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diff --git a/old/67168-0.txt b/old/67168-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 566687e..0000000 --- a/old/67168-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1459 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Chinese Dragon, by L. Newton Hayes - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Chinese Dragon - -Author: L. Newton Hayes - -Contributor: Fong F. Sec - -Release Date: January 15, 2022 [eBook #67168] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project Gutenberg (This - file was produced from images generously made available by - The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHINESE DRAGON *** - - - - - THE CHINESE DRAGON - - BY - L. NEWTON HAYES - - WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY - FONG F. SEC, LL.D. - - 龍 - - THIRD EDITION - - COMMERCIAL PRESS, LIMITED - SHANGHAI, CHINA - 1923 - - - - - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -The subject of this little book is of general interest to people who -are acquainted with things Chinese. The dragon has played a large part -in Chinese thought through four thousand and more years. Even in these -days of the Republic it still fills an important place in Chinese life. - -The dragon is one of the most common ornamental designs in China and -one meets it wherever one goes in this country. However, in spite of -the significance attached to the dragon, very little has ever been -written concerning it in either Chinese or English. Only a few general -articles on this subject have been published in magazines, and the -references to it in books are very brief. No independent study of the -dragon in book form has been made in either of these two languages -until now. - -The author is peculiarly fitted to undertake this piece of work. He was -born in China and speaks the Chinese language as a native. Thus he has -had the first-hand knowledge and the language to help him in his study. -He has been studying on the subject of the dragon for fourteen years. -In this time he has traveled over more than one half the number of -provinces of China. The study is therefore not the result of a few -month’s investigation, nor is it the product of research in only one -city or province. The author’s acquaintance with the people and the -language of China have made it possible for him to go to original -sources and to study the subject from every angle. - -Perhaps the last word on the Chinese dragon is not yet said, -nevertheless it is safe to say that this treatise is as complete as our -present knowledge will permit. This little volume should be of value to -all who are interested in China. - -This account of the dragon will not only be of value to foreigners, but -it will also be such to Chinese. The author has made this study a hobby -for many years and the result of his research is a splendid -contribution to the literature on China. It would be a good idea for -more people to take up the study of other phases of Chinese life in the -same way and thus help to interpret China to the West. - - -Fong F. Sec. May 9, 1922. - - - - - - - - -PREFACE - - -In the spring of 1909 the writer had the honor of being a guest for a -week in the summer home of Dr. W. A. P. Martin, near Peking. Many -residents of the Capital during the decade preceding the Revolution, -and for a number of years before that, knew “Pearl Grotto” and visited -the venerable senior missionary of China, then lately retired from the -Presidency of the Imperial Tung Wen College. - -Dr. Martin was a scholar of the old school and enjoyed few pursuits -better than that of reviewing his remarkable memory of the classical -writers. During the meals the old gentleman, then nearly eighty, would -quote readily from Homer, Horace, and Virgil, and would ask his guest -to translate the passages freely into English and to cite the books and -chapters quoted. - -After a few days in this uncomfortable situation the guest began to -cast about for some means of relief. At that time he had been in the -country but a few months, and was just beginning a general study of -Chinese art. The dragon, among other objects of interest, particularly -attracted his attention. It occurred to him to ask Dr. Martin some -questions about this creature whose form was so popular with the -Chinese. Accordingly a carefully prepared list of six or seven -questions about the dragon was launched one morning across the -breakfast table before the attack of Greek and Latin began. The first -question met with a noncommittal reply, the second fared little better, -and so on to the end. Then Dr. Martin admitted that this was one of the -subjects about which he knew very little. He was, however, very warm in -his desire to help find answers to these questions, and he referred his -guest to his personal friend, Sir Robert Hart, the Inspector General of -the Imperial Customs, who had also lived fifty years in China. -Unfortunately Sir Robert’s replies were as vague as those of the -retired Professor. The questions which were asked of these two eminent -Sinologues were also submitted to several other British and Americans -in Peking, and later to many Chinese, but with similar results. - -It soon became evident that if the searcher for light on “Things -Chinese” were to learn much about this creature which had challenged -his attention, he must look it up from original sources. He was later -convinced of this fact when he found it impossible to secure any -satisfactory information from books published in English. He then -resolved that before he himself was fifteen years in the country he -would have answers to the seven questions which he had asked of his -friends in Peking. The contents of this brochure are the results of a -study made in ten provinces of China over a period of fourteen years. -While this volume is not offered as the final word upon this subject, -it probably represents the most exhaustive study thus far given to the -Chinese dragon. - -This book is not intended primarily for Sinologues and it contains no -Chinese characters. The volume is written for the average reader, who -in his study of things Chinese, has little time to go to original -sources. Most people do not wish to be burdened with long quotations to -prove abstract hypotheses or to have Chinese characters inserted in the -text repeatedly to break the sequence. - -If later interest in this subject justifies it, a larger work will be -attempted and a more detailed presentation of the material thus far -collected will be made. The writer’s purpose in this book has been to -make as clear a statement of the subject as could be done within the -compass of a small book, without introducing unnecessary material. If -he has succeeded in this endeavor, he will be more than gratified. - - - - - - - - -CONTENTS - - - Page - Introduction vii - Preface ix - Illustrations xv - - CHAPTER ONE - The Place of the Dragon in Chinese Life 3 - - CHAPTER TWO - How the Dragon Idea Originated 10 - - CHAPTER THREE - The Varieties of Dragons 15 - - CHAPTER FOUR - What Dragons Really Look Like 23 - - CHAPTER FIVE - People Who Have Seen Dragons 31 - - CHAPTER SIX - The Dragon in Western Mythology 38 - - CHAPTER SEVEN - Quaint Beliefs About the Dragon 45 - - CHAPTER EIGHT - How Dragons Control the Fortunes of Men 51 - - CHAPTER NINE - The Hold of the Dragon on China 57 - - - - - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - - Bronze Dragon, Kang Hsi Period - Dragon Colonnade at Chufu Frontispieces - Page - Emperor Kang Hsi in Dragon Robes 1 - The Dragon Throne of the Recent Emperors 2 - The Han Dynasty Dragons 7 - The Porcelain Dragon Screen 8 - The Dragon Staircase 13 - An Imperial Dragon 14 - Tablet to Confucius 17 - Dragon Gateway 18 - The Dragon Stone 21 - Dragon Eaves-Tile 22 - Dragon-Guarded Astrolabe 25 - Surrounded by Dragons 26 - A Dragon-Mounted Bell 29 - A Cloud Dragon 30 - Circular Dragon Eaves-Tile 35 - Chien Lung Vases 36 - A Living Dragon 43 - Two Porcelain Dragons 44 - The “Dragon Square” 49 - The “Dragon Disk” 50 - Emperor Kang Hsi on the Dragon Throne 55 - A Dragon Lantern 56 - A Dragon Column 59 - The Gateway to the Dragon Well 60 - The Dragon Tablet 63 - A Dragon Boat Race in Foochow 64 - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER ONE - -THE PLACE OF THE DRAGON IN CHINESE LIFE - - -There are real dragons living in China to-day. These are not the -horrible monsters that some have imagined them to be. They are friendly -creatures highly revered by all the people. They possess marvelous -powers and they occasionally permit themselves to be seen by mortal -eyes. Such is the belief of at least seven out of every ten Chinese. - -The popular belief in the dragon is so deeply rooted and so widespread -that it is advisable for one to secure an accurate knowledge of the -Chinese idea of the venerated saurian if he desires to gain a truly -sympathetic understanding of this remarkable people. Nearly every phase -of Chinese life bears evidence of the influence of this unique member -of the animal kingdom. Particularly is this true in the realms of their -art, literature, folklore, zoölogy, history, and religion. - -Chinese art employs dragon designs in endless variety. The graceful -lines of its symmetrically proportioned body are found in every part of -the country painted upon silks and porcelain, woven into brocades, -carved on wood, embroidered upon satin, cast in bronze, and chiseled -upon marble. It is the most characteristically Chinese of the many -Oriental designs which are so attractive to Western students of art. - -The literature of the country abounds in references to this marvelous -creature as one may readily discover by even a cursory study of its -books of history, poetry, letters, medicine, and fiction. - -Chinese folklore is replete with countless entertaining stories of the -wonderful feats of this great animal, while an infinite number of -proverbs and old folks’ sayings bear their testimony to the almost -universal belief in its existence. - -Popular zoölogy places the dragon next to man, at the head of the list -of all living creatures, thus occupying the position of the lion or -tiger in our Western classification. Strictly speaking, Chinese natural -history gives the dragon the rank of king only of scale-covered animals -or creatures which live in the sea; the two fabulous creatures, the Chi -Ling and the Phœnix respectively, have first place above all beasts and -other animals which live upon the earth, and all birds and other -creatures which fly in the air. But because the dragon is equally at -home in the air and on the earth, as well as in the sea, it has been -ranked as the ruler of all created life below man. - -Chinese geomancy for ages has looked to the dragon as a means of -determining the fates and fortunes of the “Sons of Han.” Until very -recently comparatively few Chinese would build a house or bury a corpse -without first consulting a geomancer, who would, in one way or another, -refer to its probable influence upon his action. It is, moreover, a -generally accepted belief that every twelfth hour, day, month, and year -of the lunar calendar are under the dragon’s dominating control. - -Chinese history records scores of appearances of the king of beasts -through the four thousand or more years since the age of the three -mythical rulers. Appearances of the dragon are connected with the -stories of many prominent characters of China’s past. Perhaps the most -noteworthy reference is one which states that two dragons as guards of -honor visited the home of Confucius on the day that great sage was -born. These frequent references to the dragon are considered, for the -most part, by the majority of Chinese scholars quite as authentic as -the statements about the famous worthies themselves. - -Chinese religion places the dragon in the calendar of its deities as -the God of Rain and the Ruler of Rivers, Lakes, and Seas. As such it -has been worshiped for centuries. There are probably very few cities of -any size in the whole country which, at least until the recent -revolution, were without a temple or shrine to the dragon king. This -deity was worshiped on the first and fifteenth of every month. - -In the opinion of the writer dwellers in other lands commonly think of -the dragon in much the same light as they think of the centaurs, of -Geryon or the Minotaur of Grecian fables: a strange mythical creature -merely the product of human fancy. It is also probable that most of -them think that the majority of Chinese consider it in the same way, -but this is a mistaken conception. It may be considered a very -conservative estimate to state that at least three hundred and sixty -million Chinese believe in the actual existence of dragons as firmly as -other peoples believe that there are such animals as tigers roaming in -the jungles of Bengal and such monsters as walruses wandering over the -icy stretches which border the arctic circle, though they themselves -may never have set foot upon the shores of India nor have crossed the -Arctic Sea. - -Quite recently the writer made a localized study of the universality of -the belief in dragons. One hundred representative Chinese of different -ages and walks in life in an important city were asked the following -questions: Do you believe in the present existence of the dragon? And -what percentage of the people of China do you think hold this belief? -Eighty-two of the one hundred answered the first question in the -affirmative. Regarding the universality of the belief in the dragon -these men estimated that at least eighty-six and six-tenths per cent of -their fellow nationals believe in its existence. The above study bore -out very accurately the writer’s estimate of the extent of the popular -belief in the dragon. His judgment was based upon questions asked many -scores of Chinese in ten different provinces of the country through a -period of fourteen years. - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER TWO - -HOW THE DRAGON IDEA ORIGINATED - - -The elaborate conception of the dragon which we find to-day in Chinese -art and literature is undoubtedly a very different animal from the one -which was responsible for the origin of the dragon idea. The fabled sea -serpent, the alligator, the salamander, and the boa constrictor have -each been regarded as the prototype of this unique creature. It is far -more likely, however, that some antediluvian saurian was the true -source from which the dragon idea has sprung. Back in the dawn of -history some early member of the human race may have met with one of -these monstrous creatures which paleontologists tell us were, in some -period of their development, equally at home on land and in the sea, -and because of its gigantic size and marvelous powers attributed to it -a supernatural origin. In later ages, even the unearthed skeleton of -one of these monsters might have been sufficient to have led to the -inception of the story. If this theory is correct it is easy to -understand how through succeeding ages the belief could have grown and -how superstition and coincidence would have done their share to -elaborate from the early monster the marvelous creature of the present -day. - -According to the theory advanced above, the writer believes that the -most probable prototype of the dragon is the Brontosaurus of the -Mesozoic age, although the present conception of the dragon may easily -have sprung from such other prehistoric animals, as the plesiosaurus of -the same period or the Iguanodon of the Cenozoic age. Skeletons of -these giants of the saurian family and pictures of the reconstructed -animals indicate a striking resemblance to the graceful creatures that -dominate the art of China. - -The first appearance of the true dragon, according to the records of -what is considered to be authentic Chinese history, occurred some -forty-six centuries ago during the reign of Huang Ti, or Hsuan Yuan, -the third of the five great rulers. We are told that after this -personage had reigned one hundred and eleven years a large dragon -appeared and took him to heaven upon his back. Since that day dragons -have been seen in every dynasty and by hundreds of witnesses, as -Chinese history abundantly attests. Dragon appearances were considered -auspicious, and augured well for the affairs of state. In support of -this belief, it is interesting to note that when the late President -Yuan Shih-kai was trying to make himself emperor his friends made at -least one attempt to unearth what were supposed to be the bones of a -dragon. This was done in order that the superstitious among his -countrymen might be led to feel that his desire to reëstablish the -empire was according to the law of heaven. - -For centuries it was the custom for anyone who saw a dragon, either -himself or through the magistrate of the district in which he lived, -immediately to announce the fact to the emperor. In early days history -was often counted from the appearance of a particular dragon. - -A popular fable relates that Yü Wang was able to end the great flood -2297 B.C. only after he had succeeded in capturing the dragon, who was -said to be responsible for the deluge. The animal was chained in heavy -irons and imprisoned, after which the flood subsided. Ever since that -time all dragons, we are told, have trembled at the memory of the only -man who ever conquered their kind. - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER THREE - -THE VARIETIES OF DRAGONS - - -To the majority of people the word “dragon” denotes one animal only. -There are, however, at least eight species of animals which bear this -name. These are the Lung Wang, the Shen Lung, the Li Lung, the Chiao -Lung, the Ying Lung, the Chiu Lung, the Tsao Lung, and the Tu Lung. -They all belong to the genus dragon (Lung), but each has one or more -characteristics which differentiates it from the others. For example, -the Li Lung, or Chih Lung, as it is also named, has and is the only -species which possesses wings. It is, however, but one of these -species, the Shen Lung, which will be considered at this time. Of the -eight varieties this is the one best known. The others may be dismissed -with a word. Dr. Williams, in his “Middle Kingdom,” mentions only three -varieties and says that these are respectively dragons of the sky, of -the sea, and of marshes. However, it seems that the Chinese are not -generally accustomed to make such a classification. They rather -consider that the one species, Shen Lung, controls and operates in all -of these three spheres. Most of the other varieties are minor creatures -which are practically unknown and have slight bearing upon this study. -The one exception to this rule is the Lung Wang, or dragon king. This -species differs from the others in that its members possess a dragon’s -head upon a human body. By some this dragon is said to answer to -Neptune in Western mythology. Each ocean has a dragon king. The members -of this species differ from those of the one in which we are the most -interested in that dragon kings rarely grow old and never die. The -remaining varieties are all quite secondary and practically never -appear in any form of art. These are mentioned only occasionally in -Chinese literature. This article will therefore be confined to an -account of the Shen Lung, or spirit dragon, the real dragon, the dragon -which has held China in its spell since the days of Yao and Shun. - -All true dragons are of two kinds: those which are such by birth and -those which become dragons by transformation from fish of the carp -species. The transformed variety become dragons by leaping up the -waters of a certain cataract upon a western mountain stream. Large -numbers of carp swim once each year, we learn, to this waterfall known -as the “Dragon’s Gate.” Here under the cataract they flounder about, -jumping and springing up out of the swirling waters; a few of them -succeed in getting over the falls to the higher waters above. Those -which are successful in this effort become dragons. After the story of -this strange occurrence became known to the public, it was incorporated -into the life of the people in a popular saying, and scholars who -succeeded in passing the great triennial literary examinations were -said to have “passed the Dragon Gate.” The use of this figure was -doubtless to illustrate the difficulty of passing the examinations, for -it implied that it was as difficult a task for a man to succeed at -these examinations as it was for the carp to leap up over the falls. -This figure has, in addition, the happy inference that even as the -carp, an ordinary fish, might become a mighty dragon, just so by this -supreme effort a scholar might become a master of arts, thus placing -the value of the transformation on a very high scale. - -One ancient authority tells us that there is a class of these great -saurians which are known as “lazy dragons.” These do not like to exert -themselves in the task of directing clouds which carry rain over the -surface of the earth. They sometimes make themselves small in size, -drop to the surface of the earth and hide in trees, under roofs of -houses, and even in the clothing of unsuspecting countrymen. The -Thunder God, learning of their desertion from their posts of duty, -sends his messengers to search for them and when he discovers their -location, kills them with thunderbolts during an electric storm, after -the manner of Zeus. This explains to many an unsophisticated man the -frequent destruction of life and property during thunderstorms. An -epithet that in some parts of the country is often hurled at lazy -people is “Lan Lung,” or “lazy dragon.” - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER FOUR - -WHAT DRAGONS REALLY LOOK LIKE - - -Comparatively few Chinese of the older generation seem to question the -existence of dragons or to doubt the marvelous powers usually -attributed to them. In view of this fact it is surprising to find how -ignorant is the average person who holds this belief when asked to give -an accurate description of the great creature. Perhaps this is not -strange, however, when we remember that there are apparently no books -which purport to give any complete account of the dragon. The -innumerable references to it in Chinese literature largely deal with -the dragon’s performances and say little about his appearance. In order -to make a satisfactory study of the dragon one must, therefore, follow -a tedious process of collecting, eliminating, and coördinating a -multitude of stories, proverbs, and incidents from history, and make a -careful study of selected pictures and carvings, and if possible secure -interviews with those who profess to have seen the great king of the -animal creation. - -One writer, who is anxious to make intelligible to the average person -the accepted representation of the king of all created life below man, -describes the dragon in terms of animals with many of which we are -quite familiar. He says that it has the head of a camel, the horns of a -deer, the ears of a cow, the neck of a snake, the body of a fish, the -scales of a carp, the claws of an eagle, the eyes of a devil, and the -paws of a tiger. - -The bodies of all dragons, we are informed, are symmetrically divided -into three sections of equal length, these divisions being from the -point of the nose to the shoulders, from the shoulders to the thighs, -and from the thighs to the tip of the tail. - -The “Shoh Wen,” a book written during the Tang dynasty, says that the -dragon has the following marvelous powers: “It may cause itself to -become visible or invisible at will, and it can become long or short, -and coarse or fine, at its own good pleasure.” This wonderful -versatility, of course, makes it difficult for us to find any recorded -statement of the maximum length of this creature, since there is no -limit set for its expansion. Another book of the Tang dynasty helps out -a little, however, when it describes a certain dragon, which was found -dead, as having been over one hundred feet long, while other accounts -lead us to believe that the dragon at times assumes a size several -miles in length. The smallest size of which any statement has been -found was the length of a silkworm. - -In color, dragons are differentiated as being red, yellow, blue, white, -or black. During the Manchu dynasty, yellow was the imperial color, and -the yellow or golden dragon was designated the imperial dragon. In the -preceding dynasty, the Ming dynasty, when red was the national color, -it is believed that the red dragon was proclaimed, by decree of the -emperor, the official dragon of the empire. - -Every careful observer in the Far East has noticed a difference in the -number of claws in the pictures of dragons—some possessing three, -others four, and still others five claws. The smallest number is found -on the dragons of Japanese art. Ordinarily Chinese dragons have four -claws, while those of five were recognized as imperial dragons. The two -types of Chinese dragons, with these slight variations, are, however, -one and the same species, and are identical in every other respect. An -attempt has been made to prove that the variation of claws from three -through four to five is a historic development, but we can find no -conclusive proof to substantiate this theory. It is possible that the -ancient dragon designs of China have only three claws on each foot. -Japan borrowed her art from China, and it is not unlikely that at the -period when she borrowed this design the Chinese dragon was represented -with only three claws. - -It is said of the carp that it always has exactly thirty-six scales in -each row, leading from its head to its tail. After the same manner, -dragons are described as possessing eighty-one scales in each series. - -The true dragon has nine sons. Each is different in appearance from the -other and each possesses his own peculiar characteristics. These -children of the dragon are the variants in appearance from the general -line which we are accustomed to look for in the dragon, and which we -often see in carvings and architecture. The dragon heads on bells, on -the peak tiles of temples and palaces, on sword hilts, on monuments, -and in similar places are representations of the progeny of the God of -Rain and do not portray that god himself. - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER FIVE - -PEOPLE WHO HAVE SEEN DRAGONS - - -In spite of the fact that modern zoölogy has never included in the -pages of its textbooks descriptions and pictures of the dragon as a -creature of reality, yet there are men in China to-day who claim to -have seen these animals, some of which have been described very -accurately. The writer has had the pleasure of conversing with several -Chinese who assert that they have seen the dragon at close range. He -has also secured, at secondhand, information from others who are said -to have looked upon this most marvelous of creatures. All of the men -whom the writer interviewed were of sound mind and were accredited by -their acquaintances with being men of reliable character. There is no -reason to believe that any one of them were inebriate or under the -power of hallucination at the time they witnessed the creatures of -their description. - -A teacher in a Tientsin school related that he once saw a dragon in his -native province, Shantung. The animal had been killed, so it was -believed, by the order of heaven, as a punishment for some misdeed, and -had fallen to the earth, where it lay as the center of attraction for -hundreds of people who came in crowds from that whole countryside. Its -appearance was identical with that of the popular pictures with which -we are familiar. A school servant, who was also a native of Shantung, -and whose home was near the sea, declared that he once saw a dragon. He -told the writer that it was about fifteen feet long and that it fell to -the earth during a severe rainstorm. It, too, attracted a large crowd -of spectators. Although this man was unable to give very satisfactory -details, yet his unusual earnestness and apparent sincerity were -convincing evidence that he had really seen a monster of a remarkable -type. - -A third person, an elderly gentleman, who is a teacher of classics in -one of the schools of Nanking, informed the writer that when he was a -young man a dragon fell one night from the sky and lay for twenty-four -hours near his home. The country folk respectfully covered it with -matting, but he managed to raise the covering and saw its great cowlike -head, its four legs, and its scale-covered body. It was about fifty -feet long and blue in color. As in the other two cases, this dragon -disappeared from the earth during a heavy storm. It was generally -believed that it came to life again and was taken up into the heavens -upon a cloud, which formed beneath its body. - -The artist who drew the picture of the cloud dragon recounted that, -during the thirty-fourth year of the Emperor Kuang Hsu, while he -himself was on his way to Peking to receive the seals of a district -magistrate, he came across a dragon lying upon the banks of the Yellow -River in Shantung province. It was blue in color and was several tens -of feet in length. The whole air was filled with a very offensive salt -sea odor, and out of respect for the creature, which was supposed to -have fallen from heaven, the crowd of people that stood around was -busily engaged in sprinkling water upon its body. The head resembled -that of a cow and the artist said that except for the long eyebrows the -picture of the cloud dragon represented very faithfully what he -actually saw. - -Another Chinese has related that a business partner of his, while on a -journey up the Yangtze River, saw three dragons crossing a mountain -range near the shore. Every person on board was spellbound as they -watched the three monsters—one yellow, another white, and the third -blue—as they majestically made their way with great undulating strides -up the mountain side. The dragons passed by so near the boat that the -observers saw every detail of their heads and the lacelike scales of -their bodies. The boat was respectfully stopped in mid-river, and only -when the dragons had disappeared over the ridge did the boatmen resume -their task at the oars. - -Various stories have come to the writer, of dragons which have been -seen either riding upon banks of fog or dangling from passing clouds -during great windstorms or rainstorms. Invariably these have been -described as having scale-covered bodies. One reasonable explanation -for the suspended dragons may be found in insipient tornadoes and water -spouts which never reach the ground. There seems, however, to be no -explanation for the dragon visits described by the five observers, -unless it be that strange monsters of the deep either crawled up out of -the river and lay on the bank, in a dormant state, or were sucked up by -ocean- or river-water spouts, and when the columns of water broke over -the land the creatures were dropped far from their natural habitat. Two -difficulties at once present themselves to combat this hypothesis. The -first of these is the improbability that there are such creatures in -existence, and the second difficulty lies in the strangeness of their -disappearance after coming to the earth. As a possible explanation of -the first difficulty, we wish to ask whether it is not possible that -there are still existing in the depths of the sea and in great rivers -curious reptiles and strange monsters such as no human beings now -living have ever seen, the descendants of the mighty saurians which -lived upon the earth long ages ago, and which geologists tell us later -entered the sea, making that their more secretive habitat? - -As an explanation for the disappearance of the dragon in these three -instances the writer notes two facts. The dragons in each case were -seen on the banks of great rivers and in each case disappeared after a -heavy rain. Might it not have been that the monsters were in reality -not dead but only unconscious, and that the heavy flood washed the -creatures back into the river whence they were carried out to sea? - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER SIX - -THE DRAGON IN WESTERN MYTHOLOGY - - -The dragon is not a conception of the Chinese mind alone. It also -occupies a prominent place in the legends and literature of most of the -countries of Europe. Cicero in his “de Divinatione” (Book II, line 30), -Euripides in his “Philostratus” (Book I, line 2), and Homer in the -“Iliad” (Book II, line 309) all mention a dragon. - -The Bible, in twenty-two references in the Old Testament and thirteen -instances in the New, refers to the dragon either allegorically or as a -real animal; however, in many of these passages, especially in the Old -Testament, the word “dragon” is an unfortunate rendition, for in -several places the writers of the Scriptures very evidently had the -conception of an animal that was in all probability the modern jackal. - -The myths and legends of Europe have preserved for us numerous dragon -stories with which we are more or less familiar. Among others are the -tale of Perseus, who rescued Andromeda from a dragon; the story of St. -George and the Dragon; the account of Sigfried, who killed a dragon at -Worms; and the story of Beowulf, who in the early days of history’s -dawn dispatched a dragon after slaying Grendel. - -King Arthur, who was spoken of as the “dread Pendragon,” is described -by Tennyson, in his “Idylls of the King,” as sitting upon a veritable -dragon throne which would vie in splendor with that of China’s Manchu -emperors. The vivid imagination of the poet laureate gives us this -picture: - - - “To his crown the golden dragon clung - And down his robe the dragon writhed in gold - And from the carven work behind him crept - Two dragons gilded, sloping down to make - Arms to his chair, while all the rest of them - Through knots and loops and folds innumerable, - Fled ever through the woodwork till they found - The new design wherein they lost themselves.” - - -Many coast and river cities of England, France, Italy, and Egypt still -proudly recount their local legends of cruel dragons which were slain, -after battles royal, upon near-by rivers or in adjacent seas. We may -read of the Green Dragon of Mordiford, the Dragon of Norwich, the Great -Dragon of Pittempton, the Dragon of Naples, the Dragon of Arles, the -Dragon of Lyons, the Dragon of Marseilles, Sebec, the Dragon of the -Nile, and many more. These stories are proudly treasured as the sacred -traditions of their respective cities and countries. - -The Chinese conception of the dragon presents a very different creature -from that of the nations bordering on the Mediterranean and the -Atlantic. It is true that there are a few points of similarity, but -there is only one to which we shall call attention at this time. That -is regarding its keenness of eyesight. Both types are endowed with -marvelous vision. The Chinese dragon is deaf and it is explained that -its eyes, through natural compensation, have attained an extraordinary -power. His vision is so keen that he can easily distinguish a blade of -grass one hundred li away. In this connection it is interesting to -recall that the English word “dragon” is derived from the Greek -“drakon” (δράκων), which means “to gaze” or “to see,” and the classics -more than once refer to the animal as “sharpsighted.” - -We do not know who first attached the English name “dragon” to the -Chinese conception “lung,” but it is hardly fair to the Oriental ruler -of the sea to be branded with the stigma which accompanies the English -designation. Since the recent revolution, several devout Westerners -have been heard to express their great satisfaction that the dragon -flag has now forever disappeared. A misconception of the use of the -word “dragon” had caused the speakers to confuse the evil monster -mentioned in the book of Revelation with the animal so highly revered -by the Chinese. The dragon of the Chinese differs from the generally -accepted Western idea in three striking particulars: in appearance, in -disposition, and in the regard in which it is held. - -In appearance, the European conception varies but slightly from the -creature which was its probable prototype, save for the addition of a -pair of wings. The Chinese species is developed to a higher degree. The -latter has a more massive head from which protrude two branching horns. -This species, with the single exception of the Chih Lung, or Li Lung, -has no wings but travels from place to place upon the clouds. - -A still greater difference between the two varieties exists in the -matter of disposition. The European dragon is usually portrayed as a -cruel monster, the personification of all that is evil, and the enemy -of man. Christian art represents it as opposed to law, harmony, and -progress and symbolic of sin and paganism. In this allegorical sense it -is painted in struggles with St. George, St. Michael, and St. -Sylvester, who personified Christianity and enlightenment. Saints and -martyrs are pictured in the process of crushing the dragon beneath -their feet. The Chinese dragon, on the other hand, is in this respect -very nearly its antithesis. It is a beneficent creature, a friend to -man. It brings the rain which produces the crops that in turn supply -his food. - -The third point of distinction between the two dragons lies in the -esteem in which it is held. The Western species was a horrible, -loathesome creature, shunned and dreaded by all mortals, while the -Asiatic dragon is held in reverence and even worshiped by the Chinese. -This creature is in fact so highly revered that one of the most sacred -titles which was bestowed upon the emperors was “The True Dragon.” - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER SEVEN - -QUAINT BELIEFS ABOUT THE DRAGON - - -“The whiskers of the dragon,” according to a book of the Yuan dynasty, -“are three feet long and purple in color. If dragon whiskers are -mounted upon a crystal handle like a horsehair whip and are placed in a -room at night, flies and mosquitoes will not enter.” We are further -informed that “if this instrument is swished through the air it will -make such a noise that chickens, dogs, cows, and horses on hearing it -will try to hide. If dragon whiskers are placed in deep water all -scale-covered animals will swim immediately to the spot, thinking that -their master, the dragon, is there.” - -A strange fire plays about the body of the dragon. This differs from -the fire with which we are familiar in that it blazes brightly when -brought into contact with water. If, however, terrestrial fire touches -the dragon flames, the latter will immediately be extinguished. - -As long as the dragon has moisture in the form of water or clouds -surrounding its body, it retains its marvelous powers of motion and of -mutability, but when this moisture dries up, the dragon becomes -powerless and dies. - -It is said that the blood of some dragons is red; of others, black. -Rubies are often supposed to be petrified drops of the red variety. - -We are informed of the remarkable fact that dragons change their bones -periodically and as regularly as snakes shed their skins and deer their -horns. Dragon bones are supposed to be buried in many high mountains, -and their presence has much to do with the determination of fêng-shui. -Lofty peaks that are frequently tipped with clouds or enveloped in mist -are believed to contain the bones of some great dragon which attract to -themselves the moisture of the passing clouds. - -The saliva of the dragon, we are told, is purple in color, and is -considered the most fragrant of all perfumes. It is said to be employed -in the manufacture of a very valuable incense. “Dragon’s saliva -incense” was formerly sent as a tribute to the emperor by one of the -western provinces. - -One writer expresses a remarkable theory of the dragon’s posthumous -state. He says that when they die dragons turn into crabs. Dragons are -punished for minor offenses, according to the will of heaven, by having -their ears cut off; for greater offenses, by being sent to the earth, -where they are exposed to the view of men in a state as if dead. - -Three things of which dragons are exceedingly fond are bamboo trees, -arsenic, and the flesh of swallows. The graceful branches of the bamboo -are very pleasing to the eye of the dragon who, when there is no human -being in sight, delights to lie under their shade and hear the wind -rustling the leaves above. Arsenic, which is to mortal man a deadly -poison, is food to the dragon. In fact, it is a favorite article of -diet, and dragons grow fat upon it. The delicacy, however, for which -the dragon has the greatest fondness, is swallows’ flesh. Woe to the -man who ever tries to cross a body of water in a boat after having -eaten a dish of roasted swallows, for a peculiar fragrance, which -dragons are always able to detect, will cling to his person. The man in -the boat will be pursued by one of these animals, who will cause a -storm to rise, the boat will be upset, and the unfortunate person -precipitated into the water, where he will fall easy prey to the ruler -of the sea. Under ordinary conditions the dragon shows no fondness for -human flesh, but with such provocation we are told that he should be -considered entirely excusable. - -At the autumnal equinox, according to one source, the majority of -dragons descend into the sea where they hibernate for six months. In -fact, the home of dragons is on the floor of the ocean where they dwell -in beautiful palaces. At the vernal equinox dragons leave the sea and -ascend again into the clouds. Destructive typhoons and equinoctial -hurricanes along the coast, in the spring and autumn, are caused by the -disturbance of the waters when the great animals thus enter or leave -their maritime home. - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER EIGHT - -HOW DRAGONS CONTROL THE FORTUNES OF MEN - - -The surface of the earth is believed to be covered with a network of -invisible paths of the dragon known as Lung Mei. People who build their -houses or find graves for their dead upon one of these courses are -extremely fortunate. The ruling emperors, however, made efforts to -prevent their subjects from occupying the positions upon such -auspicious sites. When Chao Ming, the founder of the Sung dynasty, -while still an unknown young man in reduced financial straits, was -forced to move his father’s bones, he carried them in a reed bag and -buried them by accident upon one of these dragon paths. As a result of -this fact, we are told, heaven smiled upon him and he himself not long -afterward became an emperor. - -Within the past few years, a young Chinese, who had been studying in -Japan, committed suicide for political reasons while on his way across -the ocean. Because he was so well beloved he was buried by his friends -in a beautiful mountain valley on a dragon path. The Board of Rites in -Peking, on hearing of this, ordered the grave removed, sending telegram -after telegram to the local magistrates to have the coffin disinterred -at once and taken to another spot. Since the Revolution, it is said -that the student’s body has been taken back to its first resting place. - -When Chinese observe the natural phenomenon which in the West is -commonly described as “the sun drawing up water,” they say that what is -seen is the dragon sucking up water to form the clouds. - -When rain falls upon one man’s field and not upon his neighbor’s, or -upon one half of a man’s farm and not upon the other, one explanation -which is advanced for this fact is that the line which marks the -division of dry and wet land is directly beneath the boundary line of -the territory governed by two different dragons. One sees fit to order -rain when the other does not. The territories controlled by the -different dragons are redistributed once each year, on the seventeenth -of the third month, which is known as “Li Hsia,” “The Festival of the -Beginning of Summer.” - -A few amusing illustrations of the way in which dragon superstitions -have been allowed to play a leading part in Chinese life have come to -the writer’s attention. A Tientsin district magistrate, about forty -years ago, tried to make an outlet from the Pei River in order to turn -off the water at the time of a flood. After spending too much money in -what proved to be an unsuccessful effort, he jumped into the river and -was drowned. The story goes that the flood immediately subsided and the -official turned into a dragon. Shortly afterwards he was changed into a -snake and was captured. This creature was carried in state into -Tientsin City where it was placed in the dragon temple and was -worshiped by the viceroy of Chihli province, who was none other than Li -Hung Chang. This official later became prime minister and held that -position for twenty years. - -In the heart of Wuchang there is a steep hill which cuts the business -part of the city into two sections. This hill is so steep that it is -practically impossible to carry the traffic over it. Some Chinese claim -the hill to be the dwelling place of a tortoise, others of a serpent, -and still others of a dragon. Some years ago, when Chang Chih Tung was -living in that city as viceroy of Hunan and Hupeh, he caused a tunnel -to be cut through the hill so that communication from one business -center to the other would be facilitated. Not long after this was -completed, the viceroy began to suffer from a carbuncle on his neck. -Chinese and foreign physicians alike failed in their attempts to cure -him. At last a geomancer was consulted. “I know the reason for your -Excellency’s illness,” he said without hesitation. “You have caused the -dragon’s haunt to be penetrated. Block up the tunnel in the hill and -you will get well.” The thing was done, the viceroy soon recovered, and -faith in the dragon on the part of the people of Wuchang was more -firmly established than ever. It might be added that since the -Revolution the tunnel through the hill has again been opened. - -Many years ago large numbers of the students of Hangchow City failed to -pass the Chu Jen, or Master of Arts, Examination. The fact sorely -puzzled the city magistrates, who lost much “face.” No explanation -could be found for this fact until a geomancer explained that a dragon -living in the mountain range northwest of the city had no room to wag -his head, and that a large section of one end of the range must be dug -away before Hangchow students would be able to succeed. The geomancer’s -suggestion was carried out, the dragon was given the chance he desired, -and it is needless to say that since that time all has been well. - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER NINE - -THE HOLD OF THE DRAGON ON CHINA - - -The word “dragon” occupies a prominent place in the common phraseology -of the country. Some illustrations of this fact are as follows: - -Deaf people are called “lung,” a character formed by the combination of -the dragon and ear characters signifying a person with ears like a -dragon (which we are informed is deaf). - -The asparagus plant is known as “dragon’s beard grass.” - -The gentian flower is called the “dragon’s gall.” - -A common variety of pine is known as “dragon’s tail pine,” from the -supposed similarity of its branches to the tail of the dragon. - -Amaryllis lilies and also the blossoms of a certain locust tree are -called “dragon’s claw flowers.” This is no doubt on account of the -shape of the flower clusters. - -Fire engines are called “water dragons.” - -Locomotives and water faucets are commonly designated as “dragon -heads.” - -The keel of a ship goes by the name of the “dragon bone.” - -Water spouts are known as “dangling dragons.” The name was probably -given them by junkmen and fishermen who considered these to be the -tails of dragons suspended from the clouds. - -Spirited horses are said to have “dragon dispositions.” - -Betrothal certificates are known as “dragon-phœnix papers.” - -Wedding cakes are called “dragon-phœnix cakes.” - -The published list of Master of Arts graduates was known as the -“Dragon-Tiger Register.” - -A large number of cities, prefectures, rivers, and mountains have the -character “dragon” incorporated into their names. One of the largest -rivers of Manchuria and one of its three provinces are named Hei Lung -Kiang (Black Dragon River), because it is related that a large black -dragon once made its appearance in its waters. - -One of the most famous mountains of the province of Kiangsi is known as -the “Dragon-Tiger Mountain.” - -Perhaps the most popular kind of tea in China is the “Dragon’s Well -Tea.” This received its designation from the fact that its original -home was in a valley of that name. Among the hills on the farther -shores of Hangchow’s beautiful West Lake is nestled a monastery, on the -estate of which is a pool of crystal-clear water. From the depths of -this “well” a dragon was once seen to rise. The “Dragon’s Well” is now -the name of the monastery and also of the surrounding hills. Tea of -this name, though it may never have grown near Hangchow, is as highly -prized in distant Szechwan and in other distant parts of China as it is -in the capital of Chekiang province. - -In the excellent new encyclopedia recently issued by the Commercial -Press, there are no less than 257 references to the dragon. Fifty-one -of these are the names of cities or villages, twenty-four of mountains -and rivers, and fifteen the names of flora of various genera. - -The emperor’s most reverential title was “The True Dragon,” and in -harmony with that idea the word “dragon” in the adjectival sense was -used in names of all that had to do with his life and position. As an -example of this his throne was the “dragon’s seat,” his hands the -“dragon’s claws,” the pen he used was the “dragon’s brush,” the -imperial robes were called “dragon’s garments,” and the imperial glance -was known as “dragon’s eyes.” - -The “Dragon Tablet” was the name given to the imperial tablet, which -was worshiped during the Ching dynasty in every large temple and -monastery in the land, and even in Mohammedan mosques. The inscription -on the tablet read as follows: “To the reigning Emperor. May he live -ten thousand years, ten thousand years, ten thousand times ten thousand -years.” The tablet received its name from the fact that it represented -the Emperor, “The True Dragon,” and because it bore at its top a -dragon’s head. - -One insignia of official rank, until the recent Revolution, was the -picture-square embroidered in gold and silver thread and worn on the -front and back of official robes. The squares worn by civil officers -bore the pictures of birds, while those of military officials were -decorated with the pictures of animals; each rank and grade having its -corresponding variety of bird or beast. The emperor, the princes, and -the prime minister were allowed the special privilege of wearing the -dragon on one of these embroidered squares. - -The round disk on the Chinese Dragon Flag, which is often pictured -before the mouth of the dragon, is explained by some as a pearl, by -others as a huge spider metamorphosed into a ball. We are repeatedly -told in fables that dragons have a peculiar fondness for teasing -spiders. A more satisfactory theory, however, is that the disk -represents the sun. According to this explanation, the dragon is not -trying to devour that heavenly body, as some would lead us to suppose, -but is gazing with a great longing, for it desires to become like the -sun in brilliance. - -In referring to the Dragon Flag, the fact is worthy of notice that -although this design appeared upon Chinese military banners through -many centuries, the selection of the dragon emblem as a national -insignia was of comparatively recent date. It is probable that the -custom of foreign nations of using national emblems had a large part to -play with the adoption of a national flag. - -There is a feeling among many friends of China, and even among a few -Chinese as well, that the effect of the Revolution and the passing of -the Dragon Flag will very shortly kill out the dragon idea. This the -writer believes is impossible. A belief that has gripped the nation for -over forty centuries is not to be shaken even by a great revolution, -which, though cataclysmic in itself, yet in relation to the ages which -have passed, is little more than a ripple upon the surface of the sea -of time. The dragon is neither a symbol of the Manchu dynasty nor a -type of absolute monarchy, and has nothing in common with either. The -idea is distinctly a heritage of the Chinese race itself, and as such -it will probably live as long as this people. It will survive at least -until a generation after Western science has permeated and dominated -every seaside village, every mountain hamlet, and every inland city, to -the remotest bounds and limits of this vast Republic. - - - - - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHINESE DRAGON *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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