diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/67294-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67294-0.txt | 931 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 931 deletions
diff --git a/old/67294-0.txt b/old/67294-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8fd2782..0000000 --- a/old/67294-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,931 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of What Price Peace?, by Frederick J. -Libby - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: What Price Peace? - -Author: Frederick J. Libby - -Release Date: January 31, 2022 [eBook #67294] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet - Archive/American Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHAT PRICE PEACE? *** - - - - - - WHAT PRICE - PEACE? - - FREDERICK J. LIBBY - - - [Illustration] - - - ONE CENT A COPY - ONE DOLLAR A HUNDRED - POSTAGE EXTRA - - Additional copies of this pamphlet may be obtained from the - National Council for Prevention of War - 532 Seventeenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. - - _Issued January, 1925_ - - - - - SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT - - -Potential causes of war confront us on every hand. Peace has not come. -Our military men tell us that getting ready for war is the way to -peace. It is their duty to prepare the nation for war. This method, -however, will not bring peace. It will only hasten another world war, -and that would fatally weaken our white civilization. - -To possess peace with justice and security, we must build machinery -adequate to settle all international disputes that might cause war, -and we must create behind the machinery a world opinion so strong that -no nation will defy it. Small national armed forces theoretically -can supplement world opinion, but the reliance must be on world -opinion. Competitive armaments, the result of fear or ambition, must -be progressively abolished by international agreement. International -understanding and goodwill must be consistently cultivated beginning in -the schools. The road to peace is a long uphill road. - -For machinery we shall require a court for our legal disputes and a -town meeting of the world for the rest. I favor immediate adherence -to the existing World Court with the Hughes reservations. For the -world town meeting, I believe that we should join the existing League -of Nations with reservations on Articles X and XVI in order that we -may avoid both legal and moral commitments to use either military or -economic force. These seem to me to be the first two steps towards -peace. - -The third step is the outlawry of war. Since this will involve -sacrifice of sovereignty in certain respects for the sake of peace, -with a voluntary agreement to submit to the proper tribunal all -disputes that threaten war, it requires a higher development of the -will to peace than does the creation of the Court and League. It will -fail if attempted as a political device to perpetuate the _status quo_. -It can succeed only when the nations, and especially the great powers, -are willing to be just, have a reasonable appreciation of one another’s -problems, and are actuated by a fair degree of goodwill. - -The Geneva Protocol for the Pacific Settlement of International -Disputes and Senator Borah’s proposal for the outlawry of war should be -studied together in the light of the concrete problems to be solved, -especially the political and human problems. I believe that the -provision for “sanctions” to be automatically applied is impracticable. - -A conference for the reduction and limitation of land, sea, and air -armaments is imperatively needed in the interest of economy and -world peace. No one knows how soon such a conference can be held -with reasonable assurance of even partial success. All nations must -participate. I believe that a conference of this kind would now be more -fruitful if held in Geneva than if held in Washington. - -The interim policy for the United States should be to avoid increasing -armaments, holding “defense days,” and the like. Our aggressive and -growing militarism is bringing us no added security and is engendering -fear and suspicion at home and abroad. On the other hand, as mighty -armaments give a sense of security and stability――albeit a mistaken -sense――I expect no substantial reduction by America alone. - - - - - WHAT PRICE PEACE? - - By Frederick J. Libby - - - “PEACE! PEACE!” WHEN THERE IS NO PEACE - -We are farther from peace than we were in 1922. The French occupation -of the Ruhr and the passage by Congress of the Japanese Exclusion Act -were blows at the very heart of world peace. Hate has been growing in -Europe. Militarism has been given a new lease of life in Germany and in -Japan. The question of race equality has been made a permanently living -issue to be coupled in future years with the problems raised by white -domination over peoples that want to be free. - -New Alsace Lorraines――such as the Polish Corridor――have been created -by the Versailles Treaty. Religious and race antagonisms, kept acute -by the economic imperialism of the white race, stir the awakening -Mohammedan world. - -Militarist and narrow nationalist groups in every country flood the -press with propaganda breathing fear or hate. A new race in armaments -has started. Our Monroe Doctrine, in view of the growing importance -of the immigration question, contains dangerous possibilities insofar -as it may be regarded as a commitment to go to war for Latin-American -policies. Taken in conjunction with certain acts of aggression on our -part and with the utterances of our jingoes, which are reprinted from -the Rio Grande to Cape Horn, it injects poison constantly into our -relations with Latin America, so that our military guarantee of two -continents brings us no gratitude but only suspicion from our grown-up -and unwilling wards. - -The Dawes Plan is a fleeting ray of sunshine in a dark and ominous sky. -We are not drifting into permanent peace. - - - NO SALVATION IN INCREASING PREPAREDNESS - -Our military men tell us to get ready for war. This is their duty. -We are surrounded by potential causes of war. In their optimistic or -disingenuous moments, our militarists talk of “peace by preparedness.” -“America must be so strong that no nation will dare attack her,” is a -popular slogan. - -Preparedness never has prevented war and it never will. Germany had -that slogan. Look at her! History shows that preparedness has always -led to war. It can lead nowhere else. - -We build; our rivals build――cruisers, airplanes, gas factories, -submarines, armies. We build more; they build more. A race in armaments -starts, and this always ends in war. - -General Frederick B. Maurice of the British army says: “I used to -believe that if you want peace, you must prepare for war; but I have -come to see that, if you prepare for war thoroughly and efficiently, -you will get war.” - - - ANOTHER WORLD WAR WOULD FINISH US - -Militarist theories predicate winning one’s wars. No nation won -the last war. France is less secure than in 1914; England is less -prosperous. All the “victor” nations are staggering under taxes and -armaments; and there are the multitudinous dead. - -Herbert Hoover at Los Angeles on Armistice Day declared that another -great war would be the “cemetery of civilization.” Winston Churchill -describes it as the “general doom.” His article entitled “Shall We -Commit Suicide?” should be widely read. - -A war of airplanes, poison gas, and hate――a baby killers’ war――the -women conscripted and exterminated with the men――a city wiped out -at a time――America’s cities almost as vulnerable as Europe’s, now -that airships and submarines carry planes――such a war would surely -be the twilight of the white civilization. We should perish as other -civilizations in the brief span of human history have perished before -us. - -Consequently, while war is threatening from every quarter, preparedness -for war offers no hope to any nation――not even the hope of victory. -Increasing preparedness can only hasten the “general doom.” Our sole -hope of survival lies in preparing adequately and intelligently for -peace. - - - HISTORY HAS SHOWN A SUCCESSFUL WAY OUT - -The way out of the perilous chaos into which godless and stupid -policies have brought the world is a way that has proved uniformly -successful. It has been tried so far in cities, states, and nations. It -worked in the Maine township where I grew up, and it works equally well -on a national scale in every civilized land on which the sun shines. It -is now universally practised――except between nations. - - - MACHINERY PLUS PUBLIC OPINION - -We call it, roughly speaking, the substitution of law for war. To -express it more accurately, our present task is to build machinery -adequate to settle all disputes that might cause war, and to build -behind that machinery a sound world opinion capable of bearing very -heavy strains. - -Machinery unsupported by public opinion is dead. On the other hand, -public opinion without machinery through which to function is helpless. - -These are the two main tasks. At the same time, armaments must be -reduced by international conferences, war must be outlawed, and -goodwill must be cultivated. The development of goodwill should be -begun in the schools. - - - THE MACHINERY ESSENTIAL - -In Maine we had both a court and a town meeting to keep us out of war. -The court dealt with our legal disputes and the town meeting with the -rest. Both were supported by public opinion. The strength of this -opinion made the work of our one policeman light. The system worked. - -In California in ’49, men relied on pistols for justice and security. -It did not work. Thugs could shoot as straight as honest men. So in -California they shifted from the war system to the law system and were -able before long to forbid the carrying of pistols. Obviously, this -change of method was wrought without changing human nature. - -The progress of civilization has been characterized by just such an -extension of the reign of law. One step remains to be taken. Since it -works everywhere else, we should enthrone law between nations. As I -see it, the essential institutions necessary are those with which New -Englanders are familiar――a court for the world’s legal disputes and a -town meeting for the rest. - - - THE WORLD COURT - -A court of justice has long been recognized by American statesmen as -the cornerstone of world peace. It is clear to anyone who thinks that -some provision must be made for the settlement of legal disputes. The -Hague Tribunal is not a court of law, but a court of arbitration, and -therefore cannot perform the tasks now under our consideration. - -The Permanent Court of International Justice, popularly called the -World Court, is the kind of court required. It has been accepted by -47 nations. It, too, meets at The Hague. It is largely the creation -of American genius. Elihu Root is its father. It is the practically -universal judgment of the peace forces of America that our first step -towards peace should be to join the existing World Court and with -the Hughes reservations. The Hughes reservations protect us from -inadvertently joining the League before we are ready. We accept this -limitation. We will proceed one step at a time. - -No substitute plan receives any support whatever, and for excellent -reasons. This specific proposal has the endorsement of President -Coolidge and of both the Republican and Democratic platforms. I -regard joining the World Court with the Hughes reservations as this -winter’s job (1924–1925). The Senate has had the measure before it in -committee nearly two years. Meanwhile the world drifts towards war. It -is reasonable to demand speedy action. We must all work to secure it -through our Senators. - - - THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS WITH RESERVATIONS - -As a court can deal only with legal disputes, and as the most dangerous -disputes named above are political and economic rather than legal, it -is clear that the World Court alone will not end war. A town meeting -of the world under some name is as necessary as the court. This fact -is generally recognized and the idea of a League of Nations is nearly -everywhere accepted. - -The existing League of Nations I used to oppose on the ground that it -seemed to me to be so tied up with the Versailles Treaty that it was -more likely to cause war than to prevent it. I believe still that its -coercive features are impracticable. I have come to the conviction, -however, that America should now consider joining the League of Nations -with such reservations on Articles X and XVI as will relieve us from -every legal and moral obligation to go to war or to undertake any -coercive economic measures that might lead to war. We should also be -protected by reservation from any possible construction of obligation -under the Versailles Treaty. I may add that my observation is that -the genuine opposition to the League in this country is in reality -opposition to the commitments indicated in these reservations. - -Although the League is still in its formative period, it is, I believe, -firmly established. Fifty-five out of 64 eligible nations belong to it. -Turkey and Germany will probably join within twelve months. Then only -Russia, the United States, Mexico and four small nations of those now -eligible will remain outside. - -Important decisions are being made by the League. America should have -a part in making all such decisions, because they inevitably affect our -future. The world is now a community, and the welfare of each nation is -closely wrapped up with the decisions of the rest. - -The League fortunately was not made a political issue of the recent -presidential campaign. Secretary Hughes for one took pains to say that -he regarded our foreign relations as not an issue. Party politics -should stop at the 3-mile limit. Secretary Hughes was also careful to -say with reference to the League that it was against the “commitments” -of the Covenant that he believed America had declared herself. I -believe that we should join the League of Nations on the conditions -stated and that we should do so during the present Administration. It -is surely becoming increasingly difficult for us to stay outside. - - - THE OUTLAWRY OF WAR - -With court and town meeting established, I believe that the effective -outlawry of war is possible. War cannot be outlawed if this is proposed -as a device to preserve the present division of territory in Europe. -War cannot be outlawed for the protection of injustice or oppression -anywhere. Such political chicanery in the outlawry of war would in the -end meet with a fearful punishment. - -The outlawry of war can succeed permanently, I think, only when -accompanied by a general willingness on the part of nations to be -just and by such an appreciation of others’ problems as will lead to -a friendly spirit of “give and take.” Such jealous nationalism as -has historically ruled our Senate is incompatible with it. “Vital -interests” and “the national honor” cannot be made exceptions for -private treatment, neither can “domestic” questions that are not -exclusively domestic, as the American delegation justly urged at the -recent opium convention. - -The honest outlawry of war demands a higher development of the will -to peace and justice than has been observed among great nations in -the past. This is why it is the third rather than the first step to -be taken. Yet, until aggressive war has been branded as a crime, and -until the aggressor has been defined, the prevention of war will be -haphazard, and the growth of an effective world opinion against war -will be slow and uncertain. - -The Geneva Protocol for the Pacific Settlement of International -Disputes has been ratified by 16 nations including France. It deserves -study side by side with the Borah Resolution. Personally I believe -that “sanctions” which are to become effective automatically are -impracticable. I cannot imagine England seizing our property or -blockading us because our Senate refused to accept a League decision. - -Wise men make no threats, knowing that they may not want to carry them -out and that perhaps to do so would be injustice and folly. Events have -justified the founders of our Republic in giving the Supreme Court no -force but public opinion to support its decisions as between states. -The system has limped at times, but it has always worked better than -attempted coercion would have done. - - - DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW - -International Law is in its infancy. It is mainly concerned with -procedure in war――a procedure no longer observed. It needs to be -extended and codified. I believe that this can best be done by a -commission of the League of Nations, which shall report from time to -time to the League of Nations Assembly. Late news from Rome indicates -that this is being provided for by the Council of the League. - - - CONFERENCE ON REDUCTION OF ARMAMENTS - -Both the League of Nations and President Coolidge have given expression -to the universal desire to reduce the burden of armaments in the -interest of economy and world peace. Armaments, speaking generally, -express a nation’s fears or the ambitions of its controlling classes. -Reduction of armaments will follow increasing world security and -still more extensively an increasing sense of security, which is a -very different matter. We are used to our armaments as we are used to -locking our doors at night. Neither actually gives security, although -we have been brought up to think both do. I have shown above that -armaments cannot give security from another world war, and that is the -only security that would be worth having. - -Increase of armaments increases the general sense of insecurity. -Therefore, while waiting for another conference on the limitation of -armaments, we should not hold “defense days” nor competitively multiply -our cruisers, submarines, and other arms. President Coolidge is right -in “standing pat” on the vast sum of $550,000,000 as enough for war -preparation for the year 1926. - -On the other hand, drastic reduction of armaments, except by -international agreement, is psychologically impracticable for us in the -present state of things. Hence another conference for the reduction and -limitation of land, sea, and air forces is necessary. To be fruitful, -it must include all nations. France cannot disarm unless Russia does. -Although it might seem that Washington would in some respects offer -the best atmosphere for such a conference, it must be remembered that -France has not yet ratified some of the important treaties adopted here -three years ago (1921). Delegates achieve nothing permanent if they go -beyond public sentiment at home. Consequently, as the League of Nations -is considering such a conference, I believe it might be well for it to -meet in Geneva. There would, perhaps, be greater probability that its -decisions would be accepted by the powers represented. - - - NO SALVATION IN MACHINERY - -Machinery will not save the world. It is dead by itself. When -legislation gets too far ahead of public opinion, we have trouble in -enforcing our laws. Similarly the weakness of the League of Nations -has been mainly the weakness of the public opinion behind the League. -It will be remembered that the League was set up at a time when to a -considerable degree the world was skeptical of its practicability. - -Press opinion in France scoffed at “Wilson’s ideology.” Lloyd George -exacted payment for his support. Our Senate rejected the League through -the efforts of a determined minority of doubters. Puny and unwelcome, -it lived by the faith of a few men until Italy last year, by defying -it, proved to the small nations its vital worth. - -Now the terrors of the future have made the League the cornerstone of -the foreign policy of several states including France. It is flouted -still by the nationalists of every country when it stands in their way; -but even they do not dare try to destroy it. Without it no one sees any -hope ahead――nothing but universal warfare and wholesale extermination -until the end. - - - GROWING PUBLIC OPINION BEHIND LEAGUE - -The change, be it noted, has been in public opinion. The small nations -saw in the attack on Greece the fact that their existence rests with -the League. French liberals perceived that they could reduce the burden -of armaments and achieve security only through the League. Statesmen, -leaders of thought everywhere, discovered that they were leaning upon -it more and more heavily as they looked ahead into the dark. - -Winston Churchill, sincere imperialist though he be, writes: “It -is through the League of Nations alone that the path to safety and -salvation can be found. To sustain and aid the League of Nations -is the duty of all.” His government failed to live up to his wise -admonition in the recent crisis in Egypt, but it is something that he -should have recognized the obligation in principle. The League will -progressively destroy imperialism, one may hope. - - - BUILDING WORLD OPINION - -We have only to read our morning paper thoughtfully to become aware -that the sound world opinion required to make the new machinery of -justice effective will not come of itself. It must be built by the -conscious and purposeful cooperation of governments and of all good -citizens. - - - ENGLAND AND EGYPT - -England’s conservative government has just thrown away a precious -opportunity of this kind in refusing to submit to the League her -quarrel with Egypt and resorting to the coercive policy of the old -diplomacy, seizing the opportunity of a murder to advance the interests -of the empire. - -The thirst for liberty that is stirring North Africa, the Near East, -and India cannot be quenched by repression. “Only a few agitators -are to blame for this unrest,” say the old-school imperialists. That -is what they said with some justice of the American Colonies once. -England would have been wiser to strengthen the League now against the -difficult days that everyone can see ahead of the British Empire. - -It is by such voluntary submission of important matters to the Court -and League by governments strong enough to evade doing so that in the -last instance our world opinion must be built. - - - A TASK FOR ALL GOOD CITIZENS - -Despite two glaring instances of Congressional insularity that are -at present in our minds――passage of the Japanese Exclusion Act and -two years’ delay in taking up the World Court――in the long run and -haltingly a democratic government obeys the people’s will. If we want -international law and order in place of war and chaos, we must say so -and keep saying so. - -How is public opinion created? How was Mr. Coolidge elected president? -Talk, talk, talk and talk, talk, talk. Not, as it happens in this -instance, by Mr. Coolidge but by those who wanted him for president. -It was talk in the press and talk from the soapbox and talk in the -circles in which one moved, talk with convincing earnestness, talk with -arguments that reached down to the motives on which men really act. - -Similarly in furthering the only policy that can save our country -and our civilization from being ruined by another war, we must talk, -talk, talk and talk, talk, talk――in the press, from the pulpit, in -the schoolroom, in books, from the billboards, in public meetings, -and through the programs of club and lodge and grange. We must work -as men in haste, remembering that we are sure only of this “period of -exhaustion,” in which to build machinery and world opinion, both strong -enough to bear incredible strain. It will be only as by the skin of our -teeth that the world will get by some of the danger corners that we all -can see must be passed. - -Why America particularly? Because what is whispered in America today -echoes and re-echoes around the world. - - - MUST BEGIN IN THE SCHOOLS - -All movements that succeed start in the schools. It is in the schools -of the world that the peace movement will succeed or fail. If the old -style militant nationalism continues to be taught there――the arrogance, -the hate of past days――there is no hope. - -Hate is being taught now in the schools of every land and sometimes it -is called patriotism. For myself, I learned to love France and to hate -England as a schoolboy, through the lessons of the Revolutionary War. -These lessons could have been taught without breeding hate, I think; -but they weren’t. - -South and North have not yet agreed on a history of the United States. -Both are handing down from generation to generation the animosities -of the Civil War by using different textbooks with utterly different -viewpoints. They call this loyalty. It is loyalty to the past but not -to the future. The future demands that the glorification of war with -its hatreds shall cease. - - - CULTIVATE AND TEACH GOODWILL - -Secretary Hughes, in the course of his famous speech, May 15, which, -whether intentionally or not, cut the ground from under “Defense Day,” -said, “There is only one avenue to peace. That is in the settlement of -actual differences and the removal of ill will. All else is talk, form, -and pretense.” - -After speaking of the settlement of differences through “institutions -of justice,” he went on as follows: “Between friends any difficulty can -be settled. There is no substitute for goodwill. There is no mechanism -of intercourse that can dispense with it.” - -I am convinced of the correctness of Secretary Hughes’ conclusion. We -must be better men if our race is to survive. A civilization shot -through with hate cannot continue long after it is fully equipped with -poison gas and airplanes. Even for self-preservation we must cultivate -goodwill――goodwill between classes and religions and nations and races. - -We must subdue in our own hearts the swiftly rising prejudice by -nursing, often by an effort of the will, the kindly thought that -follows tardily. We must seek to know and understand those we hate; -for then, as Charles Lamb discovered, we cannot hate them. Cooperation -must replace isolation; progressive world organization must replace -international anarchy; and, above all, the spirit of the team must -replace “grandstand playing” and national egotism. - - - IT WILL WORK - -The success of our national experiments in “audacious -friendliness”――returning the Boxer indemnity to China, feeding the -children of Europe, aiding stricken Japan; the success of Ramsay -MacDonald’s pursuit of the same policy, which changed the atmosphere of -Europe markedly for the better in six months; the success of Herriot -in his policy of “rapprochement” with Germany, following Poincare’s -ghastly failure with coercion――all this goes to show that international -relations are but human problems and that the spirit that “removes” -our personal “mountains” will be similarly triumphant between nations. -Our realists are going to discover some day to their astonishment that -the “practical” policy they are seeking, the policy that will bring -security with justice and peace, is this very policy of audacious -friendliness functioning through appropriate machinery. We can climb up -to peace in no other way. - - - Model Printing Company, Washington - - [Illustration] - - - - - Transcriber’s Note: - - ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHAT PRICE PEACE? *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |