diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/67045-h/67045-h.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67045-h/67045-h.htm | 937 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 937 deletions
diff --git a/old/67045-h/67045-h.htm b/old/67045-h/67045-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index af67249..0000000 --- a/old/67045-h/67045-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,937 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html - PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" /> -<title>The Cholera, by Thomas Beggs</title> - <style type="text/css"> -/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ -<!-- - P { margin-top: .75em; - margin-bottom: .75em; - } - P.gutsumm { margin-left: 5%;} - P.poetry {margin-left: 3%; } - .GutSmall { font-size: 0.7em; } - H1, H2 { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - } - H3, H4, H5 { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - } - BODY{margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - } - table { border-collapse: collapse; } -table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;} - td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;} - td p { margin: 0.2em; } - .blkquot {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */ - - .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - - .pagenum {position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: small; - text-align: right; - font-weight: normal; - color: gray; - } - img { border: none; } - img.dc { float: left; width: 50px; height: 50px; } - p.gutindent { margin-left: 2em; } - p.gutlist { margin-top: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em} - div.gapspace { height: 0.8em; } - div.gapline { height: 0.8em; width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid;} - div.gapmediumline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; - border-top: 1px solid; } - div.gapmediumdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; - border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;} - div.gapshortdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; - margin-left: 40%; border-top: 1px solid; - border-bottom: 1px solid; } - div.gapdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 50%; - margin-left: 25%; border-top: 1px solid; - border-bottom: 1px solid;} - div.gapshortline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; margin-left:40%; - border-top: 1px solid; } - .citation {vertical-align: super; - font-size: .5em; - text-decoration: none;} - span.red { color: red; } - body {background-color: #ffffc0; } - img.floatleft { float: left; - margin-right: 1em; - margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } - img.floatright { float: right; - margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; } - img.clearcenter {display: block; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em; - margin-bottom: 0.5em} - div.figure {display: inline;} - div.figurecaption { text-align: center; - font-weight: bold; - margin-top: 0.5em; - margin-bottom: 1em} - --> - /* XML end ]]>*/ - </style> -<link rel='coverpage' href='images/cover.jpg' /> -</head> -<body> -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Cholera, by Thomas Beggs - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Cholera - the claims of the poor upon the rich - - -Author: Thomas Beggs - - - -Release Date: December 30, 2021 [eBook #67045] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHOLERA*** -</pre> -<p>Transcribed from the [1850?] Charles Gilpin edition by David -Price. Many thanks to the British Library for making their -copy available.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>Price One Penny</i>, <i>and for -Distribution</i> 5<i>s.</i> <i>per</i> 100.</p> - -<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> -<h1>THE CHOLERA:</h1> -<p style="text-align: center">THE CLAIMS OF THE POOR UPON THE -RICH.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">BY THOMAS BEGGS,</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">LATE -SECRETARY OF THE HEALTH OF TOWNS ASSOCIATION.</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>Author of</i> “<i>Enquiry -into the Extent and Causes of Juvenile Depravity</i>,” -<i>&c.</i>, <i>&c.</i></p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">LONDON: -CHARLES GILPIN, 5, BISHOPSGATE WITHOUT.</span></p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> - -<div class="gapshortdoubleline"> </div> -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> 1831 the Asiatic Cholera first -made its appearance in this country. It spread -consternation wherever it went. This pestilence, however, -had its mission. It had previously swept over the fairest -portions of the earth, and had destroyed no less than fifty -millions of human beings. Its birth-place was among the -swamps and jungles of India. True to its origin, it -principally revelled in the crowded and neglected districts of -our large towns, and gathered its victims from the homes of the -poor and indigent. It sought out the abodes of filth and -fever—it flew from one reeking nest of disease to -another. The public authorities were startled into -exertion; whitewash and soap were in requisition—a -visitation of the alleys and lanes commenced—and, in many -instances, the accumulated filth and rubbish of years were -removed. A great many temporary expedients, all excellent -in their way, were adopted. One unquestionable good was the -result of these extraordinary measures—the higher classes -obtained a glimpse of the condition of their poorer brethren.</p> -<p><a name="page2"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 2</span>The -cholera at length passed away, and our exertions died with -it. The stern teacher went to other lands, and we relapsed -into our wonted carelessness, our usual indifference—we -became easy and comfortable again. It is true we have had -several official inquiries, and through their means much -information has been elicited and diffused. Some -improvements have been effected, and others are in progress, but -nothing has been done commensurate to the requirements of the -case. Our towns exhibit the same grievous defects. -There is, as yet, no complete system of drainage and -sewerage—our dwellings are in the same condition as to air -and light, and other conveniences—and a supply of water is -still a desideratum. The old fever-nests remain. We -have a vast number of abominations in every direction inviting -pestilence, and scattering abroad the seeds of disease, misery, -and demoralisation. It is true we have obtained a Health -Bill, but it is quite clear that the establishment of a central -authority can do little, without the sympathy and co-operation of -the public at large.</p> -<p>In this state of things, we have another visitation of the -Asiatic cholera. We are again admonished as to our duties -as men and Christians. Once more we are awakened to a full -knowledge of the fact, that thousands of our fellow creatures are -perishing annually, <i>victims to public neglect</i>. The -great bulk of our working classes are placed in a condition -unfavourable to health—a condition that forbids the -preservation of the ordinary decencies and moralities of -life. <i>There is a responsibility rests upon all who have -influence or power</i>—<i>a responsibility which cannot be -shaken off</i>. The work of reform is not accomplished -because we have got a legislative enactment and a Board of -Health. Every town-council and all parish authorities must -see to it that the present warning is not neglected, and that it -is not permitted to pass away unimproved. It is a question -involving many others of great moment; and experience has <a -name="page3"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 3</span>shown that they -cannot be neglected without serious loss, nor without entailing -upon us great physical and moral evils.</p> -<p>The history of the present visitation will be familiar to all -readers. The general statements are absolutely -appalling. In Albion Terrace, Wandsworth Road, seventeen -persons died within a fortnight, in ten houses, of cholera. -In one house no less than six persons died. This house was -occupied by the Rev. Mr. Harrison, a dissenting minister: he had -two relatives staying with him,—Mrs. Roscoe and Mrs. -Edwards. Mrs. Roscoe was first attacked, and died; Mrs. -Edwards, who attended upon her, was next seized; and on Mr. -Harrison returning from the funeral of Mrs. Roscoe, he found his -wife attacked by the same disease, and that lady expired the next -morning. Mr. Harrison, overwhelmed by this terrible -calamity, fled to Hampstead. On the morning of his -departure Mrs. Edwards died, and the cook was attacked and died -the same evening. On the following day the three bodies -were interred at Kensall Green; and on the return of the mourners -they found the nurse who had attended Mrs. Edwards dead, and a -note informed them that Mr. Harrison had been attacked at -Hampstead, and had died the same day. It is important to -look at some of the facts brought out before the coroner’s -jury. Mr. Harrison had stated before his death that he -believed the attack had arisen from <i>bad drainage and from bad -water</i>. Dr. Milroy stated, in his report, that in the -house in which the epidemic had first broken out in that -neighbourhood,—“The cellars were swarming with filth -and maggots, amounting altogether to some -cart-loads.” The verdict of the jury declared that -the disease had first broken out “in a house where the -drainage was very defective, and the water bad.”</p> -<p>In other places we find the same causes actively at work, -producing cholera. The seizures have been mainly in the -districts notorious for bad sanitary arrangements. In every -case we find that the track of cholera has been <a -name="page4"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 4</span>identical with -that of fever. In a report just published by the Board of -Health ample evidence is supplied that the seats of fever are -also the seats of cholera.</p> -<p>The first decided case in London occurred in a court that had -been specially pointed out to the Sanitary Commissioners. -In the town of Uxbridge four cases occurred last October, marked -by the unequivocal characteristics of Asiatic cholera. One -of the persons lived in a house notoriously insalubrious, and in -which some cases of malignant fever had proved fatal. In -relation to it the medical man had said, that if ever cholera -visited Uxbridge, he believed the first case would be in that -house. The conditions upon which cholera extends are -everywhere the same. They establish most clearly the -connection between a low sanitary condition and -disease,—between filth and fever; and show that the two -diseases, although rarely, if ever, found in the same district -together, are twins from the same parent stock. They have, -no doubt, a common origin.</p> -<p>One word on the attacks of typhus. How is it that we are -stirred into activity by an invasion of cholera? that we feel so -much alarm? It is proved that the mortality from attacks of -cholera, during its visitation in 1831–2, was not greater -altogether than the average annual mortality occasioned by -typhus. The effects of the latter disease are still more -serious than those of cholera. And yet we sit down with the -latter, and become reconciled to its existence, <i>because it is -common and always with us</i>. If the sanitary evils which -have been proved to exist almost universally were removed, -cholera and typhus would scarcely be known amongst us; and yet -“the annual slaughter in England and Wales, <i>from -preventable causes of typhus</i>, which attacks persons in the -vigour of life, appears to be double the amount of what was -suffered by the allied armies in the battle of -Waterloo.” Every day, disease and death arise from -the presence of <a name="page5"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -5</span>filth, from bad water, or overcrowding. They are -put down in the bills of mortality as deaths by typhus, -scarlatina, consumption, &c.—the true report would be, -<i>poisoned by bad air</i>, <i>killed by public -neglect</i>. It would not be too much to say that they are -sacrificed to the indolence, incapacity, or waywardness of the -public authorities.</p> -<p>To justify this view of the case, I may quote, from the report -just referred to, a passage in relation to Dumfries. This -town had suffered most severely in 1832. I believe at that -time the cholera attacked one-eleventh of the entire population, -and destroyed one-seventeenth.</p> -<p>“Knowing,” say the Commissioners, “that -little sanitary improvement had been effected in the interval, -and consequently that the inhabitants must be in as great danger -as before, we called the attention of the authorities to the -special regulations of the Board. To our recommendations -the parochial board paid no regard. The disease, meantime, -went on committing its former ravages. Thus, within the -first twenty-nine days after its outbreak, there occurred 269 -deaths out of a population of 10,000. No efforts being made -on the part of the local authorities to check this great -mortality, it appeared to us that this was a case requiring a -stringent enforcement of the regulations of the Board, and we -sent one of our medical inspectors (Dr. Sutherland) to organise a -plan of house-to-house visitation, to open dispensaries for -affording medical assistance by night as well as by day, and to -provide houses of refuge for the temporary reception of persons -living in filthy and overcrowded rooms, where the disease was -prevailing, and who, though not yet attacked, were likely to be -the next victims. The result of the adoption of these -measures was, that, on the second day after they were brought -into operation, the attacks fell from 27, 38, and 23 daily, to -11; on the fifth day they diminished to eight; on the ninth day -no new case occurred, and <i>in another week the disease nearly -disappeared</i>.”</p> -<p><a name="page6"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 6</span>Surely, -there was great want of knowledge or culpable neglect, on the -part of the local authorities, in this case. In other cases -similar conduct has been displayed. It appears we have yet -to learn that the care of the public health is a branch of social -economics; that it involves more than mere pecuniary -considerations. We have not summed up the evils of this -immense pressure of disease when we have estimated the number of -those attacked, or the number of those who die. The money -cost, though heavy, is a mere trifle to the various afflictions -that follow in the dark train. Neither does the bodily -suffering—the physical pain—complete the amount of -evil. The more we look at it, the more intense does the -feeling of awe and sorrow become. We find, as we look -abroad on the face of society, a fearful retribution for sins of -neglect, and for opportunities unemployed. We find ample -proof that the ordinations of Divine Providence cannot be -violated with impunity:—if we sever the links of duty and -of kindness which unite us to our fellow-men, we cannot separate -ourselves from the guilt, the suffering, and the loss, such -alienation may induce.</p> -<p>I must present some of these evils in detail. I begin -with the lowest—the pecuniary loss. We have to -estimate the unnecessary deaths, the unnecessary sickness, the -number of funerals, the burthens upon every charity, and that -upon the poor-rate. <i>The fever-tax is the heaviest of all -taxes</i>. And yet a much larger sum is annually spent in -sustaining a number of palliative expedients, than would suffice -to support a machinery of prevention. It is laid upon us, -sometimes by the neglect, sometimes by the false economy of local -authorities. They have only one object—to keep down -the rates. However obvious the improvement, it is met by -the question—“How much will it cost?” -Short-sighted economy! The question ought to -be—“How much suffering and sickness will it -prevent?” The largest sum that could by possibility -be required to carry out all the <a name="page7"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 7</span>needful schemes of sanitary -improvement, are far exceeded by the sums now expended in various -ways, and which are entailed upon us by the presence of disease, -and the poverty it produces.</p> -<p>The moral evils far exceed any pecuniary loss, and outweigh -any amount of physical suffering. The various epidemic -diseases generally attack persons in the vigour of life. -This is, especially, the case with typhus, which is, as Dr. Guy -terms it, our “pet epidemic,” and which we nurse -“with as much care as if we loved it.” How many -widows and orphans are thus thrown destitute upon the -world? How many thousands of poor children are cast, -homeless and friendless, upon the streets, furnishing supplies -for that great fund of juvenile depravity of which we have lately -heard so much? These wretched children crowd our -thoroughfares, miserable and abject. They soon acquire the -irregular habits of the class among whom they are thrown. -Let the candid mind calculate the cost. How much in -poor-rates? how much in alms? how much to public -institutions? And then let us ask how many of them become -depredators and thieves—punishing society for its -neglect—punishing, by preying upon its -property—punishing, by spreading abroad the contagion of -disease and of vice—and punishing, by the cost of prisons, -police, bridewells, penitentiaries, and all the other appliances -to repress crime? The reports from some places are of the -most painful description, as respects the great number of orphans -made by the present visitation of cholera. If this applies -to an occasional visit of cholera, it applies with ten-fold force -to typhus. I know, at this moment, three different families -suffering under this affliction. In two of the cases, the -mother is left to struggle with a large family; in the other -case, both parents were taken off by fever within a fortnight of -each other. The children are in the workhouse.</p> -<p>Look at it in another light, as depriving the poor man of <a -name="page8"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 8</span>the ability to -toil. Health is the working man’s all—his -capital—his stock-in-trade. Deprived of it, his means -of subsistence are gone—his independence is -destroyed. His sole possessions are his skill and -industry. It is considered unjust to deprive him of free -markets and fair play. Is it not cruel to surround him by -such circumstances as greatly increase the chances of -sickness? Have we never known a sober, industrious man -stricken down by an attack of fever, and rising from his bed of -sickness to look upon a prospect of poverty and want? His -means have become exhausted—he has run into debt, and that -debt clogs his future energies. Perhaps the fever leaves -him in broken health and infirmity. He struggles awhile -with all these adverse circumstances; seeks parish relief, and -declines into pauper habits. The workman has a right, by -every law divine and human, to eat his daily bread by his daily -toil. Is it not a mockery to allow him this, if the -conditions of health are withheld? Is it not worse? -Is it not injustice to leave him in a condition inferior to the -criminal? The man who has offended the laws can enjoy all -the luxuries of good air, good water, and live in a palace, as -compared with the wretched hovels in which thousands of our -working men, with their wives and families, are placed. Are -we always to go on discussing plans of prison discipline, and the -efficacy of various kinds of treatment for paupers? Are we -never to learn that <i>the true philosophy is to inquire by what -means we can prevent those who are not yet paupers or criminals -from becoming so</i>? Sanitary reform is only one means, -but it is one of primary importance. How can we expect to -cultivate habits of temperance and industry—how can we hope -to diffuse the blessings of education, so indispensable to the -elevation of the people in morals and happiness, so long as they -are left physically degraded and wretched? The soil is -unfavourable to the reception of religious counsel and -consolation. This lesson must be learnt before we can hope -to legislate wisely. All <a name="page9"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 9</span>practical remedies must begin by a due -care for the material wants of the population.</p> -<p>It is not possible, in the compass of a tract, to enter into -detail on all the evils of our present condition. They are -too general to have escaped the attention of any careful -observer. With regard to drainage and sewerage, every town -in the kingdom is defective. Nearly all are equally so with -regard to supplies of water; and the overcrowding in wretchedly -constructed dwellings has become matter of universal -complaint. The people have no control over the construction -of their dwellings, little or none over the selection, as they -must be near their place of work. They have to pay a high -price for the most wretched accommodation. The state of -living is utterly at variance with cleanliness, order, or the -cultivation of decent habits. Labouring under these -disadvantages, they have a right to demand of the higher classes -a complete system of drainage and sewerage, an efficient water -supply, and a thorough cleansing of streets—no penny wise -and pound foolish policy ought to stand in the way. They -have a right to demand such reforms as will make their homes the -abode of comfort to their families. It is injustice, it is -cruelty to withhold them. How is it that, in the active -discussion of public and private rights, at present going on, -there are so few to vindicate the poor man’s claims to pure -air and good water?</p> -<p>I would remind those who are in affluence and comfort of the -duties of their station. Many of them can go away from the -crowded streets, and spend the greater part of their time in a -suburban residence; not so the poor man. The rich man can -command many comforts beyond the reach of the poor man. He -has to work, perhaps, in a heated, crowded workshop, and to -retire to a room wretchedly small, and unwholesome. Need we -wonder that he should sometimes prefer the gin-shop, or the -beer-house, to his own dim, close, and dirty apartment? I -make no <a name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -10</span>apology for his excesses. I do not wish to excuse -his faults. But I ask whether many of the errors, so -conspicuous in the character of the poorer population, may not -have arisen from the neglect of those who had the power to -stimulate them to higher and better things? Before we -reproach them with the neglect of their duties, let us see that -our own are faithfully discharged. If we want to raise them -up, we must begin by doing them justice. Remove the -acknowledged evils that press so heavily upon their condition, -and the assurance awaits us that the Almighty, who rewards all -cheerful and honest labour, will bless the effort to the good of -those who give and to those who may receive.</p> -<p>All delay is dangerous, and not only so, it is criminal. -The evils of which we complain have been allowed to remain from a -general ignorance of the laws of health. Up to a recent -period, there was a want of knowledge amongst even the educated -classes on these vital subjects. We cannot offer that plea -now, to excuse our indifference or neglect. The evils have -been fully explored, and most clearly exposed. The -connexion between filth and disease—the suffering and vice -flowing from them, have been exhibited in so striking a manner as -to leave no room for mistake or misapprehension. <i>The -knowledge creates a solemn responsibility</i>, <i>and makes us -really chargeable with the consequences</i>. The knowledge -gives us the power to arrest the progress of a class of diseases -which strike down so many of our fellow-creatures in the years of -their strength and usefulness. Every day of supineness is -so much opportunity wasted. Every delay carries death to -thousands. The admonition now read to us must not be -suffered to pass with our usual heedlessness, or we may perchance -be aroused by still more fearful means.</p> -<p>The poor man is now sufficiently instructed to feel that many -of the evils of which he complains admit of removal, and that the -wealthier classes have the power to effect a <a -name="page11"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 11</span>change that -would surround his condition with many comforts. Is there -no danger in leaving such a feeling to grow and develop itself -among the working classes? The security of the State -depends upon the feelings of the people at large. What hold -can there be upon their sympathies or affections, if they are -left to themselves; to all the misery of their present lot, and -with the knowledge, too, that those who have the power to help, -though witnesses of their suffering and sorrow, like the priest -and the Levite, turn away, and pass on the other side. We -can expect no other fruit than alienation and disaffection. -We shall see it manifested in contempt of the laws; in bitterness -of feeling to the property classes; in an increasing disregard to -the invitations of religion; in still greater recklessness of -conduct, and still more irregular habits. Have the -revolutions of 1848 been read to us in vain? What was there -behind these mighty convulsions? Simply this:—The -people had been little regarded; their appeals had met with no -attention; their wants were neglected; their wrongs were left -unredressed; government did not seem to secure or care for their -prosperity and happiness. Tumult and disorder were the -inevitable results. It is a law of God that men shall reap -as they have sown. In this land we have, under Providence, -secured some of the blessings of good government, and in -consequence a hardy and industrious race has sprung up. It -is in the power of the richer classes to gather round the -institutions of the country the affections of the people at -large. They may do much to banish the grim forms of disease -and want which now threaten the poor man’s home. They -can carry light to his darkened abode, and dispense comfort and -joy upon his gloomy hearth. By timely effort they may raise -up a young generation, who will cherish the home attachments, pay -ready obedience to the laws, and, by habits of sobriety and -cheerful industry, give strength and stability to the -State. They may, by a proper discharge of the duties of -their <a name="page12"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -12</span>stewardship, in a few years, cover the land with smiling -homes and a contented population. And then, again, there is -the converse of this. They may, by neglect and -indifference, by leaving the people in their present condition, -prepare the way for a state of things that every generous mind -would tremble to contemplate. Who is there so blind as not -to see in one course security and happiness; in the other, -wretchedness and peril? I hope there is no need to urge the -propriety, the necessity of the former course. I trust that -all classes will unite to secure the true glory of -England—that of raising up a healthy and happy -population. Science can have no higher aim; government no -loftier purpose; philanthropy no holier pursuit. It is not -less our interest than a duty enjoined upon us by the principles -of our holy religion, to administer to the necessities of the -lowly and distressed. Let us, while it is yet day, -“break off our sins by righteousness, and our iniquities by -showing mercy to the poor, if it may be a lengthening of our -tranquillity.”</p> - -<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> -<p><span class="smcap">Note</span>.—The following extract -is from the Report of Mr. Phillips, Surveyor Metropolitan Sewers -Commission:—“At the last census, in 1841, there were -270,859 houses in the metropolis. It is known that there is -scarcely a house without a cesspool under it, and that a large -number have two, three, four, and more under them, so that the -number of such receptacles in the metropolis may be taken at -300,000. The exposed surface of each cesspool measures, on -an average, 9 feet, and the mean depth of the whole is about -6½ feet; so that each contains 58½ cubic feet of -fermenting filth, of the most poisonous, noisome, and disgusting -nature. The exhaling surface of all the cesspools (300,000 -× 9) = 2,700,000 feet, or equal to 62 acres nearly: and the -total quantity of foul matter contained within them (300,000 -× 58½) = 17,550,000 cubic feet, or equal to one -enormous elongated stagnant cesspool, 50 feet in width, 6 feet 6 -in. in depth, and extending through London, from the Broadway at -Hammersmith to Bow-bridge, a length of ten miles.”</p> -<p>“This,” say the Metropolitan Sanitary -Commissioners, “there is reason to believe, is an under -estimate. The cesspool, however, in general, forms but -one-fourth of the evaporating surface—the house-drain forms -half or two-fourths, and the sewer one; but, connected as the -sewers and house drains mutually are, and acted upon by the winds -and barometric conditions, the miasma from the house-drains and -sewers of one district may be carried up to another.”</p> -<pre> - - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHOLERA*** - - -***** This file should be named 67045-h.htm or 67045-h.zip****** - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/7/0/4/67045 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. E-mail contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - -</pre></body> -</html> |