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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/6693.txt b/6693.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c17910 --- /dev/null +++ b/6693.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1819 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of People of Africa, by Edith A. How + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: People of Africa + +Author: Edith A. How + +Release Date: October, 2004 [EBook #6693] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on January 14, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, PEOPLE OF AFRICA *** + + + + +Produced by John Walker. + + + +Line #1. . .Text begins on Line #228 + Production notes at line #16 + Explanation of typographical conventions at line #34 + +This electronic edition of Edith A. How's _People of Africa_ was +produced by John Walker in January 2003. It follows the 1921 edition +(the only one of which I am aware) published in London by the Society +for Promoting Christian Knowledge and in New York by the Macmillan +Company. I have corrected two typographical errors in the original +text: "sandstorm" was misspelled as "standstorm" on page 21 (section 1 +of chapter III), and "bought" appeared where "brought" was intended on +page 33 (paragraph 3 of section 2 of chapter IV). + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + + PEOPLE OF AFRICA + Etext Production Notes + +This public domain Etext edition of Edith A. How's People of Africa +was prepared by: + + John Walker + http://www.fourmilab.ch/ + +If you discover any errors in this Etext, please report them to me by +E-mail. If you're reporting a discrepancy between the Etext and a +modern edition, please include a complete citation of your source. +Upon close examination, most editions contain minor errors and +discrepancies which I've tried to correct in this Etext. These Etexts +are part of the intellectual heritage we share as humans--please help +to make them _perfectly embody_ the authors' legacies to the thousands +of generations and billions of readers whose lives they will enrich. + + Beautifully Typeset Etexts + -------------------------- + +Free Plain Vanilla Etexts don't have to be austere and typographically +uninviting. 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This may be multiple lines. + + 13. Chapters are delimited by a three line sequence of centred + lines: + <Chapter number> + -------------------- + <Chapter name> + The line of minus signs must be centred and contain three or + more minus signs and no other characters apart from white + space. Chapter "numbers" need not be numeric--they can be any + text. + + 14. Dashes in the text are indicated in the normal typewritten + text convention of "--". No hyphenation of words at the end + of lines is done. + + 15. Ellipses are indicated by "..."; sentence-ending ellipses by + "....". + + 16. Greek letters and mathematical symbols are enclosed in the + brackets "\(" and "\)" and are expressed as their character or + symbol names in the LaTeX typesetting language. For example, + write the Greek word for "word" as: + + \( \lambda \acute{o} \gamma o \varsigma \) + + and the formula for the roots of a quadratic equation as: + + \( x_{1,2} = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a} \) + + I acknowledge that this provision is controversial. It is as + distasteful to me as I suspect it is to you. In its defence, + let me treat the Greek letter and math formula cases + separately. Using LaTeX encoding for Greek letters is purely + a stopgap until Unicode comes into common use on enough + computers so that we can use it for Etexts which contain + characters not in the ASCII or ISO 8859/1 sets (which are the + 7- and 8-bit subsets of Unicode, respectively). If an author + uses a Greek word in the text, we have two ways to proceed in + attempting to meet the condition: + + The etext, when displayed, is clearly readable, and + does *not* contain characters other than those + intended by the author of the work, although.... + + The first approach is to transliterate into Roman characters + according to a standard table such as that given in _The + Chicago Manual of Style_. This preserves readability and + doesn't require funny encoding, but in a sense violates the + author's "original intent"--the author could have + transliterated the word in the first place but chose not to. + By transliterating we're reversing the author's decision. The + second approach, encoding in LaTeX or some other markup + language, preserves the distinction that the author wrote the + word in Greek and maintains readability since letters are + called out by their English language names, for the most part. + Of course LaTeX helps us only for Greek (and a few characters + from other languages). If you're faced with Cyrillic, Arabic, + Chinese, Japanese, or other languages written in non-Roman + letters, the only option (absent Unicode) is to transliterate. + + I suggest that encoding mathematical formulas as LaTeX + achieves the goal of "readable by humans" on the strength of + LaTeX encoding being widely used in the physics and + mathematics communities when writing formulas in E-mail and + other ASCII media. Just as one is free to to transliterate + Greek in an Etext, one can use ASCII artwork formulas like: + + --------- + + / 2 + -b - \/ b - 4ac + x = ------------------ + 1,2 2a + + This is probably a better choice for occasional formulas + simple enough to write out this way. But to produce Etexts of + historic scientific publications such as Einstein's "Zur + Elektrodynamik bewegter K”rper" (the special relativity paper + published in _Annalen der Physik_ in 1905), trying to render + dozens of complicated equations in ASCII is not only extremely + tedious but in all likelihood counter-productive; ambiguities + in trying to express complex equations would make it difficult + for a reader to determine precisely what Einstein wrote unless + conventions just as complicated (and harder to learn) as those + of LaTeX were adopted for ASCII expression of mathematics. + Finally, the choice of LaTeX encoding is made not only based + on its existing widespread use but because the underlying + software that defines it (TeX and LaTeX) are entirely in the + public domain, available in source code form, implemented on + most commonly-available computers, and frozen by their authors + so that, unlike many commercial products, the syntax is + unlikely to change in the future and obsolete current texts. + + 17. Other punctuation in the text consists only of the characters: + + . , : ; ? ! ` ' ( ) { } " + = - / * @ # $ % & ~ ^ | < > + + In other words, the characters: + + _ [ ] \ + + are never used except in the special senses defined above. + + 18. Quote marks may be rendered explicitly as open and close quote + marks with the sequences `single quotes' or ``double quotes''. + As long as quotes are balanced within a paragraph, the ASCII + quote character `"' may be used. Alternating occurrences of + this character will be typeset as open and close quote + characters. The open/close quote state is reset at the start + of each paragraph, limiting the scope of errors to a single + paragraph and permitting ``continuation quotes'' when multiple + paragraphs are quoted. + +A program to translate Etexts prepared in this format into: + + LaTeX (and thence to PostScript or PDF, if you wish) + HTML for posting on the Web + or Palm Reader format for handhelds + +may be downloaded from: + + http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/etset/ + +The program is in the public domain and includes complete source code. + +<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> + + PEOPLE OF AFRICA + ===================================== + by Edith A. How, B.A. + + Universities' Mission to Central Africa + + With Six Coloured Illustrations + + LONDON + Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge + + New York: The Macmillan Co. + + 1921 + + --------------- + PREFACE + +It is hoped that this book and its companion volume dealing with +non-African peoples will be the beginning of a series of simple, +readable accounts for Africans of some of the various objects of +general interest in the world of to-day. There are many such works +published for the use of English and American children. But the +native African has a totally different experience of life, and much +that is taken for granted by a child of a Northern civilized land +needs explanation to one used to tropical uncivilized surroundings. +Again, the African knows the essential operations of everyday life in +their simplest form, whereas the European knows them disguised by an +elaborate industrial system. All this makes books written for English +children almost unintelligible to a member of a primitive race. +These two volumes are far from perfect, but it has been difficult to +know always how to select wisely from the mass of material at hand. +They will have served, however, a useful purpose if they form a basis +for adaptations into the various African vernaculars, and afford an +inspiration for other works of a similar nature. Thanks are due to +Miss K. Nixon Smith, of the Universities Mission to Central Africa, +for her kindness in criticizing the MSS. from her long experience of +the African outlook. + + EDITH A. HOW +_June_, 1920. + + I + ----------- + INTRODUCTION + +In this book we are going to read about some of the other people who +live in our own great country--Africa. Africa is very, very large, so +big that no one would be able to go to all the places in it. But +different people have been to different parts, and have told what they +saw where they went. Wherever our home in Africa may be, if we walked +towards the sunrise--that is, towards the east--day after day, at last +we should reach the great salt sea. Again, if we walked towards the +sunset in the west, we should at last get to the sea. To the north, +again, is the sea, and to the south, the sea. Whichever way we +walked, at last, after many months, we should be stopped by the sea. +But on our journey we should have met many different kinds of people, +and have seen many different customs. In some places there would be +rivers, in some mountains, in some deserts, with no trees or grass to +be seen. In these, people must make their homes in many ways, and +have many kinds of food and clothes. Because we live in Africa, we +want to know about Africa and the people in it. They are men and +women and children like ourselves, though the colour of their skins +may be lighter or darker than ours, and their languages quite +different. But they, too, build houses and eat food and wear some +kind of dress, and it is interesting to know about their customs. So +in this book we shall read about some of them and of how they live; +and, to help us to understand, we shall find with each part a picture +of the people we are reading about. All the time we must remember +that we could get to see them for ourselves if we were strong enough +to walk so far, because they are all our own brothers and sisters in +Africa. + +Long ago most African peoples were shut off from the other people of +the world by the sea and the great sandy desert. Only the people of +Egypt could meet and learn from the people of Europe and Asia. So +while the Egyptians grew wise and clever, all the other Africans, +south of the desert, knew nothing except what they had learnt by +themselves. Then Arabs began to cross the desert to get gold and +slaves from the dark-skinned Africans. These Arabs taught them a +little. But, later still, Europeans began to come in great ships over +the sea. These came at first like the Arabs to trade, and afterwards +began to plant great fields of cotton and tobacco, which will not grow +in their own lands. But they found the dark-skinned Africans were +still ignorant, and afraid of people of other races. They were always +fighting among themselves, and no one could settle among them until +there was peace and safety. At last the European nations made +agreements with the chiefs, so that now in nearly every part of Africa +there is a European governor to prevent wars and fighting. Thus in +North Africa the governors are sent by France, in the Congo lands by +Belgium, in East Africa by England, in some other parts by Portugal. +These are different European nations who send men to keep peace, and +to make it possible to carry on trade. Of course, the coming of the +Europeans has made great changes in the lives of the Africans. In the +old times all the men were busy fighting, and often whole villages of +people were killed or made slaves. Now there is no fighting, but +there is more need to work than before. There are more people, and +less land for each family. Europeans want workmen to help on their +great fields. The Africans want many things now, which they did not +know about before, and they must have money to buy them. So work for +money has taken the place of fighting. Again, in some ways the +Europeans, enforcing peace and making many quick ways of travel, such +as good roads and bridges, have helped to weaken the power of the +chiefs. Nobody likes changes to come, and the old people are always +sorry when their children begin new customs; but on the whole it is +good for Africans that other nations came to their country, because +they have brought peace in the place of war, and safety and freedom +instead of the old fear of death or slavery. + + II + ----------- + EGYPT + + 1. The Country and its River + +Egypt is a country in the north of Africa. It has sea to the north +and sea to the east. On the north it is called the Mediterranean Sea, +and on the east the Red Sea. On the west is the great sandy desert +called the Sahara, and to the south are great forests and mountains. +Egypt itself is the land of the great River Nile. There is very +seldom any rain there, and everyone has to get water from the great +river. So all the people live near the Nile or the canals which lead +out of it. A "canal" is a waterway, the channel of which has been dug +by men. The big towns are where the river flows out into the sea, or +where a canal meets the main stream, because the people bring their +merchandise to market in boats. All over the land are little +villages, where many people live and work in the fields to grow food. +Year by year when there is heavy rain in the mountains far away south, +the River Nile rises and floods the fields. Then the people plant +their seed quickly and get a good harvest. It is not difficult to +understand why the Egyptians love their great river, which gives them +water for their fields and carries them in their boats from place to +place. + + 2. Its Past History + +Egypt is the only part of Africa that could be reached easily by +people in Europe and Asia, because in Egypt is the only place where +men could walk from Asia and Europe into Africa. Even if they did not +want to walk, the sea was not too wide to cross in small boats. In +the Bible we read how Abraham, who lived in Asia, walked to Egypt, and +later how Moses led the Children of Israel back to Asia. Since that +time Europeans have cut a waterway for ships through this narrow neck +of land, which is called the Suez Canal. So now people can no longer +walk from Asia to Africa, but in the old days the Egyptians grew wiser +than others in Africa, because they were more able to meet men from +other lands in Asia and Europe, and to learn something from them all. +So hundreds and hundreds of years ago there were people living in this +country of the Nile who were wise and great. They built large cities +and temples and houses. They knew how to write, and covered the walls +of their houses with writing. Their letters were not like ours, but +were pictures of the things they were writing about. They also built +huge stone tombs for their kings to be buried in, and these were +called "pyramids." The kings of Egypt were called "Pharaohs." When the +old Egyptians wrote books, instead of paper they used the dried leaves +of a reed called "papyrus," which grows in the Nile. Several leaves +were fastened together to make a book. These old writings on reeds +and on the walls have been found after lying buried in the sand, which +has covered so much of old Egypt. The hot sand has kept them dry, and +prevented them being destroyed during hundreds of years. By reading +these writings we are able to find out how these people lived so long +ago. They had also a wonderful way of taking the waters of the Nile +in ditches over the whole land. There is hardly any rain in Egypt, +and this Nile water prevented the country becoming so sandy and dry. +In those days Egypt was well-known for its wonderful harvests and +stores of food. + +But though these people were wise in many ways, yet they were proud +and cruel to their enemies. In the Bible we read how they treated the +Children of Israel in the time of Moses. Perhaps this was because +they did not know God our Father, but worshipped many gods, whose +pictures and images were like animals. Many of the great temples they +built for these gods are still standing, and when we see pictures of +them, we wonder at the skill of these people who lived so long ago. +Egypt was one of the first great countries to become Christian, and +many of the old heathen temples were turned into churches. But at +last the Arabs, who were Mohammedans, conquered Egypt, and forced most +of the people to become Mohammedans too. But some remained faithful +in spite of all, and these to-day are called "Copts," from the old +name for Egypt. For hundreds of years these Copts have lived in a +country ruled by Moslem Arabs, or Turks, who hated their religion, but +they have been true to Christ through all. + +There are people of all lands living in the towns of Egypt in these +days, for there is a great deal of business to be done in them. But +the people who work in the fields are the children of the old +Egyptians, though they have forgotten their old wisdom and are now +very ignorant. + + 3. The People of Egypt + +The Egyptians are a race different both from the dark-skinned people +of Africa and from Europeans. They have olive skins, very dark, +almond-shaped eyes, and dark, straight hair. Most of the men shave +their heads, and wear a turban or tarboosh as a covering. The women +fasten a veil below their eyes, which falls over the lower part of +their face. Both the men and the women wear several loose garments, +which cover the whole body from the neck to the feet. All except the +very poor wear shoes. + +In the towns there are a great many people, some very rich and others +very poor. Often a city looks very beautiful, because the houses are +built of white or light-coloured stone or brick. But they are close +together, and the streets are very narrow and dirty, and so the poor +people are often ill. The houses are built in "storeys," one room on +the top of another, with steps leading to the upper rooms. Often +there is a courtyard in the middle of the house, so that all the rooms +can have windows and light. One part of the house is separated from +the rest for the women to use. This is called the "hareem," and no +man, except the master of the house, is allowed to go into it. All +rich Mohammedans have a separate part of their house for the women. A +poor woman in all countries has plenty of work to do, but a rich lady +in Egypt has many servants, or slaves, to do the work, and, as she is +kept shut up in the "hareem" from the time she is ten or eleven years +old, she can learn very little, except how to do beautiful needlework. +She cannot help her husband and her sons to be wise and good, because +she does not know enough about life and work outside the "hareem." So +the Egyptian ladies have little to do and little to think about all +the day while their husbands are away, and they are often very dull. +But the town-people love their children very much, and Egyptian +children are taught always to love, honour, and obey their father and +mother. An Egyptian man may have four wives, but generally he has +only one. + +Until a few years ago, all Egyptians who had enough money used to buy +slaves to do their work. Slaves could be bought or sold, or married +or given away, as if they were things instead of people. Masters +could illtreat or even kill their slaves and not be punished, because +it was only as if they had broken their water-jar in a temper, and +that was no one else's business. Often slaves were happy if they had +good masters, but it is a bad custom to take away a person's freedom +and treat him as if he had no soul. During the last few years many +Europeans have been helping the Egyptians to improve their country, +and one of the changes has been to do away gradually with slavery. No +one is now allowed to buy a slave, and anyone born in slavery can +become free if he wishes to do so. Instead of slaves, people now have +servants who receive wages for their work. These are free to leave +their master if he does not treat them well. Although slavery is +dying out of Egypt, there are other parts of North Africa where the +old bad customs still exist, though the great European nations try to +prevent the public markets for slaves being held. People are happiest +in countries where there are no slaves and everyone is free to do the +work for which he is best fitted. + +In Egyptian households where there is more than one wife there is +often quarrelling. The wives of one man all live in one "hareem," and +cannot help being jealous if they see their husband likes one better +than another. Then there is quarrelling and ill-will among them. As +the children grow up there is a further cause for jealousy, because +the mothers of boys are more important than those who have only +girl-children. Children cannot respect their mothers if they often +see them quarrelling and jealous. Again, there is always a +possibility that a husband may divorce his wife. He is not likely to +do so if she has a boy-baby, but until she has, her position as a wife +is not very secure. These bad marriage customs lead to much +unhappiness, and prevent the women of Egypt from doing so much good as +the women of some other lands are able to do. We must not, of course, +think that all Egyptian homes are unhappy; probably many poor women +are quite glad when their husband brings another wife to help with the +work. But where servants do the work, there are only the pleasures of +the home to be shared, and then jealousy will be likely to come. + + 4. The Big Towns + +If we went for a walk in the narrow streets of an Egyptian city or big +town, we should see on either side open shops, each with its owner +ready to sell his goods. Many of the people of the towns have shops +or trades. They sell jewellery, furniture, cloth, and everything that +is wanted in the house for cooking. In the streets there are some men +carrying drinking-water for sale, because it is hot walking about and +people get thirsty. Others will be selling sweet-stuff made of sugar, +which everyone likes. Others wait about ready to write letters for +people who cannot write for themselves, and there are always many +beggars. Great steamers from other countries--England, France, India, +Japan--bring merchandise to Alexandria and Port Said, the seaports of +Egypt, and so people from these countries have shops and offices in +those towns. Then the goods are taken by boats or trains to the +capital, Cairo, where the Sultan lives, and to other large towns. In +all these towns there are hundreds of people, so that a man can only +know those who live near him or work with him. Most of them are +unknown to one another and are like strangers, although they all live +in one town and can all speak Arabic. + + 5. Life in the Villages + +The country-people of Egypt are very poor, and have to work very hard +all the year round in their fields. Their houses are built of bricks +dried in the sun, plastered together with mud, and the roof is made of +plaited palm leaf. Inside there is only one room, which has a big +oven made of mud with a flat top on which the father and mother sleep. +The work in the fields is very hard, as the ground has to be made +fertile by digging canals and ditches all over it to bring the water +from the Nile, because, you remember, there is no rain in Egypt. When +the Nile begins to fall, the water has to be raised in baskets +fastened to a wheel or pole, and thrown on the ground. In order to +get enough money, the people plant another kind of seed as soon as one +harvest is gathered; first, perhaps, planting wheat, then millet, or +cotton, then maize. So the country-people in Egypt are always working +hard from sunrise to sunset all the year in their fields, and their +little children have to learn to mind sheep, goats, or cattle, and to +help in other ways as soon as they can walk alone. + +Other men work on the Nile, carrying people or goods up and down the +river in boats from place to place. This, again, is hard work, but +the boatmen seem very happy and often sing as they pass along. People +in the country villages are ignorant, and very few can read or write. +Sometimes when the harvest has been bad and food is dear and scarce, +the people get deeply into debt. There is a great deal of illness and +disease, but there are very few doctors and nurses to help people to +get well. So the life of an Egyptian peasant is a hard one--a great +deal of work and very little time to rest, or play, or learn. But +everyone has something to make him happy, and, unless there is famine +or pestilence, these people have their wives and children and home, +just as people have in England and other countries. The only person +who need be unhappy is the one who has no one to love. + +So we have learnt a little about that part of Africa called Egypt--the +land of the Nile--and about the people who live in it. We must +remember that all the other people who live on the North Coast of +Africa, in Tunis, Algeria, and Morocco, are something like the +Egyptians, also speaking Arabic, and different from the dark-skinned +people who live farther south where it is very hot. + + III + ----------- + THE SAHARA, THE GREAT SANDY DESERT + + 1. What the Desert is Like + +In the last chapter we were reading about Egypt, and we said that on +the West of Egypt lay the Great Desert. Now a desert is a place where +for some reason no food will grow. In some deserts the soil is too +bad; in some the ground is covered with salt; in others, like the +Sahara, there are no rivers. In some places in the Sahara there is +water coming up through a crack in the rocks. This water is called a +"spring," and wherever one is found, trees and grass and food will +grow. Such a place is called an "oasis." In the big oases there are +villages and towns. But the sun is so hot that before the water from +the spring has flowed very far it is dried up, and beyond that nothing +will grow. So when we think of the Sahara we have to try and picture +to ourselves a very big country, full of hills and valleys, but with +no rivers or lakes. It is a journey of many months to cross the +Sahara, and day after day there is nothing to see but sand--sand, not +flat, but in ridges of hills like great waves of the sea. When people +are travelling across this desert, they get very tired of looking at +nothing but sand all day. Then, at last, as the sun sets, they reach +an oasis where there is water and bananas and date-trees, and perhaps +houses and people. Sometimes great winds blow in the desert and bring +a sandstorm. Then the sand beats hard against everything. If +travellers meet a sandstorm, they have to throw themselves face +downwards on the ground to keep the sand out of their eyes and mouth. +Very often people who live in the desert have bad eyes, and many are +blind because of the sandstorms. + + 2. How the Desert Came + +Long, long ago, the Sahara was not quite so dry as it is now. There +were rivers then, which have dried up since. When there was water, +food would grow, and people could keep sheep and cattle. In those +days there were several large cities there. But when the water began +to dry up, the ground became sandy and nothing would grow. Then, +whenever the wind blew, the sand was carried along and began to cover +up the houses and temples. The people had moved away because their +food would not grow, and soon the sand completely covered the old +cities. For a long time they were buried, until some Europeans went +to see what they could find out about the people who lived there long +ago. Then they dug and dug in the sand, and found the old houses and +temples. But digging in the desert is very hard work, because it is +very hot, and there is very little water and food. Often, too, a +great wind arises and brings a sandstorm. Then the sand drifts back +again to the places already cleared. + + 3. The Desert Peoples (_a_) Berbers + +It is surprising to find that there are a great many people living in +this desert region of North Africa. There are three kinds of people +there. Firstly, there are the Berbers, who live always in a little +town or village on a big oasis, and grow their own food. Secondly, +there are the Bedouin, who live in large wandering tribes. These keep +sheep and goats and camels, and stay on a small oasis until their +herds have eaten all the grass on it, and then move on to another +place. Thirdly, there are the Arab traders, whose business is to go +south of the desert to get ivory and gold, and to take these back to +Egypt and to the great cities north of the desert to sell. All these +people speak Arabic and are Mohammedans. + +The Berbers who live in the towns on the great oasis, where there is a +large spring of water, are a different race from the Arabs, the +Egyptians, or the dark-skinned people of farther south. They are much +darker-skinned than the Egyptians and the Bedouin. In the past many +different races of South Europe, as well as the Arabs, have conquered +them and intermarried with them, but they still remain a distinct +race, though their customs are like those of other Moslems. They make +their houses of bricks dried in the sun, and build them so close +together that people can step from one roof to another across the +street. The roofs are flat, so that they can sit or sleep on them at +night when it is very hot inside the house. All round the outside of +the towns are brick walls with gates that are shut at night for fear +of robbers. + +These people live very much like the town-people in Egypt, only they +are much poorer. They can buy things from the traders in the caravans +which stop at their village for the night, but as they cannot grow or +make many things to give in exchange, most people have to be content +with the earthenware cooking-pots and the cloth they can make +themselves. The women draw water and prepare the food and look after +the children. Then they weave flax and wool into cloth. Their dress +is something like that of the poor Egyptians. The children have to +herd the sheep and goats, which at night sleep in the house with their +owners. The men hoe the gardens and grow the millet and barley for +food, and the flax for cloth. The chief food of these people is bread +made of millet-flour kneaded with milk and baked in a hole in the +ground. The flour is ground between two stones placed one on the top +of the other, the upper one having one or two handles by which it can +be moved round. The people in these small, crowded towns in the +middle of the desert must live very narrow lives, and they do not know +much about anything outside their own village. Journeys in the desert +are very dangerous because of sandstorms and the difficulty of finding +the way where there are no roads, and more especially because of +robbers. So people never go on journeys unless they can join a big +company with plenty of men ready to fight if the robbers attack them. + + 4. The Desert Peoples (_b_) Bedouin + +The second kind of people who have their home in the desert are the +Bedouin. These are Arabs who once lived in another desert in Arabia, +but long, long ago many of them came to live in the Sahara. The +Bedouin live in tents made of poles with dark cloth of goats' hair or +camels' hair spread across them for walls and roof. They travel in +large tribes, and put up their tents on a small oasis where there is +no town. These people still live as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob lived +long ago, before the Israelites built their towns. On the oasis their +camels, horses, sheep, and goats can find water to drink and grass to +eat. When all the food has been eaten they pack up the tents and +everything they have and put it on the backs of the animals. Then the +men and women and children all mount camels and horses and donkeys, +and the whole tribe moves to another oasis. These people drink +camels' milk and eat the dates and bananas and other fruit they find +where they pitch their tents. They also bring these fruits to the +Berber towns, and exchange them for flour to make bread and for coffee +to drink. Coffee is a berry which is first roasted, then, when water +is boiled and poured on to it, it makes a strong, brown liquid which +Arabs and Europeans like to drink. The women weave camels' hair into +clothes and blankets, and goats' hair into tent-covers. The Bedouin +men are always ready to fight with their guns and lances; sometimes +they are robbers, but most of them travel from place to place, only +fighting if others attack them. There is always a chief in each tribe +of Bedouin, and in each village of the Berbers, but away in the desert +there are many bands of robbers who will not obey any law, and +everyone has to fight for himself against these people. The Bedouin +love their animals, especially their camels and their horses. It is +quite natural that they should do so, because often a man would die in +the desert if his horse or camel would not work well and carry him +faithfully until they reached water. Sometimes when the people lose +their way in the pathless sand, the horses and camels can find it. + + 5. The Desert Peoples (_c_) Traders + +The third kind of people who are found in the Sahara are the traders. +These, like the Bedouin, are Arabs, but often their homes are in some +town, either on the edge of the desert or in Egypt. They travel from +the great North African towns and from Egypt, across the desert to the +rich countries south of it, where the dark-skinned people live. +There, south of the Sahara, they buy ivory and dyed goat-skins and +other things in exchange for cloth and beads, and return with their +merchandise to the northern towns again. Many years ago they used to +capture slaves, but they cannot often do so now, because the Christian +Europeans try to stop trading in slaves. The journeys of the traders +take many months, because often they have to go by a long road in +order to find water. So they travel from oasis to oasis seeking shade +and water. Sometimes they have to ride three or four days to reach +the next drinking-place. Then they have to carry water for themselves +in goat-skins. The camels can live for a few days without water, +though they get very weak. For this reason, everyone who makes long +journeys in the Sahara has to ride on a camel. A horse can travel +more quickly, but he, like a man, must have water every day. So the +camel is sometimes called the "Ship of the Desert," because he, best +of all, can carry men across the waterless sand. When traders travel +across the desert with their merchandise, they are very much afraid of +the desert robbers, who steal what they can from travellers. So they +journey in large companies called "caravans," with a paid guide to +show them the best and the quickest way from oasis to oasis, and with +many men armed with guns and spears paid to ride along by the side of +the camels carrying the merchandise, and to fight if robbers come to +steal. These Sahara robbers are very bad people, who fight, and steal +all they can get, and always kill everyone they can. So everyone who +crosses the Sahara has to be ready to fight for his life as well as +his property. The desert is so vast, and has so many hills and +hiding-places, that it is easy for the robbers to get away after they +have robbed a caravan. Then, as silence once more falls on the place +of the struggle, the cries of the jackals and hyenas and vultures are +heard, as they come from miles away drawn by the smell of blood. +Swiftly they gather to feed on the bodies of the slain, and soon the +wind blows the sand smooth and clean, where a few hours before it was +trampled and stained with blood. Perhaps only a few whitened bones +remain to show what has happened. + + 6. The North of Africa + +So we have learned something about the people who live in the North of +Africa. In Egypt, the land of the great River Nile, the people can +grow rich and prosperous. They have time to learn, but, except the +Copts, many of whom are goldsmiths, they seem to have quite forgotten +how to make the beautiful things the old Egyptians made. In the +desert, the Sahara, there is little water, and life is very hard. All +day people must work to get enough for food and clothes. It is a land +without a king and without laws, where each must fight for himself. +Yet these people, on their long journeys through the waterless waste, +have learned to be very brave and fearless and strong. They are +patient, and endure great hardships without grumbling. They love +music, and often sing as they ride over the silent sand. In the +evening they gather round the fire to tell stories of what happened +long ago. The people of North Africa are all Arabs or Egyptians or +Berbers, with olive complexions and smooth, dark hair as a rule. Next +we shall read about the very dark-skinned races who live farther +south, in Central Africa, where the sun is much hotter. + + IV + ----------- + UGANDA, AN AFRICAN KINGDOM + + 1. Central Africa + +In the last chapter we read that the Arab merchants crossed the desert +to buy ivory and goat-skins from the people who lived farther south. +In these next two chapters we shall read about these people south of +the desert. Their land lies in the very middle of Africa, and so is +called Central Africa. It is a beautiful country, with many rivers +and great lakes and mountains. Central and West Africa are also the +very hottest part of this continent. Now when plants have a lot of +water and a lot of sun they grow very quickly, and so Central Africa, +with its hot sun and its great rivers and lakes, is a land of great +forests. In these forests there are lions and leopards, elephants, +and deer; and ivory and skins, as well as gold, have for many years +been sold by the Central Africans to the traders from the desert. On +the eastern side of this country there are more mountains, lakes, and +small rivers; on the western side there are great rivers, all of which +join one very large one called the Congo. In this chapter we shall +read about some of the people who live on the eastern side on the +shores of the largest of all the lakes--the one called Victoria +Nyanza. These people are called the Baganda, and their country is +Uganda. + + 2. The Baganda + +The Baganda are dark-skinned Africans. They all belong to one tribe +and speak one language, but all around them are other Africans +belonging to different tribes and speaking different languages. About +sixty years ago, when the grandfathers of the men who are alive now +were still young, the first Europeans went to Uganda. Until that time +the tribes in Central Africa had spent most of their time fighting one +another, killing many and making others slaves. Some of these slaves +were sold to the Arabs to take away to Zanzibar and across the sea, or +to take across the desert to Egypt. Some tribes were much stronger +than others, and some of these drove everyone else out of the country +they had chosen for themselves and made a kingdom of it. One of these +strong tribes was the Baganda. Others liked to wander from place to +place, but the Baganda chose to settle down on the shores of the great +Lake Victoria Nyanza, and to stay there always. + +When Europeans went to Uganda they found the Baganda had a king to +whom they paid great honour. The king had many officers under him. +Some of these were the chiefs of different parts of the kingdom. +Others had special work to do--one to hear all the lawsuits and to +settle disputes, another to command the army. Others had to work in +the king's household, to wait on his wives and children, or to beat +the big drum to call the people when the king wanted them, or to take +care that no one entered the palace unless the king wished them to do +so. But whatever their work was, all the chiefs and officers and +people honoured and obeyed the king, and, because in this way everyone +was ready to fight or to work for the king and the rest of the nation, +the Baganda were one of the strongest and wisest of all the African +peoples. + +The old dress of these people was a cloth, not sewn, but simply +twisted tight round their body under their arms, and reaching nearly +to the ground. Sometimes it was fastened also by a belt round the +waist. The cloth is made from the bark of certain trees soaked in +water and beaten hard for many days until it is soft and thin and +strong like woven cloth. Their houses were round and built of reeds, +with steep roofs which nearly reached to the ground. The smaller +villages had only a few people in them, everyone in each village +being related to the rest. But the Baganda also had big towns, the +biggest to-day being Mengo, where the king lives. Here there were +people gathered together for the king's work, and many others brought +food and bark-cloth to market to sell. The houses of the king and +the great chiefs were large and beautifully decorated with plaited +reeds. + +The chief food of the Baganda is plantains or bananas, which are +peeled when unripe and wrapped in smoke-dried banana leaves. These +packets are slowly cooked with very little water in earthenware +cooking-pots. When the food is cooked it is pressed and beaten, and +then the leaves are opened out and make a plate. Other things, such +as beans and vegetables and fish, are cooked in the same way, wrapped +in banana leaves and then eaten with the bananas. + +Some of the Baganda fish in the lake, and when they go on journeys it +is often quicker to travel by boat on the lake. Many Africans can +only make boats out of rough tree-trunks with the inside scooped out, +but the Baganda had learnt to build long, narrow boats with high +carved wooden ends. These canoes shot through the water very swiftly, +as twenty or thirty men paddled together in each boat. It is well +they learnt to travel quickly, because the lake is very wide and +distances are great. Often there are sudden, violent storms, which +would overturn a clumsy boat. The carving on the boats and the +beautiful reed-work on the chiefs' houses were different from the work +of other African tribes. When people begin to try to make things +beautiful as well as useful it is a sign that one day they will become +wise and great. + + 3. Europeans Come to Uganda + +In the old days the Baganda, like other African people, thought there +were spirits in all the rivers and lakes and trees and everywhere, +which could help or hurt men. The chief spirit they feared and to +whom they offered sacrifice was the spirit of their lake, Victoria +Nyanza. Their witch-doctors told the people when they thought this +spirit was pleased or angry. These witch-doctors were often bad and +cruel, and really cared more about getting all the power they could +over the king and people than for anything else. Sometimes they said +that people must be killed as a sacrifice to the Spirit of the Lake. + +When Europeans first went to Uganda, a few went to trade, but most +went to teach the Baganda about the Christians' God. Many boys went +to their school near Mengo and were taught. But the witch-doctors +grew frightened and persuaded the king to drive away all the +Europeans, and to kill the Baganda who would not worship the Lake +Spirit because they were Christians. Mutesa the king did this, +killing the Christian Baganda boys very cruelly by burning them to +death, and killing the European, Bishop Hannington, when he came. But +in a few years there were more Christians than before, and now in +Uganda the king and nearly all the chiefs and people are Christians, +as well as many of the tribes living near them to whom the Baganda +have sent teachers. All through the Christian African kingdom there +are schools and hospitals. The Baganda were always strong, and now so +many are Christians they have stopped fighting the other tribes and +killing and making slaves, and instead they spend their time learning +to make useful and beautiful things, which make their homes happier +and more comfortable to live in. They quickly learn all they can from +Europeans and Indians, and to-day, in Mengo and in the other large +towns of Uganda, there are trains and motor-cars and stores, while +steamers on the lake bring European and Indian things quickly from the +coast towns. There are many Europeans and Indians living in Uganda, +and this is a good thing, because when many people of different races +meet, they learn from one another and so grow wiser. + + 4. Europeans help Africans + +In this chapter we have read about one of the wisest tribes of the +dark-skinned African people. The Arabs in the north came to Africa +long ago from their own home in Asia, and the Europeans in the south +came from their home in Europe. Both these races had learnt by +themselves a great deal more than the African race has done. This is +partly because their homes were not so hot, and so they had to think +hard to get enough food and to keep warm. It is partly due, too, to +the way in which for hundreds of years the people of Europe and Asia +have been able to read and write, and have met and learnt from one +another. The Africans never found out how to write, and so could only +learn from each other by listening, never by reading. They were shut +off from the rest of the world until one hundred years ago, and all +they knew they had found out for themselves. But among the Africans +some learnt more than others, and the Baganda are a tribe who used +their minds as well as their bodies in becoming strong. So by +thinking and learning they grew wise as well as powerful, and now +Europeans and Indians have come to their country they are able to +learn all these other races can teach them, which is far more than any +one race could find out alone. + + V + ----------- + THE PEOPLE OF THE CONGO + + 1. Towards the Sunset + +In the last chapter we read about some of the people who lived in the +Eastern lands south of the desert. They were among the wisest of the +dark-skinned African tribes. In this chapter we shall read about some +of the people who live in the Western part of Central Africa. If the +Baganda walked day after day towards the sunset, they would reach the +land of the great River Congo. This is not a narrow strip of land +along one river, like Egypt, but a very large country with many great +rivers, but all of these at last pour their waters into one very large +one, which is called the Congo. Then the Congo takes all the water +from the whole land to the great salt sea. Like Uganda this country +is very hot, and so, because there is so much sun and so much water, +there are great forests. In places where there are no trees the grass +and maize grow much higher than a man's head. In the forests there +are wild beasts--lions, leopards, elephants, and hippopotami--as well +as deer which are good to eat. Many of the people spend most of their +time hunting in the forests for food and skins. + + 2. The Different Tribes + +The people of the Congo are all dark-skinned Africans of the same race +as the Baganda, except two tribes which are quite different. These +other people are called the Pigmies, which means they are very small. +None of the Congo people have made a kingdom of their own like the +Baganda. They belong to different tribes, each with its own customs +and language. Most of them wear a piece of bark-cloth or the skin of +an animal for clothing, but some wear very little, and paint or tattoo +their bodies. Their houses are built of reeds, some tribes covering +the reed-walls with a thick plaster of mud, others leaving them +unplastered. The roofs of some are thatched with the long grass of +the country, others are made of plaited palm-leaf mats. Each tribe +has its own way of making a house, but no one builds very big houses +or large villages. None of the houses last more than three or four +years; but these people do not want their houses to stand for many +years, because they are not like the Baganda who chose a country and +stay there always. The Congo tribes move their villages after a few +years and live somewhere else. So villages are always shifting, and +nothing they make is wanted to last long. Some weave mats and baskets +out of palm-leaves or reeds; others make pottery; others make +iron-headed spears and hoes for their fields, but only a few things +that can easily be carried are wanted to last. When the village +moves, most of the things must be left behind. So, until a tribe +decides to stay always in one place, it does not as a rule learn to +make many useful and beautiful things. + +Again, often men of different tribes build their villages near one +another, but the people of the two villages keep quite separate. Each +has its own chief and follows its own customs. Several villages of +one tribe may all obey a great chief, but no tribe has a chief so +powerful as the king of Uganda. The Congo tribes have not learnt +nearly so much as some other African peoples. The customs of each +tribe depend partly on which district of this large country they live +in. Those who live near the salt sea eat sea-fish, and get salt by +boiling the sea-water in their cooking-pots until the pot is quite +dry, and then the salt is left behind after the water has gone. It +was clever of those people to find out they could get salt that way. +Others, who live near the great rivers, make canoes out of the +tree-trunks with the inside hollowed out. In these they go out and +catch river-fish to eat. Others live in a country good for goats, and +these keep large herds of goats. Some make good earthenware cups and +pots, others carve wooden ones. Some wear ornaments made of shells, +some of beads, some of berries, some of teeth; everyone uses the +things he can get most easily. But each tribe follows its own +customs, and despises those of its neighbours. They are afraid and +jealous of each other, and there is constant fighting between the +various groups of villages. + +Some tribes want to be peaceful, and these plant their food, which is +maize or millet, or some other grain which can be ground into flour, +then made into porridge. Others are hunters or fishermen, and chiefly +eat meat or fish. Some live by fighting other tribes, and capturing +their food and slaves. Some of these are called cannibals, which +means they eat the flesh of human beings. People who do this are +despised by all other races in the world, as they are so ignorant that +they do not know that it is wrong to eat other men. Many of the +people of the Congo are not cannibals, but there is always war and +fighting between the different tribes, and it is dangerous to travel +because so many are always watching to rob and kill strangers. The +lions and other wild beasts are dangerous, but the bands of fighting +men are still more to be feared. Everything is wild and unsafe, and +there is no law outside the village, so each one has to protect +himself. Among the dark-skinned Central African people each village +has a chief who keeps order within it, and often a group of villages +of one tribe has a great chief. There are old laws and customs of +each tribe, and if anyone breaks one of these and injures someone +else, the chief calls him and asks all about it, and punishes the man +who did the wrong. + + 3. The Pigmies + +Now we will think about the other two tribes who live in this country, +but who are of quite a different race from the others. These little +red and black Pigmy peoples do not have villages at all. They are all +hunters, and each man wanders with his wife and children wherever he +chooses. Then, near the village of some chief of another tribe, he +collects grass and sticks, and builds a little house which is too +small for an ordinary man to stand upright inside. The Pigmy people +are not so dark-skinned as the other races of Central Africa, and they +are very small, not so high as an ordinary man's shoulder. They live +by hunting with a bow and arrow. The Pigmy man respects the chief +whose village he settles in, but he does not fight for him or serve +him as the other people do in his village. When he chooses, he leaves +that village and goes somewhere else. If the Pigmies want fruit or +anything the villagers have, they shoot an arrow into it. Then, +later, when they come to fetch it, they leave a packet of meat in +payment, for these little people never steal. Although they live +peaceably with the other races, they speak their own language, and +never have anything to do with other villagers, and they only marry +among their own people. The Pigmy men wear a small strip of cloth, +and the women wear a bunch of leaves for their clothes. Most people +of Central Africa like to be clean, and when there is enough water +they always wash and bathe, but the Pigmies hate water and are always +very dirty. They have no cooking-pots, but roast the meat they have +got from hunting on a stick over a fire. These Pigmy people have +learnt less than any other tribe in Africa, for they do not even know +that it is better to live in villages with others of their own race, +which is the beginning of learning most other things. + + 4. Many still Ignorant + +So in this chapter we have read about some other people who live in +the very hottest part of Africa. The Baganda are among the cleverest +Central Africans, and these Pigmies and the cannibal tribes are among +the most ignorant. But the Congo lands are very large, and there are +many different peoples; they often move their villages, and because +they hate one another they fight whenever they get the chance. So +these people are still very ignorant and miserable. When they find +out that it is better to be peaceful and work to help each other, then +they will be able to grow wise and strong like the other Central +African people in Uganda, and like the dark-skinned people of South +Africa whom we shall read about in the next chapter. + + VI + ----------- + THE MINE-WORKERS OF SOUTH AFRICA + + 1. The Cooler Land of the South + +The Congo rivers and another great river called the Zambezi stretch +right across Africa from east to west. North of this the country is +called Central Africa, about some of whose people we have been +reading. South of it across the Zambezi lies South Africa. East and +west of this land is the salt sea, on the east called the Indian +Ocean, on the west the Atlantic Ocean. As we travel south the country +gets narrower and narrower, until the two great oceans meet at the +Cape of Good Hope. Near the Congo and the Zambezi towards Central +Africa the sun is very hot, but as we journey southwards it gets +cooler. When we reach the colder lands of the south we find that the +grass and maize do not grow so tall, and that there are no great +forests. For long distances the land stretches as far as we can see, +covered with short grass, but there are no trees. This kind of +country is called "veld" in South Africa. There are some waterless +deserts here, too, but none so large as the Sahara in North Africa. +In other parts there are rivers, though some of them dry up in the +summer and only have water in the rainy season. In South Africa, as +in Central Africa, it rains some months of the year and is dry the +others. + + 2. Black and White + +In South Africa there are two races of people living side by side. +First, there are dark-skinned Africans like those of Uganda and the +Congo. These belong to many tribes, each speaking its own language. +Secondly, there are many Europeans who, about three hundred years ago, +began to come across the great salt sea to live in South Africa. +Their own countries in Europe were too small for all the people in +them, but South Africa is so large that there was plenty of room. +These Europeans live in houses of brick or stone, and wear the same +kind of clothes which are worn by the people in Europe. Their skins +are lighter-coloured than even those of the Egyptians and Arabs of +North Africa, and their hair is straight and often very fair. There +are two chief European peoples in South Africa, the English and the +Dutch. These speak different languages, but many of them can speak +both. Europeans, as perhaps you know, are very clever at making +machines of iron to work for them. They have made motor-cars to carry +them quickly along ordinary roads, and another machine called an +"engine" which draws many cars on its own road, which is made of two +iron rails. + +Among the African people of South Africa there are many different +customs, but most people live in their own villages very much like +those of Central Africa. Some tribes keep great herds of cattle, +which find plenty of food on the grassy plains of the "veldt." Many +have learned to copy European customs, especially those living near +the great European towns. Some go long distances to work in these +towns, especially in places where gold or other valuable things are +found under the ground in the "mines." It is about these men who work +on the mines that we will read now. + + 3. Work in the Mines + +When men first found gold in the ground it was near the surface, and +was not very difficult to get. But when this had all been taken, they +had to dig deeper and deeper, until at last they found it easier to +cut out roads and rooms far down underneath the ground, and to look +for the gold among the earth and stones they found there. Perhaps you +wonder how the miners get so deep down in the earth every day. There +are no steps, but they get into a kind of cage called a "lift," which +slips down on a rope skip into a deep hole called a "shaft," to where +they want to work. It is a wonderful machine, something like a +motor-car, only it goes down into the earth instead of along the top. +When the men get out of the skip down in the mine, there are many +different roads in it, and each man has to go to his own part to work. +When he reaches his place he has to drill holes in the rock for the +dynamite which breaks up the rock, and the loose stones are taken away +along the roads to the lift and then up to the top. There it is +stamped with great hammers into dust, and washed, until the gold-dust +is separated from the rest. There are thousands of men, both +underground and at the top, always at work at the mines. + +Down in the mines it is always dark because the sunlight cannot get +down there, and so the people have to use lanterns. In the larger +openings there are lamps fixed to the walls and ceilings lighted by +"electricity." Although it is dark below the ground, we must not +think it is cold. On the contrary, it is very hot and difficult to +breathe, because there is no wind, so that the bad air does not get +cleared away. It is hot and stuffy, like a house where people have +been sleeping all night with no windows open. When people first made +mines, a great many died because of the bad air and because of fires, +but now they have machines which blow good air down into the ground, +and electric and other lamps which do not set fire to things easily, +and so there are not many people killed in the mines now. +Nevertheless, it is very hard and tiring work, and men are often ill +because of the dust which fills the air they breathe. So the +Europeans to whom the mines belong pay for doctors and hospitals +where the sick can be cared for until they are well. + +Many valuable minerals, besides gold, are found in South Africa, but +the chief mines are for gold, diamonds, and coal. Diamonds are +beautiful stones, clear like water, which flash red, blue, and green +when they are turned about. They are very hard, and are sometimes +used to cut glass. But they are valuable because European and Indian +ladies will pay large prices for them, as they like to wear them as +ornaments. Coal is a hard, black, shiny mineral used for burning. It +makes better fires than wood, and burns much longer. These +three--gold, diamonds, and coal--are the chief things found in mines +in South Africa. But in other countries men find iron and silver and +copper (of which pennies are made), and tin and salt, and many other +useful things, in mines dug deep under the ground. + + 4. How the Miners Live + +People often come from very long distances to work in the diamond +mines at Kimberley and in the gold mines at Johannesburg. Sometimes +they walk, but in South Africa there are railways and trains to take +people to all the large towns, and a person can travel in one day by +train as far as he could walk in three or four days. + +Very few people spend all their lives at the mines. Most of the +workers come for six months or a year, because they want money for +clothes or food, as well as to buy cattle to pay the dowry for the +girls they wish to marry. When they arrive at the mines, after their +long journey, their names are written in a book as miners, and they +are given places where they can live. If the men are single they live +together in a large compound, which is a place enclosed by walls and +gates. In these compounds there are houses where the men sleep, and +places where they can do their washing, and the European mine masters +provide people to clean these houses and to do the cooking. + +If the workman has a wife he is given a house in a mine village, +called a "location." A location or a compound is like a village with a +great number of houses placed close together along straight roads. +The houses are sometimes built of stones or bricks, but more often of +corrugated iron. + +In each location there are hundreds of people who have come to work at +the mines for a few months from different parts of South Africa. They +are all strangers to each other and speak many different languages. +Most of them try to copy the dress of Europeans; but as European +clothes are very expensive to buy and soon wear out, the natives often +look ragged and dirty in them. + +These native workers in the mines are supplied with food, such as +maize, corn, and meal; but there are shops in the locations and +compounds where they can buy other food, such as tea, coffee, sugar, +and bread, and where they can also get clothes and other European +things. + +There are hospitals with doctors and nurses at all the mines to attend +to the sick and the injured. There are also schools for the children +in the location. It is difficult to teach in these schools because +the children speak different languages, and their parents only stay +for a short time. But a great many do learn to read, write, to do +sums, and to sew. + +The country near the mines is very often dry and dusty. There are no +fields nor trees, unless planted by Europeans. + +There are many laws regulating the life and work of the native miner; +for example, he must go to work every day unless the doctor says he is +too ill to do so. At night every one must be in the location, unless +he be given a letter, which is called a "pass," from his master giving +the reason why he is not in the location. + + 5. Strict Laws for Miners + +The reason for these laws is that all these people are far away from +their homes, and often no one can speak their language. Their +relations and chiefs are far away and cannot help them, and so the +Government has to make laws to prevent bad people robbing and perhaps +killing them. Wherever there is a great deal of money, there are +always thieves and bad people. So the Europeans who own the mines and +pay the workmen make these laws to protect their workmen, until their +time on the mines is finished, and they can go home to their own +chiefs again. There are police ready to see that everyone obeys the +laws, and if they find bad people or thieves they take them to a +police-court and lock them up. + +In all the other chapters we have read about people living in their +own homes with their own relations. But in this chapter we read about +Africans who leave their homes to work on the mines. They work hard +and live a very different life from that lived in their village. They +see many different people of other countries, hear many languages, and +find out many new things. But no one wants to make his home there. +High wages are paid for hard work, but everything is strange and +different, and each one longs for his home. So everyone is glad when +at last his work is done and his wages paid, and he is free to go back +to his own village and the people he loves. We must remember that +South Africa is a very large country with a great many Africans in it. +Large numbers do go to work on the mines for a time, as we have been +reading, but we must not forget that all these men have their homes in +villages scattered all over that great country. In these villages +there are chiefs and customs very much like those of Central Africa. +But the great difference between South Africa and Central Africa is +that in cool South Africa Europeans can make their homes, and so the +Africans there see many European customs which they copy. Trains make +it easy to go from one part of the country to another, and no tribe is +allowed to fight. Where there is no fighting, people have tried to +learn and to grow wise. The dark-skinned races of South Africa are +learning to be good workmen, and some to be wise enough to be teachers +and even doctors to serve and help their own people to lead happier +and more useful lives. + + VII + ----------- + THE GREAT FARMS OF SOUTH AFRICA + + 1. The Two White Races + +In the last chapter we read about some of the dark-skinned Africans +who live in South Africa, but we said also that there are many +Europeans living there too. These Europeans came from two nations in +Europe--the English and the Dutch. Now in South Africa they live side +by side, doing the same work, and all obeying and helping the +Government of South Africa, which is European. For many years these +two nations kept separate, but the wisest men in each saw that this +was bad, and they decided to make one strong nation. When Europeans +go to live in another country, they take all their own customs with +them, and so in South Africa there are cities and houses exactly like +those in their old homes in Europe. In the towns many people live +together, drawn there by their work. Some work on mines or railways, +some have shops, some have to keep the town clean and healthy. In all +European towns there are shops, because in Europe and in India and +China no one can make everything he needs for himself. Each man +learns to make one thing well, and spends all the day making one kind +of thing. Then he sells what he has made, and buys from other people +all the other food and clothes he needs. A country where people work +and live in this way is called civilized. It is a good way to live, +because people do their work better and have more time to think and +learn from others. In another book we will read about civilized +countries and the town people of Europe and Asia. In this chapter we +will read about the Europeans on the great farms of South Africa, who +live far away from the towns. These people are mostly Dutch or, as +they are sometimes called, Boers, but some of the farmers are English. + + 2. What a Farm is Like + +Now a farm is a large stretch of land which belongs to one man, who +uses it either to grow food in the ground, or else to raise large +herds of cattle, or horses, or sheep. In a civilized country people +cannot grow their own food, because they are busy all day with some +other trade. So some people make it their work to grow large +quantities of food, and sell all they do not need themselves. Cattle +are kept for their milk, which all Europeans drink. The flesh of +cattle and sheep is used for food. The skins of cattle and horses are +dried and made into leather for shoes and harness. Cattle and horses +are also used to draw heavy carts and ploughs, and for riding long +distances. A plough is a machine used to break up the ground ready +for sowing seed. It is quicker and better than a hoe. Sheep are used +as meat, and are kept especially for their wool. This is sheared or +cut off every year, and is washed and spun and then woven into cloth. +Woollen cloth is much warmer and stronger than cotton, and in cooler +countries where Europeans can live people always need warm clothes +some months in the year, because the sun is low down in the sky, not +overhead, and the air is cold. It is quite easy to see how useful +cattle and horses and sheep are in South Africa, and why some people +work to rear large herds. + +On other farms where food is grown, some plant wheat or maize for +people to eat; some plant food for cattle to eat. But a great many +farms grow maize, as this grows better than other grains in South +Africa. Some parts of this country have great plains or low rolling +hills covered with short grass as far as you can see. This kind of +land is called the "veldt." In other places there are dry, dusty +plains. Everywhere there are hills formed of great mounds of huge +stones. These are called "kopjes." For many months in the year there +is no rain, and the country becomes dusty and the smaller rivers dry +up; then at last the rain comes and the rivers are filled up with +water, and the whole land is covered with grass and flowers. If at +times the rain is very late in coming, often whole farms are ruined +because the crops wither, or the cattle die, for want of water. + + 3. The Farmer and his Family + +We said that a farm always belongs to one man, called the farmer. +This man lives with his wife and children in a brick or stone house in +the middle of his land. Sometimes, when his children grow up, the +sons marry and bring their wives to live in the father's house, while +the daughters go away to live with their husbands on other farms. The +girls who do not marry still live at home with their father and +mother. So there are often many people living together in one great +farmhouse. Each man and woman will have their own room to sleep in, +and everyone will eat together in a big room, not used for sleeping. +In the evening they all sit together to talk about what has been done +during the day. Outside, not far away, there are huts for the +Africans who work on the farm, and sheds for the cattle and horses and +the carts and ploughs. The Africans who work on the farms are not +like those who work on the mines for a while and then go home. The +farm-workers usually make their homes where they work, living there +with their wives and children. They have as a rule no other village +or chief of their own. Their wives work in the farmer's house. + +All the Europeans have some work to do. The men see that the +ploughing and sowing is done well, and, because the farm is large, +this takes a long time. They have to look after the cattle and horses +and sheep, and to take care that their food and water are good and +that their sleeping sheds are clean. If the cattle get ill, sometimes +a whole herd will die, and the farmer will lose a great deal of money. +The children watch the herds while they are grazing, and take care +they do not stray too far away. The women have to see after the +household. There are always African women servants to help, but there +is a great deal of work in a European house. In every room there are +many chairs and tables which have to be moved when the room is swept. +On all the beds there are blankets and white cotton sheets. A white +cloth is spread on the table when food is to be eaten. Europeans wear +many clothes. All these have to be washed whenever they are dirty, +and so one person will be kept busy all day washing and ironing if +there are many people living on a farm. + +Then Europeans eat three or four times a day, and have many different +kinds of food. Maize or wheat flour is made into bread or cakes. +Meat is either roasted or boiled, and is often eaten with green +vegetables. Sometimes meat and vegetables are cut up into small +pieces and all boiled together for a long time. Then it is called +soup, and is eaten with a spoon. Milk from the cattle is used to +drink, and is also made into butter and cheese, which are hard, and +can be eaten with bread. Europeans drink coffee like the Arabs, or +tea which is made from the leaves of another plant. When mealtime +comes all the family come to the big room where a large table is +covered with a white cloth. The food is brought in a large bowl or +dish, and the farmer or his wife puts some on a plate for each person. +Europeans use knives and forks and spoons in eating food. The men and +women and children all sit together round the table. On the farms as +a rule there is no wood or coal to make fires, so the sweepings of the +cattle-shed are made into cakes and dried in the sun. This makes very +good fuel for fires. + + 4. How South Africa is Ruled + +The Europeans on the farms do not see many other people, as the farms +are very large and are long distances apart. Sometimes the men have +to go to town to sell their grain or cattle and to buy other things, +but they cannot leave their work very often. The children are taught +to read and write at home, and sometimes when they are big enough they +are sent away to school in some town. There they will live with +children from many other parts of South Africa, and will learn that +their farm is only a little part of a very big country. Europeans are +Christians, and the children are taught that they must love and help +their country and other people always. It is because European +children are taught to be ready to give up everything, even their +lives, to help their country to be good and great, that the Christian +European nations have grown as strong and wise as they are. The +countries of Europe learnt about Christ many hundreds of years ago. + +We said that South Africa was ruled by Europeans. Their king is King +George who lives in England, but he does not rule or make laws by +himself. In South Africa and in each of his other countries, King +George sends a Governor, because he himself is so far away. Then the +people of South Africa choose someone in each district to go and help +the Governor to rule wisely. When all these men from different parts +meet together it is called a Parliament. This Council or Parliament +decides everything about ruling the country, and tells the Governor +what it is best to do for all the people in South Africa. + +So in thinking of South Africa we have to think of a nation of people, +each doing one particular kind of work which is needed both by himself +and by everyone else. Everyone's work is useful to the whole nation, +whether he works in a town, or on a farm, or on a railway. The great +towns are where people sell what they have made and buy what else they +need. The farm families live far away from one another, growing food +or wool for the nation. But they, too, meet from time to time, and +they read newspapers about what is done in the great towns. Then, +when the time comes to choose the men for the Parliament to help the +Governor, farmers and townsmen in each district say which man they +wish to go to it. In this way everyone can help the nation by his +work, and everyone can help to keep peace and justice in the country +and to prevent bad people hurting the weaker ones. + + VIII + ----------- + CONCLUSION + +Now our book is finished, and we have read about some of the other +people who also live in our country of Africa. There in the north are +the Bedouin and the traders, always moving from waterspring to +waterspring across the sand of the great Sahara, ever on the watch +against robbers. Next there are the Egyptians living on the great +River Nile: some in towns with shops and trades; some very poor in the +villages, planting their seed when the river rises. All these +Northern people are Mohammedans and the men marry several wives, and +the women are veiled and live apart. + +Farther south it is very hot, and is a land of great lakes and rivers. +Here we read about the Baganda, the dark-skinned Africans who learned +to make a strong nation where all the people helped each other and +obeyed their king. These are now Christian, and are quickly learning +other things from the Christian European nations who trade with them. +Then we read about the tribes farther west in the land of the River +Congo. These people still move their villages from time to time, and +each man makes only what he needs in his own home. There is often +fighting between the tribes, and many people are killed. These Congo +people have learnt very little, and some eat the flesh of men and +women, and the little Pigmies do not even live in villages, but each +family by itself. + +Farther south still is the great country of South Africa. Here it is +not so hot, and Europeans have made their homes in it. There are +Africans living in tribes and villages, but learning to be peaceful +and to help each other by their work. Many of these at times go to +work in the mines to find useful things deep down in the ground. +There are also the Europeans: some in towns, some in farms, all +European and African bound together in the great nation of South +Africa, each doing his own part of the nation's work. + +So that in this great land of Africa we have people living very +different kinds of life, in the deserts, in the forests of the Congo, +in Uganda and on the Nile, in the mines of South Africa, and on the +great farms on the veld and in the great towns. The country itself is +different in different parts: the sand in the north; Central Africa, +with its hot sun and its lakes and rivers and mountains and forests; +South Africa, with its great grassy plains, and the mines and towns +joined by the railways which make it easy to get quickly to places far +away. Yet, although the people of Africa have such different homes, +we must remember that they are very much like ourselves. They wear +other clothes and speak other languages, but all love their families, +and each is doing his best to make his home a happy place in which he +can live. + + Printed in Great Britain by + Billing and Sons, Ltd., Guildford and Esher + +<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, PEOPLE OF AFRICA *** + +This file should be named 6693.txt or 6693.zip + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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