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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8cee6f6 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #66973 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66973) diff --git a/old/66973-0.txt b/old/66973-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a62a56b..0000000 --- a/old/66973-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,665 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of International Thought, by John Galsworthy - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: International Thought - -Author: John Galsworthy - -Release Date: December 19, 2021 [eBook #66973] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL THOUGHT *** - - - - - INTERNATIONAL - THOUGHT - - BY - JOHN GALSWORTHY - - - CAMBRIDGE - W. HEFFER & SONS LTD. - 1923 - - - _All profit from the sale of this pamphlet will be given to - the League of Nations Union_.――J.G. - -_PRICE SIXPENCE NET._ - - - - - INTERNATIONAL THOUGHT. - - - “The exchange of international thought is the only - possible salvation of the world.” - -To those who, until 1914, believed in civil behaviour between man and -man, the war and its ensuing peace brought disenchantment. Preoccupied -with the humaner pursuits, and generally unfamiliar with the real -struggle for existence, they were caught napping. The rest of mankind -have experienced no particular astonishment――the doing-down of man by -man was part of daily life, and when it was done collectively they -felt no spiritual change. It was dreadful but――in a word――natural. -This may not be a popular view of human life in the mass, but it is -true. Average life is a long fight; this man’s success is that man’s -failure; co-operation and justice are only the palliatives of a basic, -and ruthless, competition. The disenchantment of the few would not have -mattered so much but for the fact that they were the nerves and voice -of the community. Their histories, poems, novels, plays, pictures, -treatises, sermons, were the expression of what we call civilisation. -And disenchanted philosophers, though by so much the nearer to the -truths of existence, are by that much, perhaps, the less useful to -human nature. We need scant reminder of a truth always with us, we need -rather perpetual assertion that the truth might with advantage be, and -may possibly with effort become, not quite so unpleasant. Though we -ought to look things in the face, a fine afflatus is the essence of -ethical philosophy. - -It is a pity, then, that philosophy is, or has been, draggle-tailing――art -avoiding life, taking to contraptions of form and colour signifying -nothing; literature driven in on itself, or running riot; science more -hopeful of perfecting poison gas than of abating coal-smoke or curing -cancer; that religion should incline to tuck its head under the wing of -spiritualism; that there should be, in fact, a kind of tacit abandonment -of the belief in life. Sport, which still keeps a flag of idealism -flying, is perhaps the most saving grace in the world at the moment, -with its spirit of rules kept, and regard for the adversary, whether the -fight is going for or against. When, if ever, the fair-play spirit of -sport reigns over international affairs, the cat force which rules there -now will slink away and human life emerge for the first time from -jungle. - -Looking the world in the face, we see what may be called a precious -mess. Under a thin veneer――sometimes no veneer――of regard for -civilisation, each country, great and small, is pursuing its own ends, -struggling to rebuild its own house in the burnt village. The dread -of confusion-worse-confounded, of death recrowned, and pestilence -revivified, alone keeps the nations to the compromise of peace. What -chance has a better spirit? - -“The exchange of international thought is the only possible salvation -of the world,” are the words of Thomas Hardy, and so true that it may -be well to cast an eye over such mediums as we have for the exchange -of international thought. “The Permanent Court of International -Justice”; “The League of Nations”; “The Pan-American Congress”; certain -sectional associations of this nation with that nation, tarred somewhat -with the brush of self-interest; sporadic international conferences -concerned with sectional interests; and the recently founded P.E.N. -Club, an international association of writers with friendly aims, -but no political intentions. These are about all, and they are taken -none too seriously by the peoples of the earth. The salvation of a -world in which we all live, however, would seem to have a certain -importance. Why, then, is not more attention paid to the only existing -means of salvation? The argument for neglect is much as follows: Force -has always ruled human life――and always will. Competition is basic. -Co-operation and justice succeed, indeed, in definite communities -so far as to minimise the grosser forms of crime, but only because -general opinion within the ring fence of a definite community gives -them an underlying force which the individual offender cannot -withstand. There is no such ring-fence round nations, therefore no -general opinion, and no underlying force to ensure the abstention of -individual nations from crime――if, indeed, transgression of laws which -are not fixed can be called crime. - -This is the average hard-headed view at the moment. If it is to remain -dominant, there is no salvation in store for the world. “Why not?” -replies the hard-head: “It always has been the view, and the world has -gone on?” Quite true! But the last few years have brought a startling -change in the conditions of existence――a change that has not yet -been fully realised. _Destructive science has gone ahead out of all -proportion._ It is developing so fast that each irresponsible assertion -of national rights or interests brings the world appreciably nearer to -ruin. Without any doubt whatever, the powers of destruction are gaining -fast on the powers of creation and construction. In old days a thirty -years’ war was needed to exhaust a nation; it will soon be (if it is -not already) possible to exhaust a nation in a week by the destruction -of its big towns from the air. The conquest of the air, so jubilantly -hailed by the unthinking, may turn out the most sinister event that -ever befell us, simply because _it came before we were fit for it_――fit -to act reasonably under the temptation of its fearful possibilities. -The use made of it in the last war showed that; and the sheep-like -refusal of the startled nations to face the new situation, and -unanimously ban chemical warfare and the use of flying for destructive -purposes, shows it still more clearly. No one denies that the conquest -of the air was a great――a wonderful――achievement; no one denies that it -could be a beneficent achievement if the nations would let it be. But -mankind has not yet, apparently, reached a pitch of decency sufficient -to be trusted with such an inviting and terribly destructive weapon. -We are all familiar with the argument: Make war dreadful enough, and -there will be no war. And we none of us believe in it. The last war -disproved it utterly. Competition in armaments has already begun, -among men who think, to mean competition in the air. Nothing else will -count in a few years’ time. We have made by our science a monster -that will devour us yet, unless by exchanging international thought, -we can create a general opinion against the new powers of destruction -so strong and so unanimous that no nation will care to face the force -which underlies it. - -A well-known advocate of the League of Nations said the other day: “I -do not believe it necessary that the League should have a definite -force at its disposal. It could not maintain a force that would keep -any first-rate power from breaking the peace. Its strength lies in the -use of publicity; in its being able to voice universal disapproval with -all the latent potentiality of universal action.” - -Certainly, the genuine publication of all military movements and -developments throughout the world, the unfathoming and broadcasting -of destructive inventions and devices, would bring us nearer to -salvation than any covenant can do. If the world’s chemists and the -world’s engineers would hold annual meetings in a friendly spirit, -for the salvation of mankind! If they could agree together that to -exercise their ingenuity on the perfecting of destructive agents for -the use of governments was a crime; to take money for it a betrayal -of their species! If we could have such exchange of international -thought as that, then indeed we might hear the rustle of salvation’s -wings. And――after all――why not? The answer to the question: Is there -to be happiness or misery, growth or ruin for the human species, does -not now lie with governments. Governments are competitive trustees -for competitive sections of mankind. Put destruction in their hands -and they will use it to further the interests of those for whom they -are trustees; just as they will use and even inspire the spiritual -poison gas of pressmen. The real key to the future is in the hands of -those who provide the means of destruction. Are scientists (chemists, -inventors, engineers) to be Americans, Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, -Japanese, Russians, before they are men, in this matter of the making -of destruction? Are they to be more concerned with the interests of -their own countries, or with the interests of the human species? That -has become the question they have to answer now that they have for the -first time the future of the human race within their grasp. Modern -invention has taken such a vast stride forward that the incidence of -responsibility is changed. It rests on Science as it never did before; -on Science, and on――Finance. There again the exchange of international -thought has become terrifically important. The financiers of the world, -for instance, in the light of their knowledge, under the pressure of -their difficulties, out of the motive of mutual aid, could certainly -devise some real and lasting economic betterment of the present -ruination, if only they would set to work steadily, not spasmodically, -to exchange international thought. - -The hard-head’s answer to such suggestions is: “Nonsense! Inventors, -chemists, engineers, financiers, all have to make their living, and -are just as disposed to believe in their own countries as other men. -Their pockets and the countries who guarantee those pockets, have first -call on them.” Well! That has become the point. If neither Science nor -Finance will agree to think internationally, there is probably nothing -for it but to kennel-up in disenchantment, and wait for an end which -can’t be very long in coming――not a complete end, of course, say――a -general condition of affairs similar to that in the famine provinces of -Russia. - -It is easy to be pessimistic, and easy to indulge in cheap optimism; -to steer between the two is hard. We still have a chance of saving -and improving such civilisation as we have; but this chance depends -on how far we succeed in exchanging international thought in the next -few years. To some the word international has a socialistic, even -communistic, significance. But, as here used, it has nothing whatever -to do with economic theories, class divisions, or political aims. The -exchange of international thought which alone can save us, is the -exchange of thought between _craftsmen_――between the statesmen of the -different countries; the lawyers of the different countries; the -scientists, the financiers, the writers of the different countries. -We have the mediums of exchange (however inadequately made use of) -for the statesmen and the lawyers; but the scientists (inventors, -chemists, engineers) and the financiers, the two sets of craftsmen -in whose hands the future of the world chiefly lies, at present lack -adequate machinery for the exchange of international thought, and -adequate conception of the extent to which world responsibility now -falls on them. If they could once realise the supreme nature of that -responsibility, the battle of salvation should be half won. - -Coming to the exchange of international thought in my own craft, there -seem three ways in which writers, as such, can help to ease the future -of the world. They can be friendly and hospitable to the writers of -other countries――and for this purpose exists the international P.E.N. -Club, with its many and increasing branches. They can recognise and -maintain the principle that works of the imagination, indeed all works -of art, are the property of mankind at large, and not merely of the -country of their origin; that to discontinue (for example) during a -war with Germany the reading of German poetry, the listening to German -music, the looking at German pictures, was a harmful absurdity which -should never be repeated. Any real work of art, however individual and -racial in root and fibre, is impersonal and universal in its appeal. -Art is one of the great natural links (perhaps the only great natural -link) between the various breeds of men, and to scotch its gentling -influence in time of war is to confess ourselves still apes and tigers. -Only writers can spread this creed, only writers can keep the door open -for art during national feuds; and it is their plain duty to do this -service to mankind. - -The third and greatest way in which the writer can ease the future is -simply stated in the words: Fair Play. The power of the Press is a good -third to the powers of Science and Finance. If the Press, as a whole, -never diverged from fair report; if it refused to give unmeasured -service to party or patriotic passion; if it played the game as Sport -plays it――what a clearance of the air! At present, with, of course, -many and distinguished exceptions, the Press in every country plays the -game according to rules of its own which have too little acquaintance -with those of sport. - -The Press is manned by a great crew of writers, the vast majority of -whom have in private life a higher standard of fair play than that -followed by the Press ship they man. They would, I believe, be the -first to confess that. Improvement in Press standards of international -and political fair play can only come from the individual writers who -make up the Press. And such reform will not come until editors and -journalists acquire the habit of exchanging thought internationally, -of broadening their minds and hearts with other points of view, of -recognising that they must treat as they would themselves be treated. -Only, in short, when they do as they would, most of them, individually -choose to do, will a sort of word-miasma cease to breed international -agues and fever. We do not commonly hold, in private life, that ends -justify means. Why should they be held to justify means in Press -life――why should report so often be accepted without due examination -when it is favourable to one’s views; rejected without due examination -when it is unfavourable; why should the other side’s view so often be -burked; and so on, and so on? The Press has great power and professes -high ideals; it has much virtue; it does great service; but it does -greater harm when, for whatever reason, it diverges from truth, or from -the principles of fair play. - -To sum up, Governments and Peoples are no longer in charge. Our fate is -really in the hands of the three great Powers――Science, Finance and the -Press. Underneath the showy political surface of things, those three -great Powers are secretly determining the march of the nations; and -there is little hope for the future unless they can mellow and develop -on international lines. In each of these departments of life there -must be men who feel this, as strongly as the writer of these words. -The world’s hope lies with them; in the possibility of their being -able to institute a sort of craftsman’s trusteeship for mankind――a -new triple alliance, of Science, Finance and the Press, in service -to a new idealism. Nations, in block, will never join hands, never -have much in common, never be able to see each others’ points of view. -The outstanding craftsmen of the nations have a far better chance of -seeing eye to eye; they have the common ground of their craft, and a -livelier vision. What divides them at present is a too narrow sense -of patriotism, and――to speak crudely――money. Inventors must exist; -financiers live; and papers pay. And, here, Irony smiles. Though -Science, Finance and the Press at present seem to doubt it, there is, -still, more money to be made out of the salvation of mankind than out -of its destruction; a better and a more enduring livelihood for these -three Estates. And yet without the free exchange of international -thought, we may be fairly certain that the present purely national -basis of their livelihoods will persist, and if it does the human race -will not, or at least so meagrely that it will be true to say of it, as -of Anatole France’s old woman: ‘It lives but so little!’ - - - Printed by W. Heffer & Sons Ltd., Cambridge, England. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes: - - ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). - - ――Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved. - - ――Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL THOUGHT *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: International Thought</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Galsworthy</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 19, 2021 [eBook #66973]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL THOUGHT ***</div> - - -<div class="figcenter" id="cover"> - <img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover" title="cover" /> -</div> - - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<h1>INTERNATIONAL<br /> -THOUGHT</h1> - -<p class="p2 noic">BY</p> - -<p class="noi author">JOHN GALSWORTHY</p> - - -<p class="p6 noic">CAMBRIDGE<br /> -<span class="noi adauthor">W. HEFFER & SONS LTD.</span><br /> -1923</p> - - -<p class="p2 noic"><i>All profit from the sale of this pamphlet will be given to -the League of Nations Union</i>.—J.G.</p> - -<p class="p6 noi"><i>PRICE SIXPENCE NET.</i></p> - - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THOUGHT">INTERNATIONAL THOUGHT.</h2> -</div> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="noi works">“The exchange of international thought is the only -possible salvation of the world.”</p> -</div> - -<p>To those who, until 1914, believed in civil behaviour between -man and man, the war and its ensuing peace brought disenchantment. -Preoccupied with the humaner pursuits, -and generally unfamiliar with the real struggle for existence, -they were caught napping. The rest of mankind have -experienced no particular astonishment—the doing-down -of man by man was part of daily life, and when it was done -collectively they felt no spiritual change. It was dreadful -but—in a word—natural. This may not be a popular view -of human life in the mass, but it is true. Average life is a -long fight; this man’s success is that man’s failure; co-operation -and justice are only the palliatives of a basic, -and ruthless, competition. The disenchantment of the -few would not have mattered so much but for the fact -that they were the nerves and voice of the community. -Their histories, poems, novels, plays, pictures, treatises, -sermons, were the expression of what we call civilisation. -And disenchanted philosophers, though by so much the -nearer to the truths of existence, are by that much, perhaps, -the less useful to human nature. We need scant reminder -of a truth always with us, we need rather perpetual assertion -that the truth might with advantage be, and may possibly -with effort become, not quite so unpleasant. Though we -ought to look things in the face, a fine afflatus is the essence -of ethical philosophy.</p> - -<p>It is a pity, then, that philosophy is, or has been, draggle-tailing—art -avoiding life, taking to contraptions of form -and colour signifying nothing; literature driven in on itself, -or running riot; science more hopeful of perfecting poison<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span> -gas than of abating coal-smoke or curing cancer; that -religion should incline to tuck its head under the wing of -spiritualism; that there should be, in fact, a kind of tacit -abandonment of the belief in life. Sport, which still keeps -a flag of idealism flying, is perhaps the most saving grace -in the world at the moment, with its spirit of rules kept, -and regard for the adversary, whether the fight is going -for or against. When, if ever, the fair-play spirit of sport -reigns over international affairs, the cat force which rules -there now will slink away and human life emerge for the -first time from jungle.</p> - -<p>Looking the world in the face, we see what may be called -a precious mess. Under a thin veneer—sometimes no -veneer—of regard for civilisation, each country, great and -small, is pursuing its own ends, struggling to rebuild its own -house in the burnt village. The dread of confusion-worse-confounded, -of death recrowned, and pestilence revivified, -alone keeps the nations to the compromise of peace. What -chance has a better spirit?</p> - -<p>“The exchange of international thought is the only -possible salvation of the world,” are the words of Thomas -Hardy, and so true that it may be well to cast an eye over -such mediums as we have for the exchange of international -thought. “The Permanent Court of International Justice”; -“The League of Nations”; “The Pan-American Congress”; -certain sectional associations of this nation with that -nation, tarred somewhat with the brush of self-interest; -sporadic international conferences concerned with sectional -interests; and the recently founded P.E.N. Club, an international -association of writers with friendly aims, but no -political intentions. These are about all, and they are -taken none too seriously by the peoples of the earth. The -salvation of a world in which we all live, however, would -seem to have a certain importance. Why, then, is not -more attention paid to the only existing means of salvation? -The argument for neglect is much as follows: Force has -always ruled human life—and always will. Competition -is basic. Co-operation and justice succeed, indeed, in -definite communities so far as to minimise the grosser<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span> -forms of crime, but only because general opinion within the -ring fence of a definite community gives them an underlying -force which the individual offender cannot withstand. -There is no such ring-fence round nations, therefore no -general opinion, and no underlying force to ensure the -abstention of individual nations from crime—if, indeed, -transgression of laws which are not fixed can be called -crime.</p> - -<p>This is the average hard-headed view at the moment. -If it is to remain dominant, there is no salvation in store -for the world. “Why not?” replies the hard-head: “It -always has been the view, and the world has gone on?” -Quite true! But the last few years have brought a startling -change in the conditions of existence—a change that has -not yet been fully realised. <em>Destructive science has gone -ahead out of all proportion.</em> It is developing so fast that -each irresponsible assertion of national rights or interests -brings the world appreciably nearer to ruin. Without any -doubt whatever, the powers of destruction are gaining fast -on the powers of creation and construction. In old days a -thirty years’ war was needed to exhaust a nation; it will -soon be (if it is not already) possible to exhaust a nation -in a week by the destruction of its big towns from the air. -The conquest of the air, so jubilantly hailed by the unthinking, -may turn out the most sinister event that ever befell us, -simply because <em>it came before we were fit for it</em>—fit to act -reasonably under the temptation of its fearful possibilities. -The use made of it in the last war showed that; and the -sheep-like refusal of the startled nations to face the new -situation, and unanimously ban chemical warfare and the use -of flying for destructive purposes, shows it still more clearly. -No one denies that the conquest of the air was a great—a -wonderful—achievement; no one denies that it could be a -beneficent achievement if the nations would let it be. -But mankind has not yet, apparently, reached a pitch of -decency sufficient to be trusted with such an inviting and -terribly destructive weapon. We are all familiar with the -argument: Make war dreadful enough, and there will be -no war. And we none of us believe in it. The last war<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span> -disproved it utterly. Competition in armaments has -already begun, among men who think, to mean competition -in the air. Nothing else will count in a few years’ time. -We have made by our science a monster that will devour -us yet, unless by exchanging international thought, we -can create a general opinion against the new powers of -destruction so strong and so unanimous that no nation -will care to face the force which underlies it.</p> - -<p>A well-known advocate of the League of Nations said the -other day: “I do not believe it necessary that the League -should have a definite force at its disposal. It could not -maintain a force that would keep any first-rate power from -breaking the peace. Its strength lies in the use of publicity; -in its being able to voice universal disapproval with all the -latent potentiality of universal action.”</p> - -<p>Certainly, the genuine publication of all military movements -and developments throughout the world, the unfathoming -and broadcasting of destructive inventions and -devices, would bring us nearer to salvation than any -covenant can do. If the world’s chemists and the world’s -engineers would hold annual meetings in a friendly spirit, -for the salvation of mankind! If they could agree together -that to exercise their ingenuity on the perfecting of -destructive agents for the use of governments was a -crime; to take money for it a betrayal of their species! -If we could have such exchange of international thought as -that, then indeed we might hear the rustle of salvation’s -wings. And—after all—why not? The answer to the -question: Is there to be happiness or misery, growth or -ruin for the human species, does not now lie with governments. -Governments are competitive trustees for competitive -sections of mankind. Put destruction in their -hands and they will use it to further the interests of those -for whom they are trustees; just as they will use and even -inspire the spiritual poison gas of pressmen. The real -key to the future is in the hands of those who provide the -means of destruction. Are scientists (chemists, inventors, -engineers) to be Americans, Englishmen, Frenchmen, -Germans, Japanese, Russians, before they are men, in this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span> -matter of the making of destruction? Are they to be more -concerned with the interests of their own countries, or with -the interests of the human species? That has become the -question they have to answer now that they have for the -first time the future of the human race within their grasp. -Modern invention has taken such a vast stride forward that -the incidence of responsibility is changed. It rests on -Science as it never did before; on Science, and on—Finance. -There again the exchange of international thought has become -terrifically important. The financiers of the world, for -instance, in the light of their knowledge, under the pressure of -their difficulties, out of the motive of mutual aid, could -certainly devise some real and lasting economic betterment -of the present ruination, if only they would set to work -steadily, not spasmodically, to exchange international -thought.</p> - -<p>The hard-head’s answer to such suggestions is: “Nonsense! -Inventors, chemists, engineers, financiers, all have -to make their living, and are just as disposed to believe in -their own countries as other men. Their pockets and the -countries who guarantee those pockets, have first call on -them.” Well! That has become the point. If neither -Science nor Finance will agree to think internationally, -there is probably nothing for it but to kennel-up in disenchantment, -and wait for an end which can’t be very long -in coming—not a complete end, of course, say—a general -condition of affairs similar to that in the famine provinces -of Russia.</p> - -<p>It is easy to be pessimistic, and easy to indulge in cheap -optimism; to steer between the two is hard. We still have a -chance of saving and improving such civilisation as we -have; but this chance depends on how far we succeed in -exchanging international thought in the next few years. -To some the word international has a socialistic, even communistic, -significance. But, as here used, it has nothing -whatever to do with economic theories, class divisions, or -political aims. The exchange of international thought -which alone can save us, is the exchange of thought between -<em>craftsmen</em>—between the statesmen of the different countries;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span> -the lawyers of the different countries; the scientists, the -financiers, the writers of the different countries. We have -the mediums of exchange (however inadequately made use -of) for the statesmen and the lawyers; but the scientists -(inventors, chemists, engineers) and the financiers, the two -sets of craftsmen in whose hands the future of the world -chiefly lies, at present lack adequate machinery for the -exchange of international thought, and adequate conception -of the extent to which world responsibility now falls on -them. If they could once realise the supreme nature of -that responsibility, the battle of salvation should be half -won.</p> - -<p>Coming to the exchange of international thought in my -own craft, there seem three ways in which writers, as such, -can help to ease the future of the world. They can be -friendly and hospitable to the writers of other countries—and -for this purpose exists the international P.E.N. Club, -with its many and increasing branches. They can recognise -and maintain the principle that works of the imagination, -indeed all works of art, are the property of mankind at -large, and not merely of the country of their origin; that to -discontinue (for example) during a war with Germany the -reading of German poetry, the listening to German music, -the looking at German pictures, was a harmful absurdity -which should never be repeated. Any real work of art, -however individual and racial in root and fibre, is impersonal -and universal in its appeal. Art is one of the great natural -links (perhaps the only great natural link) between the -various breeds of men, and to scotch its gentling influence -in time of war is to confess ourselves still apes and tigers. -Only writers can spread this creed, only writers can keep -the door open for art during national feuds; and it is their -plain duty to do this service to mankind.</p> - -<p>The third and greatest way in which the writer can ease -the future is simply stated in the words: Fair Play. The -power of the Press is a good third to the powers of Science -and Finance. If the Press, as a whole, never diverged -from fair report; if it refused to give unmeasured service -to party or patriotic passion; if it played the game as Sport<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span> -plays it—what a clearance of the air! At present, with, of -course, many and distinguished exceptions, the Press in -every country plays the game according to rules of its own -which have too little acquaintance with those of sport.</p> - -<p>The Press is manned by a great crew of writers, the vast -majority of whom have in private life a higher standard of -fair play than that followed by the Press ship they man. -They would, I believe, be the first to confess that. Improvement -in Press standards of international and political fair -play can only come from the individual writers who make up -the Press. And such reform will not come until editors and -journalists acquire the habit of exchanging thought internationally, -of broadening their minds and hearts with other -points of view, of recognising that they must treat as they -would themselves be treated. Only, in short, when they do -as they would, most of them, individually choose to do, will -a sort of word-miasma cease to breed international agues and -fever. We do not commonly hold, in private life, that ends -justify means. Why should they be held to justify means in -Press life—why should report so often be accepted without -due examination when it is favourable to one’s views; -rejected without due examination when it is unfavourable; -why should the other side’s view so often be burked; and so -on, and so on? The Press has great power and professes -high ideals; it has much virtue; it does great service; but -it does greater harm when, for whatever reason, it diverges -from truth, or from the principles of fair play.</p> - -<p>To sum up, Governments and Peoples are no longer in -charge. Our fate is really in the hands of the three great -Powers—Science, Finance and the Press. Underneath the -showy political surface of things, those three great Powers are -secretly determining the march of the nations; and there is -little hope for the future unless they can mellow and develop -on international lines. In each of these departments of life -there must be men who feel this, as strongly as the writer of -these words. The world’s hope lies with them; in the -possibility of their being able to institute a sort of craftsman’s -trusteeship for mankind—a new triple alliance, of Science, -Finance and the Press, in service to a new idealism.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> -Nations, in block, will never join hands, never have much -in common, never be able to see each others’ points of view. -The outstanding craftsmen of the nations have a far better -chance of seeing eye to eye; they have the common ground -of their craft, and a livelier vision. What divides them at -present is a too narrow sense of patriotism, and—to speak -crudely—money. Inventors must exist; financiers live; -and papers pay. And, here, Irony smiles. Though Science, -Finance and the Press at present seem to doubt it, there -is, still, more money to be made out of the salvation of -mankind than out of its destruction; a better and a more -enduring livelihood for these three Estates. And yet without -the free exchange of international thought, we may be -fairly certain that the present purely national basis of their -livelihoods will persist, and if it does the human race will -not, or at least so meagrely that it will be true to say of it, -as of Anatole France’s old woman: ‘It lives but so little!’</p> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="noi works">Printed by W. Heffer & Sons Ltd., Cambridge, England.</p> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="tnote"> -<p class="noi tntitle">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> - -<p class="smfont">Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.</p> - -<p class="smfont">Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved.</p> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL THOUGHT ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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