, as
+there is sometimes between artists, it would be hard to judge,
+whether that succeeded best in making them alike in their
+dispositions and manners, or this, in the coincidences of their
+lives.  We will speak of the eldest first.
+
+Demosthenes, the father of Demosthenes, was a citizen of good
+rank and quality, as Theopompus informs us, surnamed the
+Sword-maker, because he had a large workhouse, and kept servants
+skillful in that art at work.  But of that which Aeschines, the
+orator, said of his mother, that she was descended of one Gylon,
+who fled his country upon an accusation of treason, and of a
+barbarian woman, I can affirm nothing, whether he spoke true, or
+slandered and maligned her.  This is certain, that Demosthenes,
+being as yet but seven years old, was left by his father in
+affluent circumstances, the whole value of his estate being
+little short of fifteen talents, and that he was wronged by his
+guardians, part of his fortune being embezzled by them, and the
+rest neglected; insomuch that even his teachers were defrauded
+of their salaries.  This was the reason that he did not obtain
+the liberal education that he should have had; besides that on
+account of weakness and delicate health, his mother would not
+let him exert himself, and his teachers forbore to urge him.  He
+was meager and sickly from the first, and hence had his nickname
+of Batalus, given him, it is said, by the boys, in derision of
+his appearance; Batalus being, as some tell us, a certain
+enervated flute-player, in ridicule of whom Antiphanes wrote a
+play.  Others speak of Batalus as a writer of wanton verses and
+drinking songs.  And it would seem that some part of the body,
+not decent to be named, was at that time called batalus by the
+Athenians.  But the name of Argas, which also they say was a
+nickname of Demosthenes, was given him for his behavior, as
+being savage and spiteful, argas being one of the poetical words
+for a snake; or for his disagreeable way of speaking, Argas
+being the name of a poet, who composed very harshly and
+disagreeably.  So much, as Plato says, for such matters.
+
+The first occasion of his eager inclination to oratory they say,
+was this.  Callistratus, the orator, being to plead in open
+court for Oropus, the expectation of the issue of that cause was
+very great, as well for the ability of the orator, who was then
+at the height of his reputation, as also for the fame of the
+action itself.  Therefore, Demosthenes, having heard the tutors
+and schoolmasters agreeing among themselves to be present at
+this trial, with much importunity persuades his tutor to take
+him along with him to the hearing; who, having some acquaintance
+with the doorkeepers, procured a place where the boy might sit
+unseen, and hear what was said.  Callistratus having got the
+day, and being much admired, the boy began to look upon his
+glory with a kind of emulation, observing how he was courted on
+all hands, and attended on his way by the multitude; but his
+wonder was more than all excited by the power of his eloquence,
+which seemed able to subdue and win over anything.  From this
+time, therefore, bidding farewell to other sorts of learning and
+study, he now began to exercise himself, and to take pains in
+declaiming, as one that meant to be himself also an orator.  He
+made use of Isaeus as his guide to the art of speaking, though
+Isocrates at that time was giving lessons; whether, as some say,
+because he was an orphan, and was not able to pay Isocrates his
+appointed fee of ten minae, or because he preferred Isaeus's
+speaking, as being more business-like and effective in actual
+use.  Hermippus says, that he met with certain memoirs without
+any author's name, in which it was written that Demosthenes was
+a scholar to Plato, and learnt much of his eloquence from him;
+and he also mentions Ctesibius, as reporting from Callias of
+Syracuse and some others, that Demosthenes secretly obtained a
+knowledge of the systems of Isocrates and Alcidamas, and
+mastered them thoroughly.
+
+As soon, therefore, as he was grown up to man's estate, he began
+to go to law with his guardians, and to write orations against
+them; who, in the meantime, had recourse to various subterfuges
+and pleas for new trials, and Demosthenes, though he was thus,
+as Thucydides says, taught his business in dangers, and by his
+own exertions was successful in his suit, was yet unable for all
+this to recover so much as a small fraction of his patrimony.
+He only attained some degree of confidence in speaking, and some
+competent experience in it.  And having got a taste of the honor
+and power which are acquired by pleadings, he now ventured to
+come forth, and to undertake public business.  And, as it is
+said of Laomedon, the Orchomenian, that by advice of his
+physician, he used to run long distances to keep off some
+disease of his spleen, and by that means having, through labor
+and exercise, framed the habit of his body, he betook himself to
+the great garland games, and became one of the best runners at
+the long race; so it happened to Demosthenes, who, first
+venturing upon oratory for the recovery of his own private
+property, by this acquired ability in speaking, and at length,
+in public business, as it were in the great games, came to have
+the preeminence of all competitors in the assembly.  But when he
+first addressed himself to the people, he met with great
+discouragements, and was derided for his strange and uncouth
+style, which was cumbered with long sentences and tortured with
+formal arguments to a most harsh and disagreeable excess.
+Besides, he had, it seems, a weakness in his voice, a perplexed
+and indistinct utterance and a shortness of breath, which, by
+breaking and disjointing his sentences much obscured the sense
+and meaning of what he spoke.  So that in the end, being quite
+disheartened, he forsook the assembly; and as he was walking
+carelessly and sauntering about the Piraeus, Eunomus, the
+Thriasian, then a very old man, seeing him, upbraided him,
+saying that his diction was very much like that of Pericles, and
+that he was wanting to himself through cowardice and meanness of
+spirit, neither bearing up with courage against popular outcry,
+nor fitting his body for action, but suffering it to languish
+through mere sloth and negligence.
+
+Another time, when the assembly had refused to hear him, and he
+was going home with his head muffled up, taking it very heavily,
+they relate that Satyrus, the actor, followed him, and being his
+familiar acquaintance, entered into conversation with him.  To
+whom, when Demosthenes bemoaned himself, that having been the
+most industrious of all the pleaders, and having almost spent
+the whole strength and vigor of his body in that employment, he
+could not yet find any acceptance with the people, that drunken
+sots, mariners, and illiterate fellows were heard, and had the
+hustings for their own, while he himself was despised, "You say
+true, Demosthenes," replied Satyrus, "but I will quickly remedy
+the cause of all this, if you will repeat to me some passage out
+of Euripides or Sophocles."  Which when Demosthenes had
+pronounced, Satyrus presently taking it up after him gave the
+same passage, in his rendering of it, such a new form, by
+accompanying it with the proper mien and gesture, that to
+Demosthenes it seemed quite another thing.  By this being
+convinced how much grace and ornament language acquires from
+action, he began to esteem it a small matter, and as good as
+nothing for a man to exercise himself in declaiming, if he
+neglected enunciation and delivery.  Hereupon he built himself a
+place to study in underground, (which was still remaining in our
+time,) and hither he would come constantly every day to form his
+action, and to exercise his voice; and here he would continue,
+oftentimes without intermission, two or three months together,
+shaving one half of his head, that so for shame he might not go
+abroad, though he desired it ever so much.
+
+Nor was this all, but he also made his conversation with people
+abroad, his common speech, and his business, subservient to his
+studies, taking from hence occasions and arguments as matter to
+work upon.  For as soon as he was parted from his company, down
+he would go at once into his study, and run over everything in
+order that had passed, and the reasons that might be alleged for
+and against it.  Any speeches, also, that he was present at, he
+would go over again with himself, and reduce into periods; and
+whatever others spoke to him, or he to them, he would correct,
+transform, and vary several ways.  Hence it was, that he was
+looked upon as a person of no great natural genius, but one who
+owed all the power and ability he had in speaking to labor and
+industry.  Of the truth of which it was thought to be no small
+sign, that he was very rarely heard to speak upon the occasion,
+but though he were by name frequently called upon by the people,
+as he sat in the assembly, yet he would not rise unless he had
+previously considered the subject, and came prepared for it.  So
+that many of the popular pleaders used to make it a jest against
+him; and Pytheas once, scoffing at him, said that his arguments
+smelt of the lamp.  To which Demosthenes gave the sharp answer,
+"It is true, indeed, Pytheas, that your lamp and mine are not
+conscious of the same things."  To others, however, he would not
+much deny it, but would admit frankly enough, that he neither
+entirely wrote his speeches beforehand, nor yet spoke wholly
+extempore.  And he would affirm, that it was the more truly
+popular act to use premeditation, such preparation being a kind
+of respect to the people; whereas, to slight and take no care
+how what is said is likely to be received by the audience, shows
+something of an oligarchical temper, and is the course of one
+that intends force rather than persuasion.  Of his want of
+courage and assurance to speak off-hand, they make it also
+another argument, that when he was at a loss, and discomposed,
+Demades would often rise up on the sudden to support him, but he
+was never observed to do the same for Demades.
+
+Whence then, may some say, was it, that Aeschines speaks of him
+as a person so much to be wondered at for his boldness in
+speaking?  Or, how could it be, when Python, the Byzantine,
+"with so much confidence and such a torrent of words inveighed
+against" the Athenians, that Demosthenes alone stood up to
+oppose him?  Or, when Lamachus, the Myrinaean, had written a
+panegyric upon king Philip and Alexander, in which he uttered
+many things in reproach of the Thebans and Olynthians, and at
+the Olympic Games recited it publicly, how was it, that he,
+rising up, and recounting historically and demonstratively what
+benefits and advantages all Greece had received from the Thebans
+and Chalcidians, and on the contrary, what mischiefs the
+flatterers of the Macedonians had brought upon it, so turned the
+minds of all that were present that the sophist, in alarm at the
+outcry against him, secretly made his way out of the assembly?
+But Demosthenes, it should seem, regarded other points in the
+character of Pericles to be unsuited to him; but his reserve and
+his sustained manner, and his forbearing to speak on the sudden,
+or upon every occasion, as being the things to which principally
+he owed his greatness, these he followed, and endeavored to
+imitate, neither wholly neglecting the glory which present
+occasion offered, nor yet willing too often to expose his
+faculty to the mercy of chance.  For, in fact, the orations
+which were spoken by him had much more of boldness and
+confidence in them than those that he wrote, if we may believe
+Eratosthenes, Demetrius the Phalerian, and the Comedians.
+Eratosthenes says that often in his speaking he would be
+transported into a kind of ecstasy, and Demetrius, that he
+uttered the famous metrical adjuration to the people,
+
+By the earth, the springs, the rivers, and the streams,
+
+as a man inspired, and beside himself.  One of the comedians
+calls him a rhopoperperethras, and another scoffs at him for
+his use of antithesis: --
+
+And what he took, took back; a phrase to please
+The very fancy of Demosthenes.
+
+Unless, indeed, this also is meant by Antiphanes for a jest upon
+the speech on Halonesus, which Demosthenes advised the Athenians
+not to take at Philip's hands, but to take back.
+
+All, however, used to consider Demades, in the mere use of his
+natural gifts, an orator impossible to surpass, and that in what
+he spoke on the sudden, he excelled all the study and
+preparation of Demosthenes.  And Ariston the Chian, has recorded
+a judgment which Theophrastus passed upon the orators; for being
+asked what kind of orator he accounted Demosthenes, he answered,
+"Worthy of the city of Athens;" and then, what he thought of
+Demades, he answered, "Above it." And the same philosopher
+reports, that Polyeuctus, the Sphettian, one of the Athenian
+politicians about that time, was wont to say that Demosthenes
+was the greatest orator, but Phocion the ablest, as he expressed
+the most sense in the fewest words.  And, indeed, it is related,
+that Demosthenes himself, as often as Phocion stood up to plead
+against him, would say to his acquaintance, "Here comes the
+knife to my speech."  Yet it does not appear whether he had this
+feeling for his powers of speaking, or for his life and
+character, and meant to say that one word or nod from a man who
+was really trusted, would go further than a thousand lengthy
+periods from others.
+
+Demetrius, the Phalerian, tells us, that he was informed by
+Demosthenes himself, now grown old, that the ways he made use of
+to remedy his natural bodily infirmities and defects were such
+as these; his inarticulate and stammering pronunciation he
+overcame and rendered more distinct by speaking with pebbles in
+his mouth; his voice he disciplined by declaiming and reciting
+speeches or verses when he was out of breath, while running or
+going up steep places; and that in his house he had a large
+looking-glass, before which he would stand and go through his
+exercises.  It is told that someone once came to request his
+assistance as a pleader, and related how he had been assaulted
+and beaten.  "Certainly," said Demosthenes, "nothing of the kind
+can have happened to you."  Upon which the other, raising his
+voice, exclaimed loudly, "What, Demosthenes, nothing has been
+done to me?"  "Ah," replied Demosthenes, "now I hear the voice
+of one that has been injured and beaten."  Of so great
+consequence towards the gaining of belief did he esteem the tone
+and action of the speaker.  The action which he used himself was
+wonderfully pleasing to the common people; but by well-educated
+people, as, for example, by Demetrius, the Phalerian, it was
+looked upon as mean, humiliating, and unmanly.  And Hermippus
+says of Aesion, that, being asked his opinion concerning the
+ancient orators and those of his own time, he answered that it
+was admirable to see with what composure and in what high style
+they addressed themselves to the people; but that the orations
+of Demosthenes, when they are read, certainly appear to be
+superior in point of construction, and more effective. His
+written speeches, beyond all question, are characterized by
+austere tone and by their severity.  In his extempore retorts
+and rejoinders, he allowed himself the use of jest and mockery.
+When Demades said, "Demosthenes teach me!  So might the sow
+teach Minerva!" he replied, "Was it this Minerva, that was
+lately found playing the harlot in Collytus?"  When a thief,
+who had the nickname of the Brazen, was attempting to upbraid
+him for sitting up late, and writing by candlelight, "I know
+very well," said he, "that you had rather have all lights out;
+and wonder not, O ye men of Athens, at the many robberies which
+are committed, since we have thieves of brass and walls of
+clay."  But on these points, though we have much more to
+mention, we will add nothing at present.  We will proceed to
+take an estimate of his character from his actions and his life
+as a statesman.
+
+His first entering into public business was much about the time
+of the Phocian war, as himself affirms, and may be collected
+from his Philippic orations.  For of these, some were made after
+that action was over, and the earliest of them refer to its
+concluding events.  It is certain that he engaged in the
+accusation of Midias when he was but two and thirty years old,
+having as yet no interest or reputation as a politician.  And
+this it was, I consider, that induced him to withdraw the
+action, and accept a sum of money as a compromise.  For of
+himself
+
+He was no easy or good-natured man,
+
+but of a determined disposition, and resolute to see himself
+righted; however, finding it a hard matter and above his
+strength to deal with Midias, a man so well secured on all sides
+with money, eloquence, and friends, he yielded to the entreaties
+of those who interceded for him.  But had he seen any hopes or
+possibility of prevailing, I cannot believe that three thousand
+drachmas could have taken off the edge of his revenge.  The
+object which he chose for himself in the commonwealth was noble
+and just, the defense of the Grecians against Philip; and in
+this he behaved himself so worthily that he soon grew famous,
+and excited attention everywhere for his eloquence and courage
+in speaking.  He was admired through all Greece, the king of
+Persia courted him, and by Philip himself he was more esteemed
+than all the other orators.  His very enemies were forced to
+confess that they had to do with a man of mark; for such a
+character even Aeschines and Hyperides give him, where they
+accuse and speak against him.
+
+So that I cannot imagine what ground Theopompus had to say, that
+Demosthenes was of a fickle, unsettled disposition, and could
+not long continue firm either to the same men or the same
+affairs; whereas the contrary is most apparent, for the same
+party and post in politics which he held from the beginning, to
+these he kept constant to the end; and was so far from leaving
+them while he lived, that he chose rather to forsake his life
+than his purpose.  He was never heard to apologize for shifting
+sides like Demades, who would say, he often spoke against
+himself, but never against the city; nor as Melanopus, who,
+being generally against Callistratus, but being often bribed off
+with money, was wont to tell the people, "The man indeed is my
+enemy, but we must submit for the good of our country;" nor
+again as Nicodemus, the Messenian, who having first appeared on
+Cassander's side, and afterwards taken part with Demetrius, said
+the two things were not in themselves contrary, it being always
+most advisable to obey the conqueror.  We have nothing of this
+kind to say against Demosthenes, as one who would turn aside or
+prevaricate, either in word or deed.  There could not have been
+less variation in his public acts if they had all been played,
+so to say, from first to last, from the same score.  Panaetius,
+the philosopher, said, that most of his orations are so written,
+as if they were to prove this one conclusion, that what is
+honest and virtuous is for itself only to be chosen; as that of
+the Crown, that against Aristocrates, that for the Immunities,
+and the Philippics; in all which he persuades his
+fellow-citizens to pursue not that which seems most pleasant,
+easy, or profitable; but declares over and over again, that they
+ought in the first place to prefer that which is just and
+honorable, before their own safety and preservation.  So that if
+he had kept his hands clean, if his courage for the wars had
+been answerable to the generosity of his principles, and the
+dignity of his orations, he might deservedly have his name
+placed, not in the number of such orators as Moerocles,
+Polyeuctus, and Hyperides, but in the highest rank with Cimon,
+Thucydides, and Pericles.
+
+Certainly amongst those who were contemporary with him, Phocion,
+though he appeared on the less commendable side in the
+commonwealth, and was counted as one of the Macedonian party,
+nevertheless, by his courage and his honesty, procured himself a
+name not inferior to those of Ephialtes, Aristides, and Cimon.
+But Demosthenes, being neither fit to be relied on for courage
+in arms, as Demetrius says, nor on all sides inaccessible to
+bribery (for how invincible soever he was against the gifts of
+Philip and the Macedonians, yet elsewhere he lay open to
+assault, and was overpowered by the gold which came down from
+Susa and Ecbatana), was therefore esteemed better able to
+recommend than to imitate the virtues of past times.  And yet
+(excepting only Phocion), even in his life and manners, he far
+surpassed the other orators of his time.  None of them addressed
+the people so boldly; he attacked the faults, and opposed
+himself to the unreasonable desires of the multitude, as may be
+seen in his orations.  Theopompus writes, that the Athenians
+having by name selected Demosthenes, and called upon him to
+accuse a certain person, he refused to do it; upon which the
+assembly being all in an uproar, he rose up and said, "Your
+counselor, whether you will or no, O ye men of Athens, you shall
+always have me; but a sycophant or false accuser, though you
+would have me, I shall never be."  And his conduct in the case
+of Antiphon was perfectly aristocratical; whom, after he had
+been acquitted in the assembly, he took and brought before the
+court of Areopagus, and, setting at naught the displeasure of
+the people, convicted him there of having promised Philip to
+burn the arsenal; whereupon the man was condemned by that
+court, and suffered for it.  He accused, also, Theoris, the
+priestess, amongst other misdemeanors, of having instructed and
+taught the slaves to deceive and cheat their masters, for which
+the sentence of death passed upon her, and she was executed.
+
+The oration which Apollodorus made use of, and by it carried the
+cause against Timotheus, the general, in an action of debt, it
+is said was written for him by Demosthenes; as also those
+against Phormion and Stephanus, in which latter case he was
+thought to have acted dishonorably, for the speech which
+Phormion used against Apollodorus was also of his making; he, as
+it were, having simply furnished two adversaries out of the same
+shop with weapons to wound one another.  Of his orations
+addressed to the public assemblies, that against Androtion, and
+those against Timocrates and Aristocrates, were written for
+others, before he had come forward himself as a politician.
+They were composed, it seems, when he was but seven or eight and
+twenty years old.  That against Aristogiton, and that for the
+Immunities, he spoke himself, at the request, as he says, of
+Ctesippus, the son of Chabrias, but, as some say, out of
+courtship to the young man's mother.  Though, in fact, he did
+not marry her, for his wife was a woman of Samos, as Demetrius,
+the Magnesian, writes, in his book on Persons of the same Name.
+It is not certain whether his oration against Aeschines, for
+Misconduct as Ambassador, was ever spoken; although Idomeneus
+says that Aeschines wanted only thirty voices to condemn him.
+But this seems not to be correct, at least so far as may be
+conjectured from both their orations concerning the Crown; for
+in these, neither of them speaks clearly or directly of it, as a
+cause that ever came to trial.  But let others decide this
+controversy.
+
+It was evident, even in time of peace, what course Demosthenes
+would steer in the commonwealth; for whatever was done by the
+Macedonian, he criticized and found fault with, and upon all
+occasions was stirring up the people of Athens, and inflaming
+them against him.  Therefore, in the court of Philip, no man was
+so much talked of, or of so great account as he; and when he
+came thither, one of the ten ambassadors who were sent into
+Macedonia, though all had audience given them, yet his speech
+was answered with most care and exactness.  But in other
+respects, Philip entertained him not so honorably as the rest,
+neither did he show him the same kindness and civility with
+which he applied himself to the party of Aeschines and
+Philocrates.  So that, when the others commended Philip for his
+able speaking, his beautiful person, nay, and also for his good
+companionship in drinking, Demosthenes could not refrain from
+caviling at these praises; the first, he said, was a quality
+which might well enough become a rhetorician, the second a
+woman, and the last was only the property of a sponge; no one of
+them was the proper commendation of a prince.
+
+But when things came at last to war, Philip on the one side
+being not able to live in peace, and the Athenians, on the other
+side, being stirred up by Demosthenes, the first action he put
+them upon was the reducing of Euboea, which, by the treachery of
+the tyrants, was brought under subjection to Philip.  And on his
+proposition, the decree was voted, and they crossed over thither
+and chased the Macedonians out of the island.  The next, was the
+relief of the Byzantines and Perinthians, whom the Macedonians
+at that time were attacking.  He persuaded the people to lay
+aside their enmity against these cities, to forget the offenses
+committed by them in the Confederate War, and to send them such
+succors as eventually saved and secured them.  Not long after,
+he undertook an embassy through the States of Greece, which he
+solicited and so far incensed against Philip, that, a few only
+excepted, he brought them all into a general league.  So that,
+besides the forces composed of the citizens themselves, there
+was an army consisting of fifteen thousand foot and two thousand
+horse, and the money to pay these strangers was levied and
+brought in with great cheerfulness.  On which occasion it was,
+says Theophrastus, on the allies requesting that their
+contributions for the war might be ascertained and stated,
+Crobylus, the orator, made use of the saying, "War can't be fed
+at so much a day."  Now was all Greece up in arms, and in great
+expectation what would be the event.  The Euboeans, the
+Achaeans, the Corinthians, the Megarians, the Leucadians, and
+Corcyraeans, their people and their cities, were all joined
+together in a league.  But the hardest task was yet behind, left
+for Demosthenes, to draw the Thebans into this confederacy with
+the rest.  Their country bordered next upon Attica, they had
+great forces for the war, and at that time they were accounted
+the best soldiers of all Greece, but it was no easy matter to
+make them break with Philip, who, by many good offices, had so
+lately obliged them in the Phocian war; especially considering
+how the subjects of dispute and variance between the two cities
+were continually renewed and exasperated by petty quarrels,
+arising out of the proximity of their frontiers.
+
+But after Philip, being now grown high and puffed up with his
+good success at Amphissa, on a sudden surprised Elatea and
+possessed himself of Phocis, and the Athenians were in a great
+consternation, none durst venture to rise up to speak, no one
+knew what to say, all were at a loss, and the whole assembly in
+silence and perplexity, in this extremity of affairs,
+Demosthenes was the only man who appeared, his counsel to them
+being alliance with the Thebans.  And having in other ways
+encouraged the people, and, as his manner was, raised their
+spirits up with hopes, he, with some others, was sent ambassador
+to Thebes.  To oppose him, as Marsyas says, Philip also sent
+thither his envoys, Amyntas and Clearellus, two Macedonians,
+besides Daochus, a Thessalian, and Thrasydaeus.  Now the
+Thebans, in their consultations, were well enough aware what
+suited best with their own interest, but everyone had before
+his eyes the terrors of war, and their losses in the Phocian
+troubles were still recent: but such was the force and power of
+the orator, fanning up, as Theopompus says, their courage, and
+firing their emulation, that casting away every thought of
+prudence, fear, or obligation, in a sort of divine possession,
+they chose the path of honor, to which his words invited them.
+And this success, thus accomplished by an orator, was thought to
+be so glorious and of such consequence, that Philip immediately
+sent heralds to treat and petition for a peace: all Greece was
+aroused, and up in arms to help.  And the commanders-in-chief,
+not only of Attica, but of Boeotia, applied themselves to
+Demosthenes, and observed his directions.  He managed all the
+assemblies of the Thebans, no less than those of the Athenians;
+he was beloved both by the one and by the other, and exercised
+the same supreme authority with both; and that not by unfair
+means, or without just cause, as Theopompus professes, but
+indeed it was no more than was due to his merit.
+
+But there was, it should seem, some divinely-ordered fortune,
+commissioned, in the revolution of things, to put a period at
+this time to the liberty of Greece, which opposed and thwarted
+all their actions, and by many signs foretold what should
+happen.  Such were the sad predictions uttered by the Pythian
+priestess, and this old oracle cited out of the Sibyl's verses,
+--
+
+The battle on Thermodon that shall be
+Safe at a distance I desire to see,
+Far, like an eagle, watching in the air.
+Conquered shall weep, and conqueror perish there.
+
+This Thermodon, they say, is a little rivulet here in our
+country in Chaeronea, running into the Cephisus.  But we know of
+none that is so called at the present time; and can only
+conjecture that the streamlet which is now called Haemon, and
+runs by the Temple of Hercules, where the Grecians were
+encamped, might perhaps in those days be called Thermodon, and
+after the fight, being filled with blood and dead bodies, upon
+this occasion, as we guess, might change its old name for that
+which it now bears.  Yet Duris says that this Thermodon was no
+river, but that some of the soldiers, as they were pitching
+their tents and digging trenches about them, found a small stone
+statue, which, by the inscription, appeared to be the figure of
+Thermodon, carrying a wounded Amazon in his arms; and that there
+was another oracle current about it, as follows: --
+
+The battle on Thermodon that shall be,
+Fail not, black raven, to attend and see;
+The flesh of men shall there abound for thee.
+
+In fine, it is not easy to determine what is the truth.  But of
+Demosthenes it is said, that he had such great confidence in the
+Grecian forces, and was so excited by the sight of the courage
+and resolution of so many brave men ready to engage the enemy,
+that he would by no means endure they should give any heed to
+oracles, or hearken to prophecies, but gave out that he
+suspected even the prophetess herself, as if she had been
+tampered with to speak in favor of Philip.  The Thebans he put
+in mind of Epaminondas, the Athenians, of Pericles, who always
+took their own measures and governed their actions by reason,
+looking upon things of this kind as mere pretexts for cowardice.
+Thus far, therefore, Demosthenes acquitted himself like a brave
+man.  But in the fight he did nothing honorable, nor was his
+performance answerable to his speeches.  For he fled, deserting
+his place disgracefully, and throwing away his arms, not
+ashamed, as Pytheas observed, to belie the inscription written
+on his shield, in letters of gold, "With good fortune."
+
+In the meantime Philip, in the first moment of victory, was so
+transported with joy, that he grew extravagant, and going out,
+after he had drunk largely, to visit the dead bodies, he chanted
+the first words of the decree that had been passed on the motion
+of Demosthenes,
+
+The motion of Demosthenes, Demosthenes's son,
+
+dividing it metrically into feet, and marking the beats.
+
+But when he came to himself, and had well considered the danger
+he was lately under, he could not forbear from shuddering at the
+wonderful ability and power of an orator who had made him hazard
+his life and empire on the issue of a few brief hours.  The fame
+of it also reached even to the court of Persia, and the king
+sent letters to his lieutenants, commanding them to supply
+Demosthenes with money, and to pay every attention to him, as
+the only man of all the Grecians who was able to give Philip
+occupation and find employment for his forces near home, in the
+troubles of Greece.  This afterwards came to the knowledge of
+Alexander, by certain letters of Demosthenes which he found at
+Sardis, and by other papers of the Persian officers, stating the
+large sums which had been given him.
+
+At this time, however, upon the ill success which now happened
+to the Grecians, those of the contrary faction in the
+commonwealth fell foul upon Demosthenes, and took the
+opportunity to frame several informations and indictments
+against him.  But the people not only acquitted him of these
+accusations, but continued towards him their former respect, and
+still invited him, as a man that meant well, to take a part in
+public affairs.  Insomuch that when the bones of those who had
+been slain at Chaeronea were brought home to be solemnly
+interred, Demosthenes was the man they chose to make the funeral
+oration.  They did not show, under the misfortunes which befell
+them, a base or ignoble mind, as Theopompus writes in his
+exaggerated style, but, on the contrary, by the honor and
+respect paid to their counselor, they made it appear that they
+were noway dissatisfied with the counsels he had given them.
+The speech, therefore, was spoken by Demosthenes.  But the
+subsequent decrees he would not allow to be passed in his own
+name, but made use of those of his friends, one after another,
+looking upon his own as unfortunate and inauspicious; till at
+length he took courage again after the death of Philip, who did
+not long outlive his victory at Chaeronea.  And this, it seems,
+was that which was foretold in the last verse of the oracle,
+
+Conquered shall weep, and conqueror perish there.
+
+Demosthenes had secret intelligence of the death of Philip, and
+laying hold of this opportunity to prepossess the people with
+courage and better hopes for the future, he came into the
+assembly with a cheerful countenance, pretending to have had a
+dream that presaged some great good fortune for Athens; and, not
+long after, arrived the messengers who brought the news of
+Philip's death.  No sooner had the people received it but
+immediately they offered sacrifice to the gods, and decreed that
+Pausanias should be presented with a crown.  Demosthenes
+appeared publicly in a rich dress, with a chaplet on his head,
+though it were but the seventh day since the death of his
+daughter, as is said by Aeschines, who upbraids him upon this
+account, and rails at him as one void of natural affection
+towards his children.  Whereas, indeed, he rather betrays
+himself to be of a poor, low spirit, and effeminate mind, if he
+really means to make wailings and lamentation the only signs of
+a gentle and affectionate nature, and to condemn those who bear
+such accidents with more temper and less passion.  For my own
+part, I cannot say that the behavior of the Athenians on this
+occasion was wise or honorable, to crown themselves with
+garlands and to sacrifice to the Gods for the death of a Prince
+who, in the midst of his success and victories, when they were a
+conquered people, had used them with so much clemency and
+humanity.  For besides provoking fortune, it was a base thing,
+and unworthy in itself, to make him a citizen of Athens, and pay
+him honors while he lived, and yet as soon as he fell by
+another's hand, to set no bounds to their jollity, to insult
+over him dead, and to sing triumphant songs of victory, as if by
+their own valor they had vanquished him.  I must at the same
+time commend the behavior of Demosthenes, who, leaving tears and
+lamentations and domestic sorrows to the women, made it his
+business to attend to the interests of the commonwealth.  And I
+think it the duty of him who would be accounted to have a soul
+truly valiant, and fit for government, that, standing always
+firm to the common good, and letting private griefs and troubles
+find their compensation in public blessings, he should maintain
+the dignity of his character and station, much more than actors
+who represent the persons of kings and tyrants, who, we see,
+when they either laugh or weep on the stage, follow, not their
+own private inclinations, but the course consistent with the
+subject and with their position.  And if, moreover, when our
+neighbor is in misfortune, it is not our duty to forbear
+offering any consolation, but rather to say whatever may tend to
+cheer him, and to invite his attention to any agreeable objects,
+just as we tell people who are troubled with sore eyes, to
+withdraw their sight from bright and offensive colors to green,
+and those of a softer mixture, from whence can a man seek, in
+his own case, better arguments of consolation for afflictions in
+his family, than from the prosperity of his country, by making
+public and domestic chances count, so to say, together, and the
+better fortune of the state obscure and conceal the less happy
+circumstances of the individual.  I have been induced to say so
+much, because I have known many readers melted by Aeschines's
+language into a soft and unmanly tenderness.
+
+But now to return to my narrative.  The cities of Greece were
+inspirited once more by the efforts of Demosthenes to form a
+league together.  The Thebans, whom he had provided with arms,
+set upon their garrison, and slew many of them; the Athenians
+made preparations to join their forces with them; Demosthenes
+ruled supreme in the popular assembly, and wrote letters to the
+Persian officers who commanded under the king in Asia, inciting
+them to make war upon the Macedonian, calling him child and
+simpleton. But as soon as Alexander had settled matters in his
+own country, and came in person with his army into Boeotia, down
+fell the courage of the Athenians, and Demosthenes was hushed;
+the Thebans, deserted by them, fought by themselves, and lost
+their city.  After which, the people of Athens, all in distress
+and great perplexity, resolved to send ambassadors to Alexander,
+and amongst others, made choice of Demosthenes for one; but his
+heart failing him for fear of the king's anger, he returned back
+from Cithaeron, and left the embassy.  In the meantime,
+Alexander sent to Athens, requiring ten of their orators to be
+delivered up to him, as Idomeneus and Duris have reported, but
+as the most and best historians say, he demanded these eight
+only: Demosthenes, Polyeuctus, Ephialtes, Lycurgus, Moerocles,
+Demon, Callisthenes, and Charidemus.  It was upon this occasion
+that Demosthenes related to them the fable in which the sheep
+are said to deliver up their dogs to the wolves; himself and
+those who with him contended for the people's safety, being, in
+his comparison, the dogs that defended the flock, and Alexander
+"the Macedonian arch wolf."  He further told them, "As we see
+corn-masters sell their whole stock by a few grains of wheat
+which they carry about with them in a dish, as a sample of the
+rest, so you, by delivering up us, who are but a few, do at the
+same time unawares surrender up yourselves all together with
+us;" so we find it related in the history of Aristobulus, the
+Cassandrian.  The Athenians were deliberating, and at a loss
+what to do, when Demades, having agreed with the persons whom
+Alexander had demanded, for five talents, undertook to go
+ambassador, and to intercede with the king for them; and,
+whether it was that he relied on his friendship and kindness, or
+that he hoped to find him satiated, as a lion glutted with
+slaughter, he certainly went, and prevailed with him both to
+pardon the men, and to be reconciled to the city.
+
+So he and his friends, when Alexander went away, were great men,
+and Demosthenes was quite put aside.  Yet when Agis, the
+Spartan, made his insurrection, he also for a short time
+attempted a movement in his favor; but he soon shrunk back
+again, as the Athenians would not take any part in it, and, Agis
+being slain, the Lacedaemonians were vanquished.  During this
+time it was that the indictment against Ctesiphon, concerning
+the Crown, was brought to trial.  The action was commenced a
+little before the battle in Chaeronea, when Chaerondas was
+archon, but it was not proceeded with till about ten years
+after, Aristophon being then archon.  Never was any public cause
+more celebrated than this, alike for the fame of the orators,
+and for the generous courage of the judges, who, though at that
+time the accusers of Demosthenes were in the height of power,
+and supported by all the favor of the Macedonians, yet would not
+give judgment against him, but acquitted him so honorably, that
+Aeschines did not obtain the fifth part of their suffrages on
+his side, so that, immediately after, he left the city, and
+spent the rest of his life in teaching rhetoric about the island
+of Rhodes, and upon the continent in Ionia.
+
+It was not long after that Harpalus fled from Alexander, and
+came to Athens out of Asia; knowing himself guilty of many
+misdeeds into which his love of luxury had led him, and fearing
+the king, who was now grown terrible even to his best friends.
+Yet this man had no sooner addressed himself to the people, and
+delivered up his goods, his ships, and himself to their
+disposal, but the other orators of the town had their eyes
+quickly fixed upon his money, and came in to his assistance,
+persuading the Athenians to receive and protect their suppliant.
+Demosthenes at first gave advice to chase him out of the
+country, and to beware lest they involved their city in a war
+upon an unnecessary and unjust occasion.  But some few days
+after, as they were taking an account of the treasure, Harpalus,
+perceiving how much he was pleased with a cup of Persian
+manufacture, and how curiously he surveyed the sculpture and
+fashion of it, desired him to poise it in his hand, and consider
+the weight of the gold.  Demosthenes, being amazed to feel how
+heavy it was, asked him what weight it came to.  "To you," said
+Harpalus, smiling, "it shall come with twenty talents."  And
+presently after, when night drew on, he sent him the cup with so
+many talents.  Harpalus, it seems, was a person of singular
+skill to discern a man's covetousness by the air of his
+countenance, and the look and movements of his eyes.  For
+Demosthenes could not resist the temptation, but admitting the
+present, like an armed garrison, into the citadel of his house,
+he surrendered himself up to the interest of Harpalus.  The next
+day, he came into the assembly with his neck swathed about with
+wool and rollers, and when they called on him to rise up and
+speak, he made signs as if he had lost his voice.  But the wits,
+turning the matter to ridicule, said that certainly the orator
+had been seized that night with no other than a silver quinsy.
+And soon after, the people, becoming aware of the bribery, grew
+angry, and would not suffer him to speak, or make any apology
+for himself, but ran him down with noise; and one man stood up,
+and cried out, "What, ye men of Athens, will you not hear the
+cup-bearer?"  So at length they banished Harpalus out of the
+city; and fearing lest they should be called to account for the
+treasure which the orators had purloined, they made a strict
+inquiry, going from house to house; only Callicles, the son of
+Arrhenidas, who was newly married, they would not suffer to be
+searched, out of respect, as Theopompus writes, to the bride,
+who was within.
+
+Demosthenes resisted the inquisition, and proposed a decree to
+refer the business to the court of Areopagus, and to punish
+those whom that court should find guilty.  But being himself one
+of the first whom the court condemned, when he came to the bar,
+he was fined fifty talents, and committed to prison; where, out
+of shame of the crime for which he was condemned, and through
+the weakness of his body, growing incapable of supporting the
+confinement, he made his escape, by the carelessness of some and
+by the connivance of others of the citizens.  We are told, at
+least, that he had not fled far from the city, when, finding
+that he was pursued by some of those who had been his
+adversaries, he endeavored to hide himself.  But when they
+called him by his name, and coming up nearer to him, desired he
+would accept from them some money which they had brought from
+home as a provision for his journey, and to that purpose only
+had followed him, when they entreated him to take courage, and
+to bear up against his misfortune, he burst out into much
+greater lamentation, saying, "But how is it possible to support
+myself under so heavy an affliction, since I leave a city in
+which I have such enemies, as in any other it is not easy to
+find friends."  He did not show much fortitude in his
+banishment, spending his time for the most part in Aegina and
+Troezen, and, with tears in his eyes, looking towards the
+country of Attica.  And there remain upon record some sayings of
+his, little resembling those sentiments of generosity and
+bravery which he used to express when he had the management of
+the commonwealth.  For, as he was departing out of the city, it
+is reported, he lifted up his hands towards the Acropolis, and
+said, "O Lady Minerva, how is it that thou takest delight in
+three such fierce untractable beast, the owl, the snake, and the
+people?"  The young men that came to visit and converse with
+him, he deterred from meddling with state affairs, telling them,
+that if at first two ways had been proposed to him, the one
+leading to the speaker's stand and the assembly, the other going
+direct to destruction, and he could have foreseen the many evils
+which attend those who deal in public business, such as fears,
+envies, calumnies, and contentions, he would certainly have
+taken that which led straight on to his death.
+
+But now happened the death of Alexander, while Demosthenes was
+in this banishment which we have been speaking of.  And the
+Grecians were once again up in arms, encouraged by the brave
+attempts of Leosthenes, who was then drawing a circumvallation
+about Antipater, whom he held close besieged in Lamia.  Pytheas,
+therefore, the orator, and Callimedon, called the Crab, fled
+from Athens, and taking sides with Antipater, went about with
+his friends and ambassadors to keep the Grecians from revolting
+and taking part with the Athenians.  But, on the other side,
+Demosthenes, associating himself with the ambassadors that came
+from Athens, used his utmost endeavors and gave them his best
+assistance in persuading the cities to fall unanimously upon the
+Macedonians, and to drive them out of Greece.  Phylarchus says
+that in Arcadia there happened a rencounter between Pytheas and
+Demosthenes, which came at last to downright railing, while the
+one pleaded for the Macedonians, and the other for the Grecians.
+Pytheas said, that as we always suppose there is some disease in
+the family to which they bring asses' milk, so wherever there
+comes an embassy from Athens, that city must needs be
+indisposed.  And Demosthenes answered him, retorting the
+comparison: "Asses' milk is brought to restore health, and the
+Athenians come for the safety and recovery of the sick."  With
+this conduct the people of Athens were so well pleased, that
+they decreed the recall of Demosthenes from banishment.  The
+decree was brought in by Demon the Paeanian, cousin to
+Demosthenes.  So they sent him a ship to Aegina, and he landed at
+the port of Piraeus, where he was met and joyfully received by
+all the citizens, not so much as an Archon or a priest staying
+behind.  And Demetrius, the Magnesian, says, that he lifted up
+his hands towards heaven, and blessed this day of his happy
+return, as far more honorable than that of Alcibiades; since he
+was recalled by his countrymen, not through any force or
+constraint put upon them, but by their own good-will and free
+inclinations.  There remained only his pecuniary fine, which,
+according to law, could not be remitted by the people.  But they
+found out a way to elude the law.  It was a custom with them to
+allow a certain quantity of silver to those who were to furnish
+and adorn the altar for the sacrifice of Jupiter Soter.  This
+office, for that turn, they bestowed on Demosthenes, and for the
+performance of it ordered him fifty talents, the very sum in
+which he was condemned.
+
+Yet it was no long time that he enjoyed his country after his
+return, the attempts of the Greeks being soon all utterly
+defeated.  For the battle at Cranon happened in Metagitnion, in
+Boedromion the garrison entered into Munychia, and in the
+Pyanepsion following died Demosthenes after this manner.
+
+Upon the report that Antipater and Craterus were coming to
+Athens, Demosthenes with his party took their opportunity to
+escape privily out of the city; but sentence of death was, upon
+the motion of Demades, passed upon them by the people.  They
+dispersed themselves, flying some to one place, some to another;
+and Antipater sent about his soldiers into all quarters to
+apprehend them.  Archias was their captain, and was thence
+called the exile-hunter.  He was a Thurian born, and is reported
+to have been an actor of tragedies, and they say that Polus, of
+Aegina, the best actor of his time, was his scholar; but
+Hermippus reckons Archias among the disciples of Lacritus, the
+orator, and Demetrius says, he spent some time with Anaximenes.
+This Archias finding Hyperides the orator, Aristonicus of
+Marathon, and Himeraeus, the brother of Demetrius the Phalerian,
+in Aegina, took them by force out of the temple of Aeacus,
+whither they were fled for safety, and sent them to Antipater,
+then at Cleonae, where they were all put to death; and
+Hyperides, they say, had his tongue cut out.
+
+Demosthenes, he heard, had taken sanctuary at the temple of
+Neptune in Calauria, and, crossing over thither in some light
+vessels, as soon as he had landed himself, and the Thracian
+spear-men that came with him, he endeavored to persuade
+Demosthenes to accompany him to Antipater, as if he should meet
+with no hard usage from him.  But Demosthenes, in his sleep the
+night before, had a strange dream.  It seemed to him that he was
+acting a tragedy, and contended with Archias for the victory;
+and though he acquitted himself well, and gave good satisfaction
+to the spectators, yet for want of better furniture and
+provision for the stage, he lost the day.  And so, while Archias
+was discoursing to him with many expressions of kindness, he
+sat still in the same posture, and looking up steadfastly upon
+him, "O Archias," said he, "I am as little affected by your
+promises now as I used formerly to be by your acting."  Archias
+at this beginning to grow angry and to threaten him, "Now," said
+Demosthenes, "you speak like the genuine Macedonian oracle;
+before you were but acting a part.  Therefore forbear only a
+little, while I write a word or two home to my family."  Having
+thus spoken, he withdrew into the temple, and taking a scroll,
+as if he meant to write, he put the reed into his mouth, and
+biting it, as he was wont to do when he was thoughtful or
+writing, he held it there for some time.  Then he bowed down his
+head and covered it.  The soldiers that stood at the door,
+supposing all this to proceed from want of courage and fear of
+death, in derision called him effeminate, and faint-hearted, and
+coward.  And Archias, drawing near, desired him to rise up, and
+repeating the same kind things he had spoken before, he once
+more promised him to make his peace with Antipater.  But
+Demosthenes, perceiving that now the poison had pierced and
+seized his vitals, uncovered his head, and fixing his eyes upon
+Archias, "Now," said he, "as soon as you please you may commence
+the part of Creon in the tragedy, and cast out this body of mine
+unburied.  But, O gracious Neptune, I, for my part, while I am
+yet alive, arise up and depart out of this sacred place; though
+Antipater and the Macedonians have not left so much as thy
+temple unpolluted."  After he had thus spoken and desired to be
+held up, because already he began to tremble and stagger, as he
+was going forward, and passing by the altar, he fell down, and
+with a groan gave up the ghost.
+
+Ariston says that he took the poison out of a reed, as we have
+shown before.  But Pappus, a certain historian whose history was
+recovered by Hermippus, says, that as he fell near the altar,
+there was found in his scroll this beginning only of a letter,
+and nothing more, "Demosthenes to Antipater."  And that when his
+sudden death was much wondered at, the Thracians who guarded the
+doors reported that he took the poison into his hand out of a
+rag, and put it in his mouth, and that they imagined it had been
+gold which he swallowed; but the maid that served him, being
+examined by the followers of Archias, affirmed that he had worn
+it in a bracelet for a long time, as an amulet.  And
+Eratosthenes also says that he kept the poison in a hollow ring,
+and that that ring was the bracelet which he wore about his arm.
+There are various other statements made by the many authors who
+have related the story, but there is no need to enter into their
+discrepancies; yet I must not omit what is said by Demochares,
+the relation of Demosthenes, who is of opinion, it was not by
+the help of poison that he met with so sudden and so easy a
+death, but that by the singular favor and providence of the gods
+he was thus rescued from the cruelty of the Macedonians.  He died
+on the sixteenth of Pyanepsion, the most sad and solemn day of
+the Thesmophoria, which the women observe by fasting in the
+temple of the goddess.
+
+Soon after his death, the people of Athens bestowed on him such
+honors as he had deserved.  They erected his statue of brass;
+they decreed that the eldest of his family should be maintained
+in the Prytaneum; and on the base of his statue was engraven the
+famous inscription, --
+
+Had you for Greece been strong, as wise you were,
+The Macedonian had not conquered her.
+
+For it is simply ridiculous to say, as some have related, that
+Demosthenes made these verses himself in Calauria, as he was
+about to take the poison.
+
+A little before we went to Athens, the following incident was
+said to have happened.  A soldier, being summoned to appear
+before his superior officer, and answer to an accusation brought
+against him, put that little gold which he had into the hands of
+Demosthenes's statue.  The fingers of this statue were folded
+one within another, and near it grew a small plane-tree, from
+which many leaves, either accidentally blown thither by the
+wind, or placed so on purpose by the man himself falling
+together, and lying round about the gold, concealed it for a
+long time.  In the end, the soldier returned, and found his
+treasure entire, and the fame of this incident was spread
+abroad.  And many ingenious persons of the city competed with
+each other, on this occasion, to vindicate the integrity of
+Demosthenes, in several epigrams which they made on the subject.
+
+As for Demades, he did not long enjoy the new honors he now came
+in for, divine vengeance for the death of Demosthenes pursuing
+him into Macedonia, where he was justly put to death by those
+whom he had basely flattered.  They were weary of him before,
+but at this time the guilt he lay under was manifest and
+undeniable.  For some of his letters were intercepted, in which
+he had encouraged Perdiccas to fall upon Macedonia, and to save
+the Grecians, who, he said, hung only by an old rotten thread,
+meaning Antipater.  Of this he was accused by Dinarchus, the
+Corinthian, and Cassander was so enraged, that he first slew his
+son in his bosom, and then gave orders to execute him; who
+might-now at last, by his own extreme misfortunes, learn the
+lesson, that traitors, who make sale of their country, sell
+themselves first; a truth which Demosthenes had often foretold
+him, and he would never believe.  Thus, Sosius, you have the
+life of Demosthenes, from such accounts as we have either read
+or heard concerning him.
+
+
+
+CICERO
+
+It is generally said, that Helvia, the mother of Cicero, was
+both well born and lived a fair life; but of his father nothing
+is reported but in extremes.  For whilst some would have him the
+son of a fuller, and educated in that trade, others carry back
+the origin of his family to Tullus Attius, an illustrious king
+of the Volscians, who waged war not without honor against the
+Romans.  However, he who first of that house was surnamed Cicero
+seems to have been a person worthy to be remembered; since those
+who succeeded him not only did not reject, but were fond of that
+name, though vulgarly made a matter of reproach.  For the Latins
+call a vetch Cicer, and a nick or dent at the tip of his nose,
+which resembled the opening in a vetch, gave him the surname of
+Cicero.
+
+Cicero, whose story I am writing, is said to have replied with
+spirit to some of his friends, who recommended him to lay aside
+or change the name when he first stood for office and engaged in
+politics, that he would make it his endeavor to render the name
+of Cicero more glorious than that of the Scauri and Catuli.  And
+when he was quaestor in Sicily, and was making an offering of
+silver plate to the gods, and had inscribed his two names,
+Marcus and Tullius, instead of the third he jestingly told the
+artificer to engrave the figure of a vetch by them.  Thus much
+is told us about his name.
+
+Of his birth it is reported, that his mother was delivered
+without pain or labor, on the third of the new Calends, the
+same day on which now the magistrates of Rome pray and sacrifice
+for the emperor.  It is said, also, that a vision appeared to
+his nurse, and foretold the child she then suckled should
+afterwards become a great benefit to the Roman States.  To such
+presages, which might in general be thought mere fancies and
+idle talk, he himself erelong gave the credit of true
+prophecies.  For as soon as he was of an age to begin to have
+lessons, he became so distinguished for his talent, and got such
+a name and reputation amongst the boys, that their fathers would
+often visit the school, that they might see young Cicero, and
+might be able to say that they themselves had witnessed the
+quickness and readiness in learning for which he was renowned.
+And the more rude among them used to be angry with their
+children, to see them, as they walked together, receiving Cicero
+with respect into the middle place.  And being, as Plato would
+have, the scholar-like and philosophical temper, eager for every
+kind of learning, and indisposed to no description of knowledge
+or instruction, he showed, however, a more peculiar propensity
+to poetry; and there is a poem now extant, made by him when a
+boy, in tetrameter verse, called Pontius Glaucus.  And
+afterwards, when he applied himself more curiously to these
+accomplishments, he had the name of being not only the best
+orator, but also the best poet of Rome.  And the glory of his
+rhetoric still remains, notwithstanding the many new modes in
+speaking since his time; but his verses are forgotten and out of
+all repute, so many ingenious poets having followed him.
+
+Leaving his juvenile studies, he became an auditor of Philo the
+Academic, whom the Romans, above all the other scholars of
+Clitomachus, admired for his eloquence and loved for his
+character.  He also sought the company of the Mucii, who were
+eminent statesmen and leaders in the senate, and acquired from
+them a knowledge of the laws.  For some short time he served in
+arms under Sylla, in the Marsian war.  But perceiving the
+commonwealth running into factions, and from faction all things
+tending to an absolute monarchy, he betook himself to a retired
+and contemplative life, and conversing with the learned Greeks,
+devoted himself to study, till Sylla had obtained the
+government, and the commonwealth was in some kind of settlement.
+
+At this time, Chrysogonus, Sylla's emancipated slave, having
+laid an information about an estate belonging to one who was
+said to have been put to death by proscription, had bought it
+himself for two thousand drachmas.  And when Roscius, the son
+and heir of the dead, complained, and demonstrated the estate to
+be worth two hundred and fifty talents, Sylla took it angrily to
+have his actions questioned, and preferred a process against
+Roscius for the murder of his father, Chrysogonus managing the
+evidence.  None of the advocates durst assist him, but fearing
+the cruelty of Sylla, avoided the cause.  The young man, being
+thus deserted, came for refuge to Cicero.  Cicero's friends
+encouraged him, saying he was not likely ever to have a fairer
+and more honorable introduction to public life; he therefore
+undertook the defense, carried the cause, and got much renown
+for it.
+
+But fearing Sylla, he traveled into Greece, and gave it out that
+he did so for the benefit of his health.  And indeed he was lean
+and meager, and had such a weakness in his stomach, that he
+could take nothing but a spare and thin diet, and that not till
+late in the evening.  His voice was loud and good, but so harsh
+and unmanaged that in vehemence and heat of speaking he always
+raised it to so high a tone, that there seemed to be reason to
+fear about his health.
+
+When he came to Athens, he was a hearer of Antiochus of Ascalon,
+with whose fluency and elegance of diction he was much taken,
+although he did not approve of his innovations in doctrine.  For
+Antiochus had now fallen off from the New Academy, as they call
+it, and forsaken the sect of Carneades, whether that he was
+moved by the argument of manifestness and the senses, or, as
+some say, had been led by feelings of rivalry and opposition to
+the followers of Clitomachus and Philo to change his opinions,
+and in most things to embrace the doctrine of the Stoics.  But
+Cicero rather affected and adhered to the doctrines of the New
+Academy; and purposed with himself, if he should be disappointed
+of any employment in the commonwealth, to retire hither from
+pleading and political affairs, and to pass his life with quiet
+in the study of philosophy.
+
+But after he had received the news of Sylla's death, and his
+body, strengthened again by exercise, was come to a vigorous
+habit, his voice managed and rendered sweet and full to the ear
+and pretty well brought into keeping with his general
+constitution, his friends at Rome earnestly soliciting him by
+letters, and Antiochus also urging him to return to public
+affairs, he again prepared for use his orator's instrument of
+rhetoric, and summoned into action his political faculties,
+diligently exercising himself in declamations, and attending the
+most celebrated rhetoricians of the time.  He sailed from Athens
+for Asia and Rhodes.  Amongst the Asian masters, he conversed
+with Xenocles of Adramyttium, Dionysius of Magnesia, and
+Menippus of Caria; at Rhodes, he studied oratory with
+Apollonius, the son of Molon, and philosophy with Posidonius.
+Apollonius, we are told, not understanding Latin, requested
+Cicero to declaim in Greek.  He complied willingly, thinking
+that his faults would thus be better pointed out to him.  And
+after he finished, all his other hearers were astonished, and
+contended who should praise him most, but Apollonius, who had
+shown no signs of excitement whilst he was hearing him, so also
+now, when it was over, sat musing for some considerable time,
+without any remark.  And when Cicero was discomposed at this, he
+said, "You have my praise and admiration, Cicero, and Greece my
+pity and commiseration, since those arts and that eloquence
+which are the only glories that remain to her, will now be
+transferred by you to Rome."
+
+And now when Cicero, full of expectation, was again bent upon
+political affairs, a certain oracle blunted the edge of his
+inclination; for consulting the god of Delphi how he should
+attain most glory, the Pythoness answered, by making his own
+genius and not the opinion of the people the guide of his life;
+and therefore at first he passed his time in Rome cautiously,
+and was very backward in pretending to public offices, so that
+he was at that time in little esteem, and had got the names, so
+readily given by low and ignorant people in Rome, of Greek and
+Scholar.  But when his own desire of fame and the eagerness of
+his father and relations had made him take in earnest to
+pleading, he made no slow or gentle advance to the first place,
+but shone out in full luster at once, and far surpassed all the
+advocates of the bar.  At first, it is said, he, as well as
+Demosthenes, was defective in his delivery, and on that account
+paid much attention to the instructions, sometimes of Roscius
+the comedian, and sometimes of Aesop the tragedian.  They tell
+of this Aesop, that whilst he was representing on the theater
+Atreus deliberating the revenge of Thyestes, he was so
+transported beyond himself in the heat of action, that he struck
+with his scepter one of the servants, who was running across the
+stage, so violently, that he laid him dead upon the place.  And
+such afterwards was Cicero's delivery, that it did not a little
+contribute to render his eloquence persuasive.  He used to
+ridicule loud speakers, saying that they shouted because they
+could not speak, like lame men who get on horseback because they
+cannot walk.  And his readiness and address in sarcasm, and
+generally in witty sayings, was thought to suit a pleader very
+well, and to be highly attractive, but his using it to excess
+offended many, and gave him the repute of ill nature.
+
+He was appointed quaestor in a great scarcity of corn, and had
+Sicily for his province, where, though at first he displeased
+many, by compelling them to send in their provisions to Rome,
+yet after they had had experience of his care, justice, and
+clemency, they honored him more than ever they did any of their
+governors before.  It happened, also, that some young Romans of
+good and noble families, charged with neglect of discipline and
+misconduct in military service, were brought before the praetor
+in Sicily.  Cicero undertook their defense, which he conducted
+admirably, and got them acquitted.  So returning to Rome with a
+great opinion of himself for these things, a ludicrous incident
+befell him, as he tells us himself.  Meeting an eminent citizen
+in Campania, whom he accounted his friend, he asked him what the
+Romans said and thought of his actions, as if the whole city had
+been filled with the glory of what he had done.  His friend
+asked him in reply, "Where is it you have been, Cicero?"  This
+for the time utterly mortified and cast him down, to perceive
+that the report of his actions had sunk into the city of Rome as
+into an immense ocean, without any visible effect or result in
+reputation.  And afterwards considering with himself that the
+glory he contended for was an infinite thing, and that there was
+no fixed end nor measure in its pursuit, he abated much of his
+ambitious thoughts.  Nevertheless, he was always excessively
+pleased with his own praise, and continued to the very last to
+be passionately fond of glory; which often interfered with the
+prosecution of his wisest resolutions.
+
+On beginning to apply himself more resolutely to public
+business, he remarked it as an unreasonable and absurd thing
+that artificers, using vessels and instruments inanimate, should
+know the name, place, and use of every one of them, and yet the
+statesman, whose instruments for carrying out public measures
+are men, should be negligent and careless in the knowledge of
+persons.  And so he not only acquainted himself with the names,
+but also knew the particular place where every one of the more
+eminent citizens dwelt, what lands he possessed, the friends he
+made use of, and those that were of his neighborhood, and when
+he traveled on any road in Italy, he could readily name and show
+the estates and seats of his friends and acquaintance.  Having
+so small an estate, though a sufficient competency for his own
+expenses, it was much wondered at that he took neither fees nor
+gifts from his clients, and more especially, that he did not do
+so when he undertook the prosecution of Verres.  This Verres,
+who had been praetor of Sicily, and stood charged by the
+Sicilians of many evil practices during his government there,
+Cicero succeeded in getting condemned, not by speaking, but in a
+manner by holding his tongue.  For the praetors, favoring
+Verres, had deferred the trial by several adjournments to the
+last day, in which it was evident there could not be sufficient
+time for the advocates to be heard, and the cause brought to an
+issue.  Cicero, therefore, came forward, and said there was no
+need of speeches; and after producing and examining witnesses,
+he required the judges to proceed to sentence.  However, many
+witty sayings are on record, as having been used by Cicero on
+the occasion.  When a man named Caecilius, one of the freed
+slaves, who was said to be given to Jewish practices, would have
+put by the Sicilians, and undertaken the prosecution of Verres
+himself, Cicero asked, "What has a Jew to do with swine?"
+verres being the Roman word for a boar.  And when Verres began
+to reproach Cicero with effeminate living, "You ought," replied
+he, "to use this language at home, to your sons;" Verres having
+a son who had fallen into disgraceful courses.  Hortensius the
+orator, not daring directly to undertake the defense of Verres,
+was yet persuaded to appear for him at the laying on of the
+fine, and received an ivory sphinx for his reward; and when
+Cicero, in some passage of his speech, obliquely reflected on
+him, and Hortensius told him he was not skillful in solving
+riddles, "No," said Cicero, "and yet you have the Sphinx in your
+house!"
+
+Verres was thus convicted; though Cicero, who set the fine at
+seventy-five myriads, lay under the suspicion of being
+corrupted by bribery to lessen the sum.  But the Sicilians, in
+testimony of their gratitude, came and brought him all sorts of
+presents from the island, when he was aedile; of which he made
+no private profit himself, but used their generosity only to
+reduce the public price of provisions.
+
+He had a very pleasant seat at Arpi, he had also a farm near
+Naples, and another about Pompeii, but neither of any great
+value.  The portion of his wife, Terentia, amounted to ten
+myriads, and he had a bequest valued at nine myriads of denarii;
+upon these he lived in a liberal but temperate style, with the
+learned Greeks and Romans that were his familiars.  He rarely,
+if at any time, sat down to meat till sunset, and that not so
+much on account of business, as for his health and the weakness
+of his stomach.  He was otherwise in the care of his body nice
+and delicate, appointing himself, for example, a set number of
+walks and rubbings.  And after this manner managing the habit
+of his body, he brought it in time to be healthful, and capable
+of supporting many great fatigues and trials.  His father's
+house he made over to his brother, living himself near the
+Palatine hill, that he might not give the trouble of long
+journeys to those that made suit to him.  And, indeed, there
+were not fewer daily appearing at his door, to do their court to
+him, than there were that came to Crassus for his riches, or to
+Pompey for his power amongst the soldiers, these being at that
+time the two men of the greatest repute and influence in Rome.
+Nay, even Pompey himself used to pay court to Cicero, and
+Cicero's public actions did much to establish Pompey's authority
+and reputation in the state.
+
+Numerous distinguished competitors stood with him for the
+praetor's office; but he was chosen before them all, and managed
+the decision of causes with justice and integrity.  It is
+related that Licinius Macer, a man himself of great power in the
+city, and supported also by the assistance of Crassus, was
+accused before him of extortion, and that, in confidence on his
+own interest and the diligence of his friends, whilst the judges
+were debating about the sentence, he went to his house, where
+hastily trimming his hair and putting on a clean gown, as
+already acquitted, he was setting off again to go to the Forum;
+but at his hall door meeting Crassus, who told him that he was
+condemned by all the votes, he went in again, threw himself upon
+his bed, and died immediately.  This verdict was considered very
+creditable to Cicero, as showing his careful management of the
+courts of justice.  On another occasion, Vatinius, a man of rude
+manners and often insolent in court to the magistrates, who had
+large swellings on his neck, came before his tribunal and made
+some request, and on Cicero's desiring further time to consider
+it, told him that he himself would have made no question about
+it, had he been praetor.  Cicero, turning quickly upon him,
+answered, "But I, you see, have not the neck that you have."
+
+When there were but two or three days remaining in his office,
+Manilius was brought before him, and charged with peculation.
+Manilius had the good opinion and favor of the common people,
+and was thought to be prosecuted only for Pompey's sake, whose
+particular friend he was.  And therefore, when he asked a space
+of time before his trial, and Cicero allowed him but one day,
+and that the next only, the common people grew highly offended,
+because it had been the custom of the praetors to allow ten days
+at least to the accused: and the tribunes of the people having
+called him before the people, and accused him, he, desiring to
+be heard, said, that as he had always treated the accused with
+equity and humanity, as far as the law allowed, so he thought it
+hard to deny the same to Manilius, and that he had studiously
+appointed that day of which alone, as praetor, he was master,
+and that it was not the part of those that were desirous to help
+him, to cast the judgment of his cause upon another praetor.
+These things being said made a wonderful change in the people,
+and, commending him much for it, they desired that he himself
+would undertake the defense of Manilius; which he willingly
+consented to, and that principally for the sake of Pompey, who
+was absent.  And, accordingly, taking his place before the
+people again, he delivered a bold invective upon the
+oligarchical party and on those who were jealous of Pompey.
+
+Yet he was preferred to the consulship no less by the nobles
+than the common people, for the good of the city; and both
+parties jointly assisted his promotion, upon the following
+reasons.  The change of government made by Sylla, which at first
+seemed a senseless one, by time and usage had now come to be
+considered by the people no unsatisfactory settlement.  But
+there were some that endeavored to alter and subvert the whole
+present state of affairs not from any good motives, but for
+their own private gain; and Pompey being at this time employed
+in the wars with the kings of Pontus and Armenia, there was no
+sufficient force at Rome to suppress any attempts at a
+revolution.  These people had for their head a man of bold,
+daring, and restless character, Lucius Catiline, who was
+accused, besides other great offenses, of deflowering his virgin
+daughter, and killing his own brother; for which latter crime,
+fearing to be prosecuted at law, he persuaded Sylla to set him
+down, as though he were yet alive, amongst those that were to be
+put to death by proscription.  This man the profligate citizens
+choosing for their captain, gave faith to one another, amongst
+other pledges, by sacrificing a man and eating of his flesh; and
+a great part of the young men of the city were corrupted by him,
+he providing for everyone pleasures, drink, and women, and
+profusely supplying the expense of these debauches.  Etruria,
+moreover, had all been excited to revolt, as well as a great
+part of Gaul within the Alps.  But Rome itself was in the most
+dangerous inclination to change, on account of the unequal
+distribution of wealth and property, those of highest rank and
+greatest spirit having impoverished themselves by shows,
+entertainments, ambition of offices, and sumptuous buildings,
+and the riches of the city having thus fallen into the hands of
+mean and low-born persons.  So that there wanted but a slight
+impetus to set all in motion, it being in the power of every
+daring man to overturn a sickly commonwealth.
+
+Catiline, however, being desirous of procuring a strong position
+to carry out his designs, stood for the consulship, and had
+great hopes of success, thinking he should be appointed, with
+Caius Antonius as his colleague, who was a man fit to lead
+neither in a good cause nor in a bad one, but might be a
+valuable accession to another's power.  These things the
+greatest part of the good and honest citizens apprehending, put
+Cicero upon standing for the consulship; whom the people readily
+receiving, Catiline was put by, so that he and Caius Antonius
+were chosen, although amongst the competitors he was the only
+man descended from a father of the equestrian, and not of the
+senatorial order.
+
+Though the designs of Catiline were not yet publicly known, yet
+considerable preliminary troubles immediately followed upon
+Cicero's entrance upon the consulship.  For, on the one side,
+those who were disqualified by the laws of Sylla from holding
+any public offices, being neither inconsiderable in power nor in
+number, came forward as candidates and caressed the people for
+them; speaking many things truly and justly against the tyranny
+of Sylla, only that they disturbed the government at an improper
+and unseasonable time; on the other hand, the tribunes of the
+people proposed laws to the same purpose, constituting a
+commission of ten persons, with unlimited powers, in whom as
+supreme governors should be vested the right of selling the
+public lands of all Italy and Syria and Pompey's new conquests,
+of judging and banishing whom they pleased, of planting
+colonies, of taking moneys out of the treasury, and of levying
+and paying what soldiers should be thought needful.  And several
+of the nobility favored this law, but especially Caius Antonius,
+Cicero's colleague, in hopes of being one of the ten.  But what
+gave the greatest fear to the nobles was, that he was thought
+privy to the conspiracy of Catiline, and not to dislike it,
+because of his great debts.
+
+Cicero, endeavoring in the first place to provide a remedy
+against this danger, procured a decree assigning to him the
+province of Macedonia, he himself declining that of Gaul, which
+was offered to him.  And this piece of favor so completely won
+over Antonius, that he was ready to second and respond to, like
+a hired player, whatever Cicero said for the good of the
+country.  And now, having made his colleague thus tame and
+tractable, he could with greater courage attack the
+conspirators.  And, therefore, in the senate, making an oration
+against the law of the ten commissioners, he so confounded those
+who proposed it, that they had nothing to reply.  And when they
+again endeavored, and, having prepared things beforehand, had
+called the consuls before the assembly of the people, Cicero,
+fearing nothing, went first out, and commanded the senate to
+follow him, and not only succeeded in throwing out the law, but
+so entirely overpowered the tribunes by his oratory, that they
+abandoned all thought of their other projects.
+
+For Cicero, it may be said, was the one man, above all others,
+who made the Romans feel how great a charm eloquence lends to
+what is good, and how invincible justice is, if it be well
+spoken; and that it is necessary for him who would dexterously
+govern a commonwealth, in action, always to prefer that which
+is honest before that which is popular, and in speaking, to free
+the right and useful measure from everything that may occasion
+offense.  An incident occurred in the theater, during his
+consulship, which showed what his speaking could do.  For
+whereas formerly the knights of Rome were mingled in the theater
+with the common people, and took their places amongst them as it
+happened, Marcus Otho, when he was praetor, was the first who
+distinguished them from the other citizens, and appointed them a
+proper seat, which they still enjoy as their special place in
+the theater.  This the common people took as an indignity done
+to them, and, therefore, when Otho appeared in the theater, they
+hissed him; the knights, on the contrary, received him with loud
+clapping.  The people repeated and increased their hissing; the
+knights continued their clapping.  Upon this, turning upon one
+another, they broke out into insulting words, so that the
+theater was in great disorder.  Cicero, being informed of it,
+came himself to the theater, and summoning the people into the
+temple of Bellona, he so effectually chid and chastised them for
+it, that, again returning into the theater, they received Otho
+with loud applause, contending with the knights who should give
+him the greatest demonstrations of honor and respect.
+
+The conspirators with Catiline, at first cowed and disheartened,
+began presently to take courage again.  And assembling
+themselves together, they exhorted one another boldly to
+undertake the design before Pompey's return, who, as it was
+said, was now on his march with his forces for Rome.  But the
+old soldiers of Sylla were Catiline's chief stimulus to action.
+They had been disbanded all about Italy, but the greatest number
+and the fiercest of them lay scattered among the cities of
+Etruria, entertaining themselves with dreams of new plunder and
+rapine amongst the hoarded riches of Italy.  These, having for
+their leader Manlius, who had served with distinction in the
+wars under Sylla, joined themselves to Catiline, and came to
+Rome to assist him with their suffrages at the election.  For he
+again pretended to the consulship, having resolved to kill
+Cicero in a tumult at the elections.  Also, the divine powers
+seemed to give intimation of the coming troubles, by
+earthquakes, thunderbolts, and strange appearances.  Nor was
+human evidence wanting, certain enough in itself, though not
+sufficient for the conviction of the noble and powerful
+Catiline.  Therefore Cicero, deferring the day of election,
+summoned Catiline into the senate, and questioned him as to the
+charges made against him.  Catiline, believing there were many
+in the senate desirous of change, and to give a specimen of
+himself to the conspirators present, returned an audacious
+answer, "What harm," said he, "when I see two bodies, the one
+lean and consumptive with a head, the other great and strong
+without one, if I put a head to that body which wants one?"
+This covert representation of the senate and the people excited
+yet greater apprehensions in Cicero.  He put on armor, and was
+attended from his house by the noble citizens in a body; and a
+number of the young men went with him into the Plain.  Here,
+designedly letting his tunic slip partly off from his shoulders,
+he showed his armor underneath, and discovered his danger to the
+spectators; who, being much moved at it, gathered round about
+him for his defense.  At length, Catiline was by a general
+suffrage again put by, and Silanus and Murena chosen consuls.
+
+Not long after this, Catiline's soldiers got together in a body
+in Etruria, and began to form themselves into companies, the day
+appointed for the design being near at hand.  About midnight,
+some of the principal and most powerful citizens of Rome, Marcus
+Crassus, Marcus Marcellus, and Scipio Metellus went to Cicero's
+house, where, knocking at the gate, and calling up the porter,
+they commended him to awake Cicero, and tell him they were
+there.  The business was this: Crassus's porter after supper
+had delivered to him letters brought by an unknown person.  Some
+of them were directed to others, but one to Crassus, without a
+name; this only Crassus read, which informed him that there was
+a great slaughter intended by Catiline, and advised him to leave
+the city.  The others he did not open, but went with them
+immediately to Cicero, being affrighted at the danger, and to
+free himself of the suspicion he lay under for his familiarity
+with Catiline.  Cicero, considering the matter, summoned the
+senate at break of day.  The letters he brought with him, and
+delivered them to those to whom they were directed, commanding
+them to read them publicly; they all alike contained an account
+of the conspiracy.  And when Quintus Arrius, a man of praetorian
+dignity, recounted to them, how soldiers were collecting in
+companies in Etruria, and Manlius stated to be in motion with a
+large force, hovering about those cities, in expectation of
+intelligence from Rome, the senate made a decree, to place all
+in the hands of the consuls, who should undertake the conduct of
+everything, and do their best to save the state.  This was not
+a common thing, but only done by the senate in case of imminent
+danger.
+
+After Cicero had received this power, he committed all affairs
+outside to Quintus Metellus, but the management of the city he
+kept in his own hands.  Such a numerous attendance guarded him
+every day when he went abroad, that the greatest part of the
+market-place was filled with his train when he entered it.
+Catiline, impatient of further delay, resolved himself to break
+forth and go to Manlius, but he commanded Marcius and Cethegus
+to take their swords, and go early in the morning to Cicero's
+gates, as if only intending to salute him, and then to fall upon
+him and slay him.  This a noble lady, Fulvia, coming by night,
+discovered to Cicero, bidding him beware of Cethegus and
+Marcius.  They came by break of day, and being denied entrance,
+made an outcry and disturbance at the gates, which excited all
+the more suspicion.  But Cicero, going forth, summoned the
+senate into the temple of Jupiter Stator, which stands at the
+end of the Sacred Street, going up to the Palatine.  And when
+Catiline with others of his party also came, as intending to
+make his defense, none of the senators would sit by him, but all
+of them left the bench where he had placed himself.  And when he
+began to speak, they interrupted him with outcries.  At length
+Cicero, standing up, commanded him to leave the city, for since
+one governed the commonwealth with words, the other with arms,
+it was necessary there should be a wall betwixt them.  Catiline,
+therefore, immediately left the town, with three hundred armed
+men; and assuming, as if he had been a magistrate, the rods,
+axes, and military ensigns, he went to Manlius, and having got
+together a body of near twenty thousand men, with these he
+marched to the several cities, endeavoring to persuade or force
+them to revolt.  So it being now come to open war, Antonius was
+sent forth to fight him.
+
+The remainder of those in the city whom he had corrupted,
+Cornelius Lentulus kept together and encouraged.  He had the
+surname Sura, and was a man of a noble family, but a dissolute
+liver, who for his debauchery was formerly turned out of the
+senate, and was now holding the office of praetor for the second
+time, as the custom is with those who desire to regain the
+dignity of senator.  It is said that he got the surname Sura
+upon this occasion; being quaestor in the time of Sylla, he had
+lavished away and consumed a great quantity of the public
+moneys, at which Sylla being provoked, called him to give an
+account in the senate; he appeared with great coolness and
+contempt, and said he had no account to give, but they might
+take this, holding up the calf of his leg, as boys do at ball,
+when they have missed.  Upon which he was surnamed Sura, sura
+being the Roman word for the calf of the leg.  Being at another
+time prosecuted at law, and having bribed some of the judges, he
+escaped only by two votes, and complained of the needless
+expense he had gone to in paying for a second, as one would have
+sufficed to acquit him.  This man, such in his own nature, and
+now inflamed by Catiline, false prophets and fortune-tellers had
+also corrupted with vain hopes, quoting to him fictitious verses
+and oracles, and proving from the Sibylline prophecies that
+there were three of the name Cornelius designed by fate to be
+monarchs of Rome; two of whom, Cinna and Sylla, had already
+fulfilled the decree, and that divine fortune was now advancing
+with the gift of monarchy for the remaining third Cornelius; and
+that therefore he ought by all means to accept it, and not lose
+opportunity by delay, as Catiline had done.
+
+Lentulus, therefore, designed no mean or trivial matter, for he
+had resolved to kill the whole senate, and as many other
+citizens as he could, to fire the city, and spare nobody, except
+only Pompey's children, intending to seize and keep them as
+pledges of his reconciliation with Pompey.  For there was then a
+common and strong report that Pompey was on his way homeward
+from his great expedition.  The night appointed for the design
+was one of the Saturnalia; swords, flax, and sulfur they carried
+and hid in the house of Cethegus; and providing one hundred men,
+and dividing the city into as many parts, they had allotted to
+every one singly his proper place, so that in a moment many
+kindling the fire, the city might be in a flame all together.
+Others were appointed to stop up the aqueducts, and to kill
+those who should endeavor to carry water to put it out.  Whilst
+these plans were preparing, it happened there were two
+ambassadors from the Allobroges staying in Rome; a nation at
+that time in a distressed condition, and very uneasy under the
+Roman government.  These Lentulus and his party judging useful
+instruments to move and seduce Gaul to revolt, admitted into the
+conspiracy, and they gave them letters to their own magistrates,
+and letters to Catiline; in those they promised liberty, in
+these they exhorted Catiline to set all slaves free, and to
+bring them along with him to Rome.  They sent also to accompany
+them to Catiline, one Titus, a native of Croton, who was to
+carry those letters to him.
+
+These counsels of inconsidering men, who conversed together over
+wine and with women, Cicero watched with sober industry and
+forethought, and with most admirable sagacity, having several
+emissaries abroad, who observed and traced with him all that was
+done, and keeping also a secret correspondence with many who
+pretended to join in the conspiracy.  He thus knew all the
+discourse which passed betwixt them and the strangers; and lying
+in wait for them by night, he took the Crotonian with his
+letters, the ambassadors of the Allobroges acting secretly in
+concert with him.
+
+By break of day, he summoned the senate into the temple of
+Concord, where he read the letters and examined the informers.
+Junius Silanus further stated, that several persons had heard
+Cethegus say, that three consuls and four praetors were to be
+slain; Piso, also, a person of consular dignity, testified other
+matters of the like nature; and Caius Sulpicius, one of the
+praetors, being sent to Cethegus's house, found there a quantity
+of darts and of armor, and a still greater number of swords and
+daggers, all recently whetted.  At length, the senate decreeing
+indemnity to the Crotonian upon his confession of the whole
+matter, Lentulus was convicted, abjured his office (for he was
+then praetor), and put off his robe edged with purple in the
+senate, changing it for another garment more agreeable to his
+present circumstances.  He, thereupon, with the rest of his
+confederates present, was committed to the charge of the
+praetors in free custody.
+
+It being evening, and the common people in crowds expecting
+without, Cicero went forth to them, and told them what was done,
+and then, attended by them, went to the house of a friend and
+near neighbor; for his own was taken up by the women, who were
+celebrating with secret rites the feast of the goddess whom the
+Romans call the Good, and the Greeks, the Women's goddess.  For
+a sacrifice is annually performed to her in the consul's house,
+either by his wife or mother, in the presence of the vestal
+virgins.  And having got into his friend's house privately, a
+few only being present, he began to deliberate how he should
+treat these men.  The severest, and the only punishment fit for
+such heinous crimes, he was somewhat shy and fearful of
+inflicting, as well from the clemency of his nature, as also
+lest he should be thought to exercise his authority too
+insolently, and to treat too harshly men of the noblest birth
+and most powerful friendships in the city; and yet, if he should
+use them more mildly, he had a dreadful prospect of danger from
+them.  For there was no likelihood, if they suffered less than
+death, they would be reconciled, but rather, adding new rage to
+their former wickedness, they would rush into every kind of
+audacity, while he himself, whose character for courage already
+did not stand very high with the multitude, would be thought
+guilty of the greatest cowardice and want of manliness.
+
+Whilst Cicero was doubting what course to take, a portent
+happened to the women in their sacrificing.  For on the altar,
+where the fire seemed wholly extinguished, a great and bright
+flame issued forth from the ashes of the burnt wood; at which
+others were affrighted, but the holy virgins called to Terentia,
+Cicero's wife, and bade her haste to her husband, and command
+him to execute what he had resolved for the good of his country,
+for the goddess had sent a great light to the increase of his
+safety and glory.  Terentia, therefore, as she was otherwise in
+her own nature neither tender-hearted nor timorous, but a woman
+eager for distinction (who, as Cicero himself says, would rather
+thrust herself into his public affairs, than communicate her
+domestic matters to him), told him these things, and excited him
+against the conspirators.  So also did Quintus his brother, and
+Publius Nigidius, one of his philosophical friends, whom he
+often made use of in his greatest and most weighty affairs of
+state.
+
+The next day, a debate arising in the senate about the
+punishment of the men, Silanus, being the first who was asked
+his opinion, said, it was fit they should be all sent to the
+prison, and there suffer the utmost penalty.  To him all
+consented in order till it came to Caius Caesar, who was
+afterwards dictator.  He was then but a young man, and only at
+the outset of his career, but had already directed his hopes and
+policy to that course by which he afterwards changed the Roman
+state into a monarchy.  Of this others foresaw nothing; but
+Cicero had seen reason for strong suspicion, though without
+obtaining any sufficient means of proof.  And there were some
+indeed that said that he was very near being discovered, and
+only just escaped him; others are of opinion that Cicero
+voluntarily overlooked and neglected the evidence against him,
+for fear of his friends and power; for it was very evident to
+everybody, that if Caesar was to be accused with the
+conspirators, they were more likely to be saved with him, than
+he to be punished with them.
+
+When, therefore, it came to Caesar's turn to give his opinion,
+he stood up and proposed that the conspirators should not be put
+to death, but their estates confiscated, and their persons
+confined in such cities in Italy as Cicero should approve, there
+to be kept in custody till Catiline was conquered.  To this
+sentence, as it was the most moderate, and he that delivered it
+a most powerful speaker, Cicero himself gave no small weight,
+for he stood up and, turning the scale on either side, spoke in
+favor partly of the former, partly of Caesar's sentence.  And
+all Cicero's friends, judging Caesar's sentence most expedient
+for Cicero, because he would incur the less blame if the
+conspirators were not put to death, chose rather the latter; so
+that Silanus, also, changing his mind, retracted his opinion,
+and said he had not declared for capital, but only the utmost
+punishment, which to a Roman senator is imprisonment.  The first
+man who spoke against Caesar's motion was Catulus Lutatius.
+Cato followed, and so vehemently urged in his speech the strong
+suspicion about Caesar himself, and so filled the senate with
+anger and resolution, that a decree was passed for the execution
+of the conspirators.  But Caesar opposed the confiscation of
+their goods, not thinking it fair that those who had rejected
+the mildest part of his sentence should avail themselves of the
+severest.  And when many insisted upon it, he appealed to the
+tribunes, but they would do nothing; till Cicero himself
+yielding, remitted that part of the sentence.
+
+After this, Cicero went out with the senate to the conspirators;
+they were not all together in one place, but the several
+praetors had them, some one, some another, in custody.  And
+first he took Lentulus from the Palatine, and brought him by the
+Sacred Street, through the middle of the marketplace, a circle
+of the most eminent citizens encompassing and protecting him.
+The people, affrighted at what was doing, passed along in
+silence, especially the young men; as if, with fear and
+trembling; they were undergoing a rite of initiation into some
+ancient, sacred mysteries of aristocratic power.  Thus passing
+from the market-place, and coming to the gaol, he delivered
+Lentulus to the officer, and commanded him to execute him; and
+after him Cethegus, and so all the rest in order, he brought and
+delivered up to execution.  And when he saw many of the
+conspirators in the market-place, still standing together in
+companies, ignorant of what was done, and waiting for the night,
+supposing the men were still alive and in a possibility of being
+rescued, he called out in a loud voice, and said, "They did
+live;" for so the Romans, to avoid inauspicious language, name
+those that are dead.
+
+It was now evening, when he returned from the market-place to
+his own house, the citizens no longer attending him with
+silence, nor in order, but receiving him, as he passed, with
+acclamations and applauses, and saluting him as the savior and
+founder of his country.  A bright light shone through the
+streets from the lamps and torches set up at the doors, and the
+women showed lights from the tops of the houses, to honor
+Cicero, and to behold him returning home with a splendid train
+of the most principal citizens; amongst whom were many who had
+conducted great wars, celebrated triumphs, and added to the
+possessions of the Roman empire, both by sea and land.  These,
+as they passed along with him, acknowledged to one another, that
+though the Roman people were indebted to several officers and
+commanders of that age for riches, spoils, and power, yet to
+Cicero alone they owed the safety and security of all these, for
+delivering them from so great and imminent a danger.  For though
+it might seem no wonderful thing to prevent the design, and
+punish the conspirators, yet to defeat the greatest of all
+conspiracies with so little disturbance, trouble, and commotion,
+was very extraordinary.  For the greater part of those who had
+flocked in to Catiline, as soon as they heard the fate of
+Lentulus and Cethegus, left and forsook him, and he himself,
+with his remaining forces, joining battle with Antonius, was
+destroyed with his army.
+
+And yet there were some who were very ready both to speak ill of
+Cicero, and to do him hurt for these actions; and they had for
+their leaders some of the magistrates of the ensuing year, as
+Caesar, who was one of the praetors, and Metellus and Bestia,
+the tribunes.  These, entering upon their office some few days
+before Cicero's consulate expired, would not permit him to make
+any address to the people, but, throwing the benches before the
+Rostra, hindered his speaking, telling him he might, if he
+pleased, make the oath of withdrawal from office, and then come
+down again.  Cicero, accordingly, accepting the conditions, came
+forward to make his withdrawal; and silence being made, he
+recited his oath, not in the usual, but in a new and peculiar
+form, namely, that he had saved his country, and preserved the
+empire; the truth of which oath all the people confirmed with
+theirs.  Caesar and the tribunes, all the more exasperated by
+this, endeavored to create him further trouble, and for this
+purpose proposed a law for calling Pompey home with his army, to
+put an end to Cicero's usurpation.  But it was a very great
+advantage for Cicero and the whole commonwealth that Cato was at
+that time one of the tribunes.  For he, being of equal power
+with the rest, and of greater reputation, could oppose their
+designs.  He easily defeated their other projects, and, in an
+oration to the people, so highly extolled Cicero's consulate,
+that the greatest honors were decreed him, and he was publicly
+declared the Father of his Country, which title he seems to have
+obtained, the first man who did so, when Cato gave it him in
+this address to the people.
+
+At this time, therefore, his authority was very great in the
+city; but he created himself much envy, and offended very many,
+not by any evil action, but because he was always lauding and
+magnifying himself.  For neither senate, nor assembly of the
+people, nor court of judicature could meet, in which he was not
+heard to talk of Catiline and Lentulus.  Indeed, he also filled
+his books and writings with his own praises, to such an excess
+as to render a style, in itself most pleasant and delightful,
+nauseous and irksome to his hearers; this ungrateful humor, like
+a disease, always cleaving to him.  Nevertheless, though he was
+intemperately fond of his own glory, he was very free from
+envying others, and was, on the contrary, most liberally profuse
+in commending both the ancients and his contemporaries, as
+anyone may see in his writings.  And many such sayings of his are
+also remembered; as that he called Aristotle a river of flowing
+gold, and said of Plato's Dialogues, that if Jupiter were to
+speak, it would be in language like theirs.  He used to call
+Theophrastus his special luxury.  And being asked which of
+Demosthenes's orations he liked best, he answered, the longest.
+And yet some affected imitators of Demosthenes have complained
+of some words that occur in one of his letters, to the effect
+that Demosthenes sometimes falls asleep in his speeches;
+forgetting the many high encomiums he continually passes upon
+him, and the compliment he paid him when he named the most
+elaborate of all his orations, those he wrote against Antony,
+Philippics.  And as for the eminent men of his own time, either
+in eloquence or philosophy, there was not one of them whom he
+did not, by writing or speaking favorably of him, render more
+illustrious.  He obtained of Caesar, when in power, the Roman
+citizenship for Cratippus, the Peripatetic, and got the court of
+Areopagus, by public decree, to request his stay at Athens, for
+the instruction of their youth, and the honor of their city.
+There are letters extant from Cicero to Herodes, and others to
+his son, in which he recommends the study of philosophy under
+Cratippus.  There is one in which he blames Gorgias, the
+rhetorician, for enticing his son into luxury and drinking, and,
+therefore, forbids him his company.  And this, and one other to
+Pelops, the Byzantine, are the only two of his Greek epistles
+which seem to be written in anger.  In the first, he justly
+reflects on Gorgias, if he were what he was thought to be, a
+dissolute and profligate character; but in the other, he rather
+meanly expostulates and complains with Pelops, for neglecting to
+procure him a decree of certain honors from the Byzantines.
+
+Another illustration of his love of praise is the way in which
+sometimes, to make his orations more striking, he neglected
+decorum and dignity.  When Munatius, who had escaped conviction
+by his advocacy, immediately prosecuted his friend Sabinus, he
+said in the warmth of his resentment, "Do you suppose you were
+acquitted for your own meets, Munatius, and was it not that I so
+darkened the case, that the court could not see your guilt?"
+When from the Rostra he had made an eulogy on Marcus Crassus,
+with much applause, and within a few days after again as
+publicly reproached him, Crassus called to him, and said, "Did
+not you yourself two days ago, in this same place, commend me?"
+"Yes," said Cicero, "I exercised my eloquence in declaiming upon
+a bad subject."  At another time, Crassus had said that no one
+of his family had ever lived beyond sixty years of age, and
+afterwards denied it, and asked, "What should put it into my
+head to say so?"  "It was to gain the people's favor," answered
+Cicero; "you knew how glad they would be to hear it."  When
+Crassus expressed admiration of the Stoic doctrine, that the
+good man is always rich, "Do you not mean," said Cicero, "their
+doctrine that all things belong to the wise?"  Crassus being
+generally accused of covetousness.  One of Crassus's sons, who
+was thought so exceedingly like a man of the name of Axius as to
+throw some suspicion on his mother's honor, made a successful
+speech in the senate.  Cicero on being asked how he liked it,
+replied with the Greek words, Axios Crassou.
+
+When Crassus was about to go into Syria, he desired to leave
+Cicero rather his friend than his enemy, and, therefore, one day
+saluting him, told him he would come and sup with him, which the
+other as courteously received.  Within a few days after, on some
+of Cicero's acquaintances interceding for Vatinius, as desirous
+of reconciliation and friendship, for he was then his enemy,
+"What," he replied, "does Vatinius also wish to come and sup
+with me?"  Such was his way with Crassus.  When Vatinius, who
+had swellings in his neck, was pleading a cause, he called him
+the tumid orator; and having been told by someone that Vatinius
+was dead, on hearing presently after that he was alive, "May the
+rascal perish," said he, "for his news not being true."
+
+Upon Caesar's bringing forward a law for the division of the
+lands in Campania amongst the soldiers, many in the senate
+opposed it; amongst the rest, Lucius Gellius, one of the oldest
+men in the house, said it should never pass whilst he lived.
+"Let us postpone it," said Cicero, "Gellius does not ask us to
+wait long."  There was a man of the name of Octavius, suspected
+to be of African descent.  He once said, when Cicero was
+pleading, that he could not hear him; "Yet there are holes,"
+said Cicero, "in your ears."  When Metellus Nepos told him,
+that he had ruined more as a witness, than he had saved as an
+advocate, "I admit," said Cicero, "that I have more truth than
+eloquence."  To a young man who was suspected of having given a
+poisoned cake to his father, and who talked largely of the
+invectives he meant to deliver against Cicero, "Better these,"
+replied he, "than your cakes."  Publius Sextius, having amongst
+others retained Cicero as his advocate in a certain cause, was
+yet desirous to say all for himself, and would not allow anybody
+to speak for him; when he was about to receive his acquittal
+from the judges, and the ballots were passing, Cicero called to
+him, "Make haste, Sextius, and use your time; tomorrow you will
+be nobody."  He cited Publius Cotta to bear testimony in a
+certain cause, one who affected to be thought a lawyer, though
+ignorant and unlearned; to whom, when he had said, "I know
+nothing of the matter," he answered, "You think, perhaps, we ask
+you about a point of law."  To Metellus Nepos, who, in a dispute
+between them, repeated several times, "Who was your father,
+Cicero?"  he replied, "Your mother has made the answer to such a
+question in your case more difficult;" Nepos's mother having
+been of ill repute.  The son, also, was of a giddy, uncertain
+temper.  At one time, he suddenly threw up his office of
+tribune, and sailed off into Syria to Pompey; and immediately
+after, with as little reason, came back again.  He gave his
+tutor, Philagrus, a funeral with more than necessary attention,
+and then set up the stone figure of a crow over his tomb.
+"This," said Cicero, "is really appropriate; as he did not teach
+you to speak, but to fly about."  When Marcus Appius, in the
+opening of some speech in a court of justice, said that his
+friend had desired him to employ industry, eloquence, and
+fidelity in that cause, Cicero answered, "And how have you had
+the heart not to accede to any one of his requests?"
+
+To use this sharp raillery against opponents and antagonists in
+judicial pleading seems allowable rhetoric.  But he excited much
+ill feeling by his readiness to attack anyone for the sake of a
+jest.  A few anecdotes of this kind may be added.  Marcus
+Aquinius, who had two sons-in-law in exile, received from him
+the name of king Adrastus. Lucius Cotta, an intemperate lover
+of wine, was censor when Cicero stood for the consulship.
+Cicero, being thirsty at the election, his friends stood round
+about him while he was drinking.  "You have reason to be
+afraid," he said, "lest the censor should be angry with me for
+drinking water."  Meeting one day Voconius with his three very
+ugly daughters, he quoted the verse,
+
+He reared a race without Apollo's leave.
+
+When Marcus Gellius, who was reputed the son of a slave, had
+read several letters in the senate with a very shrill, and loud
+voice, "Wonder not," said Cicero, "he comes of the criers."
+When Faustus Sylla, the son of Sylla the dictator, who had,
+during his dictatorship, by public bills proscribed and
+condemned so many citizens, had so far wasted his estate, and
+got into debt, that he was forced to publish his bills of sale,
+Cicero told him that he liked these bills much better than those
+of his father.  By this habit he made himself odious with many
+people.
+
+But Clodius's faction conspired against him upon the following
+occasion.  Clodius was a member of a noble family, in the flower
+of his youth, and of a bold and resolute temper.  He, being in
+love with Pompeia, Caesar's wife, got privately into his house
+in the dress and attire of a music-girl; the women being at that
+time offering there the sacrifice which must not be seen by men,
+and there was no man present.  Clodius, being a youth and
+beardless, hoped to get to Pompeia among the women without being
+taken notice of.  But coming into a great house by night, he
+missed his way in the passages, and a servant belonging to
+Aurelia, Caesar's mother, spying him wandering up and down,
+inquired his name.  Thus being necessitated to speak, he told
+her he was seeking for one of Pompeia's maids, Abra by name; and
+she, perceiving it not to be a woman's voice, shrieked out, and
+called in the women; who, shutting the gates, and searching
+every place, at length found Clodius hidden in the chamber of
+the maid with whom he had come in.  This matter being much
+talked about, Caesar put away his wife, Pompeia, and Clodius was
+prosecuted for profaning the holy rites.
+
+Cicero was at this time his friend, for he had been useful
+to him in the conspiracy of Catiline, as one of his forwardest
+assistants and protectors.  But when Clodius rested his defense
+upon this point, that he was not then at Rome, but at a distance
+in the country, Cicero testified that he had come to his house
+that day, and conversed with him on several matters; which thing
+was indeed true, although Cicero was thought to testify it not
+so much for the truth's sake as to preserve his quiet with
+Terentia his wife.  For she bore a grudge against Clodius on
+account of his sister Clodia's wishing, as it was alleged, to
+marry Cicero, and having employed for this purpose the
+intervention of Tullus, a very intimate friend of Cicero's; and
+his frequent visits to Clodia, who lived in their neighborhood,
+and the attentions he paid to her had excited Terentia's
+suspicions, and, being a woman of a violent temper, and having
+the ascendant over Cicero, she urged him on to taking a part
+against Clodius, and delivering his testimony.  Many other good
+and honest citizens also gave evidence against him, for
+perjuries, disorders, bribing the people, and debauching women.
+Lucullus proved, by his women-servants, that he had debauched
+his youngest sister when she was Lucullus's wife; and there was
+a general belief that he had done the same with his two other
+sisters, Tertia, whom Marcius Rex, and Clodia, whom Metellus
+Celer had married; the latter of whom was called Quadrantia,
+because one of her lovers had deceived her with a purse of small
+copper money instead of silver, the smallest copper coin being
+called a quadrant.  Upon this sister's account, in particular,
+Clodius's character was attacked.  Notwithstanding all this,
+when the common people united against the accusers and witnesses
+and the whole party, the judges were affrighted, and a guard was
+placed about them for their defense; and most of them wrote
+their sentences on the tablets in such a way, that they could
+not well be read.  It was decided, however, that there was a
+majority for his acquittal, and bribery was reported to have
+been employed; in reference to which Catulus remarked, when he
+next met the judges, "You were very right to ask for a guard, to
+prevent your money being taken from you."  And when Clodius
+upbraided Cicero that the judges had not believed his testimony,
+"Yes," said he, "five and twenty of them trusted me, and
+condemned you, and the other thirty did not trust you, for they
+did not acquit you till they had got your money."
+
+Caesar, though cited, did not give his testimony against
+Clodius, and declared himself not convinced of his wife's
+adultery, but that he had put her away because it was fit that
+Caesar's house should not be only free of the evil fact, but of
+the fame too.
+
+Clodius, having escaped this danger, and having got himself
+chosen one of the tribunes, immediately attacked Cicero, heaping
+up all matters and inciting all persons against him.  The common
+people he gained over with popular laws; to each of the consuls
+he decreed large provinces, to Piso, Macedonia, and to Gabinius,
+Syria; he made a strong party among the indigent citizens, to
+support him in his proceedings, and had always a body of armed
+slaves about him.  Of the three men then in greatest power,
+Crassus was Cicero's open enemy, Pompey indifferently made
+advances to both, and Caesar was going with an army into Gaul.
+To him, though not his friend (what had occurred in the time of
+the conspiracy having created suspicions between them), Cicero
+applied, requesting an appointment as one of his lieutenants in
+the province.  Caesar accepted him, and Clodius, perceiving that
+Cicero would thus escape his tribunician authority, professed to
+be inclinable to a reconciliation, laid the greatest fault upon
+Terentia, made always a favorable mention of him, and addressed
+him with kind expressions, as one who felt no hatred or
+ill-will, but who merely wished to urge his complaints in a
+moderate and friendly way.  By these artifices, he so freed
+Cicero of all his fears, that he resigned his appointment to
+Caesar, and betook himself again to political affairs.  At which
+Caesar being exasperated, joined the party of Clodius against
+him, and wholly alienated Pompey from him; he also himself
+declared in a public assembly of the people, that he did not
+think Lentulus and Cethegus, with their accomplices, were fairly
+and legally put to death without being brought to trial.  And
+this, indeed, was the crime charged upon Cicero, and this
+impeachment he was summoned to answer.  And so, as an accused
+man, and in danger for the result, he changes his dress, and
+went round with his hair untrimmed, in the attire of a
+suppliant, to beg the people's grace.  But Clodius met him in
+every corner, having a band of abusive and daring fellows about
+him, who derided Cicero for his change of dress and his
+humiliation, and often, by throwing dirt and stones at him,
+interrupted his supplication to the people.
+
+However, first of all, almost the whole equestrian order changed
+their dress with him, and no less than twenty thousand young
+gentlemen followed him with their hair untrimmed, and
+supplicating with him to the people.  And then the senate met,
+to pass a decree that the people should change their dress as in
+time of public sorrow.  But the consuls opposing it, and Clodius
+with armed men besetting the senate-house, many of the senators
+ran out, crying out and tearing their clothes.  But this sight
+moved neither shame nor pity; Cicero must either fly or
+determine it by the sword with Clodius.  He entreated Pompey to
+aid him, who was on purpose gone out of the way, and was staying
+at his country-house in the Alban hills; and first he sent his
+son-in-law Piso to intercede with him, and afterwards set out to
+go himself.  Of which Pompey being informed, would not stay to
+see him, being ashamed at the remembrance of the many conflicts
+in the commonwealth which Cicero had undergone in his behalf,
+and how much of his policy he had directed for his advantage.
+But being now Caesar's son-in-law, at his instance he had set
+aside all former kindness, and, slipping out at another door,
+avoided the interview.  Thus being forsaken by Pompey, and left
+alone to himself, he fled to the consuls.  Gabinius was rough
+with him, as usual, but Piso spoke more courteously, desiring
+him to yield and give place for a while to the fury of Clodius,
+and to await a change of times, and to be now, as before, his
+country's savior from the peril of these troubles and commotions
+which Clodius was exciting.
+
+Cicero, receiving this answer, consulted with his friends.
+Lucullus advised him to stay, as being sure to prevail at last;
+others to fly, because the people would soon desire him again,
+when they should have enough of the rage and madness of Clodius.
+This last Cicero approved.  But first he took a statue of
+Minerva, which had been long set up and greatly honored in his
+house, and carrying it to the capitol, there dedicated it, with
+the inscription, "To Minerva, Patroness of Rome."  And receiving
+an escort from his friends, about the middle of the night he
+left the city, and went by land through Lucania, intending to
+reach Sicily.
+
+But as soon as it was publicly known that he was fled, Clodius
+proposed to the people a decree of exile, and by his own order
+interdicted him fire and water, prohibiting any within five
+hundred miles in Italy to receive him into their houses.  Most
+people, out of respect for Cicero, paid no regard to this edict,
+offering him every attention and escorting him on his way.  But
+at Hipponium, a city of Lucania, now called Vibo, one Vibius, a
+Sicilian by birth, who, amongst many other instances of Cicero's
+friendship, had been made head of the state engineers when he
+was consul, would not receive him into his house, sending him
+word he would appoint a place in the country for his reception.
+Caius Vergilius, the praetor of Sicily, who had been on the most
+intimate terms with him, wrote to him to forbear coming into
+Sicily.  At these things Cicero being disheartened, went to
+Brundusium, whence putting forth with a prosperous wind, a
+contrary gale blowing from the sea carried him back to Italy-
+the next day.  He put again to sea, and having reached
+Dyrrachium, on his coming to shore there, it is reported that an
+earthquake and a convulsion in the sea happened at the same
+time, signs which the diviners said intimated that his exile
+would not be long, for these were prognostics of change.
+Although many visited him with respect, and the cities of Greece
+contended which should honor him most, he yet continued
+disheartened and disconsolate, like an unfortunate lover, often
+casting his looks back upon Italy; and, indeed, he was become so
+poor-spirited, so humiliated and dejected by his misfortunes,
+as none could have expected in a man who had devoted so much of
+his life to study and learning.  And yet he often desired his
+friends not to call him orator, but philosopher, because he had
+made philosophy his business, and had only used rhetoric as an
+instrument for attaining his objects in public life.  But the
+desire of glory has great power in washing the tinctures of
+philosophy out of the souls of men, and in imprinting the
+passions of the common people, by custom and conversation, in
+the minds of those that take a part in governing them, unless
+the politician be very careful so to engage in public affairs as
+to interest himself only in the affairs themselves, but not
+participate in the passions that are consequent to them.
+
+Clodius, having thus driven away Cicero, fell to burning his
+farms and villas, and afterwards his city house, and built on
+the site of it a temple to Liberty.  The rest of his property he
+exposed to sale by daily proclamation, but nobody came to buy.
+By these courses he became formidable to the noble citizens,
+and, being followed by the commonalty, whom he had filled with
+insolence and licentiousness, he began at last to try his
+strength against Pompey, some of whose arrangements in the
+countries he conquered, he attacked.  The disgrace of this made
+Pompey begin to reproach himself for his cowardice in deserting
+Cicero, and, changing his mind, he now wholly set himself with
+his friends to contrive his return.  And when Clodius opposed
+it, the senate made a vote that no public measure should be
+ratified or passed by them till Cicero was recalled.  But when
+Lentulus was consul, the commotions grew so high upon this
+matter, that the tribunes were wounded in the Forum, and
+Quintus, Cicero's brother, was left as dead, lying unobserved
+amongst the slain.  The people began to change in their
+feelings; and Annius Milo, one of their tribunes, was the first
+who took confidence to summon Clodius to trial for acts of
+violence.  Many of the common people and out of the neighboring
+cities formed a party with Pompey, and he went with them, and
+drove Clodius out of the Forum, and summoned the people to pass
+their vote.  And, it is said, the people never passed any
+suffrage more unanimously than this.  The senate, also, striving
+to outdo the people, sent letters of thanks to those cities
+which had received Cicero with respect in his exile, and decreed
+that his house and his country-places, which Clodius had
+destroyed, should be rebuilt at the public charge.
+
+Thus Cicero returned sixteen months after his exile, and the
+cities were so glad, and people so zealous to meet him, that
+what he boasted of afterwards, that Italy had brought him on her
+shoulders home to Rome, was rather less than the truth.  And
+Crassus himself, who had been his enemy before his exile, went
+then voluntarily to meet him, and was reconciled, to please his
+son Publius, as he said, who was Cicero's affectionate admirer.
+
+Cicero had not been long at Rome, when, taking the opportunity
+of Clodius's absence, he went, with a great company, to the
+capitol, and there tore and defaced the tribunician tables, in
+which were recorded the acts done in the time of Clodius.  And
+on Clodius calling him in question for this, he answered, that
+he, being of the patrician order, had obtained the office of
+tribune against law, and, therefore, nothing done by him was
+valid.  Cato was displeased at this, and opposed Cicero, not
+that he commended Clodius, but rather disapproved of his whole
+administration; yet, he contended, it was an irregular and
+violent course for the senate to vote the illegality of so many
+decrees and acts, including those of Cato's own government in
+Cyprus and at Byzantium.  This occasioned a breach between Cato
+and Cicero, which, though it came not to open enmity, yet made a
+more reserved friendship between them.
+
+After this, Milo killed Clodius, and, being arraigned for the
+murder, he procured Cicero as his advocate.  The senate, fearing
+lest the questioning of so eminent and high-spirited a citizen
+as Milo might disturb the peace of the city, committed the
+superintendence of this and of the other trials to Pompey, who
+should undertake to maintain the security alike of the city and
+of the courts of justice.  Pompey, therefore, went in the night,
+and occupying the high grounds about it, surrounded the Forum
+with soldiers.  Milo, fearing lest Cicero, being disturbed by
+such an unusual sight, should conduct his cause the less
+successfully, persuaded him to come in a litter into the Forum,
+and there repose himself till the judges were set, and the court
+filled.  For Cicero, it seems, not only wanted courage in arms,
+but, in his speaking also, began with timidity, and in many
+cases scarcely left off trembling and shaking when he had got
+thoroughly into the current and the substance of his speech.
+Being to defend Licinius Murena against the prosecution of Cato,
+and being eager to outdo Hortensius, who had made his plea with
+great applause, he took so little rest that night, and was so
+disordered with thought and over-watching, that he spoke much
+worse than usual.  And so now, on quitting his litter to
+commence the cause of Milo, at the sight of Pompey, posted, as
+it were, and encamped with his troops above, and seeing arms
+shining round about the Forum, he was so confounded, that he
+could hardly begin his speech, for the trembling of his body,
+and hesitance of his tongue; whereas Milo, meantime, was bold
+and intrepid in his demeanor, disdaining either to let his hair
+grow, or to put on the mourning habit.  And this, indeed, seems
+to have been one principal cause of his condemnation.  Cicero,
+however, was thought not so much to have shown timidity for
+himself, as anxiety about his friend.
+
+He was made one of the priests, whom the Romans call Augurs, in
+the room of Crassus the younger, dead in Parthia.  Then he was
+appointed, by lot, to the province of Cilicia, and set sail
+thither with twelve thousand foot and two thousand six hundred
+horse.  He had orders to bring back Cappadocia to its allegiance
+to Ariobarzanes, its king; which settlement he effected very
+completely without recourse to arms.  And perceiving the
+Cilicians, by the great loss the Romans had suffered in Parthia,
+and the commotions in Syria, to have become disposed to attempt
+a revolt, by a gentle course of government he soothed them back
+into fidelity.  He would accept none of the presents that were
+offered him by the kings; he remitted the charge of public
+entertainments, but daily, at his own house, received the
+ingenious and accomplished persons of the province, not
+sumptuously, but liberally.  His house had no porter, nor was he
+ever found in bed by any man, but early in the morning, standing
+or walking before his door, he received those who came to offer
+their salutations.  He is said never once to have ordered any of
+those under his command to be beaten with rods, or to have their
+garments rent.  He never gave contumelious language in his
+anger, nor inflicted punishment with reproach.  He detected an
+embezzlement, to a large amount, in the public money, and thus
+relieved the cities from their burdens, at the same time that he
+allowed those who made restitution, to retain without further
+punishment their rights as citizens.  He engaged too, in war, so
+far as to give a defeat to the banditti who infested Mount
+Amanus, for which he was saluted by his army Imperator.  To
+Caecilius, the orator, who asked him to send him some panthers
+from Cilicia, to be exhibited on the theater at Rome, he wrote,
+in commendation of his own actions, that there were no panthers
+in Cilicia, for they were all fled to Caria, in anger that in so
+general a peace they had become the sole objects of attack.  On
+leaving his province, he touched at Rhodes, and tarried for some
+length of time at Athens, longing much to renew his old studies.
+He visited the eminent men of learning, and saw his former
+friends and companions; and after receiving in Greece the honors
+that were due to him, returned to the city, where everything
+was now just as it were in a flame, breaking out into a civil
+war.
+
+When the senate would have decreed him a triumph, he told them
+he had rather, so differences were accommodated, follow the
+triumphal chariot of Caesar.  In private, he gave advice to
+both, writing many letters to Caesar, and personally entreating
+Pompey; doing his best to soothe and bring to reason both the
+one and the other.  But when matters became incurable, and
+Caesar was approaching Rome, and Pompey durst not abide it, but,
+with many honest citizens, left the city, Cicero, as yet, did
+not join in the flight, and was reputed to adhere to Caesar.
+And it is very evident he was in his thoughts much divided, and
+wavered painfully between both, for he writes in his epistles,
+"To which side should I turn?  Pompey has the fair and honorable
+plea for war; and Caesar, on the other hand, has managed his
+affairs better, and is more able to secure himself and his
+friends.  So that I know whom I should fly, not whom I should
+fly to."  But when Trebatius, one of Caesar's friends, by letter
+signified to him that Caesar thought it was his most desirable
+course to join his party, and partake his hopes, but if he
+considered himself too old a man for this, then he should retire
+into Greece, and stay quietly there, out of the way of either
+party, Cicero, wondering that Caesar had not written himself,
+gave an angry reply, that he should not do anything unbecoming
+his past life.  Such is the account to be collected from his
+letters.
+
+But as soon as Caesar was marched into Spain, he immediately
+sailed away to join Pompey.  And he was welcomed by all but
+Cato; who, taking him privately, chid him for coming to Pompey.
+As for himself, he said, it had been indecent to forsake that
+part in the commonwealth which he had chosen from the beginning;
+but Cicero might have been more useful to his country and
+friends, if, remaining neuter, he had attended and used his
+influence to moderate the result, instead of coming hither to
+make himself, without reason or necessity, an enemy to Caesar,
+and a partner in such great dangers.  By this language, partly,
+Cicero's feelings were altered, and partly, also, because Pompey
+made no great use of him.  Although, indeed, he was himself the
+cause of it, by his not denying that he was sorry he had come,
+by his depreciating Pompey's resources, finding fault underhand
+with his counsels, and continually indulging in jests and
+sarcastic remarks on his fellow-soldiers.  Though he went about
+in the camp with a gloomy and melancholy face himself, he was
+always trying to raise a laugh in others, whether they wished it
+or not.  It may not be amiss to mention a few instances.  To
+Domitius, on his preferring to a command one who was no soldier,
+and saying, in his defense, that he was a modest and prudent
+person, he replied, "Why did not you keep him for a tutor for
+your children?"  On hearing Theophanes, the Lesbian, who was
+master of the engineers in the army, praised for the admirable
+way in which he had consoled the Rhodians for the loss of their
+fleet, "What a thing it is," he said, "to have a Greek in
+command!"  When Caesar had been acting successfully, and in a
+manner blockading Pompey, Lentulus was saying it was reported
+that Caesar's friends were out of heart; "Because," said Cicero,
+"they do not wish Caesar well."  To one Marcius, who had just
+come from Italy, and told them that there was a strong report at
+Rome that Pompey was blocked up, he said, "And you sailed hither
+to see it with your own eyes."  To Nonius, encouraging them
+after a defeat to be of good hope, because there were seven
+eagles still left in Pompey's camp, "Good reason for
+encouragement," said Cicero, "if we were going to fight with
+jack-daws."  Labienus insisted on some prophecies to the effect
+that Pompey would gain the victory; "Yes," said Cicero, "and the
+first step in the campaign has been losing our camp."
+
+After the battle of Pharsalia was over, at which he was not
+present for want of health, and Pompey was fled, Cato, having
+considerable forces and a great fleet at Dyrrachium, would have
+had Cicero commander-in-chief, according to law, and the
+precedence of his consular dignity.  And on his refusing the
+command, and wholly declining to take part in their plans for
+continuing the war, he was in the greatest danger of being
+killed, young Pompey and his friends calling him traitor, and
+drawing their swords upon him; only that Cato interposed, and
+hardly rescued and brought him out of the camp.
+
+Afterwards, arriving at Brundusium, he tarried there sometime in
+expectation of Caesar, who was delayed by his affairs in Asia
+and Egypt.  And when it was told him that he was arrived at
+Tarentum, and was coming thence by land to Brundusium, he
+hastened towards him, not altogether without hope, and yet in
+some fear of making experiment of the temper of an enemy and
+conqueror in the presence of many witnesses.  But there was no
+necessity for him either to speak or do anything unworthy of
+himself; for Caesar, as soon as he saw him coming a good way
+before the rest of the company, came down to meet him, saluted
+him, and, leading the way, conversed with him alone for some
+furlongs.  And from that time forward he continued to treat him
+with honor and respect; so that, when Cicero wrote an oration in
+praise of Cato, Caesar, in writing an answer to it, took
+occasion to commend Cicero's own life and eloquence, comparing
+him to Pericles and Theramenes.  Cicero's oration was called
+Cato; Caesar's, anti-Cato.
+
+So also, it is related that when Quintus Ligarius was prosecuted
+for having been in arms against Caesar, and Cicero had
+undertaken his defense, Caesar said to his friends, "Why might
+we not as well once more hear a speech from Cicero?  Ligarius,
+there is no question, is a wicked man and an enemy."  But when
+Cicero began to speak, he wonderfully moved him, and proceeded
+in his speech with such varied pathos, and such a charm of
+language, that the color of Caesar's countenance often changed,
+and it was evident that all the passions of his soul were in
+commotion.  At length, the orator touching upon the Pharsalian
+battle, he was so affected that his body trembled, and some of
+the papers he held dropped out of his hands.  And thus he was
+overpowered, and acquitted Ligarius.
+
+Henceforth, the commonwealth being changed into a monarchy,
+Cicero withdrew himself from public affairs, and employed his
+leisure in instructing those young men that would, in
+philosophy; and by the near intercourse he thus had with some of
+the noblest and highest in rank, he again began to possess great
+influence in the city.  The work and object which he set himself
+was to compose and translate philosophical dialogues and to
+render logical and physical terms into the Roman idiom.  For he
+it was, as it is said, who first or principally gave Latin names
+to phantasia, syncatathesis, epokhe, catalepsis, atomon,
+ameres, kenon, and other such technical terms, which, either by
+metaphors or other means of accommodation, he succeeded in
+making intelligible and expressible to the Romans.  For his
+recreation, he exercised his dexterity in poetry, and when he
+was set to it, would make five hundred verses in a night.  He
+spent the greatest part of his time at his country-house near
+Tusculum.  He wrote to his friends that he led the life of
+Laertes, either jestingly, as his custom was, or rather from a
+feeling of ambition for public employment, which made him
+impatient under the present state of affairs.  He rarely went to
+the city, unless to pay his court to Caesar.  He was commonly
+the first amongst those who voted him honors, and sought out new
+terms of praise for himself and for his actions.  As, for
+example, what he said of the statues of Pompey, which had been
+thrown down, and were afterwards by Caesar's orders set up
+again: that Caesar, by this act of humanity, had indeed set up
+Pompey's statues, but he had fixed and established his own.
+
+
+He had a design, it is said, of writing the history of his
+country, combining with it much of that of Greece, and
+incorporating in it all the stories and legends of the past that
+he had collected.  But his purposes were interfered with by
+various public and various private unhappy occurrences and
+misfortunes; for most of which he was himself in fault.  For
+first of all, he put away his wife Terentia, by whom he had been
+neglected in the time of the war, and sent away destitute of
+necessaries for his journey; neither did he find her kind when
+he returned into Italy, for she did not join him at Brundusium,
+where he stayed a long time, nor would allow her young daughter,
+who undertook so long a journey, decent attendance, or the
+requisite expenses; besides, she left him a naked and empty
+house, and yet had involved him in many and great debts.  These
+were alleged as the fairest reasons for the divorce.  But
+Terentia, who denied them all, had the most unmistakable defense
+furnished her by her husband himself, who not long after married
+a young maiden for the love of her beauty, as Terentia upbraided
+him; or as Tiro, his emancipated slave, has written, for her
+riches, to discharge his debts.  For the young woman was very
+rich, and Cicero had the custody of her estate, being left
+guardian in trust; and being indebted many myriads of money, he
+was persuaded by his friends and relations to marry her,
+notwithstanding his disparity of age, and to use her money to
+satisfy his creditors.  Antony, who mentions this marriage in
+his answer to the Philippics, reproaches him for putting away a
+wife with whom he had lived to old age; adding some happy
+strokes of sarcasm on Cicero's domestic, inactive,
+unsoldier-like habits.  Not long after this marriage, his
+daughter died in child-bed at Lentulus's house, to whom she had
+been married after the death of Piso, her former husband.  The
+philosophers from all parts came to comfort Cicero; for his
+grief was so excessive, that he put away his new-married wife,
+because she seemed to be pleased at the death of Tullia.  And
+thus stood Cicero's domestic affairs at this time.
+
+He had no concern in the design that was now forming against
+Caesar, although, in general, he was Brutus's most principal
+confidant, and one who was as aggrieved at the present, and as
+desirous of the former state of public affairs, as any other
+whatsoever.  But they feared his temper, as wanting courage, and
+his old age, in which the most daring dispositions are apt to
+be timorous.
+
+As soon, therefore, as the act was committed by Brutus and
+Cassius, and the friends of Caesar were got together, so that
+there was fear the city would again be involved in a civil war,
+Antony, being consul, convened the senate, and made a short
+address recommending concord.  And Cicero, following with
+various remarks such as the occasion called for, persuaded the
+senate to imitate the Athenians, and decree an amnesty for what
+had been done in Caesar's case, and to bestow provinces on
+Brutus and Cassius.  But neither of these things took effect.  For
+as soon as the common people, of themselves inclined to pity,
+saw the dead body of Caesar borne through the marketplace, and
+Antony showing his clothes filled with blood, and pierced
+through in every part with swords, enraged to a degree of
+frenzy, they made a search for the murderers, and with
+firebrands in their hands ran to their houses to burn them.
+They, however, being forewarned, avoided this danger; and
+expecting many more and greater to come, they left the city.
+
+Antony on this was at once in exultation, and everyone was in
+alarm with the prospect that he would make himself sole ruler,
+and Cicero in more alarm than anyone.  For Antony, seeing his
+influence reviving in the commonwealth, and knowing how closely
+he was connected with Brutus, was ill-pleased to have him in the
+city.  Besides, there had been some former jealousy between
+them, occasioned by the difference of their manners.  Cicero,
+fearing the event, was inclined to go as lieutenant with
+Dolabella into Syria.  But Hirtius and Pansa, consuls elect as
+successors of Antony, good men and lovers of Cicero, entreated
+him not to leave them, undertaking to put down Antony if he
+would stay in Rome.  And he, neither distrusting wholly, nor
+trusting them, let Dolabella go without him, promising Hirtius
+that he would go and spend his summer at Athens, and return
+again when he entered upon his office.  So he set out on his
+journey; but some delay occurring in his passage, new
+intelligence, as often happens, came suddenly from Rome, that
+Antony had made an astonishing change, and was doing all things
+and managing all public affairs at the will of the senate, and
+that there wanted nothing but his presence to bring things to a
+happy settlement.  And therefore, blaming himself for his
+cowardice, he returned again to Rome, and was not deceived in
+his hopes at the beginning.  For such multitudes flocked out to
+meet him, that the compliments and civilities which were paid
+him at the gates, and at his entrance into the city, took up
+almost one whole day's time.
+
+On the morrow, Antony convened the senate, and summoned Cicero
+thither.  He came not, but kept is bed, pretending to be ill
+with his journey; but the true reason seemed the fear of some
+design against him, upon a suspicion and intimation given him on
+his way to Rome.  Antony, however, showed great offense at the
+affront, and sent soldiers, commanding them to bring him or burn
+his house; but many interceding and supplicating for him, he was
+contented to accept sureties.  Ever after, when they met, they
+passed one another with silence, and continued on their guard,
+till Caesar, the younger, coming from Apollonia, entered on the
+first Caesar's inheritance, and was engaged in a dispute with
+Antony about two thousand five hundred myriads of money, which
+Antony detained from the estate.
+
+Upon this, Philippus, who married the mother, and Marcellus, who
+married the sister of young Caesar, came with the young man to
+Cicero, and agreed with him that Cicero should give them the aid
+of his eloquence and political influence with the senate and
+people, and Caesar give Cicero the defense of his riches and
+arms.  For the young man had already a great party of the
+soldiers of Caesar about him.  And Cicero's readiness to join
+him was founded, it is said, on some yet stronger motives; for
+it seems, while Pompey and Caesar were yet alive, Cicero, in his
+sleep, had fancied himself engaged in calling some of the sons
+of the senators into the capitol, Jupiter being about, according
+to the dream, to declare one of them the chief ruler of Rome.
+The citizens, running up with curiosity, stood about the temple,
+and the youths, sitting in their purple-bordered robes, kept
+silence.  On a sudden the doors opened, and the youths, arising
+one by one in order, passed round the god, who reviewed them all,
+and, to their sorrow, dismissed them; but when this one was
+passing by, the god stretched forth his right hand and said, "O
+ye Romans, this young man, when he shall be lord of Rome, shall
+put an end to all your civil wars."  It is said that Cicero
+formed from his dream a distinct image of the youth, and
+retained it afterwards perfectly, but did not know who it was.
+The next day, going down into the Campus Martius, he met the
+boys resuming from their gymnastic exercises, and the first was
+he, just as he had appeared to him in his dream.  Being
+astonished at it, he asked him who were his parents.  And it
+proved to be this young Caesar, whose father was a man of no
+great eminence, Octavius, and his mother, Attia, Caesar's
+sister's daughter; for which reason, Caesar, who had no
+children, made him by will the heir of his house and property.
+From that time, it is said that Cicero studiously noticed the
+youth whenever he met him, and he as kindly received the
+civility; and by fortune he happened to be born when Cicero was
+consul.
+
+These were the reasons spoken of; but it was principally
+Cicero's hatred of Antony, and a temper unable to resist honor,
+which fastened him to Caesar, with the purpose of getting the
+support of Caesar's power for his own public designs.  For the
+young man went so far in his court to him, that he called him
+Father; at which Brutus was so highly displeased, that, in his
+epistles to Atticus he reflected on Cicero saying, it was
+manifest, by his courting Caesar for fear of Antony, he did not
+intend liberty to his country, but an indulgent master to
+himself.  Notwithstanding, Brutus took Cicero's son, then
+studying philosophy at Athens, gave him a command, and employed
+him in various ways, with a good result.  Cicero's own power at
+this time was at the greatest height in the city, and he did
+whatsoever he pleased; he completely overpowered and drove out
+Antony, and sent the two consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, with an
+army, to reduce him; and, on the other hand, persuaded the
+senate to allow Caesar the lictors and ensigns of a praetor, as
+though he were his country's defender.  But after Antony was
+defeated in battle, and the two consuls slain, the armies
+united, and ranged themselves with Caesar.  And the senate,
+fearing the young man, and his extraordinary fortune,
+endeavored, by honors and gifts, to call off the soldiers from
+him, and to lessen his power; professing there was no further
+need of arms, now Antony was put to flight.
+
+This giving Caesar an affright, he privately sends some friends
+to entreat and persuade Cicero to procure the consular dignity
+for them both together; saying he should manage the affairs as
+he pleased, should have the supreme power, and govern the young
+man who was only desirous of name and glory.  And Caesar himself
+confessed, that in fear of ruin, and in danger of being
+deserted, he had seasonably made use of Cicero's ambition,
+persuading him to stand with him, and to accept the offer of his
+aid and interest for the consulship.
+
+And now, more than at any other time, Cicero let himself be
+carried away and deceived, though an old man, by the persuasions
+of a boy.  He joined him in soliciting votes, and procured the
+good-will of the senate, not without blame at the time on the
+part of his friends; and he, too, soon enough after, saw that he
+had ruined himself, and betrayed the liberty of his country.
+For the young man, once established, and possessed of the office
+of consul, bade Cicero farewell; and, reconciling himself to
+Antony and Lepidus, joined his power with theirs, and divided
+the government, like a piece of property, with them.  Thus
+united, they made a schedule of above two hundred persons who
+were to be put to death.  But the greatest contention in all
+their debates was on the question of Cicero's case.  Antony
+would come to no conditions, unless he should be the first man
+to be killed.  Lepidus held with Antony, and Caesar opposed them
+both.  They met secretly and by themselves, for three days
+together, near the town of Bononia.  The spot was not far from
+the camp, with a river surrounding it.  Caesar, it is said,
+contended earnestly for Cicero the first two days; but on the
+third day he yielded, and gave him up.
+
+The terms of their mutual concessions were these; that Caesar
+should desert Cicero, Lepidus his brother Paulus, and Antony,
+Lucius Caesar, his uncle by his mother's side.  Thus they let
+their anger and fury take from them the sense of humanity, and
+demonstrated that no beast is more savage than man, when
+possessed with power answerable to his rage.
+
+Whilst these things were contriving, Cicero was with his brother
+at his country-house near Tusculum; whence, hearing of the
+proscriptions, they determined to pass to Astura, a villa of
+Cicero's near the sea, and to take shipping from thence for
+Macedonia to Brutus, of whose strength in that province news had
+already been heard.  They traveled together in their separate
+litters, overwhelmed with sorrow; and often stopping on the way
+till their litters came together, condoled with one another.
+But Quintus was the more disheartened, when he reflected on his
+want of means for his journey; for, as he said, he had brought
+nothing with him from home.  And even Cicero himself had but a
+slender provision.  It was judged, therefore, most expedient
+that Cicero should make what haste he could to fly, and Quintus
+return home to provide necessaries, and thus resolved, they
+mutually embraced, and parted with many tears.
+
+Quintus, within a few days after, betrayed by his servants to
+those who came to search for him, was slain, together with his
+young son.  But Cicero was carried to Astura, where, finding a
+vessel, he immediately went on board her, and sailed as far as
+Circaeum with a prosperous gale; but when the pilots resolved
+immediately to set sail from thence, whether fearing the sea, or
+not wholly distrusting the faith of Caesar, he went on shore,
+and passed by land a hundred furlongs, as if he was going for
+Rome.  But losing resolution and changing his mind, he again
+returned to the sea, and there spent the night in fearful and
+perplexed thoughts.  Sometimes he resolved to go into Caesar's
+house privately, and there kill himself upon the altar of his
+household gods, to bring divine vengeance upon him; but the fear
+of torture put him off this course.  And after passing through a
+variety of confused and uncertain counsels, at last he let his
+servants carry him by sea to Capitae, where he had a house, an
+agreeable place to retire to in the heat of summer, when the
+Etesian winds are so pleasant.
+
+There was at that place a chapel of Apollo, not far from the
+sea-side, from which a flight of crows rose with a great noise,
+and made towards Cicero's vessel as it rowed to land, and
+lighting on both sides of the yard, some croaked, others pecked
+the ends of the ropes.  This was looked upon by all as an ill
+omen; and, therefore, Cicero went again ashore, and entering his
+house, lay down upon his bed to compose himself to rest.  Many
+of the crows settled about the window, making a dismal cawing;
+but one of them alighted upon the bed where Cicero lay covered
+up, and with its bill by little and little pecked off the
+clothes from his face.  His servants, seeing this, blamed
+themselves that they should stay to be spectators of their
+master's murder, and do nothing in his defense, whilst the brute
+creatures came to assist and take care of him in his undeserved
+affliction; and, therefore, partly by entreaty, partly by force,
+they took him up, and carried him in his litter towards the
+sea-side.
+
+But in the meantime the assassins were come with a band of
+soldiers, Herennius, a centurion, and Popillius, a tribune, whom
+Cicero had formerly defended when prosecuted for the murder of
+his father.  Finding the doors shut, they broke them open, and
+Cicero not appearing and those within saying they knew not
+where he was, it is stated that a youth, who had been educated
+by Cicero in the liberal arts and sciences, an emancipated slave
+of his brother Quintus, Philologus by name, informed the tribune
+that the litter was on its way to the sea through the close and
+shady walks.  The tribune, taking a few with him, ran to the
+place where he was to come out.  And Cicero, perceiving
+Herennius running in the walks, commanded his servants to set
+down the litter; and stroking his chin, as he used to do, with
+his left hand, he looked steadfastly upon his murderers, his
+person covered with dust, his beard and hair untrimmed, and his
+face worn with his troubles.  So that the greatest part of those
+that stood by covered their faces whilst Herennius slew him.
+And thus was he murdered, stretching forth his neck out of the
+litter, being now in his sixty-fourth year.  Herennius cut off
+his head, and, by Antony's command, his hands also, by which his
+Philippics were written; for so Cicero styled those orations he
+wrote against Antony, and so they are called to this day.
+
+When these members of Cicero were brought to Rome, Antony was
+holding an assembly for the choice of public officers; and when
+he heard it, and saw them, he cried out, "Now let there be an
+end of our proscriptions."  He commanded his head and hands to
+be fastened up over the Rostra, where the orators spoke; a sight
+which the Roman people shuddered to behold, and they believed
+they saw there not the face of Cicero, but the image of Antony's
+own soul.  And yet amidst these actions he did justice in one
+thing, by delivering up Philologus to Pomponia, the wife of
+Quintus; who, having got his body into her power, besides other
+grievous punishments, made him cut off his own flesh by pieces,
+and roast and eat it; for so some writers have related.  But
+Tiro, Cicero's emancipated slave, has not so much as mentioned
+the treachery of Philologus.
+
+Some long time after, Caesar, I have been told, visiting one of
+his daughter's sons, found him with a book of Cicero's in his
+hand.  The boy for fear endeavored to hide it under his gown;
+which Caesar perceiving, took it from him, and turning over a
+great part of the book standing, gave it him again, and said,
+"My child, this was a learned man, and a lover of his country."
+And immediately after he had vanquished Antony, being then
+consul, he made Cicero's son his colleague in the office; and
+under that consulship, the senate took down all the statues of
+Antony, and abolished all the other honors that had been given
+him, and decreed that none of that family should thereafter bear
+the name of Marcus; and thus the final acts of the punishment of
+Antony were, by the divine powers, devolved upon the family of
+Cicero.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF DEMOSTHENES AND CICERO
+
+These are the most memorable circumstances recorded in history
+of Demosthenes and Cicero which have come to our knowledge.  But
+omitting an exact comparison of their respective faculties in
+speaking, yet thus much seems fit to be said; that Demosthenes,
+to make himself a master in rhetoric, applied all the faculties
+he had, natural or acquired, wholly that way; that he far
+surpassed in force and strength of eloquence all his
+contemporaries in political and judicial speaking, in grandeur
+and majesty all the panegyrical orators, and in accuracy and
+science all the logicians and rhetoricians of his day; that
+Cicero was highly educated, and by his diligent study became a
+most accomplished general scholar in all these branches, having
+left behind him numerous philosophical treatises of his own on
+Academic principles; as, indeed, even in his written speeches,
+both political and judicial, we see him continually trying to
+show his learning by the way.  And one may discover the
+different temper of each of them in their speeches.  For
+Demosthenes's oratory was without all embellishment and jesting,
+wholly composed for real effect and seriousness; not smelling of
+the lamp, as Pytheas scoffingly said, but of the temperance,
+thoughtfulness, austerity, and grave earnestness of his temper.
+Whereas Cicero's love of mockery often ran him into scurrility;
+and in his love of laughing away serious arguments in judicial
+cases by jests and facetious remarks, with a view to the
+advantage of his clients, he paid too little regard to what was
+decent: saying, for example, in his defense of Caelius, that he
+had done no absurd thing in such plenty and affluence to indulge
+himself in pleasures, it being a kind of madness not to enjoy
+the things we possess, especially since the most eminent
+philosophers have asserted pleasure to be the chiefest good.  So
+also we are told, that when Cicero, being consul, undertook the
+defense of Murena against Cato's prosecution, by way of
+bantering Cato, he made a long series of jokes upon the absurd
+paradoxes, as they are called, of the Stoic sect; so that a loud
+laughter passing from the crowd to the judges, Cato, with a
+quiet smile, said to those that sat next him, "My friends, what
+an amusing consul we have."
+
+And, indeed, Cicero was by natural temper very much disposed to
+mirth and pleasantry, and always appeared with a smiling and
+serene countenance.  But Demosthenes had constant care and
+thoughtfulness in his look, and a serious anxiety, which he
+seldom, if ever, laid aside; and, therefore, was accounted by
+his enemies, as he himself confessed, morose and ill-mannered.
+
+Also, it is very evident, out of their several writings, that
+Demosthenes never touched upon his own praises but decently and
+without offense when there was need of it, and for some
+weightier end; but, upon other occasions modestly and sparingly.
+But Cicero's immeasurable boasting of himself in his orations
+argues him guilty of an uncontrollable appetite for distinction,
+his cry being evermore that arms should give place to the gown,
+and the soldier's laurel to the tongue. And at last we find him
+extolling not only his deeds and actions, but his orations also,
+as well those that were only spoken, as those that were
+published; as if he were engaged in a boyish trial of skill, who
+should speak best, with the rhetoricians, Isocrates and
+Anaximenes, not as one who could claim the task to guide and
+instruct the Roman nation, the
+
+Soldier full-armed, terrific to the foe.
+
+It is necessary, indeed, for a political leader to be an able
+speaker; but it is an ignoble thing for any man to admire and
+relish the glory of his own eloquence.  And, in this matter,
+Demosthenes had a more than ordinary gravity and magnificence of
+mind, accounting his talent in speaking nothing more than a mere
+accomplishment and matter of practice, the success of which must
+depend greatly on the good-will and candor of his hearers, and
+regarding those who pride themselves on such accounts to be men
+of a low and petty disposition.
+
+The power of persuading and governing the people did, indeed,
+equally belong to both, so that those who had armies and camps
+at command stood in need of their assistance; as Chares,
+Diopithes, and Leosthenes of Demosthenes's, Pompey and young
+Caesar of Cicero's, as the latter himself admits in his Memoirs
+addressed to Agrippa and Maecenas.  But what are thought and
+commonly said most to demonstrate and try the tempers of men,
+namely, authority and place, by moving every passion, and
+discovering every frailty, these are things which Demosthenes
+never received; nor was he ever in a position to give such proof
+of himself, having never obtained any eminent office, nor led
+any of those armies into the field against Philip which he
+raised by his eloquence.  Cicero, on the other hand, was sent
+quaestor into Sicily, and proconsul into Cilicia and Cappadocia,
+at a time when avarice was at the height, and the commanders and
+governors who were employed abroad, as though they thought it a
+mean thing to steal, set themselves to seize by open force; so
+that it seemed no heinous matter to take bribes, but he that did
+it most moderately was in good esteem.  And yet he, at this
+time, gave the most abundant proofs alike of his contempt of
+riches and of his humanity and good-nature.  And at Rome, when
+he was created consul in name, but indeed received sovereign and
+dictatorial authority against Catiline and his conspirators, he
+attested the truth of Plato's prediction, that then the miseries
+of states would be at an end, when by a happy fortune supreme
+power, wisdom, and justice should be united in one.
+
+It is said, to the reproach of Demosthenes, that his eloquence
+was mercenary; that he privately made orations for Phormion and
+Apollodorus, though adversaries in the same cause; that he was
+charged with moneys received from the king of Persia, and
+condemned for bribes from Harpalus.  And should we grant that
+all those (and they are not few) who have made these statements
+against him have spoken what is untrue, yet that Demosthenes was
+not the character to look without desire on the presents offered
+him out of respect and gratitude by royal persons, and that one
+who lent money on maritime usury was likely to be thus indifferent,
+is what we cannot assert.  But that Cicero refused, from the
+Sicilians when he was quaestor, from the king of Cappadocia when
+he was proconsul, and from his friends at Rome when he was in exile,
+many presents, though urged to receive them, has been said already.
+
+Moreover, Demosthenes's banishment was infamous, upon conviction
+for bribery; Cicero's very honorable, for ridding his country of
+a set of villains.  Therefore, when Demosthenes fled his
+country, no man regarded it; for Cicero's sake the senate
+changed their habit, and put on mourning, and would not be
+persuaded to make any act before Cicero's return was decreed.
+Cicero, however, passed his exile idly in Macedonia.  But the
+very exile of Demosthenes made up a great part of the services
+he did for his country; for he went through the cities of
+Greece, and everywhere, as we have said, joined in the conflict
+on behalf of the Grecians, driving out the Macedonian
+ambassadors, and approving himself a much better citizen than
+Themistocles and Alcibiades did in the like fortune.  And, after
+his return, he again devoted himself to the same public service,
+and continued firm to his opposition to Antipater and the
+Macedonians.  Whereas Laelius reproached Cicero in the senate
+for sitting silent when Caesar, a beardless youth, asked leave
+to come forward, contrary to the law, as a candidate for the
+consulship; and Brutus, in his epistles, charges him with
+nursing and rearing a greater and more heavy tyranny than that
+they had removed.
+
+Finally, Cicero's death excites our pity; for an old man to be
+miserably carried up and down by his servants, flying and hiding
+himself from that death which was, in the course of nature, so
+near at hand; and yet at last to be murdered.  Demosthenes,
+though he seemed at first a little to supplicate, yet, by his
+preparing and keeping the poison by him, demands our admiration;
+and still more admirable was his using it.  When the temple of
+the god no longer afforded him a sanctuary, he took refuge, as
+it were, at a mightier altar, freeing himself from arms and
+soldiers, and laughing to scorn the cruelty of Antipater.
+
+
+
+DEMETRIUS
+
+Ingenious men have long observed a resemblance between the arts
+and the bodily senses.  And they were first led to do so, I
+think, by noticing the way in which, both in the arts and with
+our senses, we examine opposites.  Judgment once obtained, the
+use to which we put it differs in the two cases.  Our senses are
+not meant to pick out black rather than white, to prefer sweet
+to bitter, or soft and yielding to hard and resisting objects;
+all they have to do is to receive impressions as they occur, and
+report to the understanding the impressions as received.  The
+arts, on the other hand, which reason institutes expressly to
+choose and obtain some suitable, and to refuse and get rid of
+some unsuitable object, have their proper concern in the
+consideration of the former; though, in a casual and contingent
+way, they must also, for the very rejection of them, pay
+attention to the latter.  Medicine, to produce health, has to
+examine disease, and music, to create harmony, must investigate
+discord; and the supreme arts, of temperance, of justice, and of
+wisdom, as they are acts of judgment and selection, exercised
+not on good and just and expedient only, but also on wicked,
+unjust, and inexpedient objects, do not give their commendations
+to the mere innocence whose boast is its inexperience of evil,
+and whose truer name is, by their award, suppleness and
+ignorance of what all men who live aright should know.  The
+ancient Spartans, at their festivals, used to force their Helots
+to swallow large quantities of raw wine, and then to expose them
+at the public tables, to let the young men see what it is to be
+drunk.  And, though I do not think it consistent with humanity
+or with civil justice to correct one man's morals by corrupting
+those of another, yet we may, I think, avail ourselves of the
+cases of those who have fallen into indiscretions, and have, in
+high stations, made themselves conspicuous for misconduct; and I
+shall not do ill to introduce a pair or two of such examples
+among these biographies, not, assuredly, to amuse and divert my
+readers, or give variety to my theme, but, as Ismenias, the
+Theban, used to show his scholars good and bad performers on the
+flute, and to tell them, "You should play like this man," and
+"You should not play like that," and as Antigenidas used to say,
+Young people would take greater pleasure in hearing good
+playing, if first they were set to hear bad, so, and in the same
+manner, it seems to me likely enough that we shall be all the
+more zealous and more emulous to read, observe, and imitate the
+better lives, if we are not left in ignorance of the blameworthy
+and the bad.
+
+For this reason, the following book contains the lives of
+Demetrius Poliorcetes, and Antonius the Triumvir; two persons
+who have abundantly justified the words of Plato, that great
+natures produce great vices as well as virtues.  Both alike were
+amorous and intemperate, warlike and munificent, sumptuous in
+their way of living, and overbearing in their manners.  And the
+likeness of their fortunes carried out the resemblance in their
+characters.  Not only were their lives each a series of great
+successes and great disasters, mighty acquisitions and
+tremendous losses of power, sudden overthrows, followed by
+unexpected recoveries, but they died, also, Demetrius in actual
+captivity to his enemies, and Antony on the verge of it.
+
+Antigonus had by his wife, Stratonice, the daughter of
+Corrhaeus, two sons; the one of whom, after the name of his
+uncle, he called Demetrius, the other had that of his
+grandfather Philip, and died young.  This is the most general
+account, although some have related, that Demetrius was not the
+son of Antigonus, but of his brother; and that his own father
+dying young, and his mother being afterwards married to
+Antigonus, he was accounted to be his son.
+
+Demetrius had not the height of his father Antigonus, though he
+was a tall man.  But his countenance was one of such singular
+beauty and expression, that no painter or sculptor ever produced
+a good likeness of him.  It combined grace and strength, dignity
+with boyish bloom, and, in the midst of youthful heat and
+passion, what was hardest of all to represent was a certain
+heroic look and air of kingly greatness.  Nor did his character
+belie his looks, as no one was better able to render himself
+both loved and feared.  For as he was the most easy and
+agreeable of companions, and the most luxurious and delicate of
+princes in his drinking and banqueting and daily pleasures, so
+in action there was never anyone that showed a more vehement
+persistence, or a more passionate energy.  Bacchus, skilled in
+the conduct of war, and after war in giving peace its pleasures
+and joys, seems to have been his pattern among the gods.
+
+He was wonderfully fond of his father Antigonus; and the
+tenderness he had for his mother led him, for her sake, to
+redouble attentions, which it was evident were not so much owing
+to fear or duty as to the more powerful motives of inclination.
+It is reported, that, returning one day from hunting, he went
+immediately into the apartment of Antigonus, who was conversing
+with some ambassadors, and after stepping up and kissing his
+father, he sat down by him, just as he was, still holding in his
+hand the javelins which he had brought with him.  Whereupon
+Antigonus, who had just dismissed the ambassadors with their
+answer, called out in a loud voice to them, as they were going,
+"Mention, also, that this is the way in which we two live
+together;" as if to imply to them that it was no slender mark of
+the power and security of his government that there was so
+perfect a good understanding between himself and his son.  Such
+an unsociable, solitary thing is power, and so much of jealousy
+and distrust in it, that the first and greatest of the
+successors of Alexander could make it a thing to glory in that
+he was not so afraid of his son as to forbid his standing beside
+him with a weapon in his hand.  And, in fact, among all the
+successors of Alexander, that of Antigonus was the only house
+which, for many descents, was exempted from crime of this kind;
+or, to state it exactly, Philip was the only one of this family
+who was guilty of a son's death.  All the other families, we may
+fairly say, afforded frequent examples of fathers who brought
+their children, husbands their wives, children their mothers, to
+untimely ends; and that brothers should put brothers to death
+was assumed, like the postulates of mathematicians, as the
+common and recognized royal first principle of safety.
+
+Let us here record an example in the early life of Demetrius,
+showing his natural humane and kindly disposition.  It was an
+adventure which passed betwixt him and Mithridates, the son of
+Ariobarzanes, who was about the same age with Demetrius, and
+lived with him, in attendance on Antigonus; and although nothing
+was said or could be said to his reproach, he fell under
+suspicion, in consequence of a dream which Antigonus had.
+Antigonus thought himself in a fair and spacious field, where he
+sowed golden seed, and saw presently a golden crop come up; of
+which, however, looking presently again, he saw nothing remain
+but the stubble, without the ears.  And as he stood by in anger
+and vexation, he heard some voices saying, Mithridates had cut
+the golden harvest and carried it off into Pontus.  Antigonus,
+much discomposed with his dream, first bound his son by an oath
+not to speak, and then related it to him, adding, that he had
+resolved, in consequence, to lose no time in ridding himself of
+Mithridates, and making away with him.  Demetrius was extremely
+distressed; and when the young man came, as usual, to pass his
+time with him, to keep his oath he forbore from saying a word,
+but, drawing him aside little by little from the company, as
+soon as they were by themselves, without opening his lips, with
+the point of his javelin he traced before him the words, "Fly,
+Mithridates."  Mithridates took the hint, and fled by night into
+Cappadocia, where Antigonus's dream about him was quickly
+brought to its due fulfillment; for he got possession of a large
+and fertile territory; and from him descended the line of the
+kings of Pontus, which, in the eighth generation, was reduced by
+the Romans.  This may serve for a specimen of the early goodness
+and love of justice that was part of Demetrius's natural
+character.
+
+But as in the elements of the world, Empedocles tells us, out of
+liking and dislike, there spring up contention and warfare, and
+all the more, the closer the contact, or the nearer the approach
+of the objects, even so the perpetual hostilities among the
+successors of Alexander were aggravated and inflamed, in
+particular cases, by juxtaposition of interests and of
+territories; as, for example, in the case of Antigonus and
+Ptolemy.  News came to Antigonus that Ptolemy had crossed from
+Cyprus and invaded Syria, and was ravaging the country and
+reducing the cities.  Remaining, therefore, himself in Phrygia,
+he sent Demetrius, now twenty-two years old, to make his first
+essay as sole commander in an important charge.  He, whose
+youthful heat outran his experience, advancing against an
+adversary trained in Alexander's school, and practiced in many
+encounters, incurred a great defeat near the town of Gaza, in
+which eight thousand of his men were taken, and five thousand
+killed.  His own tent, also, his money, and all his private
+effects and furniture, were captured.  These, however, Ptolemy
+sent back, together with his friends, accompanying them with the
+humane and courteous message, that they were not fighting for
+anything else but honor and dominion.  Demetrius accepted the
+gift, praying only to the gods not to leave him long in
+Ptolemy's debt, but to let him have an early chance of doing the
+like to him.  He took his disaster, also, with the temper not of
+a boy defeated in his attempt, but of an old and long-tried
+general, familiar with reverse of fortune; he busied himself in
+collecting his men, replenishing his magazines, watching the
+allegiance of the cities, and drilling his new recruits.
+
+Antigonus received the news of the battle with the remark, that
+Ptolemy had beaten boys, and would now have to fight with men.
+But not to humble the spirit of his son, he acceded to his
+request, and left him to command on the next occasion.
+
+Not long after, Cilles, Ptolemy's lieutenant, with a powerful
+army, took the field, and, looking upon Demetrius as already
+defeated by the previous battle, he had in his imagination
+driven him out of Syria before he saw him.  But he quickly found
+himself deceived; for Demetrius came so unexpectedly upon him
+that he surprised both the general and his army, making him and
+seven thousand of the soldiers prisoners of war, and possessing
+himself of a large amount of treasure.  But his joy in the
+victory was not so much for the prizes he should keep, as for
+those he could restore; and his thankfulness was less for the
+wealth and glory than for the means it gave him of requiting his
+enemy's former generosity.  He did not, however, take it into
+his own hands, but wrote to his father.  And on receiving leave
+to do as he liked, he sent back to Ptolemy Cilles and his
+friends, loaded with presents.  This defeat drove Ptolemy out of
+Syria, and brought Antigonus from Celaenae, to enjoy the
+victory, and the sight of the son who had gained it.
+
+Soon after, Demetrius was sent to bring the Nabathaean Arabs
+into obedience.  And here he got into a district without water,
+and incurred considerable danger, but by his resolute and
+composed demeanor he overawed the barbarians, and returned after
+receiving from them a large amount of booty, and seven hundred
+camels.  Not long after, Seleucus, whom Antigonus had formerly
+chased out of Babylon, but who had afterwards recovered his
+dominion by his own efforts and maintained himself in it, went
+with large forces on an expedition to reduce the tribes on the
+confines of India and the provinces near Mount Caucasus.  And
+Demetrius, conjecturing that he had left Mesopotamia but
+slenderly guarded in his absence, suddenly passed the Euphrates
+with his army, and made his way into Babylonia unexpectedly;
+where he succeeded in capturing one of the two citadels, out of
+which he expelled the garrison of Seleucus, and placed in it
+seven thousand men of his own.  And after allowing his soldiers
+to enrich themselves with all the spoil they could carry with
+them out of the country, he retired to the sea, leaving Seleucus
+more securely master of his dominions than before, as he seemed
+by this conduct to abandon every claim to a country which he
+treated like an enemy's.  However, by a rapid advance, he
+rescued Halicarnassus from Ptolemy, who was besieging it.  The
+glory which this act obtained them inspired both the father and
+son with a wonderful desire for freeing Greece, which Cassander
+and Ptolemy had everywhere reduced to slavery.  No nobler or
+juster war was undertaken by any of the kings; the wealth they
+had gained while humbling, with Greek assistance, the barbarians
+being thus employed, for honor's sake and good repute, in
+helping the Greeks.  When the resolution was taken to begin
+their attempt with Athens, one of his friends told Antigonus, if
+they captured Athens, they must keep it safe in their own hands,
+as by this gangway they might step out from their ships into
+Greece when they pleased.  But Antigonus would not hear of it;
+he did not want a better or a steadier gangway than people's
+good-will; and from Athens, the beacon of the world, the news of
+their conduct would soon be handed on to all the world's
+inhabitants.  So Demetrius, with a sum of five thousand talents,
+and a fleet of two hundred and fifty ships, set sail for Athens,
+where Demetrius the Phalerian was governing the city for
+Cassander, with a garrison lodged in the port of Munychia.  By
+good fortune and skillful management he appeared before Piraeus,
+on the twenty-sixth of Thargelion, before anything had been
+heard of him.  Indeed, when his ships were seen, they were taken
+for Ptolemy's, and preparations were commenced for receiving
+them; till at last, the generals discovering their mistake,
+hurried down, and all was alarm and confusion, and attempts to
+push forward preparations to oppose the landing of this hostile
+force.  For Demetrius, having found the entrances of the port
+undefended, stood in directly, and was by this time safely
+inside, before the eyes of everybody, and made signals from his
+ship, requesting a peaceable hearing.  And on leave being given,
+he caused a herald with a loud voice to make proclamation that
+he was come thither by the command of his father, with no other
+design than what he prayed the gods to prosper with success, to
+give the Athenians their liberty, to expel the garrison, and to
+restore the ancient laws and constitution of the country.
+
+The people, hearing this, at once threw down their shields, and,
+clapping their hands, with loud acclamations entreated Demetrius
+to land, calling him their deliverer and benefactor.  And the
+Phalerian and his party, who saw that there was nothing for it
+but to receive the conqueror, whether he should perform his
+promises or not, sent, however, messengers to beg for his
+protection; to whom Demetrius gave a kind reception, and sent
+back with them Aristodemus of Miletus, one of his father's
+friends.  The Phalerian, under the change of government, was
+more afraid of his fellow-citizens than of the enemy; but
+Demetrius took precautions for him, and, out of respect for his
+reputation and character, sent him with a safe conduct to
+Thebes, whither he desired to go.  For himself, he declared he
+would not, in spite of all his curiosity, put his foot in the
+city, till he had completed its deliverance by driving out the
+garrison.  So, blockading Munychia with a palisade and trench,
+he sailed off to attack Megara, where also there was one of
+Cassander's garrisons.  But, hearing that Cratesipolis, the wife
+of Alexander son of Polysperchon, who was famous for her beauty,
+was well disposed to see him, he left his troops near Megara,
+and set out with a few light-armed attendants for Patrae, where
+she was now staying.  And, quitting these also, he pitched his
+tent apart from everybody, that the woman might pay her visit
+without being seen.  This some of the enemy perceived, and
+suddenly attacked him; and, in his alarm, he was obliged to
+disguise himself in a shabby cloak, and run for it, narrowly
+escaping the shame of being made a prisoner, in reward for his
+foolish passion.  And as it was, his tent and money were taken.
+Megara, however, surrendered, and would have been pillaged by
+the soldiers, but for the urgent intercession of the Athenians.
+The garrison was driven out, and the city restored to
+independence.  While he was occupied in this, he remembered that
+Stilpo, the philosopher, famous for his choice of a life of
+tranquillity, was residing here.  He, therefore, sent for him,
+and begged to know whether anything belonging to him had been
+taken.  "No," replied Stilpo, "I have not met with anyone to
+take away knowledge."  Pretty nearly all the servants in the
+city had been stolen away; and so, when Demetrius, renewing his
+courtesies to Stilpo, on taking leave of him, said, "I leave
+your city, Stilpo, a city of freemen," "certainly," replied
+Stilpo, "there is not one serving man left among us all."
+
+Returning from Megara, he sat down before the citadel of
+Munychia, which in a few days he took by assault, and caused the
+fortifications to be demolished; and thus having accomplished
+his design, upon the request and invitation of the Athenians he
+made his entrance into the upper city, where, causing the people
+to be summoned, he publicly announced to them that their ancient
+constitution was restored, and that they should receive from his
+father, Antigonus, a present of one hundred and fifty thousand
+measures of wheat, and such a supply of timber as would enable
+them to build a hundred galleys.  In this manner did the
+Athenians recover their popular institutions, after the space of
+fifteen years from the time of the war of Lamia and the battle
+before Cranon, during which interval of time the government had
+been administered nominally as an oligarchy, but really by a
+single man, Demetrius the Phalerian being so powerful.  But the
+excessive honors which the Athenians bestowed, for these noble
+and generous acts, upon Demetrius, created offense and disgust.
+The Athenians were the first who gave Antigonus and Demetrius
+the title of kings, which hitherto they had made it a point of
+piety to decline, as the one remaining royal honor still
+reserved for the lineal descendants of Philip and Alexander, in
+which none but they could venture to participate.  Another name
+which they received from no people but the Athenians was that of
+the Tutelar Deities and Deliverers.  And to enhance this
+flattery, by a common vote it was decreed to change the style of
+the city, and not to have the years named any longer from the
+annual archon; a priest of the two Tutelary Divinities, who was
+to be yearly chosen, was to have this honor, and all public acts
+and instruments were to bear their date by his name.  They
+decreed, also, that the figures of Antigonus and Demetrius
+should be woven, with those of the gods, into the pattern of the
+great robe. They consecrated the spot where Demetrius first
+alighted from his chariot, and built an altar there, with the
+name of the Altar of the Descent of Demetrius.  They created two
+new tribes, calling them after the names of these princes, the
+Antigonid and the Demetriad; and to the Council, which consisted
+of five hundred persons, fifty being chosen out of every tribe,
+they added one hundred more to represent these new tribes.  But
+the wildest proposal was one made by Stratocles, the great
+inventor of all these ingenious and exquisite compliments,
+enacting that the members of any deputation that the city should
+send to Demetrius or Antigonus should have the same title as
+those sent to Delphi or Olympia for the performance of the
+national sacrifices in behalf of the state, at the great Greek
+festivals. This Stratocles was, in all respects, an audacious
+and abandoned character, and seemed to have made it his object
+to copy, by his buffoonery and impertinence, Cleon's old
+familiarity with the people.  His mistress, Phylacion, one day
+bringing him a dish of brains and neckbones for his dinner,
+"Oh," said he, "I am to dine upon the things which we statesmen
+play at ball with."  At another time, when the Athenians
+received their naval defeat near Amorgos, he hastened home
+before the news could reach the city, and, having a chaplet on
+his head, came riding through the Ceramicus, announcing that
+they had won a victory, and moved a vote for thanksgivings to
+the gods, and a distribution of meat among the people in their
+tribes.  Presently after came those who brought home the wrecks
+from the battle; and when the people exclaimed at what he had
+done, he came boldly to face the outcry, and asked what harm
+there had been in giving them two days' pleasure.
+
+Such was Stratocles.  And, "adding flame to fire," as
+Aristophanes says, there was one who, to outdo Stratocles,
+proposed, that it should be decreed, that whensoever Demetrius
+should honor their city with his presence, they should treat him
+with the same show of hospitable entertainment, with which Ceres
+and Bacchus are received; and the citizen who exceeded the rest
+in the splendor and costliness of his reception should have a
+sum of money granted him from the public purse to make a sacred
+offering.  Finally, they changed the name of the month of
+Munychion, and called it Demetrion; they gave the name of the
+Demetrian to the odd day between the end of the old and the
+beginning of the new month; and turned the feast of Bacchus, the
+Dionysia, into the Demetria, or feast of Demetrius.  Most of
+these changes were marked by the divine displeasure.  The sacred
+robe, in which, according to their decree, the figures of
+Demetrius and Antigonus had been woven with those of Jupiter and
+Minerva, was caught by a violent gust of wind, while the
+procession was conveying it through the Ceramicus, and was torn
+from the top to the bottom.  A crop of hemlock, a plant which
+scarcely grew anywhere, even in the country thereabout, sprang
+up in abundance round the altars which they had erected to these
+new divinities.  They had to omit the solemn procession at the
+feast of Bacchus, as upon the very day of its celebration there
+was such a severe and rigorous frost, coming quite out of its
+time, that not only the vines and fig-trees were killed, but
+almost all the wheat was destroyed in the blade.  Accordingly,
+Philippides, an enemy to Stratocles, attacked him in a comedy,
+in the following verses: --
+
+He for whom frosts that nipped your vines were sent,
+And for whose sins the holy robe was rent,
+Who grants to men the gods' own honors, he,
+Not the poor stage, is now the people's enemy.
+
+Philippides was a great favorite with king Lysimachus, from whom
+the Athenians received, for his sake, a variety of kindnesses.
+Lysimachus went so far as to think it a happy omen to meet or
+see Philippides at the outset of any enterprise or expedition.
+And, in general, he was well thought of for his own character,
+as a plain, uninterfering person, with none of the officious,
+self-important habits of a court.  Once, when Lysimachus was
+solicitous to show him kindness, and asked what he had that he
+could make him a present of, "Anything," replied Philippides,
+"but your state secrets."  The stage-player, we thought,
+deserved a place in our narrative quite as well as the public
+speaker.
+
+But that which exceeded all the former follies and flatteries,
+was the proposal of Dromoclides of Sphettus; who, when there was
+a debate about sending to the Delphic Oracle to inquire the
+proper course for the consecration of certain bucklers, moved in
+the assembly that they should rather send to receive an oracle
+from Demetrius.  I will transcribe the very words of the order,
+which was in these terms: "May it be happy and propitious.  The
+people of Athens have decreed, that a fit person shall be
+chosen among the Athenian citizens, who shall be deputed to be
+sent to the Deliverer; and after he hath duly performed the
+sacrifices, shall inquire of the Deliverer, in what most
+religious and decent manner he will please to direct, at the
+earliest possible time, the consecration of the bucklers; and
+according to the answer the people shall act."  With this
+befooling they completed the perversion of a mind which even
+before was not so strong or sound as it should have been.
+
+During his present leisure in Athens, he took to wife Eurydice,
+a descendant of the ancient Miltiades, who had been married to
+Opheltas, the ruler of Cyrene, and after his death had come back
+to Athens.  The Athenians took the marriage as a compliment and
+favor to the city.  But Demetrius was very free in these
+matters, and was the husband of several wives at once; the
+highest place and honor among all being retained by Phila, who
+was Antipater's daughter, and had been the wife of Craterus, the
+one of all the successors of Alexander who left behind him the
+strongest feelings of attachment among the Macedonians.  And for
+these reasons Antigonus had obliged him to marry her,
+notwithstanding the disparity of their years, Demetrius being
+quite a youth, and she much older; and when upon that account he
+made some difficulty in complying, Antigonus whispered in his
+ear the maxim from Euripides, broadly substituting a new word
+for the original, serve, --
+
+Natural or not,
+A man must wed where profit will be got.
+
+Any respect, however, which he showed either to Phila or to his
+other wives did not go so far as to prevent him from consorting
+with any number of mistresses, and bearing, in this respect,
+the worst character of all the princes of his time.
+
+A summons now arrived from his father, ordering him to go and
+fight with Ptolemy in Cyprus, which he was obliged to obey,
+sorry as he was to abandon Greece.  And in quitting this nobler
+and more glorious enterprise, he sent to Cleonides, Ptolemy's
+general, who was holding garrisons in Sicyon and Corinth,
+offering him money to let the cities be independent.  But on his
+refusal, he set sail hastily, taking additional forces with him,
+and made for Cyprus; where, immediately upon his arrival, he
+fell upon Menelaus, the brother of Ptolemy, and gave him a
+defeat.  But when Ptolemy himself came in person, with large
+forces both on land and sea, for some little time nothing took
+place beyond an interchange of menaces and lofty talk.  Ptolemy
+bade Demetrius sail off before the whole armament came up, if he
+did not wish to be trampled under foot; and Demetrius offered to
+let him retire, on condition of his withdrawing his garrisons
+from Sicyon and Corinth.  And not they alone, but all the other
+potentates and princes of the time, were in anxiety for the
+uncertain impending issue of the conflict; as it seemed evident,
+that the conqueror's prize would be, not Cyprus or Syria, but
+the absolute supremacy.
+
+Ptolemy had brought a hundred and fifty galleys with him, and
+gave orders to Menelaus to sally, in the heat of the battle, out
+of the harbor of Salamis, and attack with sixty ships the rear
+of Demetrius.  Demetrius, however, opposing to these sixty ten
+of his galleys, which were a sufficient number to block up the
+narrow entrance of the harbor, and drawing out his land forces
+along all the headlands running out into the sea, went into
+action with a hundred and eighty galleys, and, attacking with
+the utmost boldness and impetuosity, utterly routed Ptolemy, who
+fled with eight ships, the sole remnant of his fleet, seventy
+having been taken with all their men, and the rest destroyed in
+the battle; while the whole multitude of attendants, friends,
+and women, that had followed in the ships of burden, all the
+arms, treasure, and military engines fell, without exception,
+into the hands of Demetrius, and were by him collected and
+brought into the camp.  Among the prisoners was the celebrated
+Lamia, famed at one time for her skill on the flute, and
+afterwards renowned as a mistress.  And although now upon the
+wane of her youthful beauty, and though Demetrius was much her
+junior, she exercised over him so great a charm, that all other
+women seemed to be amorous of Demetrius, but Demetrius amorous
+only of Lamia.  After this signal victory, Demetrius came before
+Salamis; and Menelaus, unable to make any resistance,
+surrendered himself and all his fleet, twelve hundred horse, and
+twelve thousand foot, together with the place.  But that which
+added more than all to the glory and splendor of the success was
+the humane and generous conduct of Demetrius to the vanquished.
+For, after he had given honorable funerals to the dead, he
+bestowed liberty upon the living; and that he might not forget
+the Athenians, he sent them, as a present, complete arms for
+twelve hundred men.
+
+To carry this happy news, Aristodemus of Miletus, the most
+perfect flatterer belonging to the court, was dispatched to
+Antigonus; and he, to enhance the welcome message, was resolved,
+it would appear, to make his most successful effort.  When he
+crossed from Cyprus, he bade the galley which conveyed him come
+to anchor off the land; and, having ordered all the ship's crew
+to remain aboard, he took the boat, and was set ashore alone.
+Thus he proceeded to Antigonus, who, one may well imagine, was
+in suspense enough about the issue, and suffered all the
+anxieties natural to men engaged in so perilous a struggle.  And
+when he heard that Aristodemus was coming alone, it put him into
+yet greater trouble; he could scarcely forbear from going out to
+meet him himself; he sent messenger on messenger, and friend
+after friend, to inquire what news.  But Aristodemus, walking
+gravely and with a settled countenance, without making any
+answer, still proceeded quietly onward; until Antigonus, quite
+alarmed and no longer able to refrain, got up and met him at the
+gate, whither he came with a crowd of anxious followers now
+collected and running after him.  As soon as he saw Antigonus
+within hearing, stretching out his hands, he accosted him with
+the loud exclamation, "Hail, king Antigonus! we have defeated
+Ptolemy by sea, and have taken Cyprus and sixteen thousand eight
+hundred prisoners."  "Welcome, Aristodemus," replied Antigonus,
+"but, as you chose to torture us so long for your good news, you
+may wait awhile for the reward of it."
+
+Upon this the people around gave Antigonus and Demetrius, for
+the first time, the title of kings.  His friends at once set a
+diadem on the head of Antigonus; and he sent one presently to
+his son, with a letter addressed to him as King Demetrius.  And
+when this news was told in Egypt, that they might not seem to be
+dejected with the late defeat, Ptolemy's followers also took
+occasion to bestow the style of king upon him; and the rest of
+the successors of Alexander were quick to follow the example.
+Lysimachus began to wear the diadem; and Seleucus, who had
+before received the name in all addresses from the barbarians,
+now also took it upon him in all business with the Greeks.
+Cassander still retained his usual superscription in his
+letters, but others, both in writing and speaking, gave him the
+royal title.  Nor was this the mere accession of a name, or
+introduction of a new fashion.  The men's own sentiments about
+themselves were disturbed, and their feelings elevated; a spirit
+of pomp and arrogance passed into their habits of life and
+conversation, as a tragic actor on the stage modifies, with a
+change of dress, his step, his voice, his motions in sitting
+down, his manner in addressing another.  The punishments they
+inflicted were more violent after they had thus laid aside that
+modest style under which they formerly dissembled their power,
+and the influence of which had often made them gentler and less
+exacting to their subjects.  A single pattering voice effected a
+revolution in the world.
+
+Antigonus, extremely elevated with the success of his arms in
+Cyprus under the conduct of Demetrius, resolved to push on his
+good fortune, and to lead his forces in person against Ptolemy
+by land, whilst Demetrius should coast with a great fleet along
+the shore, to assist him by sea.  The issue of the contest was
+intimated in a dream which Medius, a friend to Antigonus, had at
+this time in his sleep.  He thought he saw Antigonus and his
+whole army running, as if it had been a race; that, in the first
+part of the course, he went off showing great strength and
+speed; gradually, however, his pace slackened; and at the end he
+saw him come lagging up, tired and almost breathless and quite
+spent.  Antigonus himself met with many difficulties by land;
+and Demetrius, encountering a great storm at sea, was driven,
+with the loss of many or his ships, upon a dangerous coast
+without a harbor.  So the expedition returned without effecting
+anything.  Antigonus, now nearly eighty years old, was no
+longer well able to go through the fatigues of a marching
+campaign, though rather on account of his great size and
+corpulence than from loss of strength; and for this reason he
+left things to his son, whose fortune and experience appeared
+sufficient for all undertakings, and whose luxury and expense
+and revelry gave him no concern.  For though in peace he vented
+himself in his pleasures, and, when there was nothing to do, ran
+headlong into any excesses, in war he was as sober and
+abstemious as the most temperate character.  The story is told,
+that once, after Lamia had gained open supremacy over him, the
+old man, when Demetrius coming home from abroad began to kiss
+him with unusual warmth, asked him if he took him for Lamia.  At
+another time, Demetrius, after spending several days in a
+debauch, excused himself for his absence, by saying he had had a
+violent flux.  "So I heard," replied Antigonus; "was it of
+Thasian wine, or Chian?"  Once he was told his son was ill, and
+went to see him.  At the door he met some young beauty.  Going
+in, he sat down by the bed and took his pulse.  "The fever,"
+said Demetrius, "has just left me."  "O yes," replied the
+father, "I met it going out at the door."  Demetrius's great
+actions made Antigonus treat him thus easily.  The Scythians in
+their drinking-bouts twang their bows, to keep their courage
+awake amidst the dreams of indulgence; but he would resign his
+whole being, now, to pleasure, and now to action; and though he
+never let thoughts of the one intrude upon the pursuit of the
+other, yet, when the time came for preparing for war, he showed
+as much capacity as any man.
+
+And indeed his ability displayed itself even more in preparing
+for, than in conducting a war.  He thought he could never be too
+well supplied for every possible occasion, and took a pleasure,
+not to be satiated, in great improvements in ship-building and
+machines.  He did not waste his natural genius and power of
+mechanical research on toys and idle fancies, turning, painting,
+and playing on the flute, like some kings, Aeropus, for example,
+king of Macedon, who spent his days in making small lamps and
+tables; or Attalus Philometor, whose amusement was to cultivate
+poisons, henbane and hellebore, and even hemlock, aconite, and
+dorycnium, which he used to sow himself in the royal gardens,
+and made it his business to gather the fruits and collect the
+juices in their season.  The Parthian kings took a pride in
+whetting and sharpening with their own hands the points of their
+arrows and javelins.  But when Demetrius played the workman, it
+was like a king, and there was magnificence in his handicraft.
+The articles he produced bore marks upon the face of them not of
+ingenuity only, but of a great mind and a lofty purpose.  They
+were such as a king might not only design and pay for, but use
+his own hands to make; and while friends might be terrified with
+their greatness, enemies could be charmed with their beauty; a
+phrase which is not so pretty to the ear as it is true to the
+fact.  The very people against whom they were to be employed
+could not forbear running to gaze with admiration upon his
+galleys of five and six ranges of oars, as they passed along
+their coasts; and the inhabitants of besieged cities came on
+their walls to see the spectacle of his famous City-takers.
+Even Lysimachus, of all the kings of his time the greatest enemy
+of Demetrius, coming to raise the siege of Soli in Cilicia, sent
+first to desire permission to see his galleys and engines, and,
+having had his curiosity gratified by a view of them, expressed
+his admiration and quitted the place.  The Rhodians, also, whom
+he long besieged, begged him, when they concluded a peace, to
+let them have some of his engines, which they might preserve as
+a memorial at once of his power and of their own brave
+resistance.
+
+The quarrel between him and the Rhodians was on account of their
+being allies to Ptolemy, and in the siege the greatest of all
+the engines was planted against their walls.  The base of it was
+exactly square, each side containing twenty-four cubits; it rose
+to a height of thirty-three cubits, growing narrower from the
+base to the top.  Within were several apartments or chambers,
+which were to be filled with armed men, and in every story the
+front towards the enemy had windows for discharging missiles of
+all sorts, the whole being filled with soldiers for every
+description of fighting.  And what was most wonderful was that,
+notwithstanding its size, when it was moved it never tottered or
+inclined to one side, but went forward on its base in perfect
+equilibrium, with a loud noise and great impetus, astounding the
+minds, and yet at the same time charming the eyes of all the
+beholders.
+
+Whilst Demetrius was at this same siege, there were brought to
+him two iron cuirasses from Cyprus, weighing each of them no
+more than forty pounds, and Zoilus, who had forged them, to show
+the excellence of their temper, desired that one of them might
+be tried with a catapult missile, shot out of one of the engines
+at no greater distance than six and twenty paces; and, upon the
+experiment, it was found, that though the dart exactly hit the
+cuirass, yet it made no greater impression than such a slight
+scratch as might be made with the point of a style or graver.
+Demetrius took this for his own wearing, and gave the other to
+Alcimus the Epirot, the best soldier and strongest man of all
+his captains, the only one who used to wear armor to the weight
+of two talents, one talent being the weight which others thought
+sufficient.  He fell during this siege in a battle near the
+theater.
+
+The Rhodians made a brave defense, insomuch that Demetrius saw
+he was making but little progress, and only persisted out of
+obstinacy and passion; and the rather because the Rhodians,
+having captured a ship in which some clothes and furniture, with
+letters from herself; were coming to him from Phila his wife,
+had sent on everything to Ptolemy, and had not copied the
+honorable example of the Athenians, who, having surprised an
+express sent from king Philip, their enemy, opened all the
+letters he was charged with, excepting only those directed to
+queen Olympias, which they returned with the seal unbroken.
+Yet, although greatly provoked, Demetrius, into whose power it
+shortly after came to repay the affront, would not suffer
+himself to retaliate.  Protogenes the Caunian had been making
+them a painting of the story of Ialysus, which was all but
+completed, when it was taken by Demetrius in one of the suburbs.
+The Rhodians sent a herald begging him to be pleased to spare
+the work and not let it be destroyed; Demetrius's answer to
+which was that he would rather burn the pictures of his father
+than a piece of art which had cost so much labor.  It is said to
+have taken Protogenes seven years to paint, and they tell us
+that Apelles, when he first saw it, was struck dumb with wonder,
+and called it, on recovering his speech, "a great labor and a
+wonderful success," adding, however, that it had not the graces
+which carried his own paintings as it were up to the heavens.
+This picture, which came with the rest in the general mass to
+Rome, there perished by fire.
+
+While the Rhodians were thus defending their city to the
+uttermost, Demetrius, who was not sorry for an excuse to retire,
+found one in the arrival of ambassadors from Athens, by whose
+mediation terms were made that the Rhodians should bind
+themselves to aid Antigonus and Demetrius against all enemies,
+Ptolemy excepted.
+
+The Athenians entreated his help against Cassander, who was
+besieging the city.  So he went thither with a fleet of three
+hundred and thirty ships, and many soldiers; and not only drove
+Cassander out of Attica, but pursued him as far as Thermopylae,
+routed him, and became master of Heraclea, which came over to
+him voluntarily, and of a body of six thousand Macedonians,
+which also joined him.  Returning hence, he gave their liberty
+to all the Greeks on this side Thermopylae, and made alliance
+with the Boeotians, took Cenchreae, and reducing the fortresses
+of Phyle and Panactum, in which were garrisons of Cassander,
+restored them to the Athenians.  They, in requital, though they
+had before been so profuse in bestowing honors upon him, that
+one would have thought they had exhausted all the capacities of
+invention, showed they had still new refinements of adulation to
+devise for him.  They gave him, as his lodging, the back temple
+in the Parthenon, and here he lived, under the immediate roof,
+as they meant it to imply, of his hostess, Minerva; no reputable
+or well-conducted guest to be quartered upon a maiden goddess.
+When his brother Philip was once put into a house where three
+young women were living, Antigonus saying nothing to him, sent
+for his quartermaster, and told him, in the young man's
+presence, to find some less crowded lodgings for him.
+
+Demetrius, however, who should, to say the least, have paid the
+goddess the respect due to an elder sister, for that was the
+purport of the city's compliment, filled the temple with such
+pollutions that the place seemed least profaned when his license
+confined itself to common women like Chrysis, Lamia, Demo, and
+Anticyra.
+
+The fair name of the city forbids any further plain particulars;
+let us only record the severe virtue of the young Damocles,
+surnamed, and by that surname pointed out to Demetrius, the
+beautiful; who, to escape importunities, avoided every place of
+resort, and when at last followed into a private bathing room by
+Demetrius, seeing none at hand to help or deliver, seized the
+lid from the cauldron, and, plunging into the boiling water,
+sought a death untimely and unmerited, but worthy of the country
+and of the beauty that occasioned it.  Not so Cleaenetus, the
+son of Cleomedon, who, to obtain from Demetrius a letter of
+intercession to the people in behalf of his father, lately
+condemned in a fine of fifty talents, disgraced himself, and got
+the city into trouble.  In deference to the letter, they
+remitted the fine, yet they made an edict prohibiting any
+citizen for the future to bring letters from Demetrius.  But
+being informed that Demetrius resented this as a great
+indignity, they not only rescinded in alarm the former order,
+but put some of the proposers and advisers of it to death and
+banished others, and furthermore enacted and decreed, that
+whatsoever king Demetrius should in time to come ordain, should
+be accounted right towards the gods and just towards men; and
+when one of the better class of citizens said Stratocles must be
+mad to use such words, Demochares of Leuconoe observed, he
+would be a fool not to be mad.  For Stratocles was well rewarded
+for his flatteries; and the saying was remembered against
+Demochares, who was soon after sent into banishment.  So fared
+the Athenians, after being relieved of the foreign garrison, and
+recovering what was called their liberty.
+
+After this Demetrius marched with his forces into Peloponnesus,
+where he met with none to oppose him, his enemies flying before
+him, and allowing the cities to join him.  He received into
+friendship all Acte, as it is called, and all Arcadia except
+Mantinea.  He bought the liberty of Argos, Corinth, and Sicyon,
+by paying a hundred talents to their garrisons to evacuate them.
+At Argos, during the feast of Juno, which happened at the time,
+he presided at the games, and, joining in the festivities with
+the multitude of the Greeks assembled there, he celebrated his
+marriage with Deidamia, daughter of Aeacides, king of the
+Molossians, and sister of Pyrrhus.  At Sicyon he told the people
+they had put the city just outside of the city, and, persuading
+them to remove to where they now live, gave their town not only
+a new site but a new name, Demetrias, after himself.  A general
+assembly met on the Isthmus, where he was proclaimed, by a great
+concourse of people, the Commander of Greece, like Philip and
+Alexander of old; whose superior he, in the present height of
+his prosperity and power, was willing enough to consider
+himself; and, certainly, in one respect he outdid Alexander, who
+never refused their title to other kings, or took on himself the
+style of king of kings, though many kings received both their
+title and their authority as such from him; whereas Demetrius
+used to ridicule those who gave the name of king to any except
+himself and his father; and in his entertainments was well
+pleased when his followers, after drinking to him and his father
+as kings, went on to drink the health of Seleucus, with the
+title of Master of the Elephants; of Ptolemy, by the name of
+High Admiral; of Lysimachus, with the addition of Treasurer; and
+of Agathocles, with the style of Governor of the Island of
+Sicily.  The other kings merely laughed when they were told of
+this vanity; Lysimachus alone expressed some indignation at
+being considered a eunuch; such being usually then selected for
+the office of treasurer.  And, in general, there was a more
+bitter enmity between him and Lysimachus than with any of the
+others.  Once, as a scoff at his passion for Lamia, Lysimachus
+said he had never before seen a courtesan act a queen's part; to
+which Demetrius rejoined that his mistress was quite as honest
+us Lysimachus's own Penelope.
+
+But to proceed.  Demetrius being about to return to Athens,
+signified by letter to the city that he desired immediate
+admission to the rites of initiation into the Mysteries, and
+wished to go through all the stages of the
+ceremony, from first to last, without delay.  This was
+absolutely contrary to the rules, and a thing which had never
+been allowed before; for the lesser mysteries were celebrated in
+the month of Anthesterion, and the great solemnity in
+Boedromion, and none of the novices were finally admitted till
+they had completed a year after this latter.  Yet all this
+notwithstanding, when in the public assembly these letters of
+Demetrius were produced and read, there was not one single
+person who had the courage to oppose them, except Pythodorus,
+the torch-bearer.  But it signified nothing, for Stratocles at
+once proposed that the month of Munychion, then current, should
+by edict be reputed to be the month of Anthesterion; which being
+voted and done, and Demetrius thereby admitted to the lesser
+ceremonies, by another vote they turned the same month of
+Munychion into the other month of Boedromion; the celebration of
+the greater mysteries ensued, and Demetrius was fully admitted.
+These proceedings gave the comedian, Philippides, a new occasion
+to exercise his wit upon Stratocles,
+
+whose flattering fear
+Into one month hath crowded all the year.
+
+And on the vote that Demetrius should lodge in the Parthenon,
+
+Who turns the temple to a common inn,
+And makes the Virgin's house a house of sin.
+
+Of all the disreputable and flagitious acts of which he was
+guilty in this visit, one that particularly hurt the feelings of
+the Athenians was that, having given comment that they should
+forthwith raise for his service two hundred and fifty talents,
+and they to comply with his demands being forced to levy it upon
+the people with the utmost rigor and severity, when they
+presented him with the money, which they had with such
+difficulty raised, as if it were a trifling sum, he ordered it
+to be given to Lamia and the rest of his women, to buy soap.
+The loss, which was bad enough, was less galling than the shame,
+and the words more intolerable than the act which they
+accompanied.  Though, indeed, the story is variously reported;
+and some say it was the Thessalians, and not the Athenians, who
+were thus treated.  Lamia, however, exacted contributions
+herself to pay for an entertainment she gave to the king, and
+her banquet was so renowned for its sumptuosity, that a
+description of it was drawn up by the Samian writer, Lynceus.
+Upon this occasion, one of the comic writers gave Lamia the name
+of the real Helepolis; and Demochares of Soli called Demetrius
+Mythus, because the fable always has its Lamia, and so had he.
+
+And, in truth, his passion for this woman and the prosperity in
+which she lived were such as to draw upon him not only the envy
+and jealousy of all his wives, but the animosity even of his
+friends.  For example, on Lysimachus's showing to some
+ambassadors from Demetrius the scars of the wounds which he had
+received upon his thighs and arms by the paws of the lion with
+which Alexander had shut him up, after hearing his account of
+the combat, they smiled and answered, that their king, also, was
+not without his scars, but could show upon his neck the marks of
+a Lamia, a no less dangerous beast.  It was also matter of
+wonder that, though he had objected so much to Phila on account
+of her age, he was yet such a slave to Lamia, who was so long
+past her prime.  One evening at supper, when she played the
+flute, Demetrius asked Demo, whom the men called Madness, what
+she thought of her.  Demo answered she thought her an old woman.
+And when a quantity of sweetmeats were brought in, and the king
+said again, "See what presents I get from Lamia!"  "My old
+mother," answered Demo, "will send you more, if you will make
+her your mistress."  Another story is told of a criticism passed
+by Lamia or the famous judgment of Bocchoris.  A young Egyptian
+had long made suit to Thonis, the courtesan, offering a sum of
+gold for her favor.  But before it came to pass, he dreamed one
+night that he had obtained it, and, satisfied with the shadow,
+felt no more desire for the substance.  Thonis upon this brought
+an action for the sum.  Bocchoris, the judge, on hearing the
+case, ordered the defendant to bring into court the full amount
+in a vessel, which he was to move to and fro in his hand, and
+the shadow of it was to be adjudged to Thonis.  The fairness of
+this sentence Lamia contested, saying the young man's desire
+might have been satisfied with the dream, but Thonis's desire
+for the money could not be relieved by the shadow.  Thus much
+for Lamia.
+
+And now the story passes from the comic to the tragic stage in
+pursuit of the acts and fortunes of its subject.  A general
+league of the kings, who were now gathering and combining their
+forces to attack Antigonus, recalled Demetrius from Greece.  He
+was encouraged by finding his father full of a spirit and
+resolution for the combat that belied his years.  Yet it would
+seem to be true, that if Antigonus could only have borne to
+make some trifling concessions, and if he had shown any
+moderation in his passion for empire, he might have maintained
+for himself till his death, and left to his son behind him, the
+first place among the kings.  But he was of a violent and
+haughty spirit; and the insulting words as well as actions in
+which he allowed himself could not be borne by young and
+powerful princes, and provoked them into combining against him.
+Though now when he was told of the confederacy, he could not
+forbear from saying that this flock of birds would soon be
+scattered by one stone and a single shout.  He took the field at
+the head of more than seventy thousand foot, and of ten thousand
+horse, and seventy-five elephants.  His enemies had sixty-four
+thousand foot, five hundred more horse than he, elephants to the
+number of four hundred, and a hundred and twenty chariots.  On
+their near approach to each other, an alteration began to be
+observable, not in the purposes, but in the presentiments of
+Antigonus.  For whereas in all former campaigns he had ever
+shown himself lofty and confident, loud in voice and scornful in
+speech, often by some joke or mockery on the eve of battle
+expressing his contempt and displaying his composure, he was now
+remarked to be thoughtful, silent, and retired.  He presented
+Demetrius to the army, and declared him his successor; and what
+everyone thought stranger than all was that he now conferred
+alone in his tent with Demetrius, whereas in former time he had
+never entered into any secret consultations even with him; but
+had always followed his own advice, made his resolutions, and
+then given out his commands.  Once when Demetrius was a boy and
+asked him how soon the army would move, he is said to have
+answered him sharply, "Are you afraid lest you, of all the army,
+should not hear the trumpet?"
+
+There were now, however, inauspicious signs, which affected his
+spirits.  Demetrius, in a dream, had seen Alexander, completely
+armed, appear and demand of him what word they intended to give
+in the time of the battle; and Demetrius answering that he
+intended the word should be "Jupiter and Victory."  "Then," said
+Alexander, "I will go to your adversaries and find my welcome
+with them."  And on the morning of the combat, as the armies
+were drawing up, Antigonus, going out of the door of his tent,
+by some accident or other, stumbled and fell flat upon the
+ground, hurting himself a good deal.  And on recovering his
+feet, lifting up his hands to heaven, he prayed the gods to
+grant him "either victory, or death without knowledge of
+defeat."  When the armies engaged, Demetrius, who commanded the
+greatest and best part of the cavalry, made a charge on
+Antiochus, the son of Seleucus, and, gloriously routing the
+enemy, followed the pursuit, in the pride and exultation of
+success, so eagerly, and so unwisely far, that it fatally lost
+him the day, for when, perceiving his error, he would have come
+in to the assistance of his own infantry, he was not able, the
+enemy with their elephants having cut off his retreat.  And on
+the other hand, Seleucus, observing the main battle of Antigonus
+left naked of their horse, did not charge, but made a show of
+charging; and keeping them in alarm and wheeling about and still
+threatening an attack, he gave opportunity for those who wished
+it to separate and come over to him; which a large body of them
+did, the rest taking to flight.  But the old king Antigonus
+still kept his post, and when a strong body of the enemies drew
+up to charge him, and one of those about him cried out to him,
+"Sir, they are coming upon you," he only replied, "What else
+should they do? but Demetrius will come to my rescue."  And in
+this hope he persisted to the last, looking out on every side
+for his son's approach, until he was borne down by a whole
+multitude of darts, and fell.  His other followers and friends
+fled, and Thorax of Larissa remained alone by the body.
+
+The battle having been thus decided, the kings who had gained
+the victory, carving up the whole vast empire that had belonged
+to Demetrius and Antigonus, like a carcass, into so many
+portions, added these new gains to their former possessions.  As
+for Demetrius, with five thousand foot and four thousand horse,
+he fled at his utmost speed to Ephesus, where it was the common
+opinion he would seize the treasures of the temple to relieve
+his wants; but he, on the contrary, fearing such an attempt on
+the part of his soldiers, hastened away, and sailed for Greece,
+his chief remaining hopes being placed in the fidelity of the
+Athenians, with whom he had left part of his navy and of his
+treasure and his wife Deidamia.  And in their attachment he had
+not the least doubt but he should in this his extremity find a
+safe resource.  Accordingly when, upon reaching the Cyclades, he
+was met by ambassadors from Athens, requesting him not to
+proceed to the city, as the people had passed a vote to admit no
+king whatever within their walls, and had conveyed Deidamia with
+honorable attendance to Megara, his anger and surprise
+overpowered him, and the constancy quite failed him which he had
+hitherto shown in a wonderful degree under his reverses, nothing
+humiliating or mean-spirited having as yet been seen in him
+under all his misfortunes.  But to be thus disappointed in the
+Athenians, and to find the friendship he had trusted prove, upon
+trial, thus empty and unreal, was a great pang to him.  And, in
+truth, an excessive display of outward honor would seem to be
+the most uncertain attestation of the real affection of a people
+for any king or potentate.  Such shows lose their whole credit
+as tokens of affection (which has its virtue in the feelings and
+moral choice), when we reflect that they may equally proceed
+from fear.  The same decrees are voted upon the latter motive as
+upon the former.  And therefore judicious men do not look so
+much to statues, paintings, or divine honors that are paid them,
+as to their own actions and conduct, judging hence whether they
+shall trust these as a genuine, or discredit them as a forced
+homage.  As in fact nothing is less unusual than for a people,
+even while offering compliments, to be disgusted with those who
+accept them greedily, or arrogantly, or without respect to the
+freewill of the givers.
+
+Demetrius, shamefully used as he thought himself, was in no
+condition to revenge the affront.  He returned a message of
+gentle expostulation, saying, however, that he expected to have
+his galleys sent to him, among which was that of thirteen banks
+of oars.  And this being accorded him, he sailed to the Isthmus,
+and, finding his affairs in very ill condition, his garrisons
+expelled, and a general secession going on to the enemy, he left
+Pyrrhus to attend to Greece, and took his course to the
+Chersonesus, where he ravaged the territories of Lysimachus,
+and, by the booty which he took, maintained and kept together
+his troops, which were now once more beginning to recover and to
+show some considerable front.  Nor did any of the other princes
+care to meddle with him on that side; for Lysimachus had quite
+as little claim to be loved, and was more to be feared for his
+power.  But, not long after, Seleucus sent to treat with
+Demetrius for a marriage betwixt himself and Stratonice,
+daughter of Demetrius by Phila.  Seleucus, indeed, had already,
+by Apama the Persian, a son named Antiochus, but he was
+possessed of territories that might well satisfy more than one
+successor, and he was the rather induced to this alliance with
+Demetrius, because Lysimachus had just married himself to one
+daughter of king Ptolemy, and his son Agathocles to another.
+Demetrius, who looked upon the offer as an unexpected piece of
+good fortune, presently embarked with his daughter, and with his
+whole fleet sailed for Syria.  Having during his voyage to touch
+several times on the coast, among other places he landed in part
+of Cilicia, which, by the apportionment of the kings after the
+defeat of Antigonus, was allotted to Plistarchus, the brother of
+Cassander.  Plistarchus, who took this descent of Demetrius upon
+his coasts as an infraction of his rights, and was not sorry to
+have something to complain of hastened away to expostulate in
+person with Seleucus for entering separately into relations with
+Demetrius, the common enemy, without consulting the other kings.
+
+Demetrius, receiving information of this, seized the
+opportunity, and fell upon the city of Quinda, which he
+surprised, and took in it twelve hundred talents, still
+remaining of the treasure.  With this prize, he hastened back to
+his galleys, embarked, and set sail.  At Rhosus, where his wife
+Phila was now with him, he was met by Seleucus, and their
+communications with each other at once were put on a frank,
+unsuspecting, and kingly footing.  First, Seleucus gave a
+banquet to Demetrius in his tent in the camp; then Demetrius
+received him in the ship of thirteen banks of oars.  Meetings
+for amusements, conferences, and long visits for general
+intercourse succeeded, all without attendants or arms; until at
+length Seleucus took his leave, and in great state conducted
+Stratonice to Antioch.  Demetrius meantime possessed himself of
+Cilicia, and sent Phila to her brother Cassander, to answer the
+complaints of Plistarchus.  And here his wife Deidamia came by
+sea out of Greece to meet him, but not long after contracted an
+illness, of which she died.  After her death, Demetrius, by the
+mediation of Seleucus, became reconciled to Ptolemy, and an
+agreement was made that he should marry his daughter Ptolemais.
+Thus far all was handsomely done on the part of Seleucus.  But,
+shortly after, desiring to have the province of Cilicia from
+Demetrius for a sum of money, and being refused it, he then
+angrily demanded of him the cities of Tyre and Sidon, which
+seemed a mere piece of arbitrary dealing, and, indeed, an
+outrageous thing, that he, who was possessed of all the vast
+provinces between India and the Syrian sea, should think himself
+so poorly off as for the sake of two cities, which he coveted,
+to disturb the peace of his near connection, already a sufferer
+under a severe reverse of fortune.  However, he did but justify
+the saying of Plato, that the only certain way to be truly rich
+is not to have more property, but fewer desires.  For whoever is
+always grasping at more avows that he is still in want, and must
+be poor in the midst of affluence.
+
+But Demetrius, whose courage did not sink, resolutely sent him
+answer, that, though he were to lose ten thousand battles like
+that of Ipsus, he would pay no price for the good-will of such a
+son-in-law as Seleucus.  He reinforced these cities with
+sufficient garrisons to enable them to make a defense against
+Seleucus; and, receiving information that Lachares, taking the
+opportunity of their civil dissensions, had set up himself as an
+usurper over the Athenians, he imagined that if he made a sudden
+attempt upon the city, he might now without difficulty get
+possession of it.  He crossed the sea in safety, with a large
+fleet; but, passing along the coast of Attica, was met by a
+violent storm, and lost the greater number of his ships, and a
+very considerable body of men on board of them.  As for him, he
+escaped, and began to make war in a petty manner with the
+Athenians, but finding himself unable to effect his design, he
+sent back orders for raising another fleet, and, with the troops
+which he had, marched into Peloponnesus, and laid siege to the
+city of Messena.  In attacking which place, he was in danger of
+death; for a missile from an engine struck him in the face, and
+passed through the cheek into his mouth.  He recovered, however,
+and, as soon as he was in a condition to take the field, won
+over divers cities which had revolted from him, and made an
+incursion into Attica, where he took Eleusis and Rhamnus and
+wasted the country thereabout.  And that he might straighten the
+Athenians by cutting off all manner of provision, a vessel laden
+with corn bound thither falling into his hands, he ordered the
+master and the supercargo to be immediately hanged, thereby to
+strike a terror into others, that so they might not venture to
+supply the city with provisions.  By which means they were
+reduced to such extremities, that a bushel of salt sold for
+forty drachmas, and a peck of wheat for three hundred.  Ptolemy
+had sent to their relief a hundred and fifty galleys, which came
+so near as to be seen off Aegina; but this brief hope was soon
+extinguished by the arrival of three hundred ships, which came
+to reinforce Demetrius from Cyprus, Peloponnesus, and other
+places; upon which Ptolemy's fleet took to flight, and Lachares,
+the tyrant, ran away, leaving the city to its fate.
+
+And now the Athenians, who before had made it capital for any
+person to propose a treaty or accommodation with Demetrius,
+immediately opened the nearest gates to send ambassadors to him,
+not so much out of hopes of obtaining any honorable conditions
+from his clemency as out of necessity, to avoid death by famine.
+For among many frightful instances of the distress they were
+reduced to, it is said that a father and son were sitting in a
+room together, having abandoned every hope, when a dead mouse
+fell from the ceiling; and for this prize they leaped up and
+came to blows.  In this famine, it is also related, the
+philosopher Epicurus saved his own life, and the lives of his
+scholars, by a small quantity of beans, which he distributed to
+them daily by number.
+
+In this condition was the city when Demetrius made his entrance
+and issued a proclamation that all the inhabitants should
+assemble in the theater; which being done, he drew up his
+soldiers at the back of the stage, occupied the stage itself
+with his guards, and, presently coming in himself by the actor's
+passages, when the people's consternation had risen to its
+height, with his first words he put an end to it.  Without any
+harshness of tone or bitterness of words, he reprehended them in
+a gentle and friendly way, and declared himself reconciled,
+adding a present of a hundred thousand bushels of wheat, and
+appointing as magistrates persons acceptable to the people.  So
+Dromoclides the orator, seeing the people at a loss how to
+express their gratitude by any words or acclamations, and ready
+for anything that would outdo the verbal encomiums of the
+public speakers, came forward, and moved a decree for delivering
+Piraeus and Munychia into the hands of king Demetrius.  This was
+passed accordingly, and Demetrius, of his own motion, added a
+third garrison, which he placed in the Museum, as a precaution
+against any new restiveness on the part of the people, which
+might give him the trouble of quitting his other enterprises.
+
+He had not long been master of Athens before he had formed
+designs against Lacedaemon; of which Archidamus, the king, being
+advertised, came out and met him, but he was overthrown in a
+battle near Mantinea; after which Demetrius entered Laconia,
+and, in a second battle near Sparta itself, defeated him again
+with the loss of two hundred Lacedaemonians slain, and five
+hundred taken prisoners.  And now it was almost impossible for
+the city, which hitherto had never been captured, to escape his
+arms.  But certainly there never was any king upon whom fortune
+made such short turns, nor any other life or story so filled
+with her swift and surprising changes, over and over again, from
+small things to great, from splendor back to humiliation, and
+from utter weakness once more to power and might.  They say in
+his sadder vicissitudes he used sometimes to apostrophize
+fortune in the words of Aeschylus --
+
+Thou liftest up, to cast us down again.
+
+And so at this moment, when all things seemed to conspire
+together to give him his heart's desire of dominion and power,
+news arrived that Lysimachus had taken all his cities in Asia,
+that Ptolemy had reduced all Cyprus with the exception of
+Salamis, and that in Salamis his mother and children were shut
+up and close besieged: and yet like the woman in Archilochus,
+
+Water in one deceitful hand she shows,
+While burning fire within her other glows.
+
+The same fortune that drew him off with these disastrous tidings
+from Sparta, in a moment after opened upon him a new and
+wonderful prospect, of the following kind.  Cassander, king of
+Macedon, dying, and his eldest son, Philip, who succeeded him,
+not long surviving his father, the two younger brothers fell at
+variance concerning the succession.  And Antipater having
+murdered his mother Thessalonica, Alexander, the younger
+brother, called in to his assistance Pyrrhus out of Epirus, and
+Demetrius out of the Peloponnese.  Pyrrhus arrived first, and,
+taking in recompense for his succor a large slice of Macedonia,
+had made Alexander begin to be aware that he had brought upon
+himself a dangerous neighbor.  And, that he might not run a yet
+worse hazard from Demetrius, whose power and reputation were so
+great, the young man hurried away to meet him at Dium, whither
+he, who on receiving his letter had set out on his march, was
+now come.  And, offering his greetings and grateful
+acknowledgments, he at the same time informed him that his
+affairs no longer required the presence of his ally, and
+thereupon he invited him to supper.  There were not wanting some
+feelings of suspicion on either side already; and when Demetrius
+was now on his way to the banquet, someone came and told him
+that in the midst of the drinking he would be killed.  Demetrius
+showed little concern, but, making only a little less haste, he
+sent to the principal officers of his army, commanding them to
+draw out the soldiers, and make them stand to their arms, and
+ordered his retinue (more numerous a good deal than that of
+Alexander) to attend him into the very room of the entertainment,
+and not to stir from thence till they saw him rise from the table.
+Thus Alexander's servants, finding themselves overpowered,
+had not courage to attempt anything.  And,
+indeed, Demetrius gave them no opportunity, for he made a very
+short visit, and, pretending to Alexander that he was not at
+present in health for drinking wine, left early.  And the next
+day he occupied himself in preparations for departing, telling
+Alexander he had received intelligence that obliged him to
+leave, and begging him to excuse so sudden a parting; he would
+hope to see him further when his affairs allowed him leisure.
+Alexander was only too glad, not only that he was going, but
+that he was doing so of his own motion, without any offense, and
+proposed to accompany him into Thessaly.  But when they came to
+Larissa, new invitations passed between them, new professions of
+good-will, covering new conspiracies; by which Alexander put
+himself into the power of Demetrius.  For as he did not like to
+use precautions on his own part, for fear Demetrius should take
+the hint to use them on his, the very thing he meant to do was
+first done to him.  He accepted an invitation, and came to
+Demetrius's quarters; and when Demetrius, while they were still
+supping, rose from the table and went forth, the young man rose
+also, and followed him to the door, where Demetrius, as he
+passed through, only said to the guards, "Kill him that follows
+me," and went on; and Alexander was at once dispatched by them,
+together with such of his friends as endeavored to come to his
+rescue, one of whom, before he died, said, "You have been one
+day too quick for us."
+
+The night following was one, as may be supposed, of disorder and
+confusion.  And with the morning, the Macedonians, still in
+alarm, and fearful of the forces of Demetrius, on finding no
+violence offered, but only a message sent from Demetrius
+desiring an interview and opportunity for explanation of his
+actions, at last began to feel pretty confident again, and
+prepared to receive him favorably.  And when he came, there was
+no need of much being said; their hatred of Antipater for his
+murder of his mother, and the absence of anyone better to
+govern them, soon decided them to proclaim Demetrius king of
+Macedon.  And into Macedonia they at once started and took him.
+And the Macedonians at home, who had not forgotten or forgiven
+the wicked deeds committed by Cassander on the family of
+Alexander, were far from sorry at the change.  Any kind
+recollections that still might subsist, of the plain and simple
+rule of the first Antipater, went also to the benefit of
+Demetrius, whose wife was Phila, his daughter, and his son by
+her, a boy already old enough to be serving in the army with his
+father, was the natural successor to the government.
+
+To add to this unexpected good fortune, news arrived that
+Ptolemy had dismissed his mother and children, bestowing upon
+them presents and honors; and also that his daughter Stratonice,
+whom he had married to Seleucus, was remarried to Antiochus, the
+son of Seleucus, and proclaimed queen of Upper Asia.
+
+For Antiochus, it appears, had fallen passionately in love with
+Stratonice, the young queen, who had already made Seleucus the
+father of a son.  He struggled very hard with the beginnings of
+this passion, and at last, resolving with himself that his
+desires were wholly unlawful, his malady past all cure, and his
+powers of reason too feeble to act, he determined on death, and
+thought to bring his life slowly to extinction by neglecting his
+person and refusing nourishment, under the pretense of being
+ill.  Erasistratus, the physician who attended him, quickly
+perceived that love was his distemper, but the difficulty was to
+discover the object.  He therefore waited continually in his
+chamber, and when any of the beauties of the court made their
+visits to the sick prince, he observed the emotions and
+alterations in the countenance of Antiochus, and watched for the
+changes which he knew to be indicative of the inward passions
+and inclinations of the soul.  He took notice that the presence
+of other women produced no effect upon him; but when Stratonice
+came, as she often did, alone, or in company with Seleucus, to
+see him, he observed in him all Sappho's famous symptoms, his
+voice faltered, his face flushed up, his eyes glanced
+stealthily, a sudden sweat broke out on his skin, the beatings
+of his heart were irregular and violent, and, unable to support
+the excess of his passion, he would sink into a state of
+faintness, prostration, and pallor.
+
+Erasistratus, reasoning upon these symptoms, and, upon the
+probability of things, considering that the king's son would
+hardly, if the object of his passion had been any other, have
+persisted to death rather than reveal it, felt, however, the
+difficulty of making a discovery of this nature to Seleucus.
+But, trusting to the tenderness of Seleucus for the young man,
+he put on all the assurance he could, and at last, on some
+opportunity, spoke out, and told him the malady was love, a love
+impossible to gratify or relieve.  The king was extremely
+surprised, and asked, "Why impossible to relieve?"  "The fact
+is," replied Erasistratus, "he is in love with my wife."
+"How!" said Seleucus, "and will our friend Erasistratus refuse to
+bestow his wife upon my son and only successor, when there is no
+other way to save his life?"  "You," replied Erasistratus, "who
+are his father, would not do so, if he were in love with
+Stratonice."  "Ah, my friend," answered Seleucus, "would to
+heaven any means, human or divine, could but convert his present
+passion to that; it would be well for me to part not only with
+Stratonice, but with my empire, to save Antiochus."  This he
+said with the greatest passion, shedding tears as he spoke; upon
+which Erasistratus, taking him by the hand, replied, "In that
+case, you have no need of Erasistratus; for you, who are the
+husband, the father, and the king, are the proper physician for
+your own family."  Seleucus, accordingly, summoning a general
+assembly of his people, declared to them, that he had resolved
+to make Antiochus king, and Stratonice queen, of all the
+provinces of Upper Asia, uniting them in marriage; telling them,
+that he thought he had sufficient power over the prince's will,
+that he should find in him no repugnance to obey his commands;
+and for Stratonice, he hoped all his friends would endeavor to
+make her sensible, if she should manifest any reluctance to such
+a marriage, that she ought to esteem those things just and
+honorable which had been determined upon by the king as
+necessary to the general good.  In this manner, we are told, was
+brought about the marriage of Antiochus and Stratonice.
+
+To return to the affairs of Demetrius.  Having obtained the
+crown of Macedon, he presently became master of Thessaly also.
+And, holding the greatest part of Peloponnesus, and, on this
+side the Isthmus, the cities of Megara and Athens, he now turned
+his arms against the Boeotians.  They at first made overtures
+for an accommodation; but Cleonymus of Sparta having ventured
+with some troops to their assistance, and having made his way
+into Thebes, and Pisis, the Thespian, who was their first man in
+power and reputation, animating them to make a brave resistance,
+they broke off the treaty.  No sooner, however, had Demetrius
+begun to approach the walls with his engines, but Cleonymus in
+affright secretly withdrew; and the Boeotians, finding
+themselves abandoned, made their submission.  Demetrius placed a
+garrison in charge of their towns, and, having raised a large
+sum of money from them, he placed Hieronymus, the historian, in
+the office of governor and military commander over them, and was
+thought on the whole to have shown great clemency, more
+particularly to Pisis, to whom he did no hurt, but spoke with
+him courteously and kindly, and made him chief magistrate of
+Thespiae.  Not long after, Lysimachus was taken prisoner by
+Dromichaetes, and Demetrius went off instantly in the hopes of
+possessing himself of Thrace, thus left without a king.  Upon
+this, the Boeotians revolted again, and news also came that
+Lysimachus had regained his liberty.  So Demetrius, turning back
+quickly and in anger, found on coming up that his son Antigonus
+had already defeated the Boeotians in battle, and therefore
+proceeded to lay siege again to Thebes.
+
+But, understanding that Pyrrhus had made an incursion into
+Thessaly, and that he was advanced as far as Thermopylae,
+leaving Antigonus to continue the siege, he marched with the
+rest of his army to oppose this enemy.  Pyrrhus, however, made a
+quick retreat.  So, leaving ten thousand foot and a thousand
+horse for the protection of Thessaly, he returned to the siege
+of Thebes, and there brought up his famous City-taker to the
+attack, which, however, was so laboriously and so slowly moved
+on account of its bulk and heaviness, that in two months it did
+not advance two furlongs.  In the meantime the citizens made a
+stout defense, and Demetrius, out of heat and contentiousness
+very often, more than upon any necessity, sent his soldiers into
+danger; until at last Antigonus, observing how many men were
+losing their lives, said to him, "Why, my father, do we go on
+letting the men be wasted in this way, without any need of it?"
+But Demetrius, in a great passion, interrupted him: "And you,
+good sir, why do you afflict yourself for the matter? will dead
+men come to you for rations?"  But that the soldiers might see
+he valued his own life at no dearer rate than theirs, he exposed
+himself freely, and was wounded with a javelin through his neck,
+which put him into great hazard of his life.  But,
+notwithstanding, he continued the siege, and in conclusion took
+the town again.  And after his entrance, when the citizens were
+in fear and trembling, and expected all the severities which an
+incensed conqueror could indict, he only put to death thirteen,
+and banished some few others, pardoning all the rest.  Thus the
+city of Thebes, which had not yet been ten years restored, in
+that short space was twice besieged and taken.
+
+Shortly after, the festival of the Pythian Apollo was to be
+celebrated, and the Aetolians having blocked up all the passages
+to Delphi, Demetrius held the games and celebrated the feast at
+Athens, alleging it was great reason those honors should be paid
+in that place, Apollo being the paternal god of the Athenian
+people, and the reputed first founder of their race.
+
+From thence Demetrius returned to Macedon, and as he not only
+was of a restless temper himself, but saw also that the
+Macedonians were ever the best subjects when employed in
+military expeditions, but turbulent and desirous of change in
+the idleness of peace, he led them against the Aetolians, and,
+having wasted their country, he left Pantauchus with a great
+part of his army to complete the conquest, and with the rest he
+marched in person to find out Pyrrhus, who in like manner was
+advancing to encounter him.  But so it fell out, that by taking
+different ways the two armies did not meet; but whilst Demetrius
+entered Epirus, and laid all waste before him, Pyrrhus fell upon
+Pantauchus, and, in a battle in which the two commanders met in
+person and wounded each other, he gained the victory, and took
+five thousand prisoners, besides great numbers slain on the
+field.  The worst thing, however, for Demetrius was that Pyrrhus
+had excited less animosity as an enemy than admiration as a
+brave man.  His taking so large a part with his own hand in the
+battle had gained him the greatest name and glory among the
+Macedonians.  Many among them began to say that this was the
+only king in whom there was any likeness to be seen of the great
+Alexander's courage; the other kings, and particularly
+Demetrius, did nothing but personate him, like actors on a
+stage, in his pomp and outward majesty.  And Demetrius truly was
+a perfect play and pageant, with his robes and diadems, his
+gold-edged purple and his hats with double streamers, his very
+shoes being of the richest purple felt, embroidered over in
+gold.  One robe in particular, a most superb piece of work, was
+long in the loom in preparation for him, in which was to be
+wrought the representation of the universe and the celestial
+bodies.  This, left unfinished when his reverses overtook him,
+not any one of the kings of Macedon, his successors, though
+divers of them haughty enough, ever presumed to use.
+
+But it was not this theatric pomp alone which disgusted the
+Macedonians, but his profuse and luxurious way of living; and,
+above all, the difficulty of speaking with him or of obtaining
+access to his presence.  For either he would not be seen at all,
+or, if he did give audience, he was violent and overbearing.
+Thus he made the envoys of the Athenians, to whom yet he was
+more attentive than to all the other Grecians, wait two whole
+years before they could obtain a hearing.  And when the
+Lacedaemonians sent a single person on an embassy to him, he
+held himself insulted, and asked angrily whether it was the fact
+that the Lacedaemonians had sent but one ambassador.  "Yes," was
+the happy reply he received, "one ambassador to one king."
+
+Once when in some apparent fit of a more popular and acceptable
+temper he was riding abroad, a number of people came up and
+presented their written petitions.  He courteously received all
+these, and put them up in the skirt of his cloak, while the poor
+people were overjoyed, and followed him close.  But when he came
+upon the bridge of the river Axius, shaking out his cloak, he
+threw all into the river.  This excited very bitter resentment
+among the Macedonians, who felt themselves to be not governed,
+but insulted.  They called to mind what some of them had seen,
+and others had heard related of King Philip's unambitious and
+open, accessible manners.  One day when an old woman had
+assailed him several times in the road and importuned him to
+hear her, after he had told her he had no time, "If so," cried
+she, "you have no time to be a king."  And this reprimand so
+stung the king that after thinking of it a while he went back
+into the house, and, setting all other matters apart, for
+several days together he did nothing else but receive, beginning
+with the old woman, the complaints of all that would come.  And
+to do justice, truly enough, might well be called a king's first
+business.  "Mars," as says Timotheus, "is the tyrant;" but Law,
+in Pindar's words, the king of all.  Homer does not say that
+kings received at the hands of Jove besieging engines or ships
+of war, but sentences of justice, to keep and observe; nor is it
+the most warlike, unjust, and murderous, but the most righteous
+of kings, that has from him the name of Jupiter's "familiar
+friend" and scholar.  Demetrius's delight was the title most
+unlike the choices of the king of gods.  The divine names were
+those of the Defender and Keeper, his was that of the Besieger
+of Cities. The place of virtue was given by him to that which,
+had he not been as ignorant as he was powerful, he would have
+known to be vice, and honor by his act was associated with
+crime.  While he lay dangerously ill at Pella, Pyrrhus pretty
+nearly overran all Macedon, and advanced as far as the city of
+Edessa.  On recovering his health, he quickly drove him out, and
+came to terms with him, being desirous not to employ his time in
+a string of petty local conflicts with a neighbor, when all his
+thoughts were fixed upon another design.  This was no less than
+to endeavor the recovery of the whole empire which his father
+had possessed; and his preparations were suitable to his hopes,
+and the greatness of the enterprise.  He had arranged for the
+levying of ninety-eight thousand foot, and nearly twelve
+thousand horse; and he had a fleet of five hundred galleys on
+the stocks, some building at Athens, others at Corinth and
+Chalcis, and in the neighborhood of Pella.  And he himself was
+passing evermore from one to another of these places, to give
+his directions and his assistance to the plans, while all that
+saw were amazed, not so much at the number, as at the magnitude
+of the works.  Hitherto, there had never been seen a galley with
+fifteen or sixteen ranges of oars.  At a later time, Ptolemy
+Philopator built one of forty rows, which was two hundred and
+eighty cubits in length, and the height of her to the top of her
+stern forty eight cubits; she had four hundred sailors and four
+thousand rowers, and afforded room besides for very near three
+thousand soldiers to fight on her decks.  But this, after all,
+was for show, and not for service, scarcely differing from a
+fixed edifice ashore, and was not to be moved without extreme
+toil and peril; whereas these galleys of Demetrius were meant
+quite as much for fighting as for looking at, were not the less
+serviceable for their magnificence, and were as wonderful for
+their speed and general performance as for their size.
+
+These mighty preparations against Asia, the like of which had
+not been made since Alexander first invaded it, united Seleucus,
+Ptolemy, and Lysimachus in a confederacy for their defense.
+They also dispatched ambassadors to Pyrrhus, to persuade him to
+make a diversion by attacking Macedonia; he need not think there
+was any validity in a treaty which Demetrius had concluded, not
+as an engagement to be at peace with him, but as a means for
+enabling himself to make war first upon the enemy of his choice.
+So when Pyrrhus accepted their proposals, Demetrius, still in
+the midst of his preparations, was encompassed with war on all
+sides.  Ptolemy, with a mighty navy, invaded Greece; Lysimachus
+entered Macedonia upon the side of Thrace, and Pyrrhus, from the
+Epirot border, both of them spoiling and wasting the country.
+Demetrius, leaving his son to look after Greece, marched to the
+relief of Macedon, and first of all to oppose Lysimachus.  On
+his way, he received the news that Pyrrhus had taken the city
+Beroea; and the report quickly getting out among the soldiers,
+all discipline at once was lost, and the camp was filled with
+lamentations and tears, anger and execrations on Demetrius; they
+would stay no longer, they would march off, as they said, to
+take care of their country, friends, and families; but in
+reality the intention was to revolt to Lysimachus.  Demetrius,
+therefore, thought it his business to keep them as far away as
+he could from Lysimachus, who was their own countryman, and for
+Alexander's sake kindly looked upon by many; they would be ready
+to fight with Pyrrhus, a new-comer and a foreigner, whom they
+could hardly prefer to himself.  But he found himself under a
+great mistake in these conjectures.  For when he advanced and
+pitched his camp near, the old admiration for Pyrrhus's
+gallantry in arms revived again; and as they had been used from
+time immemorial to suppose that the best king was he that was
+the bravest soldier, so now they were also told of his generous
+usage of his prisoners, and, in short, they were eager to have
+anyone in the place of Demetrius, and well pleased that the man
+should be Pyrrhus.  At first, some straggling parties only
+deserted, but in a little time the whole army broke out into an
+universal mutiny, insomuch that at last some of them went up,
+and told him openly that if he consulted his own safety he were
+best to make haste to be gone, for that the Macedonians were
+resolved no longer to hazard their lives for the satisfaction of
+his luxury and pleasure.  And this was thought fair and moderate
+language, compared with the fierceness of the rest.  So,
+withdrawing into his tent, and, like an actor rather than a real
+king, laying aside his stage-robes of royalty, he put on some
+common clothes and stole away.  He was no sooner gone but the
+mutinous army were fighting and quarreling for the plunder of
+his tent, but Pyrrhus, coming immediately, took possession of
+the camp without a blow, after which he, with Lysimachus, parted
+the realm of Macedon betwixt them, after Demetrius had securely
+held it just seven years.
+
+As for Demetrius, being thus suddenly despoiled of everything,
+he retired to Cassandrea.  His wife Phila, in the passion of her
+grief, could not endure to see her hapless husband reduced to
+the condition of a private and banished man.  She refused to
+entertain any further hope, and, resolving to quit a fortune
+which was never permanent except for calamity, took poison and
+died.  Demetrius, determining still to hold on by the wreck,
+went off to Greece, and collected his friends and officers
+there.  Menelaus, in the play of Sophocles, to give an image of
+his vicissitudes of estate, says, --
+
+For me, my destiny, alas, is found
+Whirling upon the gods' swift wheel around,
+And changing still, and as the moon's fair frame
+Cannot continue for two nights the same,
+But out of shadow first a crescent shows,
+Thence into beauty and perfection grows,
+And when the form of plenitude it wears,
+Dwindles again, and wholly disappears.
+
+The simile is yet truer of Demetrius and the phases of his
+fortunes, now on the increase, presently on the wane, now
+filling up and now falling away.  And so, at this time of
+apparent entire obscuration and extinction, his light again
+shone out, and accessions of strength, little by little, came in
+to fulfill once more the measure of his hope.  At first he
+showed himself in the garb of a private man, and went about the
+cities without any of the badges of a king.  One who saw him
+thus at Thebes applied to him not inaptly, the lines of
+Euripides,
+
+Humbled to man, laid by the godhead's pride,
+He comes to Dirce and Ismenus' side.
+
+But erelong his expectations had reentered the royal track, and
+he began once more to have about him the body and form of
+empire.  The Thebans received back, as his gift, their ancient
+constitution.  The Athenians had deserted him.  They displaced
+Diphilus, who was that year the priest of the two Tutelar
+Deities, and restored the archons, as of old, to mark the year;
+and on hearing that Demetrius was not so weak as they had
+expected, they sent into Macedonia to beg the protection of
+Pyrrhus.  Demetrius, in anger, marched to Athens, and laid close
+siege to the city.  In this distress, they sent out to him
+Crates the philosopher, a person of authority and reputation,
+who succeeded so far, that what with his entreaties and the
+solid reasons which he offered, Demetrius was persuaded to raise
+the siege; and, collecting all his ships, he embarked a force of
+eleven thousand men with cavalry, and sailed away to Asia, to
+Caria and Lydia, to take those provinces from Lysimachus.
+Arriving at Miletus, he was met there by Eurydice, the sister of
+Phila, who brought along with her Ptolemais, one of her
+daughters by king Ptolemy, who had before been affianced to
+Demetrius, and with whom he now consummated his marriage.
+Immediately after, he proceeded to carry out his project, and
+was so fortunate in the beginning, that many cities revolted to
+him; others, as particularly Sardis, he took by force; and some
+generals of Lysimachus, also, came over to him with troops and
+money.  But when Agathocles, the son of Lysimachus, arrived with
+an army, he retreated into Phrygia, with an intention to pass
+into Armenia, believing that, if he could once plant his foot in
+Armenia, he might set Media in revolt, and gain a position in
+Upper Asia, where a fugitive commander might find a hundred ways
+of evasion and escape.  Agathocles pressed hard upon him, and
+many skirmishes and conflicts occurred, in which Demetrius had
+still the advantage; but Agathocles straitened him much in his
+forage, and his men showed a great dislike to his purpose, which
+they suspected, of carrying them far away into Armenia and
+Media.  Famine also pressed upon them, and some mistake occurred
+in their passage of the river Lycus, in consequence of which a
+large number were swept away and drowned.  Still, however, they
+could pass their jests, and one of them fixed upon Demetrius's
+tent-door a paper with the first verse, slightly altered of the
+Oedipus; --
+
+Child of the blind old man, Antigonus,
+Into what country are you bringing us?
+
+But at last, pestilence, as is usual, when armies are driven to
+such necessities as to subsist upon any food they can get, began
+to assail them as well as famine.  So that, having lost eight
+thousand of his men, with the rest he retreated and came to
+Tarsus, and because that city was within the dominions of
+Seleucus, he was anxious to prevent any plundering, and wished
+to give no sort of offense to Seleucus.  But when he perceived
+it was impossible to restrain the soldiers in their extreme
+necessity, Agathocles also having blocked up all the avenues of
+Mount Taurus, he wrote a letter to Seleucus, bewailing first all
+his own sad fortunes, and proceeding with entreaties and
+supplications for some compassion on his part towards one
+nearly connected with him, who was fallen into such calamities
+as might extort tenderness and
+pity from his very enemies.
+
+These letters so far moved Seleucus, that he gave orders to the
+governors of those provinces that they should furnish Demetrius
+with all things suitable to his royal rank, and with sufficient
+provisions for his troops.  But Patrocles, a person whose
+judgment was greatly valued, and who was a friend highly trusted
+by Seleucus, pointed out to him, that the expense of maintaining
+such a body of soldiers was the least important consideration,
+but that it was contrary to all policy to let Demetrius stay in
+the country, since he, of all the kings of his time, was the
+most violent, and most addicted to daring enterprises; and he
+was now in a condition which might tempt persons of the greatest
+temper and moderation to unlawful and desperate attempts.
+Seleucus, excited by this advice, moved with a powerful army
+towards Cilicia; and Demetrius, astonished at this sudden
+alteration, betook himself for safety to the most inaccessible
+places of Mount Taurus; from whence he sent envoys to Seleucus,
+to request from him that he would permit him the liberty to
+settle with his army somewhere among the independent barbarian
+tribes, where he might be able to make himself a petty king, and
+end his life without further travel and hardship; or, if he
+refused him this, at any rate to give his troops food during the
+winter, and not expose him in this distressed and naked
+condition to the fury of his enemies.
+
+But Seleucus, whose jealousy made him put an ill construction on
+all he said, sent him answer, that he would permit him to stay
+two months and no longer in Cataonia, provided he presently sent
+him the principal of his friends as hostages for his departure
+then; and, in the meantime, he fortified all the passages into
+Syria.  So that Demetrius, who saw himself thus, like a wild
+beast, in the way to be encompassed on all sides in the toils,
+was driven in desperation to his defense, overran the country,
+and in several engagements in which Seleucus attacked him, had
+the advantage of him.  Particularly, when he was once assailed
+by the scythed chariots, he successfully avoided the charge and
+routed his assailants, and then, expelling the troops that were
+in guard of the passes, made himself master of the roads leading
+into Syria.  And now, elated himself, and finding his soldiers
+also animated by these successes, he was resolved to push at
+all, and to have one deciding blow for the empire with Seleucus;
+who, indeed, was in considerable anxiety and distress, being
+averse to any assistance from Lysimachus, whom he both
+mistrusted and feared, and shrinking from a battle with
+Demetrius, whose desperation he knew, and whose fortune he had
+so often seen suddenly pass from the lowest to the highest.
+
+But Demetrius, in the meanwhile, was taken with a violent
+sickness, from which he suffered extremely himself, and which
+ruined all his prospects.  His men deserted to the enemy, or
+dispersed.  At last, after forty days, he began to be so far
+recovered as to be able to rally his remaining forces, and
+marched as if he directly designed for Cilicia; but in the
+night, raising his camp without sound of trumpet, he took a
+countermarch, and, passing the mountain Amanus, he ravaged an
+the lower country as far as Cyrrhestica.
+
+Upon this, Seleucus advancing towards him and encamping at no
+great distance, Demetrius set his troops in motion to surprise
+him by night.  And almost to the last moment Seleucus knew
+nothing, and was lying asleep.  Some deserter came with the
+tidings just so soon that he had time to leap, in great
+consternation, out of bed, and give the alarm to his men.  And
+as he was putting on his boots to mount his horse, he bade the
+officers about him look well to it, for they had to meet a
+furious and terrible wild beast.  But Demetrius, by the noise he
+heard in the camp, finding they had taken the alarm, drew off
+his troops in haste.  With the morning's return he found
+Seleucus pressing hard upon him; so, sending one of his officers
+against the other wing, he defeated those that were opposed to
+himself.  But Seleucus, lighting from his horse, pulling off his
+helmet, and taking a target, advanced to the foremost ranks of
+the mercenary soldiers, and, showing them who he was, bade them
+come over and join him, telling them that it was for their sakes
+only that he had so long forborne coming to extremities.  And
+thereupon, without a blow more, they saluted Seleucus as their
+king, and passed over.
+
+Demetrius, who felt that this was his last change of fortune,
+and that he had no more vicissitudes to expect, fled to the
+passes of Amanus, where, with a very few friends and followers,
+he threw himself into a dense forest, and there waited for the
+night, purposing, if possible, to make his escape towards
+Caunus, where he hoped to find his shipping ready to transport
+him.  But upon inquiry, finding that they had not provisions
+even for that one day, he began to think of some other project.
+Whilst he was yet in doubt, his friend Sosigenes arrived, who
+had four hundred pieces of gold about him, and, with this
+relief, he again entertained hopes of being able to reach the
+coast, and, as soon as it began to be dark, set forward towards
+the passes.  But, perceiving by the fires that the enemies had
+occupied them, he gave up all thought of that road, and
+retreated to his old station in the wood, but not with all his
+men; for some had deserted, nor were those that remained as
+willing as they had been.  One of them, in fine, ventured to
+speak out, and say that Demetrius had better give himself up to
+Seleucus; which Demetrius overhearing, drew out his sword, and
+would have passed it through his body, but that some of his
+friends interposed and prevented the attempt, persuading him to
+do as had been said.  So at last he gave way, and sent to
+Seleucus, to surrender himself at discretion.
+
+Seleucus, when he was told of it, said it was not Demetrius's
+good fortune that had found out this means for his safety, but
+his own, which had added to his other honors the opportunity of
+showing his clemency and generosity.  And forthwith he gave
+order to his domestic officers to prepare a royal pavilion, and
+all things suitable to give him a splendid reception and
+entertainment.  There was in the attendance of Seleucus one
+Apollonides, who formerly had been intimate with Demetrius.  He
+was, therefore, as the fittest person, dispatched from the king
+to meet Demetrius, that he might feel himself more at his ease,
+and might come with the confidence of being received as a friend
+and relative.  No sooner was this message known, but the
+courtiers and officers, some few at first, and afterwards almost
+the whole of them, thinking, Demetrius would presently become
+of great power with the king, hurried off, vying who should be
+foremost to pay him their respects.  The effect of which was
+that compassion was converted into jealousy, and ill-natured,
+malicious people could the more easily insinuate to Seleucus
+that he was giving way to an unwise humanity, the very first
+sight of Demetrius having been the occasion of a dangerous
+excitement in the army.  So, whilst Apollonides, in great
+delight, and after him many others, were relating to Demetrius
+the kind expressions of Seleucus, and he, after so many troubles
+and calamities, if indeed he had still any sense of his
+surrender of himself being a disgrace, had now, in confidence on
+the good hopes held out to him, entirely forgotten all such
+thoughts, Pausanias, with a guard of a thousand horse and foot,
+came and surrounded him; and, dispersing the rest that were with
+him, carried him, not to the presence of Seleucus, but to the
+Syrian Chersonese, where he was committed to the safe custody
+of a strong guard.  Sufficient attendance and liberal provision
+were here allowed him, space for riding and walking, a park with
+game for hunting, those of his friends and companions in exile
+who wished it had permission to see him, and messages of
+kindness, also, from time to time, were brought him from
+Seleucus, bidding him fear nothing, and intimating, that, so
+soon as Antiochus and Stratonice should arrive, he would receive
+his liberty.
+
+Demetrius, however, finding himself in this condition, sent
+letters to those who were with his son, and to his captains and
+friends at Athens and Corinth, that they should give no manner
+of credit to any letters written to them in his name, though
+they were sealed with his own signet, but that, looking upon him
+as if he were already dead, they should maintain the cities and
+whatever was left of his power, for Antigonus, as his successor.
+Antigonus received the news of his father's captivity with great
+sorrow; he put himself into mourning, and wrote letters to the
+rest of the kings, and to Seleucus himself, making entreaties,
+and offering not only to surrender whatever they had left, but
+himself to be a hostage for his father.  Many cities, also, and
+princes joined in interceding for him; only Lysimachus sent and
+offered a large sum of money to Seleucus to take away his life.
+But he, who had always shown his aversion to Lysimachus before,
+thought him only the greater barbarian and monster for it.
+Nevertheless, he still protracted the time, reserving the favor,
+as he professed, for the intercession of Antiochus and
+Stratonice.
+
+Demetrius, who had sustained the first stroke of his misfortune,
+in time grew so familiar with it, that, by continuance, it
+became easy.  At first he persevered one way or other in taking
+exercise, in hunting, so far as he had means, and in riding.
+Little by little, however, after a while, he let himself grow
+indolent and indisposed for them, and took to dice and drinking,
+in which he passed most of his time, whether it were to escape
+the thoughts of his present condition, with which he was haunted
+when sober, and to drown reflection in drunkenness, or that he
+acknowledged to himself that this was the real happy life he had
+long desired and wished for, and had foolishly let himself be
+seduced away from it by a senseless and vain ambition, which had
+only brought trouble to himself and others; that highest good
+which he had thought to obtain by arms and fleets and soldiers,
+he had now discovered unexpectedly in idleness, leisure, and
+repose.  As, indeed, what other end or period is there of all
+the wars and dangers which hapless princes run into, whose
+misery and folly it is, not merely that they make luxury and
+pleasure, instead of virtue and excellence, the object of their
+lives, but that they do not so much as know where this luxury
+and pleasure are to be found?
+
+Having thus continued three years a prisoner in Chersonesus, for
+want of exercise, and by indulging himself in eating and
+drinking, he fell into a disease, of which he died at the age of
+fifty-four.  Seleucus was ill-spoken of, and was himself greatly
+grieved, that he had yielded so far to his suspicions, and had
+let himself be so much outdone by the barbarian Dromichaetes of
+Thrace, who had shown so much humanity and such a kingly temper
+in his treatment of his prisoner Lysimachus.
+
+There was something dramatic and theatrical in the very funeral
+ceremonies with which Demetrius was honored.  For his son
+Antigonus, understanding that his remains were coming over from
+Syria, went with all his fleet to the islands to meet them.
+They were there presented to him in a golden urn, which he
+placed in his largest admiral galley.  All the cities where they
+touched in their passage sent chaplets to adorn the urn, and
+deputed certain of their citizens to follow in mourning, to
+assist at the funeral solemnity.  When the fleet approached the
+harbor of Corinth, the urn, covered with purple, and a royal
+diadem upon it, was visible upon the poop, and a troop of young
+men attended in arms to receive it at landing Xenophantus, the
+most famous musician of the day, played on the flute his most
+solemn measure, to which the rowers, as the ship came in, made
+loud response, their oars, like the funeral beating of the
+breast, keeping time with the cadences of the music.  But
+Antigonus, in tears and mourning attire, excited among the
+spectators gathered on the shore the greatest sorrow and
+compassion.  After crowns and other honors had been offered at
+Corinth, the remains were conveyed to Demetrias, a city to which
+Demetrius had given his name, peopled from the inhabitants of
+the small villages of Iolcus.
+
+Demetrius left no other children by his wife Phila but Antigonus
+and Stratonice, but he had two other sons, both of his own name,
+one surnamed the Thin, by an Illyrian mother, and one who ruled
+in Cyrene, by Ptolemais.  He had also, by Deidamia, a son,
+Alexander, who lived and died in Egypt; and there are some who
+say that he had a son by Eurydice, named Corrhabus.  His family
+was continued in a succession of kings down to Perseus, the
+last, from whom the Romans took Macedonia.
+
+And now, the Macedonian drama being ended, let us prepare to see
+the Roman.
+
+
+
+ANTONY
+
+The grandfather of Antony was the famous pleader, whom Marius
+put to death for having taken part with Sylla.  His father was
+Antony, surnamed of Crete, not very famous or distinguished in
+public life, but a worthy, good man, and particularly remarkable
+for his liberality, as may appear from a single example.  He was
+not very rich, and was for that reason checked in the exercise
+of his good-nature by his wife.  A friend that stood in need of
+money came to borrow of him.  Money he had none, but he bade a
+servant bring him water in a silver basin, with which, when it
+was brought, he wetted his face, as if he meant to shave; and,
+sending away the servant upon another errand, gave his friend
+the basin, desiring him to turn it to his purpose.  And when
+there was, afterwards, a great inquiry for it in the house, and
+his wife was in a very ill humor, and was going to put the
+servants one by one to the search, he acknowledged what he had
+done, and begged her pardon.
+
+His wife was Julia, of the family of the Caesars, who, for her
+discretion and fair behavior, was not inferior to any of her
+time.  Under her, Antony received his education, she being,
+after the death of his father, remarried to Cornelius Lentulus.
+who was put to death by Cicero for having been of Catiline's
+conspiracy.  This, probably, was the first ground and occasion
+of that mortal grudge that Antony bore Cicero.  He says, even,
+that the body of Lentulus was denied burial, till, by
+application made to Cicero's wife, it was granted to Julia.  But
+this seems to be a manifest error, for none of those that
+suffered in the consulate of Cicero had the right of burial
+denied them.  Antony grew up a very beautiful youth, but, by the
+worst of misfortunes, he fell into the acquaintance and
+friendship of Curio, a man abandoned to his pleasures; who, to
+make Antony's dependence upon him a matter of greater necessity,
+plunged him into a life of drinking and dissipation, and led him
+through a course of such extravagance, that he ran, at that
+early age, into debt to the amount of two hundred and fifty
+talents.  For this sum, Curio became his surety; on hearing
+which, the elder Curio, his father, drove Antony out of his
+house.  After this, for some short time, he took part with
+Clodius, the most insolent and outrageous demagogue of the time,
+in his course of violence and disorder; but, getting weary,
+before long, of his madness, and apprehensive of the powerful
+party forming against him, he left Italy, and traveled into
+Greece, where he spent his time in military exercises and in the
+study of eloquence.  He took most to what was called the Asiatic
+taste in speaking, which was then at its height, and was, in
+many ways, suitable to his ostentatious, vaunting temper, full
+of empty flourishes and unsteady efforts for glory.
+
+After some stay in Greece, he was invited by Gabinius, who had
+been consul, to make a campaign with him in Syria, which at
+first he refused, not being willing to serve in a private
+character, but, receiving a commission to command the horse, he
+went along with him.  His first service was against Aristobulus,
+who had prevailed with the Jews to rebel.  Here he was himself
+the first man to scale the largest of the works, and beat
+Aristobulus out of all of them; after which he routed, in a
+pitched battle, an army many times over the number of his,
+killed almost all of them, and took Aristobulus and his son
+prisoners.  This war ended, Gabinius was solicited by Ptolemy to
+restore him to his kingdom of Egypt, and a promise made of ten
+thousand talents reward.  Most of the officers were against this
+enterprise, and Gabinius himself did not much like it, though
+sorely tempted by the ten thousand talents.  But Antony,
+desirous of brave actions, and willing to please Ptolemy, joined
+in persuading Gabinius to go.  And whereas all were of opinion
+that the most dangerous thing before them was the march to
+Pelusium, in which they would have to pass over a deep sand,
+where no fresh water was to be hoped for, along the Ecregma and
+the Serbonian marsh (which the Egyptians call Typhon's
+breathing-hole, and which is, in probability, water left behind
+by, or making its way through from, the Red Sea, which is here
+divided from the Mediterranean by a narrow isthmus), Antony,
+being ordered thither with the horse, not only made himself
+master of the passes, but won Pelusium itself, a great city,
+took the garrison prisoners, and, by this means, rendered the
+march secure to the army, and the way to victory not difficult
+for the general to pursue.  The enemy, also, reaped some benefit
+of his eagerness for honor.  For when Ptolemy, after he had
+entered Pelusium, in his rage and spite against the Egyptians,
+designed to put them to the sword, Antony withstood him, and
+hindered the execution.  In all the great and frequent
+skirmishes and battles, he gave continual proofs of his
+personal valor and military conduct; and once in particular, by
+wheeling about and attacking the rear of the enemy, he gave the
+victory to the assailants in the front, and received for this
+service signal marks of distinction.  Nor was his humanity
+towards the deceased Archelaus less taken notice of.  He had
+been formerly his guest and acquaintance, and, as he was now
+compelled, he fought him bravely while alive, but, on his death,
+sought out his body and buried it with royal honors.  The
+consequence was that he left behind him a great name among the
+Alexandrians, and all who were serving in the Roman army looked
+upon him as a most gallant soldier.
+
+He had also a very good and noble appearance; his beard was well
+grown, his forehead large, and his nose aquiline, giving him
+altogether a bold, masculine look, that reminded people of the
+faces of Hercules in paintings and sculptures.  It was,
+moreover, an ancient tradition, that the Antonys were descended
+from Hercules, by a son of his called Anton; and this opinion he
+thought to give credit to, by the similarity of his person just
+mentioned, and also by the fashion of his dress.  For, whenever
+he had to appear before large numbers, he wore his tunic girt
+low about the hips, a broadsword on his side, and over all a
+large, coarse mantle.  What might seem to some very
+insupportable, his vaunting, his raillery, his drinking in
+public, sitting down by the men as they were taking their food,
+and eating, as he stood, off the common soldiers' tables, made
+him the delight and pleasure of the army.  In love affairs,
+also, he was very agreeable; he gained many friends by the
+assistance he gave them in theirs, and took other people's
+raillery upon his own with good-humor.  And his generous ways,
+his open and lavish hand in gifts and favors to his friends and
+fellow-soldiers, did a great deal for him in his first advance
+to power, and, after he had become great, long maintained his
+fortunes, when a thousand follies were hastening their
+overthrow.  One instance of his liberality I must relate.  He
+had ordered payment to one of his friends of twenty-five myriads
+of money, or decies, as the Romans call it, and his steward,
+wondering at the extravagance of the sum, laid all the silver in
+a heap, as he should pass by.  Antony, seeing the heap, asked
+what it meant; his steward replied, "The money you have ordered
+to be given to your friend."  So, perceiving the man's malice,
+said he, "I thought the decies had been much more; 't is too
+little; let it be doubled."  This, however, was at a later time.
+
+When the Roman state finally broke up into two hostile factions,
+the aristocratical party joining Pompey, who was in the city,
+and the popular side seeking help from Caesar, who was at the
+head of an army in Gaul, Curio, the friend of Antony, having
+changed his party and devoted himself to Caesar, brought over
+Antony also to his service.  And the influence which he gained
+with the people by his eloquence and by the money which was
+supplied by Caesar enabled him to make Antony, first, tribune of
+the people, and then, augur.  And Antony's accession to office
+was at once of the greatest advantage to Caesar.  In the first
+place, he resisted the consul Marcellus, who was putting under
+Pompey's orders the troops who were already collected, and was
+giving him power to raise new levies; he, on the other hand,
+making an order that they should be sent into Syria to reinforce
+Bibulus, who was making war with the Parthians, and that no one
+should give in his name to serve under Pompey.  Next, when the
+senators would not suffer Caesar's letters to be received or
+read in the senate, by virtue of his office he read them
+publicly, and succeeded so well, that many were brought to
+change their mind; Caesar's demands, as they appeared in what he
+wrote, being but just and reasonable.  At length, two questions
+being put in the senate, the one, whether Pompey should dismiss
+his army, the other, if Caesar his, some were for the former,
+for the latter all, except some few, when Antony stood up and
+put the question, if it would be agreeable to them that both
+Pompey and Caesar should dismiss their armies.  This proposal
+met with the greatest approval, they gave him loud acclamations,
+and called for it to be put to the vote.  But when the consuls
+would not have it so, Caesar's friends again made some new
+offers, very fair and equitable, but were strongly opposed by
+Cato, and Antony himself was commanded to leave the senate by
+the consul Lentulus.  So, leaving them with execrations, and
+disguising himself in a servant's dress, hiring a carriage with
+Quintus Cassius, he went straight away to Caesar, declaring at
+once, when they reached the camp, that affairs at Rome were
+conducted without any order or justice, that the privilege of
+speaking in the senate was denied the tribunes, and that he who
+spoke for common fair dealing was driven out and in danger of
+his life.
+
+Upon this, Caesar set his army in motion, and marched into
+Italy; and for this reason it is that Cicero writes in his
+Philippics, that Antony was as much the cause of the civil war,
+as Helen was of the Trojan.  But this is but a calumny.  For
+Caesar was not of so slight or weak a temper as to suffer
+himself to be carried away, by the indignation of the moment,
+into a civil war with his country, upon the sight of Antony and
+Cassius seeking refuge in his camp, meanly dressed and in a
+hired carriage, without ever having thought of it or taken any
+such resolution long before.  This was to him, who wanted a
+pretense of declaring war, a fair and plausible occasion; but
+the true motive that led him was the same that formerly led
+Alexander and Cyrus against all mankind, the unquenchable thirst
+of empire, and the distracted ambition of being the greatest man
+in the world, which was impracticable for him, unless Pompey
+were put down.  So soon, then, as he had advanced and occupied
+Rome, and driven Pompey out of Italy, he purposed first to go
+against the legions that Pompey had in Spain, and then cross
+over and follow him with the fleet that should be prepared
+during his absence, in the meantime leaving the government of
+Rome to Lepidus, as praetor, and the command of the troops and
+of Italy to Antony, as tribune of the people.  Antony was not
+long in getting the hearts of the soldiers, joining with them in
+their exercises, and for the most part living amongst them, and
+making them presents to the utmost of his abilities; but with
+all others he was unpopular enough.  He was too lazy to pay
+attention to the complaints of persons who were injured; he
+listened impatiently to petitions; and he had an ill name for
+familiarity with other people's wives.  In short, the government
+of Caesar (which, so far as he was concerned himself, had the
+appearance of anything rather than a tyranny), got a bad repute
+through his friends.  And of these friends, Antony, as he had
+the largest trust, and committed the greatest errors, was
+thought the most deeply in fault.
+
+Caesar, however, at his return from Spain, overlooked the
+charges against him, and had no reason ever to complain, in the
+employments he gave him in the war, of any want of courage,
+energy, or military skill.  He himself, going aboard at
+Brundusium, sailed over the Ionian Sea with a few troops, and
+sent back the vessels with orders to Antony and Gabinius to
+embark the army, and come over with all speed into Macedonia.
+Gabinius, having no mind to put to sea in the rough, dangerous
+weather of the winter season, was for marching the army round by
+the long land route; but Antony, being more afraid lest Caesar
+might suffer from the number of his enemies, who pressed him
+hard, beat back Libo, who was watching with a fleet at the mouth
+of the haven of Brundusium, by attacking his galleys with a
+number of small boats, and, gaining thus an opportunity, put on
+board twenty thousand foot and eight hundred horse, and so set
+out to sea.  And, being espied by the enemy and pursued, from
+this danger he was rescued by a strong south wind, which sprang
+up and raised so high a sea, that the enemy's galleys could make
+little way.  But his own ships were driving before it upon a lee
+shore of cliffs and rocks running sheer to the water, where
+there was no hope of escape, when all of a sudden the wind
+turned about to south-west, and blew from land to the main sea,
+where Antony, now sailing in security, saw the coast all covered
+with the wreck of the enemy's fleet.  For hither the galleys in
+pursuit had been carried by the gale, and not a few of them
+dashed to pieces.  Many men and much property fell into Antony's
+hands; he took also the town of Lissus, and, by the seasonable
+arrival of so large a reinforcement, gave Caesar great
+encouragement.
+
+There was not one of the many engagements that now took place
+one after another in which he did not signalize himself; twice
+he stopped the army in its full flight, led them back to a
+charge, and gained the victory.  So that not without reason his
+reputation, next to Caesar's, was greatest in the army.  And what
+opinion Caesar himself had of him well appeared when for the
+final battle in Pharsalia, which was to determine everything,
+he himself chose to lead the right wing, committing the
+charge of the left to Antony, as to the best officer of all that
+served under him.  After the battle, Caesar, being created
+dictator, went in pursuit of Pompey, and sent Antony to Rome,
+with the character of Master of the Horse, who is in office and
+power next to the dictator, when present, and in his absence is
+the first, and pretty nearly indeed the sole magistrate.  For on
+the appointment of a dictator, with the one exception of the
+tribunes, all other magistrates cease to exercise any authority
+in Rome.
+
+Dolabella, however, who was tribune, being a young man and eager
+for change, was now for bringing in a general measure for
+canceling debts, and wanted Antony, who was his friend, and
+forward enough to promote any popular project, to take part with
+him in this step.  Asinius and Trebellius were of the contrary
+opinion, and it so happened, at the same time, Antony was
+crossed by a terrible suspicion that Dolabella was too familiar
+with his wife; and in great trouble at this, he parted with her
+(she being his cousin, and daughter to Caius Antonius, the
+colleague of Cicero), and, taking part with Asinius, came to
+open hostilities with Dolabella, who had seized on the forum,
+intending to pass his law by force.  Antony, backed by a vote of
+the senate that Dolabella should be put down by force of arms,
+went down and attacked him, killing some of his, and losing some
+of his own men; and by this action lost his favor with the
+commonalty, while with the better class and with all well
+conducted people his general course of life made him, as Cicero
+says, absolutely odious, utter disgust being excited by his
+drinking bouts at all hours, his wild expenses, his gross
+amours, the day spent in sleeping or walking off his debauches,
+and the night in banquets and at theaters, and in celebrating
+the nuptials of some comedian or buffoon.  It is related that,
+drinking all night at the wedding of Hippias, the comedian, on
+the morning, having to harangue the people, he came forward,
+overcharged as he was, and vomited before them all, one of his
+friends holding his gown for him.  Sergius, the player, was one
+of the friends who could do most with him; also Cytheris, a
+woman of the same trade, whom he made much of, and who, when he
+went his progress, accompanied him in a litter, and had her
+equipage, not in anything inferior to his mother's; while every
+one, moreover, was scandalized at the sight of the golden cups
+that he took with him, fitter for the ornaments of a procession
+than the uses of a journey, at his having pavilions set up, and
+sumptuous morning repasts laid out by river-sides and in groves,
+at his having chariots drawn by lions, and common women and
+singing girls quartered upon the houses of serious fathers and
+mothers of families.  And it seemed very unreasonable that
+Caesar, out of Italy, should lodge in the open field, and, with
+great fatigue and danger, pursue the remainder of a hazardous
+war, whilst others, by favor of his authority, should insult the
+citizens with their impudent luxury.
+
+All this appears to have aggravated party quarrels in Rome, and
+to have encouraged the soldiers in acts of license and rapacity.
+And, accordingly, when Caesar came home, he acquitted Dolabella,
+and, being created the third time consul, took, not Antony, but
+Lepidus, for his colleague.  Pompey's house being offered for
+sale, Antony bought it, and, when the price was demanded of him,
+loudly complained.  This, he tells us himself, and because he
+thought his former services had not been recompensed as they
+deserved, made him not follow Caesar with the army into Libya.
+However, Caesar, by dealing gently with his errors, seems to
+have succeeded in curing him of a good deal of his folly and
+extravagance.  He gave up his former courses, and took a wife,
+Fulvia, the widow of Clodius the demagogue, a woman not born for
+spinning or housewifery, nor one that could be content with
+ruling a private husband, but prepared to govern a first
+magistrate, or give orders to a commander-in-chief.  So that
+Cleopatra had great obligations to her for having taught Antony
+to be so good a servant, he coming to her hands tame and broken
+into entire obedience to the commands of a mistress.  He used to
+play all sorts of sportive, boyish tricks, to keep Fulvia in
+good-humor.  As, for example, when Caesar, after his victory in
+Spain, was on his return, Antony, among the rest, went out to
+meet him; and, a rumor being spread that Caesar was killed and
+the enemy marching into Italy, he resumed to Rome, and,
+disguising himself, came to her by night muffled up as a servant
+that brought letters from Antony.  She, with great impatience,
+before she received the letter, asks if Antony were well, and
+instead of an answer he gives her the letter; and, as she was
+opening it, took her about the neck and kissed her.  This little
+story of many of the same nature, I give as a specimen.
+
+There was nobody of any rank in Rome that did not go some days'
+journey to meet Caesar on his return from Spain; but Antony was
+the best received of any, admitted to ride the whole journey
+with him in his carriage, while behind came Brutus Albinus, and
+Octavian, his niece's son, who afterwards bore his name and
+reigned so long over the Romans.  Caesar being created, the
+fifth time, consul, without delay chose Antony for his
+colleague, but, designing himself to give up his own consulate
+to Dolabella, he acquainted the senate with his resolution.  But
+Antony opposed it with all his might, saying much that was bad
+against Dolabella, and receiving the like language in return,
+till Caesar could bear with the indecency no longer, and
+deferred the matter to another time.  Afterwards, when he came
+before the people to proclaim Dolabella, Antony cried out that
+the auspices were unfavorable, so that at last Caesar, much to
+Dolabella's vexation, yielded and gave it up.  And it is
+credible that Caesar was about as much disgusted with the one as
+the other.  When someone was accusing them both to him, "It is
+not," said he, "these well fed, long-haired men that I fear, but
+the pale and the hungry looking;" meaning Brutus and Cassius, by
+whose conspiracy he afterwards fell.
+
+And the fairest pretext for that conspiracy was furnished,
+without his meaning it, by Antony himself.  The Romans were
+celebrating their festival, called the Lupercalia, when Caesar,
+in his triumphal habit, and seated above the Rostra in the
+market-place, was a spectator of the sports.  The custom is,
+that many young noblemen and of the magistracy, anointed with
+oil and having straps of hide in their hands, run about and
+strike, in sport, at everyone they meet.  Antony was running
+with the rest; but, omitting the old ceremony, twining a garland
+of bay round a diadem, he ran up to the Rostra, and, being
+lifted up by his companions, would have put it upon the head of
+Caesar, as if by that ceremony he were declared king.  Caesar
+seemingly refused, and drew aside to avoid it, and was applauded
+by the people with great shouts.  Again Antony pressed it, and
+again he declined its acceptance.  And so the dispute between
+them went on for some time, Antony's solicitations receiving but
+little encouragement from the shouts of a few friends, and
+Caesar's refusal being accompanied with the general applause of
+the people; a curious thing enough, that they should submit with
+patience to the fact, and yet at the same time dread the name as
+the destruction of their liberty.  Caesar, very much discomposed
+at what had past, got up from his seat, and, laying bare his
+neck, said, he was ready to receive the stroke, if any one of
+them desired to give it.  The crown was at last put on one of
+his statues, but was taken down by some of the tribunes, who
+were followed home by the people with shouts of applause.
+Caesar, however, resented it, and deposed them.
+
+These passages gave great encouragement to Brutus and Cassius,
+who, in making choice of trusty friends for such an enterprise,
+were thinking to engage Antony.  The rest approved, except
+Trebonius, who told them that Antony and he had lodged and
+traveled together in the last journey they took to meet Caesar,
+and that he had
+let fall several words, in a cautious way, on purpose to sound
+him; that Antony very well understood him, but did not encourage
+it; however, he had said nothing of it to Caesar, but had kept
+the secret faithfully.  The conspirators then proposed that
+Antony should die with him, which Brutus would not consent to,
+insisting that an action undertaken in defense of right and the
+laws must be maintained unsullied, and pure of injustice.  It
+was settled that Antony, whose bodily strength and high office
+made him formidable, should, at Caesar's entrance into the
+senate, when the deed was to be done, be amused outside by some
+of the party in a conversation about some pretended business.
+
+So when all was proceeded with, according to their plan, and
+Caesar had fallen in the senate-house, Antony, at the first
+moment, took a servant's dress, and hid himself.  But,
+understanding that the conspirators had assembled in the
+Capitol, and had no further design upon anyone, he persuaded
+them to come down, giving them his son as a hostage.  That night
+Cassius supped at Antony's house, and Brutus with Lepidus.
+Antony then convened the senate, and spoke in favor of an act of
+oblivion, and the appointment of Brutus and Cassius to
+provinces.  These measures the senate passed; and resolved that
+all Caesar's acts should remain in force.  Thus Antony went out
+of the senate with the highest possible reputation and esteem;
+for it was apparent that he had prevented a civil war, and had
+composed, in the wisest and most statesman-like way, questions
+of the greatest difficulty and embarrassment.  But these
+temperate counsels were soon swept away by the tide of popular
+applause, and the prospects, if Brutus were overthrown, of being
+without doubt the ruler-in-chief.  As Caesar's body was
+conveying to the tomb, Antony, according to the custom, was
+making his funeral oration in the market; place, and, perceiving
+the people to be infinitely affected with what he had said, he
+began to mingle with his praises language of commiseration, and
+horror at what had happened, and, as he was ending his speech,
+he took the under-clothes of the dead, and held them up,
+showing them stains of blood and the holes of the many stabs,
+calling those that had done this act villains and bloody
+murderers.  All which excited the people to such indignation,
+that they would not defer the funeral, but, making a pile of
+tables and forms in the very market-place, set fire to it; and
+everyone, taking a brand, ran to the conspirators' houses, to
+attack them.
+
+Upon this, Brutus and his whole party left the city, and
+Caesar's friends joined themselves to Antony.  Calpurnia,
+Caesar's wife, lodged with him the best part of the property, to
+the value of four thousand talents; he got also into his hands
+all Caesar's papers, wherein were contained journals of all he
+had done, and draughts of what he designed to do, which Antony
+made good use of; for by this means he appointed what
+magistrates he pleased, brought whom he would into the senate,
+recalled some from exile, freed others out of prison, and all
+this as ordered so by Caesar.  The Romans, in mockery, gave
+those who were thus benefited the name of Charonites, since, if
+put to prove their patents, they must have recourse to the
+papers of the dead.  In short, Antony's behavior in Rome was
+very absolute, he himself being consul, and his two brothers in
+great place; Caius, the one, being praetor, and Lucius, the
+other, tribune of the people.
+
+While matters went thus in Rome, the young Caesar, Caesar's
+niece's son, and by testament left his heir, arrived at Rome
+from Apollonia, where he was when his uncle was killed.  The
+first thing he did was to visit Antony, as his father's friend.
+He spoke to him concerning the money that was in his hands, and
+reminded him of the legacy Caesar had made of seventy-five
+drachmas to every Roman citizen.  Antony, at first, laughing at
+such discourse from so young a man, told him he wished he were
+in his health, and that he wanted good counsel and good friends,
+to tell him the burden of being executor to Caesar would sit
+very uneasily upon his young shoulders.  This was no answer to
+him; and, when he persisted in demanding the property, Antony
+went on treating him injuriously both in word and deed, opposed
+him when he stood for the tribune's office, and, when he was
+taking steps for the dedication of his father's golden chair, as
+had been enacted, he threatened to send him to prison if he did
+not give over soliciting the people.  This made the young Caesar
+apply himself to Cicero, and all those that hated Antony; by
+them he was recommended to the senate, while he himself courted
+the people, and drew together the soldiers from their
+settlements, till Antony got alarmed, and gave him a meeting in
+the Capitol, where, after some words, they came to an
+accommodation.
+
+That night Antony had a very unlucky dream, fancying that his
+right hand was thunderstruck.  And, some few days after, he was
+informed that Caesar was plotting to take his life.  Caesar
+explained, but was not believed, so that the breach was now made
+as wide as ever; each of them hurried about all through Italy to
+engage, by great offers, the old soldiers that lay scattered in
+their settlements, and to be the first to secure the troops that
+still remained undischarged.  Cicero was at this time the man of
+greatest influence in Rome.  He made use of all his art to
+exasperate people against Antony, and at length persuaded the
+senate to declare him a public enemy, to send Caesar the rods
+and axes and other marks of honor usually given to praetors, and
+to issue orders to Hirtius and Pansa, who were the consuls, to
+drive Antony out of Italy.  The armies engaged near Modena, and
+Caesar himself was present and took part in the battle.  Antony
+was defeated, but both the consuls were slain.  Antony, in his
+flight, was overtaken by distresses of every kind, and the worst
+of all of them was famine.  But it was his character in
+calamities to be better than at any other time.  Antony, in
+misfortune, was most nearly a virtuous man.  It is common enough
+for people, when they fall into great disasters, to discern what
+is right, and what they ought to do; but there are but few who
+in such extremities have the strength to obey their judgment,
+either in doing what it approves or avoiding what it condemns;
+and a good many are so weak as to give way to their habits all
+the more, and are incapable of using their minds.  Antony, on
+this occasion, was a most wonderful example to his soldiers.
+He, who had just quitted so much luxury and sumptuous living,
+made no difficulty now of drinking foul water and feeding on
+wild fruits and roots.  Nay, it is related they ate the very
+bark of trees, and, in passing over the Alps, lived upon
+creatures that no one before had ever been willing to touch.
+
+The design was to join the army on the other side the Alps,
+commanded by Lepidus, who he imagined would stand his friend, he
+having done him many good offices with Caesar.  On coming up and
+encamping near at hand, finding he had no sort of encouragement
+offered him, he resolved to push his fortune and venture all.
+His hair was long and disordered, nor had he shaved his beard
+since his defeat; in this guise, and with a dark colored cloak
+flung over him, he came into the trenches of Lepidus, and began
+to address the army.  Some were moved at his habit, others at
+his words, so that Lepidus, not liking it, ordered the trumpets
+to sound, that he might be heard no longer.  This raised in the
+soldiers yet a greater pity, so that they resolved to confer
+secretly with him, and dressed Laelius and Clodius in women's
+clothes, and sent them to see him.  They advised him without
+delay to attack Lepidus's trenches, assuring him that a strong
+party would receive him, and, if he wished it, would kill
+Lepidus.  Antony, however, had no wish for this, but next
+morning marched his army to pass over the river that parted the
+two camps.  He was himself the first man that stepped in, and,
+as he went through towards the other bank, he saw Lepidus's
+soldiers in great numbers reaching out their hands to help him,
+and beating down the works to make him way.  Being entered into
+the camp, and finding himself absolute master, he nevertheless
+treated Lepidus with the greatest civility, and gave him the title
+of Father, when he spoke to him, and, though he had everything
+at his own command, he left him the honor of being called
+the general.  This fair usage brought over to him Munatius
+Plancus, who was not far off with a considerable force.  Thus in
+great strength he repassed the Alps, leading with him into Italy
+seventeen legions and ten thousand horse, besides six legions
+which he left in garrison under the command of Varius, one of
+his familiar friends and boon companions, whom they used to call
+by the nickname of Cotylon.
+
+Caesar, perceiving that Cicero's wishes were for liberty, had
+ceased to pay any further regard to him, and was now employing
+the mediation of his friends to come to a good understanding
+with Antony.  They both met together with Lepidus in a small
+island, where the conference lasted three days.  The empire was
+soon determined of, it being divided amongst them as if it had
+been their paternal inheritance.  That which gave them all the
+trouble was to agree who should be put to death, each of them
+desiring to destroy his enemies and to save his friends.  But,
+in the end, animosity to those they hated carried the day
+against respect for relations and affection for friends; and
+Caesar sacrificed Cicero to Antony, Antony gave up his uncle
+Lucius Caesar, and Lepidus received permission to murder his
+brother Paulus, or, as others say, yielded his brother to them.
+I do not believe anything ever took place more truly savage or
+barbarous than this composition, for, in this exchange of blood
+for blood, they were equally guilty of the lives they
+surrendered and of those they took; or, indeed, more guilty in
+the case of their friends, for whose deaths they had not even
+the justification of hatred.  To complete the reconciliation,
+the soldiery, coming about them, demanded that confirmation
+should be given to it by some alliance of marriage; Caesar
+should marry Clodia, the daughter of Fulvia, wife to Antony.
+This also being agreed to, three hundred persons were put to
+death by proscription.  Antony gave orders to those that were to
+kill Cicero, to cut off his head and right hand, with which he
+had written his invectives against him; and, when they were
+brought before him, he regarded them joyfully, actually bursting
+out more than once into laughter, and when he had satiated
+himself with the sight of them, ordered them to be hung up above
+the speaker's place in the forum, thinking thus to insult the
+dead, while in fact he only exposed his own wanton arrogance,
+and his unworthiness to hold the power that fortune had given
+him.  His uncle Lucius Caesar, being closely pursued, took
+refuge with his sister, who, when the murderers had broken into
+her house and were pressing into her chamber, met them at the
+door, and, spreading out her hands, cried out several times,
+"You shall not kill Lucius Caesar till you first dispatch me,
+who gave your general his birth;" and in this manner she
+succeeded in getting her brother out of the way, and saving his
+life.
+
+This triumvirate was very hateful to the Romans, and Antony most
+of all bore the blame, because he was older than Caesar, and had
+greater authority than Lepidus, and withal he was no sooner
+settled in his affairs, but he returned to his luxurious and
+dissolute way of living.  Besides the ill reputation he gained
+by his general behavior, it was some considerable disadvantage
+to him his living in the house of Pompey the Great, who had been
+as much admired for his temperance and his sober, citizen-like
+habits of life, as ever he was for having triumphed three times.
+They could not without anger see the doors of that house shut
+against magistrates, officers, and envoys, who were shamefully
+refused admittance, while it was filled inside with players,
+jugglers, and drunken flatterers, upon whom were spent the
+greatest part of the wealth which violence and cruelty procured.
+For they did not limit themselves to the forfeiture of the
+estates of such as were proscribed, defrauding the widows and
+families, nor were they contented with laying on every possible
+kind of tax and imposition; but, hearing that several sums of
+money were, as well by strangers as citizens of Rome, deposited
+in the hands of the vestal virgins, they went and took the money
+away by force.  When it was manifest that nothing would ever be
+enough for Antony, Caesar at last called for a division of
+property.  The army was also divided between them, upon their
+march into Macedonia to make war with Brutus and Cassius,
+Lepidus being left with the command of the city.
+
+However, after they had crossed the sea and engaged in
+operations of war, encamping in front of the enemy, Antony
+opposite Cassius, and Caesar opposite Brutus, Caesar did nothing
+worth relating, and all the success and victory were Antony's.
+In the first battle, Caesar was completely routed by Brutus, his
+camp taken, he himself very narrowly escaping by flight.  As he
+himself writes in his Memoirs, he retired before the battle, on
+account of a dream which one of his friends had.  But Antony, on
+the other hand, defeated Cassius; though some have written that
+he was not actually present in the engagement, and only joined
+afterwards in the pursuit.  Cassius was killed, at his own
+entreaty and order, by one of his most trusted freedmen,
+Pindarus, not being aware of Brutus's victory.  After a few
+days' interval, they fought another battle, in which Brutus lost
+the day, and slew himself; and Caesar being sick, Antony had
+almost all the honor of the victory.  Standing over Brutus's
+dead body, he uttered a few words of reproach upon him for the
+death of his brother Caius, who had been executed by Brutus's
+order in Macedonia in revenge of Cicero; but, saying presently
+that Hortensius was most to blame for it, he gave order for his
+being slain upon his brother's tomb, and, throwing his own
+scarlet mantle, which was of great value, upon the body of
+Brutus, he gave charge to one of his own freedmen to take care
+of his funeral.  This man, as Antony came to understand, did not
+leave the mantle with the corpse, but kept both it and a good
+part of the money that should have been spent in the funeral for
+himself; for which he had him put to death.
+
+But Caesar was conveyed to Rome, no one expecting that he would
+long survive.  Antony, proposing to go to the eastern provinces
+to lay them under contribution, entered Greece with a large
+force.  The promise had been made that every common soldier
+should receive for his pay five thousand drachmas; so it was
+likely there would be need of pretty severe taxing and levying
+to raise money.  However, to the Greeks he showed at first
+reason and moderation enough; he gratified his love of amusement
+by hearing the learned men dispute, by seeing the games, and
+undergoing initiation; and in judicial matters he was equitable,
+taking pleasure in being styled a lover of Greece, but, above
+all, in being called a lover of Athens, to which city he made
+very considerable presents.  The people of Megara wished to let
+him know that they also had something to show him, and invited
+him to come and see their senate-house.  So he went and examined
+it, and on their asking him how he liked it, told them it was
+"not very large, but extremely ruinous."  At the same time, he
+had a survey made of the temple of the Pythian Apollo, as if he
+had designed to repair it, and indeed he had declared to the
+senate his intention so to do.
+
+However, leaving Lucius Censorinus in Greece, he crossed over
+into Asia, and there laid his hands on the stores of accumulated
+wealth, while kings waited at his door, and queens were rivaling
+one another, who should make him the greatest presents or appear
+most charming in his eyes.  Thus, whilst Caesar in Rome was
+wearing out his strength amidst seditions and wars, Antony, with
+nothing to do amidst the enjoyments of peace, let his passions
+carry him easily back to the old course of life that was
+familiar to him.  A set of harpers and pipers, Anaxenor and
+Xuthus, the dancing-man Metrodorus, and a whole Bacchic rout of
+the like Asiatic exhibitors, far outdoing in license and
+buffoonery the pests that had followed out of Italy, came in and
+possessed the court; the thing was past patience, wealth of all
+kinds being wasted on objects like these.  The whole of Asia was
+like the city in Sophocles, loaded, at one time,
+
+with incense in the air,
+Jubilant songs, and outcries of despair.
+
+When he made his entry into Ephesus, the women met him dressed
+up like Bacchantes, and the men and boys like Satyrs and Fauns,
+and throughout the town nothing was to be seen but spears
+wreathed about with ivy, harps, flutes, and psaltries, while
+Antony in their songs was Bacchus the Giver of Joy and the
+Gentle.  And so indeed he was to some, but to far more the
+Devourer and the Savage; for he would deprive persons of worth
+and quality of their fortunes to gratify villains and
+flatterers, who would sometimes beg the estates of men yet
+living, pretending they were dead, and, obtaining a grant, take
+possession.  He gave his cook the house of a Magnesian citizen,
+as a reward for a single highly successful supper, and, at last,
+when he was proceeding to lay a second whole tribute on Asia,
+Hybreas, speaking on behalf of the cities, took courage, and
+told him broadly, but aptly enough for Antony's taste, "If you
+can take two yearly tributes, you can doubtless give us a couple
+of summers, and a double harvest time;" and put it to him in the
+plainest and boldest way, that Asia had raised two hundred
+thousand talents for his service: "If this has not been paid to
+you, ask your collectors for it; if it has, and is all gone, we
+are ruined men."  These words touched Antony to the quick, who
+was simply ignorant of most things that were done in his name;
+not that he was so indolent, as he was prone to trust frankly in
+all about him.  For there was much simplicity in his character;
+he was slow to see his faults, but, when he did see them, was
+extremely repentant, and ready to ask pardon of those he had
+injured; prodigal in his acts of reparation, and severe in his
+punishments, but his generosity was much more extravagant than
+his severity; his raillery was sharp and insulting, but the edge
+of it was taken off by his readiness to submit to any kind of
+repartee; for he was as well contented to be rallied, as he was
+pleased to rally others.  And this freedom of speech was,
+indeed, the cause of many of his disasters.  He never imagined
+that those who used so much liberty in their mirth would flatter
+or deceive him in business of consequence, not knowing how
+common it is with parasites to mix their flattery with boldness,
+as confectioners do their sweetmeats with something biting, to
+prevent the sense of satiety.  Their freedoms and impertinences
+at table were designed expressly to give to their obsequiousness
+in council the air of being not complaisance, but conviction.
+
+Such being his temper, the last and crowning mischief that could
+befall him came in the love of Cleopatra, to awaken and kindle
+to fury passions that as yet lay still and dormant in his
+nature, and to stifle and finally corrupt any elements that yet
+made resistance in him, of goodness and a sound judgment.  He
+fell into the snare thus.  When making preparation for the
+Parthian war, he sent to command her to make her personal
+appearance in Cilicia, to answer an accusation, that she had
+given great assistance, in the late wars, to Cassius.  Dellius,
+who was sent on this message, had no sooner seen her face, and
+remarked her adroitness and subtlety in speech, but he felt
+convinced that Antony would not so much as think of giving any
+molestation to a woman like this; on the contrary, she would be
+the first in favor with him.  So he set himself at once to pay
+his court to the Egyptian, and gave her his advice, "to go," in
+the Homeric style, to Cilicia, "in her best attire," and bade
+her fear nothing from Antony, the gentlest and kindest of
+soldiers.  She had some faith in the words of Dellius, but more
+in her own attractions, which, having formerly recommended her
+to Caesar and the young Cnaeus Pompey, she did not doubt might
+prove yet more successful with Antony.  Their acquaintance was
+with her when a girl, young, and ignorant of the world, but she
+was to meet Antony in the time of life when women's beauty is
+most splendid, and their intellects are in full maturity. She
+made great preparation for her journey, of money, gifts, and
+ornaments of value, such as so wealthy a kingdom might afford,
+but she brought with her her surest hopes in her own magic arts
+and charms.
+
+She received several letters, both from Antony and from his
+friends, to summon her, but she took no account of these orders;
+and at last, as if in mockery of them, she came sailing up the
+river Cydnus, in a barge with gilded stern and outspread sails
+of purple, while oars of silver beat time to the music of flutes
+and fifes and harps.  She herself lay all along, under a canopy
+of cloth of gold, dressed as Venus in a picture, and beautiful
+young boys, like painted Cupids, stood on each side to fan her.
+Her maids were dressed like Sea Nymphs and Graces, some steering
+at the rudder, some working at the ropes.  The perfumes diffused
+themselves from the vessel to the shore, which was covered with
+multitudes, part following the galley up the river on either
+bank, part running out of the city to see the sight.  The
+market-place was quite emptied, and Antony at last was left
+alone sitting upon the tribunal; while the word went through all
+the multitude, that Venus was come to feast with Bacchus, for
+the common good of Asia.  On her arrival, Antony sent to invite
+her to supper.  She thought it fitter he should come to her; so,
+willing to show his good-humor and courtesy, he complied, and
+went.  He found the preparations to receive him magnificent
+beyond expression, but nothing so admirable as the great number
+of lights; for on a sudden there was let down altogether so
+great a number of branches with lights in them so ingeniously
+disposed, some in squares, and some in circles, that the whole
+thing was a spectacle that has seldom been equaled for beauty.
+
+The next day, Antony invited her to supper, and was very
+desirous to outdo her as well in magnificence as contrivance;
+but he found he was altogether beaten in both, and was so well
+convinced of it, that he was himself the first to jest and mock
+at his poverty of wit, and his rustic awkwardness.  She,
+perceiving that his raillery was broad and gross, and savored
+more of the soldier than the courtier, rejoined in the same
+taste, and fell into it at once, without any sort of reluctance
+or reserve.  For her actual beauty, it is said, was not in
+itself so remarkable that none could be compared with her, or
+that no one could see her without being struck by it, but the
+contact of her presence, if you lived with her, was
+irresistible; the attraction of her person, joining with the
+charm of her conversation, and the character that attended all
+she said or did, was something bewitching.  It was a pleasure
+merely to hear the sound of her voice, with which, like an
+instrument of many strings, she could pass from one language to
+another; so that there were few of the barbarian nations that
+she answered by an interpreter; to most of them she spoke
+herself, as to the Ethiopians, Troglodytes, Hebrews, Arabians,
+Syrians, Medes, Parthians, and many others, whose language she
+had learnt; which was all the more surprising, because most of
+the kings her predecessors scarcely gave themselves the trouble
+to acquire the Egyptian tongue, and several of them quite
+abandoned the Macedonian.
+
+Antony was so captivated by her, that, while Fulvia his wife
+maintained his quarrels in Rome against Caesar by actual force
+of arms, and the Parthian troops, commanded by Labienus (the
+king's generals having made him commander-in-chief), were
+assembled in Mesopotamia, and ready to enter Syria, he could yet
+suffer himself to be carried away by her to Alexandria, there to
+keep holiday, like a boy, in play and diversion, squandering and
+fooling away in enjoyments that most costly, as Antiphon says,
+of all valuables, time.  They had a sort of company, to which
+they gave a particular name, calling it that of the Inimitable
+Livers.  The members entertained one another daily in turn, with
+an extravagance of expenditure beyond measure or belief.
+Philotas, a physician of Amphissa, who was at that time a
+student of medicine in Alexandria, used to tell my grandfather
+Lamprias, that, having some acquaintance with one of the royal
+cooks, he was invited by him, being a young man, to come and see
+the sumptuous preparations for supper.  So he was taken into the
+kitchen, where he admired the prodigious variety of all things;
+but particularly, seeing eight wild boars roasting whole, says
+he, "Surely you have a great number of guests."  The cook
+laughed at his simplicity, and told him there were not above
+twelve to sup, but that every dish was to be served up just
+roasted to a turn, and if anything was but one minute ill-timed,
+it was spoiled; "And," said he, "maybe Antony will sup just now,
+maybe not this hour, maybe he will call for wine, or begin to
+talk, and will put it off.  So that," he continued, "it is not
+one, but many suppers must be had in readiness, as it is
+impossible to guess at his hour."  This was Philotas's story;
+who related besides, that he afterwards came to be one of the
+medical attendants of Antony's eldest son by Fulvia, and used to
+be invited pretty often, among other companions, to his table,
+when he was not supping with his father.  One day another
+physician had talked loudly, and given great disturbance to the
+company, whose mouth Philotas stopped with this sophistical
+syllogism: "In some states of fever the patient should take cold
+water; everyone who has a fever is in some state of fever;
+therefore in a fever cold water should always be taken."  The
+man was quite struck dumb, and Antony's son, very much pleased,
+laughed aloud, and said, Philotas, "I make you a present of all
+you see there," pointing to a sideboard covered with plate.
+Philotas thanked him much, but was far enough from ever
+imagining that a boy of his age could dispose of things of that
+value.  Soon after, however, the plate was all brought to him,
+and he was desired to set his mark upon it; and when he put it
+away from him, and was afraid to accept the present, "What ails
+the man?" said he that brought it; "do you know that he who
+gives you this is Antony's son, who is free to give it, if it
+were all gold? but if you will be advised by me, I would counsel
+you to accept of the value in money from us; for there may be
+amongst the rest some antique or famous piece of workmanship,
+which Antony would be sorry to part with."  These anecdotes my
+grandfather told us Philotas used frequently to relate.
+
+To return to Cleopatra; Plato admits four sorts of flattery,
+but she had a thousand.  Were Antony serious or disposed to
+mirth, she had at any moment some new delight or charm to meet
+his wishes; at every turn she was upon him, and let him escape
+her neither by day nor by night.  She played at dice with him,
+drank with him, hunted with him; and when he exercised in arms,
+she was there to see.  At night she would go rambling with him
+to disturb and torment people at their doors and windows,
+dressed like a servant-woman, for Antony also went in servant's
+disguise, and from these expeditions he often came home very
+scurvily answered, and sometimes even beaten severely, though
+most people guessed who it was.  However, the Alexandrians in
+general liked it all well enough, and joined good humoredly and
+kindly in his frolic and play, saying they were much obliged to
+Antony for acting his tragic parts at Rome, and keeping his
+comedy for them.  It would be trifling without end to be
+particular in his follies, but his fishing must not be
+forgotten.  He went out one day to angle with Cleopatra, and,
+being so unfortunate as to catch nothing in the presence of his
+mistress, he gave secret orders to the fishermen to dive under
+water, and put fishes that had been already taken upon his
+hooks; and these he drew so fast that the Egyptian perceived it.
+But, feigning great admiration, she told everybody how dexterous
+Antony was, and invited them next day to come and see him again.
+So, when a number of them had come on board the fishing boats,
+as soon as he had let down his hook, one of her servants was
+beforehand with his divers, and fixed upon his hook a salted
+fish from Pontus.  Antony, feeling his line give, drew up the
+prey, and when, as may be imagined, great laughter ensued,
+"Leave," said Cleopatra, "the fishing-rod, general, to us poor
+sovereigns of Pharos and Canopus; your game is cities,
+provinces, and kingdoms."
+
+Whilst he was thus diverting himself and engaged in this boys'
+play, two dispatches arrived; one from Rome, that his brother
+Lucius and his wife Fulvia, after many quarrels among
+themselves, had joined in war against Caesar, and, having lost
+all, had fled out of Italy; the other bringing little better
+news, that Labienus, at the head of the Parthians, was
+overrunning Asia, from Euphrates and Syria as far as Lydia and
+Ionia.  So, scarcely at last rousing himself from sleep, and
+shaking off the fumes of wine, he set out to attack the
+Parthians, and went as far as Phoenicia; but, upon the receipt
+of lamentable letters from Fulvia, turned his course with two
+hundred ships to Italy.  And, in his way, receiving, such of his
+friends as fled from Italy, he was given to understand that
+Fulvia was the sole cause of the war, a woman of a restless
+spirit and very bold, and withal her hopes were that commotions
+in Italy would force Antony from Cleopatra.  But it happened
+that Fulvia, as she was coming to meet her husband, fell sick by
+the way, and died at Sicyon, so that an accommodation was the
+more easily made.  For when he reached Italy, and Caesar showed
+no intention of laying anything to his charge, and he on his
+part shifted the blame of everything on Fulvia, those that were
+friends to them would not suffer that the time should be spent
+in looking narrowly into the plea, but made a reconciliation
+first, and then a partition of the empire between them, taking
+as their boundary the Ionian Sea, the eastern provinces falling
+to Antony, to Caesar the western, and Africa being left to
+Lepidus.  And an agreement was made, that everyone in their
+turn, as he thought fit, should make their friends consuls,
+when they did not choose to take the offices themselves.
+
+These terms were well approved of, but yet it was thought some
+closer tie would be desirable; and for this, fortune offered
+occasion.  Caesar had an elder sister, not of the whole blood,
+for Attia was his mother's name, hers Ancharia.  This sister,
+Octavia, he was extremely attached to, as, indeed, she was, it
+is said, quite a wonder of a woman.  Her husband, Caius
+Marcellus, had died not long before, and Antony was now a
+widower by the death of Fulvia; for, though he did not disavow
+the passion he had for Cleopatra, yet he disowned anything of
+marriage, reason, as yet, upon this point, still maintaining the
+debate against the charms of the Egyptian.  Everybody concurred
+in promoting this new alliance, fully expecting that with the
+beauty, honor, and prudence of Octavia, when her company should,
+as it was certain it would, have engaged his affections, all
+would be kept in the safe and happy course of friendship.  So,
+both parties being agreed, they went to Rome to celebrate the
+nuptials, the senate dispensing with the law by which a widow
+was not permitted to marry till ten months after the death of
+her husband.
+
+Sextus Pompeius was in possession of Sicily, and with his ships,
+under the command of Menas, the pirate, and Menecrates, so
+infested the Italian coast, that no vessels durst venture into
+those seas.  Sextus had behaved with much humanity towards
+Antony, having received his mother when she fled with Fulvia,
+and it was therefore judged fit that he also should be received
+into the peace.  They met near the promontory of Misenum, by the
+mole of the port, Pompey having his fleet at anchor close by,
+and Antony and Caesar their troops drawn up all along the shore.
+There it was concluded that Sextus should quietly enjoy the
+government of Sicily and Sardinia, he conditioning to scour the
+seas of all pirates, and to send so much corn every year to
+Rome.
+
+This agreed on, they invited one another to supper, and by lot
+it fell to Pompey's turn to give the first entertainment, and
+Antony, asking where it was to be, "There," said he, pointing to
+the admiral-galley, a ship of six banks of oars, "that is the
+only house that Pompey is heir to of his father's."  And this
+he said, reflecting upon Antony, who was then in possession of
+his father's house.  Having fixed the ship on her anchors, and
+formed a bridgeway from the promontory to conduct on board of
+her, he gave them a cordial welcome.  And when they began to
+grow warm, and jests were passing freely on Antony and
+Cleopatra's loves, Menas, the pirate, whispered Pompey in the
+ear, "Shall I," said he, "cut the cables, and make you master
+not of Sicily only and Sardinia, but of the whole Roman empire?"
+Pompey, having considered a little while, returned him answer,
+"Menas, this might have been done without acquainting me; now we
+must rest content; I do not break my word."  And so, having been
+entertained by the other two in their turns, he set sail for
+Sicily.
+
+After the treaty was completed, Antony dispatched Ventidius into
+Asia, to check the advance of the Parthians, while he, as a
+compliment to Caesar, accepted the office of priest to the
+deceased Caesar.  And in any state affair and matter of
+consequence, they both behaved themselves with much
+consideration and friendliness for each other.  But it annoyed
+Antony, that in all their amusements, on any trial of skill
+or fortune, Caesar should be constantly victorious.  He had with
+him an Egyptian diviner, one of those who calculate nativities,
+who, either to make his court to Cleopatra, or that by the rules
+of his art he found it to be so, openly declared to him, that
+though the fortune that attended him was bright and glorious,
+yet it was overshadowed by Caesar's; and advised him to keep
+himself as far distant as he could from that young man; "for
+your Genius," said he, "dreads his; when absent from him yours
+is proud and brave, but in his presence unmanly and dejected;"
+and incidents that occurred appeared to show that the Egyptian
+spoke truth.  For whenever they cast lots for any playful
+purpose, or threw dice, Antony was still the loser; and
+repeatedly, when they fought game-cocks or quails, Caesar's had
+the victory.  This gave Antony a secret displeasure, and made
+him put the more confidence in the skill of his Egyptian.  So,
+leaving the management of his home affairs to Caesar, he left
+Italy, and took Octavia, who had lately borne him a daughter,
+along with him into Greece.
+
+Here, whilst he wintered in Athens, he received the first news
+of Ventidius's successes over the Parthians, of his having
+defeated them in a battle, having slain Labienus and
+Pharnapates, the best general their king, Hyrodes, possessed.
+For the celebrating of which he made a public feast through
+Greece, and for the prizes which were contested at Athens he
+himself acted as steward, and, leaving at home the ensigns that
+are carried before the general, he made his public appearance in
+a gown and white shoes, with the steward's wands marching
+before; and he performed his duty in taking the combatants by
+the neck, to part them, when they had fought enough.
+
+When the time came for him to set out for the war, he took a
+garland from the sacred olive, and, in obedience to some oracle,
+he filled a vessel with the water of the Clepsydra, to carry
+along with him.  In this interval, Pacorus, the Parthian king's
+son, who was marching into Syria with a large army, was met by
+Ventidius, who gave him battle in the country of Cyrrhestica,
+slew a large number of his men, and Pacorus among the first.
+This victory was one of the most renowned achievements of the
+Romans, and fully avenged their defeats under Crassus, the
+Parthians being obliged, after the loss of three battles
+successively, to keep themselves within the bounds of Media and
+Mesopotamia.  Ventidius was not willing to push his good fortune
+further, for fear of raising some jealousy in Antony, but,
+turning his arms against those that had quitted the Roman
+interest, he reduced them to their former obedience.  Among the
+rest, he besieged Antiochus, king of Commagene, in the city of
+Samosata, who made an offer of a thousand talents for his
+pardon, and a promise of submission to Antony's commands.  But
+Ventidius told him that he must send to Antony, who was already
+on his march, and had sent word to Ventidius to make no terms
+with Antiochus, wishing that at any rate this one exploit might
+be ascribed to him, and that people might not think that all his
+successes were won by his lieutenants.  The siege, however, was
+long protracted; for when those within found their offers
+refused, they defended themselves stoutly, till, at last,
+Antony, finding he was doing nothing, in shame and regret for
+having refused the first offer, was glad to make an
+accommodation with Antiochus for three hundred talents.  And,
+having given some orders for the affairs of Syria, he returned
+to Athens; and, paying Ventidius the honors he well deserved,
+dismissed him to receive his triumph.  He is the only man that
+has ever yet triumphed for victories obtained over the
+Parthians; he was of obscure birth, but, by means of Antony's
+friendship, obtained an opportunity of showing his capacity, and
+doing great things; and his making such glorious use of it gave
+new credit to the current observation about Caesar and Antony,
+that they were more fortunate in what they did by their
+lieutenants than in their own persons.  For Sossius, also, had
+great success, and Canidius, whom he left in Armenia, defeated
+the people there, and also the kings of the Albanians and
+Iberians, and marched victorious as far as Caucasus, by which
+means the fame of Antony's arms had become great among the
+barbarous nations.
+
+He, however, once more, upon some unfavorable stories, taking
+offense against Caesar, set sail with three hundred ships for
+Italy, and, being refused admittance to the port of Brundusium,
+made for Tarentum.  There his wife Octavia, who came from Greece
+with him, obtained leave to visit her brother, she being then
+great with child, having already borne her husband a second
+daughter; and as she was on her way, she met Caesar, with his
+two friends Agrippa and Maecenas, and, taking these two aside,
+with great entreaties and lamentations she told them, that of
+the most fortunate woman upon earth, she was in danger of
+becoming the most unhappy; for as yet everyone's eyes were fixed
+upon her as the wife and sister of the two great commanders,
+but, if rash counsels should prevail, and war ensue, "I shall be
+miserable," said she, "without redress; for on what side soever
+victory falls, I shall be sure to be a loser."  Caesar was
+overcome by these entreaties, and advanced in a peaceable temper
+to Tarentum, where those that were present beheld a most stately
+spectacle; a vast army drawn up by the shore, and as great a
+fleet in the harbor, all without the occurrence of any act of
+hostility; nothing but the salutations of friends, and other
+expressions of joy and kindness, passing from one armament to
+the other.  Antony first entertained Caesar this also being a
+concession on Caesar's part to his sister; and when at length an
+agreement was made between them, that Caesar should give Antony
+two of his legions to serve him in the Parthian war, and that
+Antony should in return leave with him a hundred armed galleys,
+Octavia further obtained of her husband, besides this, twenty
+light ships for her brother, and of her brother, a thousand foot
+for her husband.  So, having parted good friends, Caesar went
+immediately to make war with Pompey to conquer Sicily.  And
+Antony, leaving in Caesar's charge his wife and children, and
+his children by his former wife Fulvia, set sail for Asia.
+
+But the mischief that thus long had lain still, the passion for
+Cleopatra, which better thoughts had seemed to have lulled and
+charmed into oblivion, upon his approach to Syria, gathered
+strength again, and broke out into a flame.  And, in fine, like
+Plato's restive and rebellious horse of the human soul, flinging
+off all good and wholesome counsel, and breaking fairly loose,
+he sends Fonteius Capito to bring Cleopatra into Syria.  To whom
+at her arrival he made no small or trifling present, Phoenicia,
+Coele-Syria, Cyprus, great part of Cilicia, that side of Judaea
+which produces balm, that part of Arabia where the Nabathaeans
+extend to the outer sea; profuse gifts, which much displeased
+the Romans.  For, although he had invested several private
+persons in great governments and kingdoms, and bereaved many
+kings of theirs, as Antigonus of Judaea, whose head he caused to
+be struck off (the first example of that punishment being
+inflicted on a king), yet nothing stung the Romans like the
+shame of these honors paid to Cleopatra.  Their dissatisfaction
+was augmented also by his acknowledging as his own the twin
+children he had by her, giving them the name of Alexander and
+Cleopatra, and adding, as their surnames, the titles of Sun and
+Moon.  But he, who knew how to put a good color on the most
+dishonest action, would say, that the greatness of the Roman
+empire consisted more in giving than in taking kingdoms, and
+that the way to carry noble blood through the world was by
+begetting in every place a new line and series of kings; his own
+ancestor had thus been born of Hercules; Hercules had not
+limited his hopes of progeny to a single womb, nor feared any
+law like Solon's, or any audit of procreation, but had freely
+let nature take her will in the foundation and first
+commencement of many families.
+
+After Phraates had killed his father Hyrodes, and taken
+possession of his kingdom, many of the Parthians left their
+country; among the rest, Monaeses, a man of great distinction
+and authority, sought refuge with Antony, who, looking on his
+case as similar to that of Themistocles, and likening his own
+opulence and magnanimity to those of the former Persian kings,
+gave him three cities, Larissa, Arethusa, and Hierapolis, which
+was formerly called Bambyce.  But when the king of Parthia soon
+recalled him, giving him his word and honor for his safety,
+Antony was not unwilling to give him leave to return, hoping
+thereby to surprise Phraates, who would believe that peace would
+continue; for he only made the demand of him, that he should
+send back the Roman ensigns which were taken when Crassus was
+slain, and the prisoners that remained yet alive.  This done, he
+sent Cleopatra into Egypt, and marched through Arabia and
+Armenia; and, when his forces came together, and were joined by
+those of his confederate kings (of whom there were very many,
+and the most considerable, Artavasdes, king of Armenia, who came
+at the head of six thousand horse and seven thousand foot), he
+made a general muster.  There appeared sixty thousand Roman
+foot, ten thousand horse, Spaniards and Gauls, who counted as
+Romans; and, of other nations, horse and foot, thirty thousand.
+And these great preparations, that put the Indians beyond
+Bactria into alarm, and made all Asia shake, were all, we are
+told, rendered useless to him because of Cleopatra.  For, in
+order to pass the winter with her, the war was pushed on before
+its due time; and all he did was done without perfect
+consideration, as by a man who had no proper control over his
+faculties, who, under the effects of some drug or magic, was
+still looking back elsewhere, and whose object was much more to
+hasten his return than to conquer his enemies.
+
+For, first of all, when he should have taken up his
+winter-quarters in Armenia, to refresh his men, who were tired
+with long marches, having come at least eight thousand furlongs,
+and then have taken the advantage in the beginning of the spring
+to invade Media, before the Parthians were out of
+winter-quarters, he had not patience to expect his time, but
+marched into the province of Atropatene, leaving Armenia on the
+left hand, and laid waste all that country.  Secondly, his haste
+was so great, that he left behind the engines absolutely
+required for any siege, which followed the camp in three hundred
+wagons, and, among the rest, a ram eighty feet long; none of
+which was it possible, if lost or damaged, to repair or to make
+the like, as the provinces of the upper Asia produce no trees
+long or hard enough for such uses.  Nevertheless, he left them
+all behind, as a mere impediment to his speed, in the charge of
+a detachment under the command of Statianus, the wagon-officer.
+He himself laid siege to Phraata, a principal city of the king
+of Media, wherein were that king's wife and children.  And when
+actual need proved the greatness of his error in leaving the
+siege train behind him, he had nothing for it but to come up and
+raise a mound against the walls, with infinite labor and great
+loss of time.  Meantime Phraates, coming down with a large army,
+and hearing that the wagons were left behind with the battering
+engines, sent a strong party of horse, by which Statianus was
+surprised, he himself and ten thousand of his men slain, the
+engines all broken in pieces, many taken prisoners, and, among
+the rest, king Polemon.
+
+This great miscarriage in the opening of the campaign much
+discouraged Antony's army, and Artavasdes, king of Armenia,
+deciding that the Roman prospects were bad, withdrew with all
+his forces from the camp, although he had been the chief
+promoter of the war.  The Parthians, encouraged by their
+success, came up to the Romans at the siege, and gave them many
+affronts; upon which Antony, fearing that the despondency and
+alarm of his soldiers would only grow worse if he let them lie
+idle, taking all the horse, ten legions, and three praetorian
+cohorts of heavy infantry, resolved to go out and forage,
+designing by this means to draw the enemy with more advantage to
+a battle.  To effect this, he marched a day's journey from his
+camp, and, finding the Parthians hovering about, in readiness to
+attack him while he was in motion, he gave orders for the signal
+of battle to be hung out in the encampment, but, at the same
+time, pulled down the tents, as if he meant not to fight, but to
+lead his men home again; and so he proceeded to lead them past
+the enemy, who were drawn up in a half-moon, his orders being
+that the horse should charge as soon as the legions were come up
+near enough to second them.  The Parthians, standing still while
+the Romans marched by them, were in great admiration of their
+army, and of the exact discipline it observed, rank after rank
+passing on at equal distances in perfect order and silence,
+their pikes all ready in their hands.  But when the signal was
+given, and the horse turned short upon the Parthians, and with
+loud cries charged them, they bravely received them, though they
+were at once too near for bowshot; but the legions, coming up
+with loud shouts and rattling of their arms, so frightened their
+horses and indeed the men themselves, that they kept their
+ground no longer.  Antony pressed them hard, in great hopes that
+this victory should put an end to the war; the foot had them in
+pursuit for fifty furlongs, and the horse for thrice that
+distance, and yet, the advantage summed up, they had but thirty
+prisoners, and there were but fourscore slain.  So that they
+were all filled with dejection and discouragement, to consider,
+that when they were victorious, their advantage was so small,
+and that when they were beaten, they lost so great a number of
+men as they had done when the carriages were taken.
+
+The next day, having put the baggage in order, they marched back
+to the camp before Phraata, in the way meeting with some
+scattering troops of the enemy, and, as they marched further,
+with greater parties, at length with the body of the enemy's
+army, fresh and in good order, who called them to battle, and
+charged them on every side, and it was not without great
+difficulty that they reached the camp.  There Antony, finding
+that his men had in a panic deserted the defense of the mound,
+upon a sally of the Medes, resolved to proceed against them by
+decimation, as it is called, which is done by dividing the
+soldiers into tens, and, out of every ten, putting one to death,
+as it happens by lot.  The rest he gave orders should have,
+instead of wheat, their rations of corn in barley.
+
+The war was now become grievous to both parties, and the
+prospect of its continuance yet more fearful to Antony, in
+respect that he was threatened with famine; for he could no
+longer forage without wounds and slaughter.  And Phraates, on
+the other side, was full of apprehension that, if the Romans
+were to persist in carrying on the siege, the autumnal equinox
+being past and the air already closing in for cold, he should be
+deserted by his soldiers, who would suffer anything rather than
+wintering in open field.  To prevent which, he had recourse to
+the following deceit: he gave order to those of his men who had
+made most acquaintance among the Roman soldiers, not to pursue
+too close when they met them foraging, but to suffer them to
+carry off some provision; moreover, that they should praise
+their valor, and declare that it was not without just reason
+that their king looked upon the Romans as the bravest men in the
+world.  This done, upon further opportunity they rode nearer in,
+and, drawing up their horses by the men, began to revile Antony
+for his obstinacy; that whereas Phraates desired nothing more
+than peace, and an occasion to show how ready he was to save the
+lives of so many brave soldiers, he, on the contrary, gave no
+opening to any friendly offers, but sat awaiting the arrival of
+the two fiercest and worst enemies, winter and famine, from whom
+it would be hard for them to make their escape, even with all
+the good-will of the Parthians to help them.  Antony, having
+these reports from many hands, began to indulge the hope;
+nevertheless, he would not send any message to the Parthian till
+he had put the question to these friendly talkers, whether what
+they said was said by order of their king.  Receiving answer
+that it was, together with new encouragement to believe them, he
+sent some of his friends to demand once more the standards and
+prisoners, lest, if he should ask nothing, he might be supposed
+to be too thankful to have leave to retreat in quiet.  The
+Parthian king made answer, that as for the standards and
+prisoners, he need not trouble himself; but if he thought fit to
+retreat, he might do it when he pleased, in peace and safety.
+Some few days, therefore, being spent in collecting the baggage,
+he set out upon his march.  On which occasion, though there was
+no man of his time like him for addressing a multitude, or for
+carrying soldiers with him by the force of words, out of shame
+and sadness he could not find in his heart to speak himself, but
+employed Domitius Aenobarbus.  And some of the soldiers resented
+it, as an undervaluing of them; but the greater number saw the
+true cause, and pitied it, and thought it rather a reason why
+they on their side should treat their general with more respect
+and obedience than ordinary.
+
+Antony had resolved to return by the same way he came, which was
+through a level country clear of all trees, but a certain
+Mardian came to him (one that was very conversant with the
+manners of the Parthians, and whose fidelity to the Romans had
+been tried at the battle where the machines were lost), and
+advised him to keep the mountains close on his right hand, and
+not to expose his men, heavily armed, in a broad, open, riding
+country, to the attacks of a numerous army of light-horse and
+archers; that Phraates with fair promises had persuaded him from
+the siege on purpose that he might with more ease cut him off in
+his retreat; but, if so he pleased, he would conduct him by a
+nearer route, on which moreover he should find the necessaries
+for his army in greater abundance.  Antony upon this began to
+consider what was best to be done; he was unwilling to seem to
+have any mistrust of the Parthians after their treaty; but,
+holding it to be really best to march his army the shorter and
+more inhabited way, he demanded of the Mardian some assurance of
+his faith, who offered himself to be bound until the army came
+safe into Armenia.  Two days he conducted the army bound, and,
+on the third, when Antony had given up all thought of the
+enemy, and was marching at his ease in no very good order, the
+Mardian, perceiving the bank of a river broken down, and the
+water let out and overflowing the road by which they were to
+pass, saw at once that this was the handiwork of the Parthians,
+done out of mischief, and to hinder their march; so he advised
+Antony to be upon his guard, for that the enemy was nigh at
+hand.  And no sooner had he begun to put his men in order,
+disposing the slingers and dart men in convenient intervals for
+sallying out, but the Parthians came pouring in on all sides,
+fully expecting to encompass them, and throw the whole army into
+disorder.  They were at once attacked by the light troops, whom
+they galled a good deal with their arrows; but, being themselves
+as warmly entertained with the slings and darts, and many
+wounded, they made their retreat.  Soon after, rallying up
+afresh, they were beat back by a battalion of Gallic horse, and
+appeared no more that day.
+
+By their manner of attack Antony seeing what to do, not only
+placed the slings and darts as a rear guard, but also lined both
+flanks with them, and so marched in a square battle, giving
+order to the horse to charge and beat off the enemy, but not to
+follow them far as they retired.  So that the Parthians, not
+doing more mischief for the four ensuing days than they
+received, began to abate in their zeal, and, complaining that
+the winter season was much advanced, pressed for returning home.
+
+But, on the fifth day, Flavius Gallus, a brave and active
+officer, who had a considerable command in the army, came to
+Antony, desiring of him some light-infantry out of the rear, and
+some horse out of the front, with which he would undertake to do
+some considerable service.  Which when he had obtained, he beat
+the enemy back, not withdrawing, as was usual, at the same time,
+and retreating upon the mass of the heavy infantry, but
+maintaining his own ground, and engaging boldly.  The officers
+who commanded in the rear, perceiving how far he was getting
+from the body of the army, sent to warn him back, but he took no
+notice of them.  It is said that Titius the quaestor snatched
+the standards and turned them round, upbraiding Gallus with thus
+leading so many brave men to destruction.  But when he on the
+other side reviled him again, and commanded the men that were
+about him to stand firm, Titius made his retreat, and Gallus,
+charging the enemies in the front, was encompassed by a party
+that fell upon his rear, which at length perceiving, he sent a
+messenger to demand succor.  But the commanders of the heavy
+infantry, Canidius amongst others, a particular favorite of
+Antony's, seem here to have committed a great oversight.  For,
+instead of facing about with the whole body, they sent small
+parties, and, when they were defeated, they still sent out small
+parties, so that by their bad management the rout would have
+spread through the whole army, if Antony himself had not marched
+from the van at the head of the third legion, and, passing this
+through among the fugitives, faced the enemies, and hindered
+them from any further pursuit.
+
+In this engagement were killed three thousand, five thousand
+were carried back to the camp wounded, amongst the rest Gallus,
+shot through the body with four arrows, of which wounds he died.
+Antony went from tent to tent to visit and comfort the rest of
+them, and was not able to see his men without tears and a
+passion of grief.  They, however, seized his hand with joyful
+faces, bidding him go and see to himself and not be concerned
+about them, calling him their emperor and their general, and
+saying that if he did well they were safe.  For in short, never
+in all these times can history make mention of a general at the
+head of a more splendid army; whether you consider strength and
+youth, or patience and sufferance in labors and fatigues; but as
+for the obedience and affectionate respect they bore their
+general, and the unanimous feeling amongst small and great
+alike, officers and common soldiers, to prefer his good opinion
+of them to their very lives and being, in this part of military
+excellence it was not possible that they could have been
+surpassed by the very Romans of old.  For this devotion, as I
+have said before, there were many reasons, as the nobility of
+his family, his eloquence, his frank and open manners, his
+liberal and magnificent habits, his familiarity in talking with
+everybody, and, at this time particularly, his kindness in
+assisting and pitying the sick, joining in all their pains, and
+furnishing them with all things necessary, so that the sick and
+wounded were even more eager to serve than those that were whole
+and strong.
+
+Nevertheless, this last victory had so encouraged the enemy,
+that, instead of their former impatience and weariness, they
+began soon to feel contempt for the Romans, staying all night
+near the camp, in expectation of plundering their tents and
+baggage, which they concluded they must abandon; and in the
+morning new forces arrived in large masses, so that their number
+was grown to be not less, it is said, than forty thousand horse;
+and the king had sent the very guards that attended upon his own
+person, as to a sure and unquestioned victory.  For he himself
+was never present in any fight.  Antony, designing to harangue
+the soldiers, called for a mourning habit, that he might move
+them the more, but was dissuaded by his friends; so he came
+forward in the general's scarlet cloak, and addressed them,
+praising those that had gained the victory, and reproaching
+those that had fled, the former answering him with promises of
+success, and the latter excusing themselves, and telling him
+they were ready to undergo decimation, or any other punishment
+he should please to inflict upon them, only entreating that he
+would forget and not discompose himself with their faults.  At
+which he lifted up his hands to heaven, and prayed the gods,
+that if to balance the great favors he had received of them any
+judgment lay in store, they would pour it upon his head alone,
+and grant his soldiers victory.
+
+The next day they took better order for their march, and the
+Parthians, who thought they were marching rather to plunder than
+to fight, were much taken aback, when they came up and were
+received with a shower of missiles, to find the enemy not
+disheartened, but fresh and resolute.  So that they themselves
+began to lose courage.  But at the descent of a hill where the
+Romans were obliged to pass, they got together, and let fly
+their arrows upon them as they moved slowly down.  But the
+full-armed infantry, facing round, received the light troops
+within; and those in the first rank knelt on one knee, holding
+their shields before them, the next rank holding theirs over the
+first, and so again others over these, much like the tiling of a
+house, or the rows of seats in a theater, the whole affording
+sure defense against arrows, which glance upon them without
+doing any harm.  The Parthians, seeing the Romans down upon
+their knees, could not imagine but that it must proceed from
+weariness; so that they laid down their bows, and, taking their
+spears, made a fierce onset, when the Romans, with a great cry,
+leapt upon their feet, striking hand to hand with their
+javelins, slew the foremost, and put the rest to flight.  After
+this rate it was every day, and the trouble they gave made the
+marches short; in addition to which famine began to be felt in
+the camp, for they could get but little corn, and that which
+they got they were forced to fight for; and, besides this, they
+were in want of implements to grind it and make bread.  For they
+had left almost all behind, the baggage horses being dead or
+otherwise employed in carrying the sick and wounded.  Provision
+was so scarce in the army that an Attic quart of wheat sold for
+fifty drachmas, and barley loaves for their weight in silver.
+And when they tried vegetables and roots, they found such as
+are commonly eaten very scarce, so that they were constrained to
+venture upon any they could get, and, among others, they chanced
+upon an herb that was mortal, first taking away all sense and
+understanding.  He that had eaten of it remembered nothing in
+the world, and employed himself only in moving great stones from
+one place to another, which he did with as much earnestness and
+industry as if it had been a business of the greatest
+consequence.  Through all the camp there was nothing to be seen
+but men grubbing upon the ground at stones, which they carried
+from place to place.  But in the end they threw up bile and
+died, as wine, moreover, which was the one antidote, failed.
+When Antony saw them die so fast, and the Parthian still in
+pursuit, he was heard to exclaim several times over, "O, the Ten
+Thousand!" as if in admiration of the retreat of the Greeks with
+Xenophon, who, when they had a longer journey to make from
+Babylonia, and a more powerful enemy to deal with, nevertheless
+came home safe.
+
+The Parthians, finding that they could not divide the Roman
+army, nor break the order of their battle, and that withal they
+had been so often worsted, once more began to treat the foragers
+with professions of humanity; they came up to them with their
+bows unbended, telling them that they were going home to their
+houses; that this was the end of their retaliation, and that
+only some Median troops would follow for two or three days, not
+with any design to annoy them, but for the defense of some of
+the villages further on.  And, saying this, they saluted them
+and embraced them with a great show of friendship.  This made
+the Romans full of confidence again, and Antony, on hearing of
+it, was more disposed to take the road through the level
+country, being told that no water was to be hoped for on that
+through the mountains.  But while he was preparing thus to do,
+Mithridates came into the camp, a cousin to Monaeses, of whom we
+related that he sought refuge with the Romans, and received in
+gift from Antony the three cities.  Upon his arrival, he desired
+somebody might be brought to him that could speak Syriac or
+Parthian.  One Alexander, of Antioch, a friend of Antony's, was
+brought to him, to whom the stranger, giving his name, and
+mentioning Monaeses as the person who desired to do the
+kindness, put the question, did he see that high range of hills,
+pointing at some distance.  He told him, yes.  "It is there,"
+said he, "the whole Parthian army lie in wait for your passage;
+for the great plains come immediately up to them, and they
+expect that, confiding in their promises, you will leave the
+way of the mountains, and take the level route.  It is true that
+in passing over the mountains you will suffer the want of water,
+and the fatigue to which you have become familiar, but if you
+pass through the plains, Antony must expect the fortune of
+Crassus."
+
+This said, he departed.  Antony, in alarm, calling his friends
+in council, sent for the Mardian guide, who was of the same
+opinion.  He told them that, with or without enemies, the want
+of any certain track in the plain, and the likelihood of their
+losing their way, were quite objection enough; the other route
+was rough and without water, but then it was but for a day.
+Antony, therefore, changing his mind, marched away upon this
+road that night, commanding that everyone should carry water
+sufficient for his own use; but most of them being unprovided
+with vessels, they made shift with their helmets, and some with
+skins.  As soon as they started, the news of it was carried to
+the Parthians, who followed them, contrary to their custom,
+through the night, and at sunrise attacked the rear, which was
+tired with marching and want of sleep, and not in condition to
+make any considerable defense.  For they had got through two
+hundred and forty furlongs that night, and at the end of such a
+march to find the enemy at their heels, put them out of heart.
+Besides, having to fight for every step of the way increased
+their distress from thirst.  Those that were in the van came up
+to a river, the water of which was extremely cool and clear, but
+brackish and medicinal, and, on being drunk, produced immediate
+pains in the bowels and a renewed thirst.  Of this the Mardian
+had forewarned them, but they could not forbear, and, beating
+back those that opposed them, they drank of it.  Antony ran from
+one place to another, begging they would have a little patience,
+that not far off there was a river of wholesome water, and that
+the rest of the way was so difficult for the horse, that the
+enemy could pursue them no further; and, saying this, he ordered
+to sound a retreat to call those back that were engaged, and
+commanded the tents should be set up, that the soldiers might at
+any rate refresh themselves in the shade.
+
+But the tents were scarce well put up, and the Parthians
+beginning, according to their custom, to withdraw, when
+Mithridates came again to them, and informed Alexander, with
+whom he had before spoken, that he would do well to advise
+Antony to stay where he was no longer than needs he must, that,
+after having refreshed his troops, he should endeavor with all
+diligence to gain the next river, that the Parthians would not
+cross it, but so far they were resolved to follow them.
+Alexander made his report to Antony, who ordered a quantity of
+gold plate to be carried to Mithridates, who, taking as much as
+be could well hide under his clothes, went his way.  And, upon
+this advice, Antony, while it was yet day, broke up his camp,
+and the whole army marched forward without receiving any
+molestation from the Parthians, though that night by their own
+doing was in effect the most wretched and terrible that they
+passed.  For some of the men began to kill and plunder those
+whom they suspected to have any money, ransacked the baggage,
+and seized the money there.  In the end, they laid hands on
+Antony's own equipage, and broke all his rich tables and cups,
+dividing the fragments amongst them.  Antony, hearing such a
+noise and such a stirring to and fro all through the army, the
+belief prevailing that the enemy had routed and cut off a
+portion of the troops, called for one of his freedmen, then
+serving as one of his guards, Rhamnus by name, and made him take
+an oath that, whenever he should give him orders, he would run
+his sword through his body and cut off his head, that he might
+not fall alive into the hands of the Parthians, nor, when dead,
+be recognized as the general.  While he was in this
+consternation, and all his friends about him in tears, the
+Mardian came up, and gave them all new life.  He convinced
+them, by the coolness and humidity of the air, which they could
+feel in breathing it, that the river which he had spoken of was
+now not far off, and the calculation of the time that had been
+required to reach it came, he said, to the same result, for the
+night was almost spent.  And, at the same time, others came with
+information that all the confusion in the camp proceeded only
+from their own violence and robbery among themselves.  To
+compose this tumult, and bring them again into some order after
+their distraction, he commanded the signal to be given for a
+halt.
+
+Day began to break, and quiet and regularity were just
+reappearing, when the Parthian arrows began to fly among the
+rear, and the light armed troops were ordered out to battle.
+And, being seconded by the heavy infantry, who covered one
+another as before described with their shields, they bravely
+received the enemy, who did not think convenient to advance any
+further, while the van of the army, marching forward leisurely
+in this manner came in sight of the river, and Antony, drawing
+up the cavalry on the banks to confront the enemy, first passed
+over the sick and wounded.  And, by this time, even those who
+were engaged with the enemy had opportunity to drink at their
+ease; for the Parthians, on seeing the river, unbent their bows,
+and told the Romans they might pass over freely, and made them
+great compliments in praise of their valor.  Having crossed
+without molestation, they rested themselves awhile, and
+presently went forward, not giving perfect credit to the fair
+words of their enemies.  Six days after this last battle, they
+arrived at the river Araxes, which divides Media and Armenia,
+and seemed, both by its deepness and the violence of the
+current, to be very dangerous to pass.  A report, also, had
+crept in amongst them, that the enemy was in ambush, ready to
+set upon them as soon as they should be occupied with their
+passage.  But when they were got over on the other side, and
+found themselves in Armenia, just as if land was now sighted
+after a storm at sea, they kissed the ground for joy, shedding
+tears and embracing each other in their delight.  But taking
+their journey through a land that abounded in all sorts of
+plenty, they ate, after their long want, with that excess of
+everything they met with, that they suffered from dropsies and
+dysenteries.
+
+Here Antony, making a review of his army, found that he had lost
+twenty thousand foot and four thousand horse, of which the
+better half perished, not by the enemy, but by diseases.  Their
+march was of twenty-seven days from Phraata, during which they
+had beaten the Parthians in eighteen battles, though with little
+effect or lasting result, because of their being so unable to
+pursue.  By which it is manifest that it was Artavasdes who lost
+Antony the benefit of the expedition.  For had the sixteen
+thousand horsemen whom he led away out of Media, armed in the
+same style as the Parthians and accustomed to their manner of
+fight, been there to follow the pursuit when the Romans put them
+to flight, it is impossible they could have rallied so often
+after their defeats, and reappeared again as they did to renew
+their attacks.  For this reason, the whole army was very earnest
+with Antony to march into Armenia to take revenge.  But he, with
+more reflection, forbore to notice the desertion, and continued
+all his former courtesies, feeling that the army was wearied
+out, and in want of all manner of necessaries.  Afterwards,
+however, entering Armenia, with invitations and fair promises he
+prevailed upon Artavasdes to meet him, when he seized him, bound
+him, and carried him to Alexandria, and there led him in a
+triumph; one of the things which most offended the Romans, who
+felt as if all the honors and solemn observances of their
+country were, for Cleopatra's sake, handed over to the
+Egyptians.
+
+This, however, was at an after time.  For the present, marching
+his army in great haste in the depth of winter through continual
+storms of snow, he lost eight thousand of his men, and came with
+much diminished numbers to a place called the White Village,
+between Sidon and Berytus, on the seacoast, where he waited for
+the arrival of Cleopatra.  And, being impatient of the delay she
+made, he bethought himself of shortening the time in wine and
+drunkenness, and yet could not endure the tediousness of a meal,
+but would start from table and run to see if she were coming.
+Till at last she came into port, and brought with her clothes
+and money for the soldiers.  Though some say that Antony only
+received the clothes from her, and distributed his own money in
+her name.
+
+A quarrel presently happened between the king of Media and
+Phraates of Parthia, beginning, it is said, about the division
+of the booty that was taken from the Romans, and creating great
+apprehension in the Median lest he should lose his kingdom.  He
+sent, therefore, ambassadors to Antony, with offers of entering
+into a confederate war against Phraates.  And Antony, full of
+hopes at being thus asked, as a favor, to accept that one thing,
+horse and archers, the want of which had hindered his beating
+the Parthians before, began at once to prepare for a return to
+Armenia, there to join the Medes on the Araxes, and begin the
+war afresh.  But Octavia, in Rome, being desirous to see Antony,
+asked Caesar's leave to go to him; which he gave her, not so
+much, say most authors, to gratify his sister, as to obtain a
+fair pretense to begin the war upon her dishonorable reception.
+She no sooner arrived at Athens, but by letters from Antony she
+was informed of his new expedition, and his will that she should
+await him there.  And, though she were much displeased, not
+being ignorant of the real reason of this usage, yet she wrote
+to him to know to what place he would be pleased she should send
+the things she had brought with her for his use; for she had
+brought clothes for his soldiers, baggage, cattle, money, and
+presents for his friends and officers, and two thousand chosen
+soldiers sumptuously armed, to form praetorian cohorts.  This
+message was brought from Octavia to Antony by Niger, one of his
+friends, who added to it the praises she deserved so well.
+Cleopatra, feeling her rival already, as it were, at hand, was
+seized with fear, lest if to her noble life and her high
+alliance, she once could add the charm of daily habit and
+affectionate intercourse, she should become irresistible, and be
+his absolute mistress for ever.  So she feigned to be dying for
+love of Antony, bringing her body down by slender diet; when he
+entered the room, she fixed her eyes upon him in a rapture, and
+when he left, seemed to languish and half faint away.  She took
+great pains that he should see her in tears, and, as soon as he
+noticed it, hastily dried them up and turned away, as if it were
+her wish that he should know nothing of it.  All this was acting
+while he prepared for Media; and Cleopatra's creatures were not
+slow to forward the design, upbraiding Antony with his
+unfeeling, hard-hearted temper, thus letting a woman perish
+whose soul depended upon him and him alone.  Octavia, it was
+true, was his wife, and had been married to him because it was
+found convenient for the affairs of her brother that it should
+be so, and she had the honor of the title; but Cleopatra, the
+sovereign queen of many nations, had been contented with the
+name of his mistress, nor did she shun or despise the character
+whilst she might see him, might live with him, and enjoy him; if
+she were bereaved of this, she would not survive the loss.  In
+fine, they so melted and unmanned him, that, fully believing she
+would die if he forsook her, he put off the war and returned to
+Alexandria, deferring his Median expedition until next summer,
+though news came of the Parthians being all in confusion with
+intestine disputes.  Nevertheless, he did some time after go
+into that country, and made an alliance with the king of Media,
+by marriage of a son of his by Cleopatra to the king's daughter,
+who was yet very young; and so returned, with his thoughts taken
+up about the civil war.
+
+When Octavia returned from Athens, Caesar, who considered she
+had been injuriously treated, commanded her to live in a
+separate house; but she refused to leave the house of her
+husband, and entreated him, unless he had already resolved, upon
+other motives, to make war with Antony, that he would on her
+account let it alone; it would be intolerable to have it said of
+the two greatest commanders in the world, that they had
+involved the Roman people in a civil war, the one out of passion
+for; the other out of resentment about, a woman.  And her
+behavior proved her words to be sincere.  She remained in
+Antony's house as if he were at home in it, and took the noblest
+and most generous care, not only of his children by her, but of
+those by Fulvia also.  She received all the friends of Antony
+that came to Rome to seek office or upon any business, and did
+her utmost to prefer their requests to Caesar; yet this her
+honorable deportment did but, without her meaning it, damage the
+reputation of Antony; the wrong he did to such a woman made him
+hated.  Nor was the division he made among his sons at
+Alexandria less unpopular; it seemed a theatrical piece of
+insolence and contempt of his country.  For, assembling the
+people in the exercise ground, and causing two golden thrones to
+be placed on a platform of silver, the one for him and the other
+for Cleopatra, and at their feet lower thrones for their
+children, he proclaimed Cleopatra queen of Egypt, Cyprus, Libya,
+and Coele-Syria, and with her conjointly Caesarion, the reputed
+son of the former Caesar, who left Cleopatra with child.  His
+own sons by Cleopatra were to have the style of kings of kings;
+to Alexander he gave Armenia and Media, with Parthia, so soon as
+it should be overcome; to Ptolemy, Phoenicia, Syria, and
+Cilicia.  Alexander was brought out before the people in the
+Median costume, the tiara and upright peak, and Ptolemy, in
+boots and mantle and Macedonian cap done about with the diadem;
+for this was the habit of the successors of Alexander, as the
+other was of the Medes and Armenians.  And, as soon as they had
+saluted their parents, the one was received by a guard of
+Macedonians, the other by one of Armenians.  Cleopatra was then,
+as at other times when she appeared in public, dressed in the
+habit of the goddess Isis, and gave audience to the people under
+the name of the New Isis.
+
+Caesar, relating these things in the senate, and often
+complaining to the people, excited men's minds against Antony.
+And Antony also sent messages of accusation against Caesar.  The
+principal of his charges were these: first, that he had not made
+any division with him of Sicily, which was lately taken from
+Pompey; secondly, that he had retained the ships he had lent him
+for the war; thirdly, that after deposing Lepidus, their
+colleague, he had taken for himself the army, governments, and
+revenues formerly appropriated to him; and, lastly, that he had
+parceled out almost all Italy amongst his own soldiers, and left
+nothing for his.  Caesar's answer was as follows: that he had
+put Lepidus out of government because of his own misconduct;
+that what he had got in war he would divide with Antony, so soon
+as Antony gave him a share of Armenia; that Antony's soldiers
+had no claims in Italy, being in possession of Media and
+Parthia, the acquisitions which their brave actions under their
+general had added to the Roman empire.
+
+Antony was in Armenia when this answer came to him, and
+immediately sent Canidius with sixteen legions towards the sea;
+but he, in the company of Cleopatra, went to Ephesus, whither
+ships were coming in from all quarters to form the navy,
+consisting, vessels of burden included, of eight hundred
+vessels, of which Cleopatra furnished two hundred, together with
+twenty thousand talents, and provision for the whole army during
+the war.  Antony, on the advice of Domitius and some others,
+bade Cleopatra return into Egypt, there to expect the event of
+the war; but she, dreading some new reconciliation by Octavia's
+means, prevailed with Canidius, by a large sum of money, to
+speak in her favor with Antony, pointing out to him that it was
+not just that one that bore so great a part in the charge of the
+war should be robbed of her share of glory in the carrying it
+on: nor would it be politic to disoblige the Egyptians, who were
+so considerable a part of his naval forces; nor did he see how
+she was inferior in prudence to any one of the kings that were
+serving with him; she had long governed a great kingdom by
+herself alone, and long lived with him, and gained experience in
+public affairs.  These arguments (so the fate that destined all
+to Caesar would have it), prevailed; and when all their forces
+had met, they sailed together to Samos, and held high
+festivities.  For, as it was ordered that all kings, princes,
+and governors, all nations and cities within the limits of
+Syria, the Maeotid Lake, Armenia, and Illyria, should bring or
+cause to be brought all munitions necessary for war, so was it
+also proclaimed that all stage-players should make their
+appearance at Samos; so that, while pretty nearly the whole
+world was filled with groans and lamentations, this one island
+for some days resounded with piping and harping, theaters
+filling, and choruses playing.  Every city sent an ox as its
+contribution to the sacrifice, and the kings that accompanied
+Antony competed who should make the most magnificent feasts and
+the greatest presents; and men began to ask themselves, what
+would be done to celebrate the victory, when they went to such
+an expense of festivity at the opening of the war.
+
+This over, he gave Priene to his players for a habitation, and
+set sail for Athens, where fresh sports and play-acting employed
+him.  Cleopatra, jealous of the honors Octavia had received at
+Athens (for Octavia was much beloved by the Athenians), courted
+the favor of the people with all sorts of attentions.  The
+Athenians, in requital, having decreed her public honors,
+deputed several of the citizens to wait upon her at her house;
+amongst whom went Antony as one, he being an Athenian citizen,
+and he it was that made the speech.  He sent orders to Rome to
+have Octavia removed out of his house.  She left it, we are
+told, accompanied by all his children, except the eldest by
+Fulvia, who was then with his father, weeping and grieving that
+she must be looked upon as one of the causes of the war.  But
+the Romans pitied, not so much her, as Antony himself, and more
+particularly those who had seen Cleopatra, whom they could
+report to have no way the advantage of Octavia either in youth
+or in beauty.
+
+The speed and extent of Antony's preparations alarmed Caesar,
+who feared he might be forced to fight the decisive battle that
+summer.  For he wanted many necessaries, and the people grudged
+very much to pay the taxes; freemen being called upon to pay a
+fourth part of their incomes, and freed slaves an eighth of
+their property, so that there were loud outcries against him,
+and disturbances throughout all Italy.  And this is looked upon
+as one of the greatest of Antony's oversights, that he did not
+then press the war.  For he allowed time at once for Caesar to
+make his preparations, and for the commotions to pass over.  For
+while people were having their money called for, they were
+mutinous and violent; but, having paid it, they held their
+peace.  Titius and Plancus, men of consular dignity and friends
+to Antony, having been ill used by Cleopatra, whom they had most
+resisted in her design of being present in the war, came over to
+Caesar, and gave information of the contents of Antony's will,
+with which they were acquainted.  It was deposited in the hands
+of the vestal virgins, who refused to deliver it up, and sent
+Caesar word, if he pleased, he should come and seize it himself,
+which he did.  And, reading it over to himself, he noted those
+places that were most for his purpose, and, having summoned the
+senate, read them publicly.  Many were scandalized at the
+proceeding, thinking it out of reason and equity to call a man
+to account for what was not to be until after his death.  Caesar
+specially pressed what Antony said in his will about his burial;
+for he had ordered that even if he died in the city of Rome, his
+body, after being carried in state through the forum, should be
+sent to Cleopatra at Alexandria.  Calvisius, a dependent of
+Caesar's, urged other charges in connection with Cleopatra
+against Antony; that he had given her the library of Pergamus,
+containing two hundred thousand distinct volumes; that at a
+great banquet, in the presence of many guests, he had risen up
+and rubbed her feet, to fulfill some wager or promise; that he
+had suffered the Ephesians to salute her as their queen; that he
+had frequently at the public audience of kings and princes
+received amorous messages written in tablets made of onyx and
+crystal, and read them openly on the tribunal; that when
+Furnius, a man of great authority and eloquence among the
+Romans, was pleading, Cleopatra happening to pass by in her
+chair, Antony started up and left them in the middle of their
+cause, to follow at her side and attend her home.
+
+Calvisius, however, was looked upon as the inventor of most of
+these stories.  Antony's friends went up and down the city to
+gain him credit, and sent one of themselves, Geminius, to him,
+to beg him to take heed and not allow himself to be deprived by
+vote of his authority, and proclaimed a public enemy to the
+Roman state.  But Geminius no sooner arrived in Greece but he
+was looked upon as one of Octavia's spies; at their suppers he
+was made a continual butt for mockery, and was put to sit in the
+least honorable places; all which he bore very well, seeking
+only an occasion of speaking with Antony.  So, at supper, being
+told to say what business he came about, he answered he would
+keep the rest for a soberer hour, but one thing he had to say,
+whether full or fasting, that all would go well if Cleopatra
+would return to Egypt.  And on Antony showing his anger at it,
+"You have done well, Geminius," said Cleopatra, "to tell your
+secret without being put to the rack." So Geminius, after a few
+days, took occasion to make his escape and go to Rome.  Many
+more of Antony's friends were driven from him by the insolent
+usage they had from Cleopatra's flatterers, amongst whom were
+Marcus Silanus and Dellius the historian.  And Dellius says he
+was afraid of his life, and that Glaucus, the physician,
+informed him of Cleopatra's design against him.  She was angry
+with him for having said that Antony's friends were served with
+sour wine, while at Rome Sarmentus, Caesar's little page (his
+delicia, as the Romans call it), drank Falernian.
+
+As soon as Caesar had completed his preparations, he had a
+decree made, declaring war on Cleopatra, and depriving Antony of
+the authority which he had let a woman exercise in his place.
+Caesar added that he had drunk potions that had bereaved him of
+his senses, and that the generals they would have to fight with
+would be Mardion the eunuch, Pothinus, Iras, Cleopatra's
+hairdressing girl, and Charmion, who were Antony's chief
+state-councillors.
+
+These prodigies are said to have announced the war.  Pisaurum,
+where Antony had settled a colony, on the Adriatic sea, was
+swallowed up by an earthquake; sweat ran from one of the marble
+statues of Antony at Alba for many days together, and, though
+frequently wiped off, did not stop.  When he himself was in the
+city of Patrae, the temple of Hercules was struck by lightning,
+and, at Athens, the figure of Bacchus was torn by a violent wind
+out of the Battle of the Giants, and laid flat upon the
+theater; with both which deities Antony claimed connection,
+professing to be descended from Hercules, and from his imitating
+Bacchus in his way of living having received the name of Young
+Bacchus.  The same whirlwind at Athens also brought down, from
+amongst many others which were not disturbed, the colossal
+statues of Eumenes and Attalus, which were inscribed with
+Antony's name.  And in Cleopatra's admiral-galley, which was
+called the Antonias, a most inauspicious omen occurred.  Some
+swallows had built in the stern of the galley, but other
+swallows came, beat the first away, and destroyed their nests.
+
+When the armaments gathered for the war, Antony had no less than
+five hundred ships of war, including numerous galleys of eight
+and ten banks of oars, as richly ornamented as if they were
+meant for a triumph.  He had a hundred thousand foot and twelve
+thousand horse.  He had vassal kings attending, Bocchus of
+Libya, Tarcondemus of the Upper Cilicia, Archelaus of
+Cappadocia, Philadelphus of Paphlagonia, Mithridates of
+Commagene, and Sadalas of Thrace; all these were with him in
+person.  Out of Pontus Polemon sent him considerable forces, as
+did also Malchus from Arabia, Herod the Jew, and Amyntas, king
+of Lycaonia and Galatia; also the Median king sent some troops
+to join him.  Caesar had two hundred and fifty galleys of war,
+eighty thousand foot, and horse about equal to the enemy.
+Antony's empire extended from Euphrates and Armenia to the
+Ionian sea and the Illyrians; Caesar's, from Illyria to the
+westward ocean, and from the ocean all along the Tuscan and
+Sicilian sea.  Of Africa, Caesar had all the coast opposite to
+Italy, Gaul, and Spain, as far as the Pillars of Hercules, and
+Antony the provinces from Cyrene to Ethiopia.
+
+But so wholly was he now the mere appendage to the person of
+Cleopatra, that, although he was much superior to the enemy in
+land-forces, yet, out of complaisance to his mistress, he wished
+the victory to be gained by sea, and that, too, when he could
+not but see how, for want of sailors, his captains, all through
+unhappy Greece, were pressing every description of men, common
+travelers and ass-drivers, harvest laborers and boys, and for
+all this the vessels had not their complements, but remained,
+most of them, ill-manned and badly rowed.  Caesar, on the other
+side, had ships that were built not for size or show, but for
+service, not pompous galleys, but light, swift, and perfectly
+manned; and from his head-quarters at Tarentum and Brundusium he
+sent messages to Antony not to protract the war, but come out
+with his forces; he would give him secure roadsteads and ports
+for his fleet, and, for his land army to disembark and pitch
+their camp, he would leave him as much ground in Italy, inland
+from the sea, as a horse could traverse in a single course.
+Antony, on the other side, with the like bold language,
+challenged him to a single combat, though he were much the
+older; and, that being refused, proposed to meet him in the
+Pharsalian fields, where Caesar and Pompey had fought before.
+But whilst Antony lay with his fleet near Actium, where now
+stands Nicopolis, Caesar seized his opportunity, and crossed the
+Ionian sea, securing himself at a place in Epirus called the
+Ladle. And when those about Antony were much disturbed, their
+land-forces being a good way off, "Indeed," said Cleopatra, in
+mockery, "we may well be frightened if Caesar has got hold of
+the Ladle!"
+
+On the morrow, Antony, seeing the enemy sailing up, and fearing
+lest his ships might be taken for want of the soldiers to go on
+board of them, armed all the rowers, and made a show upon the
+decks of being in readiness to fight; the oars were mounted as
+if waiting to be put in motion, and the vessels themselves drawn
+up to face the enemy on either side of the channel of Actium, as
+though they were properly manned, and ready for an engagement
+And Caesar, deceived by this stratagem, retired.  He was also
+thought to have shown considerable skill in cutting off the
+water from the enemy by some lines of trenches and forts, water
+not being plentiful anywhere else, nor very good.  And again,
+his conduct to Domitius was generous, much against the will of
+Cleopatra.  For when he had made his escape in a little boat to
+Caesar, having then a fever upon him, although Antony could not
+but resent it highly, yet he sent after him his whole equipage,
+with his friends and servants; and Domitius, as if he would give
+a testimony to the world how repentant he had become on his
+desertion and treachery being thus manifest, died soon after.
+Among the kings, also, Amyntas and Deiotarus went over to
+Caesar.  And the fleet was so unfortunate in everything that
+was undertaken, and so unready on every occasion, that Antony
+was driven again to put his confidence in the land-forces.
+Canidius, too, who commanded the legions, when he saw how things
+stood, changed his opinion, and now was of advice that Cleopatra
+should be sent back, and that, retiring into Thrace or
+Macedonia, the quarrel should be decided in a land fight.  For
+Dicomes, also, the king of the Getae, promised to come and join
+him with a great army, and it would not be any kind of
+disparagement to him to yield the sea to Caesar, who, in the
+Sicilian wars, had had such long practice in ship-fighting; on
+the contrary, it would be simply ridiculous for Antony, who was
+by land the most experienced commander living, to make no use of
+his well-disciplined and numerous infantry, scattering and
+wasting his forces by parceling them out in the ships.  But for
+all this, Cleopatra prevailed that a sea-fight should determine
+all, having already an eye to flight, and ordering all her
+affairs, not so as to assist in gaining a victory, but to escape
+with the greatest safety from the first commencement of a
+defeat.
+
+There were two long walls, extending from the camp to the
+station of the ships, between which Antony used to pass to and
+fro without suspecting any danger.  But Caesar, upon the
+suggestion of a servant that it would not be difficult to
+surprise him, laid an ambush, which, rising up somewhat too
+hastily, seized the man that came just before him, he himself
+escaping narrowly by flight.
+
+When it was resolved to stand to a fight at sea, they set fire
+to all the Egyptian ships except sixty; and of these the best
+and largest, from ten banks down to three, he manned with twenty
+thousand full-armed men, and two thousand archers.  Here it is
+related that a foot captain, one that had fought often under
+Antony, and had his body all mangled with wounds, exclaimed, "O,
+my general, what have our wounds and swords done to displease
+you, that you should give your confidence to rotten timbers?
+Let Egyptians and Phoenicians contend at sea, give us the land,
+where we know well how to die upon the spot or gain the
+victory."  To which he answered nothing, but, by his look and
+motion of his hand seeming to bid him be of good courage, passed
+forwards, having already, it would seem, no very sure hopes,
+since when the masters proposed leaving the sails behind them,
+he commanded they should be put aboard, "For we must not," said
+he, "let one enemy escape."
+
+That day and the three following the sea was so rough they could
+not engage.  But on the fifth there was a calm, and they fought;
+Antony commanding with Publicola the right, and Coelius the left
+squadron, Marcus Octavius and Marcus Insteius the center.
+Caesar gave the charge of the left to Agrippa, commanding in
+person on the right.  As for the land-forces, Canidius was
+general for Antony, Taurus for Caesar; both armies remaining
+drawn up in order along the shore.  Antony in a small boat went
+from one ship to another, encouraging his soldiers, and bidding
+them stand firm, and fight as steadily on their large ships as
+if they were on land.  The masters he ordered that they should
+receive the enemy lying still as if they were at anchor, and
+maintain the entrance of the port, which was a narrow and
+difficult passage.  Of Caesar they relate, that, leaving his
+tent and going round, while it was yet dark, to visit the ships,
+he met a man driving an ass, and asked him his name.  He
+answered him that his own name was "Fortunate, and my ass," says
+he, "is called Conqueror."  And afterwards, when he disposed
+the beaks of the ships in that place in token of his victory,
+the statue of this man and his ass in bronze were placed amongst
+them.  After examining the rest of his fleet, he went in a boat
+to the right wing, and looked with much admiration at the enemy
+lying perfectly still in the straits, in all appearance as if
+they had been at anchor.  For some considerable length of time
+he actually thought they were so, and kept his own ships at
+rest, at a distance of about eight furlongs from them.  But
+about noon a breeze sprang up from the sea, and Antony's men,
+weary of expecting the enemy so long, and trusting to their
+large tall vessels, as if they had been invincible, began to
+advance the left squadron.  Caesar was overjoyed to see them
+move, and ordered his own right squadron to retire, that he
+might entice them out to sea as far as he could, his design
+being to sail round and round, and so with his light and
+well-manned galleys to attack these huge vessels, which their
+size and their want of men made slow to move and difficult to
+manage.
+
+When they engaged, there was no charging or striking of one ship
+by another, because Antony's, by reason of their great bulk,
+were incapable of the rapidity required to make the stroke
+effectual, and, on the other side, Caesar's durst not charge
+head to head on Antony's, which were all armed with solid masses
+and spikes of brass; nor did they like even to run in on their
+sides, which were so strongly built with great squared pieces of
+timber, fastened together with iron bolts, that their vessels'
+beaks would easily have been shattered upon them.  So that the
+engagement resembled a land fight, or, to speak yet more
+properly, the attack and defense of a fortified place; for there
+were always three or four vessels of Caesar's about one of
+Antony's, pressing them with spears, javelins, poles, and
+several inventions of fire, which they flung among them,
+Antony's men using catapults also, to pour down missiles from
+wooden towers.  Agrippa drawing out the squadron under his
+command to outflank the enemy, Publicola was obliged to observe
+his motions, and gradually to break off from the middle
+squadron, where some confusion and alarm ensued, while
+Arruntius engaged them.  But the fortune of the day was still
+undecided, and the battle equal, when on a sudden Cleopatra's
+sixty ships were seen hoisting sail and making out to sea in
+full flight, right through the ships that were engaged.  For
+they were placed behind the great ships, which, in breaking
+through, they put into disorder.  The enemy was astonished to
+see them sailing off with a fair wind towards Peloponnesus.
+Here it was that Antony showed to all the world that he was no
+longer actuated by the thoughts and motives of a commander or a
+man, or indeed by his own judgment at all, and what was once
+said as a jest, that the soul of a lover lives in some one
+else's body, he proved to be a serious truth.  For, as if he had
+been born part of her, and must move with her wheresoever she
+went, as soon as he saw her ship sailing away, he abandoned all
+that were fighting and spending their lives for him, and put
+himself aboard a galley of five ranks of oars, taking with him
+only Alexander of Syria and Scellias, to follow her that had so
+well begun his ruin and would hereafter accomplish it.
+
+She, perceiving him to follow, gave the signal to come aboard.
+So, as soon as he came up with them, he was taken into the ship.
+But without seeing her or letting himself be seen by her, he
+went forward by himself, and sat alone, without a word, in the
+ship's prow, covering his face with his two hands.  In the
+meanwhile, some of Caesar's light Liburnian ships, that were in
+pursuit, came in sight.  But on Antony's commanding to face
+about, they all gave back except Eurycles the Laconian, who
+pressed on, shaking a lance from the deck, as if he meant to
+hurl it at him.  Antony, standing at the prow, demanded of him,
+"Who is this that pursues Antony?"  "I am," said he, "Eurycles,
+the son of Lachares, armed with Caesar's fortune to revenge my
+father's death."  Lachares had been condemned for a robbery, and
+beheaded by Antony's orders.  However, Eurycles did not attack
+Antony, but ran with his full force upon the other
+admiral-galley (for there were two of them), and with the blow
+turned her round, and took both her and another ship, in which
+was a quantity of rich plate and furniture.  So soon as Eurycles
+was gone, Antony returned to his posture, and sat silent, and
+thus he remained for three days, either in anger with Cleopatra,
+or wishing not to upbraid her, at the end of which they touched
+at Taenarus.  Here the women of their company succeeded first in
+bringing them to speak, and afterwards to eat and sleep
+together.  And, by this time, several of the ships of burden and
+some of his friends began to come in to him from the rout,
+bringing news of his fleet's being quite destroyed, but that the
+land-forces, they thought, still stood firm.  So that he sent
+messengers to Canidius to march the army with all speed through
+Macedonia into Asia.  And, designing himself to go from Taenarus
+into Africa, he gave one of the merchant ships, laden with a
+large sum of money, and vessels of silver and gold of great
+value, belonging to the royal collections, to his friends,
+desiring them to share it amongst them, and provide for their
+own safety.  They refusing his kindness with tears in their
+eyes, he comforted them with all the goodness and humanity
+imaginable, entreating them to leave him, and wrote letters in
+their behalf to Theophilus, his steward, at Corinth, that he
+would provide for their security, and keep them concealed till
+such time as they could make their peace with Caesar.  This
+Theophilus was the father of Hipparchus, who had such interest
+with Antony, who was the first of all his freedmen that went
+over to Caesar, and who settled afterwards at Corinth.  In this
+posture were affairs with Antony.
+
+But at Actium, his fleet, after a long resistance to Caesar, and
+suffering the most damage from a heavy sea that set in right
+ahead, scarcely, at four in the afternoon, gave up the contest,
+with the loss of not more than five thousand men killed, but of
+three hundred ships taken, as Caesar himself has recorded.  Only
+few had known of Antony's flight; and those who were told of it
+could not at first give any belief to so incredible a thing, as
+that a general who had nineteen entire legions and twelve
+thousand horse upon the sea-shore, could abandon all and fly
+away; and he, above all, who had so often experienced both good
+and evil fortune, and had in a thousand wars and battles been
+inured to changes.  His soldiers, howsoever would not give up
+their desires and expectations, still fancying he would appear
+from some part or other, and showed such a generous fidelity to
+his service, that, when they were thoroughly assured that he was
+fled in earnest, they kept themselves in a body seven days,
+making no account of the messages that Caesar sent to them.  But
+at last, seeing that Canidius himself, who commanded them, was
+fled from the camp by night, and that all their officers had
+quite abandoned them, they gave way, and made their submission
+to the conqueror.  After this, Caesar set sail for Athens, where
+he made a settlement with Greece, and distributed what remained
+of the provision of corn that Antony had made for his army among
+the cities, which were in a miserable condition, despoiled of
+their money, their slaves, their horses, and beasts of service.
+My great-grandfather Nicarchus used to relate, that the whole
+body of the people of our city were put in requisition to carry
+each one a certain measure of corn upon their shoulders to the
+sea-side near Anticyra, men standing by to quicken them with the
+lash.  They had made one journey of the kind, but when they had
+just measured out the corn and were putting it on their backs
+for a second, news came of Antony's defeat, and so saved
+Chaeronea, for all Antony's purveyors and soldiers fled upon the
+news, and left them to divide the corn among themselves.
+
+When Antony came into Africa, he sent on Cleopatra from
+Paraetonium into Egypt, and stayed himself in the most entire
+solitude that he could desire, roaming and wandering about with
+only two friends, one a Greek, Aristocrates, a rhetorician, and
+the other a Roman, Lucilius, of whom we have elsewhere spoken,
+how, at Philippi, to give Brutus time to escape, he suffered
+himself to be taken by the pursuers, pretending he was Brutus.
+Antony gave him his life, and on this account he remained true
+and faithful to him to the last.
+
+But when also the officer who commanded for him in Africa, to
+whose care he had committed all his forces there, took them over
+to Caesar, he resolved to kill himself, but was hindered by his
+friends.  And coming to Alexandria, he found Cleopatra busied in
+a most bold and wonderful enterprise.  Over the small space of
+land which divides the Red Sea from the sea near Egypt, which
+may be considered also the boundary between Asia and Africa, and
+in the narrowest place is not much above three hundred furlongs
+across, over this neck of land Cleopatra had formed a project of
+dragging her fleet, and setting it afloat in the Arabian Gulf,
+thus with her soldiers and her treasure to secure herself a home
+on the other side, where she might live in peace, far away from
+war and slavery.  But the first galleys which were carried over
+being burnt by the Arabians of Petra, and Antony not knowing but
+that the army before Actium still held together, she desisted
+from her enterprise, and gave orders for the fortifying all the
+approaches to Egypt.  But Antony, leaving the city and the
+conversation of his friends, built him a dwelling-place in the
+water, near Pharos, upon a little mole which he cast up in the
+sea, and there, secluding himself from the company of mankind,
+said he desired nothing but to live the life of Timon; as,
+indeed, his case was the same, and the ingratitude and injuries
+which he suffered from those he had esteemed his friends, made
+him hate and mistrust all mankind.
+
+This Timon was a citizen of Athens, and lived much about the
+Peloponnesian war, as may be seen by the comedies of
+Aristophanes and Plato, in which he is ridiculed as the hater
+and enemy of mankind.  He avoided and repelled the approaches of
+everyone, but embraced with kisses and the greatest show of
+affection Alcibiades, then in his hot youth.  And when Apemantus
+was astonished, and demanded the reason, he replied that he knew
+this young man would one day do infinite mischief to the
+Athenians.  He never admitted anyone into his company, except
+at times this Apemantus, who was of the same sort of temper, and
+was an imitator of his way of life.  At the celebration of the
+festival of flagons, these two kept the feast together, and
+Apemantus saying to him, "What a pleasant party, Timon!"  "It
+would be," he answered, "if you were away."  One day he got up
+in a full assembly on the speaker's place, and when there was a
+dead silence and great wonder at so unusual a sight, he said,
+"Ye men of Athens, I have a little plot of ground, and in it
+grows a fig-tree, on which many citizens have been pleased to
+hang themselves; and now, having resolved to build in that
+place, I wished to announce it publicly that any of you who may
+be desirous may go and hang yourselves before I cut it down."
+He died and was buried at Halae, near the sea, where it so
+happened that, after his burial, a land-slip took place on the
+point of the shore, and the sea, flowing in, surrounded his
+tomb, and made it inaccessible to the foot of man.  It bore this
+inscription: --
+
+Here am I laid, my life of misery done.
+Ask not my name, I curse you every one.
+
+And this epitaph was made by himself while yet alive; that which
+is more generally known is by Callimachus: --
+
+Timon, the misanthrope, am I below.
+Go, and revile me, traveler, only go.
+
+Thus much of Timon, of whom much more might be said.  Canidius
+now came, bringing word in person of the loss of the army before
+Actium.  Then he received news that Herod of Judaea was gone
+over to Caesar with some legions and cohorts, and that the other
+kings and princes were in like manner deserting him, and that,
+out of Egypt, nothing stood by him.  All this, however, seemed
+not to disturb him, but, as if he were glad to put away all
+hope, that with it he might be rid of all care, and leaving his
+habitation by the sea, which he called the Timoneum, he was
+received by Cleopatra in the palace, and set the whole city into
+a course of feasting, drinking, and presents.  The son of Caesar
+and Cleopatra was registered among the youths, and Antyllus, his
+own son by Fulvia, received the gown without the purple border,
+given to those that are come of age; in honor of which the
+citizens of Alexandria did nothing but feast and revel for many
+days.  They themselves broke up the Order of the Inimitable
+Livers, and constituted another in its place, not inferior in
+splendor, luxury, and sumptuosity, calling it that of the Diers
+together. For all those that said they would die with Antony
+and Cleopatra gave in their names, for the present passing their
+time in all manner of pleasures and a regular succession of
+banquets.  But Cleopatra was busied in making a collection of
+all varieties of poisonous drugs, and, in order to see which of
+them were the least painful in the operation, she had them tried
+upon prisoners condemned to die.  But, finding that the quick
+poisons always worked with sharp pains, and that the less
+painful were slow, she next tried venomous animals, and watched
+with her own eyes whilst they were applied, one creature to the
+body of another.  This was her daily practice, and she pretty
+well satisfied herself that nothing was comparable to the bite
+of the asp, which, without convulsion or groaning, brought on a
+heavy drowsiness and lethargy, with a gentle sweat on the face,
+the senses being stupefied by degrees; the patient, in
+appearance, being sensible of no pain, but rather troubled to be
+disturbed or awakened, like those that are in a profound natural
+sleep.
+
+At the same time, they sent ambassadors to Caesar into Asia,
+Cleopatra asking for the kingdom of Egypt for her children, and
+Antony, that he might have leave to live as a private man in
+Egypt, or, if that were thought too much, that he might retire
+to Athens.  In lack of friends, so many having deserted, and
+others not being trusted, Euphronius, his son's tutor, was sent
+on this embassy.  For Alexas of Laodicea, who, by the
+recommendation of Timagenes, became acquainted with Antony at
+Rome, and had been more powerful with him than any Greek, and
+was, of all the instruments which Cleopatra made use of to
+persuade Antony, the most violent, and the chief subverter of
+any good thoughts that, from time to time, might rise in his
+mind in Octavia's favor, had been sent before to dissuade Herod
+from desertion; but, betraying his master, stayed with him, and,
+confiding in Herod's interest, had the boldness to come into
+Caesar's presence.  Herod, however, was not able to help him,
+for he was immediately put in chains, and sent into his own
+country, where, by Caesar's order, he was put to death.  This
+reward of his treason Alexas received while Antony was yet
+alive.
+
+Caesar would not listen to any proposals for Antony, but he made
+answer to Cleopatra, that there was no reasonable favor which
+she might not expect, if she put Antony to death, or expelled
+him from Egypt.  He sent back with the ambassadors his own
+freedman Thyrsus, a man of understanding, and not at all
+ill-qualified for conveying the messages of a youthful general
+to a woman so proud of her charms and possessed with the opinion
+of the power of her beauty.  But by the long audiences he
+received from her, and the special honors which she paid him,
+Antony's jealousy began to be awakened; he had him seized,
+whipped, and sent back; writing Caesar word that the man's busy,
+impertinent ways had provoked him; in his circumstances he could
+not be expected to be very patient: "But if it offend you," he
+added, "you have got my freedman, Hipparchus, with you; hang him
+up and scourge him to make us even."  But Cleopatra, after this,
+to clear herself, and to allay his jealousies, paid him all the
+attentions imaginable.  When her own birthday came, she kept it
+as was suitable to their fallen fortunes; but his was observed
+with the utmost prodigality of splendor and magnificence, so
+that many of the guests sat down in want, and went home wealthy
+men.  Meantime, continual letters came to Caesar from Agrippa,
+telling him his presence was extremely required at Rome.
+
+And so the war was deferred for a season.  But, the winter being
+over, he began his march; he himself by Syria, and his captains
+through Africa.  Pelusium being taken, there went a report as if
+it had been delivered up to Caesar by Seleucus not without the
+consent of Cleopatra; but she, to justify herself, gave up into
+Antony's hands the wife and children of Seleucus to be put to
+death.  She had caused to be built, joining to the temple of Isis,
+several tombs and monuments of wonderful height, and very
+remarkable for the workmanship; thither she removed her
+treasure, her gold, silver, emeralds, pearls, ebony, ivory,
+cinnamon, and, after all, a great quantity of torchwood and tow.
+Upon which Caesar began to fear lest she should, in a desperate
+fit, set all these riches on fire; and, therefore, while he was
+marching towards the city with his army, he omitted no occasion
+of giving her new assurances of his good intentions.  He took up
+his position in the Hippodrome, where Antony made a fierce sally
+upon him, routed the horse, and beat them back into their
+trenches, and so returned with great satisfaction to the palace,
+where, meeting Cleopatra, armed as he was, he kissed her, and
+commended to her favor one of his men, who had most signalized
+himself in the fight, to whom she made a present of a
+breastplate and helmet of gold; which he having received, went
+that very night and deserted to Caesar.
+
+After this, Antony sent a new challenge to Caesar, to fight him
+hand to hand; who made him answer that he might find several
+other ways to end his life; and he, considering with himself
+that he could not die more honorably than in battle, resolved to
+make an effort both by land and sea.  At supper, it is said, he
+bade his servants help him freely, and pour him out wine
+plentifully, since tomorrow, perhaps, they should not do the
+same, but be servants to a new master, whilst he should lie on
+the ground, a dead corpse, and nothing.  His friends that were
+about him wept to hear him talk so; which he perceiving, told
+them he would not lead them to a battle in which he expected
+rather an honorable death than either safety or victory.  That
+night, it is related, about the middle of it, when the whole
+city was in a deep silence and general sadness, expecting the
+event of the next day, on a sudden was heard the sound of all
+sorts of instruments, and voices singing in tune, and the cry of
+a crowd of people shouting and dancing, like a troop of
+bacchanals on its way.  This tumultuous procession seemed to
+take its course right through the middle of the city to the gate
+nearest the enemy; here it became loudest, and suddenly passed
+out.  People who reflected considered this to signify that
+Bacchus, the god whom Antony had always made it his study to
+copy and imitate, had now forsaken him.
+
+As soon as it was light, he marched his infantry out of the
+city, and posted them upon a rising ground, from whence he saw
+his fleet make up to the enemy.  There he stood in expectation
+of the event; but, as soon as the fleets came near to one
+another, his men saluted Caesar's with their oars; and, on their
+responding, the whole body of the ships, forming into a single
+fleet, rowed up direct to the city.  Antony had no sooner seen
+this, but the horse deserted him, and went over to Caesar; and
+his foot being defeated, he retired into the city, crying out
+that Cleopatra had betrayed him to the enemies he had made for
+her sake.  She, being afraid lest in his fury and despair he
+might do her a mischief, fled to her monument, and letting down
+the falling doors, which were strong with bars and bolts, she
+sent messengers who should tell Antony she was dead.  He,
+believing it, cried out, "Now, Antony, why delay longer?  Fate
+has snatched away the only pretext for which you could say you
+desired yet to live."  Going into his chamber, and there
+loosening and opening his coat of armor, "I am not," said he,
+"troubled, Cleopatra, to be at present bereaved of you, for I
+shall soon be with you; but it distresses me that so great a
+general should be found of a tardier courage than a woman."  He
+had a faithful servant, whose name was Eros; he had engaged him
+formerly to kill him when he should think it necessary, and now
+he put him to his promise.  Eros drew his sword, as designing to
+kill him, but, suddenly turning round, he slew himself.  And as
+he fell dead at his feet, "It is well done, Eros," said Antony;
+"you show your master how to do what you had not the heart to do
+yourself;" and so he ran himself into the belly, and laid
+himself upon the couch.  The wound, however, was not immediately
+mortal; and the flow of blood ceasing when he lay down,
+presently he came to himself, and entreated those that were
+about him to put him out of his pain; but they all fled out of
+the chamber, and left him crying out and struggling, until
+Diomede, Cleopatra's secretary, came to him, having orders from
+her to bring him into the monument.
+
+When he understood she was alive, he eagerly gave order to the
+servants to take him up, and in their arms was carried to the
+door of the building.  Cleopatra would not open the door, but,
+looking from a sort of window, she let down ropes and cords, to
+which Antony was fastened; and she and her two women, the only
+persons she had allowed to enter the monument, drew him up.
+Those that were present say that nothing was ever more sad than
+this spectacle, to see Antony, covered all over with blood and
+just expiring, thus drawn up, still holding up his hands to her,
+and lifting up his body with the little force he had left.  As,
+indeed, it was no easy task for the women; and Cleopatra, with
+all her force, clinging to the rope, and straining with her head
+to the ground, with difficulty pulled him up, while those below
+encouraged her with their cries, and joined in all her effort
+and anxiety.  When she had got him up, she laid him on the bed,
+tearing all her clothes, which she spread upon him; and, beating
+her breasts with her hands, lacerating herself, and disfiguring
+her own face with the blood from his wounds, she called him her
+lord, her husband, her emperor, and seemed to have pretty nearly
+forgotten all her own evils, she was so intent upon his
+misfortunes.  Antony, stopping her lamentations as well as he
+could, called for wine to drink, either that he was thirsty; or
+that he imagined that it might put him the sooner out of pain.
+When he had drunk, he advised her to bring her own affairs, so
+far as might be honorably done, to a safe conclusion, and that,
+among all the friends of Caesar, she should rely on Proculeius;
+that she should not pity him in this last turn of fate, but
+rather rejoice for him in remembrance of his past happiness, who
+had been of all men the most illustrious and powerful, and, in
+the end, had fallen not ignobly, a Roman by a Roman overcome.
+
+Just as he breathed his last, Proculeius arrived from Caesar;
+for when Antony gave himself his wound, and was carried in to
+Cleopatra, one of his guards, Dercetaeus, took up Antony's sword
+and hid it; and, when he saw his opportunity, stole away to
+Caesar, and brought him the first news of Antony's death, and
+withal showed him the bloody sword.  Caesar, upon this, retired
+into the inner part of his tent, and, giving some tears to the
+death of one that had been nearly allied to him in marriage, his
+colleague in empire, and companion in so many wars and dangers,
+he came out to his friends, and, bringing with him many letters,
+he read to them with how much reason and moderation he had
+always addressed himself to Antony, and in return what
+overbearing and arrogant answers he received.  Then he sent
+Proculeius to use his utmost endeavors to get Cleopatra alive
+into his power; for he was afraid of losing a great treasure,
+and, besides, she would be no small addition to the glory of his
+triumph.  She, however, was careful not to put herself in
+Proculeius's power; but from within her monument, he standing on
+the outside of a door, on the level of the ground, which was
+strongly barred, but so that they might well enough hear one
+another's voice, she held a conference with him; she demanding
+that her kingdom might be given to her children, and he bidding
+her be of good courage, and trust Caesar for everything.
+
+Having taken particular notice of the place, he returned to
+Caesar, and Gallus was sent to parley with her the second time;
+who, being come to the door, on purpose prolonged the
+conference, while Proculeius fixed his scaling-ladders in the
+window through which the women had pulled up Antony.  And so
+entering, with two men to follow him, he went straight down to
+the door where Cleopatra was discoursing with Gallus.  One of
+the two women who were shut up in the monument with her cried
+out, "Miserable Cleopatra, you are taken prisoner!"  Upon which
+she turned quick, and, looking at Proculeius, drew out her
+dagger, which she had with her to stab herself.  But Proculeius
+ran up quickly, and, seizing her with both his hands, "For
+shame," said he, "Cleopatra; you wrong yourself and Caesar much,
+who would rob him of so fair an occasion of showing his
+clemency, and would make the world believe the most gentle of
+commanders to be a faithless and implacable enemy."  And so,
+taking the dagger out of her hand, he also shook her dress to
+see if there were any poison hid in it.  After this, Caesar sent
+Epaphroditus, one of his freedmen, with orders to treat her with
+all the gentleness and civility possible, but to take the
+strictest precautions to keep her alive.
+
+In the meanwhile, Caesar made his entry into Alexandria, with
+Areius the philosopher at his side, holding him by the hand and
+talking with him; desiring that all his fellow-citizens should
+see what honor was paid to him, and should look up to him
+accordingly from the very first moment.  Then, entering the
+exercise-ground, he mounted a platform erected for the purpose,
+and from thence commanded the citizens (who, in great fear and
+consternation, fell prostrate at his feet) to stand up, and told
+them, that he freely acquitted the people of all blame, first,
+for the sake of Alexander, who built their city; then, for the
+city's sake itself, which was so large and beautiful; and,
+thirdly, to gratify his friend Areius.
+
+Such great honor did Areius receive from Caesar; and by his
+intercession many lives were saved, amongst the rest that of
+Philostratus, a man, of all the professors of logic that ever
+were, the most ready in extempore speaking, but quite destitute
+of any right to call himself one of the philosophers of the
+Academy.  Caesar, out of disgust at his character, refused all
+attention to his entreaties.  So, growing a long, white beard,
+and dressing himself in black, he followed behind Areius,
+shouting out the verse,
+
+The wise, if they are wise, will save the wise.
+
+Which Caesar hearing, gave him his pardon, to prevent rather any
+odium that might attach to Areius, than any harm that
+Philostratus might suffer.
+
+Of Antony's children, Antyllus, his son by Fulvia, being
+betrayed by his tutor, Theodorus, was put to death; and while
+the soldiers were cutting off his head, his tutor contrived to
+steal a precious jewel which he wore about his neck, and put it
+into his pocket, and afterwards denied the fact, but was
+convicted and crucified.  Cleopatra's children, with their
+attendants, had a guard set on them, and were treated very
+honorably.  Caesarion, who was reputed to be the son of Caesar
+the Dictator, was sent by his mother, with a great sum of money,
+through Ethiopia, to pass into India; but his tutor, a man named
+Rhodon, about as honest as Theodorus, persuaded him to turn
+back, for that Caesar designed to make him king.  Caesar
+consulting what was best to be done with him, Areius, we are
+told, said,
+
+Too many Caesars are not well.
+
+So, afterwards, when Cleopatra was dead, he was killed.
+
+Many kings and great commanders made petition to Caesar for the
+body of Antony, to give him his funeral rites; but he would not
+take away his corpse from Cleopatra, by whose hands he was
+buried with royal splendor and magnificence, it being granted to
+her to employ what she pleased on his funeral.  In this
+extremity of grief and sorrow, and having inflamed and ulcerated
+her breasts with beating them, she fell into a high fever, and
+was very glad of the occasion, hoping, under this pretext, to
+abstain from food, and so to die in quiet without interference.
+She had her own physician, Olympus, to whom she told the truth,
+and asked his advice and help to put an end to herself, as
+Olympus himself has told us, in a narrative which he wrote of
+these events.  But Caesar, suspecting her purpose, took to
+menacing language about her children, and excited her fears for
+them, before which engines her purpose shook and gave way, so
+that she suffered those about her to give her what meat or
+medicine they pleased.
+
+Some few days after, Caesar himself came to make her a visit and
+comfort her.  She lay then upon her pallet-bed in undress,
+and, on his entering in, sprang up from off her bed, having
+nothing on but the one garment next her body, and flung herself
+at his feet, her hair and face looking wild and disfigured, her
+voice quivering, and her eyes sunk in her head.  The marks of
+the blows she had given herself were visible about her bosom,
+and altogether her whole person seemed no less afflicted than
+her soul.  But, for all this, her old charm, and the boldness of
+her youthful beauty had not wholly left her, and, in spite of
+her present condition, still sparkled from within, and let
+itself appear in all the movements of her countenance.  Caesar,
+desiring her to repose herself, sat down by her; and, on this
+opportunity, she said something to justify her actions,
+attributing what she had done to the necessity she was under,
+and to her fear of Antony; and when Caesar, on each point, made
+his objections, and she found herself confuted, she broke off at
+once into language of entreaty and deprecation, as if she
+desired nothing more than to prolong her life.  And at last,
+having by her a list of her treasure, she gave it into his
+hands; and when Seleucus, one of her stewards, who was by,
+pointed out that various articles were omitted, and charged her
+with secreting them, she flew up and caught him by the hair, and
+struck him several blows on the face.  Caesar smiling and
+withholding her, "Is it not very hard, Caesar," said she, "when
+you do me the honor to visit me in this condition I am in, that
+I should be accused by one of my own servants of laying by some
+women's toys, not meant to adorn, be sure, my unhappy self, but
+that I might have some little present by me to make your Octavia
+and your Livia, that by their intercession I might hope to find
+you in some measure disposed to mercy?"  Caesar was pleased to
+hear her talk thus, being now assured that she was desirous to
+live.  And, therefore, letting her know that the things she had
+laid by she might dispose of as she pleased, and his usage of
+her should be honorable above her expectation, he went away,
+well satisfied that he had overreached her, but, in fact, was
+himself deceived.
+
+There was a young man of distinction among Caesar's companions,
+named Cornelius Dolabella.  He was not without a certain
+tenderness for Cleopatra, and sent her word privately, as she
+had besought him to do, that Caesar was about to return through
+Syria, and that she and her children were to be sent on within
+three days.  When she understood this, she made her request to
+Caesar that he would be pleased to permit her to make oblations
+to the departed Antony; which being granted, she ordered herself
+to be carried to the place where he was buried, and there,
+accompanied by her women, she embraced his tomb with tears in
+her eyes, and spoke in this manner: "O, dearest Antony," said
+she, "it is not long since that with these hands I buried you;
+then they were free, now I am a captive, and pay these last
+duties to you with a guard upon me, for fear that my just griefs
+and sorrows should impair my servile body, and make it less fit
+to appear in their triumph over you.  No further offerings or
+libations expect from me; these are the last honors that
+Cleopatra can pay your memory, for she is to be hurried away far
+from you.  Nothing could part us whilst we lived, but death
+seems to threaten to divide us.  You, a Roman born, have found a
+grave in Egypt; I, an Egyptian, am to seek that favor, and none
+but that, in your country.  But if the gods below, with whom
+you now are, either can or will do anything (since those above
+have betrayed us), suffer not your living wife to be abandoned;
+let me not be led in triumph to your shame, but hide me and bury
+me here with you, since, amongst all my bitter misfortunes,
+nothing has afflicted me like this brief time that I have lived
+away from you."
+
+Having made these lamentations, crowning the tomb with garlands
+and kissing it, she gave orders to prepare her a bath, and,
+coming out of the bath, she lay down and made a sumptuous meal.
+And a country fellow brought her a little basket, which the
+guards intercepting and asking what it was, the fellow put the
+leaves which lay uppermost aside, and showed them it was full of
+figs; and on their admiring the largeness and beauty of the
+figs, he laughed, and invited them to take some, which they
+refused, and, suspecting nothing, bade him carry them in.  After
+her repast, Cleopatra sent to Caesar a letter which she had
+written and sealed; and, putting everybody out of the monument
+but her two women, she shut the doors.  Caesar, opening her
+letter, and finding pathetic prayers and entreaties that she
+might be buried in the same tomb with Antony, soon guessed what
+was doing.  At first he was going himself in all haste, but,
+changing his mind, he sent others to see.  The thing had been
+quickly done.  The messengers came at full speed, and found the
+guards apprehensive of nothing; but on opening the doors, they
+saw her stone-dead, lying upon a bed of gold, set out in all her
+royal ornaments.  Iras, one of her women, lay dying at her feet,
+and Charmion, just ready to fall, scarce able to hold up her
+head, was adjusting her mistress's diadem.  And when one that
+came in said angrily, "Was this well done of your lady,
+Charmion?"  "Extremely well," she answered, "and as became the
+descendant of so many kings"; and as she said this, she fell
+down dead by the bedside.
+
+Some relate that an asp was brought in amongst those figs and
+covered with the leaves, and that Cleopatra had arranged that it
+might settle on her before she knew, but, when she took away
+some of the figs and saw it, she said, "So here it is," and held
+out her bare arm to be bitten.  Others say that it was kept in a
+vase, and that she vexed and pricked it with a golden spindle
+till it seized her arm.  But what really took place is known to
+no one.  Since it was also said that she carried poison in a
+hollow bodkin, about which she wound her hair; yet there was not
+so much as a spot found, or any symptom of poison upon her body,
+nor was the asp seen within the monument; only something like
+the trail of it was said to have been noticed on the sand by the
+sea, on the part towards which the building faced and where the
+windows were.  Some relate that two faint puncture-marks were
+found on Cleopatra's arm, and to this account Caesar seems to
+have given credit; for in his triumph there was carried a figure
+of Cleopatra, with an asp clinging to her.  Such are the various
+accounts.  But Caesar, though much disappointed by her death,
+yet could not but admire the greatness of her spirit, and gave
+order that her body should he buried by Antony with royal
+splendor and magnificence.  Her women, also, received honorable
+burial by his directions.  Cleopatra had lived nine and thirty
+years, during twenty-two of which she had reigned as queen, and
+for fourteen had been Antony's partner in his empire.  Antony,
+according to some authorities, was fifty-three, according to
+others, fifty-six years old.  His statues were all thrown down,
+but those of Cleopatra were left untouched; for Archibius, one
+of her friends, gave Caesar two thousand talents to save them
+from the fate of Antony's.
+
+Antony left by his three wives seven children, of whom only
+Antyllus, the eldest, was put to death by Caesar; Octavia took
+the rest, and brought them up with her own.  Cleopatra, his
+daughter by Cleopatra, was given in marriage to Juba, the most
+accomplished of kings; and Antony, his son by Fulvia, attained
+such high favor, that whereas Agrippa was considered to hold the
+first place with Caesar, and the sons of Livia the second, the
+third, without dispute, was possessed by Antony.  Octavia, also,
+having had by her first husband, Marcellus, two daughters, and
+one son named Marcellus, this son Caesar adopted, and gave him
+his daughter in marriage; as did Octavia one of the daughters to
+Agrippa.  But Marcellus dying almost immediately after his
+marriage, she, perceiving that her brother was at a loss to find
+elsewhere any sure friend to be his son-in-law, was the first to
+recommend that Agrippa should put away her daughter and marry
+Julia.  To this Caesar first, and then Agrippa himself, gave
+assent; so Agrippa married Julia, and Octavia, receiving her
+daughter, married her to the young Antony.  Of the two daughters
+whom Octavia had borne to Antony, the one was married to
+Domitius Ahenobarbus; and the other, Antonia, famous for her
+beauty and discretion, was married to Drusus, the son of Livia,
+and step-son to Caesar.  Of these parents were born Germanicus
+and Claudius.  Claudius reigned later; and of the children of
+Germanicus, Caius, after a reign of distinction, was killed with
+his wife and child; Agrippina, after bearing a son, Lucius
+Domitius, to Ahenobarbus, was married to Claudius Caesar, who
+adopted Domitius, giving him the name of Nero Germanicus.  He
+was emperor in our time, and put his mother to death, and with
+his madness and folly came not far from ruining the Roman
+empire, being Antony's descendant in the fifth generation.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF DEMETRIUS AND ANTONY
+
+As both are great examples of the vicissitudes of fortune, let
+us first consider in what way they attained their power and
+glory.  Demetrius heired a kingdom already won for him by
+Antigonus, the most powerful of the Successors, who, before
+Demetrius grew to be a man, traversed with his armies and
+subdued the greater part of Asia.  Antony's father was well
+enough in other respects, but was no warrior, and could bequeath
+no great legacy of reputation to his son, who had the boldness,
+nevertheless, to take upon him the government, to which birth
+gave him no claim, which had been held by Caesar, and became the
+inheritor of his great labors.  And such power did he attain,
+with only himself to thank for it, that, in a division of the
+whole empire into two portions, he took and received the nobler
+one; and, absent himself, by his mere subalterns and lieutenants
+often defeated the Parthians, and drove the barbarous nations of
+the Caucasus back to the Caspian Sea.  Those very things that
+procured him ill-repute bear witness to his greatness.
+Antigonus considered Antipater's daughter Phila, in spite of the
+disparity of her years, an advantageous match for Demetrius.
+Antony was thought disgraced by his marriage with Cleopatra, a
+queen superior in power and glory to all, except Arsaces, who
+were kings in her time.  Antony was so great as to be thought by
+others worthy of higher things than his own desires.
+
+As regards the right and justice of their aims at empire,
+Demetrius need not be blamed for seeking to rule a people that
+had always had a king to rule them.  Antony, who enslaved the
+Roman people, just liberated from the rule of Caesar, followed a
+cruel and tyrannical object.  His greatest and most illustrious
+work, his successful war with Brutus and Cassius, was done to
+crush the liberties of his country and of his fellow-citizens.
+Demetrius, till he was driven to extremity, went on, without
+intermission, maintaining liberty in Greece, and expelling the
+foreign garrisons from the cities; not like Antony, whose boast
+was to have slain in Macedonia those who had set up liberty in
+Rome.  As for the profusion and magnificence of his gifts,
+one point for which Antony is lauded, Demetrius so far outdid
+them, that what he gave to his enemies was far more than Antony
+ever gave to his friends.  Antony was renowned for giving Brutus
+honorable burial; Demetrius did so to all the enemy's dead, and
+sent the prisoners back to Ptolemy with money and presents.
+
+Both were insolent in prosperity, and abandoned themselves to
+luxuries and enjoyments.  Yet it cannot be said that Demetrius,
+in his revelings and dissipations, ever let slip the time for
+action; pleasures with him attended only the superabundance of
+his ease, and his Lamia, like that of the fable, belonged only
+to his playful, half-waking, half-sleeping hours.  When war
+demanded his attention, his spear was not wreathed with ivy, nor
+his helmet redolent of unguents; he did not come out to battle
+from the women's chamber, but, hushing the bacchanal shouts and
+putting an end to the orgies, he became at once, as Euripides
+calls it, "the minister of the unpriestly Mars;" and, in short,
+he never once incurred disaster through indolence or
+self-indulgence.  Whereas Antony, like Hercules in the picture
+where Omphale is seen removing his club and stripping him of his
+lion's skin, was over and over again disarmed by Cleopatra, and
+beguiled away, while great actions and enterprises of the first
+necessity fell, as it were, from his hands, to go with her to
+the seashore of Canopus and Taphosiris, and play about.  And in
+the end, like another Paris, he left the battle to fly to her
+arms; or rather, to say the truth, Paris fled when he was
+already beaten; Antony fled first, and, to follow Cleopatra,
+abandoned his victory.
+
+There was no law to prevent Demetrius from marrying several
+wives; from the time of Philip and Alexander, it had become
+usual with Macedonian kings, and he did no more than was done by
+Lysimachus and Ptolemy.  And those he married he treated
+honorably.  But Antony, first of all, in marrying two wives at
+once, did a thing which no Roman had ever allowed himself; and
+then he drove away his lawful Roman wife to please the foreign
+and unlawful woman.  And so Demetrius incurred no harm at all;
+Antony procured his ruin by his marriage.  On the other hand, no
+licentious act of Antony's can be charged with that impiety
+which marks those of Demetrius.  Historical writers tell us that
+the very dogs are excluded from the whole Acropolis, because of
+their gross, uncleanly habits.  The very Parthenon itself saw
+Demetrius consorting with harlots and debauching free women of
+Athens.  The vice of cruelty, also, remote as it seems from the
+indulgence of voluptuous desires, must be attributed to him,
+who, in the pursuit of his pleasures, allowed, or to say more
+truly, compelled the death of the most beautiful and most chaste
+of the Athenians, who found no way but this to escape his
+violence.  In one word, Antony himself suffered by his excesses,
+and other people by those of Demetrius.
+
+In his conduct to his parents, Demetrius was irreproachable.
+Antony gave up his mother's brother, in order that he might have
+leave to kill Cicero, this itself being so cruel and shocking an
+act, that Antony would hardly be forgiven if Cicero's death had
+been the price of this uncle's safety.  In respect of breaches
+of oaths and treaties, the seizure of Artabazes, and the
+assassination of Alexander, Antony may urge the plea which no
+one denies to be true, that Artabazes first abandoned and
+betrayed him in Media; Demetrius is alleged by many to have
+invented false pretexts for his act, and not to have retaliated
+for injuries, but to have accused one whom he injured himself.
+
+The achievements of Demetrius are all his own work.  Antony's
+noblest and greatest victories were won in his absence by his
+lieutenants.  For their final disasters they have both only to
+thank themselves; not, however, in an equal degree.  Demetrius
+was deserted, the Macedonians revolted from him: Antony deserted
+others, and ran away while men were fighting for him at the risk
+of their lives.  The fault to be found with the one is that he
+had thus entirely alienated the affections of his soldiers; the
+other's condemnation is that he abandoned so much love and faith
+as he still possessed.  We cannot admire the death of either,
+but that of Demetrius excites our greater contempt.  He let
+himself become a prisoner, and was thankful to gain a three
+years' accession of life in captivity.  He was tamed like a wild
+beast by his belly, and by wine; Antony took himself out of the
+world in a cowardly, pitiful, and ignoble manner, but, still in
+time to prevent the enemy having his person in their power.
+
+
+
+DION
+
+If it be true, Sosius Senecio, that, as Simonides tells us,
+
+"Of the Corinthians Troy does not complain"
+
+for having taken part with the Achaeans in the siege, because
+the Trojans also had Corinthians (Glaucus, who sprang from
+Corinth,) fighting bravely on their side, so also it may be
+fairly said that neither Romans nor Greeks can quarrel with the
+Academy, each nation being equally represented in the following
+pair of lives, which will give an account of Brutus and of Dion,
+-- Dion, who was Plato's own hearer, and Brutus, who was brought
+up in his philosophy.  They came from one and the selfsame
+school, where they had been trained alike, to run the race of
+honor; nor need we wonder that in the performance of actions
+often most nearly allied and akin, they both bore evidence to
+the truth of what their guide and teacher had said, that,
+without the concurrence of power and success with justice and
+prudence, public actions do not attain their proper, great, and
+noble character.  For as Hippomachus the wrestling-master
+affirmed, he could distinguish his scholars at a distance.
+though they were but carrying meat from the shambles, so it is
+very probable that the principles of those who have had the same
+good education should appear with a resemblance in all their
+actions, creating in them a certain harmony and proportion, at
+once agreeable and becoming.
+
+We may also draw a close parallel of the lives of the two men
+from their fortunes, wherein chance, even more than their own
+designs, made them nearly alike.  For they were both cut off by
+an untimely death, not being able to accomplish those ends which
+through many risks and difficulties they aimed at.  But, above
+all, this is most wonderful; that by preternatural interposition
+both of them had notice given of their approaching death by an
+unpropitious form, which visibly appeared to them.  Although
+there are people who utterly deny any such thing, and say that
+no man in his right senses ever yet saw any supernatural phantom
+or apparition, but that children only, and silly women, or men
+disordered by sickness, in some aberration of the mind or
+distemperature of the body, have had empty and extravagant
+imaginations, whilst the real evil genius, superstition, was in
+themselves.  Yet if Dion and Brutus, men of solid understanding,
+and philosophers, not to be easily deluded by fancy or
+discomposed by any sudden apprehension, were thus affected by
+visions, that they forthwith declared to their friends what they
+had seen, I know not how we can avoid admitting again the
+utterly exploded opinion of the oldest times, that evil and
+beguiling spirits, out of an envy to good men, and a desire of
+impeding their good deeds, make efforts to excite in them
+feelings of terror and distraction, to make them shake and
+totter in their virtue, lest by a steady and unbiased
+perseverance they should obtain a happier condition than these
+beings after death.  But I shall leave these things for another
+opportunity, and, in this twelfth book of the lives of great men
+compared one with another, begin with his who was the elder.
+
+Dionysius the First, having possessed himself of the government,
+at once took to wife the daughter of Hermocrates, the Syracusan.
+She, in an outbreak which the citizens made before the new power
+was well settled, was abused in such a barbarous and outrageous
+manner, that for shame she put an end to her own life.  But
+Dionysius, when he was reestablished and confirmed in his
+supremacy, married two wives together, one named Doris, of
+Locri, the other, Aristomache, a native of Sicily, and daughter
+of Hipparinus, a man of the first quality in Syracuse, and
+colleague with Dionysius when he was first chosen general with
+unlimited powers for the war.  It is said he married them both
+in one day, and no one ever knew which of the two he first made
+his wife; and ever after he divided his kindness equally between
+them, both accompanying him together at his table, and in his
+bed by turns.  Indeed, the Syracusans were urgent that their own
+countrywoman might be preferred before the stranger; but Doris,
+to compensate for her foreign extraction; had the good fortune
+to be the mother of the son and heir of the family, whilst
+Aristomache continued a long time without issue, though
+Dionysius was very desirous to have children by her, and,
+indeed, caused Doris's mother to be put to death, laying to her
+charge that she had given drugs to Aristomache, to prevent her
+being with child.
+
+Dion, Aristomache's brother, at first found an honorable
+reception for his sister's sake; but his own worth and parts
+soon procured him a nearer place in his brother-in-law's
+affection, who, among other favors, gave special command to his
+treasurers to furnish Dion with whatever money he demanded, only
+telling him on the same day what they had delivered out.  Now,
+though Dion was before reputed a person of lofty character; of a
+noble mind, and daring courage, yet these excellent
+qualifications all received a great development from the happy
+chance which conducted Plato into Sicily; not assuredly by any
+human device or calculation, but some supernatural power,
+designing that this remote cause should hereafter occasion the
+recovery of the Sicilians' lost liberty and the subversion of
+the tyrannical government, brought the philosopher out of Italy
+to Syracuse, and made acquaintance between him and Dion.  Dion
+was, indeed, at this time extremely young in years, but of all
+the scholars that attended Plato he was the quickest and aptest
+to learn, and the most prompt and eager to practice, the lessons
+of virtue, as Plato himself reports of him, and his own actions
+sufficiently testify.  For though he had been bred up under a
+tyrant in habits of submission, accustomed to a life, on the one
+hand of servility and intimidation, and yet on the other of
+vulgar display and luxury, the mistaken happiness of people that
+knew no better thing than pleasure and self-indulgence, yet, at
+the first taste of reason and a philosophy that demands
+obedience to virtue, his soul was set in a flame, and in the
+simple innocence of youth, concluding, from his own disposition,
+that the same reasons would work the same effects upon
+Dionysius, he made it his business, and at length obtained the
+favor of him, at a leisure hour, to hear Plato.
+
+At this their meeting, the subject-matter of their discourse in
+general was human virtue, but, more particularly, they disputed
+concerning fortitude, which Plato proved tyrants, of all men,
+had the least pretense to; and thence proceeding to treat of
+justice, asserted the happy estate of the just, and the
+miserable condition of the unjust; arguments which Dionysius
+would not hear out, but, feeling himself, as it were, convicted
+by his words, and much displeased to see the rest of the
+auditors full of admiration for the speaker and captivated with
+his doctrine, at last, exceedingly exasperated, he asked the
+philosopher in a rage, what business he had in Sicily.  To which
+Plato answered, "I came to seek a virtuous man."  "It seems
+then," replied Dionysius, "you have lost your labor."  Dion,
+supposing, that this was all, and that nothing further could
+come of his anger, at Plato's request, conveyed him aboard a
+galley, which was conveying Pollis, the Spartan, into Greece.
+But Dionysius privately dealt with Pollis, by all means to kill
+Plato in the voyage; if not, to be sure to sell him for a slave:
+he would, of course, take no harm of it, being the same just man
+as before; he would enjoy that happiness, though he lost his
+liberty.  Pollis, therefore, it is stated, carried Plato to
+Aegina, and there sold him; the Aeginetans, then at war with
+Athens, having made a decree that whatever Athenian was taken on
+their coasts should forthwith be exposed to sale.
+Notwithstanding, Dion was not in less favor and credit with
+Dionysius than formerly, but was entrusted with the most
+considerable employments, and sent on important embassies to
+Carthage, in the management of which he gained very great
+reputation.  Besides, the usurper bore with the liberty he took
+to speak his mind freely, he being the only man who upon any
+occasion durst boldly say what he thought, as, for example, in
+the rebuke he gave him about Gelon.  Dionysius was ridiculing
+Gelon's government, and, alluding to his name, said, he had been
+the laughing-stock of Sicily.  While others seemed to admire
+and applaud the quibble, Dion very warmly replied,
+"Nevertheless, it is certain that you are sole governor here,
+because you were trusted for Gelon's sake; but for your sake no
+man will ever hereafter be trusted again."  For, indeed, Gelon
+had made a monarchy appear the best, whereas Dionysius had
+convinced men that it was the worst, of governments.
+
+Dionysius had three children by Doris, and by Aristomache four,
+two of which were daughters, Sophrosyne and Arete.  Sophrosyne
+was married to his son Dionysius; Arete, to his brother
+Thearides, after whose death, Dion received his niece Arete to
+wife.  Now when Dionysius was sick and like to die, Dion
+endeavored to speak with him in behalf of the children he had by
+Aristomache, but was still prevented by the physicians, who
+wanted to ingratiate themselves with the next successor, who
+also, as Timaeus reports, gave him a sleeping potion which he
+asked for, which produced an insensibility only followed by his
+death.
+
+Nevertheless, at the first council which the young Dionysius
+held with his friends, Dion discoursed so well of the present
+state of affairs, that he made all the rest appear in their
+politics but children, and in their votes rather slaves than
+counselors, who timorously and disingenuously advised what would
+please the young man, rather than what would advance his
+interest.  But that which startled them most was the proposal he
+made to avert the imminent danger they feared of a war with the
+Carthaginians, undertaking, if Dionysius wanted peace, to sail
+immediately over into Africa, and conclude it there upon
+honorable terms; but, if he rather preferred war, then he would
+fit out and maintain at his own cost and charges fifty galleys
+ready for the service.
+
+Dionysius wondered much at his greatness of mind, and received
+his offer with satisfaction.  But the other courtiers, thinking
+his generosity reflected upon them, and jealous of being
+lessened by his greatness, from hence took all occasions by
+private slanders to render him obnoxious to the young man's
+displeasure; as if he designed by his power at sea to surprise
+the government, and by the help of those naval forces confer the
+supreme authority upon his sister Aristomache's children.  But,
+indeed, the most apparent and the strongest grounds for dislike
+and hostility existed already in the difference of his habits,
+and his reserved and separate way of living.  For they, who,
+from the beginning, by flatteries and all unworthy artifices,
+courted the favor and familiarity of the prince, youthful and
+voluptuously bred, ministered to his pleasures, and sought how
+to find him daily some new amours and occupy him in vain
+amusements, with wine or with women, and in other dissipations;
+by which means, the tyranny, like iron softened in the fire,
+seemed, indeed, to the subject to be more moderate and gentle,
+and to abate somewhat of its extreme severity; the edge of it
+being blunted, not by the clemency, but rather the sloth and
+degeneracy of the sovereign, whose dissoluteness, gaining ground
+daily, and growing upon him, soon weakened and broke those
+"adamantine chains," with which his father, Dionysius, said he
+had left the monarchy fastened and secured.  It is reported of
+him, that, having begun a drunken debauch, he continued it
+ninety days without intermission; in all which time no person
+on business was allowed to appear, nor was any serious
+conversation heard at court, but drinking, singing, dancing.
+and buffoonery reigned there without control.
+
+It is likely then they had little kindness for Dion, who never
+indulged himself in any youthful pleasure or diversion.  And so
+his very virtues were the matter of their calumnies, and were
+represented under one or other plausible name as vices; they
+called his gravity pride, his plain-dealing self-will, the good
+advice he gave was all construed into reprimand, and he was
+censured for neglecting and scorning those in whose misdemeanors
+he declined to participate.  And to say the truth, there was in
+his natural character something stately, austere, reserved, and
+unsociable in conversation, which made his company unpleasant
+and disagreeable not only to the young tyrant, whose ears had
+been corrupted by flatteries; many also of Dion's own intimate
+friends, though they loved the integrity and generosity of his
+temper, yet blamed his manner, and thought he treated those with
+whom he had to do, less courteously and affably than became a
+man engaged in civil business.  Of which Plato also afterwards
+wrote to him; and, as it were, prophetically advised him
+carefully to avoid an arbitrary temper, whose proper helpmate
+was a solitary life.  And, indeed, at this very time, though
+circumstances made him so important, and, in the danger of the
+tottering government, he was recognized as the only or the
+ablest support of it, yet he well understood that he owed not
+his high position to any good-will or kindness, but to the mere
+necessities of the usurper.
+
+And, supposing the cause of this to be ignorance and want of
+education, he endeavored to induce the young man into a course
+of liberal studies, and to give him some knowledge of moral
+truths and reasonings, hoping he might thus lose his fear of
+virtuous living, and learn to take pleasure in laudable actions.
+Dionysius, in his own nature, was not one of the worst kind of
+tyrants, but his father, fearing that if he should come to
+understand himself better, and converse with wise and reasonable
+men, he might enter into some design against him, and dispossess
+him of his power, kept him closely shut up at home; where, for
+want of other company, and ignorant how to spend his time
+better, he busied himself in making little chariots,
+candlesticks, stools, tables, and other things of wood.  For the
+elder Dionysius was so diffident and suspicious, and so
+continually on his guard against all men, that he would not so
+much as let his hair be trimmed with any barber's or
+hair-cutter's instruments, but made one of his artificers singe
+him with a live coal.  Neither were his brother or his son
+allowed to come into his apartment in the dress they wore, but
+they, as all others, were stripped to their skins by some of the
+guard, and, after being seen naked, put on other clothes before
+they were admitted into the presence.  When his brother Leptines
+was once describing the situation of a place, and took a javelin
+from one of the guard to draw the plan of it, he was extremely
+angry with him, and had the soldier who gave him the weapon put
+to death.  He declared, the more judicious his friends were, the
+more he suspected them; because he knew, that were it in their
+choice, they would rather be tyrants themselves than the
+subjects of a tyrant.  He slew Marsyas, one of his captains whom
+he had preferred to a considerable command, for dreaming that he
+killed him: without some previous waking thought and purpose of
+the kind, he could not, he supposed, have had that fancy in
+his sleep.  So timorous was he, and so miserable a slave to his
+fears, yet very angry with Plato, because he would not allow him
+to be the valiantest man alive.
+
+Dion, as we said before, seeing the son thus deformed and spoilt
+in character for want of teaching, exhorted him to study, and to
+use all his entreaties to persuade Plato, the first of
+philosophers, to visit him in Sicily, and; when he came, to
+submit himself to his direction and advice: by whose
+instructions he might conform his nature to the truths of
+virtue, and, living after the likeness of the Divine and
+glorious Model of Being, out of obedience to whose control the
+general confusion is changed into the beautiful order of the
+universe, so he in like manner might be the cause of great
+happiness to himself and to all his subjects, who, obliged by
+his justice and moderation, would then willingly pay him
+obedience as their father, which now grudgingly, and upon
+necessity, they are forced to yield him as their master.  Their
+usurping tyrant he would then no longer be, but their lawful
+king.  For fear and force, a great navy and standing army of ten
+thousand hired barbarians are not, as his father had said, the
+adamantine chains which secure the regal power, but the love,
+zeal, and affection inspired by clemency and justice; which,
+though they seem more pliant than the stiff and hard bonds of
+severity, are nevertheless the strongest and most durable ties
+to sustain a lasting government.  Moreover, it is mean and
+dishonorable that a ruler, while careful to be splendid in his
+dress, and luxurious and magnificent in his habitation, should,
+in reason and power of speech, make no better show than the
+commonest of his subjects, nor have the princely palace of his
+mind adorned according to his royal dignity.
+
+Dion frequently entertaining the king upon this subject, and, as
+occasion offered, repeating some of the philosopher's sayings,
+Dionysius grew impatiently desirous to have Plato's company, and
+to hear him discourse.  Forthwith, therefore, he sent letter
+upon letter to him to Athens, to which Dion added his
+entreaties; also several philosophers of the Pythagorean sect
+from Italy sent their recommendations, urging him to come and
+obtain a hold upon this pliant, youthful soul, which his solid
+and weighty reasonings might steady, as it were, upon the seas
+of absolute power and authority.  Plato, as he tells us himself,
+out of shame more than any other feeling, lest it should seem
+that he was all mere theory, and that of his own good-will he
+would never venture into action, hoping withal, that if he could
+work a cure upon one man, the head and guide of the rest, he
+might remedy the distempers of the whole island of Sicily,
+yielded to their requests.
+
+But Dion's enemies, fearing an alteration in Dionysius,
+persuaded him to recall from banishment Philistus, a man of
+learned education, and at the same time of great experience in
+the ways of tyrants, and who might serve as a counterpoise to
+Plato and his philosophy.  For Philistus from the beginning had
+been a great instrument in establishing the tyranny, and for a
+long time had held the office of captain of the citadel.  There
+was a report, that he had been intimate with the mother of
+Dionysius the first, and not without his privity.  And when
+Leptines, having two daughters by a married woman whom he had
+debauched, gave one of them in marriage to Philistus, without
+acquainting Dionysius, he, in great anger, put Leptines's
+mistress in prison, and banished Philistus from Sicily.
+Whereupon, he fled to some of his friends on the Adriatic coast,
+in which retirement and leisure it is probable he wrote the
+greatest part of his history; for he returned not into his
+country during the reign of that Dionysius.
+
+But after his death, as is just related, Dion's enemies
+occasioned him to be recalled home, as fitter for their purpose,
+and a firm friend to the arbitrary government.  And this,
+indeed, immediately upon his return he set himself to maintain;
+and at the same time various calumnies and accusations against
+Dion were by others brought to the king: as that he held
+correspondence with Theodotes and Heraclides, to subvert the
+government; as, doubtless, it is likely enough, that Dion had
+entertained hopes, by the coming of Plato, to mitigate the rigid
+and despotic severity of the tyranny, and to give Dionysius the
+character of a fair and lawful governor; and had determined, if
+he should continue averse to that, and were not to be reclaimed,
+to depose him, and restore the commonwealth to the Syracusans;
+not that he approved a democratic government, but thought it
+altogether preferable to a tyranny, when a sound and good
+aristocracy could not be procured.
+
+This was the state of affairs when Plato came into Sicily, who,
+at his first arrival, was received with wonderful demonstration
+of kindness and respect.  For one of the royal chariots, richly
+ornamented, was in attendance to receive him when he came on
+shore; Dionysius himself sacrificed to the gods in thankful
+acknowledgment for the great happiness which had befallen his
+government.  The citizens, also, began to entertain marvelous
+hopes of a speedy reformation, when they observed the modesty
+which now ruled in the banquets, and the general decorum which
+prevailed in all the court, their tyrant himself also behaving
+with gentleness and humanity in all their matters of business
+that came before him.  There was a general passion for
+reasoning: and philosophy, insomuch that the very palace, it is
+reported, was filled with dust by the concourse of the students
+in mathematics who were working their problems there. Some few
+days after, it was the time of one of the Syracusan sacrifices,
+and when the priest, as he was wont, prayed for the long and
+safe continuance of the tyranny, Dionysius, it is said, as he
+stood by, cried out, "Leave off praying for evil upon us."  This
+sensibly vexed Philistus and his party, who conjectured, that if
+Plato, upon such brief acquaintance, had so far transformed and
+altered the young man's mind, longer converse and greater
+intimacy would give him such influence and authority, that it
+would he impossible to withstand him.
+
+Therefore, no longer privately and apart, but jointly and in
+public, all of them, they began to slander Dion, noising it
+about that he had charmed and bewitched Dionysius by Plato's
+sophistry, to the end that when he was persuaded voluntarily to
+part with his power, and lay down his authority, Dion might take
+it up, and settle it upon his sister Aristomache's children.
+Others professed to be indignant that the Athenians, who
+formerly had come to Sicily with a great fleet and a numerous
+land-army, and perished miserably without being able to take the
+city of Syracuse, should now, by means of one sophister,
+overturn the sovereignty of Dionysius; inveigling him to
+cashier his guard of ten thousand lances, dismiss a navy of four
+hundred galleys, disband an army of ten thousand horse and many
+times over that number of foot, and go seek in the schools an
+unknown and imaginary bliss, and learn by the mathematics how to
+be happy; while, in the meantime, the substantial enjoyments of
+absolute power, riches, and pleasure would be handed over to
+Dion and his sister's children.
+
+By these means, Dion began to incur at first suspicion, and by
+degrees more apparent displeasure and hostility.  A letter,
+also, was intercepted and brought to the young prince, which
+Dion had written to the Carthaginian agents, advising them,
+that, when they treated with Dionysius concerning the peace,
+they should not come to their audience without communicating
+with him: they would not fail to obtain by this means all that
+they wanted.  When Dionysius had shown this to Philistus, and
+consulted with him, as Timaeus relates, about it, he overreached
+Dion by a feigned reconciliation, professing, after some fair
+and reasonable expression of his feelings, that he was at
+friends with him, and thus, leading him alone to the sea-side,
+under the castle wall, he showed him the letter, and taxed him
+with conspiring with the Carthaginians against him.  And when
+Dion essayed to speak in his own defense, Dionysius suffered him
+not; but immediately forced him aboard a boat, which lay there
+for that purpose, and commanded the sailors to set him ashore on
+the coast of Italy.
+
+When this was publicly known, and was thought very hard usage,
+there was much lamentation in the tyrant's own household on
+account of the women, but the citizens of Syracuse encouraged
+themselves, expecting that for his sake some disturbance would
+ensue; which, together with the mistrust others would now feel,
+might occasion a general change and revolution in the state.
+Dionysius, seeing this, took alarm, and endeavored to pacify the
+women and others of Dion's kindred and friends; assuring them
+that he had not banished, but only sent him out of the way for a
+time, for fear of his own passion, which might be provoked some
+day by Dion's self-will into some act which he should be sorry
+for.  He gave also two ships to his relations, with liberty to
+send into Peloponnesus for him whatever of his property or
+servants they thought fit.
+
+Dion was very rich, and had his house furnished with little less
+than royal splendor and magnificence.  These valuables his
+friends packed up and conveyed to him, besides many rich
+presents which were sent him by the women and his adherents.  So
+that, so far as wealth and riches went, he made a noble
+appearance among the Greeks, and they might judge, by the
+affluence of the exile, what was the power of the tyrant.
+
+Dionysius immediately removed Plato into the castle, designing,
+under color of an honorable and kind reception, to set a guard
+upon him, lest he should follow Dion, and declare to the world
+in his behalf, how injuriously he had been dealt with.  And,
+moreover, time and conversation (as wild beasts by use grow tame
+and tractable) had brought Dionysius to endure Plato's company
+and discourse, so that he began to love the philosopher, but
+with such an affection as had something of the tyrant in it,
+requiring of Plato that he should, in return of his kindness,
+love him only, and attend to him above all other men; being
+ready to permit to his care the chief management of affairs, and
+even the government, too, upon condition that he would not
+prefer Dion's friendship before his.  This extravagant
+affection was a great trouble to Plato, for it was accompanied
+with petulant and jealous humors, like the fond passions of
+those that are desperately in love; frequently he was angry and
+fell out with him, and presently begged and entreated to be
+friends again.  He was beyond measure desirous to be Plato's
+scholar, and to proceed in the study of philosophy, and yet he
+was ashamed of it with those who spoke against it and professed
+to think it would ruin him.
+
+But a war about this time breaking out, he sent Plato away,
+promising him in the summer to recall Dion, though in this he
+broke his word at once; nevertheless, he remitted to him his
+revenues, desiring Plato to excuse him as to the time appointed,
+because of the war, but, as soon as he had settled a peace, he
+would immediately send for Dion, requiring him in the interim to
+be quiet, and not raise any disturbance, nor speak ill of him
+among the Grecians.  This Plato endeavored to effect, by keeping
+Dion with him in the Academy, and busying him in philosophical
+studies.
+
+Dion sojourned in the Upper Town of Athens, with Callippus, one
+of his acquaintance; but for his pleasure he bought a seat in
+the country, which afterwards, when he went into Sicily, he gave
+to Speusippus, who had been his most frequent companion while
+he was at Athens, Plato so arranging it, with the hope that
+Dion's austere temper might be softened by agreeable company,
+with an occasional mixture of seasonable mirth.  For Speusippus
+was of the character to afford him this; we find him spoken of
+in Timon's Silli, as "good at a jest."  And Plato himself, as
+it happened, being called upon to furnish a chorus of boys, Dion
+took upon him the ordering and management of it, and defrayed
+the whole expense, Plato giving him this opportunity to oblige
+the Athenians, which was likely to procure his friend more
+kindness than himself credit.  Dion went also to see several
+other cities, visiting the noblest and most statemanlike persons
+in Greece, and joining in their recreations and entertainments
+in their times of festival.  In all which, no sort of vulgar
+ignorance, or tyrannic assumption, or luxuriousness was remarked
+in him; but, on the contrary, a great deal of temperance,
+generosity, and courage, and a well-becoming taste for reasoning
+and philosophic discourses.  By which means he gained the love
+and admiration of all men, and in many cities had public honors
+decreed him; the Lacedaemonians making him a citizen of Sparta,
+without regard to the displeasure of Dionysius, though at that
+time he was aiding them in their wars against the Thebans.
+
+It is related that once, upon invitation, he went to pay a visit
+to Ptoeodorus the Megarian, a man, it would seem, of wealth and
+importance; and when, on account of the concourse of people
+about his doors, and the press of business, it was very
+troublesome and difficult to get access to him, turning about to
+his friends who seemed concerned and angry at it, "What reason,"
+said he, "have we to blame Ptoeodorus, when we ourselves used to
+do no better when we were at Syracuse?"
+
+After some little time, Dionysius, envying Dion, and jealous of
+the favor and interest he had among the Grecians, put a stop
+upon his incomes, and no longer sent him his revenues, making
+his own commissioners trustees of the estate.  But, endeavoring
+to obviate the ill-will and discredit which, upon Plato's
+account, might accrue to him among the philosophers, he
+collected in his court many reputed learned men; and,
+ambitiously desiring to surpass them in their debates he was
+forced to make use, often incorrectly, of arguments he had
+picked up from Plato.  And now he wished for his company again,
+repenting he had not made better use of it when he had it, and
+had given no greater heed to his admirable lessons.  Like a
+tyrant, therefore, inconsiderate in his desires, headstrong and
+violent in whatever he took a will to, on a sudden he was
+eagerly set on the design of recalling him, and left no stone
+unturned, but addressed himself to Archytas the Pythagorean (his
+acquaintance and friendly relations with whom owed their origin
+to Plato), and persuaded him to stand as surety for his
+engagements, and to request Plato to revisit Sicily.
+
+Archytas therefore sent Archedemus, and Dionysius some galleys,
+with divers friends, to entreat his return; moreover, he wrote
+to him himself expressly and in plain terms, that Dion must
+never look for any favor or kindness, if Plato would not be
+prevailed with to come into Sicily; but if Plato did come, Dion
+should be assured of whatever he desired.  Dion also received
+letters full of solicitations from his sister and his wife,
+urging him to beg Plato to gratify Dionysius in this request,
+and not give him an excuse for further ill-doing.  So that, as
+Plato says of himself, the third time he set sail for the Strait
+of Scylla,
+
+"Venturing again Charybdis's dangerous gulf."
+
+This arrival brought great joy to Dionysius, and no less hopes
+to the Sicilians, who were earnest in their prayers and good
+wishes that Plato might get the better of Philistus, and
+philosophy triumph over tyranny.  Neither was he unbefriended by
+the women, who studied to oblige him; and he had with Dionysius
+that peculiar credit which no man else ever obtained, namely,
+liberty to come into his presence without being examined or
+searched.  When he would have given him a considerable sum of
+money, and, on several repeated occasions, made fresh offers,
+which Plato as often declined, Aristippus the Cyrenaean, then
+present, said that Dionysius was very safe in his munificence,
+he gave little to those who were ready to take all they could
+get, and a great deal to Plato, who would accept of nothing.
+
+After the first compliments of kindness were over, when Plato
+began to discourse of Dion, he was at first diverted by excuses
+for delay, followed soon after by complaints and disgusts,
+though not as yet observable to others, Dionysius endeavoring to
+conceal them, and, by other civilities and honorable usage, to
+draw him off from his affection to Dion.  And for some time
+Plato himself was careful not to let anything of this dishonesty
+and breach of promise appear, but bore with it, and dissembled
+his annoyance.  While matters stood thus between them, and, as
+they thought, they were unobserved and undiscovered, Helicon the
+Cyzicenian, one of Plato's followers, foretold an eclipse of the
+sun, which happened according to his prediction; for which he
+was much admired by the tyrant, and rewarded with a talent of
+silver; whereupon Aristippus, jesting with some others of the
+philosophers, told them, he also could predict something
+extraordinary; and on their entreating him to declare it, "I
+foretell," said he, "that before long there will be a quarrel
+between Dionysius and Plato."
+
+At length, Dionysius made sale of Dion's estate, and converted
+the money to his own use, and removed Plato from an apartment he
+had in the gardens of the palace to lodgings among the guards he
+kept in pay, who from the first had hated Plato, and sought
+opportunity to make away with him, supposing he advised
+Dionysius to lay down the government and disband his soldiers.
+
+When Archytas understood the danger he was in, he immediately
+sent a galley with messengers to demand him of Dionysius;
+alleging that he stood engaged for his safety, upon the
+confidence of which Plato had come to Sicily.  Dionysius, to
+palliate his secret hatred, before Plato came away, treated him
+with great entertainments and all seeming demonstrations of
+kindness, but could not forbear breaking out one day into the
+expression, "No doubt, Plato, when you are at home among the
+philosophers, your companions, you will complain of me, and
+reckon up a great many of my faults."  To which Plato answered
+with a smile, "The Academy will never, I trust, be at such a
+loss for subjects to discuss as to seek one in you."  Thus, they
+say, Plato was dismissed; but his own writings do not altogether
+agree with this account.
+
+Dion was angry at all this, and not long after declared open
+enmity to Dionysius, on hearing what had been done with his
+wife; on which matter Plato, also, had had some confidential
+correspondence with Dionysius.  Thus it was.  After Dion's
+banishment, Dionysius, when he sent Plato back, had desired him
+to ask Dion privately, if he would be averse to his wife's
+marrying another man, For there went a report, whether true, or
+raised by Dion's enemies, that his marriage was not pleasing to
+him, and that he lived with his wife on uneasy terms.  When
+Plato therefore came to Athens, and had mentioned the subject to
+Dion, he wrote a letter to Dionysius, speaking of other matters
+openly, but on this in language expressly designed to be
+understood by him alone, to the effect that he had talked with
+Dion about the business, and that it was evident he would highly
+resent the affront, if it should be put into execution.  At that
+time, therefore, while there were yet great hopes of an
+accommodation, he took no new steps with his sister, suffering
+her to live with Dion's child.  But when things were come to
+that pass, that no reconciliation could be expected, and Plato,
+after his second visit, was again sent away in displeasure, he
+then forced Arete, against her will, to marry Timocrates, one of
+his favorites; in this action coming short even of his father's
+justice and lenity; for he, when Polyxenus, the husband of his
+sister, Theste, became his enemy, and fled in alarm out of
+Sicily, sent for his sister, and taxed her, that, being privy to
+her husband's flight, she had not declared it to him.  But the
+lady, confident and fearless, made him this reply: "Do you
+believe me, brother, so bad a wife, or so timorous a woman,
+that, having known my husband's flight, I would not have borne
+him company, and shared his fortunes?  I knew nothing of it;
+since otherwise it had been my better lot to be called the wife
+of the exile Polyxenus, than the sister of the tyrant
+Dionysius."  It is said, he admired her free and ready answer,
+as did the Syracusans, also, her courage and virtue, insomuch
+that she retained her dignity and princely retinue after the
+dissolution of the tyranny, and, when she died, the citizens, by
+public decree, attended the solemnity of her funeral.  And the
+story, though a digression from the present purpose, was well
+worth the telling.
+
+From this time, Dion set his mind upon warlike measures; with
+which Plato, out of respect for past hospitalities, and because
+of his age, would have nothing to do.  But Speusippus and the
+rest of his friends assisted and encouraged him, bidding him
+deliver Sicily, which with lift-up hands implored his help, and
+with open arms was ready to receive him.  For when Plato was
+staying at Syracuse, Speusippus, being oftener than he in
+company with the citizens, had more thoroughly made out how
+they were inclined; and though at first they had been on their
+guard, suspecting his bold language, as though he had been set
+on by the tyrant to trepan them, yet at length they trusted him.
+There was but one mind and one wish or prayer among them all,
+that Dion would undertake the design, and come, though without
+either navy, men, horse, or arms; that he would simply put
+himself aboard any ship, and lend the Sicilians his person and
+name against Dionysius.  This information from Speusippus
+encouraged Dion, who, concealing his real purpose, employed his
+friends privately to raise what men they could; and many
+statesmen and philosophers were assisting to him, as, for
+instance, Eudemus the Cyprian, on whose death Aristotle wrote
+his Dialogue of the Soul, and Timonides the Leucadian.  They
+also engaged on his side Miltas the Thessalian, who was a
+prophet, and had studied in the Academy.  But of all that were
+banished by Dionysius, who were not fewer than a thousand, five
+and twenty only joined in the enterprise; the rest were afraid,
+and abandoned it.  The rendezvous was in the island Zacynthus,
+where a small force of not quite eight hundred men came
+together, all of them, however, persons already distinguished in
+plenty of previous hard service, their bodies well trained and
+practiced, and their experience and courage amply sufficient to
+animate and embolden to action the numbers whom Dion expected to
+join him in Sicily.
+
+Yet these men, when they first understood the expedition was
+against Dionysius, were troubled and disheartened, blaming Dion,
+that, hurried on like a madman by mere passion and despair, he
+rashly threw both himself and them into certain ruin.  Nor were
+they less angry with their commanders and muster-masters, that
+they had not in the beginning let them know the design.  But
+when Dion in his address to them had set forth the unsafe and
+weak condition of arbitrary government, and declared that he
+carried them rather for commanders than soldiers, the citizens
+of Syracuse and the rest of the Sicilians having been long ready
+for a revolt, and when, after him, Alcimenes, an Achaean of the
+highest birth and reputation, who accompanied the expedition,
+harangued them to the same effect, they were contented.
+
+It was now the middle of summer, and the Etesian winds blowing
+steadily on the seas, the moon was at the full, when Dion
+prepared a magnificent sacrifice to Apollo; and with great
+solemnity marched his soldiers to the temple in all their arms
+and accouterments.  And after the sacrifice, he feasted them all
+in the race-course of the Zacynthians, where he had made
+provision for their entertainment.  And when here they beheld
+with wonder the quantity and the richness of the gold and silver
+plate, and the tables laid to entertain them, all far exceeding
+the fortunes of a private man, they concluded with themselves,
+that a man now past the prime of life, who was master of so much
+treasure, would not engage himself in so hazardous an enterprise
+without good reason of hope, and certain and sufficient
+assurances of aid from friends over there.  Just after the
+libations were made, and the accompanying prayers offered, the
+moon was eclipsed; which was no wonder to Dion, who understood
+the revolutions of eclipses, and the way in which the moon is
+overshadowed and the earth interposed between her and the sun.
+But because it was necessary that the soldiers, who were
+surprised and troubled at it, should be satisfied and
+encouraged, Miltas the diviner, standing up in the midst of the
+assembly, bade them be of good cheer, and expect all happy
+success, for that the divine powers foreshowed that something at
+present glorious and resplendent should be eclipsed and
+obscured; nothing at this time being more splendid than the
+sovereignty of Dionysius, their arrival in Sicily should dim
+this glory, and extinguish this brightness.  Thus Miltas, in
+public, descanted upon the incident.  But concerning a swarm of
+bees which settled on the poop of Dion's ship, he privately told
+him and his friends, that he feared the great actions they were
+like to perform, though for a time they should thrive and
+flourish, would be of short continuance, and soon suffer a
+decay.  It is reported, also, that many prodigies happened to
+Dionysius at that time.  An eagle, snatching a javelin from one
+of the guard, carried it aloft, and from thence let it fall into
+the sea.  The water of the sea that washed the castle walls was
+for a whole day sweet and potable, as many that tasted it
+experienced.  Pigs were farrowed perfect in all their other
+parts, but without ears.  This the diviners declared to portend
+revolt and rebellion, for that the subjects would no longer give
+ear to the commands of their superiors.  They expounded the
+sweetness of the water to signify to the Syracusans a change
+from hard and grievous times into easier and more happy
+circumstances.  The eagle being the bird of Jupiter, and the
+spear an emblem of power and command, this prodigy was to denote
+that the chief of the gods designed the end and dissolution of
+the present government.  These things Theopompus relates in his
+history.
+
+Two ships of burden carried all Dion's men; a third vessel, of
+no great size, and two galleys of thirty oars attended them.  In
+addition to his soldiers' own arms, he carried two thousand
+shields, a very great number of darts and lances, and abundant
+stores of all manner of provisions, that there might be no want
+of anything in their voyage; their purpose being to keep out at
+sea during the whole voyage, and use the winds, since all the
+land was hostile to them, and Philistus, they had been told, was
+in Iapygia with a fleet, looking out for them.  Twelve days they
+sailed with a fresh and gentle breeze; on the thirteenth, they
+made Pachynus, the Sicilian cape.  There Protus, the chief
+pilot, advised them to land at once and without delay, for if
+they were forced again from the shore, and did not take
+advantage of the headland, they might ride out at sea many
+nights and days, waiting for a southerly wind in the summer
+season.  But Dion, fearing a descent too near his enemies, and
+desirous to begin at a greater distance, and further on in the
+country, sailed on past Pachynus.  They had not gone far, before
+stress of weather, the wind blowing hard at north, drove the
+fleet from the coast; and it being now about the time that
+Arcturus rises, a violent storm of wind and rain came on, with
+thunder and lightning, the mariners were at their wits' end, and
+ignorant what course they ran, until on a sudden they found they
+were driving with the sea on Cercina, the island on the coast of
+Africa, just where it is most craggy and dangerous to run upon.
+Upon the cliffs there they escaped narrowly of being forced and
+staved to pieces; but, laboring hard at their oars, with much
+difficulty they kept clear until the storm ceased.  Then,
+lighting by chance upon a vessel, they understood they were upon
+the Heads, as it is called, of the Great Syrtis; and when they
+were now again disheartened by a sudden calm, and beating to and
+fro without making any way, a soft air began to blow from the
+land, when they expected anything rather than wind from the
+south and scarce believed the happy change of their fortune.
+The gale gradually increasing, and beginning to blow fresh, they
+clapped on all their sails, and, praying to the gods, put out
+again into the open sea, steering right from Africa for Sicily.
+And, running steady before the wind, the fifth day they arrived
+at Minoa, a little town of Sicily, in the dominion of the
+Carthaginians, of which Synalus, an acquaintance and friend of
+Dion's, happened at that time to be governor; who, not knowing
+it was Dion and his fleet, endeavored to hinder his men from
+landing; but they rushed on shore with their swords in their
+hands, not slaying any of their opponents (for this Dion had
+forbidden, because of his friendship with the Carthaginians),
+but forced them to retreat, and, following close, pressed in a
+body with them into the place, and took it.  As soon as the two
+commanders met, they mutually saluted each other; Dion delivered
+up the place again to Synalus, without the least damage done to
+anyone therein, and Synalus quartered and entertained the
+soldiers, and supplied Dion with what he wanted.
+
+They were most of all encouraged by the happy accident of
+Dionysius's absence at this nick of time; for it appeared that
+he was lately gone with eighty sail of ships to Italy.
+Therefore, when Dion was desirous that the soldiers should
+refresh themselves there, after their tedious and troublesome
+voyage, they would not be prevailed with, but, earnest to make
+the best use of that opportunity, they urged Dion to lead them
+straight on to Syracuse.  Leaving therefore their baggage, and
+the arms they did not use, Dion desired Synalus to convey them
+to him as he had occasion, and marched directly to Syracuse.
+
+The first that came in to him upon his march were two hundred
+horse of the Agrigentines who were settled near Ecnomum, and,
+after them, the Geloans.  But the news soon flying to Syracuse,
+Timocrates, who had married Dion's wife, the sister of
+Dionysius, and was the principal man among his friends now
+remaining in the city, immediately dispatched a courier to
+Dionysius with letters announcing Dion's arrival; while he
+himself took all possible care to prevent any stir or tumult in
+the city, where all were in great excitement, but as yet
+continued quiet, fearing to give too much credit to what was
+reported.  A very strange accident happened to the messenger who
+was sent with the letters; for being arrived in Italy, as he
+traveled through the land of Rhegium, hastening to Dionysius at
+Caulonia, he met one of his acquaintance, who was carrying home
+part of a sacrifice.  He accepted a piece of the flesh, which
+his friend offered him, and proceeded on his journey with all
+speed; having traveled a good part of the night, and being
+through
+weariness forced to take a little rest, he laid himself down in
+the next convenient place he came to, which was in a wood near
+the road.  A wolf, scenting the flesh, came and seized it as it
+lay fastened to the letter-bag, and with the flesh carried away
+the bag also, in which were the letters to Dionysius.  The man,
+awaking and missing his bag, sought for it up and down a great
+while, and, not finding it, resolved not to go to the king
+without his letters, but to conceal himself, and keep out of the
+way.
+
+Dionysius, therefore, came to hear of the war in Sicily from
+other hands, and that a good while after.  In the meantime, as
+Dion proceeded in his march, the Camarineans joined his forces,
+and the country people in the territory of Syracuse rose and
+joined him in a large body.  The Leontines and Campanians, who,
+with Timocrates, guarded the Epipolae, receiving a false alarm
+which was spread on purpose by Dion, as if he intended to attack
+their cities first, left Timocrates, and hastened off to carry
+succor to their own homes.  News of which being brought to Dion,
+where he lay near Macrae, he raised his camp by night, and came
+to the river Anapus, which is distant from the city about ten
+furlongs; there he made a halt, and sacrificed by the river,
+offering vows to the rising sun.  The soothsayers declared that
+the gods promised him victory; and they that were present,
+seeing him assisting at the sacrifice with a garland on his
+head, one and all crowned themselves with garlands.  There were
+about five thousand that had joined his forces in their march;
+who, though but ill-provided, with such weapons as came next to
+hand, made up by zeal and courage for the want of better arms;
+and when once they were told to advance, as if Dion were already
+conqueror, they ran forward with shouts and acclamations,
+encouraging each other with the hopes of liberty.
+
+The most considerable men and better sort of the citizens of
+Syracuse, clad all in white, met him at the gates.  The populace
+set upon all that were of Dionysius's party, and principally
+searched for those they called setters or informers, a number
+of wicked and hateful wretches, who made it their business to go
+up and down the city, thrusting themselves into all companies,
+that they might inform Dionysius what men said, and how they
+stood affected.  These were the first that suffered, being
+beaten to death by the crowd.  Timocrates, not being able to
+force his way to the garrison that kept the castle, took horse,
+and fled out of the city, filling all the places where he came
+with fear and confusion, magnifying the amount of Dion's forces,
+that he might not be supposed to have deserted his charge
+without good reason for it.  By this time, Dion was come up, and
+appeared in the sight of the people; he marched first in a rich
+suit of arms, and by him on one hand his brother, Megacles, on
+the other, Callippus the Athenian, crowned with garlands.  Of
+the foreign soldiers, a hundred followed as his guard, and their
+several officers led the rest in good order; the Syracusans
+looking on and welcoming them, as if they believed the whole to
+be a sacred and religious procession, to celebrate the solemn
+entrance, after an absence of forty-eight years, of liberty and
+popular government.
+
+Dion entered by the Menitid gate, and, having by sound of
+trumpet quieted the noise of the people, he caused proclamation
+to be made, that Dion and Megacles, who were come to overthrow
+the tyrannical government, did declare the Syracusans and all
+other Sicilians to be free from the tyrant.  But, being desirous
+to harangue the people himself, he went up through the
+Achradina.  The citizens on each side the way brought victims
+for sacrifice, set out their tables and goblets, and as he
+passed by each door threw flowers and ornaments upon him, with
+vows and acclamations, honoring him as a god.  There was under
+the castle and the Pentapyla a lofty and conspicuous sundial,
+which Dionysius had set up.  Getting up upon the top of that, he
+made an oration to the people, calling upon them to maintain and
+defend their liberty; who, with great expressions of joy and
+acknowledgment, created Dion and Megacles generals, with plenary
+powers, joining in commission with them, at their desire and
+entreaty, twenty colleagues, of whom half were of those that had
+returned with them out of banishment.  It seemed also to the
+diviners a most happy omen, that Dion, when he made his address
+to the people, had under his feet the stately monument which
+Dionysius had been at such pains to erect; but because it was a
+sundial on which he stood when he was made general, they
+expressed some fears that the great actions he had performed
+might be subject to change, and admit some rapid turn and
+declination of fortune.
+
+After this, Dion, taking the Epipolae, released the citizens who
+were imprisoned there, and then raised a wall to invest the
+castle.  Seven days after, Dionysus arrived by sea, and got into
+the citadel, and about the same time came carriages bringing the
+arms and ammunition which Dion had left with Synalus.  These he
+distributed among the citizens; and the rest that wanted
+furnished themselves as well as they could, and put themselves
+in the condition of zealous and serviceable men-at-arms.
+
+Dionysius sent agents, at first privately, to Dion, to try what
+terms they could make with him.  But he declaring that any
+overtures they had to make must be made in public to the
+Syracusans as a free people, envoys now went and came between
+the tyrant and the people, with fair proposals, and assurances
+that they should have abatements of their tributes and taxes,
+and freedom from the burdens of military expeditions, all which
+should be made according to their own approbation and consent
+with him.  The Syracusans laughed at these offers, and Dion
+returned answer to the envoys that Dionysius must not think to
+treat with them upon any other terms but resigning the
+government; which if he would actually do, he would not forget
+how nearly he was related to him, or be wanting to assist him in
+procuring oblivion for the past, and whatever else was
+reasonable and just.  Dionysius seemed to consent to this, and
+sent his agents again, desiring some of the Syracusans to come
+into the citadel and discuss with him in person the terms to
+which on each side they might be willing, after fair debate, to
+consent.  There were therefore some deputed, such as Dion
+approved of; and the general rumor from the castle was, that
+Dionysius would voluntarily resign his authority, and rather do
+it himself as his own good deed, than let it be the act of Dion.
+But this profession was a mere trick to amuse the Syracusans.
+For he put the deputies that were sent to him in custody, and by
+break of day, having first, to encourage his men, made them
+drink plentifully of raw wine, he sent the garrison of
+mercenaries out to make a sudden sally against Dion's works.
+The attack was quite unexpected, and the barbarians set to work
+boldly with loud cries to pull down the cross-wall, and assailed
+the Syracusans so furiously that they were not able to maintain
+their post.  Only a party of Dion's hired soldiers, on first
+taking the alarm, advanced to the rescue; neither did they at
+first know what to do, or how to employ the aid they brought,
+not being able to hear the commands of their officers, amidst
+the noise and confusion of the Syracusans, who fled from the
+enemy and ran in among them, breaking through their ranks, until
+Dion, seeing none of his orders could be heard, resolved to let
+them see by example what they ought to do, and charged into the
+thickest of the enemy.  The fight about him was fierce and
+bloody, he being as well known by the enemy as by his own party,
+and all running with loud cries to the quarter where he fought.
+Though his time of life was no longer that of the bodily
+strength and agility for such a combat, still his determination
+and courage were sufficient to maintain him against all that
+attacked him; but, while bravely driving them back, he was
+wounded in the hand with a lance, his body armor also had been
+much battered, and was scarcely any longer serviceable to
+protect him, either against missiles or blows hand to hand.
+Many spears and javelins had passed into it through the shield,
+and, on these being broken back, he fell to the ground, but was
+immediately rescued, and carried off by his soldiers.  The
+command-in-chief he left to Timonides, and, mounting a horse,
+rode about the city, rallying the Syracusans that fled; and,
+ordering up a detachment of the foreign soldiers out of
+Achradina, where they were posted on guard, he brought them as a
+fresh reserve, eager for battle, upon the tired and failing
+enemy, who were already well inclined to give up their design.
+For having hopes at their first sally to retake the whole city,
+when beyond their expectation they found themselves engaged with
+bold and practiced fighters, they fell back towards the castle.
+As soon as they gave ground, the Greek soldiers pressed the
+harder upon them, till they turned and fled within the walls.
+There were lost in this action seventy-four of Dion's men, and a
+very great number of the enemy.  This being a signal victory,
+and principally obtained by the valor of the foreign soldiers,
+the Syracusans rewarded them in honor of it with a hundred
+minae, and the soldiers on their part presented Dion with a
+crown of gold.
+
+Soon after, there came heralds from Dionysius, bringing Dion
+letters from the women of his family, and one addressed outside,
+"To his father, from Hipparinus;" this was the name of Dion's
+son, though Timaeus says, he was, from his mother Arete's name,
+called Aretaeus; but I think credit is rather to be given to
+Timonides's report, who was his father's fellow-soldier and
+confidant.  The rest of the letters were read publicly,
+containing many solicitations and humble requests of the women;
+that professing to be from his son, the heralds would not have
+them open publicly, but Dion, putting force upon them, broke the
+seal.  It was from Dionysius, written in the terms of it to
+Dion, but in effect to the Syracusans, and so worded that, under
+a plausible justification of himself and entreaty to him, means
+were taken for rendering him suspected by the people.  It
+reminded him of the good service he had formerly done the
+usurping government, it added threats to his dearest relations,
+his sister, son, and wife, if he did not comply with the
+contents, also passionate demands mingled with lamentations,
+and, most to the purpose of all, urgent recommendations to him
+not to destroy the government, and put the power into the hands
+of men who always hated him, and would never forget their old
+piques and quarrels; let him take the sovereignty himself, and
+so secure the safety of his family and his friends.
+
+When this letter was read, the Syracusans were not, as they
+should have been, transported with admiration at the unmovable
+constancy and magnanimity of Dion, who withstood all his dearest
+interests to be true to virtue and justice, but, on the
+contrary, they saw in this their reason for fearing and
+suspecting that he lay under an invincible necessity to be
+favorable to Dionysius; and they began therefore to look out for
+other leaders, and the rather, because to their great joy they
+received the news that Heraclides was on his way.  This
+Heraclides was one of those whom Dionysius had banished, very
+good soldier, and well known for the commands he had formerly
+had under the tyrant; yet a man of no constant purpose, of a
+fickle temper, and least of all to be relied upon when he had to
+act with a colleague in any honorable command.  He had had a
+difference formerly with Dion in Peloponnesus, and had resolved,
+upon his own means, with what ships and soldiers he had, to make
+an attack upon Dionysius.  When he arrived at Syracuse, with
+seven galleys and three small vessels, he found Dionysius
+already close besieged, and the Syracusans high and proud of
+their victories.  Forthwith, therefore, he endeavored by all
+ways to make himself popular; and, indeed, he had in him
+naturally something that was very insinuating and taking with a
+populace that loves to be courted.  He gained his end, also, the
+easier, and drew the people over to his side, because of the
+dislike they had taken to Dion's grave and stately manner, which
+they thought overbearing and assuming; their successes having
+made them so careless and confident, that they expected popular
+arts and flatteries from their leaders, before they had in
+reality secured a popular government.
+
+Getting therefore together in an irregular assembly, they chose
+Heraclides their admiral; but when Dion came forward, and told
+them, that conferring this trust upon Heraclides was in effect
+to withdraw that which they had granted him, for he was no
+longer their generalissimo if another had the command of the
+navy, they repealed their order, and, though much against their
+wills, canceled the new appointment.  When this business was
+over, Dion invited Heraclides to his house, and pointed out to
+him, in gentle terms, that he had not acted wisely or well to
+quarrel with him upon a punctilio of honor, at a time when the
+least false step might be the ruin of all; and then, calling a
+fresh assembly of the people, he there named Heraclides admiral,
+and prevailed with the citizens to allow him a life-guard, as he
+himself had.
+
+Heraclides openly professed the highest respect for Dion, and
+made him great acknowledgments for this favor, attending him
+with all deference, as ready to receive his commands; but
+underhand he kept up his dealings with the populace and the
+unrulier citizens, unsettling their minds and disturbing them
+with his complaints, and putting Dion into the utmost perplexity
+and disquiet.  For if he advised to give Dionysius leave to quit
+the castle, he would be exposed to the imputation of sparing and
+protecting him; if, to avoid giving offense or suspicion, he
+simply continued the siege, they would say he protracted the
+war, to keep his office of general the longer, and overawe the
+citizens.
+
+There was one Sosis, notorious in the city for his bad conduct
+and his impudence, yet a favorite with the people, for the very
+reason that they liked to see it made a part of popular
+privileges to carry free speech to this excess of license.  This
+man, out of a design against Dion, stood up one day in an
+assembly, and, having sufficiently railed at the citizens as a
+set of fools, that could not see how they had made an exchange
+of a dissolute and drunken for a sober and watchful despotism,
+and thus having publicly declared himself Dion's enemy, took his
+leave.  The next day, he was seen running through the streets,
+as if he fled from some that pursued him, almost naked, wounded
+in the head, and bloody all over.  In this condition, getting
+people about him in the marketplace, he told them that he had
+been assaulted by Dion's men; and, to confirm what he said,
+showed them the wounds he had received in his head.  And a good
+many took his part, exclaiming loudly against Dion for his cruel
+and tyrannical conduct, stopping the mouths of the people by
+bloodshed and peril of life.  Just as an assembly was gathering
+in this unsettled and tumultuous state of mind, Dion came before
+them, and made it appear how this Sosis was brother to one of
+Dionysius's guard, and that he was set on by him to embroil the
+city in tumult and confusion; Dionysius having now no way left
+for his security but to make his advantage of their dissensions
+and distractions.  The surgeons, also, having searched the
+wound, found it was rather razed, than cut with a downright
+blow; for the wounds made with a sword are, from their mere
+weight, most commonly deepest in the middle, but this was very
+slight, and all along of an equal depth; and it was not one
+continued wound, as if cut at once, but several incisions, in
+all probability made at several times, as he was able to endure
+the pain.  There were credible persons, also, who brought a
+razor, and showed it in the assembly, stating that they met
+Sosis running in the street, all bloody, who told them that he
+was flying from Dion's soldiers, who had just attacked and
+wounded him; they ran at once to look after them, and met no
+one, but spied this razor lying under a hollow stone near the
+place from which they observed he came.
+
+Sosis was now likely to come by the worst of it.  But when, to
+back all this, his own servants came in, and gave evidence that
+he had left his house alone before break of day, with the razor
+in his hand, Dion's accusers withdrew themselves, and the people
+by a general vote condemned Sosis to die, being once again well
+satisfied with Dion and his proceedings.
+
+Yet they were still as jealous as before of his soldiers, and
+the rather, because the war was now carried on principally by
+sea; Philistus being come from Iapygia with a great fleet to
+Dionysius's assistance.  They supposed, therefore, that there
+would be no longer need of the soldiers, who were all landsmen
+and armed accordingly: these were rather, indeed, they thought,
+in a condition to be protected by themselves, who were seamen,
+and had their power in their shipping.  Their good opinion of
+themselves was also much enhanced by an advantage they got in an
+engagement by sea, in which they took Philistus prisoner, and
+used him in a barbarous and cruel manner.  Ephorus relates that
+when he saw his ship was taken he slew himself.  But Timonides,
+who was with Dion from the very first, and was present at all
+the events as they occurred, writing to Speusippus the
+philosopher, relates the story thus: that Philistus's galley
+running aground, he was taken prisoner alive, and first
+disarmed, then stripped of his corslet, and exposed naked, being
+now an old man, to every kind of contumely; after which they cut
+off his head, and gave his body to the boys of the town, bidding
+them drag it through the Achradina, and then throw it into the
+Quarries.  Timaeus, to increase the mockery, adds further, that
+the boys tied him by his lame leg, and so drew him through the
+streets, while the Syracusans stood by laughing and jesting at
+the sight of that very man thus tied and dragged about by the
+leg, who had told Dionysius, that, so far from flying on
+horseback from Syracuse, he ought to wait till he should be
+dragged out by the heels.  Philistus, however, has stated, that
+this was said to Dionysius by another, and not by himself.
+
+Timaeus avails himself of this advantage, which Philistus truly
+enough affords against himself in his zealous and constant
+adherence to the tyranny, to vent his own spleen and malice
+against him.  They, indeed, who were injured by him at the time
+are perhaps excusable, if they carried their resentment to the
+length of indignities to his dead body; but they who write
+history afterwards, and were noway wronged by him in his
+lifetime, and have received assistance from his writings, in
+honor should not with opprobrious and scurrilous language
+upbraid him for those misfortunes, which may well enough befall
+even the best of men.  On the other side, Ephorus is as much out
+of the way in his encomiums.  For, however ingenious he is in
+supplying unjust acts and wicked conduct with fair and worthy
+motives, and in selecting decorous and honorable terms, yet when
+he does his best, he does not himself stand clear of the charge
+of being the greatest lover of tyrants, and the fondest admirer
+of luxury and power and rich estates and alliances of marriage
+with absolute princes.  He that neither praises Philistus for
+his conduct, nor insults over his misfortunes, seems to me to
+take the fittest course.
+
+After Philistus's death, Dionysius sent to Dion, offering to
+surrender the castle, all the arms, provisions, and
+garrison-soldiers, with full pay for them for five months,
+demanding in return that he might have safe conduct to go
+unmolested into Italy, and there to continue, and also to enjoy
+the revenues of Gyarta, a large and fruitful territory belonging
+to Syracuse, reaching from the sea-side to the middle of the
+country.  Dion rejected these proposals, and referred him to the
+Syracusans.  They, hoping in a short time to take Dionysius
+alive, dismissed his ambassadors summarily.  But he, leaving his
+eldest son, Apollocrates, to defend the castle, and putting on
+board his ships the persons and the property that he set most
+value upon, took the opportunity of a fair wind, and made his
+escape, undiscovered by the admiral Heraclides and his fleet.
+
+The citizens loudly exclaimed against Heraclides for this
+neglect; but he got one of their public speakers, Hippo by name,
+to go among them, and make proposals to the assembly for a
+redivision of lands, alleging that the first beginning of
+liberty was equality, and that poverty and slavery were
+inseparable companions.  In support of this, Heraclides spoke,
+and used the faction in favor of it to overpower Dion, who
+opposed it; and, in fine, he persuaded the people to ratify it
+by their vote, and further to decree, that the foreign soldiers
+should receive no pay, and that they would elect new commanders,
+and so be rid of Dion's oppression.  The people, attempting, as
+it were, after their long sickness of despotism, all at once to
+stand on their legs, and to do the part, for which they were yet
+unfit, of freemen, stumbled in all their actions; and yet hated
+Dion, who, like a good physician, endeavored to keep the city to
+a strict and temperate regimen.
+
+When they met in the assembly to choose their commanders, about
+the middle of summer, unusual and terrible thunders, with other
+inauspicious appearances, for fifteen days together, dispersed
+the people, deterring them, on grounds of religious fear, from
+creating new generals.  But, at last, the popular leaders,
+having found a fair and clear day, and having got their party
+together, were proceeding to an election, when a draught-ox, who
+was used to the crowd and noise of the streets, but for some
+reason or other grew unruly to his driver, breaking from his
+yoke, ran furiously into the theater where they were assembled,
+and set the people flying and running in all directions before
+him in the greatest disorder and confusion; and from thence went
+on, leaping and rushing about, over all that part of the city
+which the enemies afterwards made themselves masters of.
+However, the Syracusans, not regarding all this, elected five
+and twenty captains, and, among the rest, Heraclides; and
+underhand tampered with Dion's men, promising, if they would
+desert him, and enlist themselves in their service, to make them
+citizens of Syracuse, with all the privileges of natives.  But
+they would not hear the proposals, but, to show their fidelity
+and courage, with their swords in their hands, placing Dion for
+his security in the midst of their battalion, conveyed him out
+of the city, not offering violence to anyone, but upbraiding
+those they met with their baseness and ingratitude.  The
+citizens, seeing they were but few, and did not offer any
+violence, despised them; and, supposing that with their large
+numbers they might with ease overpower and cut them off before
+they got out of the city, fell upon them in the rear.
+
+Here Dion was in a great strait, being necessitated either to
+fight against his own countrymen, or tamely suffer himself and
+his faithful soldiers to be cut in pieces.  He used many
+entreaties to the Syracusans, stretching out his hands towards
+the castle, that was full of their enemies, and showing them the
+soldiers, who in great numbers appeared on the walls and watched
+what was doing.  But when no persuasions could divert the
+impulse of the multitude, and the whole mass, like the sea in a
+storm, seemed to be driven before the breath of the demagogues,
+he commanded his men, not to charge them, but to advance with
+shouts and clashing of their arms; which being done, not a man
+of them stood his ground; all fled at once through the streets,
+though none pursued them.  For Dion immediately commanded his
+men to face about, and led them towards the city of the
+Leontines.
+
+The very women laughed at the new captains for this retreat; so
+to redeem their credit, they bid the citizens arm themselves
+again, and followed after Dion, and came up with him as he was
+passing a river.  Some of the light-horse rode up and began to
+skirmish.  But when they saw Dion no more tame and calm, and no
+signs in his face of any fatherly tenderness towards his
+countrymen, but with an angry countenance, as resolved not to
+suffer their indignities any longer, bidding his men face round
+and form in their ranks for the onset, they presently turned
+their backs more basely than before, and fled to the city, with
+the loss of some few of their men.
+
+The Leontines received Dion very honorably, gave money to his
+men, and made them free of their city; sending envoys to the
+Syracusans, to require them to do the soldiers justice, who, in
+return, sent back other agents to accuse Dion.  But when a
+general meeting of the confederates met in the town of the
+Leontines, and the matter was heard and debated, the Syracusans
+were held to be in fault.  They, however, refused to stand to
+the award of their allies, following their own conceit, and
+making it their pride to listen to no one, and not to have any
+commanders but those who would fear and obey the people.
+
+About this time, Dionysius sent in a fleet, under the command of
+Nypsius the Neapolitan, with provisions and pay for the
+garrison.  The Syracusans fought him, had the better, and took
+four of his ships; but they made very ill use of their good
+success, and, for want of good discipline, fell in their joy to
+drinking and feasting in an extravagant manner, with so little
+regard to their main interest, that, when they thought
+themselves sure of taking the castle, they actually lost their
+city.  Nypsius, seeing the citizens in this general disorder,
+spending day and night in their drunken singing and reveling,
+and their commanders well pleased with the frolic, or at least
+not daring to try and give any orders to men in their drink,
+took advantage of this opportunity, made a sally, and stormed
+their works; and, having made his way through these, let his
+barbarians loose upon the city, giving up it and all that were
+in it to their pleasure.
+
+The Syracusans quickly saw their folly and misfortune, but could
+not, in the distraction they were in, so soon redress it.  The
+city was in actual process of being sacked, the enemy putting
+the men to the sword, demolishing the fortifications, and
+dragging the women and children with lamentable shrieks and
+cries prisoners into the castle.  The commanders, giving all for
+lost, were not able to put the citizens in any tolerable posture
+of defense, finding them confusedly mixed up and scattered among
+the enemy.  While they were in this condition, and the Achradina
+in danger to be taken, everyone was sensible who he was in whom
+all their remaining hopes rested, but no man for shame durst
+name Dion, whom they had so ungratefully and foolishly dealt
+with.  Necessity at last forcing them, some of the auxiliary
+troops and horsemen cried out, "Send for Dion and his
+Peloponnesians from the Leontines."  No sooner was the venture
+made and the name heard among the people, but they gave a shout
+for joy, and, with tears in their eyes, wished him there, that
+they might once again see that leader at the head of them, whose
+courage and bravery in the worst of dangers they well
+remembered, calling to mind not only with what an undaunted
+spirit he always behaved himself, but also with what courage and
+confidence he inspired them when he led them against the enemy.
+They immediately, therefore, dispatched Archonides and Telesides
+of the confederate troops, and of the horsemen Hellanicus and
+four others.  These, traversing the road between at their
+horses' full speed, reached the town of the Leontines in the
+evening.  The first thing they did was to leap from their horses
+and fall at Dion's feet, relating with tears the sad condition
+the Syracusans were in.  Many of the Leontines and
+Peloponnesians began to throng about them, guessing by their
+speed and the manner of their address that something
+extraordinary had occurred.
+
+Dion at once led the way to the assembly, and, the people being
+gathered together in a very little time, Archonides and
+Hellanicus and the others came in among them, and in short
+declared the misery and distress of the Syracusans, begging the
+foreign soldiers to forget the injuries they had received, and
+assist the afflicted, who had suffered more for the wrong they
+had done, than they themselves who received it would (had it
+been in their power) have inflicted upon them.  When they had
+made an end, there was a profound silence in the theater; Dion
+then stood up, and began to speak, but tears stopped his words;
+his soldiers were troubled at his grief, but bade him take good
+courage and proceed.  When he had recovered himself a little,
+therefore, "Men of Peloponnesus," he said, "and of the
+confederacy, I asked for your presence here, that you might
+consider your own interests.  For myself, I have no interests to
+consult while Syracuse is perishing, and, though I may not save
+it from destruction, I will nevertheless hasten thither, and be
+buried in the ruins of my country.  Yet if you can find in your
+hearts to assist us, the most inconsiderate and unfortunate of
+men, you may to your eternal honor again retrieve this unhappy
+city.  But if the Syracusans can obtain no more pity nor relief
+from you, may the gods reward you for what you have formerly
+valiantly done for them, and for your kindness to Dion, of whom
+speak hereafter as one who deserted you not when you were
+injured and abused, nor afterwards forsook his fellow-citizens
+in their afflictions and misfortunes."
+
+Before he had yet ended his speech, the soldiers leapt up, and
+with a great shout testified their readiness for the service,
+crying out, to march immediately to the relief of the city.  The
+Syracusan messengers hugged and embraced them, praying the Gods
+to send down blessings upon Dion and the Peloponnesians.  When
+the noise was pretty well over, Dion gave orders that all should
+go to their quarters to prepare for their march, and, having
+refreshed themselves, come ready armed to their rendezvous in
+the place where they now were, resolving that very night to
+attempt the rescue.
+
+Now at Syracuse, Dionysius's soldiers, as long as day continued,
+ransacked the city, and did all the mischief they could; but
+when night came on, they retired into the castle, having lost
+some few of their number.  At which the factious ringleaders
+taking heart, and hoping the enemy would rest content with what
+they had done and make no further attempt upon them, persuaded
+the people again to reject Dion, and, if he came with the
+foreign soldiers, not to admit him; advising them not to yield,
+as inferior to them in point of honor and courage, but to save
+their city and defend their liberties and properties themselves.
+The populace, therefore, and their leaders sent messengers to
+Dion to forbid him to advance, while the noble citizens and the
+horse sent others to him to desire him to hasten his march; for
+which reason he slacked his pace, yet did not remit his advance.
+And in the course of the night, the faction that was against him
+set a guard upon the gates of the city to hinder him from coming
+in.  But Nypsius made another sally out of the castle with a far
+greater number of men, and those far more bold and eager than
+before, who quite ruined what of the rampart was left standing,
+and fell in, pell-mell, to sack and ravage the city.  The
+slaughter was now very great, not only of the men, but of the
+women also and children; for they regarded not so much the
+plunder, as to destroy and kill all they met.  For Dionysius,
+despairing to regain the kingdom, and mortally hating the
+Syracusans, resolved to bury his lost sovereignty in the ruin
+and desolation of Syracuse.  The soldiers, therefore, to
+anticipate Dion's succors, resolved upon the most complete and
+ready way of destruction, to lay the city in ashes, firing all
+at hand with torches and lamps, and at distance with flaming
+arrows, shot from their bows.  The citizens fled every way
+before them; they who, to avoid the fire, forsook their houses
+were taken in the streets and put to the sword; they who betook
+themselves for refuge into the houses were forced out again by
+the flames, many buildings being now in a blaze, and many
+falling in ruins upon them as they fled past.
+
+This fresh misfortune by general consent opened the gates for
+Dion.  He had given up his rapid advance, when he received
+advice that the enemies were retreated into the castle; but, in
+the morning, some horse brought him the news of another assault,
+and, soon after, some of those who before opposed his coming
+fled now to him, to entreat him he would hasten his relief.  The
+pressure increasing, Heraclides sent his brother, and after him
+his uncle, Theodotes, to beg him to help them: for that now they
+were not able to resist any longer; he himself was wounded, and
+the greatest part of the city either in ruins or in flames.
+When Dion met this sad news, he was about sixty furlongs distant
+from the city.  When he had acquainted the soldiers with the
+exigency, and exhorted them to behave themselves like men, the
+army no longer marched but ran forwards, and by the way were met
+by messengers upon messengers entreating them to make haste.  By
+the wonderful eagerness of the soldiers and their extraordinary
+speed, Dion quickly came to the city and entered what is called
+the Hecatompedon, sending his light-armed men at once to charge
+the enemy, that, seeing them, the Syracusans might take courage.
+In the meantime, he drew up in good order his full-armed men
+and all the citizens that came in and joined him; forming his
+battalions deep, and distributing his officers in many separate
+commands, that he might, be able to attack from many quarters at
+once, and so he more alarming to the enemy.
+
+So, having made his arrangements and offered vows to the gods,
+when he was seen in the streets advancing at the head of his men
+to engage the enemy, a confused noise of shouts,
+congratulations, vows, and prayers was raised by the Syracusans,
+who now called Dion their deliverer and tutelar deity, and his
+soldiers their friends, brethren, and fellow-citizens.  And,
+indeed, at that moment, none seemed to regard themselves, or
+value their safeties, but to be concerned more for Dion's life
+than for all their own together, as he marched at the head of
+them to meet the danger, through blood and fire and over heaps
+of dead bodies that lay in his way.
+
+And indeed the posture of the enemy was in appearance terrible;
+for they were flushed and ferocious with victory, and had posted
+themselves very advantageously along the demolished works, which
+made the access to them very hazardous and difficult.  Yet that
+which disturbed Dion's soldiers most was the apprehension they
+were in of the fire, which made their march very trouble some
+and difficult; for the houses being in flames on al] sides, they
+were met everywhere with the blaze, and, treading upon burning
+ruins and every minute in danger of being overwhelmed with
+falling houses, through clouds of ashes and smoke they labored
+hard to keep their order and maintain their ranks.  When they
+came near to the enemy, the approach was so narrow and uneven
+that but few of them could engage at a time; but at length, with
+loud cheers and much zeal on the part of the Syracusans,
+encouraging them and joining with them, they beat off Nypsius's
+men, and put them to flight.  Most of them escaped into the
+castle, which was near at hand; all that could not get in were
+pursued and picked up here and there by the soldiers, and put to
+the sword.  The present exigency, however, did not suffer the
+citizens to take immediate benefit of their victory in such
+mutual congratulations and embraces as became so great a
+success; for now all were busily employed to save what houses
+were left standing, laboring hard all night, and scarcely so
+could master the fire.
+
+The next day, not one of the popular haranguers durst stay in
+the city, but all of them, knowing their own guilt, by their
+flight confessed it, and secured their lives.  Only Heraclides
+and Theodotes went voluntarily and surrendered themselves to
+Dion, acknowledging that they had wronged him, and begging he
+would be kinder to them than they had been just to him; adding,
+how much it would become him who was master of so many excellent
+accomplishments, to moderate his anger and be generously
+compassionate to ungrateful men, who were here before him,
+making their confession, that, in all the matter of their former
+enmity and rivalry against him, they were now absolutely
+overcome by his virtue.  Though they thus humbly addressed him,
+his friends advised him not to pardon these turbulent and
+ill-conditioned men, but to yield them to the desires of his
+soldiers, and utterly root out of the commonwealth the ambitious
+affectation of popularity, a disease as pestilent and pernicious
+as the passion for tyranny itself.  Dion endeavored to satisfy
+them, telling them that other generals exercised and trained
+themselves for the most part in the practices of war and arms;
+but that he had long studied in the Academy how to conquer
+anger, and not let emulation and envy conquer him; that to do
+this it is not sufficient that a man be obliging and kind to his
+friends, and those that have deserved well of him, but rather,
+gentle and ready to forgive in the case of those who do wrong;
+that he wished to let the world see that he valued not himself
+so much upon excelling Heraclides in ability and conduct, as he
+did in outdoing him in justice and clemency; herein to have the
+advantage is to excel indeed; whereas the honor of success in
+war is never entire; fortune will be sure to dispute it, though
+no man should pretend to have a claim.  What if Heraclides be
+perfidious, malicious, and base, must Dion therefore sully or
+injure his virtue by passionate concern for it?  For, though the
+laws determine it juster to revenge an injury than to do an
+injury, yet it is evident that both, in the nature of things,
+originally proceed from the same deficiency and weakness.  The
+malicious humor of men, though perverse and refractory, is not
+so savage and invincible but it may be wrought upon by kindness,
+and altered by repeated obligations.  Dion, making use of these
+arguments, pardoned and dismissed Heraclides and Theodotes.
+
+And now, resolving to repair the blockade about the castle, he
+commanded all the Syracusans to cut each man a stake and bring
+it to the works; and then, dismissing them to refresh
+themselves, and take their rest, he employed his own men all
+night, and by morning had finished his line of palisade; so that
+both the enemy and the citizens wondered, when day returned, to
+see the work so far advanced in so short a time.  Burying
+therefore the dead, and redeeming the prisoners, who were near
+two thousand, he called a public assembly, where Heraclides made
+a motion that Dion should be declared general with full powers
+at land and sea.  The better citizens approved well of it, and
+called on the people to vote it so.  But the mob of sailors and
+handicraftsmen would not yield that Heraclides should lose his
+command of the navy; believing him, if otherwise an ill man, at
+any rate to be more citizenlike than Dion, and readier to comply
+with the people.  Dion therefore submitted to them in this, and
+consented Heraclides should continue admiral.  But when they
+began to press the project of the redistribution of lands and
+houses, he not only opposed it, but repealed all the votes they
+had formerly made upon that account, which sensibly vexed them.
+Heraclides, therefore, took a new advantage of him, and, being
+at Messene, harangued the soldiers and ships' crews that sailed
+with him, accusing Dion that he had a design to make himself
+absolute.  And yet at the same time he held private
+correspondence for a treaty with Dionysius by means of Pharax
+the Spartan.  Which when the noble citizens of Syracuse had
+intimation of, there arose a sedition in the army, and the city
+was in great distress and want of provisions; and Dion now knew
+not what course to take, being also blamed by all his friends
+for having thus fortified against himself such a perverse and
+jealous and utterly corrupted man as Heraclides was.
+
+Pharax at this time lay encamped at Neapolis, in the territory
+of Agrigentum.  Dion, therefore, led out the Syracusans, but
+with an intent not to engage him till he saw a fit opportunity.
+But Heraclides and his seamen exclaimed against him, that he
+delayed fighting on purpose that he might the longer continue
+his command; so that, much against his will, he was forced to an
+engagement and was beaten, his loss however being
+inconsiderable, and that occasioned chiefly by the dissension
+that was in the army.  He rallied his men, and, having put them
+in good order and encouraged them to redeem their credit,
+resolved upon a second battle.  But, in the evening, he received
+advice that Heraclides with his fleet was on his way to
+Syracuse, with the purpose to possess himself of the city and
+keep him and his army out.  Instantly, therefore, taking with
+him some of the strongest and most active of his men, he rode
+off in the dark, and about nine the next morning was at the
+gates, having ridden seven hundred furlongs that night.
+Heraclides, though he strove to make all the speed he could,
+yet, coming too late, tacked and stood out again to sea; and,
+being unresolved what course to steer, accidentally he met
+Gaesylus the Spartan, who told him he was come from Lacedaemon
+to head the Sicilians, as Gylippus had formerly done.
+Heraclides was only too glad to get hold of him, and fastening
+him as it might be a sort of amulet to himself, he showed him to
+the confederates, and sent a herald to Syracuse to summon them
+to accept the Spartan general.  Dion returned answer that they
+had generals enough, and, if they wanted a Spartan to command
+them, he could supply that office, being himself a citizen of
+Sparta.  When Gaesylus saw this, he gave up all pretensions, and
+sailed in to Dion, and reconciled Heraclides to him, making
+Heraclides swear the most solemn oaths to perform what he
+engaged, Gaesylus himself also undertaking to maintain Dion's
+right, and inflict chastisement on Heraclides if he broke his
+faith.
+
+The Syracusans then laid up their navy, which was at present a
+great charge and of little use to them, but an occasion of
+differences and dissensions among the generals, and pressed on
+the siege, finishing the wall of blockade with which they
+invested the castle.  The besieged, seeing no hopes of succors
+and their provisions failing, began to mutiny; so that the son
+of Dionysius, in despair of holding out longer for his father,
+capitulated, and articled with Dion to deliver up the castle
+with all the garrison soldiers and ammunition; and so, taking
+his mother and sisters and manning five galleys, he set out to
+go to his father, Dion seeing him safely out, and scarce a man
+in all the city not being there to behold the sight, as indeed
+they called even on those that were not present, out of pity
+that they could not be there, to see this happy day and the sun
+shining on a free Syracuse.  And as this expulsion of Dionysius
+is even now always cited as one of the greatest and most
+remarkable examples of fortune's vicissitudes, how extraordinary
+may we imagine their joy to have been, and how entire their
+satisfaction, who had totally subverted the most potent tyranny
+that ever was by very slight and inconsiderable means!
+
+When Apollocrates was gone, and Dion coming to take possession
+of the castle, the women could not stay while he made his entry,
+but ran to meet him at the gate.  Aristomache led Dion's son,
+and Arete followed after weeping, fearful and dubious how to
+salute or address her husband, after living with another man.
+Dion first embraced his sister, then his son; when Aristomache
+bringing Arete to him, "O Dion," said she, "your banishment made
+us all equally miserable; your return and victory has canceled
+all sorrows, excepting this poor sufferer's, whom I, unhappy,
+saw compelled to be another's, while you were yet alive.
+Fortune has now given you the sole disposal of us; how will you
+determine concerning her hard fate?  In what relation must she
+salute you as her uncle, or as her husband?"  This speech of
+Aristomache's brought tears from Dion, who with great affection
+embraced his wife, gave her his son, and desired her to retire
+to his own house, where he continued to reside when he had
+delivered up the castle to the Syracusans.
+
+For though all things had now succeeded to his wish, yet he
+desired not to enjoy any present advantage of his good fortune,
+except to gratify his friends, reward his allies, and bestow
+upon his companions of former time in Athens and the soldiers
+that had served him some special mark of kindness and honor,
+striving herein to outdo his very means in his generosity.  As
+for himself, he was content with a very frugal and moderate
+competency, and was indeed the wonder of all men, that when not
+only Sicily and Carthage, but all Greece looked to him as in the
+height of prosperity, and no man living greater than he, no
+general more renowned for valor and success, yet in his garb,
+his attendance, his table, he seemed as if he rather commoned
+with Plato in the Academy than lived among hired captains and
+paid soldiers, whose solace of their toils and dangers it is to
+eat and drink their fill, and enjoy themselves plentifully every
+day.  Plato indeed wrote to him that the eyes of all the world
+were now upon him; but it is evident that he himself had fixed
+his eye upon one place in one city, the Academy, and considered
+that the spectators and judges there regarded not great actions,
+courage, or fortune, but watched to see how temperately and
+wisely he could use his prosperity, how evenly he could behave
+himself in the high condition he now was in.  Neither did he
+remit anything of his wonted stateliness in conversation or
+serious carriage to the people; he made it rather a point to
+maintain it, notwithstanding that a little condescension and
+obliging civility were very necessary for his present affairs;
+and Plato, as we said before, rebuked him, and wrote to tell him
+that self-will keeps house with solitude.  But certainly his
+natural temperament was one that could not bend to complaisance;
+and, besides, he wished to work the Syracusans back the other
+way, out of their present excess of license and caprice.
+
+Heraclides began again to set up against him, and, being invited
+by Dion to make one of the Council, refused to come, saying he
+would give his opinion as a private citizen in the public
+assembly.  Next he complained of Dion because he had not
+demolished the citadel, and because he had hindered the people
+from throwing down Dionysius's tomb and doing despite to the
+dead; moreover he accused him for sending to Corinth for
+counselors and assistants in the government, thereby neglecting
+and slighting his fellow-citizens.  And indeed he had sent
+messages for some Corinthians to come to him, hoping by their
+means and presence the better to settle that constitution he
+intended; for he designed to suppress the unlimited democratic
+government, which indeed is not a government, but, as Plato
+calls it, a marketplace of governments, and to introduce and
+establish a mixed polity, on the Spartan and Cretan model,
+between a commonwealth and a monarchy, wherein an aristocratic
+body should preside, and determine all matters of greatest
+consequence; for he saw also that the Corinthians were chiefly
+governed by something like an oligarchy, and the people but
+little concerned in public business.
+
+Now knowing that Heraclides would be his most considerable
+adversary, and that in all ways he was a turbulent, fickle, and
+factious man, he gave way to some whom formerly he hindered when
+they designed to kill him, who, breaking in, murdered Heraclides
+in his own house.  His death was much resented by the citizens.
+Nevertheless, when Dion made him a splendid funeral, followed
+the dead body with all his soldiers, and then addressed them,
+they understood that it would have been impossible to have kept
+the city quiet, as long as Dion and Heraclides were competitors
+in the government.
+
+Dion had a friend called Callippus, an Athenian, who, Plato
+says, first made acquaintance and afterwards obtained
+familiarity with him, not from any connection with his
+philosophic studies, but on occasion afforded by the celebration
+of the mysteries, and in the way of ordinary society.  This man
+went with him in all his military service, and was in great
+honor and esteem; being the first of his friends who marched by
+his side into Syracuse, wearing a garland upon his head, having
+behaved himself very well in all the battles, and made himself
+remarkable for his gallantry.  He, finding that Dion's principal
+and most considerable friends were cut off in the war,
+Heraclides now dead, and the people without a leader, and that
+the soldiers had a great kindness for him, like a perfidious and
+wicked villain, in hopes to get the chief command of Sicily as
+his reward for the ruin of his friend and benefactor, and, as
+some say, being also bribed by the enemy with twenty talents to
+destroy Dion, inveigled and engaged several of the soldiers in a
+conspiracy against him, taking this cunning and wicked occasion
+for his plot.  He daily informed Dion of what he heard or what
+he feigned the soldiers said against him; whereby he gained that
+credit and confidence, that he was allowed by Dion to consort
+privately with whom he would, and talk freely against him in any
+company, that he might discover who were his secret and factious
+maligners.  By this means, Callippus in a short time got
+together a cabal of all the seditious malcontents in the city;
+and if anyone who would not be drawn in advised Dion that he
+was tampered with, he was not troubled or concerned at it,
+believing Callippus did it in compliance with his directions.
+
+While this conspiracy was afoot, a strange and dreadful
+apparition was seen by Dion.  As he sat one evening in a gallery
+in his house alone and thoughtful, hearing a sudden noise he
+turned about, and saw at the end of the colonnade, by clear
+daylight, a tall woman, in her countenance and garb like one of
+the tragical Furies, with a broom in her hand, sweeping the
+floor.  Being amazed and extremely affrighted, he sent for some
+of his friends, and told them what he had seen, entreating them
+to stay with him and keep him company all night; for he was
+excessively discomposed and alarmed, fearing that if he were
+left alone the specter would again appear to him.  He saw it no
+more.  But a few days after, his only son, being almost grown up
+to man's estate, upon some displeasure and pet he had taken upon
+a childish and frivolous occasion, threw himself headlong from
+the top of the house and broke his neck.
+
+While Dion was under this affliction, Callippus drove on his
+conspiracy, and spread a rumor among the Syracusans, that Dion,
+being now childless, was resolved to send for Dionysius's son,
+Apollocrates, who was his wife's nephew and sister's grandson,
+and make him his heir and successor. By this time, Dion and his
+wife and sister began to suspect what was doing, and from all
+hands information came to them of the plot.  Dion, being
+troubled, it is probable, for Heraclides's murder, which was
+like to be a blot and stain upon his life and actions, in
+continual weariness and vexation, declared he had rather die a
+thousand times, and open his breast himself to the assassin,
+than live not only in fear of his enemies but suspicion of his
+friends.  But Callippus, seeing the women very inquisitive to
+search to the bottom of the business, took alarm, and came to
+them, utterly denying it with tears in his eyes, and offering to
+give them whatever assurances of his fidelity they desired.
+They required that he should take the Great Oath, which was
+after this manner.  The juror went into the sanctuary of Ceres
+and Proserpine, where, after the performance of some ceremonies,
+he was clad in the purple vestment of the goddess, and, holding
+a lighted torch in his hand, took his oath.  Callippus did as
+they required, and forswore the fact.  And indeed he so little
+valued the goddesses, that he stayed but till the very festival
+of Proserpine, by whom he had sworn, and on that very day
+committed his intended murder; as truly he might well enough
+disregard the day, since he must at any other time as impiously
+offend her, when he who had acted as her initiating priest
+should shed the blood of her worshiper.
+
+There were a great many in the conspiracy; and as Dion was at
+home with several of his friends in a room with tables for
+entertainment in it, some of the conspirators beset the house
+around, others secured the doors and windows.  The actual
+intended murderers were some Zacynthians, who went inside in
+their under-dresses without swords.  Those outside shut the
+doors upon them and kept them fast.  The murderers fell on Dion,
+endeavoring to stifle and crush him; then, finding they were
+doing nothing, they called for a sword, but none durst open the
+door.  There were a great many within with Dion, but everyone
+was for securing himself, supposing that by letting him lose his
+life he should save his own, and therefore no man ventured to
+assist him.  When they had waited a good while, at length Lycon
+the Syracusan reached a short sword in at the window to one of
+the Zacynthians, and thus, like a victim at a sacrifice, this
+long time in their power, and trembling for the blow, they
+killed him.  His sister, and wife big with child, they hurried
+to prison, who poor lady, in her unfortunate condition was there
+brought to bed of a son, which, by the consent of the keepers,
+they intended to bring up, the rather because Callippus began
+already to be embroiled in troubles.
+
+After the murder of Dion, he was in great glory, and had the
+sole government of Syracuse in his hands; and to that effect
+wrote to Athens, a place which, next the immortal gods, being
+guilty of such an abominable crime, he ought to have regarded
+with shame and fear.  But true it is, what is said of that city,
+that the good men she breeds are the most excellent, and the bad
+the most notorious; as their country also produces the most
+delicious honey and the most deadly hemlock.  Callippus,
+however, did not long continue to scandalize fortune and upbraid
+the gods with his prosperity, as though they connived at and
+bore with the wretched man, while he purchased riches and power
+by heinous impieties, but he quickly received the punishment he
+deserved.  For, going to take Catana, he lost Syracuse;
+whereupon they report he said, he had lost a city and got a
+bauble.  Then, attempting Messena, he had most of his men cut
+off, and, among the rest, Dion's murderers.  When no city in
+Sicily would admit him, but all hated and abhorred him, he went
+into Italy and took Rhegium; and there, being in distress and
+not able to maintain his soldiers, he was killed by Leptines and
+Polysperchon, and, as fortune would have it with the same sword
+by which Dion was murdered, which was known by the size, being
+but short, as the Spartan swords, and the workmanship of it very
+curious and artificial.  Thus Callippus received the reward of
+his villanies.
+
+When Aristomache and Arete were released out of prison, Hicetes,
+one of Dion's friends, took them to his house, and seemed to
+intend to entertain them well and like a faithful friend.
+Afterwards, being persuaded by Dion's enemies, he provided a
+ship and pretended to send them into Peloponnesus, but commanded
+the sailors, when they came out to sea, to kill them and throw
+them overboard.  Others say that they and the little boy were
+thrown alive into the sea.  This man also escaped not the due
+recompense of his wickedness, for he was taken by Timoleon and
+put to death, and the Syracusans, to revenge Dion, slew his two
+daughters; of all which I have given a more particular account
+in the life of Timoleon.
+
+
+
+MARCUS BRUTUS
+
+Marcus Brutus was descended from that Junius Brutus to whom the
+ancient Romans erected a statue of brass in the capitol among
+the images of their kings with a drawn sword in his hand, in
+remembrance of his courage and resolution in expelling the
+Tarquins and destroying the monarchy.  But that ancient Brutus
+was of a severe and inflexible nature, like steel of too hard a
+temper, and having never had his character softened by study and
+thought, he let himself be so far transported with his rage and
+hatred against tyrants, that, for conspiring with them, he
+proceeded to the execution even of his own sons.  But this
+Brutus, whose life we now write, having to the goodness of his
+disposition added the improvements of learning and the study of
+philosophy, and having stirred up his natural parts, of
+themselves grave and gentle, by applying himself to business and
+public affairs, seems to have been of a temper exactly framed
+for virtue; insomuch that they who were most his enemies upon
+account of his conspiracy against Caesar, if in that whole
+affair there was any honorable or generous part, referred it
+wholly to Brutus, and laid whatever was barbarous and cruel to
+the charge of Cassius, Brutus's connection and familiar friend,
+but not his equal in honesty and pureness of purpose.  His
+mother, Servilia, was of the family of Servilius Ahala, who,
+when Spurius Maelius worked the people into a rebellion and
+designed to make himself king, taking a dagger under his arm,
+went forth into the marketplace, and, upon presence of having
+some private business with him, came up close to him, and, as he
+bent his head to hear what he had to say, struck him with his
+dagger and slew him.  And thus much, as concerns his descent by
+the mother's side, is confessed by all; but as for his father's
+family, they who for Caesar's murder bore any hatred or ill-will
+to Brutus say that he came not from that Brutus who expelled the
+Tarquins, there being none of his race left after the execution
+of his two sons; but that his ancestor was a plebeian, son of
+one Brutus, a steward, and only rose in the latest times to
+office or dignity in the commonwealth.  But Posidonius the
+philosopher writes that it is true indeed what the history
+relates, that two of the sons of Brutus who were of men's estate
+were put to death, but that a third, yet an infant, was left
+alive, from whom the family was propagated down to Marcus
+Brutus; and further, that there were several famous persons of
+this house in his time whose looks very much resembled the
+statue of Junius Brutus.  But of this subject enough.
+
+Cato the philosopher was brother to Servilia, the mother of
+Brutus, and he it was whom of all the Romans his nephew most
+admired and studied to imitate, and he afterwards married his
+daughter Porcia.  Of all the sects of the Greek philosophers,
+though there was none of which he had not been a hearer and in
+which he had not made some proficiency, yet he chiefly esteemed
+the Platonists; and, not much approving of the modern and middle
+Academy, as it is called, he applied himself to the study of the
+ancient.  He was all his lifetime a great admirer of Antiochus
+of the city of Ascalon, and took his brother Aristus into his
+own house for his friend and companion, a man for his learning
+inferior indeed to many of the philosophers, but for the
+evenness of his temper and steadiness of his conduct equal to
+the best.  As for Empylus, of whom he himself and his friends
+often make mention in their epistles, as one that lived with
+Brutus, he was a rhetorician, and has left behind him a short
+but well-written history of the death of Caesar, entitled Brutus.
+
+In Latin, he had by exercise attained a sufficient skill to be
+able to make public addresses and to plead a cause; but in
+Greek, he must be noted for affecting the sententious and short
+Laconic way of speaking in sundry passages of his epistles; as
+when, in the beginning of the war, he wrote thus to the
+Pergamenians: "I hear you have given Dolabella money; if
+willingly, you must own you have injured me; if unwillingly,
+show it by giving willingly to me."  And another time to the
+Samians: "Your counsels are remiss and your performances slow:
+what think ye will be the end?"  And of the Patareans thus: "The
+Xanthians, suspecting my kindness, have made their country the
+grave of their despair; the Patareans, trusting themselves to
+me, enjoy in all points their former liberty; it is in your
+power to choose the judgment of the Patareans or the fortune of
+the Xanthians."  And this is the style for which some of his
+letters are to be noted.
+
+When he was but a very young man, he accompanied his uncle Cato,
+to Cyprus, when he was sent there against Ptolemy.  But when
+Ptolemy killed himself, Cato, being by some necessary business
+detained in the isle of Rhodes, had already sent one of his
+friends, named Canidius, to take into his care and keeping the
+treasure of the king; but presently, not feeling sure of his
+honesty, he wrote to Brutus to sail immediately for Cyprus out
+of Pamphylia, where he then was staying to refresh himself,
+being but just recovered of a fit of sickness.  He obeyed his
+orders, but with a great deal of unwillingness, as well out of
+respect to Canidius, who was thrown out of this employment by
+Cato with so much disgrace, as also because he esteemed such a
+commission mean, and unsuitable to him, who was in the prime of
+his youth, and given to books and study.  Nevertheless, applying
+himself to the business, he behaved himself so well in it that
+he was highly commended by Cato, and, having turned all the
+goods of Ptolemy into ready money, he sailed with the greatest
+part of it in his own ship to Rome.
+
+But upon the general separation into two factions, when, Pompey
+and Caesar taking up arms against one another, the whole empire
+was turned into confusion, it was commonly believed that he
+would take Caesar's side; for his father in past time had been
+put to death by Pompey.  But he, thinking it his duty to prefer
+the interest of the public to his own private feelings, and
+judging Pompey's to be the better cause, took part with him;
+though formerly he used not so much as to salute or take any
+notice of Pompey, if he happened to meet him, esteeming it a
+pollution to have the least conversation with the murderer of
+his father.  But now, looking upon him as the general of his
+country, he placed himself under his command, and set sail for
+Cilicia in quality of lieutenant to Sestius, who had the
+government of that province.  But finding no opportunity there
+of doing any great service, and hearing that Pompey and Caesar
+were now near one another and preparing for the battle upon
+which all depended, he came of his own accord to Macedonia to
+partake in the danger.  At his coming it is said that Pompey was
+so surprised and so pleased, that, rising from his chair in the
+sight of all who were about him, he saluted and embraced him, as
+one of the chiefest of his party.  All the time that he was in
+the camp, excepting that which he spent in Pompey's company, he
+employed in reading and in study, which he did not neglect even
+the day before the great battle.  It was the middle of summer,
+and the heat was very great, the camp having been pitched near
+some marshy ground, and the people that carried Brutus's tent
+were a long while before they came.  Yet though upon these
+accounts he was extremely harassed and out of order, having
+scarcely by the middle of the day anointed himself and eaten a
+sparing meal, whilst most others were either laid to sleep or
+taken up with the thoughts and apprehensions of what would be
+the issue of the fight, he spent his time until the evening in
+writing an epitome of Polybius.
+
+It is said that Caesar had so great a regard for him that he
+ordered his commanders by no means to kill Brutus in the battle,
+but to spare him, if possible, and bring him safe to him, if he
+would willingly surrender himself; but if he made any
+resistance, to suffer him to escape rather than do him any
+violence.  And this he is believed to have done out of a
+tenderness to Servilia, the mother of Brutus; for Caesar had, it
+seems, in his youth been very intimate with her, and she
+passionately in love with him; and, considering that Brutus was
+born about that time in which their loves were at the highest,
+Caesar had a belief that he was his own child.  The story is
+told, that when the great question of the conspiracy of
+Catiline, which had like to have been the destruction of the
+commonwealth, was debated in the senate, Cato and Caesar were
+both standing up, contending together on the decision to be come
+to; at which time a little note was delivered to Caesar from
+without, which he took and read silently to himself.  Upon this,
+Cato cried out aloud, and accused Caesar of holding
+correspondence with and receiving letters from the enemies of
+the commonwealth; and when many other senators exclaimed against
+it, Caesar delivered the note as he had received it to Cato, who
+reading it found it to be a love-letter from his own sister
+Servilia, and threw it back again to Caesar with the words,
+"Keep it, you drunkard," and returned to the subject of the
+debate.  So public and notorious was Servilia's love to Caesar.
+
+After the great overthrow at Pharsalia, Pompey himself having
+made his escape to the sea, and Caesar's army storming the camp,
+Brutus stole privately out by one of the gates leading to marshy
+ground full of water and covered with reeds, and, traveling
+through the night, got safe to Larissa.  From Larissa he wrote
+to Caesar, who expressed a great deal of joy to hear that he was
+safe, and, bidding him come, not only forgave him freely, but
+honored and esteemed him among his chiefest friends.  Now when
+nobody could give any certain account which way Pompey had fled,
+Caesar took a little journey alone with Brutus, and tried what
+was his opinion herein, and after some discussion which passed
+between them, believing that Brutus's conjecture was the right
+one, laying aside all other thoughts, he set out directly to
+pursue him towards Egypt.  But Pompey, having reached Egypt, as
+Brutus guessed his design was to do, there met his fate.
+
+Brutus in the meantime gained Caesar's forgiveness for his
+friend Cassius; and pleading also in defense of the king of the
+Lybians, though he was overwhelmed with the greatness of the
+crimes alleged against him, yet by his entreaties and
+deprecations to Caesar in his behalf, he preserved to him a
+great part of his kingdom.  It is reported that Caesar, when he
+first heard Brutus speak in public, said to his friends, "I know
+not what this young man intends, but, whatever he intends, he
+intends vehemently."  For his natural firmness of mind, not
+easily yielding, or complying in favor of everyone that
+entreated his kindness, once set into action upon motives of
+right reason and deliberate moral choice, whatever direction it
+thus took, it was pretty sure to take effectively, and to work
+in such a way as not to fail in its object.  No flattery could
+ever prevail with him to listen to unjust petitions; and he held
+that to be overcome by the importunities of shameless and
+fawning entreaties, though some compliment it with the name of
+modesty and bashfulness, was the worst disgrace a great man
+could suffer.  And he used to say, that he always felt as if
+they who could deny nothing could not have behaved well in the
+flower of their youth.
+
+Caesar, being about to make his expedition into Africa against
+Cato and Scipio, committed to Brutus the government of Cisalpine
+Gaul, to the great happiness and advantage of that province.
+For while people in other provinces were in distress with the
+violence and avarice of their governors, and suffered as much
+oppression as if they had been slaves and captives of war,
+Brutus, by his easy government, actually made them amends for
+their calamities under former rulers, directing moreover all
+their gratitude for his good deeds to Caesar himself; insomuch
+that it was a most welcome and pleasant spectacle to Caesar,
+when in his return he passed through Italy, to see the cities
+that were under Brutus's command and Brutus himself increasing
+his honor and joining agreeably in his progress.
+
+Now several praetorships being vacant, it was all men's opinion,
+that that of the chiefest dignity, which is called the
+praetorship of the city, would be conferred either upon Brutus
+or Cassius; and some say that, there having been some little
+difference upon former accounts between them, this competition
+set them much more at variance, though they were connected in
+their families, Cassius having married Junia, the sister of
+Brutus.  Others say that the contention was raised between them
+by Caesar's doing, who had privately given each of them such
+hopes of his favor as led them on, and provoked them at last
+into this open competition and trial of their interest.  Brutus
+had only the reputation of his honor and virtue to oppose to the
+many and gallant actions performed by Cassius against the
+Parthians.  But Caesar, having heard each side, and deliberating
+about the matter among his friends, said, "Cassius has the
+stronger plea, but we must let Brutus be first praetor."  So
+another praetorship was given to Cassius; the gaining of which
+could not so much oblige him, as he was incensed for the loss of
+the other.  And in all other things Brutus was partaker of
+Caesar's power as much as he desired; for he might, if he had
+pleased, have been the chief of all his friends, and had
+authority and command beyond them all, but Cassius and the
+company he met with him drew him off from Caesar.  Indeed, he
+was not yet wholly reconciled to Cassius, since that competition
+which was between them; but yet he gave ear to Cassius's
+friends, who were perpetually advising him not to be so blind as
+to suffer himself to be softened and won upon by Caesar, but to
+shun the kindness and favors of a tyrant, which they intimated
+that Caesar showed him, not to express any honor to his merit or
+virtue, but to unbend his strength, and undermine his vigor of
+purpose.
+
+Neither was Caesar wholly without suspicion of him nor wanted
+informers that accused Brutus to him; but he feared, indeed, the
+high spirit and the great character and the friends that he had,
+but thought himself secure in his moral disposition.  When it
+was told him that Antony and Dolabella designed some
+disturbance, "It is not," said he, "the fat and the long-haired
+men that I fear, but the pale and the lean," meaning Brutus and
+Cassius.  And when some maligned Brutus to him, and advised him
+to beware of him, taking hold of his flesh with his hand,
+"What," he said, "do you think that Brutus will not wait out the
+time of this little body?"  as if he thought none so fit to
+succeed him in his power as Brutus.  And indeed it seems to be
+without doubt that Brutus might have been the first man in the
+commonwealth, if he had had patience but a little time to be
+second to Caesar, and would have suffered his power to decline
+after it was come to its highest pitch, and the fame of his
+great actions to die away by degrees.  But Cassius, a man of a
+fierce disposition, and one that out of private malice, rather
+than love of the public, hated Caesar, not the tyrant,
+continually fired and stirred him up.  Brutus felt the rule an
+oppression, but Cassius hated the ruler; and, among other
+reasons on which he grounded his quarrel against Caesar, the
+loss of his lions which he had procured when he was aedile elect
+was one: for Caesar, finding these in Megara, when that city was
+taken by Calenus, seized them to himself.  These beasts, they
+say, were a great calamity to the Megarians; for, when their
+city was just taken, they broke open the lions' dens, and pulled
+off their chains and let them loose, that they might run upon
+the enemy that was entering the city; but the lions turned upon
+them themselves, and tore to pieces a great many unarmed persons
+running about, so that it was a miserable spectacle even to
+their enemies to behold.
+
+And this, some say, was the chief provocation that stirred up
+Cassius to conspire against Caesar; but they are much in the
+wrong.  For Cassius had from his youth a natural hatred and
+rancor against the whole race of tyrants, which he showed when
+he was but a boy, and went to the same school with Faustus, the
+son of Sylla; for, on his boasting himself amongst the boys, and
+extolling the sovereign power of his father, Cassius rose up and
+struck him two or three boxes on the ear; which when the
+guardians and relations of Faustus designed to inquire into and
+to prosecute, Pompey forbade them, and, sending for both the
+boys together, examined the matter himself.  And Cassius then is
+reported to have said thus, "Come, then, Faustus, dare to speak
+here those words that provoked me, that I may strike you again
+as I did before."  Such was the disposition of Cassius.
+
+But Brutus was roused up and pushed on to the undertaking by
+many persuasions of his familiar friends, and letters and
+invitations from unknown citizens.  For under the statue of his
+ancestor Brutus, that overthrew the kingly government, they
+wrote the words, "O that we had a Brutus now!"  and, "O that
+Brutus were alive!"  And Brutus's own tribunal, on which he sat
+as praetor, was filled each morning with writings such as these:
+"You are asleep, Brutus," and, "You are not a true Brutus."  Now
+the flatterers of Caesar were the occasion of all this, who,
+among other invidious honors which they strove to fasten upon
+Caesar, crowned his statues by night with diadems, wishing to
+incite the people to salute him king instead of dictator.  But
+quite the contrary came to pass, as I have more particularly
+related in the life of Caesar.
+
+When Cassius went about soliciting friends to engage in this
+design against Caesar, all whom he tried readily consented, if
+Brutus would be head of it; for their opinion was that the
+enterprise wanted not hands or resolution, but the reputation
+and authority of a man such as he was, to give as it were the
+first religious sanction, and by his presence, if by nothing
+else, to justify the undertaking; that without him they should
+go about this action with less heart, and should lie under
+greater suspicions when they had done it, for, if their cause
+had been just and honorable, people would be sure that Brutus
+would not have refused it.  Cassius, having considered these
+things with himself, went to Brutus, and made him the first
+visit after their falling out; and after the compliments of
+reconciliation had passed, and former kindnesses were renewed
+between them, he asked him if he designed to be present in the
+senate on the Calends of March, for it was discoursed, he said,
+that Caesar's friends intended then to move that he might be
+made king.  When Brutus answered, that he would not be there,
+"But what," says Cassius, "if they should send for us?"  "It
+will be my business then," replied Brutus, "not to hold my
+peace, but to stand up boldly, and die for the liberty of my
+country."  To which Cassius with some emotion answered, "But
+what Roman will suffer you to die?  What, do you not know
+yourself, Brutus?  Or do you think that those writings that you
+find upon your praetor's seat were put there by weavers and
+shopkeepers, and not by the first and most powerful men of Rome?
+From other praetors, indeed, they expect largesses and shows and
+gladiators, but from you they claim, as an hereditary debt, the
+extirpation of tyranny; they are all ready to suffer anything
+on your account, if you will but show yourself such as they
+think you are and expect you should be."  Which said, he fell
+upon Brutus, and embraced him; and after this, they parted each
+to try their several friends.
+
+Among the friends of Pompey there was one Caius Ligarius, whom
+Caesar had pardoned, though accused for having been in arms
+against him.  This man, not feeling so thankful for having been
+forgiven as he felt oppressed by that power which made him need
+a pardon, hated Caesar, and was one of Brutus's most intimate
+friends.  Him Brutus visited, and, finding him sick, "O
+Ligarius," says he, "what a time have you found out to be sick
+in!"  At which words Ligarius, raising himself and leaning on
+his elbow, took Brutus by the hand, and said, "But, O Brutus, if
+you are on any design worthy of yourself, I am well."
+
+From this time, they tried the inclinations of all their
+acquaintance that they durst trust, and communicated the secret
+to them, and took into the design not only their familiar
+friends, but as many as they believed bold and brave and
+despisers of death.  For which reason they concealed the plot
+from Cicero, though he was very much trusted and as well beloved
+by them all, lest, to his own disposition, which was naturally
+timorous, adding now the wariness and caution of old age, by his
+weighing, as he would do, every particular, that he might not
+make one step without the greatest security, he should blunt the
+edge of their forwardness and resolution in a business which
+required all the dispatch imaginable.  As indeed there were also
+two others that were companions of Brutus, Statilius the
+Epicurean, and Favonius the admirer of Cato, whom he left out
+for this reason: as he was conversing one day with them, trying
+them at a distance, and proposing some such question to be
+disputed of as among philosophers, to see what opinion they were
+of, Favonius declared his judgment to be that a civil war was
+worse than the most illegal monarchy; and Statilius held, that,
+to bring himself into troubles and danger upon the account of
+evil or foolish men, did not become a man that had any wisdom or
+discretion.  But Labeo, who was present, contradicted them both;
+and Brutus, as if it had been an intricate dispute, and
+difficult to be decided, held his peace for that time, but
+afterwards discovered the whole design to Labeo, who readily
+undertook it.  The next thing that was thought convenient, was to
+gain the other Brutus, surnamed Albinus, a man of himself of no
+great bravery or courage, but considerable for the number of
+gladiators that he was maintaining for a public show, and the
+great confidence that Caesar put in him.  When Cassius and Labeo
+spoke with him concerning the matter, he gave them no answer;
+but, seeking an interview with Brutus himself alone, and finding
+that he was their captain, he readily consented to partake in
+the action.  And among the others, also, the most and best were
+gained by the name of Brutus.  And, though they neither gave nor
+took any oath of secrecy, nor used any other sacred rite to
+assure their fidelity to each other, yet all kept their design
+so close, were so wary, and held it so silently among
+themselves, that, though by prophecies and apparitions and signs
+in the sacrifices the gods gave warning of it, yet could it not
+be believed.
+
+Now Brutus, feeling that the noblest spirits of Rome for virtue,
+birth, or courage were depending upon him, and surveying with
+himself all the circumstances of the dangers they were to
+encounter, strove indeed as much as possible, when abroad, to
+keep his uneasiness of mind to himself, and to compose his
+thoughts; but at home, and especially at night, he was not the
+same man, but sometimes against his will his working care would
+make him start out of his sleep, and other times he was taken up
+with further reflection and consideration of his difficulties,
+so that his wife that lay with him could not choose but take
+notice that he was full of unusual trouble, and had in agitation
+some dangerous and perplexing question.  Porcia, as was said
+before, was the daughter of Cato, and Brutus, her cousin-german,
+had married her very young, though not a maid, but after the
+death of her former husband, by whom she had one son, that was
+named Bibulus; and there is a little book, called Memoirs of
+Brutus, written by him, yet extant.  This Porcia, being addicted
+to philosophy, a great lover of her husband, and full of an
+understanding courage, resolved not to inquire into Brutus's
+secrets before she had made this trial of herself.  She turned
+all her attendants out of her chamber, and, taking a little
+knife, such as they use to cut nails with, she gave herself a
+deep gash in the thigh; upon which followed a great flow of
+blood, and, soon after, violent pains and a shivering fever,
+occasioned by the wound.  Now when Brutus was extremely anxious
+and afflicted for her, she, in the height of all her pain, spoke
+thus to him: "I, Brutus, being the daughter of Cato, was given
+to you in marriage, not like a concubine, to partake only in the
+common intercourse of bed and board, but to bear a part in all
+your good and all your evil fortunes; and for your part, as
+regards your care for me, I find no reason to complain; but from
+me, what evidence of my love, what satisfaction can you receive,
+if I may not share with you in bearing your hidden griefs, nor
+be admitted to any of your counsels that require secrecy and
+trust?  I know very well that women seem to be of too weak a
+nature to be trusted with secrets; but certainly, Brutus, a
+virtuous birth and education, and the company of the good and
+honorable, are of some force to the forming our manners; and I
+can boast that I am the daughter of Cato and the wife of Brutus,
+in which two titles though before I put less confidence, yet now
+I have tried myself, and find that I can bid defiance to pain."
+Which words having spoken, she showed him her wound, and related
+to him the trial that she had made of her constancy; at which he
+being astonished, lifted up his hands to heaven, and begged the
+assistance of the gods in his enterprise, that he might show
+himself a husband worthy of such a wife as Porcia.  So then he
+comforted his wife.
+
+But a meeting of the senate being appointed, at which it was
+believed that Caesar would be present, they agreed to make use
+of that opportunity: for then they might appear all together
+without suspicion; and, besides, they hoped that all the noblest
+and leading men of the commonwealth, being then assembled, as
+soon as the great deed was done, would immediately stand
+forward, and assert the common liberty.  The very place, too,
+where the senate was to meet, seemed to be by divine appointment
+favorable to their purpose.  It was a portico, one of those
+joining the theater, with a large recess, in which there stood
+a statue of Pompey, erected to him by the commonwealth, when he
+adorned that part of the city with the porticos and the theater.
+To this place it was that the senate was summoned for the middle
+of March (the Ides of March is the Roman name for the day); as
+if some more than human power were leading the man thither,
+there to meet his punishment for the death of Pompey.
+
+As soon as it was day, Brutus, taking with him a dagger, which
+none but his wife knew of, went out.  The rest met together at
+Cassius's house, and brought forth his son, that was that day to
+put on the manly gown, as it is called, into the forum; and from
+thence, going all to Pompey's porch, stayed there, expecting
+Caesar to come without delay to the senate.  Here it was chiefly
+that anyone who had known what they had purposed, would have
+admired the unconcerned temper and the steady resolution of
+these men in their most dangerous undertaking; for many of them,
+being praetors, and called upon by their office to judge and
+determine causes, did not only hear calmly all that made
+application to them and pleaded against each other before them,
+as if they were free from all other thoughts, but decided causes
+with as much accuracy and judgment as they had heard them with
+attention and patience.  And when one person refused to stand to
+the award of Brutus, and with great clamor and many attestations
+appealed to Caesar, Brutus, looking round about him upon those
+that were present, said, "Caesar does not hinder me, nor will he
+hinder me, from doing according to the laws."
+
+Yet there were many unusual accidents that disturbed them and by
+mere chance were thrown in their way.  The first and chiefest
+was the long stay of Caesar, though the day was far spent, and
+his being detained at home by his wife, and forbidden by the
+soothsayers to go forth, upon some defect that appeared in his
+sacrifice.  Another was this: There came a man up to Casca, one
+of the company, and, taking him by the hand, "You concealed,"
+said he, "the secret from us, but Brutus has told me all."  At
+which words when Casca was surprised, the other said laughing,
+"How come you to be so rich of a sudden, that you should stand
+to be chosen aedile?"  So near was Casca to let out the secret,
+upon the mere ambiguity of the other's expression.  Then
+Popilius Laenas, a senator, having saluted Brutus and Cassius
+more earnestly than usual, whispered them softly in the ear and
+said, "My wishes are with you, that you may accomplish what you
+design, and I advise you to make no delay, for the thing is now
+no secret."  This said, he departed, and left them in great
+suspicion that the design had taken wind.  In the meanwhile,
+there came one in all haste from Brutus's house, and brought him
+news that his wife was dying.  For Porcia, being extremely
+disturbed with expectation of the event, and not able to bear
+the greatness of her anxiety, could scarce keep herself within
+doors; and at every little noise or voice she heard, starting up
+suddenly, like those possessed with the bacchic frenzy, she
+asked everyone that came in from the forum what Brutus was
+doing, and sent one messenger after another to inquire.  At
+last, after long expectation, the strength of her body could
+hold out no longer; her mind was overcome with her doubts and
+fears, and she lost the control of herself, and began to faint
+away.  She had not time to betake herself to her chamber, but,
+sitting as she was amongst her women, a sudden swoon and a great
+stupor seized her, and her color changed, and her speech was
+quite lost.  At this sight, her women made a loud cry, and many
+of the neighbors running to Brutus's door to know what was the
+matter, the report was soon spread abroad that Porcia was dead;
+though with her women's help she recovered in a little while,
+and came to herself again.  When Brutus received this news, he
+was extremely troubled, nor without reason, yet was not so
+carried away by his private grief as to quit his public purpose.
+
+For now news was brought that Caesar was coming, carried in a
+litter.  For, being discouraged by the ill omens that attended
+his sacrifice, he had determined to undertake no affairs of any
+great importance that day, but to defer them till another time,
+excusing himself that he was sick.  As soon as he came out of
+his litter, Popilius Laenas, he who but a little before had
+wished Brutus good success in his undertaking, coming up to him,
+conversed a great while with him, Caesar standing still all the
+while, and seeming to be very attentive.  The conspirators, (to
+give them this name,) not being able to hear what he said, but
+guessing by what themselves were conscious of that this
+conference was the discovery of their treason, were again
+disheartened, and, looking upon one another, agreed from each
+other's countenances that they should not stay to be taken, but
+should all kill themselves.  And now when Cassius and some
+others were laying hands upon their daggers under their robes,
+and were drawing them out, Brutus, viewing narrowly the looks
+and gesture of Laenas, and finding that he was earnestly
+petitioning and not accusing, said nothing, because there were
+many strangers to the conspiracy mingled amongst them, but by a
+cheerful countenance encouraged Cassius.  And after a little
+while, Laenas, having kissed Caesar's hand, went away, showing
+plainly that all his discourse was about some particular
+business relating to himself.
+
+Now when the senate was gone in before to the chamber where they
+were to sit, the rest of the company placed themselves close
+about Caesar's chair, as if they had some suit to make to him,
+and Cassius, turning his face to Pompey's statue, is said to
+have invoked it, as if it had been sensible of his prayers.
+Trebonius, in the meanwhile, engaged Antony's attention at the
+door, and kept him in talk outside.  When Caesar entered, the
+whole senate rose up to him.  As soon as he was set down, the
+men all crowded round about him, and set Tillius Cimber, one of
+their own number, to intercede in behalf of his brother, that
+was banished; they all joined their prayers with his, and took
+Caesar by the hand, and kissed his head and his breast.  But he
+putting aside at first their supplications, and afterwards, when
+he saw they would not desist, violently rising up, Tillius with
+both hands caught hold of his robe and pulled it off from his
+shoulders, and Casca, that stood behind him, drawing his dagger,
+gave him the first, but a slight wound, about the shoulder.
+Caesar snatching hold of the handle of the dagger, and crying
+out aloud in Latin, "Villain Casca, what do you?"  he, calling
+in Greek to his brother, bade him come and help.  And by this
+time, finding himself struck by a great many hands, and looking
+round about him to see if he could force his way out, when he
+saw Brutus with his dagger drawn against him, he let go Casca's
+hand, that he had hold of, and, covering his head with his robe,
+gave up his body to their blows.  And they so eagerly pressed
+towards the body, and so many daggers were hacking together,
+that they cut one another; Brutus, particularly, received a
+wound in his hand, and all of them were besmeared with the
+blood.
+
+Caesar being thus slain, Brutus, stepping forth into the midst,
+intended to have made a speech, and called back and encouraged
+the senators to stay; but they all affrighted ran away in great
+disorder, and there was a great confusion and press at the door,
+though none pursued or followed.  For they had come to an
+express resolution to kill nobody besides Caesar, but to call
+and invite all the rest to liberty.  It was indeed the opinion
+of all the others, when they consulted about the execution of
+their design, that it was necessary to cut off Antony with
+Caesar, looking upon him as an insolent man, an affecter of
+monarchy, and one that, by his familiar intercourse, had gained
+a powerful interest with the soldiers.  And this they urged the
+rather, because at that time to the natural loftiness and
+ambition of his temper there was added the dignity of being
+consul and colleague to Caesar.  But Brutus opposed this
+counsel, insisting first upon the injustice of it, and
+afterwards giving them hopes that a change might be worked in
+Antony.  For he did not despair but that so highly gifted and
+honorable a man, and such a lover of glory as Antony, stirred up
+with emulation of their great attempt, might, if Caesar were
+once removed, lay hold of the occasion to be joint restorer with
+them of the liberty of his country.  Thus did Brutus save
+Antony's life.  But he, in the general consternation, put
+himself into a plebeian habit, and fled.  But Brutus and his
+party marched up to the capitol, in their way showing their
+hands all bloody, and their naked swords, and proclaiming
+liberty to the people.  At first all places were filled with
+cries and shouts; and the wild running to and fro, occasioned by
+the sudden surprise and passion that everyone was in, increased
+the tumult in the city.  But no other bloodshed following, and
+no plundering of the goods in the streets, the senators and many
+of the people took courage and went up to the men in the
+capitol; and, a multitude being gathered together, Brutus made
+an oration to them, very popular, and proper for the state that
+affairs were then in.  Therefore, when they applauded his
+speech, and cried out to him to come down, they all took
+confidence and descended into the forum; the rest promiscuously
+mingled with one another, but many of the most eminent persons,
+attending Brutus, conducted him in the midst of them with great
+honor from the capitol, and placed him in the rostra.  At the
+sight of Brutus, the crowd, though consisting of a confused
+mixture and all disposed to make a tumult, were struck with
+reverence, and expected what he would say with order and with
+silence, and, when he began to speak, heard him with quiet and
+attention.  But that all were not pleased with this action they
+plainly showed when, Cinna beginning to speak and accuse Caesar,
+they broke out into a sudden rage, and railed at him in such
+language, that the whole party thought fit again to withdraw to
+the capitol.  And there Brutus, expecting to be besieged,
+dismissed the most eminent of those that had accompanied them
+thither, not thinking it just that they who were not partakers
+of the fact should share in the danger.
+
+But the next day, the senate being assembled in the temple of
+the Earth, and Antony and Plancus and Cicero having made
+orations recommending concord in general and an act of oblivion,
+it was decreed, that the men should not only be put out of all
+fear or danger, but that the consuls should see what honors and
+dignities were proper to be conferred upon them.  After which
+done, the senate broke up; and, Antony having sent his son as an
+hostage to the capitol, Brutus and his company came down, and
+mutual salutes and invitations passed amongst them, the whole of
+them being gathered together.  Antony invited and entertained
+Cassius, Lepidus did the same to Brutus, and the rest were
+invited and entertained by others, as each of them had
+acquaintance or friends.  And as soon as it was day, the senate
+met again and voted thanks to Antony for having stifled the
+beginning of a civil war; afterwards Brutus and his associates
+that were present received encomiums, and had provinces assigned
+and distributed among them.  Crete was allotted to Brutus,
+Africa to Cassius, Asia to Trebonius, Bithynia to Cimber, and to
+the other Brutus Gaul about the Po.
+
+After these things, they began to consider of Caesar's will, and
+the ordering of his funeral.  Antony desired that the will might
+be read, and that the body should not have a private or
+dishonorable interment, lest that should further exasperate the
+people.  This Cassius violently opposed, but Brutus yielded to
+it, and gave leave; in which he seems to have a second time
+committed a fault.  For as before in sparing the life of Antony
+he could not be without some blame from his party, as thereby
+setting up against the conspiracy a dangerous and difficult
+enemy, so now, in suffering him to have the ordering of the
+funeral, he fell into a total and irrecoverable error.  For
+first, it appearing by the will that Caesar had bequeathed to
+the Roman people seventy-five drachmas a man, and given to the
+public his gardens beyond Tiber (where now the temple of Fortune
+stands), the whole city was fired with a wonderful affection for
+him, and a passionate sense of the loss of him.  And when the
+body was brought forth into the forum, Antony, as the custom
+was, making a funeral oration in the praise of Caesar, and
+finding the multitude moved with his speech, passing into the
+pathetic tone, unfolded the bloody garment of Caesar, showed
+them in how many places it was pierced, and the number of his
+wounds.  Now there was nothing to be seen but confusion; some
+cried out to kill the murderers, others (as was formerly done
+when Clodius led the people) tore away the benches and tables
+out of the shops round about, and, heaping them all together,
+built a great funeral pile, and, having put the body of Caesar
+upon it, set it on fire, the spot where this was done being
+moreover surrounded with a great many temples and other
+consecrated places, so that they seemed to burn the body in a
+kind of sacred solemnity.  As soon as the fire flamed out, the
+multitude, flocking in some from one part and some from another,
+snatched the brands that were half burnt out of the pile, and
+ran about the city to fire the houses of the murderers of
+Caesar.  But they, having beforehand well fortified themselves,
+repelled this danger.
+
+There was however a kind of poet, one Cinna, not at all
+concerned in the guilt of the conspiracy, but on the contrary
+one of Caesar's friends.  This man dreamed that he was invited
+to supper by Caesar, and that he declined to go, but that Caesar
+entreated and pressed him to it very earnestly; and at last,
+taking him by the hand, led him into a very deep and dark place,
+whither he was forced against his will to follow in great
+consternation and amazement.  After this vision, he had a fever
+the most part of the night; nevertheless in the morning, hearing
+that the body of Caesar was to be carried forth to be interred,
+he was ashamed not to be present at the solemnity, and came
+abroad and joined the people, when they were already infuriated
+by the speech of Antony.  And perceiving him, and taking him not
+for that Cinna who indeed he was, but for him that a little
+before in a speech to the people had reproached and inveighed
+against Caesar, they fell upon him and tore him to pieces.
+
+This action chiefly, and the alteration that Antony had wrought,
+so alarmed Brutus and his party, that for their safety they
+retired from the city.  The first stay they made was at Antium,
+with a design to return again as soon as the fury of the people
+had spent itself and was abated, which they expected would soon
+and easily come to pass in an unsettled multitude, apt to be
+carried away with any sudden and impetuous passion, especially
+since they had the senate favorable to them; which, though it
+took no notice of those that had torn Cinna to pieces, yet made
+a strict search and apprehended in order to punishment those
+that had assaulted the houses of the friends of Brutus and
+Cassius.  By this time, also, the people began to be
+dissatisfied with Antony, who they perceived was setting up a
+kind of monarchy for himself; they longed for the return of
+Brutus, whose presence they expected and hoped for at the games
+and spectacles which he, as praetor, was to exhibit to the
+public.  But he, having intelligence that many of the old
+soldiers that had borne arms under Caesar, by whom they had had
+lands and cities given them, lay in wait for him, and by small
+parties at a time had stolen into the city, would not venture to
+come himself; however, in his absence there were most
+magnificent and costly shows exhibited to the people; for,
+having bought up a great number of all sorts of wild beasts, he
+gave order that not any of them should be returned or saved, but
+that all should be spent freely at the public spectacles.  He
+himself made a journey to Naples to procure a considerable
+number of players, and hearing of one Canutius, that was very
+much praised for his acting upon the stage, he wrote to his
+friends to use all their entreaties to bring him to Rome (for,
+being a Grecian, he could not be compelled); he wrote also to
+Cicero, begging him by no means to omit being present at the
+shows.
+
+This was the posture of affairs when another sudden alteration
+was made upon the young Caesar's coming to Rome.  He was son to
+the niece of Caesar, who adopted him, and left him his heir by
+his will.  At the time when Caesar was killed, he was following
+his studies at Apollonia, where he was expecting also to meet
+Caesar on his way to the expedition which he had determined on
+against the Parthians; but, hearing of his death, he immediately
+came to Rome, and, to ingratiate himself with the people, taking
+upon himself the name of Caesar, and punctually distributing
+among the citizens the money that was left them by the will, he
+soon got the better of Antony; and by money and largesses, which
+he liberally dispersed amongst the soldiers, he gathered
+together and brought over to his party a great number of those
+that had served under Caesar.  Cicero himself, out of the hatred
+which he bore to Antony, sided with young Caesar; which Brutus
+took so ill that he treated with him very sharply in his
+letters, telling him, that he perceived Cicero could well enough
+endure a tyrant, but was afraid that he who hated him should be
+the man; that in writing and speaking so well of Caesar, he
+showed that his aim was to have an easy slavery.  "But our
+forefathers," said Brutus, "could not brook even gentle
+masters."  Further he added, that for his own part he had not as
+yet fully resolved whether he should make war or peace; but that
+as to one point he was fixed and settled, which was, never to be
+a slave; that he wondered Cicero should fear the dangers of a
+civil war, and not be much more afraid of a dishonorable and
+infamous peace; that the very reward that was to be given him
+for subverting Antony's tyranny was the privilege of
+establishing Caesar as tyrant in his place.  This is the tone of
+Brutus's first letters to Cicero.
+
+The city being now divided into two factions, some betaking
+themselves to Caesar and others to Antony, the soldiers selling
+themselves, as it were, by public outcry, and going over to him
+that would give them most, Brutus began to despair of any good
+event of such proceedings, and, resolving to leave Italy, passed
+by land through Lucania and came to Elea by the seaside.  From
+hence it was thought convenient that Porcia should return to
+Rome.  She was overcome with grief to part from Brutus, but
+strove as much as was possible to conceal it; but, in spite of
+all her constancy, a picture which she found there accidentally
+betrayed it.  It was a Greek subject, Hector parting from
+Andromache when he went to engage the Greeks, giving his young
+son Astyanax into her arms, and she fixing her eyes upon him.
+When she looked at this piece, the resemblance it bore to her
+own condition made her burst into tears, and several times a day
+she went to see the picture, and wept before it.  Upon this
+occasion, when Acilius, one of Brutus's friends, repeated out of
+Homer the verses, where Andromache speaks to Hector: --
+
+But Hector, you
+To me are father and are mother too,
+My brother, and my loving husband true.
+
+Brutus, smiling, replied, "But I must not answer Porcia, as
+Hector did Andromache,
+
+'Mind you your loom, and to your maids give law.'
+
+For though the natural weakness of her body hinders her from
+doing what only the strength of men can perform, yet she has a
+mind as valiant and as active for the good of her country as the
+best of us."  This narrative is in the memoirs of Brutus written
+by Bibulus, Porcia's son.
+
+Brutus took ship from hence, and sailed to Athens where he was
+received by the people with great demonstrations of kindness,
+expressed in their acclamations and the honors that were decreed
+him.  He lived there with a private friend, and was a constant
+auditor of Theomnestus the Academic and Cratippus the
+Peripatetic, with whom he so engaged in philosophical pursuits,
+that he seemed to have laid aside all thoughts of public
+business, and to be wholly at leisure for study.  But all this
+while, being unsuspected, he was secretly making preparation for
+war; in order to which he sent Herostratus into Macedonia to
+secure the commanders there to his side, and he himself won over
+and kept at his disposal all the young Romans that were then
+students at Athens.  Of this number was Cicero's son, whom he
+everywhere highly extols, and says that whether sleeping or
+waking he could not choose but admire a young man of so great a
+spirit and such a hater of tyranny.
+
+At length he began to act openly, and to appear in public
+business, and, being informed that there were several Roman
+ships full of treasure that in their course from Asia were to
+come that way, and that they were commanded by one of his
+friends, he went to meet him about Carystus.  Finding him there,
+and having persuaded him to deliver up the ships, he made a more
+than usually splendid entertainment, for it happened also to be
+his birthday.  Now when they came to drink, and were filling
+their cups with hopes for victory to Brutus and liberty to Rome,
+Brutus, to animate them the more, called for a larger bowl, and
+holding it in his hand, on a sudden upon no occasion or
+forethought pronounced aloud this verse: --
+
+But fate my death and Leto's son have wrought.
+
+And some writers add that in the last battle which he fought at
+Philippi the word that he gave to his soldiers was Apollo, and
+from thence conclude that this sudden unaccountable exclamation
+of his was a presage of the overthrow that he suffered there.
+
+Antistius, the commander of these ships, at his parting gave him
+fifty thousand myriads of the money that he was conveying to
+Italy; and all the soldiers yet remaining of Pompey's army, who
+after their general's defeat wandered about Thessaly, readily
+and joyfully flocked together to join him.  Besides this, he
+took from Cinna five hundred horse that he was carrying to
+Dolabella into Asia.  After that, he sailed to Demetrias, and
+there seized a great quantity of arms, that had been provided by
+the command of the deceased Caesar for the Parthian war, and
+were now to be sent to Antony.  Then Macedonia was put into his
+hands and delivered up by Hortensius the praetor, and all the
+kings and potentates round about came and offered their
+services.  So when news was brought that Caius, the brother of
+Antony, having passed over from Italy, was marching on directly
+to join the forces that Vatinius commanded in Dyrrhachium and
+Apollonia, Brutus resolved to anticipate him, and to seize them
+first, and in all haste moved forwards with those that he had
+about him.  His march was very difficult, through rugged places
+and in a great snow, but so swift that he left those that were
+to bring his provisions for the morning meal a great way behind.
+And now, being very near to Dyrrhachium, with fatigue and cold
+he fell into the distemper called Bulimia.  This is a disease
+that seizes both men and cattle after much labor, and especially
+in a great snow; whether it is caused by the natural heat, when
+the body is seized with cold, being forced all inwards, and
+consuming at once all the nourishment laid in, or whether the
+sharp and subtle vapor which comes from the snow as it
+dissolves, cuts the body, as it were, and destroys the heat
+which issues through the pores; for the sweatings seem to arise
+from the heat meeting with the cold, and being quenched by it on
+the surface of the body.  But this I have in another place
+discussed more at large.
+
+Brutus growing very faint, and there being none in the whole
+army that had anything for him to eat, his servants were forced
+to have recourse to the enemy, and, going as far as to the gates
+of the city, begged bread of the sentinels that were upon duty.
+As soon as they heard of the condition of Brutus, they came
+themselves, and brought both meat and drink along with them; in
+return for which, Brutus, when he took the city, showed the
+greatest kindness, not to them only, but to all the inhabitants,
+for their sakes.  Caius Antonius, in the meantime, coming to
+Apollonia, summoned all the soldiers that were near that city to
+join him there; but finding that they nevertheless went all to
+Brutus, and suspecting that even those of Apollonia were
+inclined to the same party, he quitted that city, and came to
+Buthrotum, having first lost three cohorts of his men, that in
+their march thither were cut to pieces by Brutus.  After this,
+attempting to make himself master of some strong places about
+Byllis which the enemy had first seized, he was overcome in a
+set battle by young Cicero, to whom Brutus gave the command, and
+whose conduct he made use of often and with much success.  Caius
+himself was surprised in a marshy place, at a distance from his
+supports; and Brutus, having him in his power, would not suffer
+his soldiers to attack, but maneuvering about the enemy with his
+horse, gave command that none of them should be killed, for that
+in a little time they would all be of his side; which
+accordingly came to pass, for they surrendered both themselves
+and their general.  So that Brutus had by this time a very great
+and considerable army.  He showed all marks of honor and esteem
+to Caius for a long time, and left him the use of the ensigns of
+his office, though, as some report, he had several letters from
+Rome, and particularly from Cicero, advising him to put him to
+death.  But at last, perceiving that he began to corrupt his
+officers, and was trying to raise a mutiny amongst the soldiers,
+he put him aboard a ship and kept him close prisoner.  In the
+meantime the soldiers that had been corrupted by Caius retired
+to Apollonia, and sent word to Brutus, desiring him to come to
+them thither.  He answered that this was not the custom of the
+Romans, but that it became those who had offended to come
+themselves to their general and beg forgiveness of their
+offences; which they did, and accordingly received their pardon.
+
+As he was preparing to pass into Asia, tidings reached him of
+the alteration that had happened at Rome; where the young
+Caesar, assisted by the senate, in opposition to Antony, and
+having driven his competitor out of Italy, had begun himself to
+be very formidable, suing for the consulship contrary to law,
+and maintaining large bodies of troops of which the commonwealth
+had no manner of need.  And then, perceiving that the senate,
+dissatisfied with his proceedings, began to cast their eyes
+abroad upon Brutus, and decreed and confirmed the government of
+several provinces to him, he had taken the alarm.  Therefore
+dispatching messengers to Antony, he desired that there might be
+a reconciliation, and a friendship between them.  Then, drawing
+all his forces about the city, he made himself be chosen consul,
+though he was but a boy, being scarce twenty years old, as he
+himself writes in his memoirs.  At his first entry upon the
+consulship he immediately ordered a judicial process to be
+issued out against Brutus and his accomplices for having
+murdered a principal man of the city, holding the highest
+magistracies of Rome, without being heard or condemned; and
+appointed Lucius Cornificius to accuse Brutus, and Marcus
+Agrippa to accuse Cassius.  None appearing to the accusation,
+the judges were forced to pass sentence and condemn them both.
+It is reported, that when the crier from the tribunal, as the
+custom was, with a loud voice cited Brutus to appear, the people
+groaned audibly, and the noble citizens hung down their heads
+for grief.  Publius Silicius was seen to burst out into tears,
+which was the cause that not long after he was put down in the
+list of those that were proscribed.  After this, the three men,
+Caesar, Antony, and Lepidus, being perfectly reconciled, shared
+the provinces among themselves, and made up the catalogue of
+proscription, wherein were set those that were designed for
+slaughter, amounting to two hundred men, in which number Cicero
+was slain.
+
+This news being brought to Brutus in Macedonia, he was under a
+compulsion, and sent orders to Hortensius that he should kill
+Caius Antonius in revenge of the death of Cicero his friend, and
+Brutus his kinsman, who also was proscribed and slain.  Upon
+this account it was that Antony, having afterwards taken
+Hortensius in the battle of Philippi, slew him upon his
+brother's tomb.  But Brutus expresses himself as more ashamed
+for the cause of Cicero's death than grieved for the misfortune
+of it, and says he cannot help accusing his friends at Rome,
+that they were slaves more through their own doing than that of
+those who now were their tyrants; they could be present and see
+and yet suffer those things which even to hear related ought to
+them to have been insufferable.
+
+Having made his army, that was already very considerable, pass
+into Asia, he ordered a fleet to be prepared in Bithynia and
+about Cyzicus.  But going himself through the country by land,
+he made it his business to settle and confirm all the cities,
+and gave audience to the princes of the parts through which he
+passed.  And he sent orders into Syria to Cassius to come to
+him, and leave his intended journey into Egypt; letting him
+understand, that it was not to gain an empire for themselves,
+but to free their country, that they went thus wandering about
+and had got an army together whose business it was to destroy
+the tyrants; that therefore, if they remembered and resolved to
+persevere in their first purpose, they ought not to be too far
+from Italy, but make what haste they could thither, and endeavor
+to relieve their fellow-citizens from oppression.
+
+Cassius obeyed his summons, and returned, and Brutus went to
+meet him; and at Smyrna they met, which was the first time they
+had seen one another since they parted at the Piraeus in Athens,
+one for Syria, and the other for Macedonia.  They were both
+extremely joyful and had great confidence of their success at
+the sight of the forces that each of them had got together,
+since they who had fled from Italy, like the most despicable
+exiles, without money, without arms, without a ship or a soldier
+or a city to rely on, in a little time after had met together so
+well furnished with shipping and money, and an army both of
+horse and foot, that they were in a condition to contend for the
+empire of Rome.
+
+Cassius was desirous to show no less respect and honor to Brutus
+than Brutus did to him; but Brutus was still beforehand with
+him, coming for the most part to him, both because he was the
+elder man, and of a weaker constitution than himself.  Men
+generally reckoned Cassius a very expert soldier, but of a harsh
+and angry nature, and one that desired to command rather by fear
+than love; though, on the other side, among his familiar
+acquaintance he would easily give way to jesting, and play the
+buffoon.  But Brutus, for his virtue, was esteemed by the
+people, beloved by his friends, admired by the best men, and
+hated not by his enemies themselves.  For he was a man of a
+singularly gentle nature, of a great spirit, insensible of the
+passions of anger or pleasure or covetousness; steady and
+inflexible to maintain his purpose for what he thought right and
+honest.  And that which gained him the greatest affection and
+reputation was the entire faith in his intentions.  For it had
+not ever been supposed that Pompey the Great himself, if he had
+overcome Caesar, would have submitted his power to the laws,
+instead of taking the management of the state upon himself,
+soothing the people with the specious name of consul or
+dictator, or some other milder title than king.  And they were
+well persuaded that Cassius, being a man governed by anger and
+passion and carried often, for his interest's sake, beyond the
+bounce of justice, endured all these hardships of war and travel
+and danger most assuredly to obtain dominion to himself, and not
+liberty to the people.  And as for the former disturbers of the
+peace of Rome, whether a Cinna, a Marius, or a Carbo, it is
+manifest that they, having set their country as a stake for him
+that should win, did almost own in express terms that they
+fought for empire.  But even the enemies of Brutus did not, they
+tell us, lay this accusation to his charge; nay, many heard
+Antony himself say that Brutus was the only man that conspired
+against Caesar out of a sense of the glory and the apparent
+justice of the action, but that all the rest rose up against the
+man himself, from private envy and malice of their own.  And it
+is plain by what he writes himself, that Brutus did not so
+much rely upon his forces, as upon his own virtue.  For thus he
+speaks in a letter to Atticus, shortly before he was to engage
+with the enemy: that his affairs were in the best state of
+fortune that he could wish; for that either he should overcome,
+and restore liberty to the people of Rome, or die, and be
+himself out of the reach of slavery; that other things being
+certain and beyond all hazard, one thing was yet in doubt,
+whether they should live or die free men.  He adds further, that
+Mark Antony had received a just punishment for his folly, who,
+when he might have been numbered with Brutus and Cassius and
+Cato, would join himself to Octavius; that though they should
+not now be both overcome, they soon would fight between them
+selves.  And in this he seems to have been no ill prophet.
+
+Now when they were at Smyrna, Brutus desired of Cassius that he
+might have part of the great treasure that he had heaped up,
+because all his own was expended in furnishing out such a fleet
+of ships as was sufficient to keep the whole interior sea in
+their power.  But Cassius's friends dissuaded him from this;
+"for," said they, "it is not just that the money which you with
+so much parsimony keep and with so much envy have got, should be
+given to him to be disposed of in making himself popular, and
+gaining the favor of the soldiers."  Notwithstanding this,
+Cassius gave him a third part of all that he had; and then they
+parted each to their several commands.  Cassius, having taken
+Rhodes, behaved himself there with no clemency; though at his
+first entry, when some had called him lord and king, he
+answered, that he was neither king nor lord, but the destroyer
+and punisher of a king and lord.  Brutus, on the other part,
+sent to the Lycians to demand from them a supply of money and
+men; but Naucrates, their popular leader, persuaded the cities
+to resist, and they occupied several little mountains and hills,
+with a design to hinder Brutus's passage.  Brutus at first sent
+out a party of horse, which, surprising them as they were
+eating, killed six hundred of them; and afterwards, having taken
+all their small towns and villages round about, he set all his
+prisoners free without ransom, hoping to win the whole nation by
+good-will.  But they continued obstinate, taking in anger what
+they had suffered, and despising his goodness and humanity;
+until, having forced the most warlike of them into the city of
+Xanthus, he besieged them there.  They endeavored to make their
+escape by swimming and diving through the river that flows by
+the town, but were taken by nets let down for that purpose in
+the channel, which had little bells at the top, which gave
+present notice of any that were taken in them.  After that, they
+made a sally in the night, and seizing several of the battering
+engines, set them on fire; but being perceived by the Romans,
+were beaten back to their walls, and, there being a strong wind,
+it carried the flames to the battlements of the city with such
+fierceness, that several of the adjoining houses took fire.
+Brutus, fearing lest the whole city should be destroyed,
+commanded his own soldiers to assist, and quench the fire.
+
+But the Lycians were on a sudden possessed with a strange and
+incredible desperation; such a frenzy as cannot be better
+expressed than by calling it a violent appetite to die, for both
+women and children, the bondmen and the free, those of all ages
+and of all conditions strove to force away the soldiers that
+came in to their assistance, from the walls; and themselves
+gathering together reeds and wood, and whatever combustible
+matter they found, spread the fire over the whole city, feeding
+it with whatever fuel they could, and by all possible means
+exciting its fury, so that the flame, having dispersed itself
+and encircled the whole city, blazed out in so terrible a
+manner, that Brutus, being extremely afflicted at their
+calamity, got on horseback and rode round the walls, earnestly
+desirous to preserve the city, and, stretching forth his hands
+to the Xanthians, begged of them that they would spare
+themselves and save their town.  Yet none regarded his
+entreaties, but by all manner of ways strove to destroy
+themselves; not only men and women, but even boys and little
+children, with a hideous outcry, leaped, some into the fire,
+others from the walls, others fell upon their parents' swords,
+baring their throats and desiring to be struck.  After the
+destruction of the city, there was found a woman who had hanged
+herself with her young child hanging from her neck, and the
+torch in her hand, with which she had fired her own house.  It
+was so tragical a sight, that Brutus could not endure to see it,
+but wept at the very relation of it, and proclaimed a reward to
+any soldier that could save a Xanthian.  And it is said that one
+hundred and fifty only were found, to have their lives saved
+against their wills.  Thus the Xanthians, after a long space of
+years, the fated period of their destruction having, as it were,
+run its course, repeated by their desperate deed the former
+calamity of their forefathers, who after the very same manner in
+the Persian war had fired their city and destroyed themselves.
+
+Brutus, after this, finding the Patareans resolved to make
+resistance and hold out their city against him, was very
+unwilling to besiege it, and was in great perplexity lest the
+same frenzy might seize them too.  But having in his power some
+of their women, who were his prisoners, he dismissed them all
+without any ransom; who, returning and giving an account to
+their husbands and fathers, who were of the greatest rank, what
+an excellent man Brutus was how temperate and how just,
+persuaded them to yield themselves and put their city into his
+hands.  From this time all the cities round about came into his
+power, submitting themselves to him, and found him good and
+merciful even beyond their hopes.  For though Cassius at the
+same time had compelled the Rhodians to bring in all the silver
+and gold that each of them privately was possessed of, by which
+he raised a sum of eight thousand talents, and besides this had
+condemned the public to pay the sum of five hundred talents
+more, Brutus, not having taken above a hundred and fifty talents
+from the Lycians, and having done them no other manner of
+injury, parted from thence with his army to go into Ionia.
+
+Through the whole course of this expedition, Brutus did many
+memorable acts of justice in dispensing rewards and punishments
+to such as had deserved either; but one in particular I will
+relate, because he himself, and all the noblest Romans, were
+gratified with it above all the rest.  When Pompey the Great,
+being overthrown from his great power by Caesar, had fled to
+Egypt, and landed near Pelusium, the protectors of the young
+king consulted among themselves what was fit to be done on that
+occasion, nor could they all agree in the same opinion, some
+being for receiving him, others for driving him from Egypt.  But
+Theodotus, a Chian by birth, and then attending upon the king as
+a paid teacher of rhetoric, and for want of better men admitted
+into the council, undertook to prove to them, that both parties
+were in the wrong, those that counseled to receive Pompey, and
+those that advised to send him away; that in their present case
+one thing only was truly expedient, to seize him and to kill
+him; and ended his argument with the proverb, that "dead men
+don't bite."  The council agreed to his opinion, and Pompey the
+Great (an example of incredible and unforeseen events) was
+slain, as the sophister himself had the impudence to boast,
+through the rhetoric and cleverness of Theodotus.  Not long
+after, when Caesar came to Egypt, some of the murderers received
+their just reward and suffered the evil death they deserved.
+But Theodotus, though he had borrowed on from fortune a little
+further time for a poor despicable and wandering life, yet did
+not lie hid from Brutus as he passed through Asia; but being
+seized by him and executed, had his death made more memorable
+than was his life.
+
+About this time, Brutus sent to Cassius to come to him at the
+city of Sardis, and, when he was on his journey, went forth with
+his friends to meet him; and the whole army in array saluted
+each of them with the name of Imperator.  Now (as it usually
+happens in business of great concern and where many friends and
+many commanders are engaged), several jealousies of each other
+and matters of private accusation having passed between Brutus
+and Cassius, they resolved, before they entered upon any other
+business, immediately to withdraw into some apartment; where,
+the door being shut and they two alone, they began first to
+expostulate, then to dispute hotly, and accuse each other; and
+finally were so transported into passion as to fall to hard
+words, and at last burst out into tears.  Their friends who
+stood without were amazed, hearing them loud and angry, and
+feared lest some mischief might follow, but yet durst not
+interrupt them, being commanded not to enter the room.  However,
+Marcus Favonius, who had been an ardent admirer of Cato, and,
+not so much by his learning or wisdom as by his wild, vehement
+manner, maintained the character of a philosopher, was rushing
+in upon them, but was hindered by the attendants.  But it was a
+hard matter to stop Favonius, wherever his wildness hurried him;
+for he was fierce in all his behavior, and ready to do anything
+to get his will.  And though he was a senator, yet, thinking
+that one of the least of his excellences, he valued himself more
+upon a sort of cynical liberty of speaking what he pleased,
+which sometimes, indeed, did away with the rudeness and
+unseasonableness of his addresses with those that would
+interpret it in jest.  This Favonius, breaking by force through
+those that kept the doors, entered into the chamber, and with a
+set voice declaimed the verses that Homer makes Nestor use, --
+
+Be ruled, for I am older than ye both.
+
+At this Cassius laughed; but Brutus thrust him our, calling him
+impudent dog and counterfeit Cynic; but yet for the present they
+let it put an end to their dispute, and parted.  Cassius made a
+supper that night, and Brutus invited the guests; and when they
+were set down, Favonius, having bathed, came in among them.
+Brutus called out aloud and told him he was not invited, and
+bade him go to the upper couch; but he violently thrust himself
+in, and lay down on the middle one; and the entertainment
+passed in sportive talk, not wanting either wit or philosophy.
+
+The next day after, upon the accusation of the Sardians, Brutus
+publicly disgraced and condemned Lucius Pella, one that had been
+censor of Rome, and employed in offices of trust by himself, for
+having embezzled the public money.  This action did not a little
+vex Cassius; for but a few days before, two of his own friends
+being accused of the same crime, he only admonished them in
+private, but in public absolved them, and continued them in his
+service; and upon this occasion he accused Brutus of too much
+rigor and severity of justice in a time which required them to
+use more policy and favor.  But Brutus bade him remember the
+Ides of March, the day when they killed Caesar, who himself
+neither plundered nor pillaged mankind, but was only the support
+and strength of those that did; and bade him consider, that if
+there was any color for justice to be neglected, it had been
+better to suffer the injustice of Caesar's friends than to give
+impunity to their own; "for then," said he, "we could have been
+accused of cowardice only; whereas now we are liable to the
+accusation of injustice, after all our pain and dangers which we
+endure."  By which we may perceive what was Brutus's purpose,
+and the rule of his actions.
+
+About the time that they were going to pass out of Asia into
+Europe, it is said that a wonderful sign was seen by Brutus.  He
+was naturally given to much watching, and by practice and
+moderation in his diet had reduced his allowance of sleep to a
+very small amount of time.  He never slept in the daytime, and
+in the night then only when all his business was finished, and
+when, everyone else being gone to rest, he had nobody to
+discourse with him.  But at this time, the war being begun,
+having the whole state of it to consider and being solicitous of
+the event, after his first sleep, which he let himself take
+after his supper, he spent all the rest of the night in settling
+his most urgent affairs; which if he could dispatch early and so
+make a saving of any leisure, he employed himself in reading
+until the third watch, at which time the centurions and tribunes
+were used to come to him for orders.  Thus one night before he
+passed out of Asia, he was very late all alone in his tent, with
+a dim light burning by him, all the rest of the camp being
+hushed and silent; and reasoning about something with himself
+and very thoughtful, he fancied someone came in, and, looking
+up towards the door, he saw a terrible and strange appearance of
+an unnatural and frightful body standing by him without
+speaking.  Brutus boldly asked it, "What are you, of men or
+gods, and upon what business come to me?"  The figure answered,
+"I am your evil genius, Brutus; you shall see me at Philippi."
+To which Brutus, not at all disturbed, replied, "Then I shall
+see you."
+
+As soon as the apparition vanished, he called his servants to
+him, who all told him that they had neither heard any voice nor
+seen any vision.  So then he continued watching till the
+morning, when he went to Cassius, and told him of what he had
+seen.  He, who followed the principles of Epicurus's philosophy,
+and often used to dispute with Brutus concerning matters of this
+nature, spoke to him thus upon this occasion: "It is the opinion
+of our sect, Brutus, that not all that we feel or see is real
+and true; but that the sense is a most slippery and deceitful
+thing, and the mind yet more quick and subtle to put the sense
+in motion and affect it with every kind of change upon no real
+occasion of fact; just as an impression is made upon wax; and
+the soul of man, which has in itself both what imprints and what
+is imprinted on, may most easily, by its own operations, produce
+and assume every variety of shape and figure.  This is evident
+from the sudden changes of our dreams; in which the imaginative
+principle, once started by anything matter, goes through a
+whole series of most diverse emotions and appearances.  It is
+its nature to be ever in motion, and its motion is fantasy or
+conception.  But besides all this, in your case, the body, being
+tired and distressed with continual toil, naturally works upon
+the mind, and keeps it in an excited and unusual condition.  But
+that there should be any such thing as supernatural beings, or,
+if there were, that they should have human shape or voice or
+power that can reach to us, there is no reason for believing;
+though I confess I could wish that there were such beings, that
+we might not rely upon our arms only, and our horses and our
+navy, all which are so numerous and powerful, but might be
+confident of the assistance of gods also, in this our most
+sacred and honorable attempt."  With such discourses as these
+Cassius soothed the mind of Brutus.  But just as the troops were
+going on board, two eagles flew and lighted on the first two
+ensigns, and crossed over the water with them, and never ceased
+following the soldiers and being fed by them till they came to
+Philippi, and there, but one day before the fight, they both
+flew away.
+
+Brutus had already reduced most of the places and people of
+these parts; but they now marched on as far as to the coast
+opposite Thasos, and, if there were any city or man of power
+that yet stood out, brought them all to subjection.  At this
+point Norbanus was encamped, in a place called the Straits, near
+Symbolum.  Him they surrounded in such sort that they forced him
+to dislodge and quit the place; and Norbanus narrowly escaped
+losing his whole army, Caesar by reason of sickness being too
+far behind; only Antony came to his relief with such wonderful
+swiftness that Brutus and those with him did not believe when
+they heard he was come.  Caesar came up ten days after, and
+encamped over against Brutus, and Antony over against Cassius.
+
+The space between the two armies is called by the Romans the
+Campi Philippi.  Never had two such large Roman armies come
+together to engage each other.  That of Brutus was somewhat less
+in number than that of Caesar, but in the splendidness of the
+men's arms and richness of their equipage it wonderfully
+exceeded; for most of their arms were of gold and silver, which
+Brutus had lavishly bestowed among them.  For though in other
+things he had accustomed his commanders to use all frugality and
+self-control, yet he thought that the riches which soldiers
+carried about them in their hands and on their bodies would add
+something of spirit to those that were desirous of glory, and
+would make those that were covetous and lovers of gain fight the
+more valiantly to preserve the arms which were their estate.
+
+Caesar made a view and lustration of his army within his
+trenches, and distributed only a little corn and but five
+drachmas to each soldier for the sacrifice they were to make.
+But Brutus, either pitying this poverty, or disdaining this
+meanness of spirit in Caesar, first, as the custom was, made a
+general muster and lustration of the army in the open field, and
+then distributed a great number of beasts for sacrifice to every
+regiment, and fifty drachmas to every soldier; so that in the
+love of his soldiers and their readiness to fight for him Brutus
+had much the advantage.  But at the time of lustration it is
+reported that an unlucky omen happened to Cassius; for his
+lictor, presenting him with a garland that he was to wear at
+sacrifice, gave it him the wrong way up.  Further, it is said
+that some time before, at a certain solemn procession, a golden
+image of Victory, which was carried before Cassius, fell down by
+a slip of him that carried it.  Besides this there appeared many
+birds of prey daily about the camp, and swarms of bees were seen
+in a place within the trenches, which place the soothsayers
+ordered to be shut out from the camp, to remove the superstition
+which insensibly began to infect even Cassius himself and shake
+him in his Epicurean philosophy, and had wholly seized and
+subdued the soldiers; from whence it was that Cassius was
+reluctant to put all to the hazard of a present battle, but
+advised rather to draw out the war until further time,
+considering that they were stronger in money and provisions, but
+in numbers of men and arms inferior.  But Brutus, on the
+contrary, was still, as formerly, desirous to come with all
+speed to the decision of a battle; that so he might either
+restore his country to her liberty, or else deliver from their
+misery all those numbers of people whom they harassed with the
+expenses and the service and exactions of the war.  And finding
+also his light-horse in several skirmishes still to have had the
+better, he was the more encouraged and resolved; and some of the
+soldiers having deserted and gone to the enemy, and others
+beginning to accuse and suspect one another, many of Cassius's
+friends in the council changed their opinions to that of Brutus.
+But there was one of Brutus's party, named Atellius, who opposed
+his resolution, advising rather that they should tarry over the
+winter.  And when Brutus asked him in how much better a
+condition he hoped to be a year after, his answer was, "If I
+gain nothing else, yet I shall live so much the longer."
+Cassius was much displeased at this answer; and among the rest,
+Atellius was had in much disesteem for it.  And so it was
+presently resolved to give battle the next day.
+
+Brutus that night at supper showed himself very cheerful and
+full of hope, and reasoned on subjects of philosophy with his
+friends, and afterwards went to his rest.  But Messala says that
+Cassius supped privately with a few of his nearest acquaintance,
+and appeared thoughtful and silent, contrary to his temper and
+custom; that after supper he took him earnestly by the hand, and
+speaking to him, as his manner was when he wished to show
+affection, in Greek, said, "Bear witness for me, Messala, that I
+am brought into the same necessity as Pompey the Great was
+before me, of hazarding the liberty of my country upon one
+battle; yet ought we to be of courage, relying on our good
+fortune, which it were unfair to mistrust, though we take evil
+counsels."  These, Messala says, were the last words that
+Cassius spoke before he bade him farewell; and that he was
+invited to sup with him the next night, being his birthday.
+
+As soon as it was morning, the signal of battle, the scarlet
+coat, was set out in Brutus's and Cassius's camps, and they
+themselves met in the middle space between their two armies.
+There Cassius spoke thus to Brutus: "Be it as we hope, O Brutus,
+that this day we may overcome, and all the rest of our time may
+live a happy life together; but since the greatest of human
+concerns are the most uncertain, and since it may be difficult
+for us ever to see one another again, if the battle should go
+against us, tell me, what is your resolution concerning flight
+and death?"  Brutus answered, "When I was young, Cassius, and
+unskillful in affairs, I was led, I know not how, into uttering
+a bold sentence in philosophy, and blamed Cato for killing
+himself, as thinking it an irreligious act, and not a valiant
+one among men, to try to evade the divine course of things, and
+not fearlessly to receive and undergo the evil that shall
+happen, but run away from it.  But now in my own fortunes I am
+of another mind; for if Providence shall not dispose what we now
+undertake according to our wishes, I resolve to put no further
+hopes or warlike preparations to the proof, but will die
+contented with my fortune.  For I already have given up my life
+to my country on the Ides of March; and have lived since then a
+second life for her sake, with liberty and honor."  Cassius at
+these words smiled, and, embracing Brutus said, "With these
+resolutions let us go on upon the enemy; for either we ourselves
+shall conquer, or have no cause to fear those that do."  After
+this they discoursed among their friends about the ordering of
+the battle; and Brutus desired of Cassius that he might command
+the right wing, though it was thought that this was more fit for
+Cassius, in regard both of his age and his experience.  Yet even
+in this Cassius complied with Brutus, and placed Messala with
+the valiantest of all his legions in the same wing, so Brutus
+immediately drew out his horse, excellently well equipped, and
+was not long in bringing up his foot after them.
+
+Antony's soldiers were casting trenches from the marsh by which
+they were encamped, across the plain, to cut off Cassius's
+communications with the sea.  Caesar was to be at hand with his
+troops to support them, but he was not able to be present
+himself, by reason of his sickness; and his soldiers, not much
+expecting that the enemy would come to a set battle, but only
+make some excursions with their darts and light arms to disturb
+the men at work in the trenches, and not taking notice of the
+boons drawn up against them ready to give battle, were amazed
+when they heard the confused and great outcry that came from the
+trenches.  In the meanwhile Brutus had sent his tickets, in
+which was the word of battle, to the officers; and himself
+riding about to all the troops, encouraged the soldiers; but
+there were but few of them that understood the word before they
+engaged; the most of them, not staying to have it delivered to
+them, with one impulse and cry ran upon the enemy.  This
+disorder caused an unevenness in the line, and the legions got
+severed and divided one from another; that of Messala first, and
+afterwards the other adjoining, went beyond the left wing of
+Caesar; and having just touched the extremity, without
+slaughtering any great number, passing round that wing, fell
+directly into Caesar's camp.  Caesar himself, as his own memoirs
+tell us, had but just before been conveyed away, Marcus
+Artorius, one of his friends, having had a dream bidding Caesar
+be carried out of the camp.  And it was believed that he was
+slain; for the soldiers had pierced his litter, which was left
+empty, in many places with their darts and pikes.  There was a
+great slaughter in the camp that was taken, and two thousand
+Lacedaemonians that were newly come to the assistance of Caesar
+were all cut off together.
+
+The rest of the army, that had not gone round but had engaged
+the front, easily overthrew them, finding them in great
+disorder, and slew upon the place three legions; and being
+carried on with the stream of victory, pursuing those that fled,
+fell into the camp with them, Brutus himself being there.  But
+they that were conquered took the advantage in their extremity
+of what the conquerors did not consider.  For they fell upon
+that part of the main body which had been left exposed and
+separated, where the right wing had broke off from them and
+hurried away in the pursuit; yet they could not break into the
+midst of their battle, but were received with strong resistance
+and obstinacy.  Yet they put to flight the left wing, where
+Cassius commanded, being in great disorder, and ignorant of what
+had passed on the other wing; and, pursuing them to their camp,
+they pillaged and destroyed it, neither of their generals being
+present; for Antony, they say, to avoid the fury of the first
+onset, had retired into the marsh that was hard by; and Caesar
+was nowhere to be found after his being conveyed out of the
+tents; though some of the soldiers showed Brutus their swords
+bloody, and declared that they had killed him, describing his
+person and his age.  By this time also the center of Brutus's
+battle had driven back their opponents with great slaughter; and
+Brutus was everywhere plainly conqueror, as on the other side
+Cassius was conquered.  And this one mistake was the ruin of
+their affairs, that Brutus did not come to the relief of
+Cassius, thinking that he, as well as himself, was conqueror;
+and that Cassius did not expect the relief of Brutus, thinking
+that he too was overcome.  For as a proof that the victory was
+on Brutus's side, Messala urges his taking three eagles and many
+ensigns of the enemy without losing any of his own.  But now,
+returning from the pursuit after having plundered Caesar's camp,
+Brutus wondered that he could not see Cassius's tent standing
+high, as it was wont, and appearing above the rest, nor other
+things appearing as they had been; for they had been immediately
+pulled down and pillaged by the enemy upon their first falling
+into the camp.  But some that had a quicker and longer sight
+than the rest acquainted Brutus that they saw a great deal of
+shining armor and silver targets moving to and fro in Cassius's
+camp, and that they thought, by their number and the fashion of
+their armor, they could not be those that they left to guard the
+camp; but yet that there did not appear so great a number of
+dead bodies thereabouts as it was probable there would have been
+after the actual defeat of so many legions.  This first made
+Brutus suspect Cassius's misfortune, and, leaving a guard in the
+enemy's camp, he called back those that were in the pursuit, and
+rallied them together to lead them to the relief of Cassius,
+whose fortune had been as follows.
+
+First, he had been angry at the onset that Brutus's soldiers
+made, without the word of battle or command to charge.  Then,
+after they had overcome, he was as much displeased to see them
+rush on to the plunder and spoil, and neglect to surround and
+encompass the rest of the enemy.  Besides this, letting himself
+act by delay and expectation, rather than command boldly and
+with a clear purpose, he got hemmed in by the right wing of the
+enemy, and, his horse making with all haste their escape and
+flying towards the sea, the foot also began to give way, which
+he perceiving labored as much as ever he could to hinder their
+flight and bring them back; and, snatching an ensign out of the
+hand of one that fled, he stuck it at his feet, though he could
+hardly keep even his own personal guard together.  So that at
+last he was forced to fly with a few about him to a little hill
+that overlooked the plain.  But he himself, being weak-sighted,
+discovered nothing, only the destruction of his camp, and that
+with difficulty.  But they that were with him saw a great body
+of horse moving towards him, the same whom Brutus had sent.
+Cassius believed these were enemies, and in pursuit of him;
+however, he sent away Titinius, one of those that were with him,
+to learn what they were.  As soon as Brutus's horse saw him
+coming, and knew him to be a friend and a faithful servant of
+Cassius, those of them that were his more familiar acquaintance,
+shouting out for joy and alighting from their horses, shook
+hands and embraced him, and the rest rode round about him
+singing and shouting, through their excess of gladness at the
+sight of him.  But this was the occasion of the greatest
+mischief that could be.  For Cassius really thought that
+Titinius had been taken by the enemy, and cried out, "Through
+too much fondness of life, I have lived to endure the sight of
+my friend taken by the enemy before my face."  After which words
+he retired into an empty tent, taking along with him only
+Pindarus, one of his freedmen, whom he had reserved for such an
+occasion ever since the disasters in the expedition against the
+Parthians, when Crassus was slain.  From the Parthians he came
+away in safety; but now, pulling up his mantle over his head, he
+made his neck bare, and held it forth to Pindarus, commanding
+him to strike.  The head was certainly found lying severed from
+the body.  But no man ever saw Pindarus after, from which some
+suspected that he had killed his master without his command.
+Soon after they perceived who the horsemen were, and saw
+Titinius, crowned with garlands, making what haste he could
+towards Cassius.  But as soon as he understood by the cries and
+lamentations of his afflicted friends the unfortunate error and
+death of his general, he drew his sword, and having very much
+accused and upbraided his own long stay, that had caused it, he
+slew himself.
+
+Brutus, as soon as he was assured of the defeat of Cassius, made
+haste to him; but heard nothing of his death till he came near
+his camp.  Then having lamented over his body, calling him "the
+last of the Romans," it being impossible that the city should
+ever produce another man of so great a spirit, he sent away the
+body to be buried at Thasos, lest celebrating his funeral within
+the camp might breed some disorder.  He then gathered the
+soldiers together and comforted them; and, seeing them destitute
+of all things necessary, he promised to every man two thousand
+drachmas in recompense of what he had lost.  They at these words
+took courage, and were astonished at the magnificence of the
+gift; and waited upon him at his parting with shouts and
+praises, magnifying him for the only general of all the four who
+was not overcome in the battle.  And indeed the action itself
+testified that it was not without reason he believed he should
+conquer; for with a few legions he overthrew all that resisted
+him; and if all his soldiers had fought, and the most of them
+had not passed beyond the enemy in pursuit of the plunder, it is
+very likely that he had utterly defeated every part of them.
+
+There fell of his side eight thousand men, reckoning the
+servants of the army, whom Brutus calls Briges; and on the other
+side, Messala says his opinion is that there were slain above
+twice that number.  For which reason they were more out of heart
+than Brutus, until a servant of Cassius, named Demetrius, came
+in the evening to Antony, and brought to him the garment which
+he had taken from the dead body, and his sword; at the sight of
+which they were so encouraged, that, as soon as it was morning,
+they drew out their whole force into the field, and stood in
+battle array.  But Brutus found both his camps wavering and in
+disorder; for his own, being filled with prisoners, required a
+guard more strict than ordinary over them; and that of Cassius
+was uneasy at the change of general, besides some envy and
+rancor, which those that were conquered bore to that part of the
+army which had been conquerors.  Wherefore he thought it
+convenient to put his army in array, but to abstain from
+fighting.  All the slaves that were taken prisoners, of whom
+there was a great number that were mixed up, not without
+suspicion, among the soldiers, he commanded to be slain; but of
+the freemen and citizens, some he dismissed, saying that among
+the enemy they were rather prisoners than with him, for with
+them they were captives and slaves, but with him freemen and
+citizens of Rome.  But he was forced to hide and help them to
+escape privately, perceiving that his friends and officers were
+bent upon revenge against them.  Among the captives there was
+one Volumnius, a player, and Sacculio, a buffoon; of these
+Brutus took no manner of notice, but his friends brought them
+before him, and accused them that even then in that condition
+they did not refrain from their jests and scurrilous language.
+Brutus, having his mind taken up with other affairs, said
+nothing to their accusation; but the judgment of Messala
+Corvinus was, that they should be whipped publicly upon a stage,
+and so sent naked to the captains of the enemy, to show them
+what sort of fellow drinkers and companions they took with them
+on their campaigns.  At this some that were present laughed; and
+Publius Casca, he that gave the first wound to Caesar, said, "We
+do ill to jest and make merry at the funeral of Cassius.  But
+you, O Brutus," he added, "will show what esteem you have for
+the memory of that general, according as you punish or preserve
+alive those who will scoff and speak shamefully of him."  To
+this Brutus, in great discomposure replied, "Why then, Casca, do
+you ask me about it, and not do yourselves what you think
+fitting?"  This answer of Brutus was taken for his consent to
+the death of these wretched men; so they were carried away and
+slain.
+
+After this he gave the soldiers the reward that he had promised
+them; and having slightly reproved them for having fallen upon
+the enemy in disorder without the word of battle or command, he
+promised them, that if they behaved themselves bravely in the
+next engagement, he would give them up two cities to spoil and
+plunder, Thessalonica and Lacedaemon.  This is the one
+indefensible thing of all that is found fault with in the life
+of Brutus; though true it may be that Antony and Caesar were
+much more cruel in the rewards that they gave their soldiers
+after victory; for they drove out, one might almost say, all the
+old inhabitants of Italy, to put their soldiers in possession of
+other men's lands and cities.  But indeed their only design and
+end in undertaking the war was to obtain dominion and empire,
+whereas Brutus, for the reputation of his virtue, could not be
+permitted either to overcome or save himself but with justice
+and honor, especially after the death of Cassius, who was
+generally accused of having been his adviser to some things that
+he had done with less clemency.  But now, as in a ship, when the
+rudder is broken by a storm, the mariners fit and nail on some
+other piece of wood instead of it, striving against the danger
+not well, but as well as in that necessity they can, so Brutus,
+being at the head of so great an army, in a time of such
+uncertainty, having no commander equal to his need, was forced
+to make use of those that he had, and to do and to say many
+things according to their advice; which was, in effect, whatever
+might conduce to the bringing of Cassius's soldiers into better
+order.  For they were very headstrong and intractable, bold and
+insolent in the camp for want of their general, but in the field
+cowardly and fearful, remembering that they had been beaten.
+
+Neither were the affairs of Caesar and Antony in any better
+posture; for they were straitened for provision, and, the camp
+being in a low ground, they expected to pass a very hard winter.
+For being driven close upon the marshes, and a great quantity of
+rain, as is usual in autumn, having fallen after the battle,
+their tents were all filled with mire and water, which through
+the coldness of the weather immediately froze.  And while they
+were in this condition, there was news brought to them of their
+loss at sea.  For Brutus's fleet fell upon their ships, which
+were bringing a great supply of soldiers out of Italy, and so
+entirely defeated them, that but very few of the men escaped
+being slain, and they too were forced by famine to feed upon the
+sails and tackle of the ship.  As soon as they heard this, they
+made what haste they could to come to the decision of a battle,
+before Brutus should have notice of his good success.  For it
+had so happened that the fight both by sea and land was on the
+same day, but by some misfortune, rather than the fault of his
+commanders, Brutus knew not of his victory twenty days after.
+For had he been informed of this, he would not have been brought
+to a second battle, since he had sufficient provisions for his
+army for a long time, and was very advantageously posted, his
+camp being well sheltered from the cold weather, and almost
+inaccessible to the enemy, and his being absolute master of the
+sea, and having at land overcome on that side wherein he himself
+was engaged, would have made him full of hope and confidence.
+But it seems, the state of Rome not enduring any longer to be
+governed by many, but necessarily requiring a monarchy, the
+divine power, that it might remove out of the way the only man
+that was able to resist him that could control the empire, cut
+off his good fortune from coming to the ears of Brutus; though
+it came but a very little too late, for the very evening before
+the fight, Clodius, a deserter from the enemy, came and
+announced that Caesar had received advice of the loss of his
+fleet, and for that reason was in such haste to come to a
+battle.  But his story met with no credit, nor was he so much as
+seen by Brutus, being simply set down as one that had had no
+good information, or invented lies to bring himself into favor.
+
+The same night, they say, the vision appeared again to Brutus,
+in the same shape that it did before, but vanished without
+speaking.  But Publius Volumnius, a philosopher, and one that
+had from the beginning borne arms with Brutus, makes no mention
+of this apparition, but says that the first eagle was covered
+with a swarm of bees, and that there was one of the captains
+whose arm of itself sweated oil of roses, and, though they often
+dried and wiped it, yet it would not cease; and that immediately
+before the battle, two eagles falling upon each other fought in
+the space between the two armies, that the whole field kept
+incredible silence and all were intent upon the spectacle, until
+at last that which was on Brutus's side yielded and fled.  But
+the story of the Ethiopian is very famous, who meeting the
+standard-bearer at the opening the gate of the camp, was cut to
+pieces by the soldiers, that took it for an ill omen.
+
+Brutus, having brought his army into the field and set them in
+array against the enemy, paused a long while before he would
+fight; for, as he was reviewing the troops, suspicions were
+excited, and informations laid against some of them.  Besides,
+he saw his horse not very eager to begin the action, and waiting
+to see what the foot would do.  Then suddenly Camulatus, a very
+good soldier, and one whom for his valor he highly esteemed,
+riding hard by Brutus himself, went over to the enemy, the sight
+of which grieved Brutus exceedingly.  So that partly out of
+anger, and partly out of fear of some greater treason and
+desertion, he immediately drew on his forces upon the enemy, the
+sun now declining, about three of the clock in the afternoon.
+Brutus on his side had the better, and pressed hard on the left
+wing, which gave way and retreated; and the horse too fell in
+together with the foot, when they saw the enemy in disorder.
+But the other wing, when the officers extended the line to avoid
+its being encompassed, the numbers being inferior, got drawn out
+too thin in the center, and was so weak here that they could not
+withstand the charge, but at the first onset fled.  After
+defeating these, the enemy at once took Brutus in the rear, who
+all the while performed all that was possible for an expert
+general and valiant soldier, doing everything in the peril, by
+counsel and by hand, that might recover the victory.  But that
+which had been his superiority in the former fight was to his
+prejudice in this second.  For in the first fight, that part of
+the enemy which was beaten was killed on the spot; but of
+Cassius's soldiers that fled few had been slain, and those that
+escaped, daunted with their defeat, infected the other and
+larger part of the army with their want of spirit and their
+disorder.  Here Marcus, the son of Cato, was slain, fighting and
+behaving himself with great bravery in the midst of the youth of
+the highest rank and greatest valor.  He would neither fly nor
+give the least ground, but, still fighting and declaring who he
+was and naming his father's name, he fell upon a heap of dead
+bodies of the enemy.  And of the rest, the bravest were slain in
+defending Brutus.
+
+There was in the field one Lucilius, an excellent man and a
+friend of Brutus, who, seeing some barbarian horse taking no
+notice of any other in the pursuit, but galloping at full speed
+after Brutus, resolved to stop them, though with the hazard of
+his life; and, letting himself fall a little behind, he told
+them that he was Brutus.  They believed him the rather, because
+he prayed to be carried to Antony, as if he feared Caesar, but
+durst trust him.  They, overjoyed with their prey, and thinking
+themselves wonderfully fortunate, carried him along with them in
+the night, having first sent messengers to Antony of their
+coming.  He was much pleased, and came to meet them; and all the
+rest that heard that Brutus was taken and brought alive, flocked
+together to see him, some pitying his fortune, others accusing;
+him of a meanness unbecoming his former glory, that out of too
+much love of life he would be a prey to barbarians.  When they
+came near together, Antony stood still, considering with himself
+in what manner he should receive Brutus.  But Lucilius, being
+brought up to him, with great confidence said: "Be assured,
+Antony, that no enemy either has taken or ever shall take Marcus
+Brutus alive (forbid it, heaven, that fortune should ever so
+much prevail above virtue), but he shall be found, alive or
+dead, as becomes himself.  As for me, I am come hither by a
+cheat that I put upon your soldiers, and am ready, upon this
+occasion, to suffer any severities you will inflict."  All were
+amazed to hear Lucilius speak these words.  But Antony, turning
+himself to those that brought him, said: "I perceive, my
+fellow-soldiers, that you are concerned and take it ill that you
+have been thus deceived, and think yourselves abused and injured
+by it; but know that you have met with a booty better than that
+you sought.  For you were in search of an enemy, but you have
+brought me here a friend.  For indeed I am uncertain how I
+should have used Brutus, if you had brought him alive; but of
+this I am sure, that it is better to have such men as Lucilius
+our friends than our enemies."  Having said this, he embraced
+Lucilius, and for the present commended him to the care of one
+of his friends, and ever after found him a steady and a faithful
+friend.
+
+Brutus had now passed a little brook, running among trees and
+under steep rocks, and, it being night, would go no further, but
+sat down in a hollow place with a great rock projecting before
+it, with a few of his officers and friends about him.  At first,
+looking up to heaven, that was then full of stars, he repeated
+two verses, one of which, Volumnius writes, was this: --
+
+Punish, great Jove, the author of these ills.
+
+The other he says he has forgot.  Soon after, naming severally
+all his friends that had been slain before his face in the
+battle, he groaned heavily, especially at the mentioning of
+Flavius and Labeo, the latter his lieutenant, and the other
+chief officer of his engineers.  In the meantime, one of his
+companions, that was very thirsty and saw Brutus in the same
+condition, took his helmet and ran to the brook for water, when,
+a noise being heard from the other side of the river, Volumnius,
+taking Dardanus, Brutus's armor-bearer, with him, went out to
+see what it was.  They returned in a short space, and inquired
+about the water.  Brutus, smiling with much meaning, said to
+Volumnius, "It is all drunk; but you shall have some more
+fetched."  But he that had brought the first water, being sent
+again, was in great danger of being taken by the enemy, and,
+having received a wound, with much difficulty escaped.
+
+Now Brutus guessing that not many of his men were slain in the
+fight, Statyllius undertook to dash through the enemy (for there
+was no other way), and to see what was become of their camp; and
+promised, if he found all things there safe, to hold up a torch
+for a signal, and then return.  The torch was held up, for
+Statyllius got safe to the camp; but when after a long time he
+did not return, Brutus said, "If Statyllius be alive, he will
+come back."  But it happened that in his return he fell into the
+enemy's hands, and was slain.
+
+The night now being far spent, Brutus, as he was sitting, leaned
+his head towards his servant Clitus and spoke to him; he
+answered him not, but fell a weeping.  After that, he drew
+aside his armor-bearer, Dardanus, and had some discourse with
+him in private.  At last, speaking to Volumnius in Greek, he
+reminded him of their common studies and former discipline, and
+begged that he would take hold of his sword with him, and help
+him to thrust it through him.  Volumnius put away his request,
+and several others did the like; and someone saying, that there
+was no staying there, but they needs must fly, Brutus, rising
+up, said, "Yes, indeed, we must fly, but not with our feet, but
+with our hands."  Then giving each of them his right hand, with
+a countenance full of pleasure, he said, that he found an
+infinite satisfaction in this, that none of his friends had been
+false to him; that as for fortune, he was angry with that only
+for his country's sake; as for himself, he thought himself much
+more happy than they who had overcome, not only as he had been a
+little time ago, but even now in his present condition; since he
+was leaving behind him such a reputation of his virtue as none
+of the conquerors with all their arms and riches should ever be
+able to acquire, no more than they could hinder posterity from
+believing and saying, that, being unjust and wicked men, they
+had destroyed the just and the good, and usurped a power to
+which they had no right.  After this, having exhorted and
+entreated all about him to provide for their own safety, he
+withdrew from them with two or three only of his peculiar
+friends; Strato was one of these, with whom he had contracted an
+acquaintance when they studied rhetoric together.  Him he placed
+next to himself, and, taking hold of the hilt of his sword and
+directing it with both his hands, he fell upon it, and killed
+himself.  But others say, that not he himself, but Strato, at
+the earnest entreaty of Brutus, turning aside his head, held the
+sword, upon which he violently throwing himself, it pierced his
+breast, and he immediately died.  This same Strato, Messala, a
+friend of Brutus, being, after reconciled to Caesar, brought to
+him once at his leisure, and with tears in his eyes said, "This,
+O Caesar, is the man that did the last friendly office to my
+beloved Brutus."  Upon which Caesar received him kindly; and had
+good use of him in his labors and his battles at Actium, being
+one of the Greeks that proved their bravery in his service.  It
+is reported of Messala himself, that, when Caesar once gave him
+this commendation, that though he was his fiercest enemy at
+Philippi in the cause of Brutus, yet he had shown himself his
+most entire friend in the fight of Actium, he answered, "You
+have always found me, Caesar, on the best and justest side."
+
+Brutus's dead body was found by Antony, who commanded the
+richest purple mantle that he had to be thrown over it, and
+afterwards the mantle being stolen, he found the thief, and had
+him put to death.  He sent the ashes of Brutus to his mother
+Servilia.  As for Porcia his wife, Nicolaus the philosopher and
+Valerius Maximus write, that, being desirous to die, but being
+hindered by her friends, who continually watched her, she
+snatched some burning charcoal out of the fire, and, shutting it
+close in her mouth, stifled herself, and died.  Though there is
+a letter current from Brutus to his friends, in which he laments
+the death of Porcia, and accuses them for neglecting her so that
+she desired to die rather than languish with her disease.  So
+that it seems Nicolaus was mistaken in the time; for this
+epistle (if it indeed is authentic, and truly Brutus's) gives us
+to understand the malady and love of Porcia, and the way in
+which her death occurred.
+
+
+
+COMPARISON OF DION AND BRUTUS
+
+There are noble points in abundance in the characters of these
+two men, and one to be first mentioned is their attaining such a
+height of greatness upon such inconsiderable means; and on this
+score Dion has by far the advantage.  For he had no partner to
+contest his glory, as Brutus had in Cassius, who was not,
+indeed, his equal in proved virtue and honor, yet contributed
+quite as much to the service of the war by his boldness, skill,
+and activity; and some there be who impute to him the rise and
+beginning of the whole enterprise, saying that it was he who
+roused Brutus, till then indisposed to stir, into action against
+Caesar.  Whereas Dion seems of himself to have provided not only
+arms, ships, and soldiers, but likewise friends and partners for
+the enterprise.  Neither did he, as Brutus, collect money and
+forces from the war itself, but, on the contrary, laid out of
+his own substance, and employed the very means of his private
+sustenance in exile for the liberty of his country.  Besides
+this, Brutus and Cassius, when they fled from Rome, could not
+live safe or quiet, being condemned to death and pursued, and
+were thus of necessity forced to take arms and hazard their
+lives in their own defense, to save themselves, rather than
+their country.  On the other hand, Dion enjoyed more ease, was
+more safe, and his life more pleasant in his banishment, than
+was the tyrant's who had banished him, when he flew to action,
+and ran the risk of all to save Sicily.
+
+Take notice, too, that it was not the same thing for the
+Sicilians to be freed from Dionysius, and for the Romans to be
+freed from Caesar.  The former owned himself a tyrant, and vexed
+Sicily with a thousand oppressions; whereas Caesar's supremacy,
+certainly, in the process for attaining it, had inflicted no
+little trouble on its opponents, but, once established and
+victorious, it had indeed the name and appearance, but fact that
+was cruel or tyrannical there was none.  On the contrary, in the
+malady of the times and the need of a monarchical government, he
+might be thought to have been sent, as the gentlest physician,
+by no other than a divine intervention.  And thus the common
+people instantly regretted Caesar, and grew enraged and
+implacable against those that killed him.  Whereas Dion's chief
+offense in the eyes of his fellow-citizens was his having let
+Dionysius escape, and not having demolished the former tyrant's
+tomb.
+
+In the actual conduct of war, Dion was a commander without
+fault, improving to the utmost those counsels which he himself
+gave, and, where others led him into disaster, correcting and
+turning everything to the best.  But Brutus seems to have shown
+little wisdom in engaging in the final battle, which was to
+decide everything, and, when he failed, not to have done his
+business in seeking a remedy ; he gave all up, and abandoned his
+hopes, not venturing against fortune even as far as Pompey did,
+when he had still means enough to rely on in his troops, and was
+clearly master of all the seas with his ships.
+
+The greatest thing charged on Brutus is, that he, being saved by
+Caesar's kindness, having saved all the friends whom he chose to
+ask for, he moreover accounted a friend, and preferred above
+many, did yet lay violent hands upon his preserver.  Nothing
+like this could be objected against Dion; quite the contrary,
+whilst he was of Dionysius's family and his friend, he did good
+service, and was useful to him; but driven from his country,
+wronged in his wife, and his estate lost, he openly entered upon
+a war just and lawful.  Does not, however, the matter turn the
+other way?  For the chief glory of both was their hatred of
+tyranny, and abhorrence of wickedness.  This was unmixed and
+sincere in Brutus; for he had no private quarrel with Caesar,
+but went into the risk singly for the liberty of his country.
+The other, had he not been privately injured, had not fought.
+This is plain from Plato's epistles, where it is shown that he
+was turned out, and did not forsake the court to wage war upon
+Dionysius.  Moreover, the public good made Brutus Pompey's
+friend (instead of his enemy as he had been) and Caesar's enemy;
+since he proposed for his hatred and his friendship no other end
+and standard but justice.  Dion was very serviceable to
+Dionysius whilst in favor; when no longer trusted, he grew angry
+and fell to arms.  And, for this reason, not even were his own
+friends all of them satisfied with his undertaking, or quite
+assured that, having overcome Dionysius, he might not settle the
+government on himself, deceiving his fellow-citizens by some
+less obnoxious name than tyranny.  But the very enemies of
+Brutus would say that he had no other end or aim, from first to
+last, save only to restore to the Roman people their ancient
+government.
+
+And apart from what has just been said, the adventure against
+Dionysius was nothing equal with that against Caesar.  For none
+that was familiarly conversant with Dionysius but scorned him
+for his life of idle amusement with wine, women, and dice;
+whereas it required an heroic soul and a truly intrepid and
+unquailing spirit so much as to entertain the thought of
+crushing Caesar so formidable for his ability, his power, and
+his fortune, whose very name disturbed the slumbers of the
+Parthian and Indian kings.  Dion was no sooner seen in Sicily
+but thousands ran in to him and joined him against Dionysius;
+whereas the renown of Caesar, even when dead, gave strength to
+his friends; and his very name so heightened the person that
+took it, that from a simple boy he presently became the chief of
+the Romans; and he could use it for a spell against the enmity
+and power of Antony.  If any object that it cost Dion great
+trouble and difficulties to overcome the tyrant, whereas Brutus
+slew Caesar naked and unprovided, yet this itself was the result
+of the most consummate policy and conduct, to bring it about
+that a man so guarded around, and so fortified at all points,
+should be taken naked and unprovided.  For it was not on the
+sudden, nor alone, nor with a few, that he fell upon and killed
+Caesar; but after long concerting the plot, and placing
+confidence in a great many men, not one of whom deceived him.
+For he either at once discerned the best men, or by confiding in
+them made them good.  But Dion, either making a wrong judgment,
+trusted himself with ill men, or else by his employing them made
+ill men of good; either of the two would be a reflection on a
+wise man.  Plato also is severe upon him, for choosing such for
+friends as betrayed him.
+
+Besides, when Dion was killed, none appeared to revenge his
+death.  Whereas Brutus, even amongst his enemies, had Antony
+that buried him splendidly; and Caesar also took care his honors
+should be preserved.  There stood at Milan in Gaul, within the
+Alps, a brazen statue, which Caesar in after-times noticed
+(being a real likeness, and a fine work of art), and passing by
+it, presently stopped short, and in the hearing of many
+commended the magistrates to come before him.  He told them
+their town had broken their league, harboring an enemy.  The
+magistrates at first simply denied the thing, and, not knowing
+what he meant, looked one upon another, when Caesar, turning
+towards the statue and gathering his brows, said, "Pray, is not
+that our enemy who stands there?"  They were all in confusion,
+and had nothing to answer; but he, smiling, much commended the
+Gauls, as who had been firm to their friends, though in
+adversity, and ordered that the statue should remain standing as
+he found it.
+
+
+
+ARATUS
+
+The philosopher Chrysippus, O Polycrates, quotes an ancient
+proverb, not as really it should be, apprehending, I suppose,
+that it sounded too harshly, but so as he thought it would run
+best, in these words,
+
+Who praise their father but the generous sons?
+
+But Dionysodorus the Troezenian proves him to be wrong, and
+restores the true reading, which is this, --
+
+Who praise their fathers but degenerate sons?
+
+telling us that the proverb is meant to stop the mouth of those
+who, having no merit of their own, take refuge in the virtues of
+their ancestors, and make their advantage of praising them.
+But, as Pindar hath it,
+
+He that by nature doth inherit
+From ancestors a noble spirit,
+
+as you do, who make your life the copy of the fairest originals
+of your family, -- such, I say, may take great satisfaction in
+being reminded, both by hearing others speak and speaking
+themselves, of the best of their progenitors.  For they assume
+not the glory of praises earned by others out of any want of
+worth of their own, but, affiliating their own deeds to those of
+their ancestor, give them honor as the authors both of their
+descent and manners.
+
+Therefore I have sent to you the life which I have written of
+your fellow-citizen and forefather Aratus, to whom you are no
+discredit in point either of reputation or of authority, not as
+though you had not been most diligently careful to inform
+yourself from the beginning concerning his actions, but that
+your sons, Polycrates and Pythocles, may both by hearing and
+reading become familiar with those family examples which it
+behooves them to follow and imitate.  It is a piece of
+self-love, and not of the love of virtue, to imagine one has
+already attained to what is best.
+
+The city of Sicyon, from the time that it first fell off from
+the pure and Doric aristocracy (its harmony being destroyed, and
+a mere series of seditions and personal contests of popular
+leaders ensuing), continued to be distempered and unsettled,
+changing from one tyrant to another, until, Cleon being slain,
+Timoclides and Clinias, men of the most repute and power amongst
+the citizens, were chosen to the magistracy.  And the
+commonwealth now seeming to be in a pretty settled condition,
+Timoclides died, and Abantidas, the son of Paseas, to possess
+himself of the tyranny, killed Clinias, and, of his kindred and
+friends, slew some and banished others.  He sought also to kill
+his son Aratus, whom he left behind him, being but seven years
+old.  This boy in the general disorder getting out of the house
+with those that fled, and wandering about the city helpless and
+in great fear, by chance got undiscovered into the house of a
+woman who was Abantidas's sister, but married to Prophantus, the
+brother of Clinias, her name being Soso.  She, being of a
+generous temper, and believing the boy had by some supernatural
+guidance fled to her for shelter, hid him in the house, and at
+night sent him away to Argos.
+
+Aratus, being thus delivered and secured from this danger,
+conceived from the first and ever after nourished a vehement and
+burning hatred against tyrants, which strengthened with his
+years.  Being therefore bred up amongst his father's
+acquaintance and friends at Argos with a liberal education, and
+perceiving his body to promise good health and stature, he
+addicted himself to the exercises of the palaestra, to that
+degree that he competed in the five games, and gained some
+crowns; and indeed in his statues one may observe a certain kind
+of athletic cast, and the sagacity and majesty of his
+countenance does not dissemble his full diet and the use of the
+hoe. Whence it came to pass that he less studied eloquence than
+perhaps became a statesman, and yet he was more accomplished in
+speaking than many believe, judging by the commentaries which he
+left behind him, written carelessly and by the way, as fast as
+he could do it, and in such words as first came to his mind.
+
+In the course of time, Dinias and Aristoteles the logician
+killed Abantidas, who used to be present in the marketplace at
+their discussions, and to make one in them; till they, taking
+the occasion, insensibly accustomed him to the practice, and so
+had opportunity to contrive and execute a plot against him.
+After him Paseas, the father of Abantidas, taking upon him the
+government, was assassinated by Nicocles, who himself set up for
+tyrant.  Of him it is related that he was strikingly like
+Periander the son of Cypselus, just as it is said that Orontes
+the Persian bore a great resemblance to Alcmaeon the son of
+Amphiaraus, and that Lacedaemonian youth, whom Myrsilus relates
+to have been trodden to pieces by the crowd of those that came
+to see him upon that report, to Hector.
+
+This Nicocles governed four months, in which, after he had done
+all kinds of mischief to the city, he very nearly let it fall
+into the hands of the Aetolians.  By this time Aratus, being
+grown a youth, was in much esteem, both for his noble birth and
+his spirit and disposition, which, while neither insignificant
+nor wanting in energy, were solid, and tempered with a
+steadiness of judgment beyond his years.  For which reason the
+exiles had their eyes most upon him, nor did Nicocles less
+observe his motions, but secretly spied and watched him, not out
+of apprehension of any such considerable or utterly audacious
+attempt, but suspecting he held correspondence with the kings,
+who were his father's friends and acquaintance.  And, indeed,
+Aratus first attempted this way; but finding that Antigonus, who
+had promised fair, neglected him and delayed the time, and that
+his hopes from Egypt and Ptolemy were long to wait for, he
+determined to cut off the tyrant by himself.
+
+And first he broke his mind to Aristomachus and Ecdelus, the one
+an exile of Sicyon, the other, Ecdelus, an Arcadian of
+Megalopolis, a philosopher, and a man of action, having been the
+familiar friend of Arcesilaus the Academic at Athens.  These
+readily consenting, he communicated with the other exiles,
+whereof some few, being ashamed to seem to despair of success,
+engaged in the design; but most of them endeavored to divert him
+from his purpose, as one that for want of experience was too
+rash and daring.
+
+Whilst he was consulting to seize upon some post in Sicyonia,
+from whence he might make war upon the tyrant, there came to
+Argos a certain Sicyonian, newly escaped out of prison, brother
+to Xenocles, one of the exiles, who being by him presented to
+Aratus informed him, that that part of the wall over which he
+escaped was, inside, almost level with the ground, adjoining a
+rocky and elevated place, and that from the outside it might be
+scaled with ladders.  Aratus, hearing this, dispatches away
+Xenocles with two of his own servants, Seuthas and Technon, to
+view the wall, resolving, if possible, secretly and with one
+risk to hazard all on a single trial, rather than carry on a
+contest as a private man against a tyrant by long war and open
+force.  Xenocles, therefore, with his companions, returning
+having taken the height of the wall, and declaring the place not
+to be impossible or indeed difficult to get over, but that it
+was not easy to approach it undiscovered, by reason of some
+small but uncommonly savage and noisy dogs belonging to a
+gardener hard by, he immediately undertook the business.
+
+Now the preparation of arms gave no jealousy, because robberies
+and petty forays were at that time common everywhere between one
+set of people and another; and for the ladders, Euphranor, the
+machine-maker, made them openly, his trade rendering him
+unsuspected, though one of the exiles.  As for men, each of his
+friends in Argos furnished him with ten apiece out of those few
+they had, and he armed thirty of his own servants, and hired
+some few soldiers of Xenophilus, the chief of the robber
+captains, to whom it was given out that they were to march into
+the territory of Sicyon to seize the king's stud; most of them
+were sent before, in small parties, to the tower of Polygnotus,
+with orders to wait there; Caphisias also was dispatched
+beforehand lightly armed, with four others, who were, as soon as
+it was dark, to come to the gardener's house, pretending to be
+travelers, and, procuring their lodging there, to shut up him
+and his dogs; for there was no other way of getting past.  And
+for the ladders, they had been made to take in pieces, and were
+put into chests, and sent before hidden upon wagons.  In the
+meantime, some of the spies of Nicocles appearing in Argos, and
+being said to go privately about watching Aratus, he came early
+in the morning into the market-place, showing him self openly
+and conversing with his friends; then he anointed himself in the
+exercise ground, and, taking with him thence some of the young
+men that used to drink and spend their time with him, he went
+home; and presently after several of his servants were seen
+about the marketplace, one carrying garlands, another buying
+flambeaus, and a third speaking to the women that used to sing
+and play at banquets, all which things the spies observing were
+deceived, and said laughing to one another, "Certainly nothing
+can be more timorous than a tyrant, if Nicocles, being master of
+so great a city and so numerous a force, stands in fear of a
+youth that spends what he has to subsist upon in his banishment
+in pleasures and day-debauches;" and, being thus imposed upon,
+they returned home.
+
+But Aratus, departing immediately after his morning meal, and
+coming to his soldiers at Polygnotus's tower, led them to Nemea;
+where he disclosed, to most of them for the first time; his true
+design, making them large promises and fair speeches, and
+marched towards the city, giving for the word Apollo victorious,
+proportioning his march to the motion of the moon, so as to have
+the benefit of her light upon the way, and to be in the garden,
+which was close to the wall, just as she was setting.  Here
+Caphisias came to him, who had not secured the dogs, which had
+run away before he could catch them, but had only made sure of
+the gardener.  Upon which most of the company being out of heart
+and desiring to retreat, Aratus encouraged them to go on,
+promising to retire in case the dogs were too troublesome;
+and at the same time sending forward those that carried the
+ladders, conducted by Ecdelus and Mnasitheus, he followed them
+himself leisurely, the dogs already barking very loud and
+following, the steps of Ecdelus and his companions.  However,
+they got to the wall, and reared the ladders with safety.  But
+as the foremost men were mounting them, the captain of the watch
+that was to be relieved by the morning guard passed on his way
+with the bell, and there were many lights, and a noise of people
+coming up.  Hearing which, they clapped themselves close to the
+ladders, and so were unobserved; but as the other watch also was
+coming up to meet this, they were in extreme danger of being
+discovered.  But when this also went by without observing them,
+immediately Mnasitheus and Ecdelus got upon the wall, and,
+possessing themselves of the approaches inside and out, sent
+away Technon to Aratus, desiring him to make all the haste he
+could.
+
+Now there was no great distance from the garden to the wall and
+to the tower, in which latter a large hound was kept.  The hound
+did not hear their steps of himself, whether that he were
+naturally drowsy, or overwearied the day before, but, the
+gardener's curs awaking him, he first began to growl and grumble
+in response, and then as they passed by to bark out aloud.  And
+the barking was now so great, that the sentinel opposite shouted
+out to the dog's keeper to know why the dog kept such a barking,
+and whether anything was the matter; who answered, that it was
+nothing, but only that his dog had been set barking by the
+lights of the watch and the noise of the bell.  This reply much
+encouraged Aratus's soldiers, who thought the dog's keeper was
+privy to their design, and wished to conceal what was passing,
+and that many others in the city were of the conspiracy.  But
+when they came to scale the wall, the attempt then appeared both
+to require time and to be full of danger, for the ladders shook
+and tottered extremely unless they mounted them leisurely and
+one by one, and time pressed, for the cocks began to crow, and
+the country people that used to bring things to the market would
+be coming to the town directly.  Therefore Aratus made haste to
+get up himself, forty only of the company being already upon the
+wall, and, staying but for a few more of those that were below,
+he made straight to the tyrant's house and the general's office,
+where the mercenary soldiers passed the night, and, coming
+suddenly upon them, and taking them prisoners without killing
+any one of them, he immediately sent to all his friends in their
+houses to desire them to come to him, which they did from all
+quarters.  By this time the day began to break, and the theater
+was filled with a multitude that were held in suspense by
+uncertain reports and knew nothing distinctly of what had
+happened, until a public crier came forward and proclaimed that
+Aratus, the son of Clinias, invited the citizens to recover
+their liberty.
+
+Then at last assured that what they so long looked for was come
+to pass, they pressed in throngs to the tyrant's gates to set
+them on fire.  And such a flame was kindled, the whole house
+catching fire, that it was seen as far as Corinth; so that the
+Corinthians, wondering what the matter could be, were upon the
+point of coming to their assistance.  Nicocles fled away
+secretly out of the city by means of certain underground
+passages, and the soldiers, helping the Sicyonians to quench the
+fire, plundered the house.  This Aratus hindered not, but
+divided also the rest of the riches of the tyrants amongst the
+citizens.  In this exploit, not one of those engaged in it was
+slain, nor any of the contrary party, fortune so ordering the
+action as to be clear and free from civil bloodshed.  He
+restored eighty exiles who had been expelled by Nicocles, and no
+less than five hundred who had been driven out by former tyrants
+and had endured a long banishment, pretty nearly, by this time,
+of fifty years' duration.  These returning, most of them very
+poor, were impatient to enter upon their former possessions,
+and, proceeding to their several farms and houses, gave great
+perplexity to Aratus, who considered that the city without was
+envied for its liberty and aimed at by Antigonus, and within was
+full of disorder and sedition.  Wherefore, as things stood, he
+thought it best to associate it to the Achaean community, and
+so, although Dorians, they of their own will took upon them the
+name and citizenship of the Achaeans, who at that time had
+neither great repute nor much power.  For the most of them lived
+in small towns, and their territory was neither large nor
+fruitful, and the neighboring sea was almost wholly without a
+harbor, breaking direct upon a rocky shore.  But yet these above
+others made it appear that the Grecian courage was invincible,
+whensoever it could only have order and concord within itself
+and a prudent general to direct it.  For though they had
+scarcely been counted as any part of the ancient Grecian power,
+and at this time did not equal the strength of one ordinary
+city, yet by prudence and unanimity, and because they knew how
+not to envy and malign, but to obey and follow him amongst them
+that was most eminent for virtue, they not only preserved their
+own liberty in the midst of so many great cities, military
+powers, and monarchies, but went on steadily saving and
+delivering from slavery great numbers of the Greeks.
+
+As for Aratus, he was in his behavior a true statesman,
+high-minded, and more intent upon the public than his private
+concerns, a bitter hater of tyrants, making the common good the
+rule and law of his friendships and enmities.  So that indeed he
+seems not to have been so faithful a friend, as he was a
+reasonable and gentle enemy, ready, according to the needs of
+the state, to suit himself on occasion to either side; concord
+between nations, brotherhood between cities, the council and the
+assembly unanimous in their votes, being the objects above all
+other blessings to which he was passionately devoted; backward,
+indeed, and diffident in the use of arms and open force, but in
+effecting a purpose underhand, and outwitting cities and
+potentates without observation, most politic and dexterous.
+Therefore, though he succeeded beyond hope in many enterprises
+which he undertook, yet he seems to have left quite as many
+unattempted, though feasible enough, for want of assurance.  For
+it should seem, that, as the sight of certain beasts is strong
+in the night but dim by day, the tenderness of the humors of
+their eyes not bearing the contact of the light, so there is
+also one kind of human skill and sagacity which is easily
+daunted and disturbed in actions done in the open day and before
+the world, and recovers all its self-possession in secret and
+covert enterprises; which inequality is occasioned in noble
+minds for want of philosophy, a mere wild and uncultivated fruit
+of a virtue without true knowledge coming up; as might be made
+out by examples.
+
+Aratus, therefore, having associated himself and his city to the
+Achaeans, served in the cavalry, and made himself much beloved
+by his commanding officers for his exact obedience; for though
+he had made so large an addition to the common strength as that
+of his own credit and the power of his country, yet he was as
+ready as the most ordinary person to be commanded by the Achaean
+general of the time being, whether he were a man of Dymae, or of
+Tritaea, or any yet meaner town than these.  Having also a
+present of five and twenty talents sent him from the king, he
+took them, but gave them all to his fellow-citizens, who wanted
+money, amongst other purposes, for the redemption of those who
+had been taken prisoners.
+
+But the exiles being by no means to be satisfied, disturbing
+continually those that were in possession of their estates,
+Sicyon was in great danger of falling into perfect desolation;
+so that, having no hope left but in the kindness of Ptolemy, he
+resolved to sail to him, and to beg so much money of him as
+might reconcile all parties.  So he set sail from Mothone beyond
+Malea, designing to make the direct passage.  But the pilot not
+being able to keep the vessel up against a strong wind and high
+waves that came in from the open sea, he was driven from his
+course, and with much ado got to shore in Andros, an enemy's
+land, possessed by Antigonus, who had a garrison there.  To
+avoid which he immediately landed, and, leaving the ship, went
+up into the country a good way from the sea, having along with
+him only one friend, called Timanthes; and throwing themselves
+into some ground thickly covered with wood, they had but an ill
+night's rest of it.  Not long after, the commander of the troops
+came, and, inquiring for Aratus, was deceived by his servants,
+who had been instructed to say that he had fled at once over
+into the island of Euboea.  However, he declared the chip, the
+property on board of her, and the servants, to be lawful prize,
+and detained them accordingly.  As for Aratus, after some few
+days, in his extremity by good fortune a Roman ship happened to
+put in just at the spot in which he made his abode, sometimes
+peeping out to seek his opportunity, sometimes keeping close.
+She was bound for Syria; but going aboard, he agreed with the
+master to land him in Caria.  In which voyage he met with no
+less danger on the sea than before.  From Caria being after much
+time arrived in Egypt, he immediately went to the king, who had
+a great kindness for him, and had received from him many
+presents of drawings and paintings out of Greece.  Aratus had a
+very good judgment in them, and always took care to collect and
+send him the most curious and finished works, especially those
+of Pamphilus and Melanthus.
+
+For the Sicyonian pieces were still in the height of their
+reputation, as being the only ones whose colors were lasting; so
+that Apelles himself, even after he had become well known and
+admired, went thither, and gave a talent to be admitted into the
+society of the painters there, not so much to partake of their
+skill, which he wanted not, but of their credit.  And
+accordingly Aratus, when he freed the city, immediately took
+down the representations of the rest of the tyrants, but
+demurred a long time about that of Aristratus, who flourished in
+the time of Philip.  For this Aristratus was painted by
+Melanthus and his scholars, standing by a chariot, in which a
+figure of Victory was carried, Apelles himself having had a
+hand in it, as Polemon the geographer reports.  It was an
+extraordinary piece, and therefore Aratus was fain to spare it
+for the workmanship, and yet, instigated by the hatred he bore
+the tyrants, commanded it to be taken down.  But Nealces the
+painter, one of Aratus's friends, entreated him, it is said,
+with tears in his eyes, to spare it, and, finding he did not
+prevail with him, told him at last he should carry on his war
+with the tyrants, but with the tyrants alone: "Let therefore the
+chariot and the Victory stand, and I will take means for the
+removal of Aristratus;" to which Aratus consenting, Nealces
+blotted out Aristratus, and in his place painted a palm-tree,
+not daring to add anything else of his own invention.  The feet
+of the defaced figure of Aristratus are said to have escaped
+notice, and to be hid under the chariot.  By these means Aratus
+got favor with the king, who, after he was more fully acquainted
+with him, loved him so much the more, and gave him for the
+relief of his city one hundred and fifty talents; forty of which
+he immediately carried away with him, when he sailed to
+Peloponnesus, but the rest the king divided into installments,
+and sent them to him afterwards at different times.
+
+Assuredly it was a great thing to procure for his
+fellow-citizens a sum of money, a small portion of which had
+been sufficient, when presented by a king to other captains and
+popular leaders, to induce them to turn dishonest, and betray
+and give away their native countries to him.  But it was a much
+greater, that by means of this money he effected a
+reconciliation and good understanding between the rich and poor,
+and created quiet and security for the whole people.  His
+moderation, also, amidst so great power was very admirable.  For
+being declared sole arbitrator and plenipotentiary for settling
+the questions of property in the case of the exiles, he would
+not accept the commission alone, but, associating with himself
+fifteen of the citizens, with great pains and trouble he
+succeeded in adjusting matters, and established peace and
+good-will in the city, for which good service, not only all the
+citizens in general bestowed extraordinary honors upon him, but
+the exiles, apart by themselves, erecting his statue in brass,
+inscribed on it these elegiac verses: --
+
+Your counsels, deeds, and skill for Greece in war
+Known beyond Hercules's pillars are;
+But we this image, O Aratus, gave
+Of you who saved us, to the gods who save,
+By you from exile to our homes restored,
+That virtue and that justice to record,
+To which the blessing Sicyon owes this day
+Of wealth that's shared alike, and laws that all obey.
+
+By his success in effecting these things, Aratus secured himself
+from the envy of his fellow-citizens, on account of the benefits
+they felt he had done them; but king Antigonus being troubled in
+his mind about him, and designing either wholly to bring him
+over to his party, or else to make him suspected by Ptolemy,
+besides other marks of his favor shown to him, who had little
+mind to receive them, added this too, that, sacrificing to the
+gods in Corinth, he sent portions to Aratus at Sicyon, and at
+the feast, where were many guests, he said openly, "I thought
+this Sicyonian youth had been only a lover of liberty and of his
+fellow-citizens, but now I look upon him as a good judge of the
+manners and actions of kings.  For formerly he despised us, and,
+placing his hopes further off, admired the Egyptian riches,
+hearing so much of their elephants, fleets, and palaces.  But
+after seeing all these at a nearer distance, perceiving them to
+be but mere stage show and pageantry, he is now come over to us.
+And for my part I willingly receive him, and, resolving to make
+great use of him myself, command you to look upon him as a
+friend."  These words were soon taken hold of by those that
+envied and maligned him, who strove which of them should, in
+their letters to Ptolemy, attack him with the worst calumnies,
+so that Ptolemy sent to expostulate the matter with him; so much
+envy and ill-will did there always attend the so much contended
+for, and so ardently and passionately aspired to, friendships of
+princes and great men.
+
+But Aratus, being now for the first time chosen general of the
+Achaeans, ravaged the country of Locris and Calydon, just over
+against Achaea, and then went to assist the Boeotians with ten
+thousand soldiers, but came not up to them until after the
+battle near Chaeronea had been fought, in which they were beaten
+by the Aetolians, with the loss of Aboeocritus the Boeotarch,
+and a thousand men besides.  A year after, being again elected
+general, he resolved to attempt the capture of the
+Acro-Corinthus, not so much for the advantage of the Sicyonians
+or Achaeans, as considering that by expelling the Macedonian
+garrison he should free all Greece alike from a tyranny which
+oppressed every part of her.  Chares the Athenian, having the
+good fortune to get the better, in a certain battle, of the
+king's generals, wrote to the people of Athens that this victory
+was "sister to that at Marathon."  And so may this action be
+very safely termed sister to those of Pelopidas the Theban and
+Thrasybulus the Athenian, in which they slew the tyrants;
+except, perhaps, it exceed them upon this account, that it was
+not against natural Grecians, but against a foreign and stranger
+domination.  The Isthmus, rising like a bank between the seas,
+collects into a single spot and compresses together the whole
+continent of Greece; and Acro-Corinthus, being a high mountain
+springing up out of the very middle of what here is Greece,
+whensoever it is held with a garrison, stands in the way and
+cuts off all Peloponnesus from intercourse of every kind, free
+passage of men and arms, and all traffic by sea and land, and
+makes him lord of all, that is master of it.  Wherefore the
+younger Philip did not jest, but said very true, when he called
+the city of Corinth "the fetters of Greece."  So that this post
+was always much contended for, especially by the kings and
+tyrants; and so vehemently was it longed for by Antigonus, that
+his passion for it came little short of that of frantic love; he
+was continually occupied with devising how to take it by
+surprise from those that were then masters of it, since he
+despaired to do it by open force.
+
+Therefore Alexander, who held the place, being dead, poisoned by
+him, as is reported, and his wife Nicaea succeeding in the
+government and the possession of Acro-Corinthus, he immediately
+made use of his son, Demetrius, and, giving her pleasing hopes
+of a royal marriage and of a happy life with a youth, whom a
+woman now growing old might well find agreeable, with this lure
+of his son he succeeded in taking her; but the place itself she
+did not deliver up, but continued to hold it with a very strong
+garrison, of which he seeming to take no notice, celebrated the
+wedding in Corinth, entertaining them with shows and banquets
+everyday, as one that has nothing else in his mind but to give
+himself up for awhile to indulgence in pleasure and mirth.  But
+when the moment came, and Amoebeus began to sing in the theater,
+he waited himself upon Nicaea to the play, she being carried in
+a royally-decorated chair, extremely pleased with her new honor,
+not dreaming of what was intended.  As soon, therefore, as they
+were come to the turning which led up to the citadel, he desired
+her to go on before him to the theater, but for himself, bidding
+farewell to the music, farewell to the wedding, he went on
+faster than one would have thought his age would have admitted
+to the Acro-Corinthus, and, finding the gate shut, knocked with
+his staff, commanding them to open, which they within, being
+amazed, did.  And having thus made himself master of the place,
+he could not contain himself for joy; but, though an old man,
+and one that had seen so many turns of fortune, he must needs
+revel it in the open streets and the midst of the market-place,
+crowned with garlands and attended with flute-women, inviting
+everybody he met to partake in his festivity.  So much more does
+joy without discretion transport and agitate the mind than
+either fear or sorrow.  Antigonus, therefore, having in this
+manner possessed himself of Acro-Corinthus, put a garrison into
+it of those he trusted most, making Persaeus the philosopher
+governor.
+
+Now Aratus, even in the lifetime of Alexander, had made an
+attempt, but, a confederacy being made between Alexander and the
+Achaeans, he desisted.  But now he started afresh, with a new
+plan of effecting the thing, which was this: there were in
+Corinth four brothers, Syrians born, one of whom, called
+Diocles, served as a soldier in the garrison, but the three
+others, having stolen some gold of the king's, came to Sicyon,
+to one Aegias, a banker, whom Aratus made use of in his
+business.  To him they immediately sold part of their gold, and
+the rest one of them, called Erginus, coming often thither,
+exchanged by parcels.  Becoming, by this means, familiarly
+acquainted with Aegias, and being by him led into discourses
+concerning the fortress, he told him that in going up to his
+brother he had observed, in the face of the rock, a side-cleft,
+leading to that part of the wall of the castle which was lower
+than the rest.  At which Aegias joking with him and saying, "So,
+you wise man, for the sake of a little gold you have broken into
+the king's treasure; when you might, if you chose, get money in
+abundance for a single hour's work, burglary, you know, and
+treason being punished with the same death," Erginus laughed and
+told him then, he would break the thing to Diocles (for he did
+not altogether trust his other brothers), and, returning within
+a few days, he bargained to conduct Aratus to that part of the
+wall where it was no more than fifteen feet high, and to do what
+else should be necessary, together with his brother Diocles.
+
+Aratus, therefore, agreed to give them sixty talents if he
+succeeded, but if he failed in his enterprise, and yet he and
+they came off safe, then he would give each of them a house and
+a talent.  Now the threescore talents being to be deposited in
+the hands of Aegias for Erginus and his partners, and Aratus
+neither having so much by him, nor willing, by borrowing it from
+others, to give anyone a suspicion of his design, he pawned his
+plate and his wife's golden ornaments to Aegias for the money.
+For so high was his temper, and so strong his passion for noble
+actions, that, even as he had heard that Phocion and Epaminondas
+were the best and justest of the Greeks, because they refused
+the greatest presents and would not surrender their duty for
+money, so he now chose to be at the expense of this enterprise
+privately, and to advance all the cost out of his own property,
+taking the whole hazard on himself for the sake of the rest that
+did not so much as know what was doing.  And who indeed can
+withhold, even now, his admiration for and his sympathy with the
+generous mind of one, who paid so largely to purchase so great a
+risk, and lent out his richest possessions to have an
+opportunity to expose his own life, by entering among his
+enemies in the dead of the night, without desiring any other
+security for them than the hope of a noble success.
+
+Now the enterprise, though dangerous enough in itself, was made
+much more so by an error happening through mistake in the very
+beginning.  For Technon, one of Aratus's servants, was sent away
+to Diocles, that they might together view the wall.  Now he had
+never seen Diocles, but made no question of knowing him by the
+marks Erginus had given him of him; namely, that he had curly
+hair, a swarthy complexion, and no beard.  Being come,
+therefore, to the appointed place, he stayed waiting for Erginus
+and Diocles outside the town, in front of the place called
+Ornis.  In the meantime, Dionysius, elder brother to Erginus and
+Diocles, who knew nothing at all of the matter, but much
+resembled Diocles, happened to pass by.  Technon, upon this
+likeness, all being in accordance with what he had been told,
+asked him if he knew Erginus; and on his replying that he was
+his brother, taking it for granted that he was speaking with
+Diocles, not so much as asking his name or staying for any other
+token, he gave him his hand, and began to discourse with him and
+ask him questions about matters agreed upon with Erginus.
+Dionysius, cunningly taking the advantage of his mistake, seemed
+to understand him very well, and returning towards the city, led
+him on, still talking, without any suspicion.  And being now
+near the gate, he was just about to seize on him, when by chance
+again Erginus met them, and, apprehending the cheat and the
+danger, beckoned to Technon to make his escape, and immediately
+both of them, betaking themselves to their heels, ran away as
+fast as they could to Aratus, who for all this despaired not,
+but immediately sent away Erginus to Dionysius to bribe him to
+hold his tongue.  And he not only effected that, but also
+brought him along with him to Aratus.  But, when they had him,
+they no longer left him at liberty, but binding him, they kept
+him close shut up in a room, whilst they prepared for executing
+their design.
+
+All things being now ready, he commanded the rest of his forces
+to pass the night by their arms, and taking with him four
+hundred chosen men, few of whom knew what they were going about,
+he led them to the gates by the temple of Juno.  It was the
+midst of summer, and the moon was at full, and the night so
+clear without any clouds, that there was danger lest the arms
+glistening in the moonlight should discover them.  But as the
+foremost of them came near the city, a mist came off from the
+sea, and darkened the city itself and the outskirts about it.
+Then the rest of them, sitting down, put off their shoes,
+because men both make less noise and also climb surer, if they
+go up ladders barefooted, but Erginus, taking with him seven
+young men dressed like travelers, got unobserved to the gate,
+and killed the sentry with the other guards.  And at the same
+time the ladders were clapped to the walls, and Aratus, having
+in great haste got up a hundred men, commended the rest to
+follow as they could, and immediately drawing up his ladders
+after him, he marched through the city with his hundred men
+towards the castle, being already overjoyed that he was
+undiscovered, and not doubting of the success.  But while still
+they were some way off, a watch of four men came with a light,
+who did not see them, because they were still in the shade of
+the moon, but were seen plainly enough themselves as they came
+on directly towards them.  So withdrawing a little way amongst
+some walls and plots for houses, they lay in wait for them; and
+three of them they killed.  But the fourth, being wounded in the
+head with a sword, fled, crying out that the enemy was in the
+city.  And immediately the trumpets sounded, and all the city
+was in an uproar at what had happened, and the streets were full
+of people running up and down, and many lights were seen shining
+both below in the town, and above in the castle, and a confused
+noise was to be heard in all parts.
+
+In the meantime, Aratus was hard at work struggling to get up
+the rocks, at first slowly and with much difficulty, straying
+continually from the path, which lay deep, and was overshadowed
+with the crags, leading to the wall with many windings and
+turnings; but the moon immediately and as if by miracle, it is
+said, dispersing the clouds, shone out and gave light to the
+most difficult part of the way, until he got to that part of the
+wall he desired, and there she overshadowed and hid him, the
+clouds coming together again.  Those soldiers whom Aratus had
+left outside the gate, near Juno's temple, to the number of
+three hundred, entering the town, now full of tumult and lights,
+and not knowing the way by which the former had gone, and
+finding no track of them, slunk aside, and crowded together in
+one body under a flank of the cliff that cast a strong shadow,
+and there stood and waited in great distress and perplexity.
+For, by this time, those that had gone with Aratus were attacked
+with missiles from the citadel, and were busy fighting, and a
+sound of cries of battle came down from above, and a loud noise,
+echoed back and back from the mountain sides, and therefore
+confused and uncertain whence it proceeded, was heard on all
+sides.  They being thus in doubt which way to turn themselves,
+Archelaus, the commander of Antigonus's troops, having a great
+number of soldiers with him, made up towards the castle with
+great shouts and noise of trumpets to fall upon Aratus's people,
+and passed by the three hundred, who, as if they had risen out
+of an ambush, immediately charged him, killing the first they
+encountered, and so affrighted the rest, together with
+Archelaus, that they put them to flight and pursued them until
+they had quite broke and dispersed them about the city.  No
+sooner were these defeated, but Erginus came to them from those
+that were fighting above, to acquaint them that Aratus was
+engaged with the enemy, who defended themselves very stoutly,
+and there was a fierce conflict at the very wall, and need of
+speedy help.  They therefore desired him to lead them on without
+delay, and, marching up, they by their shouts made their friends
+understand who they were, and encouraged them; and the full
+moon, shining on their arms, made them, in the long line by
+which they advanced, appear more in number to the enemy than
+they were; and the echo of the night multiplied their shouts.
+In short, falling on with the rest, they made the enemy give
+way, and were masters of the castle and garrison, day now
+beginning to be bright, and the rising sun shining out upon
+their success.  By this time, also, the rest of his army came up
+to Aratus from Sicyon, the Corinthians joyfully receiving them
+at the gates and helping them to secure the king's party.
+
+And now, having put all things into a safe posture, he came down
+from the castle to the theater, an infinite number of people
+crowding thither to see him and to hear what he would say to the
+Corinthians.  Therefore drawing up the Achaeans on each side of
+the stage-passages, he came forward himself upon the stage, with
+his corslet still on, and his face showing the effects of all
+his hard work and want of sleep, so that his natural exultation
+and joyfulness of mind were overborne by the weariness of his
+body.  The people, as soon as he came forth, breaking out into
+great applauses and congratulations, he took his spear in his
+right hand, and, resting his body upon it with his knee a little
+bent, stood a good while in that posture, silently receiving
+their shouts and acclamations, while they extolled his valor and
+wondered at his fortune; which being over, standing up, he
+began an oration in the name of the Achaeans, suitable to the
+late action, persuading the Corinthians to associate themselves
+to the Achaeans, and withal delivered up to them the keys of
+their gates, which had never been in their power since the time
+of king Philip.  Of the captains of Antigonus, he dismissed
+Archelaus, whom he had taken prisoner, and Theophrastus, who
+refused to quit his post, he put to death.  As for Persaeus,
+when he saw the castle was lost, he had got away to Cenchreae,
+where, some time after, discoursing with one that said to him
+that the wise man only is a true general, "Indeed," he replied,
+"none of Zeno's maxims once pleased me better than this, but I
+have been converted to another opinion by the young man of
+Sicyon."  This is told by many of Persaeus.  Aratus, immediately
+after, made himself master of the temple of Juno and haven of
+Lechaeum, seized upon five and twenty of the king's ships,
+together with five hundred horses and four hundred Syrians;
+these he sold.  The Achaeans kept guard in the Acro-Corinthus
+with a body of four hundred soldiers, and fifty dogs with as
+many keepers.
+
+The Romans, extolling Philopoemen, called him the last of the
+Grecians, as if no great man had ever since his time been bred
+amongst them.  But I should call this capture of the
+Acro-Corinthus the last of the Grecian exploits, being
+comparable to the best of them, both for the daringness of it,
+and the success, as was presently seen by the consequences.  For
+the Megarians, revolting from Antigonus, joined Aratus, and the
+Troezenians and Epidaurians enrolled themselves in the Achaean
+community, and issuing forth for the first time, he entered
+Attica, and passing over into Salamis, he plundered the island,
+turning the Achaean force every way, as if it were just let
+loose out of prison and set at liberty.  All freemen whom he
+took he sent back to the Athenians without ransom, as a sort of
+first invitation to them to come over to the league.  He made
+Ptolemy become a confederate of the Achaeans, with the privilege
+of command both by sea and land.  And so great was his power
+with them, that since he could not by law be chosen their
+general every year, yet every other year he was, and by his
+counsels and actions was in effect always so.  For they
+perceived that neither riches nor reputation, nor the friendship
+of kings, nor the private interest of his own country, nor
+anything else was so dear to him as the increase of the Achaean
+power and greatness.  For he believed that the cities, weak
+individually, could be preserved by nothing else but a mutual
+assistance under the closest bond of the common interest; and,
+as the members of the body live and breathe by the union of all
+in a single natural growth, and on the dissolution of this, when
+once they separate, pine away and putrefy, in the same manner
+are cities ruined by being dissevered, as well as preserved
+when, as the members of one great body they enjoy the benefit of
+that providence and counsel that govern the whole.
+
+Now being distressed to see that, whereas the chief neighboring
+cities enjoyed their own laws and liberties, the Argives were in
+bondage, he took counsel for destroying their tyrant
+Aristomachus, being very desirous both to pay his debt of
+gratitude to the city where he had been bred up, by restoring it
+its liberty, and to add so considerable a town to the Achaeans.
+Nor were there some wanting who had the courage to undertake the
+thing, of whom Aeschylus and Charimenes the soothsayer were the
+chief.  But they wanted swords; for the tyrant had prohibited
+the keeping of any under a great penalty.  Therefore Aratus,
+having provided some small daggers at Corinth and hidden them in
+the pack-saddles of some pack-horses that carried ordinary ware,
+sent them to Argos.  But Charimenes letting another person into
+the design, Aeschylus and his partners were angry at it, and
+henceforth would have no more to do with him, and took their
+measures by themselves, and Charimenes, on finding this, went,
+out of anger, and informed against them, just as they were on
+their way to attack the tyrant; however, the most of them made a
+shift to escape out of the marketplace, and fled to Corinth.
+Not long after, Aristomachus was slain by some slaves, and
+Aristippus, a worse tyrant than he, seized the government.
+Upon this, Aratus, mustering all the Achaeans present that were
+of age, hurried away to the aid of the city, believing that he
+should find the people ready to join with him.  But the greater
+number being by this time habituated to slavery and content to
+submit, and no one coming to join him, he was obliged to retire,
+having moreover exposed the Achaeans to the charge of committing
+acts of hostility in the midst of peace; upon which account they
+were sued before the Mantineans, and, Aratus not making his
+appearance, Aristippus gained the cause, and had damages allowed
+him to the value of thirty minae.  And now hating and fearing
+Aratus, he sought means to kill him, having the assistance
+herein of king Antigonus; so that Aratus was perpetually dogged
+and watched by those that waited for an opportunity to do this
+service.  But there is no such safeguard of a ruler as the
+sincere and steady good-will of his subjects, for, where both
+the common people and the principal citizens have their fears
+not of but for their governor, he sees with many eyes and hears
+with many ears whatsoever is doing.  Therefore I cannot but here
+stop short a little in the course of my narrative, to describe
+the manner of life which the so much envied arbitrary power and
+the so much celebrated and admired pomp and pride of absolute
+government obliged Aristippus to lead.
+
+For though Antigonus was his friend and ally, and though he
+maintained numerous soldiers to act as his body-guard, and had
+not left one enemy of his alive in the city, yet he was forced
+to make his guards encamp in the colonnade about his house; and
+for his servants, he turned them all out immediately after
+supper, and then shutting the doors upon them, he crept up into
+a small upper chamber, together with his mistress, through a
+trapdoor, upon which he placed his bed, and there slept after:
+such a fashion, as one in his condition can be supposed to
+sleep, that is, interruptedly and in fear.  The ladder was taken
+away by the woman's mother, and locked up in another room; in
+the morning she brought it again, and putting it to, called up
+this brave and wonderful tyrant, who came crawling out like some
+creeping thing out of its hole.  Whereas Aratus, not by force of
+arms, but lawfully and by his virtue, lived in possession of a
+firmly settled command, wearing the ordinary coat and cloak,
+being the common and declared enemy of all tyrants, and has left
+behind him a noble race of descendants surviving among the
+Grecians to this day; while those occupiers of citadels and
+maintainers of bodyguards, who made all this use of arms and
+gates and bolts to protect their lives, in some few cases
+perhaps escaped, like the hare from the hunters; but in no
+instance have we either house or family, or so much as a tomb to
+which any respect is shown, remaining to preserve the memory of
+any one of them.
+
+Against this Aristippus, therefore, Aratus made many open and
+many secret attempts, whilst he endeavored to take Argos, though
+without success; once, particularly, clapping scaling ladders in
+the night to the wall, he desperately got up upon it with a few
+of his soldiers, and killed the guards that opposed him.  But
+the day appearing, the tyrant set upon him on all hands, whilst
+the Argives, as if it had not been their liberty that was
+contended for, but some Nemean game going on for which it was
+their privilege to assign the prize, like fair and impartial
+judges, sat looking on in great quietness.  Aratus, fighting
+bravely, was run through the thigh with a lance, yet he
+maintained his ground against the enemy till night, and, had he
+been able to go on and hold out that night also, he had gained
+his point; for the tyrant thought of nothing but flying, and had
+already shipped most of his goods.  But Aratus, having no
+intelligence of this, and wanting water, being disabled himself
+by his wound, retreated with his soldiers.
+
+Despairing henceforth to do any good this way, he fell openly
+with his army into Argolis, and plundered it, and, in a fierce
+battle with Aristippus near the river Chares, he was accused of
+having withdrawn out of the fight, and thereby abandoned the
+victory.  For whereas one part of his army had unmistakably got
+the better, and was pursuing the enemy at a good distance from
+him, he yet retreated in confusion into his camp, not so much
+because he was overpressed by those with whom he was engaged, as
+out of mistrust of success and through a panic fear.  But when the
+other wing, returning from the pursuit, showed themselves
+extremely vexed, that though they had put the enemy to flight
+and killed many more of his men than they had lost, yet those
+that were in a manner conquered should erect a trophy as
+conquerors, being much ashamed he resolved to fight them again
+about the trophy, and the next day but one drew up his army to
+give them battle.  But, perceiving that they were reinforced
+with fresh troops, and came on with better courage than before,
+he durst not hazard a fight, but retired, and sent to request a
+truce to bury his dead.  However, by his dexterity in dealing
+personally with men and managing political affairs, and by his
+general favor, he excused and obliterated this fault, and
+brought in Cleonae to the Achaean association, and celebrated
+the Nemean games at Cleonae, as the proper and more ancient
+place for them.  The games were also celebrated by the Argives at
+the same time, which gave the first occasion to the violation of
+the privilege of safe conduct and immunity always granted to
+those that came to compete for the prizes, the Achaeans at that
+time selling as enemies all those they caught going through
+their country after joining in the games at Argos.  So vehement
+and implacable a hater was he of the tyrants.
+
+Not long after, having notice that Aristippus had a design upon
+Cleonae, but was afraid of him, because he then was staying in
+Corinth, he assembled an army by public proclamation, and,
+commanding them to take along with them provision for several
+days, he marched to Cenchreae, hoping by this stratagem to
+entice Aristippus to fall upon Cleonae, when he supposed him far
+enough off.  And so it happened, for he immediately brought his
+forces against it from Argos.  But Aratus, returning from
+Cenchreae to Corinth in the dusk of the evening, and setting
+posts of his troops in all the roads, led on the Achaeans, who
+followed him in such good order and with so much speed and
+alacrity, that they were undiscovered by Aristippus, not only
+whilst upon their march, but even when they got, still in the
+night, into Cleonae, and drew up in order of battle.  As soon as
+it was morning, the gates being opened and the trumpets
+sounding, he fell upon the enemy with great cries and fury,
+routed them at once, and kept close in pursuit, following the
+course which he most imagined Aristippus would choose, there
+being many turns that might be taken.  And so the chase lasted
+as far as Mycenae, where the tyrant was slain by a certain
+Cretan called Tragiscus, as Dinias reports.  Of the common
+soldiers, there fell above fifteen hundred.  Yet though Aratus
+had obtained so great a victory, and that too without the loss
+of a man, he could not make himself master of Argos nor set it
+at liberty, because Agias and the younger Aristomachus got into
+the town with some of the king's forces, and seized upon the
+government.  However, by this exploit he spoiled the scoffs and
+jests of those that flattered the tyrants, and in their raillery
+would say that the Achaean general was usually troubled with a
+looseness when he was to fight a battle, that the sound of a
+trumpet struck him with a drowsiness and a giddiness, and that,
+when he had drawn up his army and given the word, he used to ask
+his lieutenants and officers whether there was any further need
+of his presence now the die was cast, and then went aloof, to
+await the result at a distance.  For indeed these stories were
+so generally listened to, that, when the philosophers disputed
+whether to have one's heart beat and to change color upon any
+apparent danger be an argument of fear, or rather of some
+distemperature and chilliness of bodily constitution, Aratus was
+always quoted as a good general, who was always thus affected
+ill time of battle.
+
+Having thus dispatched Aristippus, he advised with himself how
+to overthrow Lydiades, the Megalopolitan, who held usurped power
+over his country.  This person was naturally of a generous
+temper, and not insensible of true honor, and had been led into
+this wickedness, not by the ordinary motives of other tyrants,
+licentiousness and rapacity, but being young, and stimulated
+with the desire of glory, he had let his mind be unwarily
+prepossessed with the vain and false applauses given to tyranny,
+as some happy and glorious thing.  But he no sooner seized the
+government, than he grew weary of the pomp and burden of it.
+And at once emulating the tranquillity and fearing the policy of
+Aratus, he took the best of resolutions, first, to free himself
+from hatred and fear, from soldiers and guards, and, secondly,
+to be the public benefactor of his country.  And sending for
+Aratus, he resigned the government, and incorporated his city
+into the Achaean community.  The Achaeans, applauding this
+generous action, chose him their general; upon which, desiring
+to outdo Aratus in glory, amongst many other uncalled-for
+things, he declared war against the Lacedaemonians; which Aratus
+opposing was thought to do it out of envy; and Lydiades was the
+second time chosen general, though Aratus acted openly against
+him, and labored to have the office conferred upon another.  For
+Aratus himself had the command every other year, as has been
+said.  Lydiades, however, succeeded so well in his pretensions,
+that he was thrice chosen general, governing alternately, as did
+Aratus; but at last, declaring himself his professed enemy, and
+accusing him frequently to the Achaeans, he was rejected, and
+fell into contempt, people now seeing that it was a contest
+between a counterfeit and a true, unadulterated virtue, and, as
+Aesop tells us that the cuckoo once, asking the little birds why
+they flew away from her, was answered, because they feared she
+would one day prove a hawk, so Lydiades's former tyranny still
+cast a doubt upon the reality of his change.
+
+But Aratus gained new honor in the Aetolian war.  For the
+Achaeans resolving to fall upon the Aetolians on the Megarian
+confines, and Agis also, the Lacedaemonian king, who came to
+their assistance with an army, encouraging them to fight, Aratus
+opposed this determination.  And patiently enduring many
+reproaches, many scoffs and jeerings at his soft and cowardly
+temper, he would not, for any appearance of disgrace, abandon
+what he judged to be the true common advantage, and suffered the
+enemy to pass over Geranea into Peloponnesus without a battle.
+But when, after they had passed by, news came that they had
+suddenly captured Pellene, he was no longer the same man, nor
+would he hear of any delay, or wait to draw together his whole
+force, but marched towards the enemy with such as he had about
+him to fall upon them, as they were indeed now much less
+formidable through the intemperances and disorders committed in
+their success.  For as soon as they entered the city, the common
+soldiers dispersed and went hither and thither into the houses,
+quarreling and fighting with one another about the plunder; and
+the officers and commanders were running about after the wives
+and daughters of the Pellenians, on whose heads they put their
+own helmets, to mark each man his prize, and prevent another
+from seizing it.  And in this posture were they when news came
+that Aratus was ready to fall upon them.  And in the midst of
+the consternation likely to ensue in the confusion they were in,
+before all of them heard of the danger, the outmost of them,
+engaging at the gates and in the suburbs with the Achaeans, were
+already beaten and put to flight, and, as they came headlong
+back, filled with their panic those who were collecting and
+advancing to their assistance.
+
+In this confusion, one of the captives, daughter of Epigethes, a
+citizen of repute, being extremely handsome and tall, happened
+to be sitting in the temple of Diana, placed there by the
+commander of the band of chosen men, who had taken her and put
+his crested helmet upon her.  She, hearing the noise, and
+running out to see what was the matter, stood in the temple
+gates, looking down from above upon those that fought, having
+the helmet upon her head; in which posture she seemed to the
+citizens to be something more than human, and struck fear and
+dread into the enemy, who believed it to be a divine apparition;
+so that they lost all courage to defend themselves.  But the
+Pellenians tell us that the image of Diana stands usually
+untouched, and when the priestess happens at any time to remove
+it to some other place, nobody dares look upon it, but all turn
+their faces from it; for not only is the sight of it terrible
+and hurtful to mankind, but it makes even the trees, by which it
+happens to be carried, become barren and cast their fruit.  This
+image, therefore, they say, the priestess produced at that time,
+and, holding it directly in the faces of the Aetolians, made
+them lose their reason and judgment.  But Aratus mentions no
+such thing in his commentaries, but says, that, having put to
+flight the Aetolians, and falling in pell-mell with them into
+the city, he drove them out by main force, and killed seven
+hundred of them.  And the action was extolled as one of the most
+famous exploits, and Timanthes the painter made a picture of the
+battle, giving by his composition a most lively representation
+of it.
+
+But many great nations and potentates combining against the
+Achaeans, Aratus immediately treated for friendly arrangements
+with the Aetolians, and, making use of the assistance of
+Pantaleon, the most powerful man amongst them, he not only made
+a peace, but an alliance between them and the Achaeans.  But
+being desirous to free the Athenians, he got into disgrace and
+ill-repute among the Achaeans, because, notwithstanding the
+truce and suspension of arms made between them and the
+Macedonians, he had attempted to take the Piraeus.  He denies
+this fact in his commentaries, and lays the blame on Erginus, by
+whose assistance he took Acro-Corinthus, alleging that he upon
+his own private account attacked the Piraeus, and, his ladders
+happening to break, being hotly pursued, he called out upon
+Aratus as if present, by which means deceiving the enemy, he got
+safely off.  This excuse, however, sounds very improbable; for it
+is not in any way likely that Erginus, a private man and a
+Syrian stranger, should conceive in his mind so great an
+attempt, without Aratus at his back, to tell him how and when to
+make it, and to supply him with the means.  Nor was it twice or
+thrice, but very often, that, like an obstinate lover, he
+repeated his attempts on the Piraeus, and was so far from being
+discouraged by his disappointments, that his missing his hopes
+but narrowly was an incentive to him to proceed the more boldly
+in a new trial.  One time amongst the rest, in making his escape
+through the Thriasian plain, he put his leg out of joint, and
+was forced to submit to many operations with the knife before he
+was cured, so that for a long time he was carried in a litter to
+the wars.
+
+And when Antigonus was dead, and Demetrius succeeded him in the
+kingdom, he was more bent than ever upon Athens, and in general
+quite despised the Macedonians.  And so, being overthrown in
+battle near Phylacia by Bithys, Demetrius's general, and there
+being a very strong report that he was either taken or slain,
+Diogenes, the governor of the Piraeus, sent letters to Corinth,
+commanding the Achaeans to quit that city, seeing Aratus was
+dead.  When these letters came to Corinth, Aratus happened to be
+there in person, so that Diogenes's messengers, being
+sufficiently mocked and derided, were forced to return to their
+master.  King Demetrius himself also sent a ship, wherein
+Aratus was to be brought to him in chains.  And the Athenians,
+exceeding all possible fickleness of flattery to the
+Macedonians, crowned themselves with garlands upon the first
+news of his death.  And so in anger he went at once and invaded
+Attica, and penetrated as far as the Academy, but then suffering
+himself to be pacified, he did no further act of hostility.  And
+the Athenians afterwards, coming to a due sense of his virtue,
+when upon the death of Demetrius they attempted to recover their
+liberty, called him in to their assistance; and although at that
+time another person was general of the Achaeans, and he himself
+had long kept his bed with a sickness, yet, rather than fail the
+city in a time of need, he was carried thither in a litter, and
+helped to persuade Diogenes the governor to deliver up the
+Piraeus, Munychia, Salamis, and Sunium to the Athenians in
+consideration of a hundred and fifty talents, of which Aratus
+himself contributed twenty to the city.  Upon this, the
+Aeginetans and the Hermionians immediately joined the Achaeans,
+and the greatest part of Arcadia entered their confederacy; and
+the Macedonians being occupied with various wars upon their own
+confines and with their neighbors, the Achaean power, the
+Aetolians also being in alliance with them, rose to great
+height.
+
+But Aratus, still bent on effecting his old project, and
+impatient that tyranny should maintain itself in so near a city
+as Argos, sent to Aristomachus to persuade him to restore
+liberty to that city, and to associate it to the Achaeans, and
+that, following Lydiades's example, he should rather choose to
+be the general of a great nation, with esteem and honor, than
+the tyrant of one city, with continual hatred and danger.
+Aristomachus slighted not the message, but desired Aratus to
+send him fifty talents, with which he might pay off the
+soldiers.  In the meantime, whilst the money was providing,
+Lydiades, being then general, and extremely ambitious that this
+advantage might seem to be of his procuring for the Achaeans,
+accused Aratus to Aristomachus, as one that bore an
+irreconcilable hatred to the tyrants, and, persuading him to
+commit the affair to his management, he presented him to the
+Achaeans.  But there the Achaean council gave a manifest proof
+of the great credit Aratus had with them and the good-will they
+bore him.  For when he, in anger, spoke against Aristomachus's
+being admitted into the association, they rejected the proposal,
+but when he was afterwards pacified and came himself and spoke
+in its favor, they voted everything cheerfully and readily, and
+decreed that the Argives and Phliasians should be incorporated
+into their commonwealth, and the next year they chose
+Aristomachus general.  He, being in good credit with the
+Achaeans, was very desirous to invade Laconia, and for that
+purpose sent for Aratus from Athens.  Aratus wrote to him to
+dissuade him as far as he could from that expedition, being very
+unwilling the Achaeans should be engaged in a quarrel with
+Cleomenes, who was a daring man, and making extraordinary
+advances to power.  But Aristomachus resolving to go on, he
+obeyed and served in person, on which occasion he hindered
+Aristomachus from fighting a battle, when Cleomenes came upon
+them at Pallantium; and for this act was accused by Lydiades,
+and, coming to an open conflict with him in a contest for the
+office of general, he carried it by the show of hands, and was
+chosen general the twelfth time.
+
+This year, being routed by Cleomenes near the Lycaeum, he fled,
+and, wandering out of the way in the night, was believed to be
+slain; and once more it was confidently reported so throughout
+all Greece.  He, however, having escaped this danger and rallied
+his forces, was not content to march off in safety, but, making
+a happy use of the present conjuncture, when nobody dreamed any
+such thing, he fell suddenly upon the Mantineans, allies of
+Cleomenes, and, taking the city, put a garrison into it, and
+made the stranger inhabitants free of the city; procuring, by
+this means, those advantages for the beaten Achaeans, which,
+being conquerors, they would not easily have obtained.  The
+Lacedaemonians again invading the Megalopolitan territories, he
+marched to the assistance of the city, but refused to give
+Cleomenes, who did all he could to provoke him to it, any
+opportunity of engaging him in a battle, nor could be prevailed
+upon by the Megalopolitans, who urged him to it extremely.  For
+besides that by nature he was ill-suited for set battles, he was
+then much inferior in numbers, and was to deal with a daring
+leader, still in the heat of youth, while he himself, now past
+the prime of courage and come to a chastised ambition, felt it
+his business to maintain by prudence the glory, which he had
+obtained, and the other was only aspiring to by forwardness and
+daring.
+
+So that though the light-armed soldiers had sallied out and
+driven the Lacedaemonians as far as their camp, and had come
+even to their tents, yet would not Aratus lead his men forward,
+but, posting himself in a hollow watercourse in the way thither,
+stopped and prevented the citizens from crossing this.
+Lydiades, extremely vexed at what was going on, and loading
+Aratus with reproaches, entreated the horse that together with
+him they would second them that had the enemy in chase, and not
+let a certain victory slip out of their hands, nor forsake him
+that was going to venture his life for his country.  And being
+reinforced with many brave men that turned after him, he charged
+the enemy's right wing, and routing it, followed the pursuit
+without measure or discretion, letting his eagerness and hopes
+of glory tempt him on into broken ground, full of planted fruit
+trees and cut up with broad ditches, where, being engaged by
+Cleomenes, he fell, fighting gallantly the noblest of battles,
+at the gate of his country.  The rest, flying back to their main
+body and troubling the ranks of the full-armed infantry, put the
+whole army to the rout.  Aratus was extremely blamed, being
+suspected to have betrayed Lydiades, and was constrained by the
+Achaeans, who withdrew in great anger, to accompany them to
+Aegium, where they called a council, and decreed that he should
+no longer be furnished with money, nor have any more soldiers
+hired for him, but that, if he would make war, he should pay
+them himself.
+
+This affront he resented so far as to resolve to give up the
+seal and lay down the office of general; but upon second
+thoughts he found it best to have patience, and presently
+marched with the Achaeans to Orchomenus and fought a battle with
+Megistonus, the step-father of Cleomenes, where he got the
+victory, killing three hundred men and taking Megistonus
+prisoner.  But whereas he used to be chosen general every other
+year, when his turn came and he was called to take upon him that
+charge, he declined it, and Timoxenus was chosen in his stead.
+The true cause of which was not the pique he was alleged to have
+taken at the people, but the ill circumstances of the Achaean
+affairs.  For Cleomenes did not now invade them gently and
+tenderly as hitherto, as one controlled by the civil
+authorities, but having killed the Ephors, divided the lands,
+and made many of the stranger residents free of the city, he was
+responsible to no one in his government; and therefore fell in
+good earnest upon the Achaeans, and put forward his claim to the
+supreme military command.  Wherefore Aratus is much blamed, that
+in a stormy and tempestuous time, like a cowardly pilot, he
+should forsake the helm, when it was even perhaps his duty to
+have insisted, whether they would or no, on saving them; or if
+he thought the Achaean affairs desperate, to have yielded all up
+to Cleomenes, and not to have let Peloponnesus fall once again
+into barbarism with Macedonian garrisons, and Acro-Corinthus be
+occupied with Illyric and Gaulish soldiers, and, under the
+specious name of Confederates, to have made those masters of the
+cities whom he had held it his business by arms and by policy to
+baffle and defeat, and, in the memoirs he left behind him,
+loaded with reproaches and insults.  And say that Cleomenes was
+arbitrary and tyrannical, yet was he descended from the
+Heraclidae, and Sparta was his country, the obscurest citizen of
+which deserved to be preferred to the generalship before the
+best of the Macedonians by those that had any regard to the
+honor of Grecian birth.  Besides, Cleomenes sued for that
+command over the Achaeans as one that would return the honor of
+that title with real kindnesses to the cities; whereas
+Antigonus, being declared absolute general by sea and land,
+would not accept the office unless Acro-Corinthus were by
+special agreement put into his hands, following the example of
+Aesop's hunter; for he would not get up and ride the Achaeans,
+who desired him so to do, and offered their backs to him by
+embassies and popular decrees, till, by a garrison and hostages,
+they had allowed him to bit and bridle them.  Aratus exhausts
+all his powers of speech to show the necessity that was upon
+him.  But Polybius writes, that long before this, and before
+there was any necessity, apprehending the daring temper of
+Cleomenes, he communicated secretly with Antigonus, and that he
+had beforehand prevailed with the Megalopolitans to press the
+Achaeans to crave aid from Antigonus.  For they were the most
+harassed by the war, Cleomenes continually plundering and
+ransacking their country.  And so writes also Phylarchus, who,
+unless seconded by the testimony of Polybius, would not be
+altogether credited; for he is seized with enthusiasm when he so
+much as speaks a word of Cleomenes, and as if he were pleading,
+not writing a history, goes on throughout defending the one and
+accusing the other.
+
+The Achaeans, therefore, lost Mantinea, which was recovered by
+Cleomenes, and being beaten in a great fight near Hecatombaeum,
+so general was the consternation, that they immediately sent to
+Cleomenes to desire him to come to Argos and take the command
+upon him.  But Aratus, as soon as he understood that he was
+coming, and was got as far as Lerna with his troops, fearing
+the result, sent ambassadors to him, to request him to come
+accompanied with three hundred only, as to friends and
+confederates, and, if he mistrusted anything, he should receive
+hostages.  Upon which Cleomenes, saying this was mere mockery
+and affront, went away, sending a letter to the Achaeans full of
+reproaches and accusation against Aratus.  And Aratus also wrote
+letters against Cleomenes; and bitter revilings and railleries
+were current on both hands, not sparing even their marriages and
+wives.  Hereupon Cleomenes sent a herald to declare war against
+the Achaeans, and in the meantime missed very narrowly of
+taking Sicyon by treachery.  Turning off at a little distance,
+he attacked and took Pellene, which the Achaean general
+abandoned, and not long after took also Pheneus and Penteleum.
+Then immediately the Argives voluntarily joined with him, and
+the Phliasians received a garrison, and in short nothing among
+all their new acquisitions held firm to the Achaeans.  Aratus
+was encompassed on every side with clamor and confusion; he saw
+the whole of Peloponnesus shaking around him, and the cities
+everywhere set in revolt by men desirous of innovations.
+
+For indeed no place remained quiet or satisfied with the present
+condition; even amongst the Sicyonians and Corinthians
+themselves, many were well known to have had private conferences
+with Cleomenes, who long since, out of desire to make themselves
+masters of their several cities, had been discontented with the
+present order of things.  Aratus, having absolute power given
+him to bring these to condign punishment, executed as many of
+them as he could find at Sicyon, but going about to find them
+out and punish them at Corinth also, he irritated the people,
+already unsound in feeling and weary of the Achaean government.
+So collecting tumultuously in the temple of Apollo, they sent
+for Aratus, having determined to take or kill him before they
+broke out into open revolt.  He came accordingly, leading his
+horse in his hand, as if he suspected nothing.  Then several
+leaping up and accusing and reproaching him, with mild words and
+a settled countenance he bade them sit down, and not stand
+crying out upon him in a disorderly manner, desiring, also, that
+those that were about the door might be let in, and saying so,
+he stepped out quietly, as if he would give his horse to
+somebody.  Clearing himself thus of the crowd, and speaking
+without discomposure to the Corinthians that he met, commanding
+them to go to Apollo's temple, and being now, before they were
+aware, got near to the citadel, he leaped upon his horse, and
+commanding Cleopater, the governor of the garrison, to have a
+special care of his charge, he galloped to Sicyon, followed by
+thirty of his soldiers, the rest leaving him and shifting for
+themselves.  And not long after, it being known that he was
+fled, the Corinthians pursued him, but not overtaking him, they
+immediately sent for Cleomenes and delivered up the city to him,
+who, however, thought nothing they could give was so great a
+gain, as was the loss of their having let Aratus get away.
+Nevertheless, being strengthened by the accession of the people
+of the Acte, as it is called, who put their towns into his
+hands, he proceeded to carry a palisade and lines of
+circumvallation around the Acro-Corinthus.
+
+But Aratus being arrived at Sicyon, the body of the Achaeans
+there flocked to him, and, in an assembly there held, he was
+chosen general with absolute power, and he took about him a
+guard of his own citizens, it being now three and thirty years
+since he first took a part in public affairs among the Achaeans,
+having in that time been the chief man in credit and power of
+all Greece; but he was now deserted on all hands, helpless and
+overpowered, drifting about amidst the waves and danger on the
+shattered hulk of his native city.  For the Aetolians, affected
+whom he applied to, declined to assist him in his distress, and
+the Athenians, who were well affected to him, were diverted from
+lending him any succor by the authority of Euclides and Micion.
+Now whereas he had a house and property in Corinth, Cleomenes
+meddled not with it, nor suffered anybody else to do so, but
+calling for his friends and agents, he bade them hold themselves
+responsible to Aratus for everything, as to him they would have
+to render their account; and privately he sent to him Tripylus,
+and afterwards Megistonus, his own stepfather, to offer him,
+besides several other things, a yearly pension of twelve
+talents, which was twice as much as Ptolemy allowed him, for he
+gave him six; and all that he demanded was to be declared
+commander of the Achaeans, and together with them to have the
+keeping of the citadel of Corinth.  To which Aratus returning
+answer that affairs were not so properly in his power as he was
+in the power of them, Cleomenes, believing this a mere evasion,
+immediately entered the country of Sicyon, destroying all with
+fire and sword, and besieged the city three months, whilst
+Aratus held firm, and was in dispute with himself whether he
+should call in Antigonus upon condition of delivering up the
+citadel of Corinth to him; for he would not lend him assistance
+upon any other terms.
+
+In the meantime the Achaeans assembled at Aegium, and called for
+Aratus; but it was very hazardous for him to pass thither, while
+Cleomenes was encamped before Sicyon; besides, the citizens
+endeavored to stop him by their entreaties, protesting that they
+would not suffer him to expose himself to so evident danger, the
+enemy being so near; the women, also, and children hung about
+him, weeping and embracing him as their common father and
+defender.  But he, having comforted and encouraged them as well
+as he could, got on horseback, and being accompanied with ten
+of his friends and his son, then a youth, got away to the
+sea-side, and finding vessels there waiting off the shore, went
+on board of them and sailed to Aegium to the assembly; in which
+it was decreed that Antigonus should be called in to their aid,
+and should have the Acro-Corinthus delivered to him.  Aratus
+also sent his son to him with the other hostages.  The
+Corinthians, extremely angry at this proceeding, now plundered
+his property, and gave his house as a present to Cleomenes.
+
+Antigonus being now near at hand with his army, consisting of
+twenty thousand Macedonian foot and one thousand three hundred
+horse, Aratus, with the Members of Council, went to meet him by
+sea, and got, unobserved by the enemy, to Pegae, having no great
+confidence either in Antigonus or the Macedonians.  For he was
+very sensible that his own greatness had been made out of the
+losses he had caused them, and that the first great principle of
+his public conduct had been hostility to the former Antigonus.
+But perceiving the necessity that was now upon him, and the
+pressure of the time, that lord and master of those we call
+rulers, to be inexorable, he resolved to put all to the venture.
+So soon, therefore, as Antigonus was told that Aratus was coming
+up to him, he saluted the rest of the company after the ordinary
+manner, but him he received at the very first approach with
+especial honor, and finding him afterwards to be both good and
+wise, admitted him to his nearer familiarity.  For Aratus was
+not only useful to him in the management of great affairs, but
+singularly agreeable also as the private companion of a king in
+his recreations.  And therefore, though Antigonus was young,
+yet as soon as he observed the temper of the man to be proper
+for a prince's friendship, he made more use of him than of any
+other, not only of the Achaeans, but also of the Macedonians
+that were about him.  So that the thing fell out to him just as
+the god had foreshown in a sacrifice.  For it is related that,
+as Aratus was not long before offering sacrifice, there were
+found in the liver two gall-bags enclosed in the same caul of
+fat; whereupon the soothsayer told him that there should very
+soon be the strictest friendship imaginable between him and his
+greatest and most mortal enemies; which prediction he at that
+time slighted, having in general no great faith in soothsayings
+and prognostications, but depending most upon rational
+deliberation.  At an after time, however, when, things
+succeeding well in the war, Antigonus made a great feast at
+Corinth, to which he invited a great number of guests, and
+placed Aratus next above himself, and presently calling for a
+coverlet, asked him if he did not find it cold, and on Aratus's
+answering "Yes, extremely cold," bade him come nearer, so that
+when the servants brought the coverlet, they threw it over them
+both, then Aratus remembering the sacrifice, fell a laughing,
+and told the king the sign which had happened to him, and the
+interpretation of it.  But this fell out a good while after.
+
+So Aratus and the king, plighting their faith to each other at
+Pegae, immediately marched towards the enemy, with whom they had
+frequent engagements near the city, Cleomenes maintaining a
+strong position, and the Corinthians making a very brisk
+defense.  In the meantime, Aristoteles the Argive, Aratus's
+friend, sent privately to him to let him know, that he would
+cause Argos to revolt, if he would come thither in person with
+some soldiers.  Aratus acquainted Antigonus, and, taking fifteen
+hundred men with him, sailed in boats along the shore as quickly
+as he could from the Isthmus to Epidaurus.  But the Argives had
+not patience till he could arrive, but, making a sudden
+insurrection, fell upon Cleomenes's soldiers, and drove them
+into the citadel.  Cleomenes having news of this, and fearing
+lest, if the enemy should possess themselves of Argos, they
+might cut off his retreat home, leaves the Acro-Corinthus and
+marches away by night to help his men.  He got thither first,
+and beat off the enemy, but Aratus appearing not long after, and
+the king approaching with his forces, he retreated to Mantinea,
+upon which all the cities again came over to the Achaeans, and
+Antigonus took possession of the Acro-Corinthus.  Aratus, being
+chosen general by the Argives, persuaded them to make a present
+to Antigonus of the property of the tyrants and the traitors.
+As for Aristomachus, after having put him to the rack in the
+town of Cenchreae, they drowned him in the sea; for which, more
+than anything else, Aratus was reproached, that he could suffer
+a man to be so lawlessly put to death, who was no bad man, had
+been one of his long acquaintance, and at his persuasion had
+abdicated his power, and annexed the city to the Achaeans.
+
+And already the blame of the other things that were done began
+to be laid to his account; as that they so lightly gave up
+Corinth to Antigonus, as if it had been an inconsiderable
+village; that they had suffered him, after first sacking
+Orchomenus, then to put into it a Macedonian garrison; that they
+made a decree that no letters nor embassy should be sent to any
+other king without the consent of Antigonus, that they were
+forced to furnish pay and provision for the Macedonian soldiers,
+and celebrated sacrifices, processions, and games in honor of
+Antigonus, Aratus's citizens setting the example and receiving
+Antigonus, who was lodged and entertained at Aratus's house.
+All these things they treated as his fault, not knowing that
+having once put the reins into Antigonus's hands, and let
+himself be borne by the impetus of regal power, he was no longer
+master of anything but one single voice, the liberty of which
+it was not so very safe for him to use.  For it was very plain
+that Aratus was much troubled at several things, as appeared by
+the business about the statues.  For Antigonus replaced the
+statues of the tyrants of Argos that had been thrown down, and
+on the contrary threw down the statues of all those that had
+taken the Acro-Corinthus, except that of Aratus, nor could
+Aratus, by all his entreaties, dissuade him.  Also, the usage of
+the Mantineans by the Achaeans seemed not in accordance with the
+Grecian feelings and manners.  For being masters of their city
+by the help of Antigonus, they put to death the chief and most
+noted men amongst them; and of the rest, some they sold, others
+they sent, bound in fetters, into Macedonia, and made slaves of
+their wives and children; and of the money thus raised, a third
+part they divided among themselves, and the other two thirds
+were distributed among the Macedonians.  And this might seem to
+have been justified by the law of retaliation; for although it
+be a barbarous thing for men of the same nation and blood thus
+to deal with one another in their fury, yet necessity makes it,
+as Simonides says, sweet and something excusable, being the
+proper thing, in the mind's painful and inflamed condition, to
+give alleviation and relief.  But for what was afterwards done
+to that city, Aratus cannot be defended on any ground either of
+reason or necessity.  For the Argives having had the city
+bestowed on them by Antigonus, and resolving to people it, he
+being then chosen as the new founder, and being general at that
+time, decreed that it should no longer be called Mantinea, but
+Antigonea, which name it still bears.  So that he may be said to
+have been the cause that the old memory of the "beautiful
+Mantinea" has been wholly extinguished, and the city to this
+day has the name of the destroyer and slayer of its citizens.
+
+After this, Cleomenes, being overthrown in a great battle near
+Sellasia, forsook Sparta and fled into Egypt, and Antigonus,
+having shown all manner of kindness and fair-dealing to Aratus,
+retired into Macedonia.  There, falling sick, he sent Philip,
+the heir of the kingdom, into Peloponnesus, being yet scarce a
+youth, commanding him to follow above all the counsel of Aratus,
+to communicate with the cities through him, and through him to
+make acquaintance with the Achaeans; and Aratus, receiving him
+accordingly, so managed him as to send him back to Macedon both
+well affected to himself and full of desire and ambition to take
+an honorable part in the affairs of Greece.
+
+When Antigonus was dead, the Aetolians, despising the sloth and
+negligence of the Achaeans, who, having learned to be defended by
+other men's valor and to shelter themselves under the Macedonian
+arms, lived in ease and without any discipline, now attempted to
+interfere in Peloponnesus.  And plundering the land of Patrae
+and Dyme in their way, they invaded Messene and ravaged it; at
+which Aratus being indignant, and finding that Timoxenus, then
+general, was hesitating and letting the time go by, being now on
+the point of laying down his office, in which he himself was
+chosen to succeed him, he anticipated the proper term by five
+days, that he might bring relief to the Messenians.  And
+mustering the Achaeans, who were both in their persons
+unexercised in arms and in their minds relaxed and averse to
+war, he met with a defeat at Caphyae.  Having thus begun the
+war, as it seemed, with too much heat and passion, he then ran
+into the other extreme, cooling again and desponding so much,
+that he let pass and overlooked many fair opportunities of
+advantage given by the Aetolians, and allowed them to run riot,
+as it were, throughout all Peloponnesus, with all manner of
+insolence and licentiousness.  Wherefore, holding forth their
+hands once more to the Macedonians, they invited and drew in
+Philip to intermeddle in the affairs of Greece, chiefly hoping,
+because of his affection and trust that he felt for Aratus, they
+should find him easy-tempered, and ready to be managed as they
+pleased.
+
+But the king, being now persuaded by Apelles, Megaleas, and
+other courtiers, that endeavored to ruin the credit Aratus had
+with him, took the side of the contrary faction, and joined them
+in canvassing to have Eperatus chosen general by the Achaeans.
+But he being altogether scorned by the Achaeans, and, for the
+want of Aratus to help, all things going wrong, Philip saw he
+had quite mistaken his part, and, turning about and reconciling
+himself to Aratus, he was wholly his; and his affairs now going
+on favorably both for his power and reputation, he depended upon
+him altogether as the author of all his gains in both respects;
+Aratus hereby giving a proof to the world that he was as good a
+nursing father of a kingdom as he had been of a democracy, for
+the actions of the king had in them the touch and color of his
+judgment and character.  The moderation which the young man
+showed to the Lacedaemonians, who had incurred his displeasure,
+and his affability to the Cretans, by which in a few days he
+brought over the whole island to his obedience, and his
+expedition against the Aetolians, so wonderfully successful,
+brought Philip reputation for hearkening to good advice, and to
+Aratus for giving it; for which things the king's followers
+envying him more than ever and finding they could not prevail
+against him by their secret practices, began openly to abuse and
+affront him at the banquets and over their wine, with every kind
+of petulance and impudence; so that once they threw stones at
+him as he was going back from supper to his tent.  At which
+Philip being much offended, immediately fined them twenty
+talents; and finding afterwards that they still went on
+disturbing matters and doing mischief in his affairs, he put
+them to death.
+
+But with his run of good success, prosperity began to puff him
+up, and various extravagant desires began to spring and show
+themselves in his mind; and his natural bad inclinations,
+breaking through the artificial restraints he had put upon them,
+in a little time laid open and discovered his true and proper
+character.  And in the first place, he privately injured the
+younger Aratus in his wife, which was not known of a good while,
+because he was lodged and entertained at their house; then he
+began to be more rough and untractable in the domestic politics
+of Greece, and showed plainly that he was wishing to shake
+himself loose of Aratus.  This the Messenian affairs first gave
+occasion to suspect.  For they falling into sedition, and Aratus
+being just too late with his succors, Philip, who got into the
+city one day before him, at once blew up the flame of contention
+amongst them, asking privately, on the one hand, the Messenian
+generals, if they had not laws whereby to suppress the insolence
+of the common people, and on the other, the leaders of the
+people, whether they had not hands to help themselves against
+their oppressors.  Upon which gathering courage, the officers
+attempted to lay hands on the heads of the people, and they on
+the other side, coming upon the officers with the multitude,
+killed them, and very near two hundred persons with them.
+
+Philip having committed this wickedness, and doing his best to
+set the Messenians by the ears together more than before, Aratus
+arrived there, and both showed plainly that he took it ill
+himself, and also he suffered his son bitterly to reproach and
+revile him.  It should seem that the young man had an attachment
+for Philip, and so at this time one of his expressions to him
+was, that he no longer appeared to him the handsomest, but the
+most deformed of all men, after so foul an action.  To all which
+Philip gave him no answer, though he seemed so angry as to make
+it expected he would, and though several times he cried out
+aloud, while the young man was speaking.  But as for the elder
+Aratus, seeming to take all that he said in good part, and as if
+he were by nature a politic character and had a good command of
+himself, he gave him his hand and led him out of the theater,
+and carried him with him to the Ithomatas, to sacrifice there
+to Jupiter, and take a view of the place, for it is a post as
+fortifiable as the Acro-Corinthus, and, with a garrison in it,
+quite as strong and as impregnable to the attacks of all around
+it.  Philip therefore went up hither, and having offered
+sacrifice, receiving the entrails of the ox with both his hands
+from the priest, he showed them to Aratus and Demetrius the
+Pharian, presenting them sometimes to the one and sometimes to
+the other, asking them what they judged, by the tokens in the
+sacrifice, was to be done with the fort; was he to keep it for
+himself, or restore it to the Messenians.  Demetrius laughed and
+answered, "If you have in you the soul of soothsayer, you will
+restore it, but if of a prince, you will hold the ox by both the
+horns," meaning to refer to Peloponnesus, which would be wholly
+in his power and at his disposal if he added the Ithomatas to
+the Acro-Corinthus.  Aratus said not a word for a good while;
+but Philip entreating him to declare his opinion, he said "Many
+and great hills are there in Crete, and many rocks in Boeotia
+and Phocis, and many remarkable strong-holds both near the sea
+and in the midland in Acarnania, and yet all these people obey
+your orders, though you have not possessed yourself of any one
+of those places.  Robbers nest themselves in rocks and
+precipices; but the strongest fort a king can have is confidence
+and affection.  These have opened to you the Cretan sea; these
+make you master of Peloponnesus, and by the help of these, young
+as you are, are you become captain of the one, and lord of the
+other."  While he was still speaking, Philip returned the
+entrails to the priest, and drawing Aratus to him by the hand,
+"Come, then," said he, "let us follow the same course;" as if he
+felt himself forced by him, and obliged to give up the town.
+
+From this time Aratus began to withdraw from court, and retired
+by degrees from Philip's company; when he was preparing to march
+into Epirus, and desired him that he would accompany him
+thither, he excused himself and stayed at home, apprehending
+that he should get nothing but discredit by having anything to
+do with his actions.  But when, afterwards, having shamefully
+lost his fleet against the Romans and miscarried in all his
+designs, he returned into Peloponnesus, where he tried once more
+to beguile the Messenians by his artifices, and failing in this,
+began openly to attack them and to ravage their country, then
+Aratus fell out with him downright, and utterly renounced his
+friendship; for he had begun then to be fully aware of the
+injuries done to his son in his wife, which vexed him greatly,
+though he concealed them from his son, as he could but know he
+had been abused, without having any means to revenge himself.
+For, indeed, Philip seems to have been an instance of the
+greatest and strangest alteration of character; after being a
+mild king and modest and chaste youth, he became a lascivious
+man and most cruel tyrant; though in reality this was not a
+change of his nature, but a bold unmasking, when safe
+opportunity came, of the evil inclinations which his fear had
+for a long time made him dissemble.
+
+For that the respect he at the beginning bore to Aratus had a
+great alloy of fear and awe appears evidently from what he did
+to him at last.  For being desirous to put him to death, not
+thinking himself, whilst he was alive, to be properly free as a
+man, much less at liberty to do his pleasure as a king or
+tyrant, he durst not attempt to do it by open force, but
+commanded Taurion, one of his captains and familiars, to make
+him away secretly by poison, if possible, in his absence.
+Taurion, therefore, made himself intimate with Aratus, and gave
+him a dose, not of your strong and violent poisons, but such as
+cause gentle, feverish heats at first, and a dull cough, and so
+by degrees bring on certain death.  Aratus perceived what was
+done to him, but, knowing that it was in vain to make any words
+of it, bore it patiently and with silence, as if it had been
+some common and usual distemper.  Only once, a friend of his
+being with him in his chamber, he spat some blood, which his
+friend observing and wondering at, "These, O Cephalon," said he,
+"are the wages of a king's love."
+
+Thus died he in Aegium, in his seventeenth generalship.  The
+Achaeans were very desirous that he should be buried there with
+a funeral and monument suitable to his life, but the Sicyonians
+treated it as a calamity to them if he were interred anywhere
+but in their city, and prevailed with the Achaeans to grant them
+the disposal of the body.
+
+But there being an ancient law that no person should be buried
+within the walls of their city, and besides the law also a
+strong religious feeling about it, they sent to Delphi to ask
+counsel of the Pythoness, who returned this answer: --
+
+Sicyon, whom oft he rescued, "Where," you say,
+"Shall we the relics of Aratus lay?"
+The soil that would not lightly o'er him rest,
+Or to be under him would feel oppressed,
+Were in the sight of earth and seas and skies unblest.
+
+This oracle being brought, all the Achaeans were well pleased at
+it, but especially the Sicyonians, who, changing their mourning
+into public joy, immediately fetched the body from Aegium, and
+in a kind of solemn procession brought it into the city, being
+crowned with garlands, and arrayed in white garments, with
+singing and dancing, and, choosing a conspicuous place, they
+buried him there, as the founder and savior of their city.  The
+place is to this day called Aratium, and there they yearly make
+two solemn sacrifices to him, the one on the day he delivered
+the city from tyranny, being the fifth of the month Daesius,
+which the Athenians call Anthesterion, and this sacrifice they
+call Soteria; the other in the month of his birth, which is
+still remembered.  Now the first of these was performed by the
+priest of Jupiter Soter, the second by the priest of Aratus,
+wearing a band around his head, not pure white, but mingled with
+purple.  Hymns were sung to the harp by the singers of the
+feasts of Bacchus; the procession was led up by the president of
+the public exercises, with the boys and young men; these were
+followed by the councilors wearing garlands, and other citizens
+such as pleased.  Of these observances, some small traces, it is
+still made a point of religion not to omit, on the appointed
+days; but the greatest part of the ceremonies have through time
+and other intervening accidents been disused.
+
+And such, as history tells us, was the life and manners of the
+elder Aratus.  And for the younger, his son, Philip, abominably
+wicked by nature and a savage abuser of his power, gave him such
+poisonous medicines, as though they did not kill him indeed, yet
+made him lose his senses, and run into wild and absurd attempts
+and desire to do actions and satisfy appetites that were
+ridiculous and shameful.  So that his death, which happened to
+him while he was yet young and in the flower of his age, cannot
+be so much esteemed a misfortune as a deliverance and end of his
+misery.  However, Philip paid dearly, all through the rest of
+his life, for these impious violations of friendship and
+hospitality.  For, being overcome by the Romans, he was forced
+to put himself wholly into their hands, and, being deprived of
+his other dominions and surrendering all his ships except five,
+he had also to pay a fine of a thousand talents, and to give his
+son for hostage, and only out of mere pity he was suffered to
+keep Macedonia and its dependences; where continually putting to
+death the noblest of his subjects and the nearest relations he
+had, he filled the whole kingdom with horror and hatred of him.
+And whereas amidst so many misfortunes he had but one good
+chance, which was the having a son of great virtue and merit,
+him, through jealousy and envy at the honor the Romans had for
+him, he caused to be murdered, and left his kingdom to Perseus,
+who, as some say, was not his own child, but supposititious,
+born of a seamstress called Gnathaenion.  This was he whom
+Paulus Aemilius led in triumph, and in whom ended the succession
+of Antigonus's line and kingdom.  But the posterity of Aratus
+continued still in our days at Sicyon and Pellene.
+
+
+
+ARTAXERXES
+
+The first Artaxerxes, among all the kings of Persia the most
+remarkable for a gentle and noble spirit, was surnamed the
+Long-handed, his right hand being longer than his left, and was
+the son of Xerxes.  The second, whose story I am now writing,
+who had the surname of the Mindful, was the grandson of the
+former, by his daughter Parysatis, who brought Darius four sons,
+the eldest Artaxerxes, the next Cyrus, and two younger than
+these, Ostanes and Oxathres.  Cyrus took his name of the ancient
+Cyrus, as he, they say, had his from the sun, which, in the
+Persian language, is called Cyrus.  Artaxerxes was at first
+called Arsicas; Dinon says Oarses; but it is utterly improbable
+that Ctesias (however otherwise he may have filled his books
+with a perfect farrago of incredible and senseless fables)
+should be ignorant of the name of the king with whom he lived as
+his physician, attending upon himself, his wife, his mother, and
+his children.
+
+Cyrus, from his earliest youth, showed something of a headstrong
+and vehement character; Artaxerxes, on the other side, was
+gentler in everything, and of a nature more yielding and soft
+in its action.  He married a beautiful and virtuous wife, at the
+desire of his parents, but kept her as expressly against their
+wishes.  For king Darius, having put her brother to death, was
+purposing likewise to destroy her.  But Arsicas, throwing
+himself at his mother's feet, by many tears, at last, with much
+ado, persuaded her that they should neither put her to death nor
+divorce her from him.  However, Cyrus was his mother's favorite,
+and the son whom she most desired to settle in the throne.  And
+therefore, his father Darius now lying ill, he, being sent for
+from the sea to the court, set out thence with full hopes that
+by her means he was to be declared the successor to the kingdom.
+For Parysatis had the specious plea in his behalf, which Xerxes
+on the advice of Demaratus had of old made use of, that she had
+borne him Arsicas when he was a subject, but Cyrus when a king.
+Notwithstanding, she prevailed not with Darius, but the eldest
+son Arsicas was proclaimed king, his name being changed into
+Artaxerxes; and Cyrus remained satrap of Lydia, and commander in
+the maritime provinces.
+
+It was not long after the decease of Darius that the king, his
+successor, went to Pasargadae, to have the ceremony of his
+inauguration consummated by the Persian priests.  There is a
+temple dedicated to a warlike goddess, whom one might liken to
+Minerva; into which when the royal person to be initiated has
+passed, he must strip himself of his own robe, and put on that
+which Cyrus the first wore before he was king; then, having
+devoured a frail of figs, he must eat turpentine, and drink a
+cup of sour milk.  To which if they superadd any other rites, it
+is unknown to any but those that are present at them.  Now
+Artaxerxes being about to address himself to this solemnity,
+Tisaphernes came to him, bringing a certain priest, who, having
+trained up Cyrus in his youth in the established discipline of
+Persia, and having taught him the Magian philosophy, was likely
+to be as much disappointed as any man that his pupil did not
+succeed to the throne.  And for that reason his veracity was the
+less questioned when he charged Cyrus as though he had been
+about to lie in wait for the king in the temple, and to assault
+and assassinate him as he was putting off his garment.  Some
+affirm that he was apprehended upon this impeachment, others
+that he had entered the temple and was pointed out there, as he
+lay lurking, by the priest.  But as he was on the point of being
+put to death, his mother clasped him in her arms, and, entwining
+him with the tresses of her hair, joined his neck close to her
+own, and by her bitter lamentation and intercession to
+Artaxerxes for him, succeeded in saving his life; and sent him
+away again to the sea and to his former province.  This,
+however, could no longer content him; nor did he so well
+remember his delivery as his arrest, his resentment for which
+made him more eagerly desirous of the kingdom than before.
+
+Some say that he revolted from his brother, because he had not a
+revenue allowed him sufficient for his daily meals; but this is
+on the face of it absurd.  For had he had nothing else, yet he
+had a mother ready to supply him with whatever he could desire
+out of her own means.  But the great number of soldiers who were
+hired from all quarters and maintained, as Xenophon informs us,
+for his service, by his friends and connections, is in itself a
+sufficient proof of his riches.  He did not assemble them
+together in a body, desiring as yet to conceal his enterprise;
+but he had agents everywhere, enlisting foreign soldiers upon
+various pretenses; and, in the meantime, Parysatis, who was
+with the king, did her best to put aside all suspicions, and
+Cyrus himself always wrote in a humble and dutiful manner to
+him, sometimes soliciting favor, sometimes making countercharges
+against Tisaphernes, as if his jealousy and contest had been
+wholly with him.  Moreover, there was a certain natural
+dilatoriness in the king, which was taken by many for clemency.
+And, indeed, in the beginning of his reign, he did seem really
+to emulate the gentleness of the first Artaxerxes, being very
+accessible in his person, and liberal to a fault in the
+distribution of honors and favors.  Even in his punishments, no
+contumely or vindictive pleasure could be seen; and those who
+offered him presents were as much pleased with his manner of
+accepting, as were those who received gifts from him with his
+graciousness and amiability in giving them.  Nor truly was there
+anything, however inconsiderable, given him, which he did not
+deign kindly to accept of; insomuch that when one Omises had
+presented him with a very large pomegranate, "By Mithras," said
+he, "this man, were he entrusted with it, would turn a small
+city into a great one."
+
+Once when some were offering him one thing, some another, as he
+was on a progress, a certain poor laborer, having got nothing at
+hand to bring him, ran to the river side, and, taking up water
+in his hands, offered it to him; with which Artaxerxes was so
+well pleased that he sent him a goblet of gold and a thousand
+darics.  To Euclidas, the Lacedaemonian, who had made a number
+of bold and arrogant speeches to him, he sent word by one of his
+officers, "You have leave to say what you please to me, and I,
+you should remember, may both say and do what I please to you."
+Teribazus once, when they were hunting, came up and pointed out
+to the king that his royal robe was torn; the king asked him
+what he wished him to do; and when Teribazus replied "May it
+please you to put on another and give me that," the king did so,
+saying withal, "I give it you, Teribazus, but I charge you not
+to wear it."  He, little regarding the injunction, being not a
+bad, but a light-headed, thoughtless man, immediately the king
+took it off, put it on, and bedecked himself further with royal
+golden necklaces and women's ornaments, to the great scandal of
+everybody, the thing being quite unlawful.  But the king laughed
+and told him, "You have my leave to wear the trinkets as a
+woman, and the robe of state as a fool."  And whereas none
+usually sat down to eat with the king besides his mother and his
+wedded wife, the former being placed above, the other below him,
+Artaxerxes invited also to his table his two younger brothers,
+Ostanes and Oxathres.  But what was the most popular thing of
+all among the Persians was the sight of his wife Statira's
+chariot, which always appeared with its curtains down, allowing
+her countrywomen to salute and approach her, which made the
+queen a great favorite with the people.
+
+Yet busy, factious men, that delighted in change, professed it
+to be their opinion that the times needed Cyrus, a man of a
+great spirit, an excellent warrior, and a lover of his friends,
+and that the largeness of their empire absolutely required a
+bold and enterprising prince.  Cyrus, then; not only relying
+upon those of his own province near the sea, but upon many of
+those in the upper countries near the king, commenced the war
+against him.  He wrote to the Lacedaemonians, bidding them come
+to his assistance and supply him with men, assuring them that to
+those who came to him on foot he would give horses, and to the
+horsemen chariots; that upon those who had farms he would bestow
+villages, and those who were lords of villages he would make so
+of cities; and that those who would be his soldiers should
+receive their pay, not by count, but by weight.  And among many
+other high praises of himself, he said he had the stronger soul;
+was more a philosopher and a better Magian; and could drink and
+bear more wine than his brother, who, as he averred, was such a
+coward and so little like a man, that he could neither sit his
+horse in hunting nor his throne in time of danger.  The
+Lacedaemonians, his letter being read, sent a staff to
+Clearchus, commanding him to obey Cyrus in all things.  So Cyrus
+marched towards the king, having under his conduct a numerous
+host of barbarians, and but little less than thirteen thousand
+stipendiary Grecians; alleging first one cause, then another,
+for his expedition.  Yet the true reason lay not long concealed,
+but Tisaphernes went to the king in person to declare it.
+Thereupon, the court was all in an uproar and tumult, the
+queen-mother bearing almost the whole blame of the enterprise,
+and her retainers being suspected and accused.  Above all,
+Statira angered her by bewailing the war and passionately
+demanding where were now the pledges and the intercessions which
+saved the life of him that conspired against his brother; "to
+the end," she said, "that he might plunge us all into war and
+trouble."  For which words Parysatis hating Statira, and being
+naturally implacable and savage in her anger and revenge,
+consulted how she might destroy her.  But since Dinon tells us
+that her purpose took effect in the time of the war, and Ctesias
+says it was after it, I shall keep the story for the place to
+which the latter assigns it, as it is very unlikely that he, who
+was actually present, should not know the time when it happened,
+and there was no motive to induce him designedly to misplace its
+date in his narrative of it, though it is not infrequent with
+him in his history to make excursions from truth into mere
+fiction and romance.
+
+As Cyrus was upon the march, rumors and reports were brought
+him, as though the king still deliberated, and were not minded
+to fight and presently to join battle with him; but to wait in
+the heart of his kingdom until his forces should have come in
+thither from all parts of his dominions.  He had cut a trench
+through the plain ten fathoms in breadth, and as many in depth,
+the length of it being no less than four hundred furlongs.  Yet
+he allowed Cyrus to pass across it, and to advance almost to the
+city of Babylon.  Then Teribazus, as the report goes, was the
+first that had the boldness to tell the king that he ought not
+to avoid the conflict, nor to abandon Media, Babylon, and even
+Susa, and hide himself in Persis, when all the while he had an
+army many times over more numerous than his enemies, and an
+infinite company of governors and captains that were better
+soldiers and politicians than Cyrus.  So at last he resolved to
+fight, as soon as it was possible for him.  Making, therefore,
+his first appearance, all on a sudden, at the head of nine
+hundred thousand well-marshaled men, he so startled and
+surprised the enemy, who with the confidence of contempt were
+marching on their way in no order, and with their arms not ready
+for use, that Cyrus, in the midst of much noise and tumult, was
+scarce able to form them for battle.  Moreover, the very manner
+in which he led on his men, silently and slowly, made the
+Grecians stand amazed at his good discipline; who had expected
+irregular shouting and leaping, much confusion and separation
+between one body of men and another, in so vast a multitude of
+troops.  He also placed the choicest of his armed chariots in
+the front of his own phalanx over against the Grecian troops,
+that a violent charge with these might cut open their ranks
+before they closed with them.
+
+But as this battle is described by many historians, and Xenophon
+in particular as good as shows it us by eyesight, not as a past
+event, but as a present action, and by his vivid account makes
+his hearers feel all the passions and join in all the dangers of
+it, it would be folly in me to give any larger account of it
+than barely to mention any things omitted by him which yet
+deserve to be recorded.  The place, then, in which the two
+armies were drawn out is called Cunaxa, being about five hundred
+furlongs distant from Babylon.  And here Clearchus beseeching
+Cyrus before the fight to retire behind the combatants, and not
+expose himself to hazard, they say he replied, "What is this,
+Clearchus?  Would you have me, who aspire to empire, show myself
+unworthy of it?"  But if Cyrus committed a great fault in
+entering headlong into the midst of danger, and not paying any
+regard to his own safety, Clearchus was as much to blame, if not
+more, in refusing to lead the Greeks against the main body of
+the enemy, where the king stood, and in keeping his right wing
+close to the river, for fear of being surrounded.  For if he
+wanted, above all other things, to be safe, and considered it
+his first object to sleep in whole skin, it had been his best
+way not to have stirred from home.  But, after marching in arms
+ten thousand furlongs from the sea-coast, simply on his own
+choosing, for the purpose of placing Cyrus on the throne, to
+look about and select a position which would enable him, not to
+preserve him under whose pay and conduct he was, but himself to
+engage with more ease and security seemed much like one that
+through fear of present dangers had abandoned the purpose of his
+actions, and been false to the design of his expedition.  For it
+is evident from the very event of the battle that none of those
+who were in array around the king's person could have stood the
+shock of the Grecian charge; and had they been beaten out of the
+field, and Artaxerxes either fled or fallen, Cyrus would have
+gained by the victory, not only safety, but a crown.  And,
+therefore, Clearchus, by his caution, must be considered more
+to blame for the result in the destruction of the life and
+fortune of Cyrus, than he by his heat and rashness.  For had the
+king made it his business to discover a place, where having
+posted the Grecians, he might encounter them with the least
+hazard, he would never have found out any other but that which
+was most remote from himself and those near him; of his defeat
+in which he was insensible, and, though Clearchus had the
+victory, yet Cyrus could not know of it, and could take no
+advantage of it before his fall.  Cyrus knew well enough what
+was expedient to be done, and commanded Clearchus with his men
+to take their place in the center.  Clearchus replied that he
+would take care to have all arranged as was best, and then
+spoiled all.
+
+For the Grecians, where they were, defeated the barbarians till
+they were weary, and chased them successfully a very great way.
+But Cyrus being mounted upon a noble but a headstrong and
+hard-mouthed horse, bearing the name, as Ctesias tells us, of
+Pasacas, Artagerses, the leader of the Cadusians, galloped up to
+him, crying aloud, "O most unjust and senseless of men, who are
+the disgrace of the honored name of Cyrus, are you come here
+leading the wicked Greeks on a wicked journey, to plunder the
+good things of the Persians, and this with the intent of slaying
+your lord and brother, the master of ten thousand times ten
+thousand servants that are better men than you?  as you shall
+see this instant; for you shall lose your head here, before you
+look upon the face of the king."  Which when he had said, he
+cast his javelin at him.  But the coat of mail stoutly repelled
+it, and Cyrus was not wounded; yet the stroke falling heavy upon
+him, he reeled under it.  Then Artagerses turning his horse,
+Cyrus threw his weapon, and sent the head of it through his neck
+near the shoulder bone.  So that it is almost universally agreed
+to by all the author that Artagerses was slain by him.  But as
+to the death of Cyrus, since Xenophon, as being himself no
+eye-witness of it, has stated it simply and in few words, it may
+not be amiss perhaps to run over on the one hand what Dinon, and
+on the other, what Ctesias has said of it.
+
+Dinon then affirms, that, after the death of Artagerses, Cyrus,
+furiously attacking the guard of Artaxerxes, wounded the king's
+horse, and so dismounted him, and when Teribazus had quickly
+lifted him up upon another, and said to him, "O king, remember
+this day, which is not one to be forgotten," Cyrus, again
+spurring up his horse, struck down Artaxerxes.  But at the third
+assault the king being enraged, and saying to those near him
+that death was more eligible, made up to Cyrus, who furiously
+and blindly rushed in the face of the weapons opposed to him.
+So the king struck him with a javelin, as likewise did those
+that were about him.  And thus Cyrus falls, as some say, by the
+hand of the king; as others, by the dart of a Carian, to whom
+Artaxerxes, for a reward of his achievement, gave the privilege
+of carrying ever after a golden cock upon his spear before the
+first ranks of the army in all expeditions.  For the Persians
+call the men of Caria cocks, because of the crests with which
+they adorn their helmets.
+
+But the account of Ctesias, to put it shortly, omitting many
+details, is as follows: Cyrus, after the death of Artagerses,
+rode up against the king, as he did against him, neither
+exchanging a word with the other.  But Ariaeus, Cyrus's friend,
+was beforehand with him, and darted first at the king, yet
+wounded him not.  Then the king cast his lance at his brother,
+but missed him, though he both hit and slew Satiphernes, a noble
+man and a faithful friend to Cyrus.  Then Cyrus directed his
+lance against the king, and pierced his breast with it quite
+through his armor, two inches deep, so that he fell from his
+horse with the stroke.  At which those that attended him being
+put to flight and disorder, he, rising with a few, among whom
+was Ctesias, and making his way to a little hill not far off,
+rested himself.  But Cyrus, who was in the thick of the enemy,
+was carried off a great way by the wildness of his horse, the
+darkness which was now coming on making it hard for them to know
+him, and for his followers to find him.  However, being made
+elate with victory, and full of confidence and force, he passed
+through them, crying out, and that more than once, in the
+Persian language, "Clear the way, villains, clear the way;"
+which they indeed did, throwing themselves down at his feet.
+But his tiara dropped off his head, and a young Persian, by name
+Mithridates, running by, struck a dart into one of his temples
+near his eye, not knowing who he was, out of which wound much
+blood gushed, so that Cyrus, swooning and senseless, fell off
+his horse.  The horse escaped, and ran about the field; but the
+companion of Mithridates took the trappings, which fell off,
+soaked with blood.  And as Cyrus slowly began to come to
+himself, some eunuchs who were there tried to put him on another
+horse, and so convey him safe away.  And when he was not able to
+ride, and desired to walk on his feet, they led and supported
+him, being indeed dizzy in the head and reeling, but convinced
+of his being victorious, hearing, as he went, the fugitives
+saluting Cyrus as king, and praying for grace and mercy.  In the
+meantime, some wretched, poverty-stricken Caunians, who in some
+pitiful employment as camp-followers had accompanied the king's
+army, by chance joined these attendants of Cyrus, supposing them
+to be of their own party.  But when, after a while, they made
+out that their coats over their breastplates were red, whereas
+all the king's people wore white ones, they knew that they were
+enemies.  One of them, therefore, not dreaming that it was
+Cyrus, ventured to strike him behind with a dart.  The vein
+under the knee was cut open, and Cyrus fell, and at the same
+time struck his wounded temple against a stone, and so died.
+Thus runs Ctesias's account, tardily, with the slowness of a
+blunt weapon, effecting the victim's death.
+
+When he was now dead, Artasyras, the king's eye, passed by on
+horseback, and, having observed the eunuchs lamenting, he asked
+the most trusty of them, "Who is this, Pariscas, whom you sit
+here deploring?"  He replied, "Do not you see, O Artasyras, that
+it is my master, Cyrus?"  Then Artasyras wondering, bade the
+eunuch be of good cheer, and keep the dead body safe.  And going
+in all haste to Artaxerxes, who had now given up all hope of his
+affairs, and was in great suffering also with his thirst and his
+wound, he with much joy assured him that he had seen Cyrus dead.
+Upon this, at first, he set out to go in person to the place,
+and commanded Artasyras to conduct him where he lay.  But when
+there was a great noise made about the Greeks, who were said to
+be in full pursuit, conquering and carrying all before them, he
+thought it best to send a number of persons to see; and
+accordingly thirty men went with torches in their hands.
+Meantime, as he seemed to be almost at the point of dying from
+thirst, his eunuch Satibarzanes ran about seeking drink for him;
+for the place had no water in it, and he was at a good distance
+from his camp.  After a long search he at last luckily met with
+one of those poor Caunian camp-followers, who had in a wretched
+skin about four pints of foul and stinking water, which he took
+and gave to the king; and when he had drunk all off, he asked
+him if he did not dislike the water; but he declared by all the
+gods, that he never so much relished either wine, or water out
+of the lightest or purest stream.  "And therefore," said he, "if
+I fail myself to discover and reward him who gave it to you, I
+beg of heaven to make him rich and prosperous."
+
+Just after this, came back the thirty messengers, with joy and
+triumph in their looks, bringing him the tidings of his
+unexpected fortune.  And now he was also encouraged by the
+number of soldiers that again began to flock in and gather about
+him; so that he presently descended into the plain with many
+lights and flambeaus round about him.  And when he had come near
+the dead body, and, according to a certain law of the Persians,
+the right hand and head had been lopped off from the trunk, he
+gave orders that the latter should be brought to him, and,
+grasping the hair of it, which was long and bushy, he showed it
+to those who were still uncertain and disposed to fly.  They
+were amazed at it, and did him homage; so that there were
+presently seventy thousand of them got about him, and entered
+the camp again with him.  He had led out to the fight, as
+Ctesias affirms, four hundred thousand men.  But Dinon and
+Xenophon aver that there were many more than forty myriads
+actually engaged.  As to the number of the slain, as the
+catalogue of them was given up to Artaxerxes, Ctesias says, they
+were nine thousand, but that they appeared to him no fewer than
+twenty thousand.  Thus far there is something to be said on both
+sides.  But it is a flagrant untruth on the part of Ctesias to
+say that he was sent along with Phalinus the Zacynthian and some
+others to the Grecians.  For Xenophon knew well enough that
+Ctesias was resident at court; for he makes mention of him, and
+had evidently met with his writings.  And, therefore, had he
+come, and been deputed the interpreter of such momentous words,
+Xenophon surely would not have struck his name out of the
+embassy to mention only Phalinus.  But Ctesias, as is evident,
+being excessively vain-glorious, and no less a favorer of the
+Lacedaemonians and Clearchus, never fails to assume to himself
+some province in his narrative, taking opportunity, in these
+situations, to introduce abundant high praise of Clearchus and
+Sparta.
+
+When the battle was over, Artaxerxes sent goodly and magnificent
+gifts to the son of Artagerses, whom Cyrus slew.  He conferred
+likewise high honors upon Ctesias and others, and, having found
+out the Caunian who gave him the bottle of water, he made him,
+of a poor, obscure man, a rich and an honorable person.  As for
+the punishments he indicted upon delinquents, there was a kind
+of harmony betwixt them and the crimes.  He gave order that one
+Arbaces, a Mede, that had fled in the fight to Cyrus, and again
+at his fall had come back, should, as a mark that he was
+considered a dastardly and effeminate, not a dangerous or
+treasonable man, have a common harlot set upon his back, and
+carry her about for a whole day in the marketplace.  Another,
+besides that he had deserted to them, having falsely vaunted
+that he had killed two of the rebels, he decreed that three
+needles should be struck through his tongue.  And both supposing
+that with his own hand he had cut off Cyrus, and being willing
+that all men should think and say so, he sent rich presents to
+Mithridates, who first wounded him, and charged those by whom he
+conveyed the gifts to him to tell him, that "the king has
+honored you with these his favors, because you found and brought
+him the horse-trappings of Cyrus."  The Carian, also, from whose
+wound in the ham Cyrus died, suing for his reward, he commanded
+those that brought it him to say that "the king presents you
+with this as a second remuneration for the good news told him;
+for first Artasyras, and, next to him, you assured him of the
+decease of Cyrus."  Mithridates retired without complaint,
+though not without resentment.  But the unfortunate Carian was
+fool enough to give way to a natural infirmity.  For being
+ravished with the sight of the princely gifts that were before
+him, and being tempted thereupon to challenge and aspire to
+things above him, he deigned not to accept the king's present as
+a reward for good news, but indignantly crying out and appealing
+to witnesses, he protested that he, and none but he, had killed
+Cyrus, and that he was unjustly deprived of the glory.  These
+words, when they came to his ear, much offended the king, so
+that forthwith he sentenced him to be beheaded.  But the queen
+mother, being in the king's presence, said, "Let not the king so
+lightly discharge this pernicious Carian; let him receive from
+me the fitting punishment of what he dares to say."  So when the
+king had consigned him over to Parysatis, she charged the
+executioners to take up the man, and stretch him upon the rack
+for ten days, then, tearing out his eyes, to drop molten brass
+into his ears till he expired.
+
+Mithridates, also, within a short time after, miserably perished
+by the like folly; for being invited to a feast where were the
+eunuchs both of the king and of the queen mother, he came
+arrayed in the dress and the golden ornaments which he had
+received from the king.  After they began to drink, the eunuch
+that was the greatest in power with Parysatis thus speaks to
+him: A magnificent dress, indeed, O Mithridates, is this which
+the king has given you; the chains and bracelets are glorious,
+and your scimitar of invaluable worth; how happy has he made
+you, the object of every eye!"  To whom he, being a little
+overcome with the wine replied, "What are these things,
+Sparamizes?  Sure I am, I showed myself to the king in that day
+of trial to be one deserving greater and costlier gifts than
+these."  At which Sparamizes smiling, said, "I do not grudge
+them to you, Mithridates; but since the Grecians tell us that
+wine and truth go together, let me hear now, my friend, what
+glorious or mighty matter was it to find some trappings that had
+slipped off a horse, and to bring them to the king?"  And this
+he spoke, not as ignorant of the truth, but desiring to unbosom
+him to the company, irritating the vanity of the man, whom drink
+had now made eager to talk and incapable of controlling himself.
+So he forbore nothing, but said out, "Talk you what you please
+of horse-trappings, and such trifles; I tell you plainly, that
+this hand was the death of Cyrus.  For I threw not my dart as
+Artagerses did, in vain and to no purpose, but only just missing
+his eye, and hitting him right on the temple, and piercing him
+through, I brought him to the ground; and of that wound he
+died."  The rest of the company, who saw the end and the hapless
+fate of Mithridates as if it were already completed, bowed their
+heads to the ground; and he who entertained them said,
+"Mithridates, my friend, let us eat and drink now, revering the
+fortune of our prince, and let us waive discourse which is too
+weighty for us."
+
+Presently after, Sparamizes told Parysatis what he said, and she
+told the king, who was greatly enraged at it, as having the lie
+given him, and being in danger to forfeit the most glorious and
+most pleasant circumstance of his victory.  For it was his
+desire that everyone, whether Greek or barbarian, should
+believe that in the mutual assaults and conflicts between him
+and his brother, he, giving and receiving a blow, was himself
+indeed wounded, but that the other lost his life.  And,
+therefore, he decreed that Mithridates should be put to death in
+boats; which execution is after the following manner: Taking two
+boats framed exactly to fit and answer each other, they lay down
+in one of them the malefactor that suffers, upon his back; then,
+covering it with the other, and so setting them together that
+the head, hands, and feet of him are left outside, and the rest
+of his body lies shut up within, they offer him food, and if he
+refuse to eat it, they force him to do it by pricking his eyes;
+then, after he has eaten, they drench him with a mixture of
+milk and honey, pouring it not only into his mouth, but all over
+his face.  They then keep his face continually turned towards
+the sun; and it becomes completely covered up and hidden by the
+multitude of flies that settle on it.  And as within the boats
+he does what those that eat and drink must needs do, creeping
+things and vermin spring out of the corruption and rottenness of
+the excrement, and these entering into the bowels of him, his
+body is consumed.  When the man is manifestly dead, the
+uppermost boat being taken off, they find his flesh devoured,
+and swarms of such noisome creatures preying upon and, as it
+were, growing to his inwards.  In this way Mithridates, after
+suffering for seventeen days, at last expired.
+
+Masabates, the king's eunuch, who had cut off the hand and head
+of Cyrus, remained still as a mark for Parysatis's vengeance.
+Whereas, therefore, he was so circumspect, that he gave her no
+advantage against him, she framed this kind of snare for him.
+She was a very ingenious woman in other ways, and was an
+excellent player at dice, and, before the war, had often played
+with the king.  After the war, too, when she had been reconciled
+to him, she joined readily in all amusements with him, played
+at dice with him, was his confidant in his love matters, and in
+every way did her best to leave him as little as possible in the
+company of Statira, both because she hated her more than any
+other person, and because she wished to have no one so powerful
+as herself.  And so once when Artaxerxes was at leisure, and
+inclined to divert himself, she challenged him to play at dice
+with her for a thousand Darics, and purposely let him win them,
+and paid him down in gold.  Yet, pretending to be concerned for
+her loss, and that she would gladly have her revenge for it, she
+pressed him to begin a new game for a eunuch; to which he
+consented.  But first they agreed that each of them might except
+five of their most trusty eunuchs, and that out of the rest of
+them the loser should yield up any the winner should make choice
+of.  Upon these conditions they played.  Thus being bent upon
+her design, and thoroughly in earnest with her game, and the
+dice also running luckily for her, when she had got the game,
+she demanded Masabates, who was not in the number of the five
+excepted.  And before the king could suspect the matter, having
+delivered him up to the tormentors, she enjoined them to flay
+him alive, to set his body upon three stakes, and to stretch his
+skin upon stakes separately from it.
+
+These things being done, and the king taking them ill, and being
+incensed against her, she with raillery and laughter told him,
+"You are a comfortable and happy man indeed, if you are so much
+disturbed for the sake of an old rascally eunuch, when I, though
+I have thrown away a thousand Darics, hold my peace and
+acquiesce in my fortune."  So the king, vexed with himself for
+having been thus deluded, hushed up all.  But Statira both in
+other matters openly opposed her, and was angry with her for
+thus, against all law and humanity, sacrificing to the memory of
+Cyrus the king's faithful friends and eunuchs.
+
+Now after that Tisaphernes had circumvented and by a false oath
+had betrayed Clearchus and the other commanders, and, taking
+them, had sent them bound in chains to the king, Ctesias says
+that he was asked by Clearchus to supply him with a comb; and
+that when he had it, and had combed his head with it, he was
+much pleased with this good office, and gave him a ring, which
+might be a token of the obligation to his relatives and friends
+in Sparta; and that the engraving upon this signet was a set of
+Caryatides dancing.  He tells us that the soldiers, his fellow
+captives, used to purloin a part of the allowance of food sent
+to Clearchus, giving him but little of it; which thing Ctesias
+says he rectified, causing a better allowance to be conveyed to
+him, and that a separate share should be distributed to the
+soldiers by themselves; adding that he ministered to and
+supplied him thus by the interest and at the instance of
+Parysatis.  And there being a portion of ham sent daily with his
+other food to Clearchus, she, he says, advised and instructed
+him, that he ought to bury a small knife in the meat, and thus
+send it to his friend, and not leave his fate to be determined
+by the king's cruelty; which he, however, he says, was afraid to
+do.  However, Artaxerxes consented to the entreaties of his
+mother, and promised her with an oath that he would spare
+Clearchus; but afterwards, at the instigation of Statira, he put
+every one of them to death except Menon.  And thenceforward, he
+says, Parysatis watched her advantage against Statira, and made
+up poison for her; not a very probable story, or a very likely
+motive to account for her conduct, if indeed he means that out
+of respect to Clearchus she dared to attempt the life of the
+lawful queen, that was mother of those who were heirs of the
+empire.  But it is evident enough, that this part of his history
+is a sort of funeral exhibition in honor of Clearchus.  For he
+would have us believe, that, when the generals were executed,
+the rest of them were torn in pieces by dogs and birds; but as
+for the remains of Clearchus, that a violent gust of wind,
+bearing before it a vast heap of earth, raised a mound to cover
+his body, upon which, after a short time, some dates having
+fallen there, a beautiful grove of trees grew up and
+overshadowed the place, so that the king himself declared his
+sorrow, concluding that in Clearchus he put to death a man
+beloved of the gods.
+
+Parysatis, therefore, having from the first entertained a secret
+hatred and jealousy against Statira, seeing that the power she
+herself had with Artaxerxes was founded upon feelings of honor
+and respect for her, but that Statira's influence was firmly and
+strongly based upon love and confidence, was resolved to
+contrive her ruin, playing at hazard, as she thought, for the
+greatest stake in the world.  Among her attendant women there
+was one that was trusty and in the highest esteem with her,
+whose name was Gigis; who, as Dinon avers, assisted in making up
+the poison.  Ctesias allows her only to have been conscious of
+it, and that against her will; charging Belitaras with actually
+giving the drug, whereas Dinon says it was Melantas.  The two
+women had begun again to visit each other and to eat together;
+but though they had thus far relaxed their former habits of
+jealousy and variance, still, out of fear and as a matter of
+caution, they always ate of the same dishes and of the same
+parts of them.  Now there is a small Persian bird, in the inside
+of which no excrement is found, only a mass of fat, so that they
+suppose the little creature lives upon air and dew.  It is
+called rhyntaces.  Ctesias affirms, that Parysatis, cutting a
+bird of this kind into two pieces with a knife, one side of
+which had been smeared with the drug, the other side being clear
+of it, ate the untouched and wholesome part herself, and gave
+Statira that which was thus infected; but Dinon will not have it
+to be Parysatis, but Melantas, that cut up the bird and
+presented the envenomed part of it to Statira; who, dying with
+dreadful agonies and convulsions, was herself sensible of what
+had happened to her, and aroused in the king's mind suspicion of
+his mother, whose savage and implacable temper he knew.  And
+therefore proceeding instantly to an inquest, he seized upon his
+mother's domestic servants that attended at her table, and put
+them upon the rack.  Parysatis kept Gigis at home with her a
+long time, and, though the king commanded her, she would not
+produce her.  But she, at last, herself desiring that she might
+be dismissed to her own home by night, Artaxerxes had intimation
+of it, and, lying in wait for her, hurried her away, and
+adjudged her to death.  Now poisoners in Persia suffer thus by
+law.  There is a broad stone, on which they place the head of
+the culprit, and then with another stone beat and press it,
+until the face and the head itself are all pounded to pieces;
+which was the punishment Gigis lost her life by.  But to his
+mother, Artaxerxes neither said nor did any other hurt, save
+that he banished and confined her, not much against her will, to
+Babylon, protesting that while she lived he would not come near
+that city.  Such was the condition of the king's affairs in his
+own house.
+
+But when all his attempts to capture the Greeks that had come up
+with Cyrus, though he desired to do so no less than he had
+desired to overcome Cyrus and maintain his throne, proved
+unsuccessful, and they, though they had lost both Cyrus and
+their own generals, nevertheless escaped, as it were, out of his
+very palace, making it plain to all men that the Persian king
+and his empire were mighty indeed in gold and luxury and women,
+but otherwise were a mere show and vain display, upon this, all
+Greece took courage, and despised the barbarians; and
+especially the Lacedaemonians thought it strange if they should
+not now deliver their countrymen that dwelt in Asia from their
+subjection to the Persians, nor put an end to the contumelious
+usage of them.  And first having an army under the conduct of
+Thimbron, then under Dercyllidas, but doing nothing memorable,
+they at last committed the war to the management of their king
+Agesilaus, who, when he had arrived with his men in Asia, as
+soon as he had landed them, fell actively to work, and got
+himself great renown.  He defeated Tisaphernes in a pitched
+battle, and set many cities in revolt.  Upon this, Artaxerxes,
+perceiving what was his wisest way of waging the war, sent
+Timocrates the Rhodian into Greece, with large sums of gold,
+commanding him by a free distribution of it to corrupt the
+leading men in the cities, and to excite a Greek war against
+Sparta.  So Timocrates following his instructions, the most
+considerable cities conspiring together, and Peloponnesus being
+in disorder, the ephors remanded Agesilaus from Asia.  At which
+time, they say, as he was upon his return, he told his friends
+that Artaxerxes had driven him out of Asia with thirty thousand
+archers; the Persian coin having an archer stamped upon it.
+
+Artaxerxes scoured the seas, too, of the Lacedaemonians, Conon
+the Athenian and Pharnabazus being his admirals.  For Conon,
+after the battle of Aegospotami, resided in Cyprus; not that he
+consulted his own mere security, but looking for a vicissitude
+of affairs with no less hope than men wait for a change of wind
+at sea.  And perceiving that his skill wanted power, and that
+the king's power wanted a wise man to guide it, he sent him an
+account by letter of his projects, and charged the bearer to
+hand it to the king, if possible, by the mediation of Zeno the
+Cretan or Polycritus the Mendaean (the former being a
+dancing-master, the latter a physician), or, in the absence of
+them both, by Ctesias; who is said to have taken Conon's letter,
+and foisted into the contents of it a request; that the king
+would also be pleased to send over Ctesias to him, who was
+likely to be of use on the sea-coast.  Ctesias, however,
+declares that the king, of his own accord, deputed him to this
+service.  Artaxerxes, however, defeating the Lacedaemonians in a
+sea-fight at Cnidos, under the conduct of Pharnabazus and Conon,
+after he had stripped them of their sovereignty by sea, at the
+same time, brought, so to say, the whole of Greece over to him,
+so that upon his own terms he dictated the celebrated peace
+among them, styled the peace of Antalcidas.  This Antalcidas was
+a Spartan, the son of one Leon, who, acting for the king's
+interest, induced the Lacedaemonians to covenant to let all the
+Greek cities in Asia and the islands adjacent to it become
+subject and tributary to him, peace being upon these conditions
+established among the Greeks, if indeed the honorable name of
+peace can fairly be given to what was in fact the disgrace and
+betrayal of Greece, a treaty more inglorious than had ever been
+the result of any war to those defeated in it.
+
+And therefore Artaxerxes, though always abominating other
+Spartans, and looking upon them, as Dinon says, to be the most
+impudent men living, gave wonderful honor to Antalcidas when he
+came to him into Persia; so much so that one day, taking a
+garland of flowers and dipping it in the most precious ointment,
+he sent it to him after supper, a favor which all were amazed
+at.  Indeed he was a person fit to be thus delicately treated,
+and to have such a crown, who had among the Persians thus made
+fools of Leonidas and Callicratidas.  Agesilaus, it seems, on
+someone having said, "O the deplorable fate of Greece, now that
+the Spartans turn Medes!" replied, "Nay, rather it is the Medes
+who become Spartans."  But the subtlety of the repartee did not
+wipe off the infamy of the action.  The Lacedaemonians soon
+after lost their sovereignty in Greece by their defeat at
+Leuctra; but they had already lost their honor by this treaty.
+So long then as Sparta continued to be the first state in
+Greece, Artaxerxes continued to Antalcidas the honor of being
+called his friend and his guest; but when, routed and humbled at
+the battle of Leuctra, being under great distress for money,
+they had dispatched Agesilaus into Egypt, and Antalcidas went up
+to Artaxerxes, beseeching him to supply their necessities, he so
+despised, slighted, and rejected him, that finding himself, on
+his return, mocked and insulted by his enemies, and fearing also
+the ephors, he starved himself to death.  Ismenias, also, the
+Theban, and Pelopidas, who had already gained the victory at
+Leuctra, arrived at the Persian court; where the latter did
+nothing unworthy of himself.  But Ismenias, being commanded to
+do obeisance to the king, dropped his ring before him upon the
+ground, and so, stooping to take it up, made a show of doing him
+homage.  He was so gratified with some secret intelligence which
+Timagoras the Athenian sent in to him by the hand of his
+secretary, Beluris, that he bestowed upon him ten thousand
+darics, and because he was ordered, on account of some sickness,
+to drink cow's milk, there were fourscore milch kine driven
+after him; also, he sent him a bed, furniture, and servants for
+it, the Grecians not having skill enough to make it, as also
+chairmen to carry him, being infirm in body, to the seaside.
+Not to mention the feast made for him at court, which was so
+princely and splendid that Ostanes, the king's brother, said to
+him, "O, Timagoras, do not forget the sumptuous table you have
+sat at here; it was not put before you for nothing;" which was
+indeed rather a reflection upon his treason than to remind him
+of the king's bounty.  And indeed the Athenians condemned
+Timagoras to death for taking bribes.
+
+But Artaxerxes gratified the Grecians in one thing in lieu of
+the many wherewith he plagued them, and that was by taking off
+Tisaphernes, their most hated and malicious enemy, whom he put
+to death; Parysatis adding her influence to the charges made
+against him.  For the king did not persist long in his wrath
+with his mother, but was reconciled to her, and sent for her,
+being assured that she had wisdom and courage fit for royal
+power, and there being now no cause discernible but that they
+might converse together without suspicion or offense.  And from
+thenceforward humoring the king in all things according to his
+heart's desire, and finding fault with nothing that he did, she
+obtained great power with him, and was gratified in all her
+requests.  She perceived he was desperately in love with Atossa,
+one of his own two daughters, and that he concealed and checked
+his passion chiefly for fear of herself, though, if we may
+believe some writers, he had privately given way to it with the
+young girl already.  As soon as Parysatis suspected it, she
+displayed a greater fondness for the young girl than before, and
+extolled both her virtue and beauty to him, as being truly
+imperial and majestic.  In fine, she persuaded him to marry her
+and declare her to be his lawful wife, overriding all the
+principles and the laws by which the Greeks hold themselves
+bound, and regarding himself as divinely appointed for a law to
+the Persians, and the supreme arbitrator of good and evil.  Some
+historians further affirm, in which number is Heraclides of
+Cuma, that Artaxerxes married not only this one, but a second
+daughter also, Amestris, of whom we shall speak by and by.  But
+he so loved Atossa when she became his consort, that when
+leprosy had run through her whole body, he was not in the least
+offended at it; but putting up his prayers to Juno for her, to
+this one alone of all the deities he made obeisance, by laying
+his hands upon the earth; and his satraps and favorites made
+such offerings to the goddess by his direction, that all along
+for sixteen furlongs, betwixt the court and her temple, the road
+was filled up with gold and silver, purple and horses, devoted
+to her.
+
+He waged war out of his own kingdom with the Egyptians, under
+the conduct of Pharnabazus and Iphicrates, but was unsuccessful
+by reason of their dissensions.  In his expedition against the
+Cadusians, he went himself in person with three hundred thousand
+footmen and ten thousand horse.  And making an incursion into
+their country, which was so mountainous as scarcely to be
+passable, and withal very misty, producing no sort of harvest of
+corn or the like, but with pears, apples, and other tree-fruits
+feeding a warlike and valiant breed of men, he unawares fell
+into great distresses and dangers.  For there was nothing to be
+got fit for his men to eat, of the growth of that place, nor
+could anything be imported from any other.  All they could do
+was to kill their beasts of burden, and thus an ass's head could
+scarcely be bought for sixty drachmas.  In short, the king's own
+table failed; and there were but few horses left; the rest they
+had spent for food.  Then Teribazus, a man often in great favor
+with his prince for his valor, and as often out of it for his
+buffoonery, and particularly at that time in humble estate and
+neglected, was the deliverer of the king and his army.  There
+being two kings amongst the Cadusians, and each of them
+encamping separately, Teribazus, after he had made his
+application to Artaxerxes and imparted his design to him, went
+to one of the princes, and sent away his son privately to the
+other.  So each of them deceived his man, assuring him that the
+other prince had deputed an ambassador to Artaxerxes, suing for
+friendship and alliance for himself alone; and, therefore, if he
+were wise, he told him, he must apply himself to his master
+before he had decreed anything, and he, he said, would lend him
+his assistance in all things.  Both of them gave credit to these
+words, and because they supposed they were each intrigued
+against by the other, they both sent their envoys, one along
+with Teribazus, and the other with his son.  All this taking
+some time to transact, fresh surmises and suspicions of
+Teribazus were expressed to the king, who began to be out of
+heart, sorry that he had confided in him, and ready to give ear
+to his rivals who impeached him.  But at last he came, and so
+did his son, bringing the Cadusian agents along with them, and
+so there was a cessation of arms and a peace signed with both
+the princes.  And Teribazus, in great honor and distinction, set
+out homewards in the company of the king; who, indeed, upon this
+journey made it appear plainly that cowardice and effeminacy are
+the effects, not of delicate and sumptuous living, as many
+suppose, but of a base and vicious nature, actuated by false and
+bad opinions.  For notwithstanding his golden ornaments, his
+robe of state, and the rest of that costly attire, worth no less
+than twelve thousand talents, with which the royal person was
+constantly clad, his labors and toils were not a whit inferior
+to those of the meanest persons in his army.  With his quiver by
+his side and his shield on his arm, he led them on foot,
+quitting his horse, through craggy and steep ways, insomuch that
+the sight of his cheerfulness and unwearied strength gave wings
+to the soldiers, and so lightened the journey, that they made
+daily marches of above two hundred furlongs.
+
+After they had arrived at one of his own mansions, which had
+beautiful ornamented parks in the midst of a region naked and
+without trees, the weather being very cold, he gave full
+commission to his soldiers to provide themselves with wood by
+cutting down any, without exception, even the pine and cypress.
+And when they hesitated and were for sparing them, being large
+and goodly trees, he, taking up an ax himself, felled the
+greatest and most beautiful of them.  After which his men used
+their hatchets, and piling up many fires, passed away the night
+at their ease.  Nevertheless, he returned not without the loss
+of many and valiant subjects, and of almost all his horses.  And
+supposing that his misfortunes and the ill success of his
+expedition made him despised in the eyes of his people, he
+looked jealously on his nobles, many of whom he slew in anger,
+and yet more out of fear.  As, indeed, fear is the bloodiest
+passion in princes; confidence, on the other hand, being
+merciful, gentle, and unsuspicious.  So we see among wild
+beasts, the intractable and least tamable are the most timorous
+and most easily startled; the nobler creatures, whose courage
+makes them trustful, are ready to respond to the advances of
+men.
+
+Artaxerxes, now being an old man, perceived that his sons were
+in controversy about his kingdom, and that they made parties
+among his favorites and peers.  Those that were equitable among
+them thought it fit, that as he had received it, so he should
+bequeath it, by right of age, to Darius.  The younger brother,
+Ochus, who was hot and violent, had indeed a considerable number
+of the courtiers that espoused his interest, but his chief hope
+was that by Atossa's means he should win his father.  For he
+flattered her with the thoughts of being his wife and partner in
+the kingdom after the death of Artaxerxes.  And truly it was
+rumored that already Ochus maintained a too intimate
+correspondence with her.  This, however, was quite unknown to
+the king; who, being willing to put down in good time his son
+Ochus's hopes, lest, by his attempting the same things his uncle
+Cyrus did, wars and contentions might again afflict his kingdom,
+proclaimed Darius, then twenty-five years old, his successor,
+and gave him leave to wear the upright hat, as they call it.  It
+was a rule and usage of Persia, that the heir apparent to the
+crown should beg a boon, and that he that declared him so should
+give whatever he asked, provided it were within the sphere of
+his power.  Darius therefore requested Aspasia, in former time
+the most prized of the concubines of Cyrus, and now belonging to
+the king.  She was by birth a Phocaean, of Ionia, born of free
+parents, and well educated.  Once when Cyrus was at supper, she
+was led in to him with other women, who, when they were sat down
+by him, and he began to sport and dally and talk jestingly with
+them, gave way freely to his advances.  But she stood by in
+silence, refusing to come when Cyrus called her, and when his
+chamberlains were going to force her towards him, said,
+"Whosoever lays hands on me shall rue it;" so that she seemed to
+the company a sullen and rude-mannered person.  However, Cyrus
+was well pleased, and laughed, saying to the man that brought
+the women, "Do you not see of a certainty that this woman alone
+of all that came with you is truly noble and pure in character?"
+After which time he began to regard her, and loved her above all
+of her sex, and called her the Wise.  But Cyrus being slain in
+the fight, she was taken among the spoils of his camp.
+
+Darius, in demanding her, no doubt much offended his father, for
+the barbarian people keep a very jealous and watchful eye over
+their carnal pleasures, so that it is death for a man not only
+to come near and touch any concubine of his prince, but likewise
+on a journey to ride forward and pass by the carriages in which
+they are conveyed.  And though, to gratify his passion, he had
+against all law married his daughter Atossa, and had besides her
+no less than three hundred and sixty concubines selected for
+their beauty, yet being importuned for that one by Darius, he
+urged that she was a free-woman, and allowed him to take her, if
+she had an inclination to go with him, but by no means to force
+her away against it.  Aspasia, therefore, being sent for, and,
+contrary to the king's expectation, making choice of Darius, he
+gave him her indeed, being constrained by law, but when he had
+done so, a little after he took her from him.  For he
+consecrated her priestess to Diana of Ecbatana, whom they name
+Anaitis, that she might spend the remainder of her days in
+strict chastity, thinking thus to punish his son, not
+rigorously, but with moderation, by a revenge checkered with
+jest and earnest.  But he took it heinously, either that he was
+passionately fond of Aspasia, or because he looked upon himself
+as affronted and scorned by his father.  Teribazus, perceiving
+him thus minded, did his best to exasperate him yet further,
+seeing in his injuries a representation of his own, of which the
+following is the account: Artaxerxes, having many daughters,
+promised to give Apama to Pharnabazus to wife, Rhodogune to
+Orontes, and Amestris to Teribazus; whom alone of the three he
+disappointed, by marrying Amestris himself.  However, to make
+him amends, he betrothed his youngest daughter Atossa to him.
+But after he had, being enamored of her too, as has been said,
+married her, Teribazus entertained an irreconcilable enmity
+against him.  As indeed he was seldom at any other time steady
+in his temper, but uneven and inconsiderate; so that whether he
+were in the number of the choicest favorites of his prince, or
+whether he were offensive and odious to him, he demeaned himself
+in neither condition with moderation; but if he was advanced he
+was intolerably insolent, and in his degradation not submissive
+and peaceable in his deportment, but fierce and haughty.
+
+And therefore Teribazus was to the young prince flame added upon
+flame, ever urging him, and saying, that in vain those wear
+their hats upright who consult not the real success of their
+affairs, and that he was ill befriended of reason if he
+imagined, whilst he had a brother, who, through the women's
+apartments, was seeking a way to the supremacy, and a father of
+so rash and fickle a humor, that he should by succession
+infallibly step up into the throne.  For he that out of fondness
+to an Ionian girl has eluded a law sacred and inviolable among
+the Persians is not likely to be faithful in the performance of
+the most important promises.  He added, too, that it was not all
+one for Ochus not to attain to, and for him to be put by his
+crown; since Ochus as a subject might live happily, and nobody
+could hinder him; but he, being proclaimed king, must either
+take up his scepter or lay down his life.  These words presently
+inflamed Darius: what Sophocles says being indeed generally
+true: --
+
+Quick travels the persuasion to what's wrong.
+
+For the path is smooth, and upon an easy descent, that leads us
+to our own will; and the most part of us desire what is evil
+through our strangeness to and ignorance of good.  And in this
+case, no doubt, the greatness of the empire and the jealousy
+Darius had of Ochus furnished Teribazus with material for his
+persuasions.  Nor was Venus wholly unconcerned in the matter, in
+regard, namely, of his loss of Aspasia.
+
+Darius, therefore, resigned himself up to the dictates of
+Teribazus; and many now conspiring with them, a eunuch gave
+information to the king of their plot and the way how it was to
+be managed, having discovered the certainty of it, that they had
+resolved to break into his bed-chamber by night, and there to
+kill him as he lay.  After Artaxerxes had been thus advertised,
+he did not think fit, by disregarding the discovery, to despise
+so great a danger, nor to believe it when there was little or no
+proof of it.  Thus then he did: he charged the eunuch constantly
+to attend and accompany the conspirators wherever they were; in
+the meanwhile, he broke down the party-wall of the chamber
+behind his bed, and placed a door in it to open and shut, which
+covered up with tapestry; so the hour approaching, and the
+eunuch having told him the precise time in which the traitors
+designed to assassinate him, he waited for them in his bed, and
+rose not up till he had seen the faces of his assailants and
+recognized every man of them.  But as soon as he saw them with
+their swords drawn and coming up to him, throwing up the
+hanging, he made his retreat into the inner chamber, and,
+bolting to the door, raised a cry.  Thus when the murderers had
+been seen by him, and had attempted him in vain, they with speed
+went back through the same doors they came in by, enjoining
+Teribazus and his friends to fly, as their plot had been
+certainly detected.  They, therefore, made their escape
+different ways; but Teribazus was seized by the king's guards,
+and after slaying many, while they were laying hold on him, at
+length being struck through with a dart at a distance, fell.  As
+for Darius, who was brought to trial with his children, the king
+appointed the royal judges to sit over him, and because he was
+not himself present, but accused Darius by proxy, he commanded
+his scribes to write down the opinion of every one of the
+judges, and show it to him.  And after they had given their
+sentences, all as one man, and condemned Darius to death, the
+officers seized on him and hurried him to a chamber not far off.
+To which place the executioner, when summoned, came with a razor
+in his hand, with which men of his employment cut off' the heads
+of offenders.  But when he saw that Darius was the person thus
+to be punished, he was appalled and started back, offering to go
+out, as one that had neither power nor courage enough to behead
+a king; yet at the threats and commands of the judges, who stood
+at the prison door, he returned, and grasping the hair of his
+head and bringing his face to the ground with one hand, he cut
+through his neck with the razor he had in the other.  Some
+affirm that sentence was passed in the presence of Artaxerxes;
+that Darius, after he had been convicted by clear evidence,
+falling prostrate before him, did humbly beg his pardon; that
+instead of giving it, he, rising up in rage and drawing his
+scimitar, smote him till he had killed him; that then, going
+forth into the court, he worshipped the sun, and said, "Depart
+in peace, ye Persians, and declare to your fellow-subjects how
+the mighty Oromasdes hath dealt out vengeance to the contrivers
+of unjust and unlawful things."
+
+Such, then, was the issue of this conspiracy.  And now Ochus was
+high in his hopes, being confident in the influence of Atossa;
+but yet was afraid of Ariaspes, the only male surviving, besides
+himself, of the legitimate off-spring of his father, and of
+Arsames, one of his natural sons.  For indeed Ariaspes was
+already claimed as their prince by the wishes of the Persians,
+not because he was the elder brother, but because he excelled
+Ochus in gentleness, plain-dealing, and good-nature; and on the
+other hand Arsames appeared, by his wisdom, fitted for the
+throne, and that he was dear to his father, Ochus well knew.  So
+he laid snares for them both, and being no less treacherous than
+bloody, he made use of the cruelty of his nature against
+Arsames, and of his craft and wiliness against Ariaspes.  For he
+suborned the king's eunuchs and favorites to convey to him
+menacing and harsh expressions from his father, as though he had
+decreed to put him to a cruel and ignominious death.  When they
+daily communicated these things as secrets, and told him at one
+time that the king would do so to him ere long, and at another,
+that the blow was actually close impending, they so alarmed the
+young man, struck; such a terror into him, and cast such a
+confusion and anxiety upon his thoughts, that, having prepared
+some poisonous drugs, he drank them, that he might be delivered
+from his life.  The king, on hearing what kind of death he died,
+heartily lamented him, and was not without a suspicion of the
+cause of it.  But being disabled by his age to search into and
+prove it, he was, after the loss of this son, more affectionate
+than before to Arsames, did manifestly place his greatest
+confidence in him, and made him privy to his counsels.
+Whereupon Ochus had no longer patience to defer the execution of
+his purpose, but having procured Arpates, Teribazus's son, for
+the undertaking, he killed Arsames by his hand.  Artaxerxes at
+that time had but a little hold on life, by reason of his
+extreme age, and so, when he heard of the fate of Arsames, he
+could not sustain it at all, but sinking at once under the
+weight of his grief and distress, expired, after a life of
+ninety-four years, and a reign of sixty-two.  And then he seemed
+a moderate and gracious governor, more especially as compared to
+his son Ochus, who outdid all his predecessors in
+blood-thirstiness and cruelty.
+
+
+
+GALBA
+
+Iphicrates the Athenian used to say that it is best to have a
+mercenary soldier fond of money and of pleasures, for thus he
+will fight the more boldly, to procure the means to gratify his
+desires.  But most have been of opinion, that the body of an
+army, as well as the natural one, when in its healthy condition,
+should make no efforts apart, but in compliance with its head.
+Wherefore they tell us that Paulus Aemilius, on taking command
+of the forces in Macedonia, and finding them talkative and
+impertinently busy, as though they were all commanders, issued
+out his orders that they should have only ready hands and keen
+swords, and leave the rest to him.  And Plato, who can discern
+no use of a good ruler or general, if his men are not on their
+part obedient and conformable (the virtue of obeying, as of
+ruling, being in his opinion one that does not exist without
+first a noble nature, and then a philosophic education, where
+the eager and active powers are allayed with the gentler and
+humaner sentiments), may claim in confirmation of his doctrines
+sundry mournful instances elsewhere, and, in particular, the
+events that followed among the Romans upon the death of Nero, in
+which plain proofs were given that nothing is more terrible than
+a military force moving about in an empire upon uninstructed and
+unreasoning impulses.  Demades, after the death of Alexander,
+compared the Macedonian army to the Cyclops after his eye was
+out, seeing their many disorderly and unsteady motions.  But the
+calamities of the Roman government might be likened to the
+motions of the giants that assailed heaven, convulsed as it was,
+and distracted, and from every side recoiling, as it were, upon
+itself, not so much by the ambition of those who were proclaimed
+emperors, as by the covetousness and license of the soldiery,
+who drove commander after commander out, like nails one upon
+another.
+
+Dionysius, in raillery, said of the Pheraean who enjoyed the
+government of Thessaly only ten months, that he had been a
+tragedy-king, but the Caesars' house in Rome, the Palatium,
+received in a shorter space of time no less than four emperors,
+passing, as it were, across the stage, and one making room for
+another to enter.
+
+This was the only satisfaction of the distressed, that they
+needed not require any other justice on their oppressors, seeing
+them thus murder each other, and first of all, and that most
+justly, the one that ensnared them first, and taught them to
+expect such happy results from a change of emperors, sullying a
+good work by the pay he gave for its being done, and turning
+revolt against Nero into nothing better than treason.
+
+For, as already related, Nymphidius Sabinus, captain of the
+guards, together with Tigellinus, after Nero's circumstances
+were now desperate, and it was perceived that he designed to fly
+into Egypt, persuaded the troops to declare Galba emperor, as if
+Nero had been already gone, promising to all the court and
+praetorian soldiers, as they are called, seven thousand five
+hundred drachmas apiece, and to those in service abroad twelve
+hundred and fifty drachmas each; so vast a sum for a largess as
+it was impossible anyone could raise, but he must be infinitely
+more exacting and oppressive than ever Nero was.  This quickly
+brought Nero to his grave, and soon after Galba too; they
+murdered the first in expectation of the promised gift, and not
+long after the other because they did not obtain it from him;
+and then, seeking about to find someone who would purchase at
+such a rate, they consumed themselves in a succession of
+treacheries and rebellions before they obtained their demands.
+But to give a particular relation of all that passed would
+require a history in full form; I have only to notice what is
+properly to my purpose, namely, what the Caesars did and
+suffered.
+
+Sulpicius Galba is owned by all to have been the richest private
+person that ever came to the imperial seat.  And besides the
+additional honor of being of the family of the Servii, he valued
+himself more especially for his relationship to Catulus, the
+most eminent citizen of his time both for virtue and renown,
+however he may have voluntarily yielded to others as regards
+power and authority.  Galba was also akin to Livia, the wife of
+Augustus, by whose interest he was preferred to the consulship
+by the emperor. It is said of him that he commanded the troops
+well in Germany, and, being made proconsul in Libya, gained a
+reputation that few ever had.  But his quiet manner of living
+and his sparingness in expenses and his disregard of appearance
+gave him, when he became emperor, an ill-name for meanness,
+being, in fact, his worn-out credit for regularity and
+moderation.  He was entrusted by Nero with the government of
+Spain, before Nero had yet learned to be apprehensive of men of
+great repute.  To the opinion, moreover, entertained of his mild
+natural temper, his old age added a belief that he would never
+act incautiously.
+
+There while Nero's iniquitous agents savagely and cruelly
+harassed the provinces under Nero's authority, he could afford
+no succor, but merely offer this only ease and consolation, that
+he seemed plainly to sympathize, as a fellow-sufferer, with
+those who were condemned upon suits and sold.  And when lampoons
+were made upon Nero and circulated and sung everywhere about, he
+neither prohibited them, nor showed any indignation on behalf of
+the emperor's agents, and for this was the more beloved; as also
+that he was now well acquainted with them, having been in chief
+power there eight years at the time when Junius Vindex, general
+of the forces in Gaul, began his insurrection against Nero.  And
+it is reported that letters came to Galba before it fully broke
+out into an open rebellion, which he neither seemed to give
+credit to, nor on the other hand to take means to let Nero know,
+as other officers did, sending to him the letters which came to
+them, and so spoiled the design, as much as in them lay, who yet
+afterwards shared in the conspiracy, and confessed they had been
+treacherous to themselves as well as him.  At last Vindex,
+plainly declaring war, wrote to Galba, encouraging him to take
+the government upon him, and give a head to this strong body,
+the Gaulish provinces, which could already count a hundred
+thousand men in arms, and were able to arm a yet greater number
+if occasion were.  Galba laid the matter before his friends,
+some of whom thought it fit to wait, and see what movement there
+might be and what inclinations displayed at Rome for the
+revolution.  But Titus Vinius, captain of his praetorian guard,
+spoke thus: "Galba, what means this inquiry?  To question
+whether we shall continue faithful to Nero is, in itself, to
+cease to be faithful.  Nero is our enemy, and we must by no
+means decline the help of Vindex: or else we must at once
+denounce him, and march to attack him, because he wishes you to
+be the governor of the Romans, rather than Nero their tyrant."
+Thereupon Galba, by an edict, appointed a day when he would
+receive manumissions, and general rumor and talk beforehand
+about his purpose brought together a great crowd of men so ready
+for a change, that he scarcely appeared, stepping up to the
+tribunal, but they with one consent saluted him emperor.  That
+title he refused at present to take upon him; but after he had a
+while inveighed against Nero, and bemoaned the loss of the more
+conspicuous of those that had been destroyed by him, he offered
+himself and service to his country, not by the titles of Caesar
+or emperor, but as the lieutenant of the Roman senate and
+people.
+
+Now that Vindex did wisely in inviting Galba to the empire, Nero
+himself bore testimony; who, though he seemed to despise Vindex
+and altogether to slight the Gauls and their concerns, yet when
+he heard of Galba (as by chance he had just bathed and sat down
+to his morning meal), at this news he overturned the table.  But
+the senate having voted Galba an enemy, presently, to make his
+jest, and likewise to personate a confidence among his friends,
+"This is a very happy opportunity," he said, "for me, who sadly
+want such a booty as that of the Gauls, which must all fall in
+as lawful prize; and Galba's estate I can use or sell at once,
+he being now an open enemy."  And accordingly he had Galba's
+property exposed to sale, which when Galba heard of; he
+sequestered all that was Nero's in Spain, and found far readier
+bidders.
+
+Many now began to revolt from Nero, and pretty nearly all
+adhered to Galba; only Clodius Macer in Africa, and Virginius
+Rufus, commander of the German forces in Gaul, followed counsel
+of their own; yet these two were not of one and the same advice,
+for Clodius, being sensible of the rapines and murders to which
+he had been led by cruelty and covetousness, was in perplexity,
+and felt it was not safe for him either to retain or quit his
+command.  But Virginius, who had the command of the strongest
+legions, by whom he was many repeated times saluted emperor and
+pressed to take the title upon him, declared that he neither
+would assume that honor himself, nor see it given to any other
+than whom the senate should elect.
+
+These things at first did not a little disturb Galba, but when
+presently Virginius and Vindex were in a manner forced by their
+armies, having got the reins, as it were, out of their hands, to
+a great encounter and battle, in which Vindex, having seen
+twenty thousand of the Gauls destroyed, died by his own hand,
+and when the report straight spread abroad, that all desired
+Virginius, after this great victory, to take the empire upon
+him, or else they would return to Nero again, Galba, in great
+alarm at this, wrote to Virginius, exhorting him to join with
+him for the preservation of the empire and the liberty of the
+Romans, and so retiring with his friends into Clunia, a town in
+Spain, he passed away his time, rather repenting his former
+rashness, and wishing for his wonted ease and privacy, than
+setting about what was fit to be done.
+
+It was now summer, when on a sudden, a little before dusk, comes
+a freedman, Icelus by name, having arrived in seven days from
+Rome; and being informed where Galba was reposing himself in
+private, he went straight on, and pushing by the servants of the
+chamber, opened the door and entered the room, and told him,
+that Nero being yet alive but not appearing, first the army, and
+then the people and senate, declared Galba emperor; not long
+after, it was reported that Nero was dead; "but I," said he,
+"not giving credit to common fame, went myself to the body and
+saw him lying dead, and only then set out to bring you word."
+This news at once made Galba great again, and a crowd of people
+came hastening to the door, all very confident of the truth of
+his tidings, though the speed of the man was almost incredible.
+Two days after came Titus Vinius with sundry others from the
+camp, who gave an account in detail of the orders of the senate,
+and for this service was considerably advanced.  On the
+freedman, Galba conferred the honor of the gold ring, and
+Icelus, as he had been before, now taking the name of Marcianus,
+held the first place of the freedmen.
+
+But at Rome, Nymphidius Sabinus, not gently and little by
+little, but at once, and without exception, engrossed all power
+to himself; Galba, being an old man (seventy-three years of
+age), would scarcely, he thought, live long enough to be carried
+in a litter to Rome; and the troops in the city were from old
+time attached to him, and now bound by the vastness of the
+promised gift, for which they regarded him as their benefactor,
+and Galba as their debtor.  Thus presuming on his interest, he
+straightway commanded Tigellinus, who was in joint commission
+with himself, to lay down his sword; and giving entertainments,
+he invited the former consuls and commanders, making use of
+Galba's name for the invitation; but at the same time prepared
+many in the camp to propose that a request should be sent to
+Galba that he should appoint Nymphidius sole prefect for life
+without a colleague.  And the modes which the senate took to
+show him honor and increase his power, styling him their
+benefactor, and attending daily at his gates, and giving him the
+compliment of heading with his own name and confirming all their
+acts, carried him on to a yet greater degree of arrogance, so
+that in a short time he became an object, not only of dislike,
+but of terror, to those that sought his favor.  When the consuls
+themselves had dispatched their couriers with the decrees of the
+senate to the emperor, together with the sealed diplomas, which
+the authorities in all the towns where horses or carriages are
+changed, look at and on that certificate hasten the couriers
+forward with all their means, he was highly displeased that his
+seal had not been used, and none of his soldiers employed on the
+errand.  Nay, he even deliberated what course to take with the
+consuls themselves, but upon their submission and apology he was
+at last pacified.  To gratify the people, he did not interfere
+with their beating to death any that fell into their hands of
+Nero's party.  Amongst others, Spiclus, the gladiator, was
+killed in the forum by being thrown under Nero's statues, which
+they dragged about the place over his body.  Aponius, one of
+those who had been concerned in accusations, they knocked to the
+ground, and drove carts loaded with stones over him.  And many
+others they tore in pieces, some of them no way guilty, insomuch
+that Mauriscus, a person of great account and character, told
+the senate that he feared, in a short time, they might wish for
+Nero again.
+
+Nymphidius, now advancing towards the consummation of his hopes,
+did not refuse to let it be said that he was the son of Caius
+Caesar, Tiberius's successor; who, it is told, was well
+acquainted with his mother in his early youth, a woman indeed
+handsome enough, the off-spring of Callistus, one of Caesar's
+freedmen, and a certain seamstress.  But it is plain that
+Caius's familiarity with his mother was of too late date to give
+him any pretensions, and it was suspected he might, if he
+pleased, claim a father in Martianus, the gladiator, whom his
+mother, Nymphidia, took a passion for, being a famous man in his
+way, whom also he much more resembled.  However, though he
+certainly owned Nymphidia for his mother, he ascribed meantime
+the downfall of Nero to himself alone, and thought he was not
+sufficiently rewarded with the honors and riches he enjoyed,
+(nay, though to all was added the company of Sporus, whom he
+immediately sent for while Nero's body was yet burning on the
+pile, and treated as his consort, with the name of Poppaea,) but
+he must also aspire to the empire.  And at Rome he had friends
+who took measures for him secretly, as well as some women and
+some members of the senate also, who worked underhand to assist
+him.  And into Spain he dispatched one of his friends, named
+Gellianus, to view the posture of affairs.
+
+But all things succeeded well with Galba after Nero's death;
+only Virginius Rufus, still standing doubtful, gave him some
+anxiety, lest he should listen to the suggestions of some who
+encouraged him to take the government upon him, having, at
+present, besides the command of a large and warlike army, the
+new honors of the defeat of Vindex and the subjugation of one
+considerable part of the Roman empire, namely, the entire Gaul,
+which had seemed shaking about upon the verge of open revolt.
+Nor had any man indeed a greater name and reputation than
+Virginius, who had taken a part of so much consequence in the
+deliverance of the empire at once from a cruel tyranny and a
+Gallic war.  But he, standing to his first resolves, reserved to
+the senate the power of electing an emperor.  Yet when it was
+now manifest that Nero was dead, the soldiers pressed him hard
+to it, and one of the tribunes, entering his tent with his drawn
+sword, bade him either take the government or that.  But after
+Fabius Valens, having the command of one legion, had first sworn
+fealty to Galba, and letters from Rome came with tidings of the
+resolves of the senate, at last with much ado he persuaded the
+army to declare Galba emperor.  And when Flaccus Hordeonius came
+by Galba's commission as his successor, he handed over to him
+his forces, and went himself to meet Galba on his way, and
+having met him, turned back to attend him; in all which no
+apparent displeasure nor yet honor was shown him.  Galba's
+feelings of respect for him prevented the former; the latter was
+checked by the envy of his friends, and particularly of Titus
+Vinius, who, acting in the desire of hindering Virginius's
+promotion, unwittingly aided his happy genius in rescuing him
+from those hazards and hardships which other commanders were
+involved in, and securing him the safe enjoyment of a quiet life
+and peaceable old age.
+
+Near Narbo, a city in Gaul, the deputation of the senate met
+Galba, and, after they had delivered their compliments, begged
+him to make what haste he could to appear to the people, that
+impatiently expected him.  He discoursed with them courteously
+and unassumingly, and in his entertainment, though Nymphidius
+had sent him royal furniture and attendance of Nero's, he put
+all aside, and made use of nothing but his own, for which he
+was well spoken of, as one who had a great mind, and was
+superior to little vanities.  But in a short time, Vinius, by
+declaring to him that these noble, unpompous, citizen-like ways
+were a mere affectation of popularity and a petty bashfulness at
+assuming his proper greatness, induced him to make use of Nero's
+supplies, and in his entertainments not to be afraid of a regal
+sumptuosity.  And in more than one way the old man let it
+gradually appear that he had put himself under Vinius's
+disposal.
+
+Vinius was a person of an excessive covetousness, and not quite
+free from blame in respect to women.  For being a young man,
+newly entered into the service under Calvisius Sabinus, upon his
+first campaign, he brought his commander's wife, a licentious
+woman, in a soldier's dress, by night into the camp, and was
+found with her in the very general's quarters, the principia, as
+the Romans call them.  For which insolence Caius Caesar cast him
+into prison, from whence he was fortunately delivered by Caius's
+death.  Afterwards, being invited by Claudius Caesar to supper,
+he privily conveyed away a silver cup, which Caesar hearing of,
+invited him again the next day, and gave order to his servants
+to set before him no silver plate, but only earthen ware.  And
+this offense, through the comic mildness of Caesar's reprimand,
+was treated rather as a subject of jest than as a crime.  But
+the acts to which now, when Galba was in his hands and his power
+was so extensive, his covetous temper led him were the causes,
+in part, and in part the provocation, of tragical and fatal
+mischiefs.
+
+Nymphidius became very uneasy upon the return out of Spain of
+Gellianus, whom he had sent to pry into Galba's actions,
+understanding that Cornelius Laco was appointed commander of the
+court guards, and that Vinius was the great favorite, and that
+Gellianus had not been able so much as to come nigh, much less
+have any opportunity to offer any words in private, so narrowly
+had he been watched and observed.  Nymphidius, therefore, called
+together the officers of the troops, and declared to them that
+Galba of himself was a good, well-meaning old man, but did not
+act by his own counsel, and was ill-guided by Vinius and Laco;
+and lest, before they were aware, they should engross the
+authority Tigellinus had with the troops, he proposed to them to
+send deputies from the camp, acquainting him that if he pleased
+to remove only these two from his counsel and presence, he would
+be much more welcome to all at his arrival.  Wherein when he saw
+he did not prevail (it seeming absurd and unmannerly to give
+rules to an old commander what friends to retain or displace, as
+if he had been a youth newly taking the reins of authority into
+his hands), adopting another course, he wrote himself to Galba
+letters in alarming terms, one while as if the city were
+unsettled, and had not yet recovered its tranquillity; then that
+Clodius Macer withheld the corn-ships from Africa; that the
+legions in Germany began to be mutinous, and that he heard the
+like of those in Syria and Judaea.  But Galba not minding him
+much nor giving credit to his stories, he resolved to make his
+attempt beforehand, though Clodius Celsus, a native of Antioch,
+a person of sense, and friendly and faithful to Nymphidius, told
+him he was wrong, saying he did not believe one single street in
+Rome would ever give him the title of Caesar.  Nevertheless many
+also derided Galba, amongst the rest Mithridates of Pontus,
+saying, that as soon as this wrinkled, bald-headed man should be
+seen publicly at Rome, they would think it an utter disgrace
+ever to have had such a Caesar.
+
+At last it was resolved, about midnight, to bring Nymphidius
+into the camp, and declare him emperor.  But Antonius Honoratus,
+who was first among the tribunes, summoning together in the
+evening those under his command, charged himself and them
+severely with their many and unreasonable turns and alterations,
+made without any purpose or regard to merit, simply as if some
+evil genius hurried them from one treason to another.  "What
+though Nero's miscarriages," said he, "gave some color to your
+former acts, can you say you have any plea for betraying Galba
+in the death of a mother, the blood of a wife, or the
+degradation of the imperial power upon the stage and amongst
+players?  Neither did we desert Nero for all this, until
+Nymphidius had persuaded us that he had first left us and fled
+into Egypt.  Shall we, therefore, send Galba after, to appease
+Nero's shade, and, for the sake of making the son of Nymphidia
+emperor, take off one of Livia's family, as we have already the
+son of Agrippina?  Rather, doing justice on him, let us revenge
+Nero's death, and show ourselves true and faithful by preserving
+Galba."
+
+The tribune having ended his harangue, the soldiers assented,
+and encouraged all they met with to persist in their fidelity to
+the emperor, and, indeed, brought over the greatest part.  But
+presently hearing a great shout, Nymphidius, imagining, as some
+say, that the soldiers called for him, or hastening to be in
+time to check any opposition and gain the doubtful, came on with
+many lights, carrying in his hand a speech in writing, made by
+Cingonius Varro, which he had got by heart, to deliver to the
+soldiers.  But seeing the gates of the camp shut up, and large
+numbers standing armed about the walls, he began to be afraid.
+Yet drawing nearer, he demanded what they meant, and by whose
+orders they were then in arms; but hearing a general
+acclamation, all with one consent crying out that Galba was
+their emperor, advancing towards them, he joined in the cry, and
+likewise commanded those that followed him to do the same.  The
+guard notwithstanding permitted him to enter the camp only with
+a few, where he was presently struck with a dart, which
+Septimius, being before him, received on his shield; others,
+however, assaulted him with their naked swords, and on his
+flying, pursued him into a soldier's cabin, where they slew him.
+And dragging his body thence, they placed a railing about it,
+and exposed it next day to public view.  When Galba heard of
+the end which Nymphidius had thus come to, he commanded that all
+his confederates who had not at once killed themselves should
+immediately be dispatched; amongst whom were Cingonius, who made
+his oration, and Mithridates, formerly mentioned.  It was,
+however, regarded as arbitrary and illegal, and though it might
+be just, yet by no means popular, to take off men of their rank
+and quality without a hearing.  For everyone expected another
+scheme of government, being deceived, as is usual, by the first
+plausible pretenses; and the death of Petronius Turpilianus, who
+was of consular dignity, and had remained faithful to Nero, was
+yet more keenly resented.  Indeed, the taking off of Macer in
+Africa by Trebonius, and Fonteius by Valens in Germany, had a
+fair pretense, they being dreaded as armed commanders, having
+their soldiers at their bidding; but why refuse Turpilianus, an
+old man and unarmed, permission to try to clear himself, if any
+part of the moderation and equity at first promised were really
+to come to a performance?  Such were the comments to which these
+actions exposed him.  When he came within five and twenty
+furlongs or thereabouts of the city, he happened to light on a
+disorderly rabble of the seamen, who beset him as he passed.
+These were they whom Nero made soldiers, forming them into a
+legion.  They so rudely crowded to have their commission
+confirmed, that they did not let Galba either be seen or heard
+by those that had come out to meet their new emperor; but
+tumultuously pressed on with loud shouts to have colors to their
+legion, and quarters assigned them.  Galba put them off until
+another time, which they interpreting as a denial, grew more
+insolent and mutinous, following and crying out, some of them
+with their drawn swords in their hands.  Upon seeing which,
+Galba commanded the horse to ride over them, when they were soon
+routed, not a man standing his ground, and many of them were
+slain, both there and in the pursuit; an ill omen, that Galba
+should make his first entry through so much blood and among dead
+bodies.  And now he was looked upon with terror and alarm by any
+who had entertained contempt of him at the sight of his age and
+apparent infirmities.
+
+But when he desired presently to let it appear what change would
+be made from Nero's profuseness and sumptuosity in giving
+presents, he much missed his aim, and fell so short of
+magnificence, that he scarcely came within the limits of
+decency.  When Canus, who was a famous musician, played at
+supper for him, he expressed his approbation, and bade the bag
+be brought to him; and taking a few gold pieces, put them in
+with this remark, that it was out of his own purse, and not on
+the public account.  He ordered the largesses which Nero had
+made to actors and wrestlers and such like to be strictly
+required again, allowing only the tenth part to be retained;
+though it turned to very small account, most of those persons
+expending their daily income as fast as they received it, being
+rude, improvident livers; upon which he had further inquiry made
+as to those who had bought or received from them, and called
+upon these people to refund.  The trouble was infinite, the
+exactions being prosecuted far, touching a great number of
+persons, bringing disrepute on Galba, and general hatred on
+Vinius, who made the emperor appear base-minded and mean to the
+world, whilst he himself was spending profusely, taking whatever
+he could get, and selling to any buyer.  Hesiod tells us to
+drink without stinting of
+
+The end and the beginning of the cask.
+
+And Vinius, seeing his patron old and decaying, made the most of
+what he considered to be at once the first of his fortune and
+the last of it.
+
+Thus the aged man suffered in two ways: first, through the evil
+deeds which Vinius did himself, and, next, by his preventing or
+bringing into disgrace those just acts which he himself
+designed.  Such was the punishing Nero's adherents.  When he
+destroyed the bad, amongst whom were Helius, Polycletus,
+Petinus, and Patrobius, the people mightily applauded the act,
+crying out, as they were dragged through the forum, that it was
+a goodly sight, grateful to the gods themselves, adding,
+however, that the gods and men alike demanded justice on
+Tigellinus, the very tutor and prompter of all the tyranny.
+This good man, however, had taken his measures beforehand, in
+the shape of a present and a promise to Vinius.  Turpilianus
+could not be allowed to escape with life, though his one and
+only crime had been that he had not betrayed or shown hatred to
+such a ruler as Nero.  But he who had made Nero what he became,
+and afterwards deserted and betrayed him whom he had so
+corrupted, was allowed to survive as an instance that Vinius
+could do anything, and an advertisement that those that had
+money to give him need despair of nothing.  The people, however,
+were so possessed with the desire of seeing Tigellinus dragged
+to execution, that they never ceased to require it at the
+theater and in the race-course, till they were checked by an
+edict from the emperor himself, announcing that Tigellinus could
+not live long, being wasted with a consumption, and requesting
+them not to seek to make his government appear cruel and
+tyrannical.  So the dissatisfied populace were laughed at, and
+Tigellinus made a splendid feast, and sacrificed in thanksgiving
+for his deliverance: and after supper, Vinius, rising from the
+emperor's table, went to revel with Tigellinus, taking his
+daughter, a widow, with him; to whom Tigellinus presented his
+compliments, with a gift of twenty-five myriads of money, and
+bade the superintendent of his concubines take off a rich
+necklace from her own neck and tie it about hers, the value of
+it being estimated at fifteen myriads.
+
+After this, even reasonable acts were censured; as, for example,
+the treatment of the Gauls who had been in the conspiracy with
+Vindex.  For people looked upon their abatement of tribute and
+admission to citizenship as a piece, not of clemency on the part
+of Galba, but of money-making on that of Vinius.  And thus the
+mass of the people began to look with dislike upon the
+government.  The soldiers were kept on a while in expectation of
+the promised donative, supposing that if they did not receive
+the full, yet they should have at least as much as Nero gave
+them.  But when Galba, on hearing they began to complain,
+declared greatly, and like a general, that he was used to enlist
+and not to buy his soldiers, when they heard of this, they
+conceived an implacable hatred against him; for he did not seem
+to defraud them merely himself in their present expectations,
+but to give an ill precedent, and instruct his successors to do
+the like.  This heart-burning, however, was as yet at Rome a
+thing undeclared, and a certain respect for Galba's personal
+presence somewhat retarded their motions, and took off their
+edge, and their having no obvious occasion for beginning a
+revolution curbed and kept under, more or less, their
+resentments.  But those forces that had been formerly under
+Virginius, and now were under Flaccus in Germany, valuing
+themselves much upon the battle they had fought with Vindex, and
+finding now no advantage of it, grew very refractory and
+intractable towards their officers: and Flaccus they wholly
+disregarded, being incapacitated in body by unintermitted gout,
+and, besides, a man of little experience in affairs.  So at one
+of their festivals, when it was customary for the officers of
+the army to wish all health and happiness to the emperor, the
+common soldiers began to murmur loudly, and on their officers
+persisting in the ceremony, responded with the words, "If he
+deserves it."
+
+When some similar insolence was committed by the legions under
+Vitellius, frequent letters with the information came to Galba
+from his agents; and taking alarm at this, and fearing that he
+might be despised not only for his old age, but also for want of
+issue, he determined to adopt some young man of distinction, and
+declare him his successor.  There was at this time in the city
+Marcus Otho, a person of fair extraction, but from his childhood
+one of the few most debauched, voluptuous, and luxurious livers
+in Rome.  And as Homer gives Paris in several places the title
+of "fair Helen's love," making a woman's name the glory and
+addition to his, as if he had nothing else to distinguish him,
+so Otho was renowned in Rome for nothing more than his marriage
+with Poppaea, whom Nero had a passion for when she was
+Crispinus's wife.  But being as yet respectful to his own wife,
+and standing in awe of his mother, he engaged Otho underhand to
+solicit her.  For Nero lived familiarly with Otho, whose
+prodigality won his favor, and he was well pleased when he took
+the freedom to jest upon him as mean and penurious.  Thus when
+Nero one day perfumed himself with some rich essence and favored
+Otho with a sprinkle of it, he, entertaining Nero next day,
+ordered gold and silver pipes to disperse the like on a sudden
+freely, like water, throughout the room.  As to Poppaea, he was
+beforehand with Nero, and first seducing her himself, then, with
+the hope of Nero's favor, he prevailed with her to part with her
+husband, and brought her to his own house as his wife, and was
+not content afterwards to have a share in her, but grudged to
+have Nero for a claimant, Poppaea herself, they say, being
+rather pleased than otherwise with this jealousy; she sometimes
+excluded Nero, even when Otho was not present, either to prevent
+his getting tired with her, or, as some say, not liking the
+prospect of an imperial marriage, though willing enough to have
+the emperor as her lover.  So that Otho ran the risk of his
+life, and strange it was he escaped, when Nero, for this very
+marriage, killed his wife and sister.  But he was beholden to
+Seneca's friendship, by whose persuasions and entreaty Nero was
+prevailed with to dispatch him as praetor into Lusitania, on the
+shores of the Ocean; where he behaved himself very agreeably and
+indulgently to those he had to govern, well knowing this command
+was but to color and disguise his banishment.
+
+When Galba revolted from Nero, Otho was the first governor of
+any of the provinces that came over to him, bringing all the
+gold and silver he possessed in the shape of cups and tables, to
+be coined into money, and also what servants he had fitly
+qualified to wait upon a prince.  In all other points, too, he
+was faithful to him, and gave him sufficient proof that he was
+inferior to none in managing public business.  And he so far
+ingratiated himself, that he rode in the same carriage with him
+during the whole journey, several days together.  And in this
+journey and familiar companionship, he won over Vinius also,
+both by his conversation and presents, but especially by
+conceding to him the first place, securing the second, by his
+interest, for himself.  And he had the advantage of him in
+avoiding all odium and jealousy, assisting all petitioners,
+without asking for any reward, and appearing courteous and of
+easy access towards all, especially to the military men, for
+many of whom he obtained commands, some immediately from the
+emperor, others by Vinius's means, and by the assistance of the
+two favorite freedmen, Icelus and Asiaticus, these being the
+men in chief power in the court.  As often as he entertained
+Galba, he gave the cohort on duty, in addition to their pay, a
+piece of gold for every man there, upon pretense of respect to
+the emperor, while really he undermined him, and stole away his
+popularity with the soldiers.
+
+So Galba consulting about a successor, Vinius introduced Otho,
+yet not even this gratis, but upon promise that he would marry
+his daughter, if Galba should make him his adopted son and
+successor to the empire.  But Galba, in all his actions, showed
+clearly that he preferred the public good before his own private
+interest, not aiming so much to pleasure himself as to advantage
+the Romans by his selection.  Indeed he does not seem to have
+been so much as inclined to make choice of Otho, had it been but
+to inherit his own private fortune, knowing his extravagant and
+luxurious character, and that he was already plunged in debt
+five thousand myriads deep.  So he listened to Vinius, and made
+no reply, but mildly suspended his determination.  Only he
+appointed himself consul, and Vinius his colleague, and it was
+the general expectation that he would declare his successor at
+the beginning of the new year.  And the soldiers desired nothing
+more than that Otho should be the person.
+
+But the forces in Germany broke out into their mutiny whilst he
+was yet deliberating, and anticipated his design.  All the
+soldiers in general felt much resentment against Galba for not
+having given them their expected largess but these troops made a
+pretense of a more particular concern, that Virginius Rufus was
+cast off dishonorably, and that the Gauls who had fought with
+them were well rewarded, while those who had refused to take
+part with Vindex were punished; and Galba's thanks seemed all to
+be for him, to whose memory he had done honor after his death
+with public solemnities as though he had been made emperor by
+his means only.  Whilst these discourses passed openly
+throughout the army, on the first day of the first month of the
+year, the Calends, as they call it, of January, Flaccus
+summoning them to take the usual anniversary oath of fealty to
+the emperor, they overturned and pulled down Galba's statues,
+and having sworn in the name of the senate and people of Rome,
+departed.  But the officers now feared anarchy and confusion, as
+much as rebellion; and one of them came forward and said: "What
+will become of us, my fellow-soldiers, if we neither set up
+another general, nor retain the present one?  This will be not
+so much to desert from Galba as to decline all subjection and
+command.  It is useless to try and maintain Flaccus Hordeonius,
+who is but a mere shadow and image of Galba.  But Vitellius,
+commander of the other Germany, is but one day's march distant,
+whose father was censor and thrice consul, and in a manner
+co-emperor with Claudius Caesar; and he himself has the best
+proof to show of his bounty and largeness of mind, in the
+poverty with which some reproach him.  Him let us make choice
+of, that all may see we know how to choose an emperor better
+than either Spaniards or Lusitanians."  Which motion whilst some
+assented to, and others gainsaid, a certain standard-bearer
+slipped out and carried the news to Vitellius, who was
+entertaining much company by night.  This, taking air, soon
+passed through the troops, and Fabius Valens, who commanded one
+legion, riding up next day with a large body of horse, saluted
+Vitellius emperor.  He had hitherto seemed to decline it,
+professing a dread he had to undertake the weight of the
+government; but on this day, being fortified, they say, by wine
+and a plentiful noonday repast, he began to yield, and submitted
+to take on him the title of Germanicus they gave him, but
+desired to be excused as to that of Caesar.  And immediately the
+army under Flaccus also, putting away their fine and popular
+oaths in the name of the senate, swore obedience to Vitellius as
+emperor, to observe whatever he commanded.
+
+Thus Vitellius was publicly proclaimed emperor in Germany; which
+news coming to Galba's ear, he no longer deferred his adoption;
+yet knowing that some of his friends were using their interest
+for Dolabella, and the greatest number of them for Otho, neither
+of whom he approved of, on a sudden, without anyone's privity,
+he sent for Piso, the son of Crassus and Scribonia, whom Nero
+slew, a young man in general of excellent dispositions for
+virtue, but his most eminent qualities those of steadiness and
+austere gravity.  And so he set out to go to the camp to declare
+him Caesar and successor to the empire.  But at his very first
+going forth, many signs appeared in the heavens, and when he
+began to make a speech to the soldiers, partly extempore, and
+partly reading it, the frequent claps of thunder and flashes of
+lightning and the violent storm of rain that burst on both the
+camp and the city were plain discoveries that the divine powers
+did not look with favor or satisfaction on this act of adoption,
+that would come to no good result.  The soldiers, also, showed
+symptoms of hidden discontent, and wore sullen looks, no
+distribution of money being even now made to them.  However,
+those that were present and observed Piso's countenance and
+voice could not but feel admiration to see him so little
+overcome by so great a favor, of the magnitude of which at the
+same time he seemed not at all insensible.  Otho's aspect, on
+the other hand, did not fail to let many marks appear of his
+bitterness and anger at his disappointment; since to have been
+the first man thought of for it, and to have come to the very
+point of being chosen, and now to be put by, was in his feelings
+a sign of the displeasure and ill-will of Galba towards him.
+This filled him with fears and apprehensions, and sent him home
+with a mind full of various passions, whilst he dreaded Piso,
+hated Galba, and was full of wrath and indignation against
+Vinius.  And the Chaldeans and soothsayers about him would not
+permit him to lay aside his hopes or quit his design, chiefly
+Ptolemaeus, insisting much on a prediction he had made, that
+Nero should not murder Otho, but he himself should die first,
+and Otho succeed as emperor; for the first proving true, he
+thought he could not distrust the rest.  But none perhaps
+stimulated him more than those that professed privately to pity
+his hard fate and compassionate him for being thus ungratefully
+dealt with by Galba; especially Nymphidius's and Tigellinus's
+creatures, who, being now cast off and reduced to low estate,
+were eager to put themselves upon him, exclaiming at the
+indignity he had suffered, and provoking him to revenge himself.
+
+Amongst these were Veturius and Barbius, the one an optio, the
+other a tesserarius (these are men who have the duties of
+messengers and scouts), with whom Onomastus, one of Otho's
+freedmen, went to the camp, to tamper with the army, and brought
+over some with money, others with fair promises, which was no
+hard matter, they being already corrupted, and only wanting a
+fair pretense.  It had been otherwise more than the work of four
+days (which elapsed between the adoption and murder) so
+completely to infect them as to cause a general revolt.  On the
+sixth day ensuing, the eighteenth, as the Romans call it,
+before the Calends of February, the murder was done.  On that
+day, in the morning, Galba sacrificed in the Palatium, in the
+presence of his friends, when Umbricius, the priest, taking up
+the entrails, and speaking not ambiguously, but in plain words,
+said that there were signs of great troubles ensuing, and
+dangerous snares laid for the life of the emperor.  Thus Otho
+had even been discovered by the finger of the god; being there
+just behind Galba, hearing all that was said, and seeing what
+was pointed out to them by Umbricius.  His countenance changed
+to every color in his fear, and he was betraying no small
+discomposure, when Onomastus, his freedman, came up and
+acquainted him that the master-builders had come, and were
+waiting for him at home.  Now that was the signal for Otho to
+meet the soldiers.  Pretending then that he had purchased an old
+house, and was going to show the defects to those that had sold
+it to him, he departed; and passing through what is called
+Tiberius's house, he went on into the forum, near the spot
+where a golden pillar stands, at which all the several roads
+through Italy terminate.
+
+Here, it is related, no more than twenty-three received and
+saluted him emperor; so that, although he was not in mind as in
+body enervated with soft living and effeminacy, being in his
+nature bold and fearless enough in danger, nevertheless, he was
+afraid to go on.  But the soldiers that were present would not
+suffer him to recede, but came with their drawn swords about his
+chair, commanding the bearers to take him up, whom he hastened
+on, saying several times over to himself, "I am a lost man."
+Several persons overheard the words, who stood by wondering,
+rather than alarmed, because of the small number that attempted
+such an enterprise.  But as they marched on through the forum,
+about as many more met him, and here and there three or four at
+a time joined in.  Thus returning towards the camp, with their
+bare swords in their hands, they saluted him as Caesar;
+whereupon Martialis, the tribune in charge of the watch, who
+was, they say, noways privy to it, but was simply surprised at
+the unexpectedness of the thing, and afraid to refuse, permitted
+him entrance.  And after this, no man made any resistance; for
+they that knew nothing of the design, being purposely
+encompassed by the conspirators, as they were straggling here
+and there, first submitted for fear, and afterwards were
+persuaded into compliance.  Tidings came immediately to Galba in
+the Palatium, whilst the priest was still present and the
+sacrifices at hand, so that persons who were most entirely
+incredulous about such things, and most positive in their
+neglect of them, were astonished, and began to marvel at the
+divine event.  A multitude of all sorts of people now began to
+run together out of the forum; Vinius and Laco and some of
+Galba's freedmen drew their swords and placed themselves beside
+him; Piso went forth and addressed himself to the guards on duty
+in the court; and Marius Celsus, a brave man, was dispatched to
+the Illyrian legion, stationed in what is called the Vipsanian
+chamber, to secure them.
+
+Galba now consulting whether he should go out, Vinius dissuaded
+him, but Celsus and Laco encouraged him by all means to do so,
+and sharply reprimanded Vinius.  But on a sudden a rumor came
+hot that Otho was slain in the camp; and presently appeared one
+Julius Atticus, a man of some distinction in the guards, running
+up with his drawn sword, crying out that he had slain Caesar's
+enemy; and pressing through the crowd that stood in his way, he
+presented himself before Galba with his bloody weapon, who,
+looking on him, demanded, "Who gave you your orders?"  And on
+his answering that it had been his duty and the obligation of
+the oath he had taken, the people applauded, giving loud
+acclamations, and Galba got into his chair and was carried out
+to sacrifice to Jupiter, and so to show himself publicly.  But
+coming into the forum, there met him there, like a turn of wind,
+the opposite story, that Otho had made himself master of the
+camp.  And as usual in a crowd of such a size, some called to
+him to return back, others to move forward; some encouraged him
+to be bold and fear nothing, others bade him be cautious and
+distrust.  And thus whilst his chair was tossed to and fro, as
+it were on the waves, often tottering, there appeared first
+horse, and straightaway heavy-armed foot, coming through
+Paulus's court, and all with one accord crying out, "Down with
+this private man."  Upon this, the crowd of people set off
+running, not to fly and disperse, but to possess themselves of
+the colonnades and elevated places of the forum, as it might be
+to get places to see a spectacle.  And as soon as Atillius
+Vergilio knocked down one of Galba's statues, this was taken as
+the declaration of war, and they sent a discharge of darts upon
+Galba's litter, and, missing their aim, came up and attacked him
+nearer hand with their naked swords.  No man resisted or offered
+to stand up in his defense, save one only, a centurion,
+Sempronius Densus, the single man among so many thousands that
+the sun beheld that day act worthily of the Roman empire, who,
+though he had never received any favor from Galba, yet out of
+bravery and allegiance endeavored to defend the litter.  First,
+lifting up his switch of vine, with which the centurions correct
+the soldiers when disorderly, he called aloud to the aggressors,
+charging them not to touch their emperor.  And when they came
+upon him hand to hand, he drew his sword, and made a defense for
+a long time, until at last he was cut under the knees and
+brought to the ground.
+
+Galba's chair was upset at the spot called the Lacus Curtius,
+where they ran up and struck at him as he lay in his corslet.
+He, however, offered his throat, bidding them "Strike, if it be
+for the Romans' good."  He received several wounds on his legs
+and arms, and at last was struck in the throat, as most say, by
+one Camurius, a soldier of the fifteenth legion.  Some name
+Terentius, others Lecanius; and there are others that say it was
+Fabius Falulus, who, it is reported, cut off the head and
+carried it away in the skirt of his coat, the baldness making it
+a difficult thing to take hold of.  But those that were with him
+would not allow him to keep it covered up, but bade him let
+everyone see the brave deed he had done; so that after a while
+he stuck upon the lance the head of the aged man that had been
+their grave and temperate ruler, their supreme priest and
+consul, and, tossing it up in the air, ran like a bacchanal,
+twirling and flourishing with it, while the blood ran down the
+spear.  But when they brought the head to Otho,
+"Fellow-soldiers," he cried out, "this is nothing, unless you
+show me Piso's too," which was presented him not long after.
+The young man, retreating upon a wound received, was pursued by
+one Murcus, and slain at the temple of Vesta.  Titus Vinius was
+also dispatched, avowing himself to have been privy to the
+conspiracy against Galba by calling out that they were killing
+him contrary to Otho's pleasure.  However, they cut off his
+head, and Laco's too, and brought them to Otho, requesting a
+boon.
+
+And as Archilochus says --
+
+When six or seven lie breathless on the ground,
+'Twas I, 'twas I, say thousands, gave the wound.
+
+Thus many that had no share in the murder wetted their hands and
+swords in blood, and came and showed them to Otho, presenting
+memorials suing for a gratuity.  Not less than one hundred and
+twenty were identified afterwards from their written petitions;
+all of whom Vitellius sought out and put to death.  There came
+also into the camp Marius Celsus, and was accused by many voices
+of encouraging the soldiers to assist Galba, and was demanded to
+death by the multitude.  Otho had no desire for this, yet,
+fearing an absolute denial, he professed that he did not wish to
+take him off so soon, having many matters yet to learn from him;
+and so committed him safe to the custody of those he most
+confided in.
+
+Forthwith a senate was convened, and as if they were not the
+same men, or had other gods to swear by, they took that oath in
+Otho's name which he himself had taken in Galba's and had
+broken; and withal conferred on him the titles of Caesar and
+Augustus; whilst the dead carcasses of the slain lay yet in
+their consular robes in the marketplace.  As for their heads,
+when they could make no other use of them, Vinius's they sold to
+his daughter for two thousand five hundred drachmas; Piso's was
+begged by his wife Verania; Galba's they gave to Patrobius's
+servants; who when they had it, after all sorts of abuse and
+indignities, tumbled it into the place where those that suffer
+death by the emperor's orders are usually cast, called
+Sessorium.  Galba's body was conveyed away by Priscus Helvidius
+by Otho's permission, and buried in the night by Argius, his
+freedman.
+
+Thus you have the history of Galba, a person inferior to few
+Romans, either for birth or riches, rather exceeding all of his
+time in both, having lived in great honor and reputation in the
+reigns of five emperors, insomuch that he overthrew Nero rather
+by his fame and repute in the world than by actual force and
+power.  Of all the others that joined in Nero's deposition, some
+were by general consent regarded as unworthy, others had only
+themselves to vote them deserving of the empire.  To him the
+title was offered, and by him it was accepted; and simply
+lending his name to Vindex's attempt, he gave to what had been
+called rebellion before, the name of a civil war, by the
+presence of one that was accounted fit to govern.  And,
+therefore, as he considered that he had not so much sought the
+position as the position had sought him, he proposed to command
+those whom Nymphidius and Tigellinus had wheedled into
+obedience, no otherwise than Scipio formerly and Fabricius and
+Camillus had commanded the Romans of their times.  But being now
+overcome with age, he was indeed among the troops and legions an
+upright ruler upon the antique model; but for the rest, giving
+himself up to Vinius, Laco, and his freedmen, who made their
+gain of all things, no otherwise than Nero had done to his
+insatiate favorites, he left none behind him to wish him still
+in power, though many to compassionate his death.
+
+
+
+OTHO
+
+The new emperor went early in the morning to the capitol, and
+sacrificed; and, having commanded Marius Celsus to be brought,
+he saluted him, and with obliging language desired him rather to
+forget his accusation than remember his acquittal; to which
+Celsus answered neither meanly nor ungratefully, that his very
+crime ought to recommend his integrity, since his guilt had been
+his fidelity to Galba, from whom he had never received any
+personal obligations.  Upon which they were both of them admired
+by those that were present, and applauded by the soldiers.
+
+In the senate, Otho said much in a gentle and popular strain.
+He was to have been consul for part of that year himself, but he
+gave the office to Virginius Rufus, and displaced none that had
+been named for the consulship by either Nero or Galba.  Those
+that were remarkable for their age and dignity he promoted to
+the priest-hoods; and restored the remains of their fortunes,
+that had not yet been sold, to all those senators that were
+banished by Nero and recalled by Galba.  So that the nobility
+and chief of the people, who were at first apprehensive that no
+human creature, but some supernatural penal, or vindictive power
+had seized the empire, began now to flatter themselves with
+hopes of a government that smiled upon them thus early.
+
+Besides, nothing gratified or gained the whole Roman people more
+than his justice in relation to Tigellinus.  It was not seen how
+he was in fact already suffering punishment, not only by the
+very terror of retribution which he saw the whole city requiring
+as a just debt, but with several incurable diseases also; not to
+mention those unhallowed frightful excesses among impure and
+prostituted women, to which, at the very close of life, his lewd
+nature clung, and in them gasped out, as it were, its last;
+these, in the opinion of all reasonable men, being themselves
+the extremest punishment, and equal to many deaths.  But it was
+felt like a grievance by people in general that he continued yet
+to see the light of day, who had been the occasion of the loss
+of it to so many persons, and such persons, as had died by his
+means.  Wherefore Otho ordered him to be sent for, just as he
+was contriving his escape by means of some vessels that lay
+ready for him on the coast near where he lived, in the
+neighborhood of Sinuessa.  At first he endeavored to corrupt the
+messenger, by a large sum of money, to favor his design; but
+when he found this was to no purpose, he made him as
+considerable a present, as if he had really connived at it, only
+entreating him to stay till he had shaved; and so took that
+opportunity, and with his razor dispatched himself.
+
+And while giving the people this most righteous satisfaction of
+their desires, for himself he seemed to have no sort of regard
+for any private injuries of his own.  And at first, to please
+the populace, he did not refuse to be called Nero in the
+theater, and did not interfere when some persons displayed
+Nero's statues to public view.  And Cluvius Rufus says,
+imperial letters, such as are sent with couriers, went into
+Spain with the name of Nero affixed adoptively to that of Otho;
+but as soon as he perceived this gave offense to the chief and
+most distinguished citizens, it was omitted.
+
+After he had begun to model the government in this manner, the
+paid soldiers began to murmur, and endeavored to make him
+suspect and chastise the nobility, either really out of a
+concern for his safety, or wishing, upon this pretense, to stir
+up trouble and warfare.  Thus, whilst Crispinus, whom he had
+ordered to bring him the seventeenth cohort from Ostia, began to
+collect what he wanted after it was dark, and was putting the
+arms upon the wagons, some of the most turbulent cried out that
+Crispinus was disaffected, that the senate was practicing
+something against the emperor, and that those arms were to be
+employed against Caesar, and not for him.  When this report was
+once set afoot, it got the belief and excited the passions of
+many; they broke out into violence; some seized the wagons, and
+others slew Crispinus and two centurions that opposed them; and
+the whole number of them, arraying themselves in their arms, and
+encouraging one another to stand by Caesar, marched to Rome.
+And hearing there that eighty of the senators were at supper
+with Otho, they flew to the palace, and declared it was a fair
+opportunity to take off Caesar's enemies at one stroke.  A
+general alarm ensued of an immediate coming sack of the city.
+All were in confusion about the palace, and Otho himself in no
+small consternation, being not only concerned for the senators
+(some of whom had brought their wives to supper thither), but
+also feeling himself to be an object of alarm and suspicion to
+them, whose eyes he saw fixed on him in silence and terror.
+Therefore he gave orders to the prefects to address the soldiers
+and do their best to pacify them, while he bade the guests rise,
+and leave by another door.  They had only just made their way
+out, when the soldiers rushed into the room, and called out,
+"Where are Caesar's enemies?"  Then Otho, standing up on his
+couch, made use both of arguments and entreaties, and by actual
+tears at last, with great difficulty, persuaded them to desist.
+The next day he went to the camp, and distributed a bounty of
+twelve hundred and fifty drachmas a man amongst them; then
+commended them for the regard and zeal they had for his safety,
+but told them, that there were some who were intriguing among
+them, who not only accused his own clemency, but had also
+misrepresented their loyalty; and, therefore, he desired their
+assistance in doing justice upon them.  To which when they all
+consented, he was satisfied with the execution of two only,
+whose deaths he knew would be regretted by no one man in the
+whole army.
+
+Such conduct, so little expected from him, was rewarded by some
+with gratitude and confidence; others looked upon his behavior
+as a course to which necessity drove him, to gain the people to
+the support of the war.  For now there were certain tidings that
+Vitellius had assumed the sovereign title and authority, and
+frequent expresses brought accounts of new accessions to him;
+others, however, came, announcing that the Pannonian, Dalmatian,
+and Moesian legions, with their officers, adhered to Otho.
+Erelong also came favorable letters from Mucianus and Vespasian,
+generals of two formidable armies, the one in Syria, the other
+in Judaea, to assure him of their firmness to his interest: in
+confidence whereof he was so exalted, that he wrote to Vitellius
+not to attempt anything beyond his post; and offered him large
+sums of money and a city, where he might live his time out in
+pleasure and ease.  These overtures at first were responded to
+by Vitellius with equivocating civilities; which soon, however,
+turned into an interchange of angry words; and letters passed
+between the two, conveying bitter and shameful terms of
+reproach, which were not false indeed, for that matter, only it
+was senseless and ridiculous for each to assail the other with
+accusations to which both alike must plead guilty.  For it were
+hard to determine which of the two had been most profuse, most
+effeminate, which was most a novice in military affairs, and
+most involved in debt through previous want of means.
+
+As to the prodigies and apparitions that happened about this
+time, there were many reported which none could answer for, or
+which were told in different ways, but one which everybody
+actually saw with their eyes was the statue in the capitol, of
+Victory carried in a chariot, with the reins dropped out of her
+hands, as if she were grown too weak to hold them any longer;
+and a second, that Caius Caesar's  statue in the island of
+Tiber, without any earthquake or wind to account for it, turned
+round from west to east; and this they say, happened about the
+time when Vespasian and his party first openly began to put
+themselves forward.  Another incident, which the people in
+general thought an evil sign, was the inundation of the Tiber;
+for though it happened at a time when rivers are usually at
+their fullest, yet such height of water and so tremendous a
+flood had never been known before, nor such a destruction of
+property, great part of the city being under water, and
+especially the corn market, so that it occasioned a great dearth
+for several days.
+
+But when news was now brought that Caecina and Valens,
+commanding for Vitellius, had possessed themselves of the Alps,
+Otho sent Dolabella (a patrician, who was suspected by the
+soldiery of some ill design), for whatever reason, whether it
+were fear of him or of anyone else, to the town of Aquinum, to
+give encouragement there; and proceeding then to choose which of
+the magistrates should go with him to the war, he named amongst
+the rest Lucius, Vitellius's brother, without distinguishing him
+by any new marks either of his favor or displeasure.  He also
+took the greatest precautions for Vitellius's wife and mother,
+that they might be safe, and free from all apprehension for
+themselves.  He made Flavius Sabinus, Vespasian's brother,
+governor of Rome, either in honor to the memory of Nero, who had
+advanced him formerly to that command, which Galba had taken
+away, or else to show his confidence in Vespasian by his favor
+to his brother.
+
+After he came to Brixillum, a town of Italy near the Po, he
+stayed behind himself, and ordered the army to march under the
+conduct of Marius Celsus, Suetonius Paulinus, Gallus, and
+Spurina, all men of experience and reputation, but unable to
+carry their own plans and purposes into effect, by reason of the
+ungovernable temper of the army, which would take orders from
+none but the emperor whom they themselves had made their master.
+Nor was the enemy under much better discipline, the soldiers
+there also being haughty and disobedient upon the same account,
+but they were more experienced and used to hard work; whereas
+Otho's men were soft from their long easy living and lack of
+service, having spent most of their time in theaters and at
+state-shows and on the stage; while moreover they tried to cover
+their deficiencies by arrogance and vain display, pretending to
+decline their duty not because they were unable to do the thing
+commanded but because they thought themselves above it.  So that
+Spurina had like to have been cut in pieces for attempting to
+force them to their work; they assailed him with insolent
+language, accusing him of a design to betray and ruin Caesar's
+interest; nay, some of them that were in drink forced his tent
+in the night, and demanded money for the expenses of their
+journey, which they must at once take, they said, to the
+emperor, to complain of him.
+
+However, the contemptuous treatment they met with at Placentia
+did for the present good service to Spurina, and to the cause of
+Otho.  For Vitellius's men marched up to the walls, and
+upbraided Otho's upon the ramparts, calling them players,
+dancers, idle spectators of Pythian and Olympic games, but
+novices in the art of war, who never so much as looked on at a
+battle; mean souls, that triumphed in the beheading of Galba, an
+old man unarmed, but had no desire to look real enemies in the
+face.  Which reproaches so inflamed them, that they kneeled at
+Spurina's feet, entreated him to give his orders, and assured
+him no danger or toil should be too great or too difficult for
+them.  Whereupon when Vitellius's forces made a vigorous attack
+on the town, and brought up numerous engines against the walls,
+the besieged bravely repulsed them, and, repelling the enemy
+with great slaughter, secured the safety of a noble city, one of
+the most flourishing places in Italy.
+
+Besides, it was observed that Otho's officers were much more
+inoffensive, both towards the public and to private men, than
+those of Vitellius; among whom was Caecina, who used neither the
+language nor the apparel of a citizen; an overbearing,
+foreign-seeming man, of gigantic stature and always dressed in
+trews and sleeves, after the manner of the Gauls, whilst he
+conversed with Roman officials and magistrates.  His wife, too,
+traveled along with him, riding in splendid attire on horseback,
+with a chosen body of cavalry to escort her.  And Fabius Valens,
+the other general, was so rapacious, that neither what he
+plundered from enemies nor what he stole or got as gifts and
+bribes from his friends and allies could satisfy his wishes.
+And it was said that it was in order to have time to raise money
+that he had marched so slowly that he was not present at the
+former attack.  But some lay the blame on Caecina, saying, that
+out of a desire to gain the victory by himself before Fabius
+joined him, he committed sundry other errors of lesser
+consequence, and by engaging unseasonably and when he could not
+do so thoroughly, he very nearly brought all to ruin.
+
+When he found himself beat off at Placentia, he set off to
+attack Cremona, another large and rich city.  In the meantime,
+Annius Gallus marched to join Spurina at Placentia; but having
+intelligence that the siege was raised, and that Cremona was in
+danger, he turned to its relief, and encamped just by the enemy,
+where he was daily reinforced by other officers.  Caecina placed
+a strong ambush of heavy infantry in some rough and woody
+country, and gave orders to his horse to advance, and if the
+enemy should charge them, then to make a slow retreat, and draw
+them into the snare.  But his stratagem was discovered by some
+deserters to Celsus, who attacked with a good body of horse, but
+followed the pursuit cautiously, and succeeded in surrounding
+and routing the troops in the ambuscade; and if the infantry
+which he ordered up from the camp had come soon enough to
+sustain the horse, Caecina's whole army, in all appearance, had
+been totally routed.  But Paulinus, moving too slowly, was
+accused of acting with a degree of needless caution not to have
+been expected from one of his reputation.  So that the soldiers
+incensed Otho against him, accused him of treachery, and boasted
+loudly that the victory had been in their power, and that if it
+was not complete, it was owing to the mismanagement of their
+generals; all which Otho did not so much believe as he was
+willing to appear not to disbelieve.  He therefore sent his
+brother Titianus, with Proculus, the prefect of the guards, to
+the army, where the latter was general in reality, and the
+former in appearance.  Celsus and Paulinus had the title of
+friends and counselors, but not the least authority or power.
+At the same time, there was nothing but quarrel and disturbance
+amongst the enemy, especially where Valens commanded; for the
+soldiers here, being informed of what had happened at the
+ambuscade, were enraged because they had not been permitted to
+be present to strike a blow in defense of the lives of so many
+men that had died in that action.  Valens, with much difficulty,
+quieted their fury, after they had now begun to throw missiles
+at him, and quitting his camp, joined Caecina.
+
+About this time, Otho came to Bedriacum, a little town near
+Cremona, to the camp, and called a council of war; where
+Proculus and Titianus declared for giving battle, while the
+soldiers were flushed with their late success, saying they ought
+not to lose their time and opportunity and present height of
+strength, and wait for Vitellius to arrive out of Gaul.  But
+Paulinus told them that the enemy's whole force was present, and
+that there was no body of reserve behind; but that Otho, if he
+would not be too precipitate, and choose the enemy's time,
+instead of his own, for the battle, might expect reinforcements
+out of Moesia and Pannonia, not inferior in numbers to the
+troops that were already present.  He thought it probable, too,
+that the soldiers, who were then in heart before they were
+joined, would not be less so when the forces were all come up.
+Besides, the deferring battle could not be inconvenient to them
+that were sufficiently provided with all necessaries; but the
+others, being in an enemy's country, must needs be exceedingly
+straitened in a little time.  Marius Celsus was of Paulinus's
+opinion; Annius Gallus, being absent and under the surgeon's
+hands through a fall from his horse, was consulted by letter,
+and advised Otho to stay for those legions that were marching
+from Moesia.  But after all he did not follow the advice; and
+the opinion of those that declared for a battle prevailed.
+
+There are several reasons given for this determination, but the
+most apparent is this; that the praetorian soldiers, as they are
+called, who serve as guards, not relishing the military
+discipline which they now had begun a little more to experience,
+and longing for their amusements and unwarlike life among the
+shows of Rome, would not be commanded, but were eager for a
+battle, imagining that upon the first onset they should carry
+all before them.  Otho also himself seems not to have shown the
+proper fortitude in bearing up against the uncertainty, and, out
+of effeminacy and want of use, had not patience for the
+calculations of danger, and was so uneasy at the apprehension of
+it, that he shut his eyes, and like one going to leap from a
+precipice, left everything to fortune.  This is the account
+Secundus the rhetorician, who was his secretary, gave of the
+matter.  But others would tell you that there were many
+movements in both armies for acting in concert; and if it were
+possible for them to agree, then they should proceed to choose
+one of their most experienced officers that were present; if
+not, they should convene the senate, and invest it with the
+power of election.  And it is not improbable that, neither of
+the emperors then bearing the title having really any
+reputation, such purposes were really entertained among the
+genuine, serviceable, and sober-minded part of the soldiers.
+For what could be more odious and unreasonable than that the
+evils which the Roman citizens had formerly thought it so
+lamentable to inflict upon each other for the sake of a Sylla or
+a Marius, a Caesar or a Pompey, should now be undergone anew,
+for the object of letting the empire pay the expenses of the
+gluttony and intemperance of Vitellius, or the looseness and
+effeminacy of Otho?  It is thought that Celsus, upon such
+reflections, protracted the time in order to a possible
+accommodation; and that Otho pushed on things to an extremity to
+prevent it.
+
+He himself returned to Brixillum, which was another false step,
+both because he withdrew from the combatants all the motives of
+respect and desire to gain his favor, which his presence would
+have supplied, and because he weakened the army by detaching
+some of his best and most faithful troops for his horse and foot
+guards.
+
+About the same time also happened a skirmish on the Po.  As
+Caecina was laying a bridge over it, Otho's men attacked him,
+and tried to prevent it.  And when they did not succeed, on
+their putting into their boats torchwood with a quantity of
+sulphur and pitch, the wind on the river suddenly caught their
+material that they had prepared against the enemy, and blew it
+into a light.  First came smoke, and then a clear flame, and the
+men, getting into great confusion and jumping overboard, upset
+the boats, and put themselves ludicrously at the mercy of their
+enemies.  Also the Germans attacked Otho's gladiators upon a
+small island in the river, routed them, and killed a good many.
+
+All which made the soldiers at Bedriacum full of anger, and
+eagerness to be led to battle.  So Proculus led them out of
+Bedriacum to a place fifty furlongs off, where he pitched his
+camp so ignorantly and with such a ridiculous want of foresight,
+that the soldiers suffered extremely for want of water, though
+it was the spring time, and the plains all around were full of
+running streams and rivers that never dried up.  The next day he
+proposed to attack the enemy, first making a march of not less
+than a hundred furlongs; but to this Paulinus objected, saying
+they ought to wait, and not immediately after a journey engage
+men who would have been standing in their arms and arranging
+themselves for battle at their leisure, whilst they were making
+a long march with all their beasts of burden and their camp
+followers to encumber them.  As the generals were arguing about
+this matter, a Numidian courier came from Otho with orders to
+lose no time, but give battle.  Accordingly they consented, and
+moved.  As soon as Caecina had notice, he was much surprised,
+and quitted his post on the river to hasten to the camp.  In the
+meantime, the men had armed themselves mostly, and were
+receiving the word from Valens; so while the legions took up
+their position, they sent out the best of their horse in
+advance.
+
+Otho's foremost troops, upon some groundless rumor, took up the
+notion that the commanders on the other side would come over;
+and accordingly, upon their first approach, they saluted them
+with the friendly title of fellow-soldiers.  But the others
+returned the compliment with anger and disdainful words; which
+not only disheartened those that had given the salutation, but
+excited suspicions of their fidelity amongst the others on their
+side, who had not.  This caused a confusion at the very first
+onset.  And nothing else that followed was done upon any plan;
+the baggage-carriers, mingling up with the fighting men, created
+great disorder and division, as well as the nature of the
+ground; the ditches and pits in which were so many, that they
+were forced to break their ranks to avoid and go round them, and
+so to fight without order and in small parties.  There were but
+two legions, one of Vitellius's, called The Ravenous, and
+another of Otho's, called The Assistant, that got out into the
+open outspread level and engaged in proper form, fighting, one
+main body against the other, for some length of time.  Otho's
+men were strong and bold, but had never been in battle before;
+Vitellius's had seen many wars, but were old and past their
+strength.  So Otho's legion charged boldly, drove back their
+opponents, and took the eagle, killing pretty nearly every man
+in the first rank, till the others, full of rage and shame,
+returned the charge, slew Orfidius, the commander of the legion,
+and took several standards.  Varus Alfenus, with his Batavians,
+who are the natives of an island of the Rhine, and are esteemed
+the best of the German horse, fell upon the gladiators, who had
+a reputation both for valor and skill in fighting.  Some few of
+these did their duty, but the greatest part of them made towards
+the river, and, falling in with some cohorts stationed there,
+were cut off.  But none behaved so ill as the praetorians, who,
+without ever so much as meeting the enemy, ran away, broke
+through their own body that stood, and put them into disorder.
+Notwithstanding this, many of Otho's men routed those that were
+opposed to them, broke right into them, and forced their way to
+the camp through the very middle of their conquerors.
+
+As for their commanders, neither Proculus nor Paulinus ventured
+to reenter with the troops; they turned aside, and avoided the
+soldiers, who had already charged the miscarriage upon their
+officers.  Annius Gallus received into the town and rallied the
+scattered parties, and encouraged them with an assurance that
+the battle was a drawn one and the victory had in many parts
+been theirs.  Marius Celsus, collecting the officers, urged the
+public interest; Otho himself, if he were a brave man, would
+not, after such an expense of Roman blood, attempt anything
+further; especially since even Cato and Scipio, though the
+liberty of Rome was then at stake, had been accused of being too
+prodigal of so many brave men's lives as were lost in Africa,
+rather than submit to Caesar after the battle of Pharsalia had
+gone against them.  For though all persons are equally subject
+to the caprice of fortune, yet all good men have one advantage
+she cannot deny, which is this, to act reasonably under
+misfortunes.
+
+This language was well accepted amongst the officers, who
+sounded the private soldiers, and found them desirous of peace;
+and Titianus also gave directions that envoys should be sent in
+order to a treaty.  And accordingly it was agreed that the
+conference should be between Celsus and Gallus on one part, and
+Valens with Caecina on the other.  As the two first were upon
+their journey, they met some centurions, who told them the
+troops were already in motion, marching for Bedriacum, but that
+they themselves were deputed by their generals to carry
+proposals for an accommodation.  Celsus and Gallus expressed
+their approval, and requested them to turn back and carry them
+to Caecina.  However, Celsus, upon his approach, was in danger
+from the vanguard, who happened to be some of the horse that had
+suffered at the ambush.  For as soon as they saw him, they
+hallooed, and were coming down upon him; but the centurions came
+forward to protect him, and the other officers crying out and
+bidding them desist, Caecina came up to inform himself of the
+tumult, which he quieted, and, giving a friendly greeting to
+Celsus, took him in his company and proceeded towards Bedriacum.
+Titianus, meantime, had repented of having sent the messengers;
+and placed those of the soldiers who were more confident upon
+the walls once again, bidding the others also go and support
+them.  But when Caecina rode up on his horse and held out his
+hand, no one did or said to the contrary; those on the walls
+greeted his men with salutations, others opened the gates and
+went out, and mingled freely with those they met; and instead of
+acts of hostility, there was nothing but mutual shaking of hands
+and congratulations, everyone taking the oaths and submitting
+to Vitellius.
+
+This is the account which the most of those that were present at
+the battle give of it, yet own that the disorder they were in,
+and the absence of any unity of action would not give them leave
+to be certain as to particulars.  And when I myself traveled
+afterwards over the field of battle, Mestrius Florus, a man of
+consular degree, one of those who had been, not willingly, but
+by command, in attendance on Otho at the time, pointed out to me
+an ancient temple, and told me, that as he went that way after
+the battle, he observed a heap of bodies piled up there to such
+a height, that those on the top of it touched the pinnacles of
+the roof.  How it came to be so, he could neither discover
+himself nor learn from any other person; as indeed, he said, in
+civil wars it generally happens that greater numbers are killed
+when an army is routed, quarter not being given, because
+captives are of no advantage to the conquerors; but why the
+carcasses should be heaped up after that manner is not easy to
+determine.
+
+Otho, at first, as it frequently happens, received some
+uncertain rumors of the issue of the battle.  But when some of
+the wounded that returned from the field informed him rightly of
+it, it is not, indeed, so much to be wondered at that his
+friends should bid him not give all up as lost or let his
+courage sink; but the feeling shown by the soldiers is something
+that exceeds all belief.  There was not one of them would either
+go over to the conqueror or show any disposition to make terms
+for himself, as if their leader's cause was desperate; on the
+contrary, they crowded his gates, called out to him with the
+title of emperor, and as soon as he appeared, cried out and
+entreated him, catching hold of his hand, and throwing
+themselves upon the ground, and with all the moving language of
+tears and persuasion, besought him to stand by them, not abandon
+them to their enemies, but employ in his service their lives and
+persons, which would not cease to be his so long as they had
+breath; so urgent was their zealous and universal importunity.
+And one obscure and private soldier, after he had drawn his
+sword, addressed himself to Otho: "By this, Caesar, judge our
+fidelity; there is not a man amongst us but would strike thus to
+serve you;" and so stabbed himself.  Notwithstanding this, Otho
+stood serene and unshaken, and, with a face full of constancy
+and composure, turned himself about and looked at them, replying
+thus: "This day, my fellow-soldiers, which gives me such proofs
+of your affection, is preferable even to that on which you
+saluted me emperor; deny me not, therefore, the yet higher
+satisfaction of laying down my life for the preservation of so
+many brave men; in this, at least, let me be worthy of the
+empire, that is, to die for it.  I am of opinion the enemy has
+neither gained an entire nor a decisive victory; I have advice
+that the Moesian army is not many days' journey distant, on its
+march to the Adriatic; Asia, Syria, and Egypt, and the legions
+that are serving against the Jews, declare for us; the senate is
+also with us, and the wives and children of our opponents are in
+our power; but alas, it is not in defense of Italy against
+Hannibal or Pyrrhus or the Cimbri that we fight; Romans combat
+here against Romans, and, whether we conquer or are defeated,
+our country suffers and we commit a crime: victory, to whichever
+it fall, is gained at her expense.  Believe it many times over,
+I can die with more honor than I can reign.  For I cannot see at
+all, how I should do any such great good to my country by
+gaining the victory, as I shall by dying to establish peace and
+unanimity and to save Italy from such another unhappy day."
+
+As soon as he had done, he was resolute against all manner of
+argument or persuasion, and taking leave of his friends and the
+senators that were present, he bade them depart, and wrote to
+those that were absent, and sent letters to the towns, that they
+might have every honor and facility in their journey.  Then he
+sent for Cocceius, his brother's son, who was yet a boy, and
+bade him be in no apprehension of Vitellius, whose mother and
+wife and family he had treated with the same tenderness as his
+own; and also told him that this had been his reason for
+delaying to adopt him, which he had meant to do, as his son; he
+had desired that he might share his power, if he conquered, but
+not be involved in his ruin, if he failed.  "Take notice," he
+added, "my boy, of these my last words, that you neither too
+negligently forget, nor too zealously remember, that Caesar was
+your uncle."  By and by he heard a tumult amongst the soldiers
+at the door, who were treating the senators with menaces for
+preparing to withdraw; upon which, out of regard to their
+safety, he showed himself once more in public, but not with a
+gentle aspect and in a persuading manner as before; on the
+contrary, with a countenance that discovered indignation and
+authority, he commanded such as were disorderly to leave the
+place, and was not disobeyed.
+
+It was now evening, and feeling thirsty, he drank some water,
+and then took two daggers that belonged to him, and when he had
+carefully examined their edges, he laid one of them down, and
+put the other in his robe, under his arm, then called his
+servants, and distributed some money amongst them, but not
+inconsiderately, nor like one too lavish of what was not his
+own; for to some he gave more, to others less, all strictly in
+moderation, and distinguishing every one's particular merit.
+When this was done, he dismissed them, and passed the rest of
+the night in so sound a sleep, that the officers of his
+bedchamber heard him snore.  In the morning, he called for one
+of his freedmen, who had assisted him in arranging about the
+senators, and bade him bring him an account if they were safe.
+Being informed they were all well and wanted nothing, "Go then,"
+said he, "and show yourself to the soldiers, lest they should
+cut you to pieces for being accessory to my death."  As soon as
+he was gone, he held his sword upright under him with both his
+hands, and falling upon it, expired with no more than one single
+groan, to express his sense of the pang, or to inform those that
+waited without.  When his servants therefore raised their
+exclamations of grief, the whole camp and city were at once
+filled with lamentation; the soldiers immediately broke in at
+the doors with a loud cry, in passionate distress, and accusing
+themselves that they had been so negligent in looking after that
+life which was laid down to preserve theirs.  Nor would a man of
+them quit the body to secure his own safety with the approaching
+enemy; but having raised a funeral pile, and attired the body,
+they bore it thither, arrayed in their arms, those among them
+greatly exulting, who succeeded in getting first under the bier
+and becoming its bearers.  Of the others, some threw themselves
+down before the body and kissed his wound, others grasped his
+hand, and others that were at a distance knelt down to do him
+obeisance.  There were some who, after putting their torches to
+the pile, slew themselves, though they had not, so far as
+appeared, either any particular obligations to the dead, or
+reason to apprehend ill usage from the victor.  Simply it would
+seem, no king, legal or illegal, had ever been possessed with so
+extreme and vehement a passion to command others, as was that
+of these men to obey Otho.  Nor did their love of him cease with
+his death; it survived and changed erelong into a mortal hatred
+to his successor, as will be shown in its proper place.
+
+They placed the remains of Otho in the earth, and raised over
+them a monument which neither by its size nor the pomp of its
+inscription might excite hostility.  I myself have seen it, at
+Brixillum; a plain structure, and the epitaph only this: To the
+memory of Marcus Otho.  He died in his thirty-eighth year, after
+a short reign of about three months, his death being as much
+applauded as his life was censured; for if he lived not better
+than Nero, he died more nobly.  The soldiers were displeased
+with Pollio, one of their two prefects, who bade them
+immediately swear allegiance to Vitellius; and when they
+understood that some of the senators were still upon the spot,
+they made no opposition to the departure of the rest, but only
+disturbed the tranquillity of Virginius Rufus with an offer of
+the government, and moving in one body to his house in arms,
+they first entreated him, and then demanded of him to accept of
+the empire, or at least to be their mediator.  But he, that
+refused to command them when conquerors, thought it ridiculous
+to pretend to it now they were beat, and was unwilling to go as
+their envoy to the Germans, whom in past time he had compelled
+to do various things that they had not liked; and for these
+reasons he slipped away through a private door.  As soon as the
+soldiers perceived this, they owned Vitellius, and so got their
+pardon, and served under Caecina.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 674 ***