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diff --git a/old/67009-h/67009-h.htm b/old/67009-h/67009-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 5d82c25..0000000 --- a/old/67009-h/67009-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3142 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - Chambers’s Journal, by Various—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -.ph3{ - text-align: center; - font-size: large; - font-weight: bold; -} - - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } -hr.full {width: 95%; margin-left: 2.5%; margin-right: 2.5%;} - -.header {text-align: center; margin-top: 0;} -.header p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} -.header .floatl {float: left;} -.header .floatr {float: right;} -.header .floatc {padding-top: .5em;} - -@media handheld -{ -.header {text-align: center; margin-top: 0;} -.header p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} -.header .floatl {float: left;} -.header .floatr {float: right;} -.header .floatc {padding-top: .5em;} -} - - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -.blockquot_ans { - margin-left: 1.5em; - text-indent: -1.5em; -} - - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} - - -/* Images */ - -img { - max-width: 100%; - height: auto; -} -img.w100 {width: 100%;} - - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: 1px dashed;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - -/* Poetry */ -.poetry-container {text-align: center;} -.poetry {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} -/* uncomment the next line for centered poetry in browsers */ -.poetry {display: inline-block;} -.poetry .stanza {margin: 1em auto;} -.poetry .verse {text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} -/* large inline blocks don't split well on paged devices */ -@media print { .poetry {display: block;} } -.x-ebookmaker .poetry {display: block;} - -/* Poetry indents */ -.poetry .indent0 {text-indent: -3em;} -.poetry .indent10 {text-indent: 2em;} -.poetry .indent2 {text-indent: -2em;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, Fifth Series, No. 109, Vol. III, January 30, 1886, by William Chambers</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, Fifth Series, No. 109, Vol. III, January 30, 1886</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editor: William Chambers and Robert Chambers</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 25, 2021 [eBook #67009]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Susan Skinner, Eric Hutton and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 109, VOL. III, JANUARY 30, 1886 ***</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">{65}</span></p> - -<h1>CHAMBERS’S JOURNAL<br /> -OF<br /> -POPULAR<br /> -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART.</h1> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<p class='center'> - -<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. --> - -<a href="#LITERARY_ENDEAVOUR">LITERARY ENDEAVOUR.</a><br /> -<a href="#IN_ALL_SHADES">IN ALL SHADES.</a><br /> -<a href="#SOME_AMERICANISMS">SOME AMERICANISMS.</a><br /> -<a href="#A_GOLDEN_ARGOSY">A GOLDEN ARGOSY.</a><br /> -<a href="#LEGAL_ANECDOTES">LEGAL ANECDOTES.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_MONTH">THE MONTH: SCIENCE AND ARTS.</a><br /> -<a href="#OCCASIONAL_NOTES">OCCASIONAL NOTES.</a><br /> -<a href="#AN_OLD_CHUBB">AN OLD ‘CHUBB.’</a><br /> - -<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. --> - -</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="figcenter" id="header" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/header.jpg" alt="Chambers’s Journal of Popular Literature, Science, -and Art. Fifth Series. Established by William and Robert Chambers, 1832. Conducted by R. Chambers (Secundus)." /> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> -<div class="center"> -<div class="header"> -<p class="floatl"><span class="smcap">No. 109.—Vol. III.</span></p> -<p class="floatr"><span class="smcap">Price</span> 1½<em>d.</em></p> -<p class="floatc">SATURDAY, JANUARY 30, 1886.</p> -</div></div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="LITERARY_ENDEAVOUR">LITERARY ENDEAVOUR.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">A recent</span> writer remarks that ‘the practice of -letters is miserably harassing to the mind. To -find the right word is so doubtful a success, and -lies so near to failure, that there is no satisfaction -in a year of it.’ A cynical warning, indeed; but -there is, we think, no danger of a scarcity of -literary effort in the immediate future, whatever -the appreciable results of it may be. There will -always be a host of aspirants for literary honours, -and the reason of this may perhaps lie, to a -certain extent, in that very uncertainty which -attends the pursuit of letters as an avocation; -the brilliant rewards which have been earned and -the underlying risk of failure, present together -the very conditions of enterprise most powerfully -attractive to many minds. For it must be -remembered that there is no fixedness in the -canon either of public opinion or of criticism in -literature; that which fails to win attention -to-day, may attract to-morrow; and success, especially -that form of it which results from passing -popularity, is in many cases very much dependent -on the proverbial fickleness of the reading public. -It would be difficult, we think, on other grounds -than that of this attractiveness of the chances -and prizes of the literary occupation, to account -for the active competition which is so observable -in the profession. That the pure literary faculty, -as a stimulus, does not form a distinguishing -characteristic of all aspirants, is plain enough. -No doubt, a great impetus has been given to -literary endeavour by the periodical press, which, -by popularising ephemeral literature among the -masses, and by its own requirements of supply, -has thus increased its production. And the -same is true of the newspaper press also, with -its opportunities for the contribution of correspondence, -which, though frequently a humble -enough opening for talent, has often sufficed to -originate and foster the habit of more ambitious -composition.</p> - -<p>The canon of literary criticism is, we have said, -not an unvarying one. But undoubtedly there -is, for all perfect, and still more for all enduring -work in the world of letters a certain measure -and standard of excellence in the mode of -expression, which even the most brilliant genius -cannot afford wholly to disregard, but which is -as incapable of exact definition as it is difficult -of attainment. It is much more, certainly, than -‘the finding of the right word,’ even granting -that the right idea be behind it. A literary -composition may be characterised by the most -perfect accuracy of expression, may be faultless -in every detail, and yet be after all a very -mediocre piece of work at the best, though it -may be difficult exactly to indicate in what respect -it is defective. We can only in a case of this -kind point to acknowledged merit as possessing -what the attempt in question lacks.</p> - -<p>It has also to be noted that excellence in -literary workmanship is properly independent -both of the nature of its subject and the scale -on which it is executed. An instance of this -may be found in Thackeray’s <i>Roundabout Papers</i>. -In these apparently careless sketches, a designedly -trivial subject is chosen; the treatment of it is -everything, and the artistic finish is of the -highest; the subject is dwarfed in the handling, -and yet the very handling interests the reader -abnormally in the subject. Perhaps, however, -this subordination of the subject to the treatment—as -in the inimitable narrative of the schoolboy -purchasing, from his companion, the pencil-case -with the movable calendar atop—is as a whole -inferior to that method by which the incidents -of the subject are brought out in relief, as it -were, by the simplicity of the description, so -much so, that the art of that simplicity is concealed. -Nathaniel Hawthorne in his <i>House of -the Seven Gables</i> and several of the <i>Twice-told -Tales</i> has some exquisitely pellucid specimens of -this complete literary facility. In such masterpieces -we see the results only, without any indication -of the labour involved in its execution. The -statue is there in all its finished loveliness, but -the chips of the marble have been swept away. -‘How clear and flowing your melody is,’ was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">{66}</span> -once remarked to an eminent musical composer; -‘how easily you must write!’ ‘Ah!’ replied -he, ‘you little know with what hard work that -ease you speak of has been purchased.’ When -the late Charles Mathews was playing in Melbourne, -fifteen years ago, he received what he -considered the highest compliment of his professional -career. A little girl in the audience was -asked by her friends at the conclusion of the -performance how she was pleased, to which she -replied: ‘I didn’t care for Mr Mathews’ acting -a bit; he just walked up and down the stage -as papa walks up and down the dining-room at -home.’ It is the fact of this appearance of -perfect spontaneity in the highest art, being -really the outcome of the most assiduous care, -that renders it so truly inimitable, and the counterfeit -so easy of detection. The ‘round O of -Giotto’ was only a perfect circle, but it needed -the master-hand to execute it with a simple -sweep of the crayon. Ruskin tells us in one -of his treatises on Landscape Painting, that in -some of the greatest works of genius, an effect -which is almost magical at the proper focal -distance, is conveyed by what appears, to the -uninstructed eye and viewed close at hand, to -be a mere dash of loaded colour, but which in -reality could not be added to or diminished by -the smallest particle without detracting from the -effect.</p> - -<p>If it be true that literary excellence is only -to be attained by the patient bestowal of ‘infinite -pains,’ that there is no easy method of reaching -it, it is no less the fact that, as a general rule, -the time is wasted—perhaps worse than wasted—which -is devoted by the young writer to a -laborious imitation of the style of any distinguished -author. Such an imitation is generally -an unsuccessful one, and results in a reproduction -of the faults and defects of the original -without its graces. The advice Dr Johnson gave -to those ‘desirous of attaining the English style,’ -to ‘give their days and nights to the volumes of -Addison,’ must be taken with reserve. Such a -style, though eminently beautiful in itself, would -practically nowadays be out of date, even if faithfully -reproduced, while at the same time it is -most likely that the student would overlook that -deficiency of force with which the manner of -Addison is fairly chargeable. The best model -for style is not that of any particular or favourite -writer, but rather the excellency of the best -writers generally—the highest qualities of the -highest types.</p> - -<p>We have hitherto spoken of that perfect mastery -of our language in writing which has been the -possession of those famous in the history of -English letters, and it may be inquired if such -a high standard should in all cases be necessarily -aimed at, seeing that for many purposes of everyday -life a lesser degree of cultivation might be -found as practically useful. To this it is sufficient -to reply that much positive good must result from -an endeavour to follow the best examples in the -practice of any art, and further, that such an -endeavour will be found the surest way by which -to avoid all faulty and careless work, which can -under no possible conditions be praiseworthy or -even tolerable. No young writer can afford to -write carelessly, till such time, at all events, as he -has become fully versed in his art, when he will -probably find that to write with the effect of -carelessness is beyond his power. At the same -time, young writers should be careful not to adopt -for imitation a style of too great elevation, for by -so doing they may find that they have contracted -that worst of all literary diseases—bombast.</p> - -<p>In estimating the amount of labour bestowed -on the production of literary work, care must be -taken to include the original mental processes -involved in the conception of the ideas, as well -as the subsequent elaboration of them in detail; -the higher sort of composition includes both; -and it is evident that when the question comes -to be one of the labour of origination, we find -ourselves in a region where estimate is all but -impossible. ‘The workshop of the imagination’ -will reveal no record of its toil. Edgar Allan -Poe, indeed, in his <i>Philosophy of Composition</i> introduces -us to what he would have us believe to be -the very beginnings of invention, endeavouring -to portray the very earliest growth of his marvellous -constructive faculty exemplified in his poem -of <i>The Raven</i>. But his explanation reads more -like an intellectual pastime than a reality, even -if it were beyond question that the central idea of -the poem was original, and not borrowed from -an eastern source. In the case of Auguste Comte, -however, we have an instance of the amount of -intellectual travail which may often precede the -birth of a great work, the mental preparation -before the committal of the thoughts to paper. -To quote M. Littré’s account of Comte’s method: -‘Here is the way in which he composed each of -the six volumes of the Positive philosophy. He -thought the subject over without writing a word; -from the whole he passed to the secondary groups, -from the secondary groups to the details. Then, -when this elaboration, first total, then partial, -was completed, he said that his volume was -done.’</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="IN_ALL_SHADES">IN ALL SHADES.</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>CHAPTER VI.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> three weeks’ difference in practical time -between England and the West Indies, due to -the mail, made the day that Edward and Marian -spent at Southampton exactly coincide with the -one when Mr Dupuy and his nephew Tom went -up to view old Mr Hawthorn’s cattle at Agualta -Estate, Trinidad. On that very same evening, -while Nora and Harry were walking together -among the fields behind the battery, Mr Tom -Dupuy was strolling leisurely by himself in the -cool dusk, four thousand miles away, on one of -the innumerable shady bridle-paths that thread -the endless tangled hills above Pimento Valley.</p> - -<p>Mr Tom was smoking a very big Manila cheroot, -and was accompanied upon his rounds by a huge -and ferocious-looking Cuban bloodhound, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">{67}</span> -hungry corners of whose great greedy slobbering -mouth hung down hideously on either side in -loose folds of skin of the most bloodthirsty and -sinister aspect. As he went along, Tom Dupuy -kept patting affectionately from time to time -his four-footed favourite, to whom, nevertheless, -every now and again he applied, as it seemed -out of pure wantonness, the knotted lash of the -cruel dog-whip which he carried jauntily in his -right hand. The dog, however, formidable as he -was, so far from resenting this unkindly treatment, -appeared to find in it something exceedingly -congenial to his own proper barbarous nature; -for after each such savage cut upon his bare -flanks from the knotted hide, he only cowered -for a second, and then fawned the more closely -and slavishly than ever upon his smiling master, -looking up into his face with a strange approving -glance from his dull eyes, that seemed to -say: ‘Exactly the sort of thing I should do -myself, if you were the dog, and I were the -whip-holder.’</p> - -<p>At a bend of the path, where the road turned -suddenly aside to cross the dry bed of a winter -torrent, Tom Dupuy came upon a clump of -tall cabbage palms, hard by a low mud-built -negro hut, overshadowed in front by two or -three huge flowering bushes of crimson hibiscus. -A tall, spare, gray-headed negro, in a coarse -sack by way of a shirt, with his bare and -sinewy arms thrust loosely through the long -slits which alone did duty in the place of -sleeve-holes, was leaning as he passed upon a -wooden post. The bloodhound, breaking away -suddenly from his master, at sight and smell -of the black skin, its natural prey, rushed up -fiercely towards the old labourer, and leapt -upon him with a savage snarl of his big teeth, -and with ominous glittering eyes. But the negro, -stronger and more muscular than he looked, -instead of flinching, caught the huge brute in his -long lean arms, and flung him from him by main -force with an angry oath, dashing his great form -heavily against the rough pathway. Quick as -lightning, the dog, leaping up again at once with -diabolical energy in its big flabby mouth, was -just about to spring once more upon his scowling -opponent, when Tom Dupuy, catching him -angrily by his leather collar, threw him down -and held him back, growling fiercely, and showing -his huge tearing teeth in a ferocious grin, after -the wonted manner of his deadly kind. ‘Quiet, -Slot, quiet!’ the master said, patting his hollow -forehead with affectionate admiration. ‘Quiet, -sir; down this minute! Down, I tell you!—He’s -death on niggers, Delgado—death on niggers. -You should stand out of the way, you know, -when you see him coming. Of course, these -dogs never can abide the scent of you black -fellows. The <i>bookay d’Afreek</i> always drives a -bloodhound frantic.’</p> - -<p>The old negro drew himself up haughtily -and sternly, and stared back in the insolent -face of the slouching young white man with a -proud air of native dignity. ‘Buckra gentleman -hab no right, den, to go about wid dem dog,’ -he answered angrily, fixing his piercing fiery -eye on the bloodhound’s face. ‘Dem dog always -spring at a black man wherebber dey find him. -If you want to keep dem, you should keep -dem tied up at de house, so as to do for watchdog -against tievin’ naygur. But you doan’t got -no right to bring dem about de ro-ads, loose -dat way, jumpin’ up at people’s troats, when -dem standin’ peaceable beside dem own hut -here.’</p> - -<p>Tom Dupuy laughed carelessly. ‘It’s their -nature, you see, Delgado,’ he answered with a -pleasant smile, still holding the dog and caressing -it lovingly. ‘They and their fathers were -trained long ago in slavery days to hunt runaway -niggers up in the mountains and track -them to their hiding-places, and drag them -back, alive or dead, to their lawful masters; -and of course that makes them run naturally -after the smell of a nigger, as a terrier runs -after the smell of a rat. When the rat sees -the terrier coming, he scuttles off as hard as -his legs can carry him into his hole; and when -you see Slot’s nose turning round the corner, -you ought to scuttle off into your hut as quick -as lightning, if you want to keep your black -skin whole upon your body. Slot never can -abide the smell of a nigger.—Can you, Slot, eh, -old fellow?’</p> - -<p>The negro looked at him with unconcealed -aversion. ‘I is not rat, Mistah Dupuy,’ he said -haughtily. ‘I is gentleman myself, same as you -is, sah, when I come here over from Africa.’</p> - -<p>Tom Dupuy sneered openly in his very face. -‘That’s the way with all you Africans,’ he -answered with a laugh, as he flipped the ash -idly from his big cheroot. ‘I never knew an -imported nigger yet, since I was born, that -wasn’t a king in his own country. Seems to -me, they must all be kings over yonder in -Congo, with never a solitary subject to divide -between them.—But I say, my friend, what’s -going on over this way to-night, that so many -niggers are going up all the time to the Methody -chapel? Are you going to preach ’em a missionary -sermon?’</p> - -<p>Delgado glanced at him a trifle suspiciously. -‘Dar is a prayer-meetin’, sah,’ he said with a -cold look in his angry eye, ‘up at Gilead. De -bredderin gwine to meet dis ebenin’.’</p> - -<p>‘Ho, ho; so that’s it! A prayer-meeting, is -it? Well, if I go up there, will you let me -attend it?’</p> - -<p>Delgado’s thick lip curled contemptuously, as -he answered with a frown: ‘When cockroach -gib dance, him no ax fowl!’</p> - -<p>‘Ah, I see. The fowl would eat the cockroaches, -would he? Well, then, Louis Delgado, -I give you fair warning; if you don’t want a -white man to go and look on at your nigger -meetings, depend upon it, it’s because you’re -brewing some mischief or other up there -against the constituted authorities. I shall tell -my uncle to set his police to look well after -you. You were always a bad-blooded, discontented, -disaffected fellow, and I believe now -you’re up to some of your African devilry -or other. No obeah,<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> mind you, Delgado—no -obeah! Prayer-meetings, my good friend, as much -as you like; but whatever you do, no obeah.’</p> - -<p>‘You tink I do obeah because I doan’t will -let you go to prayer-meetin’! Dat just like<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">{68}</span> -white-man argument. Him tink de naygur can -nebber be in de right. Old-time folk has little -proverb: “Mountain sheep always guilty when -jungle tiger sit to judge him.”’</p> - -<p>Tom Dupuy laughed and nodded. ‘Well, -good-night.—Down, Slot, down, good fellow; -down, down, down, I tell you!—Good-night, -Louis Delgado, and mind, whatever you do, no -obeah!’</p> - -<p>The negro watched him slowly round the -corner, with a suspicious eye kept well fixed upon -the reluctant stealthy retreat of the Cuban bloodhound; -and as soon as Dupuy had got safely -beyond earshot, he sat down in the soft dust -that formed the bare platform outside his hut, -and mumbled to himself, as negroes will do, -a loud dramatic soliloquy, in every deep and -varying tone of passion and hatred. ‘Ha, ha, -Mistah Tom Dupuy,’ he began quietly, ‘so you -go about always wid de Cuban bloodhound, an’ -you laugh to see him spring at de troat ob de -black man! You tink dat frighten him from -come steal your cane an’ your mangoes! You -tink de black man afraid ob de dog, yarra! -yarra! Ha, dat frighten Trinidad naygur, perhaps, -but it doan’t frighten salt-water naygur -from Africa! I hab charms, I hab potion, I -hab draught to quiet him! I doan’t afraid ob -fifty bloodhound. But it doan’t good for buckra -gentleman to walk about wid dog dat spring at -de black man. Black man laugh to-day, perhaps, -but press him heart tight widin him. De time -come when black man will find him heart break -out, an’ de hate in it flow over an’ make blood -run, like dry ribber in de rainy season. Den him -sweep away buckra, an’ bloodhound, an’ all before -him; an’ seize de country, colour for colour. -De land is black, an’ de land for de black man. -When de black man burst him heart like ribber -burst him bank in de rainy season, white man’s -house snap off before him like bamboo hut when -de flood catch it!’ As he spoke, he pushed his -hands out expansively before him, and gurgled -in his throat with fierce inarticulate African -gutturals, that seemed to recall in some strange -fashion the hollow eddying roar and gurgle of -the mountain torrents in the rainy season.</p> - -<p>‘Chicken doan’t nebber lub jackal, yarra,’ he -went on after a short pause of expectant triumph; -‘an’ naygur doan’t nebber lub buckra, dat -certain. But ob all de buckra in de island ob -Trinidad, dem Dupuy is de very worst an’ de -very contemptfullest. Some day, black man will -rise, an’ get rid ob dem all for good an’ ebber. -If I like, I can kill dem all to-day; but I gwine -to wait. De great an’ terrible day ob de Lard -is not come yet. Missy Dupuy ober in England, -where de buckra come from. England is de -white man’s Africa; de missy dar to learn him -catechism. I wait till Missy Dupuy come back -before I kill de whole family. When de great -an’ terrible day ob de Lard arrive, I doan’t leave -a single Dupuy a libbin soul in de island ob -Trinidad. I slay dem all, an’ de missy wid dem, -yarra, yarra!’</p> - -<p>The last two almost inarticulate words were -uttered with a yell of triumph. Hearing footsteps -now approaching, he broke out into -a loud soliloquy of exultation in his own -native African language. It was a deep, -savage-sounding West Coast dialect, full of harsh -and barbaric clicks or gutturals; for Louis -Delgado, as Tom Dupuy had rightly said, -was ‘an imported African’—a Coromantyn, sold -as a slave some thirty years before to a -Cuban slave-trader trying to break the blockade -on the coast, and captured with all her -living cargo by an English cruiser off Sombrero -Island. The liberated slaves had been landed, -according to custom, at the first British port -where the cutter touched; and thus Louis -Delgado—as he learned to call himself—a wild -African born, from the Coromantyn seaboard, -partially Anglicised and outwardly Christianised, -was now a common West Indian plantation hand -on the two estates of Orange Grove and Pimento -Valley. There are dozens of such semi-civilised -imported negroes still to be found under similar -circumstances in every one of the West India -islands.</p> - -<p>As the steps gradually approached nearer, it -became plain, from the soft footfall in the dust -of the bridle-path, that it was a shoeless black -person who was coming towards him. In a -minute more, the new-comer had turned the -corner, and displayed herself as a young and -comely negress—pretty with the round, good-humoured -African prettiness of smooth black -skin, plump cheeks, clear eyes, and regular, even -pearl-white teeth. The girl was dressed in a -loose Manchester cotton print, brightly coloured, -and not unbecoming, with a tidy red bandana -bound turban-wise around her shapely head, but -barefooted, barelimbed, and bare of neck and -shoulder. Her figure was good, as the figure -of most negresses usually is; and she held herself -erect and upright with the peculiar lithe gracefulness -said to be induced by the universal -practice of carrying pails of water and other -burdens on the top of the head from the very -earliest days of negro childhood. As she approached -Delgado, she first smiled and showed -all her pretty teeth, as she uttered the customary -polite salutation of ‘Marnin’! sah, marnin’!’ and -then dropped a profound courtesy with an unmistakable -air of awe and reverence.</p> - -<p>Louis Delgado affected not to observe the girl -for a moment, and went on jabbering loudly -and fiercely to himself in his swift and fluent -African jargon. But it was evident that his -hearer was deeply impressed at once by this -rapt and prophetic inattention of the strange -negro, who spoke with tongues to vacant space -in such an awful and intensely realistic fashion. -She paused for a while and looked at him -intently; then, when he stopped for a second -to take breath in the midst of one of his passionate -incoherent outbursts, she came a step -nearer to him and courtesied again, at the same -time that she muttered in a rather injured querulous -treble: ‘Mistah Delgado, you no hear me, -sah? You no listen to me? I tellin’ you -marnin’.’</p> - -<p>The old man broke off suddenly, as if recalled -to himself and common earth by some disenchanting -touch, and answered dreamily: ‘Marnin’, -Missy Rosina. Marnin’, le-ady. You gwine up -to Gilead now to de prayer-meetin’?’</p> - -<p>Rosina, glancing down at the Bible and hymn-book -in her plump black hand, answered demurely: -‘Yes, sah, I gwine dar.’</p> - -<p>Delgado shook himself vigorously, as if in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">{69}</span> -endeavour to recover from some unearthly trance, -and went on in his more natural manner: ‘I -gwine up too, to pray wid de bredderin. You -want me for someting? You callin’ to me for -help you?’</p> - -<p>Rosina dropped her voice a little as she replied -in her shrill tone: ‘You is African, Mistah -Delgado. Naygur from Africa know plenty spell -for bring back le-ady’s lubber.’</p> - -<p>Delgado nodded. ‘Dat is true,’ he answered. -‘Creole<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> naygur doan’t can make spell same as -African. Coromantyn naygur hab plenty oracle. -De oracles ob Aaron descend in right line to de -chiefs ob de Coromantyn.’</p> - -<p>‘Dem say you is great chief in your own -country.’</p> - -<p>The old man drew himself up with a haughty -air. ‘Me fader,’ he answered with evident pride, -‘hab twelve wives, all princess, an’ I is de eldest -son ob de eldest. King Blay fight him, an’ take -me prisoner, an’ sell me slabe, an’ dat is how I -come to work now ober here on Mistah Dupuy -plantation.’</p> - -<p>After a pause, he asked quickly: ‘Who dis -sweetheart dat you want spell for?’</p> - -<p>‘Isaac Pourtalès.’</p> - -<p>‘Pourtalès! Him mulatto! What for pretty -naygur girl like you want to go an’ lub mulatto? -Mulatto bad man. Old-time folk say, mulatto -always hate him fader an’ despise him mudder. -Him fader de white man, an’ mulatto hate white; -him mudder de black girl, an’ mulatto despise -black.’</p> - -<p>Rosina hung her head down slightly on one -side, and put the little finger of her left hand -with artless coyness into the corner of her mouth. -‘I doan’t know, sah,’ she said sheepishly after -a short pause; ‘but I feel somehow as if I lub -Isaac Pourtalès.’</p> - -<p>Delgado grinned a sinister grin. ‘Very well, -Missy Rosy,’ he said shortly, ‘I gain him lub -for you. Wait here one, two, tree minute, le-ady, -while I run in find me Bible.’</p> - -<p>In a few minutes, he came out again, dressed -in his black coat for meeting, with a Bible and -hymn-book in one hand, and a curious volume -in the other, written in strange, twisted, twirligig -characters, such as Rosina had never before in -her life set eyes on. ‘See here!’ he cried, opening -it wide before her; ‘dat is book ob spells. Dat -is African spell for gain lubber. I explain him -to you’—and his hand turned rapidly over several -of the brown and well-thumbed pages: ‘Isaac -Pourtalès, mulatto; Rosina Fleming, black le-ady; -dat is de page. Hear what de spell say.’ And -he ran his finger line by line along the strange -characters, as if translating them into his own -negro English as he went. ‘“Take toot’ ob alligator,” -same as dis one’—and he produced a -few alligators’ teeth from his capacious pocket; -‘“tie him up for a week in bag wid Savannah -flower an’ branch of calalue; soak him well in -shark’s blood”—I gib de blood to you—“den -write de name, Isaac Pourtalès, in big letter on -slip ob white paper; drop it in de bag; an’ burn -it all togedder on a Friday ebenin’, when it -doan’t no moon, wid fire ob manchineel wood.” -Dat will gain de lub ob your lubber, as sure as -de gospel.’</p> - -<p>The girl listened carefully to the directions, -and made Delgado repeat them three times over -to her. When she had learned them thoroughly, -she said once more: ‘How much I got to pay -you for dis, eh, sah?’</p> - -<p>‘Nuffin.’</p> - -<p>‘Nuffin?’</p> - -<p>‘No, nuffin. But you must do me favour. -You is house-serbant at Orange Grove; you must -come see me now an’ den, an’ tell me what go on -ober in de house dar.’</p> - -<p>‘What far, sah?’</p> - -<p>‘Doan’t you ax what far; but listen to me, -le-ady. De great an’ terrible day ob de Lard -will come before long, when de wicked will be -cut off from de face ob de eart’, an’ we shall -see de end ob de evil-doer. You read de -Prophets?’</p> - -<p>‘I read dem some time.’</p> - -<p>‘You read de Prophet Jeremiah, what him -say? Hear de tex’. I read him to you. “Deliber -up deir children to de famine, an’ pour out -deir blood by de sword.” Dat de Lard’s word -for all de Dupuys; an’ when de missy come -from England, de word ob de prophecy comin’ -true.’</p> - -<p>The girl shuddered, and opened wide her big -eyes with their great ring of white setting. ‘How -you know it de Dupuys?’ she asked, hesitating. -‘How you know it dem de prophet ’ludin’ -to?’</p> - -<p>‘How I know, Rosina Fleming? How I know -it? Because I can expound an’ interpret de -Scripture; for when de understandin’ ob de man -is enlightened, de mout’ speaketh forth wonderful -tings. Listen here; I tellin’ you de trut’. -Before de missy lib a year in Trinidad, de Lard -will sweep away de whole house ob de Dupuys -out ob de land for ebber an’ ebber.’</p> - -<p>‘But not de missy!’ Rosina cried eagerly.</p> - -<p>‘Ah, de missy! You tink when de black man -rise like tiger in him wrath, him spare de missy! -No, me fren’. Him doan’t gwine to spare her. -De Dupuys is great people now; puffed up wid -pride; look down on de black man. But dem -will drop dem bluster bime-by, as soon as deir -pride is taken out ob dem wid adversity.’</p> - -<p>Rosina turned away with a look of terror. -‘You comin’ to prayer-meetin’?’ she asked hastily. -‘De bredderin will all be waitin’.’</p> - -<p>Delgado, recalled once more to his alternative -character, pushed away the strange volume -through the door of his hut, took up his Bible -and hymn-book with the gravest solemnity, drew -himself up to his full height, and was soon walking -along soberly by Rosina’s side, as respectable -and decorous a native Methodist class-leader as -one could wish to see in the whole green island -of Trinidad.</p> - -<p>Those who judge superficially of men and -minds, would say at once that Delgado was a -hypocrite. Those who know what religion really -means to inferior races—a strange but sincere -jumble of phrases, emotions, superstitions, and -melodies, permeating and consecrating all their -acts and all their passions, however evil, violent, -or licentious—will recognise at once that in his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">{70}</span> -own mind Louis Delgado was not conscious to -himself in the faintest degree of any hypocrisy, -craft, or even inconsistency.</p> - -<p class="center">(<i>To be continued.</i>)</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="SOME_AMERICANISMS">SOME AMERICANISMS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">A very</span> erroneous impression generally exists in -this country as to the manner in which the -English language is spoken in the United -States. This has arisen in some degree from the -circumstance that travellers have dwelt upon -and exaggerated such peculiarities of language -as have come under their observation in various -parts of the Union; but also in greater measure -from the fact that in English novels and dramas -in which an American figures—no matter whether -the character depicted be represented as a man -of good social position and, presumably, fair education, -or not—he is made to express himself -in a dialect happily combining the peculiarities -of speech of every section of the country from -Maine to Texas. With the exception of the late -Mr Anthony Trollope’s <i>American Senator</i>, I cannot -recall to mind a single work of fiction in which -this is not the case. Take, for instance, those -portions of <i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i> the scenes of which -are laid in the United States; Richard Fairfield, -in Bulwer’s <i>My Novel</i>; the Colonel in Lever’s -<i>One of Them</i>; Fullalove, in Charles Reade’s <i>Very -Hard Cash</i>; the younger Fenton in Yates’s <i>Black -Sheep</i>; or the American traveller in <i>Mugby Junction</i>—in -each and every instance the result is to -convey a most erroneous idea as to the manner in -which our common tongue is ordinarily spoken in -the United States.</p> - -<p>It is the same on the stage. The dialect in -which Americans are usually made to express -themselves in English dramas is as incorrect and -absurd as was the language put into the mouths -of their Irish characters by the playwrights of -the early part of the eighteenth century.</p> - -<p>As a matter of fact, the speech of educated -Americans differs but little from that of the same -class in Great Britain; whilst, as regards the -great bulk of the people of the United States, -there can be no question but that they speak -purer and more idiomatic English than do the -masses here. In every State of the Union the -language of the inhabitants can be understood -without the slightest difficulty. This is more -than can be said of the dialects of the peasantry -in various parts of England, these being in many -instances perfectly unintelligible to a stranger. -Again, the fluency of expression and command -of language possessed by Americans even in the -humbler ranks of life forms a marked contrast -to the poverty of speech of the same class in -this country, where, as an eminent philologist has -declared, a very considerable proportion of the -agricultural population habitually make use of a -vocabulary not exceeding three hundred words.</p> - -<p>But to return to the subject of this paper. -Some words which have become obsolete in this -country, or now convey a totally different meaning -from that primarily attaching to them, are still -current in America in the sense in which they -were originally employed. <i>Prink</i>, to ornament -or adorn, which is found in Spenser and other -writers of the Elizabethan age, is at the present -day a common term in the Eastern States. -One Yankee girl will say to another, who has -been some time at her toilet, ‘Oh, you have been -prinking;’ or, ‘What a long while it has taken -you to prink.’ In fact the verb is used in all -its moods and tenses. <i>Muss</i>, a confused encounter -or scramble, is generally supposed to be a purely -American idiom. On the contrary, it is good -Shakspearean English. In <i>Antony and Cleopatra</i>, -Antony says:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent10">‘Of late when I cry’d ho!</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Like boys unto a muss, kings would start forth.’</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p><i>Lamm</i>, to beat, to maltreat, is an American -word of English parentage. In a north-country -ballad of the time of Edward VI., one line runs, -‘They lammed him and bammed him;’ and the -word may also be found in Marlowe. <i>Sick</i> is an -expression universally used in the United States -in the sense of indisposition. A man will say, -‘I am sick,’ never, ‘I am ill.’ It scarcely need -be said that the phrase was perfectly good -English two centuries and a half ago, the word -‘ill,’ with the meaning now attaching to it, not -once occurring in the translation of the Bible.</p> - -<p><i>Bug</i>, again, employed in America as a generic -term for every species of insect, was used in -England, formerly, in the same sense. ‘A bug -hath buzzed it in mine ears,’ says Bacon in -one of his letters. At the present day, the -word has in England so limited an application, -that when an edition of the works of Edgar -Allan Poe was published in London, the editor -altered the title of one story, <i>The Golden Bug</i>, -to <i>The Golden Beetle</i>, in order not to give offence -to ‘ears polite.’</p> - -<p><i>Fearful</i>, which now signifies to inspire terror -or awe, has still in the United States the meaning -it bore in Shakspeare’s time, when it was invariably -used in the sense of timid or afraid. In -<i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, when Romeo, after slaying -Tybalt, is lying hidden in Friar Lawrence’s cell, -the Friar says:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">‘Romeo, come forth, come forth, thou fearful man;’</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>and again, in <i>The Tempest</i>, in that scene in -which Prospero threatens Ferdinand, Miranda -exclaims:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">‘O dear father,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Make not too rash a trial of him, for</div> - <div class="verse indent0">He’s gentle and not fearful.’</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>So obsolete, however, is now the word in the -sense in which it is employed by the poet, -that in most editions of Shakspeare, a footnote -is appended to it, giving the definition as -‘timorous.’ In America, the expression, ‘He is -a fearful man,’ or, ‘She is a fearful woman,’ is -frequently applied to an individual of timid -disposition, the meaning intended to be conveyed -being precisely the opposite to that which in this -country would attach to the phrase.</p> - -<p>Some common English words have in the -United States completely lost their original signification, -wherefore, it would not be easy to say. -<i>Ugly</i>, for instance, means ill-natured; <i>smart</i>, -clever; <i>clever</i>, of an amiable disposition; and -<i>lovely</i>—although this last locution is not perhaps -so common as the others—lovable.</p> - -<p>I was, when resident in New York, present -during a conversation in the course of which a -rather curious equivoque occurred, owing to the -peculiar sense in which the words in question<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">{71}</span> -are used on the other side of the Atlantic. On -the occasion referred to, an American lady and -an Englishwoman—who had only been a short -time in the United States—were speaking of -an old gentleman with whom they both were -acquainted. The former was warm in his -praises.</p> - -<p>‘Mr R——,’ she declared, ‘is quite lovely.’</p> - -<p>‘Why,’ was the surprised reply, ‘how can you -think so? I consider him decidedly ugly.’</p> - -<p>‘Ugly!’ indignantly retorted the first speaker. -‘He is not at all ugly. On the contrary, he -is real clever.’</p> - -<p>‘That Mr R—— is a man of talent, I admit,’ -was the response; ‘but he is certainly anything -but good-looking.’</p> - -<p>‘Well, I do not deny that he is homely, and -I never said that he was not,’ rejoined the other -lady.</p> - -<p>‘But,’ exclaimed the puzzled Englishwoman, -‘you have just asserted that he was not ugly.’</p> - -<p>‘No more he is!’ was the quick retort.</p> - -<p>When the dialogue had reached this point, it -being obvious not only that the two ladies were -at cross-purposes, but that they were, in consequence, -becoming a little heated, I deemed it -advisable to interpose, and explain how their -mutual misapprehension had arisen.</p> - -<p>In connection with the phrase, ‘A man of -talent,’ made use of by my countrywoman in -the course of the above conversation, I may -observe that ‘talent’ or ‘talented’ is an expression -seldom heard from the lips of a native of -New England. Lord Macaulay asserts that these -words owe their origin to the ‘Parable of the -Talents’ in the New Testament, and on one -occasion he challenged Lady Holland to cite a -single instance of their being employed by any -English writer prior to the latter part of the -seventeenth century. To the circumstance, therefore, -that at the period when the Puritans left -their native land to seek new homes in the -New World, the words in question had not been -incorporated into the language, may, I conceive, -be attributed the fact that to this day they -seldom have a place in the vocabulary of the -inhabitants of the Eastern States.</p> - -<p>When a word is already in existence which -is fully adequate to express the idea it is employed -to convey, it seems not a little curious -that the use of it should be superseded by another, -not, indeed, coined for the purpose, but by one -divorced from its original meaning. Yet this -has been the case in various instances in the -United States. A place where goods are sold -at retail is called a ‘store,’ not a shop, the use -of the latter word being exclusively confined to -those establishments in which some manufacturing -or other mechanical industry is carried -on. When ‘corn’ is spoken of, maize or Indian -corn is always meant; all the other cereals -being invariably designated by their respective -names, as wheat, oats, barley, &c. Railway in -America becomes ‘railroad;’ station, ‘depôt;’ -line, ‘track;’ carriage, ‘car;’ whilst for tram, -the phrase employed is ‘horse-car.’ A timber -building is a ‘frame-building;’ a row of houses -is a ‘block’ of houses. For poorhouse or workhouse, -the expression used is ‘almshouse.’ When -the idea intended to be conveyed is that which -an Englishman attaches to the latter phrase, -the word ‘asylum’ or ‘home’ is used by an -American.</p> - -<p>In fact, a list which should comprise all the -words employed by our transatlantic cousins in -a different sense from ourselves would be a tolerably -long one. But the desultory examples I -have given will suffice to illustrate the fact—to -which I have already adverted—that in numerous -instances, and without any apparent cause, -many common English words have acquired in -the United States a totally different meaning -from that which they bear in this country.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_GOLDEN_ARGOSY">A GOLDEN ARGOSY.</h2> -</div> -<p class="ph3"><i>A NOVELETTE.</i></p> - - -<h3>CHAPTER IX.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">It</span> was nearly ten o’clock on the following morning -before Edgar reached the <i>Bedford</i>, Covent Garden. -He found the American in his private room -waiting his arrival, and clad in a loose dressing-gown, -which made him look extra tall and thin—a -wonderful garment, embracing every known hue -and colour, and strongly resembling, save as to -its garishness, a Canadian wood in the fall. Mr -Slimm laid aside a disreputable brier he was -smoking, as soon as he perceived his visitor. -‘Morning!’ he said briskly. ‘Tolerably punctual. -Hope you don’t object to the smell of tobacco so -early?’</p> - -<p>‘I don’t know,’ Edgar replied, throwing himself -down in a chair. ‘Like most well-regulated -Britons, I cannot say I am partial to the smell of -tobacco before breakfast.’</p> - -<p>‘Do you know,’ Mr Slimm responded dryly, -‘I have seen the time when I never smoked -before breakfast. I don’t allude to any great outbreak -of virtue on my part; but the fact is, when -a man can’t get a breakfast, he can’t be accused of -smoking before it—no, sir.’ Having administered -this crushing piece of logic with characteristic -force, Mr Slimm rang the bell and proceeded to -order ‘the fixings,’ which was his term for the -matutinal repast.</p> - -<p>‘You Britishers have got some sound notions -on the subject of dinners and promiscuous refreshment; -but your imagination don’t soar to breakfast. -There’s nothing substantial about it,’ said -Mr Slimm, after finishing a pound or so of steak. -‘The Francatelli who rules the kitchen here is -fairly good; and I flatter myself if I stay here -much longer he will know what a breakfast is. -I stayed for a week at a little place off the Strand -once; but I was almost starved. Ham and eggs, -chops and steaks, was the programme, with a -sole, by way of a treat, on Sundays.’</p> - -<p>‘Very sad,’ replied Edgar, with considerable -gravity. ‘You must have suffered. You don’t -seem, however, particularly short here.’</p> - -<p>‘Well, no,’ Mr Slimm admitted, at the same -time helping himself to fish; ‘I can manage -here.’</p> - -<p>‘I hope last night’s little scrimmage has not -injured your appetite this morning?’ Edgar asked -politely.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">{72}</span></p> - -<p>‘Not much. Æneas Slimm generally can pick -up his crumbs tolerably. This little village is -a fine place to sharpen the appetite.’</p> - -<p>‘How long do you propose to stay here?’</p> - -<p>‘I don’t know; it all depends. I am doing -London, you see, and when I do a place, I do -it well. You’ve got some fine old landmarks -here—very fine,’ said Mr Slimm with proverbial -American reverence for the antique. ‘I guess -we should be proud of the Tower over to New -York—yes, sir.’</p> - -<p>‘I have never been over it,’ Edgar said carelessly.</p> - -<p>‘Do, tell. Man, I guess you’re funning. -Seems to me kind o’ incredible for an Englishman -to live in London and not see the Tower.’</p> - -<p>‘Really, Mr Slimm, I have never seen the -Tower.’</p> - -<p>‘Wall, if this don’t beat snakes! Never seen -the Tower!’ exclaimed the American, chipping -his third egg. ‘Maybe you never heard of a -picturesque pile known to the inquiring stranger -as the British Museum?—Now, <i>have</i> you ever -heard of Westminster Abbey?’</p> - -<p>‘Well,’ said Edgar laughingly, ‘I believe I -have; but I must confess that I have never been -inside either of the places you mention.’</p> - -<p>‘Wonderful! Mr Seaton, you’re born to make -a name. The man who can pass these places -without emotion, ain’t no common shake. I -guess you’re the kind of matter they make genius -out of.’</p> - -<p>‘You seem to be astonished. Surely, in New -York, you have buildings and churches quite as -fine as anything in London?’</p> - -<p>‘You think so, do you? Wall, if it’s any -consolation to you, keep on thinking so; it won’t -hurt any one.—Mr Seaton,’ continued Slimm, -lowering his voice reverently, ‘when I get pottering -about down at Westminster, and look at the -Abbey and the Houses of Parliament, strike me -if I don’t wish I was a Britisher myself!’</p> - -<p>‘That is high praise indeed; and I think it -is due to your native patriotism to say your -approval does you credit. But candidly, it -always struck me that our Houses of Parliament -are particularly mean-looking for their position.’</p> - -<p>‘Maybe, maybe,’ Mr Slimm replied meditatively; -‘but there’s something about them that -makes me feel chockful of poetry. When I -wander into the Abbey among these silent stones -and listen to that grand organ, I feel it does me -good.’</p> - -<p>‘You do not look like a man who took any -particular delight in music.’</p> - -<p>‘I don’t, and that’s a fact. I don’t know F -sharp from a bull’s foot; but I can feel it. When -the artist presiding at the instrument pulls out -that wonderful stop like a human voice, I feel -real mean, and that’s a fact—yes, sir.’</p> - -<p>‘It is wonderful what an effect music has -on the human understanding,’ Edgar replied. -‘“Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast.” -My wife always says’——</p> - -<p>‘Your wife! I didn’t know you were married.’</p> - -<p>‘Considering I never told you that interesting -fact, I do not see very well how you could -know,’ Edgar replied with a smile; which was, -however, not so cordially received by Mr -Slimm.</p> - -<p>‘Um,’ he said doubtfully.—‘Now, look here, -my young friend; I’m a rough chap, and I’ve -just got to say my mind, if I die for it. Don’t -you think a young married man has no business -in such a place as we met last night?’</p> - -<p>‘But, you see, I had business there,’ Edgar -said, still smiling. ‘It was stern business, and -nothing else, which took me to that place.’</p> - -<p>‘You’ve got the bulge of me, and that’s a -fact.’</p> - -<p>‘You mean, you don’t understand. Well, I -am what is usually known—or rather, in my -case, unknown—as a literary man. I am working -up a series of articles on gambling-houses.’</p> - -<p>‘Why don’t you get on a more respectable -line?’</p> - -<p>Edgar tapped his pocket and nodded significantly.</p> - -<p>‘Hard up,’ said Mr Slimm. ‘Case of needs -must when what’s-his-name drives. You don’t -look as if you were dragged up to this sort of -thing neither?’</p> - -<p>‘To be candid with you, I was not,’ Edgar -replied, urged by some strange impulse to confide -in the American. ‘I am a university man without -money. My history is a common one. Educated -at a public school, and afterwards at Cambridge, -I am expected to get a living in some -mysterious way. All my little money was spent -upon my education, and then I had to shift for -myself. Much good my second-class honours -have done me.’</p> - -<p>‘Then, to prove your wisdom, you got -married?’</p> - -<p>‘Of course. But now comes the most remarkable -part of my story. My wife was her uncle’s -heiress—not that her money was any inducement -to me—and I was engaged to her with his -approval. It was arranged I was to manage his -property, and we were to live with him. Then -a relative of his—a lady—came to stay, and -everything went wrong from that time. Finally, -acting under the lady’s wonderful fascination, -my wife’s uncle forbade our marriage, and -ordered her to marry a nephew of the lady’s. -This, of course, she refused to do, and was consequently -disinherited.’</p> - -<p>‘What sort of a seraph was the lady?’ asked -Mr Slimm, with considerable interest.</p> - -<p>‘Don’t mention her, pray. She had the evil-eye, -if ever woman had.—But to continue. After -our wedding, we came to London, and at different -times tried to bring about a reconciliation; but -to no effect. Then the old gentleman died.’</p> - -<p>‘A common story enough; but considerable -rough on you and your wife,’ said Mr Slimm.</p> - -<p>‘After that, a most remarkable occurrence -happened. When the will was proved, not a -sixpence of the old gentleman’s money could be -found—that is, excepting the few hundreds in -the local bank for household expenses. It is -four years ago now, and to this day not one -farthing has turned up.’</p> - -<p>‘Penny plain, and twopence coloured,’ the -American said sententiously—‘to be continued -in our next. There’s the making of a sound -family romance about this.—Anything more?’</p> - -<p>‘A little. An old companion of my wife’s -turned up the other day—or I should say my -wife found her accidentally in London. She -was standing in the rain on Waterloo Bridge,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">{73}</span> -looking into the water.—You comprehend, don’t -you?’</p> - -<p>‘“One more unfortunate, weary of breath,”’ -quoted Mr Slimm with a tender inflection which -surprised Edgar. ‘Go on.’</p> - -<p>‘It was a wonderful coincidence, if nothing -more. It appeared that my wife’s uncle on his -dying bed gave her a paper for my wife; and -he charged her most solemnly to find her and -deliver it, which has been done.’</p> - -<p>‘And it was some secret cipher, bet my -boots.’</p> - -<p>‘On the contrary, it is only a letter—a valedictory -letter, containing no clue whatever.’</p> - -<p>‘Stranger, you take this matter sort of calm,’ -said Slimm solemnly. ‘I should like to see that -letter. Mark me; providence has a hand in -this, and I want you not to forget it. Such a -meeting as that between your wife and her old -companion didn’t happen for nothing. Listen, -and I’ll tell you what once happened to me -in Australia. I shall never forget it. I’m a -rich man now, for my wants; but I was poor -then; in fact, it was just at the time when -fortune had turned. I had, at the time I am -speaking of, nearly a thousand ounces of dust -buried in my tent. As far as I could tell, not -a soul in the camp knew what I had, as I had -kept it quiet. Well, one night, I started out -to visit an old chum in a neighbouring claim. -It was nearly dark when I started, and I had -no companion but my dog. I had not gone -very far when he began to act in a ridiculous -manner, barking and snapping at my horse’s -heels, till I thought he was stark mad. Then -he turned towards home, stopping every now -and then to whine, and finally he struck off -home in a bee-line. I rode on, never thinking -anything about it till suddenly my horse -stumbled and nearly threw me. He had never -done such a thing before, and I hadn’t got -twenty yards before he did it again. Stranger! -I want you to believe I was scared, and I don’t -scare easy either. Then I thought of the tales -I had read about dogs and their cunning, and, -urged by something I can’t understand, I turned -back. You’d better believe I’m glad I did. -When I got back to my tent, I stole in quietly, -and there were three of the biggest scoundrels -in the camp digging away exactly over the gold. -I didn’t give them much time for meditation, -I reckon. It was a tough fight; but I saved -my gold. I got this valentine to remember it -by; darn their ugly pictures;’ and Mr Slimm -bared his huge chest, and displayed a livid gash -seamed and lined thereon.</p> - -<p>‘And the robbers—what became of them?’</p> - -<p>‘Suffocation,’ Slimm replied laconically. ‘The -quality of mercy is strained pretty considerable -in a mining camp.’</p> - -<p>‘And the dog?’</p> - -<p>‘Dead!—killed by these scoundrels. I ain’t -powerful in the water-cart line; but I don’t -mind saying I snivelled then. I can’t think of -that faithful insect without a kind of lumpiness -in my throat—And now, my friend, don’t you -tell me there’s no such thing as fate. You mind -if your affair don’t turn out trumps yet.’</p> - -<p>‘I don’t think so,’ Edgar replied dubiously. -‘It is all forgotten now, though it was a nine -days’ wonder in Somersetshire at the time.’</p> - -<p>‘Somersetshire? Now, that’s strange. I’m -going to Somersetshire in a few days to see a -man I haven’t set eyes on for years. He is a -very different man from me—a quiet, scholarly -gentleman, a little older than myself. He is a -bookish sort of man; and I met him in the mines. -We kind of froze to each other; and when we -parted, it was understood that whenever I came -to England, I was to go and see him. What part -of Somersetshire do you hail from?’</p> - -<p>‘The name of my wife’s old home is Eastwood.’</p> - -<p>‘Eastwood? Tell me quickly, is it possible -that your wife’s uncle is Mr Charles Morton?’</p> - -<p>‘The same,’ Edgar gasped.—‘What do you -know of him?’</p> - -<p>‘What do I know of him? Why, he was -the man I was going to visit; and he’s dead, -poor old fellow! You see, I always liked him, -and once I saved his life. It’s a curious thing, -but when you do a man a favour, or save -his life, or any trifle of that kind, you always -get to like him some way. Poor old Morton! -Well, if this don’t beat snakes! And your wife -is the little Nelly he was always raving about? -Dear, dear!’</p> - -<p>‘There must be something more than meets -the eye here,’ Edgar said, with a little quaver -in his voice. ‘Taking all the circumstances into -consideration, it looks as if some inscrutable -providence has a hand in it.’</p> - -<p>‘You bet. I’m not particularly learned, nor -no scholar; but I do remember some lines of -your immortal poet which tells us “There’s a -divinity that shapes our ends, rough-hew them -how we will.” The more I think of life, the -more it puzzles me, and that’s a fact. To think -of you and I—two people in five millions—meeting -by such chance! And to think of your -wife being the niece of my old friend!’</p> - -<p>‘Did he speak much of her to you?’ Edgar -asked.</p> - -<p>‘A few. “Speak” is no word for it: he raved -about her. If ever a man loved a girl, it -was your uncle. You must not judge him -harshly.’</p> - -<p>‘I do not; I never did. That there has been -collusion, or something more, I have always -been convinced. He was so fond of me till his -half-sister came; and as to Nelly, he worshipped -her.’</p> - -<p>‘He just did, I know. I should like to see -that letter.’</p> - -<p>‘So you shall; but really, I can see nothing -in it.’</p> - -<p>‘Try and describe it to me.’</p> - -<p>‘That is soon done. It is a commonplace -epistle, saying he wished to be remembered as -a friend, asking me to forgive him, and hinting -that if he had his life to live over again, how -different things would be.’</p> - -<p>‘That is only a blind, perhaps.—Describe the -letter.’</p> - -<p>‘It is written on part of a sheet of foolscap; -and from the beginning of the first line to the -finish, the paper is covered with writing.’</p> - -<p>‘No heading or superscription, no signature?’ -queried Mr Slimm.</p> - -<p>‘No; it is not signed; but is precisely like a -letter without heading or signature trimmed close -up to the writing with a pair of scissors.’</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">{74}</span></p> - -<p>‘And is it folded, or are there any lines -about it?’</p> - -<p>‘It is folded like an ordinary note, and there -are various horizontal and perpendicular lines -upon it. The lines are dotted. Can you make -anything of it?’</p> - -<p>‘Yes,’ said the American quietly. ‘I can -make fortune of it. Show me that letter for -five minutes, and I will show you something -you would give ten thousand pounds to see.’</p> - -<p>And so, arranging for an early meeting, they -parted for the day.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Next morning, Eleanor told her husband of a -curious dream she had had during the night. -She thought she stood on a strange shore, with -the sea spread out before her to the utmost -horizon. It was sunrise, and coming towards -her over the quiet waters, was a great ship—an -‘Argosy with golden sails’—and somehow she -thought it brought golden treasure for her. -Three times she dreamed the dream, and saw -the stately ship. She asked Edgar what he -thought of it. He said that dreams went by -contraries.</p> - -<p class="center">(<i>To be concluded next month.</i>)</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="LEGAL_ANECDOTES">LEGAL ANECDOTES.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> writer remembers hearing of a gentleman -who, not wishing to pay the legal and recognised -fee for a consultation with his lawyer, -devised an expedient whereby he expected to -gain the information he required without the -usual cost. He accordingly invited the man -‘learned in the law’ to dine at his house on -a particular evening, as a friend and an old -acquaintance. The lawyer gladly accepted the -invitation, and attended at the house of his -friend and client prompt to the minute. The -conversation for some time was very general -and agreeable, and by-and-by the shrewd client, -by hinting and suggesting, at last drew the -lawyer out into a learned and explicit dissertation -upon the subject the host wished to be -informed upon. The client was pleased, satisfied, -and smiling, chuckled in his sleeve, thinking -how nicely he had wormed out the advice desired -and pumped his lawyer, free of cost!</p> - -<p>The feast over, the lawyer departed, equally -pleased, and both being satisfied, all went as -merry as a marriage bell. But a few days afterwards, -the client received a letter from his lawyer -informing him that the charge for professional -consultation and advice was thirteen shillings -and fourpence, and would he ‘kindly attend to -the payment of same at his earliest convenience, -and oblige.’ The client was wild—caught in -his own trap. But being determined to outwit -the lawyer and gain his own ends, he forwarded -to the latter a bill for ‘dinner, wines, and -accessories supplied’ on the 16th inst., amounting -to thirteen shillings and fourpence, saying -that if he would settle the inclosed bill, he -should only be too pleased and happy to settle -the lawyer’s little bill. The lawyer retorted -by threatening to commence an action against -mine host for selling wines without a license, -unless his, the lawyer’s, bill was immediately -paid. Do I need to say that the lawyer was -victorious?</p> - -<p>When I was a boy, I heard of a lawyer who -was called up in the middle of a cold winter’s -night to draw out the will of an old farmer -who lived some three miles away, and who was -dying. The messenger had brought a cart to -convey the lawyer to the farm; and the latter -in due time arrived at his destination. When -he entered the house, he was immediately ushered -into the sickroom, and he then requested to -be supplied with pen, ink, and paper. There -were none in the house! The lawyer had not -brought any himself, and what was he to do? -Any lead-pencil? he inquired. No; they had -none. The farmer was sinking fast, though quite -conscious. At last, the legal gentleman saw -chalked up on the back of the bedroom door -column upon column of figures in chalk. These -were milk ‘scores’ or ‘shots.’ He immediately -asked for a piece of chalk, and then, kneeling -on the floor, he wrote out concisely upon the -smooth hearthstone the last will and testament -of the dying man! The farmer subsequently died. -The hearthstone will was sent to the principal -registry in London with special affidavits, and -was duly proved, the will being deposited in -the archives of the registry. I may mention -that the law does not state upon what substance -or with what instrument a will must -be written.</p> - -<p>It is stated that a lawyer was some time ago -cross-examining a witness in a local court, when -he asked: ‘Now, then, Patrick, listen to me. -Did the defendant in this case strike the plaintiff -with malice?’—‘No, sor, sure,’ replied Pat -gravely; ‘he struck him wid the poker, bedad.’ -Again he inquired of the same witness: ‘Did -the plaintiff stand on the defensive during the -affray?’—‘Divil a diffinsive, yer honour; he -stood on the table.’</p> - -<p>A celebrity noted for being ‘a bit of a poet’ -was brought up before a bench of local magistrates -for an assault, when the following conversation -took place:</p> - -<p><i>Magistrate.</i> Is your name John Fray?</p> - -<p><i>Prisoner.</i> It is, your honour; so the people say.</p> - -<p><i>Mag.</i> Was it you who struck this man and -caused the alarm?</p> - -<p><i>Pris.</i> Sure it was, your honour; but I thought -there was no harm.</p> - -<p><i>Mag.</i> Now, stop that! Did you come here -to make rhymes?</p> - -<p><i>Pris.</i> No, your honour; but it will happen -sometimes.</p> - -<p>The magistrate, laughing at the fellow’s ready -wit, said: ‘Go away, you rascal, get out of my -sight!’</p> - -<p><i>Pris.</i> (<i>smiling</i>). Thank ye, your honour; an’ -a very good-night.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">{75}</span></p> - -<p>There was once a plain out-spoken judge, who, -addressing the jury, said: ‘Gentlemen of the -jury, in this case the counsel on both sides -are unintelligible; the witnesses on both sides -are incredible; and the plaintiff and defendant -are both such bad characters, that to me it is -indifferent which way you give your verdict.’</p> - -<p>It was once reported to the notorious Judge -Jeffries that the Prince of Orange was on the -point of entering into the country, and that -he was already preparing a manifesto as to his -inducements and objects in so doing. ‘Pray, my -Lord Chief Justice,’ said a gentleman present, -‘what do you think will be the heads of this -manifesto?’—‘Mine will be one,’ he grimly -replied.</p> - -<p>An undoubted alibi was some time ago successfully -proved in an American court as follows:</p> - -<p>‘And you say that you are innocent of the -charge of stealing this rooster from Mr Jones?’ -queried the judge.</p> - -<p>‘Yes, sir, I am innocent—as innocent as a -child.’</p> - -<p>‘You are confident you did <i>not</i> steal the rooster -from Mr Jones?’</p> - -<p>‘Yes, sir; and I can prove it.’</p> - -<p>‘How can you prove it?’</p> - -<p>‘I can prove that I didn’t steal Mr Jones’ -rooster, judge, because I stole two hens from Mr -Graston same night, and Jones lives five miles -from Graston’s.’</p> - -<p>‘The proof is conclusive,’ said the judge; ‘discharge -the prisoner.’</p> - -<p>It is said that the other day a client received -the following bill from his lawyer: ‘Attending -and asking you how you did, 6s. 8d. Attending -you on the pier, when you desired me to look -through a piece of smoked glass, 6s. 8d. Looking -through the same, 6s. 8d. Rubbing my eye, -which watered, 13s. 4d. Attending at luncheon, -when you praised the sandwiches and asked me -to partake thereof, 6s. 8d. Consulting and asking -my opinion thereon, when I said they were very -good, 6s. 8d.’ Most probably the client treated -this as a joke; or perhaps it drove him to -extremities.</p> - -<p>‘Gentlemen of the jury,’ said a counsel in a -suit about a herd of hogs, ‘there were just thirty-six -hogs in that drove; please to remember that -fact—thirty-six hogs; just exactly three times -as many as there are in that jury box, gentlemen.’ -We are informed that that counsel did not win -his case. The jury were not so pig-headed.</p> - -<p>Judge Kent, the well-known jurist, presided -in a case in which a man was indicted for burglary, -and the evidence at the trial showed that -the burglary consisted in cutting a hole through -a tent in which several persons were sleeping, -and then projecting his head and arm through -the hole and abstracting various articles of value. -It was claimed by his counsel that inasmuch as -he never entered into the tent with his whole -body, he had not committed the offence charged, -and must therefore be set at liberty. In reply -to this plea, the judge told the jury that if -they were not satisfied that the whole man was -involved in the crime, they might bring in a -verdict of guilty against so much of him as was -involved. The jury, after a brief consultation, -found the right arm, the right shoulder, and the -head of the prisoner guilty of the offence of -burglary. The judge accordingly sentenced the -right arm, the right shoulder, and the head to -imprisonment with hard labour in the State -prison for two years, remarking, that as to the -rest of the man’s body, he might do with it what -he pleased.</p> - -<p>Lord Justice-clerk Braxfield was a man of -few words and of strong business habits, and -consequently when he courted his second wife, -he said to her: ‘Lizzie, I’m looking out for a -wife, and I thought you just the person to suit -me. Let me have your answer on or off -to-morrow, and nae mair aboot it.’ The lady, -next day, replied in the affirmative. Shortly -after the marriage, Lord Braxfield’s butler came -to him to give up his situation because he could -not bear her ladyship’s continual scolding. ‘Man,’ -Braxfield exclaimed, ‘ye’ve little to complain of; -ye may be thankfu’ ye’re no’ married to her.’</p> - -<p>During the time that Brougham was rising -in his profession, he had a friend, a brother-counsel, -who had contracted the habit of commencing -the examination of a witness in these -words: ‘Now, sir, I am about to put a question -to you, and I don’t care which way you answer -it.’ Brougham, with others, had begun to grow -tired of this eternal formula, and consequently -one morning he met his brother-lawyer near the -temple and addressed him thus: ‘Now, Jones, -I am about to put a question to you, and I don’t -care which way you answer it.—How do you -do?’</p> - -<p>The celebrated lawyer Butt was one night -going home very late, when he was accosted -by a desperate-looking villain in one of the -suburbs of Dublin, and asked what he was going -‘to stand.’ ‘Well,’ replied Butt meekly, ‘I’m -very sorry that I can’t give you much, my friend, -but what I have we will share. Here,’ he continued, -drawing a revolver from his pocket, ‘is -a weapon which has six chambers; I will give -you three, and’—— But the lawyer immediately -found himself alone.</p> - -<p>‘Mr Robinson,’ said counsel, ‘you say you -once officiated in a pulpit. Do you mean that -you preached?’—‘No, sir; I held the candle -for the man who did.’ ‘Ah, the court understood -you differently; they supposed that the -discourse came from you.’—‘No, sir; I only -throwed a light on it.’</p> - -<p>‘Gentlemen of the jury,’ said an Irish barrister, -‘it will be for you to say whether this -defendant shall be allowed to come into court -with unblushing footsteps, with the cloak of -hypocrisy in his mouth, and draw three bullocks -out of my client’s pocket with impunity.’</p> - -<p>We have heard of several cases of female -ingenuity in aiding the escape of prisoners. -Here is one. The criminals were handcuffed, -and with their escort were awaiting the train -which would convey them to the county jail. -Suddenly a woman rushed through the crowd<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">{76}</span> -of spectators, and with a shower of tears, cried -out: ‘Kiss me; good-bye, Ned.’ The escort -good-naturedly allowed the process of osculation -to be performed, and the sheriff smiled feelingly. -The woman passed a key from her own to the -prisoner’s mouth, with which he undid the -‘bracelets,’ and escaped whilst the train was in -motion.</p> - -<p>There is a girl who seems to have peculiar -notions of breach of promise cases, for she -threatens to sue her own father for breach of -promise! She explains that the old gentleman -first gave his consent to her marriage with her -lover, and then withdrew it, and that in consequence -her beau got tired of waiting, and has -gone off with another girl.</p> - -<p>‘Prisoner at the bar,’ said the judge to a man -on his trial for murder, ‘is there anything you -wish to say before sentence is passed upon you?’—‘Judge,’ -replied the prisoner, ‘there has been -altogether too much said already. I knew all -along somebody would get hurt, if these people -didn’t keep their mouths shut. It might as well -be me, perhaps, as anybody else. Drive on, -judge, and give me as little sentiment as you -can get along on. I can stand hanging, but I -hate gush.’</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_MONTH">THE MONTH:<br /> -SCIENCE AND ARTS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> annexation of Upper Burmah to the British -Empire represents the most important addition -to our possessions which has been made for very -many years. Lying between India and China, -the two most populous countries in the world, -Burmah is favourably situated as a highway, -along which a vast trade can be conducted. As -to the country itself, it presents many valuable -features. It has a plentiful rainfall, a healthy -climate, and a luxuriant vegetation. The principal -crops are rice, oil-seed, cotton, and tobacco. -Sixty-one varieties of rice are known to cultivators, -and half of these are of the hard kind -familiar to us. The remainder have a soft glutinous -grain, which is preferred by the natives -of Burmah. The revenue and population of the -country have both increased enormously during -the past ten years.</p> - -<p>In Mr Hallett’s interesting paper addressed to -the members of the Scottish Geographical Society, -entitled ‘A Survey for Railway Connections -between India, Siam, and China,’ he showed -that there is now no political hindrance to prevent -our driving the locomotive up to the gates -of China and opening up a vast trade with that -prosperous empire. Mr Hallett has personally -explored and surveyed Burmah, Siam, and the -Shan States, and he points out how a railway -can be made to join the Brahmapootra valley -with the valley of the Irrawadi, and that such a -railway could join the line which already finds -a terminus at the seaport of Rangoon. This -short line of railway, only one hundred and -sixty-two miles in length, pays a good dividend, -although it finds a formidable rival in the admirable -flotilla of steamers which ply on the Irrawadi -River hard by.</p> - -<p>At a recent meeting of the Russian Geographical -Society, M. Grjimaïlo gave an interesting -description of the Pamir region, which we may -remind our readers is a high tableland of Asia -on the western limit of Little Tibet. His tour -through this little-known region covered a period -of eighteen months, during which time he was -able to make extensive observations of its flora -and fauna, as well as of the condition of its -inhabitants. During the long winter, the people -have to seek the shelter of their tents, and seem -in the spring to wake up from a kind of lethargy -with the joy and light-heartedness of children. -The women do most of the work, which is of -a pastoral kind. The country is intersected with -enormous glaciers, and is situated at such a great -elevation that the natives call it by a name which -signifies ‘Roof of the World.’</p> - -<p>The Cleopatra’s Needle which adorns Central -Park, New York, has suffered much from transatlantic -cold, and a mass of scales and chips -has been removed from it by atmospheric influences, -as thoroughly as if a number of masons -had been set to work to achieve the same result. -This gradual disintegration of the noble Egyptian -obelisk has, however, been stopped by coating -the monument with paraffin, which coating has -given a slightly darker colour to the stone. -Those who have charge of public buildings in -Britain which have been built of perishable -stone—and there are unfortunately many such—would -do well to make a note of this employment -of paraffin as a successful preservative.</p> - -<p>A new artificial fireproof stone or plaster has -recently been invented. Its principal constituent -is asbestine, a mineral which is plentiful in certain -localities in the State of New York, U.S.A. -This asbestine, which is a silicate of magnesium, -is mixed with powdered flint and caustic potash, -and is then mingled with sufficient water-glass -(silicate of soda) to make it into an adhesive -plaster. In this condition it is prepared for -transport, and is mixed with sand before use. -This plaster is not only fireproof, but it adheres -with wonderful tenacity to perfectly smooth surfaces. -It does not, therefore, require a roughened -surface before attachment, such as a wall composed -of nailed laths, as is the usual case. A -common mode of applying it is to line a room -with sheet-iron, protected from rust by a coating -of asphaltum, and to spread upon this metal -basis a thickness of the new plaster. Besides -being unaffected by heat, it will not crack if -water is thrown upon it when in a heated -state.</p> - -<p>Mr Hannay, of Glasgow, has invented a new -form of lamp which will prove very useful for -various industrial purposes, where the more intense -rays of the electric arc are not readily available. -The lamp consists of a cylindrical vessel -containing about thirty gallons of any heavy<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">{77}</span> -hydrocarbon oil, such as creosote. At one side -of this vessel is an entry-pipe for air, which -must be under pressure of about fifteen pounds -on the square inch. The air thus admitted forces -the oil up a vertical pipe which springs from -the bottom of the vessel, and ends in a burner -which extends for some feet outside the oil -receptacle. Another pipe surrounds the oil-tube, -and through this, part of the air is carried, so -that at the point where both tubes terminate, -there rushes forth a blast of mingled air and -creosote in fine particles. This is turned into -a flame of great brightness when a match is -applied to it, a flame, too, which is unaffected by -wind or rain. The quantity of oil given above -will supply a light for about twenty hours, which -will be effective at two hundred yards from the -lamp. This contrivance has already been used -with success at the Forth Bridge works. It is -now being introduced for various purposes by -Mr James Sinclair, 64 Queen Victoria Street, -London.</p> - -<p>A plan for rendering paper so tough that it -can be used for various purposes for which -formerly it was considered there was ‘nothing -like leather,’ has recently been published. The -process is of continental origin. The paper pulp -during manufacture is mixed with chloride of -zinc in solution, and the more concentrated this -solution is, the tougher is the finished paper. -It is said that the new material has been successfully -used in boxmaking, combmaking, and has -actually taken the place of leather in bootmaking. -This last application of the material -is perhaps not quite so much of a novelty as -it seems to be; for in the cheaper kinds of boots -and shoes, the soles, instead of being of solid -leather, are often made of a compound of which -brown-paper pulp seems to be the chief constituent. -The adulteration is not apparent to -the wearer until wet weather makes it very -evident indeed.</p> - -<p>In the building operations of man he uses -hair to bind the particles of lime together in -forming a plaster wall. In the work of nature, -much the same end is achieved by binding loose -particles of soil together with the rootlets of -various plants. The continually slipping particles -of a newly made embankment have to be rendered -secure by this means; but such grasses -as have hitherto been used for the purpose -need several months for their development. M. -Cambier, of the French railway service, has -recently pointed out that the double poppy is -a valuable plant for this purpose. Its germination -is rapid, and in a week or two its rootlets -are sufficiently strong to give some support to -the soil. But at the end of three or four months, -the roots attain a length of twelve inches, and -form a far stronger network to hold the soil -in place than any grass known. The plant is -an annual, but it sows itself after the first -year.</p> - -<p>We are glad to notice that a ‘Plumage League’ -is being established for the purpose of discountenancing -the inhuman fashion now in vogue of -introducing the dead bodies of birds as ornaments -on ladies’ bonnets, hats, and dresses. Lady -Mount-Temple, in advocating the establishment -of this League, the members of which will bind -themselves to discourage in every way the use -of plumage in dress, writes thus: ‘A milliner -told me she had put twelve birds on one (dress). -Another told us of a ball-dress covered with -canaries.’ We should rejoice to see the Princess -of Wales or some other member of the Royal -Family setting her veto upon the cruel practice -of adorning female dress with the bodies of our -feathered songsters.</p> - -<p>The Crematorium at Woking Cemetery has -just been used for the third time under the -auspices of the Cremation Society. In France, -the Prefecture of the Seine is about to spend -three thousand pounds on the erection of a -similar building in the well-known cemetery, -Père-la-Chaise. Sanitary reformers will rejoice -that cremation is making some progress in both -countries, although that progress is slow.</p> - -<p>The fastest time ever made by a steam-vessel -has recently been made by the Falke torpedo boat, -built by Messrs Yarrow for the Austrian government. -The mean speed of her six runs over the -measured mile—during which time she was fully -fitted and in fighting trim—reached the wonderful -figure of 22.263 knots per hour. She then -ran, according to contract with the Austrian -government, for an hour at full speed, when she -covered just twenty-two and a quarter miles. It -is said that the vessel answered her helm well -throughout these trials, and that there was very -little vibration from the engines even when going -at the highest speed. Messrs Yarrow are building -twenty-four torpedo boats for the British government, -besides several others for foreign customers.</p> - -<p>Every poison is supposed to have its antidote, -and the establishment of the torpedo system has -necessitated the introduction of an antidote in -the shape of torpedo catchers. The first vessel -of this type which has been constructed has -lately been tried at Portsmouth with satisfactory -results, not only with regard to speed, but also -with regard to manœuvring power. The vessel -was fitted with an inner and an outer rudder -on the system of Mr J. S. White, and known as -the ‘turn-about’ method. This vessel is built -of thin steel; it possesses a conning tower on -deck, from which it is steered, and it is one -hundred and fifty feet in length.</p> - -<p>Some interesting gunnery experiments have -just been concluded at Portland Bill. Their -object was to test the value of the Moncrieff or -‘disappearing’ principle of mounting guns for -coast-defence, a system which, like most others, -has its detractors as well as its advocates. At -Portland, a dummy gun only was used, so that -the ship firing upon it from the sea had not -the disadvantage of attacking a foe who could -hit back. The gun was placed in a pit, and was -so arranged that it remained hidden for two and -a half minutes; then it appeared for half a minute, -delivered its imaginary fire—which was represented -by a puff of gunpowder to aid the foe in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">{78}</span> -sighting it—and again disappeared. The ship -<i>Hercules</i> failed to make any impression upon the -gun at all, although it was only made of wood and -canvas. We may therefore conclude that the -Moncrieff or ‘disappearing’ system of mounting -guns is the most effectual which has ever been -brought forward, and we may look for its great -extension in our coast-defences.</p> - -<p>Professor Germain Sée, of Paris, during a course -of lectures on dietetics, has recently pointed out -the importance of water in connection with food, -that fluid being the only one which can dissolve -the salts taken with the food into the -body, and eliminate them from the system. -He also remarked that it was quite impossible -for man, an omnivorous being, to exist entirely -on vegetable foods. So-called vegetarians are -forced to make up for the want of solid meat -by consuming eggs, milk, and butter. A healthy -man must for his food draw upon the elements -furnished by the three kingdoms of nature.</p> - -<p>A new kind of turning-lathe, which seems really -to possess the merit of novelty, is described -by the <i>Scientific American</i>. It is intended for -turning such articles as balusters for staircases, -when such articles are required in quantities, -and when they are wanted to be square or -octagonal, instead of round. The lathe consists -of a kind of skeleton cylinder, upon the surface -of which the square rods which are ultimately -to form balusters are readily clamped by levers -working at each end. An ordinary T-rest -supports the tool in cutting the required ornamentation -on the rods as the lathe revolves. -When one side of the rods has thus been treated, -they are unclamped, turned over, and once more -fixed in place. In this way the four sides of -the square rods are operated upon one after the -other. This lathe, which has been patented, -will finish with clean, sharp edges about fifty -balusters or other pieces of wood an hour.</p> - -<p>The <i>Lancet</i> alludes to an alleged discovery -which has been made in Columbia, which, if -it should be confirmed, will be a valuable aid -in surgery. It is reported that a certain shrub -which is called ‘aliza’ exudes a juice which -has the property of stopping hemorrhage, so -that if a surgeon’s operating knife were only -smeared with this juice, his work could be done -with little or no loss of blood.</p> - -<p>A meteorological station twenty thousand feet -above the sea-level is being established by the -Mexican government among their highest mountains. -Those who remember the hardships which -were encountered by Mr Wragge in his constant -visits to the instruments on Ben Nevis before -the observatory building was established there, -will be prepared to understand the difficulties of -dealing with a station at so much higher an -altitude. For this reason, the instruments are -being constructed to work automatically, to be -self-recording, and, as far as possible, to require -no attention for twelve months, if need be.</p> - -<p>The Chinese alphabet consists in its integrity -of about forty thousand pictorial symbols, and -it is this alphabet which with some modifications -has been used from time immemorial by their -clever and more advanced neighbours in Japan. -But the adoption of Western ways which has -since 1868 been so rapid among the Japanese, -has made them discontented with a system so -elaborate and bewildering. They have therefore -formed a Society called the Roman Alphabet -Association, by which they seek to replace the -cumbrous Chinese alphabet by the twenty-two -letters of the Roman alphabet which are found -sufficient to express all the sounds found in the -Japanese language. The change is a necessary -one, and marks a new and important phase of -Japanese progress. It is somewhat akin to the -movement which has for some time been in -progress in Germany, by which Roman characters -are being substituted for the old Gothic ones.</p> - -<p>At a late meeting of the Royal Astronomical -Society, it was announced that M. M. Henry had -photographed part of the Milky-way. The -exposure required was an hour, but the star -discs were perfectly round and sharp. This -wonderful result shows that the driving clock -for keeping the telescope in motion, so as to -counteract the motion of the earth, must have -been of the most perfect kind.</p> - -<p>From Germany, we learn that in that country -during the last ten years the leather manufacture -has shown a most extraordinary development. -Large factories have been established, which produce -goods of the highest quality, and compare -favourably with those of foreign make. No -expenses have been spared to import the best -machines; the sons of the most prominent manufacturers -are sent to America, England, and -France, to learn the manufacture of the leather -trade in all its details. The largest firms study -principally the American methods of manufacturing, -and the consequence is that many German -factories are managed after the American system. -German manufacturers are anxious to raise their -goods to the highest perfection, and look forward -to the time when German machine-made -ladies’ boots will be found in the West End of -London.</p> - -<p>We learn from a South African newspaper that -Natal is at last going to cultivate tea in earnest. -The aroma of the samples produced is described -as excellent; it has a taste by no means unpleasant, -which is not characteristic of China teas, -but it is one which would be readily acquired -and appreciated. It is anticipated that fifty -thousand pounds will be grown this season.</p> - -<p>A large German lithographic firm doing a considerable -trade in England, it is said has entirely -left off printing from stone, and uses zinc plates -only. The saving is said to be very considerable, -and may partly explain how they are able to -print more cheaply than our own lithographers. -A Chicago trade journal estimates that if a work -is to be printed in ten colours, requiring five -double-sized stones of twenty-eight by forty-two -inches, the cost of each stone would be about -twelve pounds, while a first-class zinc plate costs -eight shillings.</p> - -<p>Mr H. T. Crewe, 17 Sunning Hill Road, Lewisham, -London, S.E., has recently patented a system -by which conservatories, the various structures -of the horticulturist, and other buildings, can be -fitted with glass roofs and walls without the use -of putty. The system is an extremely simple one. -Panes of glass are laid upon parallel rafters or -beams. They are not placed flatly one beside -the other, but the upper panes are made to -slightly overlap the lower panes. They are fixed -together by means of little metal clips, which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">{79}</span> -receive screws, that afterwards pass through holes -in the panes and into the rafters or beams. -Among the advantages claimed for the new -system of glazing are, that it causes the roof to -remain perfectly rain-proof, and that the greatest -facility and despatch are attained in detaching -and replacing panes. Condensation is carried -away from the inside of the glass by the grooves -which are cut in the rafters or beams.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="OCCASIONAL_NOTES">OCCASIONAL NOTES.</h2> -</div> - - -<h3>SAFETY IN RAILWAY TRAVELLING.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Mr Edward Harford</span>, general secretary to the -Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, replying -to a request forwarded by peers, members of -the House of Commons, and others for information -as to the causes of railway accidents, and -the means which, in the opinion of the Society, -ought to be adopted for the safety of the general -public and of railway servants, has issued a list -of twenty-three proposals which set forth the -necessary requirements. The principal are the -following:</p> - -<p>‘All railways ought to be worked on the -absolute block-system, strictly carried out, so that -no two trains shall ever be in one section at the -same time.</p> - -<p>The blocks and interlocking systems should be -electrically combined and controlled, so that the -safety of a block-section shall be under the control -of two signalmen.</p> - -<p>Junction block-working should be adopted at -all junctions, so that no two trains which can -foul each other at the points and crossings shall -ever be allowed to approach a junction at one -and the same time. All sidings and goods-lines -should be provided with properly interlocked -safety-points.</p> - -<p>One code of block-system regulations and one -pattern of signals should be adopted throughout -the kingdom. A red light should be the only -danger-signal. The practice of using purple or -other lights is highly dangerous.</p> - -<p>Facing-points ought to be avoided as far as -possible. All facing-points, and points leading -to main-lines, ought to be provided with a locking-bar -and bolts, and properly interlocked with -the signals and with the electric apparatus.</p> - -<p>All passenger-trains ought to be provided with -an efficient automatic continuous brake, having -brake-blocks upon the wheels of the engine, -tender, and every vehicle throughout the train, -and fulfilling the five conditions laid down by -the Board of Trade, August 30, 1877, and highly -approved by the Society. To avoid the present -dangerous practice of brake-power being cut off -and rendered useless by the introduction of an -unfitted vehicle, it ought to be the law that the -Company should not be allowed to send vehicles -over the line of another Company unless each -vehicle is provided with the same form of continuous -brake as that used by such foreign Company.</p> - -<p>All goods-engines should be fitted with brakes -upon their wheels, and those required occasionally -for passenger-traffic should have continuous -brakes.</p> - -<p>All passenger-trains should be fitted with efficient -means of communication with the driver -and guards. Passengers should be able to reach -it without putting their hands outside the window. -The present cord-system is unreliable, and the -plan of having no communication on trains which -stop every twenty miles is very risky to the -public.</p> - -<p>All passenger-platforms should be raised to the -standard height, and all carriages fitted with a -high continuous footboard, to prevent persons -falling between platforms and trains.</p> - -<p>The crank or driving-axles of locomotive -engines should be taken out after they have run -a certain mileage. What the mileage limit should -be ought to be at once decided by the Companies -and the Board of Trade.</p> - -<p>Overwork on railways is highly dangerous, and -ought to be abolished.’</p> - - -<h3>HOW CHILDREN GROW.</h3> - -<p>During the International Medical Conference -held in Copenhagen in the summer of 1884, a -paper read by the Rev. Mailing Hansen, Principal -of the Danish Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, -was listened to with marked attention and interest. -It gave the results of the daily weighing -and measurements of height which he had carried -on for nearly three years on the one hundred and -thirty pupils—seventy-two boys and fifty-eight -girls—of the Institution, and demonstrated facts -as to the development of the human body during -the period of childhood that perfectly startled -and astonished the assembled medical authorities, -opening an entirely new field for investigation -and reflection. Since then, Mr Hansen has continued -his observations; and though he has yet a -tremendous amount of work before him, he -believes himself able to state now the outlines of -the results he has obtained.</p> - -<p>The children are weighed four times daily in -batches of twenty—in the morning, before dinner, -after dinner, and at bedtime, and each child is -measured once a day. The common impression -is, no doubt, that increase in bulk and height -of the human body during the years of growth -progresses evenly all through the year. This is -not so. Three distinct periods are marked out, -and within them some thirty lesser waverings -have been observed. As for bulk, the maximum -period extends from August until December; -the period of equipoise lasts from December -until about the middle of April; and then -follows the minimum period until August. The -lasting increase of bulk or weight is all accumulated -during the first stage; the period of equipoise -adds to the body about a fourth of that -increase, but this gain is almost entirely spent -or lost again in the last period.</p> - -<p>The increase in height of the children shows -the same division into periods, only in a different -order. The maximum period of growth -in height corresponds to the minimum period -of increase in bulk, and <i>vice versâ</i>. In September -and October a child grows only a fifth of what -it did in June and July. In other words, -during a part of the year—autumn and beginning -of winter—the child accumulates bulk, but the -height is stationary. In the early summer the -bulk remains nearly unchanged, but the vital -force and the nourishment are expended to the -benefit of height. While the body works for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">{80}</span> -bulk there is rest for the growth, and when the -period of growth comes, the working for bulk -is suspended. The human body has, consequently, -the same distinctly marked periods of development -as plants.</p> - - -<h3>A CHESS-CLOCK.</h3> - -<p>An ingenious clock has recently been patented -by Messrs Frisch and Schierwater, 29 Church -Street, Liverpool. It not only shows the ordinary -time, but registers on separate dials—marked -respectively ‘black’ and ‘white’—the period occupied -by the players in a game of chess. It also -indicates the number of moves in a game and -whose turn it is to play. Another feature is the -index upon the dial. This can be set for any -time agreed upon—from one to fifteen minutes—during -which a move must be made. The expiration -of that time is shown by an indicator and -by the ringing of a bell. By pressing a knob at -the top of the clock, it is possible to temporarily -check the progress of the mechanism. This would -of course become necessary upon the players -requiring a rest, or upon any other interruption -taking place. The invention is, we believe, the -first clock that has been constructed with a view -to recording the movements in chess-playing. It -may of course be utilised for other purposes. -Being a travelling clock, it may be employed for -indicating the times of different countries. The -index and call-bell may be used, too, for public -meetings, allowing so much time for each speaker; -for a telephone Company, regulating an allowance -of time; or for the testing of any machinery. -The movement can be fitted to any existing clock. -As a result of practical trial, the ‘Schierwater’s’ -Patent Chess-Clock has been commended by many -well-known chess-players.</p> - - -<h3>NOVEL PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPERIMENTS.</h3> - -<p>The sinking of the caissons of the Forth Bridge -has afforded opportunity for testing whether it -was possible to obtain photographs below water -in compressed air by the aid of electric light. -To the novel conditions under which these -attempts—the first, we believe, in this country—were -made, their chief interest is due, rather -than to any particular success hitherto achieved. -We have recently described the method of -founding by compressed air, and depicted the -interior of a caisson, so that our readers are -conversant with the surroundings under which -the attempts were made.</p> - -<p>A trial was made on shore by electric light at -night to determine the length of exposure necessary -for the plates; but subsequent experience proved -the data thus obtained to be of little value in -the air-chamber. Various trials were then made -in the air-chamber with different classes of plates -and gradually increasing lighting-power; eventually, -five arc-lamps—each equivalent to twelve -hundred candles—and plates of exceptional -rapidity, were employed; and these, with an -exposure of two minutes, gave the best results -obtained.</p> - -<p>The roof and sides of the air-chamber were -whitewashed, to render them conspicuous and to -diffuse the light. The formation of moisture on -the lens threatened at first to give trouble; but -after a little time the glass became warmed, and -the difficulty ceased. The haze in the air-chamber, -which any sudden expansion of the -air—such as that due to its escape when the -air-locks were opened—greatly intensified, proved -a formidable obstacle, and must always render -the highest results unattainable. The only course -was to seize the most favourable moment when -the haze was at its minimum. White objects -and light clothing gave the best results; whilst -the eyes of a group—presumably from their -glistening properties—are remarkable for definition -and sharpness.</p> - -<p>So far as could be ascertained, no injury -resulted to the dry plates either from air-pressure -or moisture.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="AN_OLD_CHUBB">AN OLD ‘CHUBB.’</h2> -</div> - - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0"><span class="smcap">Last</span> night I found an old forgotten key</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Deep in an unused drawer; and quick tears fell</div> - <div class="verse indent0">As in my hand I took it tenderly—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">For ah! I knew the story it would tell</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">Of a familiar door, a ‘vanished hand,’</div> - <div class="verse indent2">A cheery ‘click’ by eager children heard—</div> - <div class="verse indent0">‘Papa is home!’—Ah, little loyal band!</div> - <div class="verse indent2">How oft your hearts grew sick with hope deferred</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">In the time after! for ‘Papa’ went forth</div> - <div class="verse indent2">And came not back. Then dawned some darksome days:</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The cottage home was sold; and we came north</div> - <div class="verse indent2">To a gray city street, to flowerless ways.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">On the bright steel, great spots of rust had grown—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">‘It would not turn so easily as then’</div> - <div class="verse indent0">(I thought), ‘and “Rosebank” is no more my own—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">I have no claim to enter it again.</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">‘Maybe its door has now a different lock—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">And oh, if even I could venture there,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">What should I find? my misery to mock—</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Ghosts of the dead—strangers’ careless stare.’</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">I took the key and laid it out of sight:</div> - <div class="verse indent2">‘Since thou canst no more ope the door for me</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Of that dear home, thou needst not see the light,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">For only doors of tears are oped by thee.’</div> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse right"><span class="smcap">Kate.</span></div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p>The Conductor of <span class="smcap">Chambers’s Journal</span> begs to direct -the attention of <span class="smcap">Contributors</span> to the following notice:</p> - -<div class="blockquot_ans"> - -<p><i>1st.</i> All communications should be addressed to the -‘Editor, 339 High Street, Edinburgh.’</p> - -<p><i>2d.</i> For its return in case of ineligibility, postage-stamps -should accompany every manuscript.</p> - -<p><i>3d.</i> To secure their safe return if ineligible, <span class="smcap">All Manuscripts</span>, -whether accompanied by a letter of advice or -otherwise, <i>should have the writer’s Name and Address -written upon them</i> <span class="allsmcap">IN FULL</span>.</p> - -<p><i>4th.</i> Offerings of Verse should invariably be accompanied -by a stamped and directed envelope.</p> -</div> - -<p><i>If the above rules are complied with, the Editor will -do his best to insure the safe return of ineligible papers.</i></p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center">Printed and Published by <span class="smcap">W. & R. Chambers</span>, 47 Paternoster -Row, <span class="smcap">London</span>, and 339 High Street, <span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>.</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center"><i>All rights reserved.</i></p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="footnotes"><p class="ph3">FOOTNOTES:</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Obeah, a form of African magic or witchcraft.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> The word <i>Creole</i> is much misunderstood by most -English people. In its universal West Indian sense it -is applied to any person, white, black, or mulatto, born -in the West Indies, as opposed to outsiders, European, -American, or African.</p> - -</div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 109, VOL. 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