NormalizeHEADmain

68 files changed, 17 insertions, 33722 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7b82bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.txt text eol=lf
+*.htm text eol=lf
+*.html text eol=lf
+*.md text eol=lf
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe5e78c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #66914 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66914)
diff --git a/old/66914-0.txt b/old/66914-0.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 55e71e4..0000000
--- a/old/66914-0.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14486 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hildreth's "Japan as it was and is", Volume
-II (of 2), by Richard Hildreth
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Hildreth's "Japan as it was and is", Volume II (of 2)
-       A Handbook of Old Japan
-
-Author: Richard Hildreth
-
-Editor: Ernest W. Clement
-
-Contributor: W. M. Elliot Griffis
-
-Release Date: December 9, 2021 [eBook #66914]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: MFR, Les Galloway and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-             Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
-             images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HILDRETH'S "JAPAN AS IT WAS AND
-IS", VOLUME II (OF 2) ***
-                     Transcriber’s Notes
-
-Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations
-in hyphenation have been standardised but all other spelling and
-punctuation remains unchanged.
-
-Italics are represented thus _italic_, and superscripts thus y^{en}.
-
-
-
-
-                       “JAPAN AS IT WAS AND IS”
-
-                        A HANDBOOK OF OLD JAPAN
-
-                                  II
-
-
-                       _Uniform with this Work_
-
-
-  A HANDBOOK OF MODERN JAPAN. By ERNEST W. CLEMENT. With two maps and
-  seventy-two illustrations from photographs. _Sixth edition._ Price,
-                             $1.40 _net_.
-
-                          A. C. MCCLURG & CO.
-
-                               _Chicago_
-
-
-[Illustration: PROCESSION OF FEUDAL LORDS
-
-  From _Official History of Japan_]
-
-
-
-
-  HILDRETH’S
-
-  “JAPAN AS IT WAS AND IS”
-
-  A HANDBOOK OF OLD JAPAN
-
-
-  EDITED, WITH SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES, BY
-  ERNEST W. CLEMENT
-  AUTHOR OF “A HANDBOOK OF MODERN JAPAN,” ETC.
-
-
-  INTRODUCTION BY
-  WM. ELLIOT GRIFFIS
-
-  _With One Hundred Illustrations and Maps_
-
-  VOLUME II
-
-  [Illustration]
-
-  CHICAGO
-  A. C. McCLURG & CO.
-  1906
-
-
-  COPYRIGHT
-  A. C. McCLURG & CO.
-  1906
-
-
-  Published September 29, 1906
-
-
-  THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U. S. A.
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS
-
-VOLUME II
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXXII
-
-        PAGE
-
-  Post-Houses—Imperial Messengers—Inns—Houses—Their
-  Furniture and Interior Arrangements—Bathing and Sweating
-  House—Gardens—Refreshment Houses—What they Provide—Tea               1
-
-  CHAPTER XXXIII
-
-  Number of People on the Road—Princely Retinues—Pilgrims to
-  Ise—Junrei Pilgrims—Naked Devotees—Religious Beggars—Begging
-  Order of Nuns—Yamabushi, or Mountain Priests—Buddhist
-  Beggars—Singular Bell-Chiming—Hucksters
-  and Peddlers—Courtesans                                             15
-
-  CHAPTER XXXIV
-
-  Departure from Nagasaki—Train of the Dutch—The Day’s
-  Journey—Treatment of the Dutch—Respect shown them in
-  the Island of Shimo—Care with which they are watched—Inns
-  at which they lodge—Their Reception and Treatment
-  there—Politeness of the Japanese—Lucky and Unlucky
-  Days—Seimei, the Astrologer                                         31
-
-  CHAPTER XXXV
-
-  From Nagasaki to Kokura—Shimonoseki—Water Journey to
-  Ōsaka—Description of that City—Its Castle—Interview
-  with the Governors—From Ōsaka to Miyako—Jodo and its
-  Castle—Fushimi—Entrance into Miyako—Visit to the Chief
-  Justice and the Governors—Description of Miyako—Palace
-  of the Dairi—Castle—Manufactures and Trade—Authority
-  of the Chief Justice—Police—Crimes                                  45
-
-  CHAPTER XXXVI
-
-  Lake Ōtsu—Mount Hiei[zan]—Japanese Legends—A Japanese
-  Patent Medicine—Kwannon—Miya—Arai—Policy of the
-  Emperors—Kakegawa—A Town on Fire—Suruga—Kunō—Passage
-  of a Rapid River—Fuji-no-yama, or Mount Fuji—Crossing
-  the Peninsula of Izu—Second Searching Place—Purgatory
-  Lake—Odawara—Coast of the Bay of Yedo—A
-  Live Saint—Kanagawa—Shinagawa—Yedo—Imperial
-  Castles and Palace                                                  67
-
-  CHAPTER XXXVII
-
-  Personages to be visited—Visit to the Emperor—First Audience—Second
-  Audience—Visit to the Houses of the Councillors—Visits
-  to the Governors of Yedo and the Temple Lords—Visit
-  to the Houses of the Governors of Nagasaki—Audience of
-  Leave—Return—Visits to Temples in the Vicinity of Miyako—A. D.
-                                                       1691-1692      85
-
-  CHAPTER XXXVIII
-
-  Further Decline of the Dutch Trade—Degradation of the
-  Japanese Coins—The Dutch threaten to withdraw from Japan—Restrictions
-  on the Chinese Trade—Probable Cause of the
-  Policy adopted by the Japanese—Drain of the Precious Metals—New
-  Basis upon which Future Trade must be arranged                     109
-
-  CHAPTER XXXIX
-
-  Thunberg’s Visit to Japan—Searches and
-  Examinations—Smuggling—Interpreters—Deshima—Imports and
-  Exports—Unicorn’s Horn and Ginseng—Soy—The Dutch at Deshima—Japanese
-  Mistresses—Japanese Women—Studying the
-  Language—Botanizing—Clocks—New Year’s Day—Trampling
-  on Images—Departure for Yedo—Journey through
-  the Island of Shimo—Japanese Houses and Furniture—Manufacture
-  of Paper—Practice of Bathing—Shimonoseki—Voyage
-  to Ōsaka—Children—From Ōsaka to Miyako—Agriculture—Animals—A. D.
-                                                      1775-1776      114
-
-  CHAPTER XL
-
-  Japanese Merchants—Journey from Miyako to Yedo—Botany of
-  the Mountains—Rainy Weather—Coverings for the Head and
-  Feet—Yedo—Astronomers and Physicians—Acupuncture—Moxa
-  [_Mogusa_]—Other Japanese Remedies—Method of
-  wearing the Hair—Visits to the Emperor and his Chief Officers—Japanese
-  Dress—Books and Maps—Succession of Emperors—Departure
-  from Yedo—Gnats—Fire-Flies—Threshing—Vegetables
-  and Fruits—Condition of the Japanese Farmer—Casting
-  Copper—Actors and Dancers—Thunberg’s Opinion of
-  the Japanese—A. D. 1775-1776                                       139
-
-  CHAPTER XLI
-
-  Isaac Titsingh—His Residence in Japan—Translations from the
-  Japanese—Annals of the Dairi—Memoirs of the Shōgun—Liberal
-  Ideas in Japan—Marriage Ceremonies—Funeral Ceremonies—Mourning—Feast
-  of Lanterns—A. D. 1779-1791                                        163
-
-  CHAPTER XLII
-
-  Exploration of the Northern Japanese Seas—First Russian Mission
-  to Japan—Professorship of Japanese at Irkutsk—New Restrictions
-  on the Dutch—Embarrassments growing out of the War
-  of the French Revolution—American Flag at Nagasaki—Captain
-  Stewart—Ingenuity of a Japanese Fisherman—Heer
-  Doeff, Director at Deshima—Suspicious Proceedings of Captain
-  Stewart—Russian Embassy—Klaproth’s Knowledge of Japanese—Doeff’s
-  First Journey to Yedo—Dutch Trade in 1804 and
-  1806—An American Ship at Nagasaki—The British Frigate
-  “Phaeton—No Ships from Batavia—The Dutch on Short
-  Allowance—English Ships from Batavia—Communication
-  again suspended—Dutch and Japanese Dictionary—Children
-  at the Factory—A. D. 1792-1817                                     190
-
-  CHAPTER XLIII
-
-  Golownin’s Capture and Imprisonment—Conveyance to Hakodate—Reception
-  and Imprisonment—Interpreters—Interviews with
-  the Governor—Removal to Matsumae—A Pupil in Russian—A
-  Japanese Astronomer—Escape and Recapture—Treatment
-  afterwards—Savants from Yedo—Japanese Science—European
-  News—A Japanese Free-Thinker—Soldiers—Their
-  Amusements—Thoughts on a Wedding—Domestic Arrangements—New
-  Year—Return of the “Diana”—Reprisals—A
-  Japanese Merchant and his Female Friend—Second Return of
-  the “Diana”—Third Return of the “Diana”—Interview on
-  Shore—Surrender of the Prisoners—Japanese Notification—The
-  Merchant at Home—The Merchant Class in Japan—A. D.
-                                                      1811-1813      212
-
-  CHAPTER XLIV
-
-  Renewal of the Dutch Trade—Captain Gordon in the Bay of
-  Yedo—Fisscher—Meylan—Siebold—British Mutineers—Voyage
-  of the “Morrison”—Japanese Edict—The “Saramang” at
-  Nagasaki—The “Mercator” in the Bay of Yedo—Commodore
-  Biddle in the Bay of Yedo—Shipwrecked Americans—French
-  Ships of War at Nagasaki—The “Preble” at Nagasaki—Surveying
-  Ship “Mariner” in the Bays of Yedo and Shimoda—New
-  Notification through the Dutch—A. D. 1817-1850                     245
-
-  CHAPTER XLV
-
-  Foreign Relations—New Shōgun—Dutch Trade—Chinese Trade—American
-  Embassy—Its Object—Letter to the Emperor—Perry’s
-  First Visit to the Bay of Yedo—Death of the Shōgun—Perry’s
-  Second Visit to the Bay of Yedo—Negotiation of a
-  Treaty—The Treaty as agreed to—Shimoda—Hakodate—Additional
-  Regulations—Japanese Currency—Burrow’s Visit
-  to the Bay of Yedo—Third Visit of the American Steamers—Russian
-  and English Negotiations—Exchange of Ratifications—Earthquake      274
-
-  CHAPTER XLVI
-
-  New Dutch Treaty—Mr. Harris, American Consul at Shimoda—His
-  Convention with the Japanese—His Journey to Yedo—Second
-  Visit to Yedo—Conditional Treaty—British Treaty—French
-  and Russian Treaties—Japanese Embassies to the
-  United States—A. D. 1854-1860                                      325
-
-
-  APPENDIX
-
-  NOTE A—Provinces by Circuits                                       343
-
-   "   B—Bibliography                                                344
-
-   "   C—Use of Fire-Arms in the East                                346
-
-   "   D—Fernam Mendez Pinto                                         348
-
-   "   E—Earliest English and Dutch Adventurers in the East—Goa      350
-
-   "   F—Japanese Daring and Adventure Exterior to the Limits of
-         Japan                                                       353
-
-   "   G—List of Japanese Year Periods                               357
-
-   "   H—Chronological Table of Emperors and Empresses               360
-
-   "   I—Omitted Documents                                           362
-
-  INDEX                                                              369
-
-
-
-
-LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
-
-VOLUME II
-
-
-                                                                    PAGE
-
-  Procession of Feudal Lords                              _Frontispiece_
-
-  A Scene in a Tea Garden                                              8
-
-  A Native Postman; Toko-no-ma                                        16
-
-  In a Japanese Garden                                                32
-
-  A Daimyō’s Procession                                               40
-
-  Image of Jizō                                                       48
-
-  An Ancient Warrior                                                  56
-
-  An Archer                                                           64
-
-  The Marketing and Preparation of Food: A Kitchen, showing
-  Utensils; A Fishmonger                                              72
-
-  A Carpenter Shop                                                    80
-
-  Ploughing; A Freight Cart                                           88
-
-  Views at Fushimi: Doll and Toy Shops; Entrance to Inari Temple     100
-
-  A View of Fuji                                                     104
-
-  View of Hakone; Lake Biwa                                          112
-
-  The Ear-mound at Kyōtō                                             128
-
-  Kwannon, Goddess of Mercy                                          136
-
-  Scenes among the Silk Workers: Reeling; The Culture of the
-  Worms                                                              144
-
-  Industrial Workers: An Umbrella-maker; A Charcoal Vender           152
-
-  Interior View of a Typical Japanese House                          160
-
-  A Scene in the House of a Noble                                    178
-
-  A Japanese Bed                                                     186
-
-  The Cultivation of Grain: Threshing and Cleaning Grain; Coolies
-  in a Rice Field; Women carrying Rice                               194
-
-  The Processes of Weighing and Pounding Rice                        202
-
-  A Coolie with Straw Raincoat                                       210
-
-  Farm Scenes: Coolies carrying Bamboo Baskets; An Irrigation
-  System                                                             218
-
-  Artisans for the Common People: Repairing Wooden Clogs; Repairing
-  Tatami                                                             226
-
-  Scenes in the Home: The Doctor’s Call; Hairdressing; A Blind
-  Masseur                                                            234
-
-  Scene in a Common School                                           242
-
-  The Wedding Ceremony                                               250
-
-  A Buddhist Funeral                                                 258
-
-  A Shintō Funeral                                                   264
-
-  Scenes in Japanese Cemeteries                                      272
-
-  Players at the Game of “Go”                                        280
-
-  Theatrical Representations: The “No” Dance; Chrysanthemum
-  Figures                                                            288
-
-  Japanese Wrestlers                                                 296
-
-  Portrait of Commodore Oliver H. Perry                              304
-
-  The Reception of Commodore Perry by the Japanese Emperor           312
-
-  Scene in the Harbor of Uraga                                       320
-
-  Portrait of Townsend Harris                                        328
-
-  The Old and the New: Junks; The New Battleship “Mikasa”            336
-
-  Nihombashi, Tōkyō                                                  344
-
-  A Modern Street Scene in Tōkyō                                     352
-
-
-
-
-                                 JAPAN
-
-                           AS IT WAS AND IS
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXII
-
- _Post-houses—Imperial Messengers—Inns—Houses—Their Furniture and
- Interior Arrangements—Bathing and Sweating House—Gardens—Refreshment
- Houses—What they provide—Tea._
-
-
-“To accommodate travellers, there is, in all the chief villages and
-hamlets, a post-house, belonging to the lord of the place, where, at
-all times, they may find horses, porters, footmen, etc., in readiness,
-at certain settled prices. Travellers, of all ranks and qualities, with
-their retinues, resort to these post-houses, which lie at from six to
-sixteen English miles distance from each other, but are, generally
-speaking, not so good nor so well furnished upon Kiūshiū as upon the
-great island Nippon, where we came to fifty-six in going from Ōsaka to
-Yedo. These post-houses are not built for inn-keeping, but only for
-stabling and exchange of horses, for which reason there is a spacious
-court belonging to each; also clerks and bookkeepers enough, who keep
-accounts, in their master’s name, of all the daily occurrences. The
-price of all such things as are to be hired at these post-houses is
-settled, not only according to distances, but with regard to the
-goodness or badness of the roads, to the price of victuals, forage,
-and the like. One post-house with another, a horse to ride on, with
-two portmantles and an _atotsuke_, may be had for eight sen a mile.
-A horse, which is only saddled, and hath neither men nor baggage to
-carry, will cost six sen; porters and kago-men, five sen, and so on.
-
-“Messengers are waiting, day and night, at all these post-houses, to
-carry the letters, edicts, proclamations, etc., of the emperor and the
-princes of the empire, which they take up the moment they are delivered
-at the post-house, and carry to the next with all speed. They are
-kept in a small, black varnished box, bearing the coat of arms of the
-emperor or prince who sends them, which the messenger carries upon his
-shoulder, tied to a small staff. Two of these messengers always run
-together, that in case any accident should befall either of them upon
-the road, the other may take his place, and deliver the box at the next
-post-house. All travellers, even the princes of the empire and their
-retinues, must retire out of the way and give a free passage to the
-messengers who carry letters or orders from the emperor, which they
-take care to signify at a due distance by ringing a small bell.
-
-“There are inns enough, and tolerable good ones, all along the road.
-The best are in those villages where there are post-houses. At these
-even princes and princely retinues may be conveniently lodged, treated
-suitably to their rank, and provided with all necessaries. Like other
-well-built houses, they are but one story high, or, if there be two
-stories, the second is low, and good for little else but stowage. The
-inns are not broader in front than other houses, but considerably
-deep, sometimes forty ken, or two hundred and forty feet, with a
-_Tsubo_—that is, a small pleasure-garden—behind, enclosed with a neat
-white wall. The front hath only lattice windows, which, in the daytime,
-are kept open. The folding screens and movable partitions which divide
-the several apartments, unless there be some man of quality with his
-retinue at that time lodged there, are also so disposed as to lay open
-to travellers, as they go along, a very agreeable perspective view
-across the whole house into the garden behind. The floor is raised
-about three feet above the level of the street, and by jetting out,
-both towards the street and garden, forms a sort of gallery, which is
-covered with a roof, and on which travellers pass their time, diverting
-themselves with sitting or walking. From it, also, they mount their
-horses, for fear of dirtying their feet by mounting in the street.
-
-“In some great inns there is a passage, contrived for the conveniency
-of people of quality, that, coming out of their norimono, they may walk
-directly to their apartments, without being obliged to pass through the
-fore part of the house, which is commonly not over clean, and makes
-but an indifferent figure, being covered with poor, sorry mats, and
-the rooms divided only by ordinary screens. The kitchen is in this
-fore part of the house, and often fills it with smoke, as they have no
-chimneys, but only a hole in the roof to let the smoke through. Here
-foot travellers and ordinary people live, among the servants. People of
-fashion are accommodated in the back part of the house, which is kept
-clean and neat to admiration. Not the least spot is to be seen upon the
-walls, floors, carpets, window screens, in short, nowhere in the room,
-which looks as if it were quite new, and but newly furnished. There
-are no tables, chairs, benches, or other furniture in these rooms. They
-are only adorned with some _Miseratsie_ (?), of which more presently,
-put into or hung up in the rooms, for travellers to amuse their leisure
-by examining, which, indeed, some of them very well deserve. The
-_Tsubo_, or garden behind the house, is also very curiously kept, for
-travellers to divert themselves with walking in it, and beholding the
-beautiful flowers it is commonly adorned with.
-
-“The rooms in Japanese houses have seldom more than one blank wall,
-which is plastered with clay of Ōsaka, a good fine sort, and so left
-bare, without any other ornament. It is so thin that the least kick
-would break it to pieces. On all other sides the room has either
-windows or folding-screens, which slide in grooves, as occasion
-requires. The lower groove is cut in a sill, which runs even with the
-mats, and the upper one in a beam, which comes down two or three feet
-from the ceiling. The beams in which the grooves run are plastered with
-clay of Ōsaka. The ceiling, to show the curious running of the veins
-and grain of the wood, is sometimes only covered with a thin, slight
-layer of a transparent varnish. Sometimes they paste it over with
-the same sort of variously colored and flowered paper of which their
-screens are made. The paper windows, which let light into the room,
-have wooden shutters on both sides, taken off in the daytime, but put
-on at night.
-
-“In the solid wall of the room there is always a _Toko_, as they call
-it, or sort of cupboard, raised about a foot or more above the floor,
-and very near two feet deep. It commonly stands in that part of the
-wall which is just opposite to the door, that being reckoned the most
-honorable. Just before this toko two extraordinarily fine mats are
-laid, one upon the other, and both upon the ordinary mats which cover
-the floor. These are for people of the first quality to sit upon, for,
-upon the arrival of travellers of less note, they are removed out of
-the way. At the side of the toko is a _Tokowaki_, as they call it,
-or side cupboard, with some few shelves which serve the landlord or
-travellers, if they please, to lay their most esteemed book upon, they
-holding it, as the Mahometans do their Alcoran, too sacred to be laid
-on the ground. Upon the arrival of the Dutch, this sacred book of the
-landlord is put out of the way. Above is a drawer, where they put up
-the inkhorn, paper, writings, books, and other things of this kind.
-Here, also, travellers find sometimes the wooden box which the natives
-use at night, instead of a pillow. It is almost cubical, hollow,
-and made of six thin boards joined together, curiously varnished,
-smoothed, and very neat, about a span long, but not quite so broad,
-that travellers by turning it may lay their head in that posture which
-they find the most easy.[1] Besides this wooden pillow, travellers
-have no other bedding to expect from the landlord, and must carry
-their own along with them or lie on the mats, covering themselves with
-their clothes. In that side of the room next to the toko is commonly a
-balcony, serving the person lodged in this, the chief room, to look out
-upon the neighboring garden, fields, or water, without stirring from
-the carpets placed below the toko.
-
-“Beneath the floor, which is covered with fine, well-stuffed mats, is
-a square walled hole, which, in the winter season, after having first
-removed the mats, they fill with ashes and lay coals upon them to keep
-the room warm. The landladies in their room put a low table upon this
-fire-hole, and spread a large carpet or tablecloth over it, for people
-to sit underneath, and to defend themselves against the cold. In rooms
-where there are no fire-holes they use in the winter brass or earthen
-pots, very artfully made, and filled with ashes, with two iron sticks,
-which serve instead of fire-tongs, much after the same manner as they
-use two other small sticks at table instead of forks.
-
-“I come now to the above mentioned _Miseratsie_ (?), as they call them,
-being curious and amusing ornaments of their rooms. In our journey
-to court I took notice of the following: 1. A paper neatly bordered
-with a rich piece of embroidery, instead of a frame, either with the
-picture of a saint done apparently with a coarse pencil, and in a few,
-perhaps three or four, strokes, wherein, however, the proportions and
-resemblance have been so far observed, that scarce anybody can miss
-finding out whom it was designed to represent, nor help admiring the
-ingenuity and skill of the master; or else a judicious moral sentence
-of some noted philosopher or poet, writ with his own hand, or the
-hand of some noted writing-master, who had a mind to show his skill
-by a few hasty strokes or characters, indifferent enough at first
-sight, but nevertheless very ingeniously drawn, and such as will
-afford sufficient matter of amusement and speculation to a curious and
-attentive spectator; and, lest anybody should call their being genuine
-in question, they are commonly signed, not only by the writing-masters
-themselves, but have the hands and seals of some other witnesses put
-to them. They are hung up nowhere else but in the toko, as the most
-honorable place of the room, and this because the Japanese set a great
-value upon them.
-
-2. “Pictures of Chinese, as also of birds, trees, landskips, and other
-things, upon white screens, done by some eminent master, or rather
-scratched with a few hasty, affected strokes, after such a manner that,
-unless seen at a proper distance, they scarce appear natural.
-
-3. “A flower-vase filled with all sorts of curious flowers, and green
-branches of trees, such as the season affords, curiously ranged
-according to the rules of art, it being as much an art in this country
-to arrange a flower-vase as it is in Europe to carve, or to lay a
-table.[2] Sometimes there is, instead, a perfuming-pan, of excellent
-good workmanship, cast in brass or copper, resembling a crane, lion,
-dragon, or other strange animal. I took notice once that there was
-an earthen pot of Cologne, such as is used to keep Spauwater in,
-with all the cracks and fissures carefully mended, used in lieu of a
-flower-vase, it being esteemed a very great rarity, because of the
-distant place it came from, the clay it was made of, and its uncommon
-shape.
-
-4. “Some strange, uncommon pieces of wood, wherein the colors and grain
-either naturally run after a curious and unusual manner, or have been
-brought by art to represent something.
-
-5. “Some neat and beautiful network, adorning either the balcony and
-windows towards the garden, or the tops of the doors, screens, and
-partitions of the chief apartments.
-
-6. “A bunch of a tree, or a piece of a rotten root, or of an old stump,
-remarkable for their monstrous deformed shape.
-
-“After this manner the chief and back apartments are furnished in great
-inns, and houses of substantial people. The other rooms gradually
-decrease in cleanliness, neatness, and delicacy of furniture; the
-screens, windows, mats, and other ornaments and household goods,
-after they have for some time adorned the chief apartments, and begin
-to be spotted and to grow old, being removed into the other rooms
-successively, there to be quite worn out. The chief of the other rooms
-is that where they keep their plate, china ware, and other household
-goods, ranged upon the floor in curious order, according to their size,
-shape, and use. Most of these are made of wood, thin, but strongly
-varnished, the greatest part upon a dark red ground. They are washed
-with warm water every time they have been used, and wiped clean with
-a cloth; by which means they will, though constantly used, keep clean
-and neat, and in their full lustre for several years.
-
-[Illustration: A SCENE IN A TEA GARDEN]
-
-“The small gallery or walk which jets out from
-the house towards the garden leads to the house of office and to a
-bathing-stove, or hot-house. The house of office is built on one side
-of the back part of the house, and hath two doors to go in. Not far
-off stands a basin filled with water to wash your hands, commonly an
-oblong, rough stone, the upper part curiously cut out into the form
-of a basin. A new pail of bamboo hangs near it, and is covered with a
-neat fir or cypress board, to which they put a new handle every time
-it hath been used, to wit, a fresh stick of the bamboo cane, it being
-a very clean sort of a wood, and in a manner naturally varnished.
-The bathing-place, commonly built on the back side of the garden,
-contains either a hot-house to sweat in, or a warm bath, and sometimes
-both. It is made warm and got ready every evening, because the Japanese
-usually bathe or sweat after their day’s journey is over, thinking by
-this means to refresh themselves, and to sweat off their weariness.
-As they can undress themselves in an instant, so they are ready at a
-minute’s warning to go into it; for they need but untie their sash,
-and all their clothes fall down at once, leaving them quite naked,
-excepting a small band which they wear close to the body about their
-waist. Their hot-house, which they go into only to sweat, is an almost
-cubical trunk, or stove, raised about three feet above the ground,
-and built close to the wall of the bathing-place, on the outside,—not
-quite six feet high, but about nine feet long, and of the same breadth.
-The floor is laid with small planed laths or planks, some few inches
-distant from each other, both for the easy passage of the rising vapors
-and the convenient outlet of the water. You go, or rather creep in,
-through a small door or shutter. There are two other shutters, one on
-each side, to let out the superfluous vapor. The empty space beneath,
-down to the ground, is enclosed with a wall to prevent the vapors from
-getting out on the sides. Towards the yard, just beneath the hot-house,
-is a furnace, part of which stands out towards the yard, where they put
-in the necessary water and plants. This part is shut with a clapboard
-when the fire is burning, to make all the vapors ascend through the
-inner and open part into the hot-house. There are always two tubs,
-one of warm, the other of cold water, for such as have a mind to wash
-themselves.
-
-“The garden is the only place in which we Dutchmen, being treated in
-all respects little better than prisoners, have liberty to walk. It is
-commonly square, with a back door, and walled in very neatly. There are
-few good houses or inns without one. If there be not room enough for a
-garden, they have at least an old ingrafted plum, cherry, or apricot
-tree; and the older, the more crooked and monstrous, the greater value
-they put upon it. Sometimes they let the branches grow into the rooms.
-In order to make it bear larger flowers and in greater quantity, they
-trim it to a few, perhaps two or three, branches. It cannot be denied
-but that the great number of beautiful, incarnadine double flowers are
-a curious ornament to this back part of the house, but they have this
-disadvantage, that they bear no fruit. In some small houses and inns
-of less note, where there is not room enough neither for a garden nor
-trees, they have at least an opening or window, to let the light fall
-into the back rooms, before which, for the amusement and diversion of
-travellers, is put a small tub full of water, wherein they commonly
-keep alive some gold or silver fish; and for further ornament there
-is generally a flower-pot or two standing there. Sometimes they plant
-dwarf trees, which will grow easily upon pumice or other porous stones,
-without any earth at all, provided the root be put into the water,
-whence it will suck up sufficient nourishment. Ordinary people often
-plant the same kind of trees before their street-doors.
-
-“But to return to the Tsubo, or garden. A good one must include at
-least thirty feet square, and consist of the following essential parts:
-1. The ground is covered partly with roundish stones of different
-colors, gathered in rivers or upon the sea-shore, well washed and
-cleaned, and those of the same kind, laid together in form of beds,
-partly with gravel which is swept every day, and kept clean and neat to
-admiration, the large stones being laid in the middle as a path to walk
-upon without injuring the gravel, the whole in a seeming but ingenious
-confusion. 2. Some few flower-bearing shrubs planted confusedly, though
-not without some certain rules. Amidst them stands sometimes a _Saguer_
-(?), as they call it, or scarce outlandish tree, sometimes a dwarf tree
-or two. 3. A small rock or hill in a corner of the garden, made in
-imitation of nature, curiously adorned with birds and insects cast in
-brass, and placed between the stones. Sometimes the model of a temple
-stands upon it, built, as for the sake of the prospect they generally
-are, on a remarkable eminence or the borders of a precipice. Often a
-small rivulet rushes down the stones with an agreeable noise, the whole
-in due proportions and as near as possible resembling nature. 4. A
-small thicket or wood on the side of the hill, for which the gardeners
-choose such trees as will grow close to one another, and plant and
-cut them according to their largeness, nature, and the color of their
-flowers and leaves, so as to make the whole very accurately imitate a
-natural wood or forest. 5. A cistern or pond, as mentioned above, with
-live fish kept in it, and surrounded with proper plants, that is, such
-as love a watery soil, and would lose their beauty and greenness if
-planted in a dry ground. It is a particular profession to lay out these
-gardens, and to keep them so curiously and nicely as they ought to be.
-
-“There are innumerable smaller inns, cook-shops, sake, or ale-houses,
-pastry-cooks’ and confectioners’ shops, all along the road, even in
-the midst of woods and forests, and at the tops of mountains, where
-a weary foot-traveller, and the meaner sort of people, find at all
-times, for a few sen, something warm to eat, or hot tea, or sake, or
-somewhat else of the kind, wherewith to refresh themselves. ’Tis true
-these cook-shops are but poor, sorry houses, if compared to larger
-inns, being inhabited only by poor people, who have enough to do to
-get a livelihood by this trade; and yet, even in these, there is
-always something or other to amuse passengers, and to draw them in;
-sometimes a garden and orchard behind the house, which is seen from
-the street, looking through the passage, and which, by its beautiful
-flowers, or the agreeable sight of a stream of clear water, falling
-down from a neighboring natural or artificial hill, or by some other
-curious ornament of this kind, tempts people to come in and repose
-themselves. At other times a large flower-pot stands in the window,
-filled with flowering branches of trees, disposed in a very curious
-manner. Sometimes a handsome, well-looking housemaid, or a couple
-of young girls, well dressed, stand under the door, and with great
-civility invite people to come in, and to buy something. The eatables,
-such as cakes, or whatever it be, are kept before the fire, in an open
-room, sticking to skewers of bamboos, so that passengers, as they
-go along, may take them and pursue their journey without stopping.
-The landladies, cooks, and maids, as soon as they see anybody coming
-at a distance, blow up the fire, to make it look as if the victuals
-had been just got ready. Some busy themselves with making the tea,
-others prepare soup, others fill cups with sake or other liquors, to
-present them to passengers, all the while talking and chattering, and
-commending their merchandise with a voice loud enough to be heard by
-their next neighbors of the same profession.
-
-“The eatables sold at these cook-shops, besides tea, and sometimes
-sake, are _manjū_, a sort of round cakes, which they learned to make
-from the Portuguese, as big as common hens’ eggs, and filled within
-with black-bean flour and sugar; cakes of the jelly of a root found
-upon mountains, and cut into round slices, like carrots, and roasted;
-snails, oysters, shell-fish, and other small fish, roasted, boiled, or
-pickled; Chinese _laxa_, a thin sort of pap, or paste, made of fine
-wheat flour, cut into small, thin, long slices, and baked; all sorts of
-plants, roots, and sprigs which the season affords, washed and boiled
-in water with salt; innumerable other dishes peculiar to this country,
-made of seeds, powdered roots, and vegetables, boiled or baked, dressed
-in many different ways.
-
-“The common sauce for these and other dishes is a little _soy_, as they
-call it, mixed with _sake_, or the beer of the country. _Sanshō_ leaves
-are laid upon the dish for ornament, and sometimes thin slices of fine
-ginger and lemon peel. Sometimes they put powdered ginger, sanshō, or
-the powder of some root growing in the country, into the soup. They
-are also provided with sweetmeats, of several different colors and
-sorts, which, generally speaking, are far more agreeable to the eye
-than pleasing to the taste, being but indifferently sweetened with
-sugar, and so tough that one must have good teeth to chew them. Foot
-travellers find it set down in their printed road-books, which they
-always carry about them, where and at what price the best victuals of
-the kind are to be got.
-
-“Tea (since most travellers drink scarce anything else upon the road)
-is sold at all the inns and cook-shops, besides many tea-booths set up
-for this trade alone, in the midst of fields and woods, and at the stop
-of mountains. The tea sold at all these places is but a coarse sort,
-being only the largest leaves, which remain upon the shrub after the
-youngest and tenderest have been plucked off, at two different times,
-for the use of people of fashion, who constantly drink it, before or
-after their meals. These larger leaves are not rolled up and curled, as
-the better sort of tea is, but simply roasted in a pan, and continually
-stirred whilst they are roasting, lest they should get a burnt taste.
-When they are done enough, they put them by in straw baskets, under the
-roof of the house, near the place where the smoke comes out. They are
-not a bit nicer in preparing it for drinking, for they commonly take a
-good handful of the tea leaves, and boil them in a large iron kettle
-full of water. The leaves are sometimes put into a small bag; but, if
-not, they have a little basket swimming in the kettle, which they make
-use of to keep the leaves down, when they have a mind to take out some
-of the clear decoction. Half a cup of this decoction is mixed with cold
-water, when travellers ask for it. Tea thus prepared smells and tastes
-like lye—the leaves it is made of, besides that they are of a very bad
-sort, being seldom less than a year old; and yet the Japanese esteem
-it much more healthful for daily use than the young, tender leaves,
-prepared after the Chinese manner, which they say affect the head too
-strongly, though even these lose a great part of their narcotic quality
-when boiled.”[3]
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXIII
-
- _Number of People on the Road—Princely Retinues—Pilgrims to
- Ise—Junrei Pilgrims—Naked Devotees—Religious Beggars—Begging Order
- of Nuns—Yama-Bushi, or Mountain Priests—Buddhist Beggars—Singular
- Bell-chiming—Hucksters and Peddlers—Courtesans._
-
-
-“It is scarce credible,” says Kämpfer, “what numbers of people daily
-travel in this country; and I can assure the reader, from my own
-experience, having passed it four times, that Tōkaidō, which is,
-indeed, the most frequented of the seven great roads in Japan, is upon
-some days more crowded than the public streets in any of the most
-populous towns in Europe. This is owing partly to the country’s being
-extremely populous, partly to the frequent journeys which the natives
-undertake, oftener than perhaps any other people.
-
-“It is the duty of the princes and lords of the empire, as also of
-the governors of the imperial cities and crown lands, to go to court
-once a year to pay their homage and respect. They are attended, going
-up and returning, by their whole court, and travel with a pomp and
-magnificence becoming as well their own quality and riches as the
-majesty of the powerful monarch whom they are going to see. The train
-of some of the most eminent fills up the road for some days. Though we
-travelled pretty fast, yet we often met the baggage and fore-runners,
-consisting of the servants and inferior officers, for two days
-together, dispersed in several troops, and the prince himself followed
-but the third day, attended with his numerous court, all marching in
-admirable order. The retinue of one of the chief _Daimiōs_, as they are
-called, is computed to amount to about twenty thousand men, more or
-less; that of a _Shōmiō_ to about ten thousand; that of a governor of
-the imperial cities and crown lands to from one to several hundreds,
-according to his quality or revenues.[4]
-
-“If two or more of these princes and lords should chance to travel
-the same road at the same time, they would prove a great hindrance to
-one another, particularly if they should happen to meet at the same
-post-house or village; to prevent which it is usual for great princes
-and lords to bespeak the several post-houses by which they are to pass,
-with all the inns, those of the first quality a month, others a week or
-two, before their arrival. The time of their intended arrival is also
-notified in all the cities, villages, and hamlets, by putting up small
-boards on high poles of bamboo, signifying in a few characters what day
-of the month such or such a lord will be at that village, to dine or
-sleep there.
-
-[Illustration: A NATIVE POSTMAN; TOKO-NO-MA]
-
-“Numerous troops of fore-runners, harbingers, clerks, cooks, and other
-inferior officers go before to provide lodgings, victuals, and other
-things necessary for the entertainment of their prince and master,
-and his court. They are followed by the prince’s heavy baggage, packed
-up either in small trunks, as already described, and carried upon
-horses, each with a banner, bearing the coat of arms and the name of
-the possessor, or else in large chests, covered with red lackered
-leather, again with the possessor’s coat of arms, and carried upon
-men’s shoulders, with multitudes of inspectors to look after them. Next
-come great numbers of smaller retinues, belonging to the chief officers
-and noblemen attending the prince, with pikes, scymetars, bows and
-arrows, umbrellas, palanquins, led horses, and other marks of their
-grandeur, suitable to their birth, quality, and office. Some of these
-are carried in norimono, others in kago, and others go on horseback.
-
-“The prince’s own numerous train, marching in an admirable and curious
-order, is divided into several troops, each headed by a proper
-commanding officer, as, 1. Five, more or less, fine horses, each led
-by two grooms, one on each side, two footmen walking behind. 2. Five
-or six, and sometimes more, porters, richly clad, walking one by one,
-and carrying lackered chests, and japanned neat trunks and baskets,
-upon their shoulders, wherein are kept the wearing apparel and other
-necessaries for the daily use of the prince, each porter attended
-by two footmen. 3. Ten or more fellows, walking one by one, and
-carrying rich scymetars, pikes of state, fire-arms, and other weapons,
-in lackered wooden cases, as, also, quivers with bows and arrows.
-Sometimes, for magnificence sake, there are more chest-bearers and led
-horses following this troop. 4. Two, three, or more men, who carry
-pikes of state, as the badges of the prince’s power and authority,
-adorned at the upper end with bunches of cock feathers, or other
-ornaments peculiar to such or such a prince. They walk one by one,
-and are attended each by two footmen. 5. A gentleman, attended by two
-footmen, carrying the prince’s hat, worn as a shelter from the heat
-of the sun, and which is covered with black velvet. 6. A gentleman
-carrying the prince’s sombrero, or umbrella, which is covered in like
-manner with black velvet, this person also attended by two footmen.
-7. Some more bearers of trunks, covered with varnished leather, with
-the prince’s coat of arms upon them, each with two men to take care of
-it. 8. Sixteen, more or less, of the prince’s pages, and gentlemen of
-his bed-chamber, taken out from among the first quality of his court,
-richly clad, and walking two and two before his norimono. 9. The prince
-himself, sitting in a stately norimono, carried by six or eight men,
-clad in rich liveries, with several others walking at the norimono’s
-sides, to take it up by turns; also, two or three gentlemen of the
-prince’s bed-chamber, to give him what he wants and asks for, and to
-assist and support him in getting in or out. 10. Two or three horses of
-state, the saddles covered with black. One of these horses carries a
-large elbow-chair, which is sometimes covered with black velvet. These
-horses are attended each by several grooms and footmen in liveries,
-and some are led by the prince’s own pages. 11. Two pike-bearers. 12.
-Ten or more people, carrying each two baskets of a monstrous size,
-fixed to the ends of a pole, which they lay on their shoulders in such
-a manner that one basket hangs down before and the other behind them.
-These baskets are more for state than for any use. Sometimes some
-chest-bearers walk among them, to increase the troop. In this order
-marches the prince’s own train, which is followed by six to twelve led
-horses with their leaders, grooms, and footmen, all in liveries. The
-procession is closed by a multitude of the prince’s domestics and other
-officers of his court, with their own numerous trains and attendants,
-pike-bearers, chest-bearers, and footmen, in liveries. Some of these
-are carried in kago, and the whole troop is headed by the prince’s
-high-steward, carried in a norimono. If one of the prince’s sons
-accompanies his father in this journey to court, he follows with his
-own train immediately after his father’s norimono.
-
-“It is a sight exceedingly curious and worthy of admiration, to see
-all the persons who compose the numerous train of a great prince,
-clad, the pike-bearers, the norimono-men and livery-men only excepted,
-in black silk, marching in an elegant order, with a decent, becoming
-gravity, and keeping so profound a silence that not the least noise
-is to be heard, save what must necessarily arise from the motion and
-rushing of their dresses, and the trampling of the horses and men.
-On the other hand, it appears ridiculous to an European to see all
-the pike-bearers and norimono-men, with their clothes tucked up above
-their waists, exposing their nakedness to the spectators’ view, with
-only a piece of cloth about their loins. What appears still more old
-and whimsical is to see the pages, pike-bearers, umbrella and hat
-bearers, chest-bearers, and all the footmen in liveries, affect, when
-they pass through some remarkable town, or by the train of another
-prince or lord, a strange mimic march or dance. Every step they make,
-they draw up one foot quite to their backs, stretching out the arm on
-the opposite side as far as they can, and putting themselves in such a
-posture as if they had a mind to swim through the air. Meanwhile the
-pikes, hats, umbrellas, chests, boxes, baskets, and whatever else they
-carry are danced and tossed about in a very singular manner, answering
-to the motion of their bodies. The norimono-men, who have their sleeves
-tied with a string as near the shoulders as possible, so as to leave
-their arms naked, carry the pole of the norimono either upon their
-shoulders, or else upon the palms of their hands, holding it above
-their heads. Whilst they hold it up with one arm, they stretch out the
-other, putting the hand into a horizontal posture, whereby, and by
-their short, deliberate steps and stiff knees, they affect a ridiculous
-fear and circumspection. If the prince steps out of his norimono into
-one of the green huts which are purposely built for him at convenient
-distances on the road, or if he goes into a private house, either to
-drink a dish of tea or for any other purpose, he always leaves a koban
-with the landlord as a reward for his trouble. At dinner or supper the
-expense is much greater.
-
-“All the pilgrims who go to Ise, whatever province of the empire they
-come from, must travel over part of this great road. This pilgrimage is
-made at all times of the year, but particularly in the spring, at which
-season vast multitudes of these pilgrims are seen upon the roads. The
-Japanese of both sexes, young and old, rich and poor, undertake this
-meritorious journey, generally speaking, on foot, in order to obtain,
-at this holy place, indulgences and remission of their sins. Some of
-these pilgrims are so poor that they must live wholly upon what they
-get by begging. On this account, and by reason of their great number,
-they are exceedingly troublesome to the princes and lords who at that
-time of the year go to court, or come thence, though otherwise they
-address themselves in a very civil manner, bareheaded, and with a
-low, submissive voice, saying, ‘Great Lord, be pleased to give the
-poor pilgrim a zeni, towards the expense of his journey to Ise,’ or
-words to that effect. Of all the Japanese, the inhabitants of Yedo and
-the province Oshū are the most inclined to this pilgrimage. Children,
-if apprehensive of severe punishment for their misdemeanors, will run
-away from their parents and go to Ise, thence to fetch an _Oharai_, or
-indulgence, which upon their return is deemed a sufficient expiation
-of their crimes, and a sure means to reconcile them to their friends.
-Multitudes of these pilgrims are obliged to pass whole nights lying in
-the open fields, exposed to all the injuries of wind and weather, some
-for want of room in inns, others out of poverty; and of these last many
-are found dead upon the road, in which case their _Oharai_, if they
-have any about them, is carefully taken up and hid in the next tree or
-bush.
-
-“Others make this pilgrimage in a comical and merry way, drawing
-people’s eyes upon them as well as getting their money. They form
-themselves into companies, generally of four persons, clad in
-white linen, after the fashion of the Kuge, or persons of the holy
-ecclesiastical court of the Dairi. Two of them walking a grave, slow,
-deliberate pace, and standing often still, carry a large barrow,
-adorned and hung about with fir-branches and cut white paper, on which
-they place a resemblance of a large bell, made of light substance, or
-a kettle, or something else, alluding to some old romantic history of
-their gods and ancestors; whilst a third, with a commander’s staff
-in his hand, adorned, out of respect to his office, with a bunch of
-white paper, walks, or rather dances, before the barrow, singing with
-a dull, heavy voice, a song relating to the subject they are about to
-represent. Meanwhile, the fourth goes begging before the houses, or
-addresses himself to charitable travellers, and receives and keeps the
-money which is given them. Their day’s journeys are so short that they
-can easily spend the whole summer upon such an expedition.
-
-“The _Junrei_, another remarkable sight travellers meet with upon
-the roads, are people who go to visit in pilgrimage the thirty-three
-chief Kwannon temples, which lie dispersed throughout the empire.
-They commonly travel two or three together, singing a miserable
-Kwannon-song from house to house, and sometimes playing upon a fiddle,
-or upon a guitar, as vagabond beggars do in Germany. However, they do
-not importune travellers for their charity. They have the names of
-such Kwannon temples as they have not yet visited writ upon a small
-board hanging about their necks. They are clad in white, after a very
-singular fashion, peculiar only to this sect. Some people like so well
-to ramble about the country after this manner that they will apply
-themselves to no other trade and profession, but choose to end their
-days in this perpetual pilgrimage.
-
-“Sometimes one meets with very odd sights; as, for instance, people
-running naked along the roads in the hardest frosts, wearing only a
-little straw about their waists. These people generally undertake so
-extraordinary and troublesome a journey to visit certain temples,
-pursuant to religious vows, which they promised to fulfil in case they
-should obtain, from the bounty of their gods, deliverance from some
-fatal distemper, they themselves, their parents or relations, labor
-under, or from some other great misfortunes they were threatened with.
-They live very poorly and miserably upon the road, receive no charity,
-and proceed on their journey by themselves, almost perpetually running.
-
-“Multitudes of beggars crowd the roads in all parts of the empire,
-but particularly on the so much frequented Tōkaidō, among them many
-lusty young fellows, who shave their heads. To this shaved begging
-tribe belongs a certain remarkable religious order of young girls,
-called _Bikuni_, which is as much as to say, nuns. They live under the
-protection of the nunneries at Kamakura and Miyako, to which they pay a
-certain sum a year, of what they get by begging, as an acknowledgment
-of their authority. They are, in my opinion, by much the handsomest
-girls we saw in Japan. The daughters of poor parents, if they be
-handsome and agreeable, apply for and easily obtain this privilege
-of begging in the habit of nuns, knowing that beauty is one of the
-most persuasive inducements to generosity. The Yamabushi, or begging
-mountain priests (of whom more hereafter), frequently incorporate
-their own daughters into this religious order, and take their wives
-from among these Bikuni. Some of them have been bred up as courtesans,
-and having served their time, buy the privilege of entering into this
-religious order, therein to spend the remainder of their youth and
-beauty. They live two or three together, and make an excursion every
-day some few miles from their dwelling-house. They particularly watch
-people of fashion, who travel in norimono, or in kago, or on horseback.
-As soon as they perceive somebody coming, they draw near and address
-themselves, though not all together, but singly, every one accosting
-a gentleman by herself singing a rural song; and if he proves very
-liberal and charitable, she will keep him company and divert him for
-some hours. As, on the one hand, very little religious blood seems
-to circulate in their veins, so, on the other, it doth not appear
-that they labor under any considerable degree of poverty. It is true,
-indeed, they conform themselves to the rules of their order, by shaving
-their heads, but they take care to cover and to wrap them up in caps or
-hoods made of black silk. They go decently and neatly dressed, after
-the fashion of ordinary people. They wear also a large hat to cover
-their faces, which are often painted, and to shelter themselves from
-the heat of the sun. They commonly have a shepherd’s rod or hook in
-their hands. Their voice, gestures, and apparent behavior, are neither
-too bold and daring, nor too much dejected and affected, but free,
-comely, and seemingly modest. However, not to extol their modesty
-beyond what it deserves, it must be observed, that they make nothing of
-laying their bosoms quite bare to the view of charitable travellers,
-all the while they keep them company, under pretence of its being
-customary in the country; and, for aught I know, they may be, though
-never so religiously shaved, full as impudent and lascivious as any
-public courtesan.
-
-“Another religious begging order is that of _Yamabushi_, as they are
-commonly called; that is, the mountain priests, or rather _Yamabu_,
-mountain soldiers, because at all times they go armed with swords and
-scymetars. They do not shave their heads, but follow the rules of the
-first founder of this order, who mortified his body by climbing up
-steep, high mountains; at least, they conform themselves thereunto
-in their dress, apparent behavior, and some outward ceremonies; for
-they are fallen short of his rigorous way of life. They have a head,
-or general, of their order, residing at Miyako, to whom they are
-obliged to bring a certain sum of money every year, and who has the
-distribution of dignities and of titles, whereby they are known among
-themselves. They commonly live in the neighborhood of some famous
-Kami temple, and accost travellers in the name of that Kami which
-is worshipped there, making a short discourse of his holiness and
-miracles, with a loud, coarse voice. Meanwhile, to make the noise
-still louder, they rattle their long staffs, loaded at the upper end
-with iron rings, to take up the charity money which is given them; and
-last of all, they blow a trumpet made of a large shell. They carry
-their children along with them upon the same begging errand, clad like
-their fathers, but with their heads shaved. Those little bastards are
-exceedingly troublesome and importunate with travellers, and commonly
-take care to light on them, as they are going up some hill or mountain,
-where, because of the difficult ascent, they cannot well escape, nor
-indeed otherwise get rid of them without giving them something. In some
-places they and their fathers accost travellers in company with a troop
-of Bikuni, and, with their rattling, singing, trumpeting, chattering,
-and crying, make such a frightful noise as would make one almost mad or
-deaf. These mountain priests are frequently applied to by superstitious
-people for conjuring, fortune-telling, foretelling future events,
-recovering lost goods, and the like purposes. They profess themselves
-to be of the Kami religion, as established of old, and yet they are
-never suffered to attend, or to take care of, any of the Kami temples.
-
-“There are many more beggars travellers meet with along the roads. Some
-of these are old, and, in all appearance, honest men, who, the better
-to prevail upon people to part with their charity, are shaved and clad
-after the fashion of the Butsudō [Buddhist] priests. Sometimes there
-are two of them standing together, each with a small, oblong book
-before him. This book contains part of their Hōkekyō, or Bible, printed
-in the significant or learned language.[5] However, I would not have
-the reader think, as if they themselves had any understanding in that
-language, or know how to read the book placed before them. They only
-learn some part of it by heart, and speak it aloud, looking towards the
-book, as if they did actually read in it, and expecting something from
-their hearers, as a reward for their trouble.
-
-“Others are found sitting near some river, or running water, making a
-_Segaki_,—a certain ceremony for the relief of departed souls. This
-Segaki is made after the following manner: They take a green branch
-of the _Hana Shikimi_ tree, and, murmuring certain words with a low
-voice, wash and scour it with some shavings of wood, whereon they
-had written the names of some deceased persons. This they believe to
-contribute greatly to relieve and refresh the departed souls confined
-in purgatory; and, for aught I know, it may answer that purpose full as
-well as any number of masses, as they are celebrated to the same end
-in Roman Catholic countries. Any person that hath a mind to purchase
-the benefit of this washing, for himself or his relations and friends,
-throws a zeni upon the mat, which is spread out near the beggar, who
-does not so much as offer to return him any manner of thanks for it,
-thinking his art and devotion deserve still better; besides that, it
-is not customary amongst beggars of note to thank people for their
-charity. Any one who hath learned the proper ceremonies necessary to
-make the Segaki is at liberty to do it.
-
-“Others of this tribe, who make up far the greater part, sit upon the
-road all day long upon a small, coarse mat. They have a flat bell, like
-a broad mortar, lying before them, and do nothing else but repeat,
-with a lamentable singing tune, the word _Namida_, which is contracted
-from _Namu Amida Butsu_, a short form of prayer wherewith they address
-Amida as the patron and advocate of departed souls. Meanwhile they beat
-almost continually with a small wooden hammer upon the aforesaid bell,
-and this, they say, in order to be the sooner heard by Amida, and, I am
-apt to think, not without an intent, too, to be the better taken notice
-of by passengers.
-
-“Another sort we met with as we went along were differently clad, some
-in an ecclesiastical, others in a secular habit. These stood in the
-fields, next to the road, and commonly had a sort of altar standing
-before them, upon which they placed the idol of their Briaréus, or
-Kwannon, as they call him, carved in wood and gilt; or the pictures
-of some other idols, scurvily done, as, for instance, the picture of
-Amida, the supreme judge of departed souls; of Emma, or the head-keeper
-of the prison, whereunto the condemned souls are confined; of _Jizō_,
-or the supreme commander in the purgatory of children; and some others,
-wherewith, and by some representations of the flames and torments
-prepared for the wicked in a future world, they endeavor to stir up in
-passengers compassion and charity.
-
-“Other beggars, and these, to all appearance, honest enough, are met
-sitting along the road, clad much after the same manner with the
-Kwannon beggars, with a _Jizō_ staff in their hand. These have made vow
-not to speak during a certain time, and express their want and desire
-only by a sad, dejected, woeful countenance.[6]
-
-“Not to mention numberless other common beggars, some sick, some stout
-and lusty enough, who get people’s charity by praying, singing, playing
-upon fiddles, guitars, and other musical instruments, or performing
-some juggler’s tricks, I will close the account of this vermin with an
-odd, remarkable sort of a beggar’s music, or rather chime of bells, we
-sometimes, but rarely, met with in our journey to court. A young boy,
-with a sort of a wooden machine pendent from his neck, and a rope, with
-eight strings about it, from which hang down eight bells, of different
-sounds, turns round in a circle, with a swiftness scarce credible, in
-such a manner that both the machine, which rests upon his shoulders,
-and the bells, turn round with him horizontally, the boy, in the
-meanwhile, with great dexterity and quickness, beating them with two
-hammers, makes a strange, odd sort of a melody. To increase the noise,
-two people sitting near him beat, one upon a large, the other upon a
-smaller drum. Those who are pleased with their performance throw them
-some zeni as they pass.[7]
-
-“The crowd and throng upon the roads is not a little increased by
-numberless small retail merchants, and children of country people, who
-run about from morning to night, following travellers, and offering
-them for sale their poor, for the most part eatable, merchandise,—such
-as several cakes and sweetmeats, wherein the quantity of sugar is so
-inconsiderable that it is scarce perceptible, other cakes, of different
-sorts, made of flour, roots boiled in water and salt, road-books, straw
-shoes for horses and men, ropes, strings, toothpickers, and a multitude
-of other trifles, made of wood, straw, reed, and bamboos.
-
-“Nor must I forget to take notice of the numberless wenches, the great
-and small inns, and the tea-booths and cook-shops in villages and
-hamlets are furnished withal. About noon, when they have done dressing
-and painting themselves, they make their appearance, standing under the
-door of the house, or sitting upon the small gallery around it, whence,
-with a smiling countenance and good words, they invite the travelling
-troops that pass by to call in at their inn, preferably to others. In
-some places, where there are several inns standing near one another,
-they make, with their chattering and rattling, no inconsiderable noise,
-and prove not a little troublesome.
-
-“I cannot forbear mentioning in this place a small mistake of Mr.
-Caron, in his account of Japan, where he shows so tender a regard for
-the honor of the Japanese sex (perhaps out of respect to his lady,
-who was a Japan woman) as to assert that, except in the privileged
-houses devoted to it, this trade is not elsewhere carried on. It
-is unquestionably true that there is hardly a public inn upon the
-great island Nippon, but what is provided with courtesans, and if
-too many customers resort to one place, the neighboring inn-keepers
-will lend their wenches, on condition that what money they get shall
-be faithfully paid them. Nor is it a new custom come up but lately,
-or since Mr. Caron’s time. On the contrary, it is of very old date,
-and took its rise, as the Japanese say, many hundred years ago, in
-the times of that brave general and first secular monarch, Yoritomo,
-who, apprehensive lest his soldiers, weary of his long and tedious
-expeditions, and desirous to return home to their wives and children,
-should desert his army, thought it much more advisable to indulge them
-in this particular.”
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXIV
-
- _Departure from Nagasaki_—_Train of the Dutch_—_The Day’s
- Journey_—_Treatment of the Dutch_—_Respect shown them in the Island
- of Shimo_—_Care with which they are watched_—_Inns at which they
- lodge_—_Their Reception and Treatment there_—_Politeness of the
- Japanese_—_Lucky and Unlucky Days_—_Seimei, the Astrologer_.
-
-
-“All the princes, lords, and vassals of the Japanese empire being
-obliged,” says Kämpfer, “to make their appearance at court once a year,
-it hath been determined by the emperor what time and what day they
-are to set out on their journey. The same is observed with regard to
-the Dutch, and the fifteenth or sixteenth day of the first Japanese
-month, which commonly falls in with the middle of our February, hath
-been fixed for our constant departure. Towards that time we get
-everything ready to set out, having first sent by sea, as already
-mentioned, to the city of Shimonoseki the presents we are to make,
-sorted and carefully packed, together with the other heavy baggage,
-and the victuals and kitchen furniture for our future travels.
-Three or four weeks after, and a few days before our departure, our
-president, attended with his usual train, goes to visit the two
-governors of Nagasaki, at their palaces, to take his leave of them,
-and to recommend the Dutch who remain in our factory to their favor
-and protection. The next day, all the goods and other things which
-must be carried along with us are marked—every bale or trunk—with a
-small board, whereupon is writ the possessor’s name, and the contents.
-The day of our departure, all the officers of our island, and all
-persons who are any ways concerned with our affairs, particularly the
-future companions of our voyage, come over to Deshima early in the
-morning. They are followed soon after by both governors, attended with
-their whole numerous court, or else by their deputies, who come to
-wish us a good journey. The governors—or their deputies—having been
-entertained as usual upon this occasion, and taken their leave, are by
-us accompanied out of our island, which is done commonly about nine
-in the morning, at which time, also, we set out on our journey. The
-_Bugiō_, or commander-in-chief, of our train, and the Dutch president,
-enter their norimono. The chief interpreter, if he be old, is carried
-in an ordinary kago; others mount on horseback, and the servants go
-a-foot. All the Japanese officers of our island, and several friends
-and acquaintances of our Japanese companions, keep us company out of
-the town so far as the next inn.
-
-“Our train is not the same in the three several parts of our journey.
-Over the island Kiūshiū it may amount, with all the servants and
-footmen, as also the gentlemen whom the lords of the several provinces
-we pass through send to compliment us, and to keep us company during
-our stay in their dominions, to about an hundred persons. In our voyage
-by sea it is not much less, all the sailors and watermen taken in. In
-the last part, over the great island Nippon, from Ōsaka to Yedo, it is
-considerably greater, and consists of no less than an hundred and fifty
-people, and this, by reason of the presents and other goods which came
-from Nagasaki, as far as Ōsaka by sea, but must now be taken out and
-carried by land to Yedo, by horses and men.
-
-[Illustration: IN A JAPANESE GARDEN]
-
-“All our heavy baggage is commonly sent away some hours before we set
-out ourselves, lest it should be a hindrance to us, as, also, to give
-timely notice to our landlords of our arrival. We set out early in the
-morning, and, save only one hour for dinner, travel till evening, and
-sometimes till late at night, making from ten to thirteen Japanese
-leagues a day. In our voyage by sea we put into some harbor, and come
-to an anchor every night, advancing forty Japanese water-leagues a day
-at farthest.
-
-“We are better treated, and more honorably received, in our journey
-over Kiūshiū than upon the great island Nippon, though everywhere we
-have much more civility shown us by the inhabitants of the cities and
-districts through which we pass, than by our Nagasakian companions and
-our own servants, who eat our bread and travel at our expense. In our
-journey across the island Kiūshiū we receive nearly the same honors and
-civility from the lords of the several provinces we pass through as
-they show to travelling princes and their retinues. The roads are swept
-and cleaned before us, and in cities and villages they are watered to
-lay the dust. The common people, laborers, and idle spectators, who
-are so very troublesome to travellers upon the great island Nippon,
-are kept out of the way, and the inhabitants of the houses on either
-side of the roads and streets see us go by, either sitting in the back
-part of their houses, or kneeling in the fore part, behind a screen,
-with great respect and in a profound silence. All the princes and lords
-whose dominions we are to pass through send one of their noblemen to
-compliment us, as soon as we enter upon their territories; but, as he
-is not suffered to address us in person, he makes his compliment in his
-master’s name to the Bugiō, or commander-in-chief of our train, and to
-the chief interpreter, offering, at the same time, what houses and men
-we want for us and our baggage. He likewise orders four footmen to walk
-by every Dutchman’s side, and two gentlemen of some note at his court,
-who are clad in black silk, with staffs in their hands, to precede the
-whole train. After this manner they lead us through their master’s
-territories, and, when we come to the limits thereof, the Japanese
-companions of our voyage are treated with sake and sakana, and so they
-take their leave. For our passage over the bays of Ōmura and Shimabara
-the lords of these two places lend us their own pleasure-barges and
-their own watermen besides that they furnish us with abundance of
-provisions, without expecting even so much as a small present in
-return for their civil and courteous behavior; and yet our thievish
-interpreters never miss to lay hold of this advantage, putting this
-article upon our accounts as if we had actually been at the expense;
-and they commonly put the money into their own pockets. In our whole
-journey from Nagasaki to Kokura, everybody we meet with shows us and
-our train that deference and respect which is due only to the princes
-and lords of the country. Private travellers, whether they travel on
-foot or on horseback, must retire out of the way,—those who hesitate
-about it being compelled to it by the officers,—and, bareheaded, humbly
-bowing, wait in the next field till our whole retinue is gone by. I
-took notice of some country people, who do not only retire out of the
-way, but turn us their back, as not worthy to behold us,—the greatest
-mark of civility a Japanese can possibly show. None, or but few, of
-these public marks of honor and respect are shown us in our journey
-over the great island Nippon.”
-
-“As to what concerns our accommodation on the road, the same is—with
-regard to the carriage of us and of our baggage, the number of horses
-and men provided for that purpose, the inns, lodgings, eating, and
-attendance—as good for our money as we could possibly desire. But,
-on the other hand, if we consider the narrow compass allowed us, we
-have too much reason to complain; for we are treated in a manner like
-prisoners, deprived of all liberty, excepting that of looking about
-the country from our horses, or out of our kago, which, indeed, it is
-impossible for them to deny us. As soon as a Dutchman alights from his
-horse (which is taken very ill, unless urgent necessity obliges him),
-he that rides before our train, and the whole train after him, must
-stop suddenly, and the Dōshin and two other attendants must come down
-from their horses to take immediate care of him. Nay, they watch us to
-that degree that they will not leave us alone, not even for the most
-necessary occasions. The Bugiō, or commander-in-chief of our train,
-studies day and night, not only the contents of his instructions, but
-the journals of two or three preceding journeys, in order exactly, and
-step by step, to follow the actions and behavior of his predecessors.
-’Tis looked upon as the most convincing proof of his faithfulness and
-good conduct still to exceed them. Nay, some of these blockheads are so
-capricious that no accident whatever can oblige them to go to any other
-inns but those we had been at the year before, even though we should,
-upon this account, be forced in the worst weather, with the greatest
-inconveniency, and at the very peril of our lives, to travel till late
-at night.
-
-“We go to the same inns which the princes and lords of the country
-resort to, that is, to the very best of every place. The apartments
-are at that time hung with the colors and arms of the Dutch East India
-Company, and this in order to notify to the neighborhood who they be
-that lodge there, as is customary in the country. We always go to the
-same inns, with this difference only, that, upon our return from Yedo,
-we lie at the place we dined at in going up, by this means equally to
-divide the trouble, which is much greater at night than at dinner. We
-always take up our lodging in the back apartment of the house, which
-is by much the pleasantest; also otherwise, as has been mentioned,
-reckoned the chief. The landlord observes the same customs upon our
-arrival as upon the arrival of the princes and lords of the empire. He
-comes out of the town or village into the fields to meet us, clad in a
-kamishimo, or garment of ceremony, and wearing a short scymetar stuck
-in his girdle, making his compliments with a low bow, which before
-the norimono of the Bugiō and our Resident is so low, that he touches
-the ground with his hands and almost with his forehead. This done, he
-hastens back to his house, and receives us at the entry a second time,
-in the same manner, and with the same compliments.
-
-“As soon as we are come to the inn, our guardians and keepers carry
-us forthwith across the house to our apartments. Nor, indeed, are we
-so much displeased at this, since the number of spectators and the
-petulant scoffing of the children, but, above all, the exhaustion of
-a fatiguing journey, make us desirous to take our rest, the sooner
-the better. We are, as it were, confined to our apartments, having no
-other liberty but to walk out into the small garden behind the house.
-All other avenues, all the doors, windows, and holes which open any
-prospect towards the streets or country, are carefully shut and nailed
-up, in order, as they would fain persuade us, to defend us and our
-goods from thieves, but in fact to watch and guard us as thieves and
-deserters. It must be owned, however, that this superabundant care and
-watchfulness is considerably lessened upon our return, when we have
-found means to insinuate ourselves into their favor, and by presents
-and otherwise to procure their connivance.
-
-“The Bugiō takes possession of the best apartment after ours. The
-several rooms next to our own are taken up by the Dōshin, interpreters,
-and other chief officers of our retinue, in order to be always near
-at hand to watch our conduct, and to care that none of our landlord’s
-domestics nor any other person presume to come into our apartment,
-unless it be by their leave and in their presence; and in their absence
-they commit this care to some of their own or our servants; though
-all the companions of our voyage in general are strictly charged to
-have a watchful eye over us. Those who exceed their fellow-servants in
-vigilance are, by way of encouragement, permitted to make the journey
-again the next year. Otherwise they stand excluded for two years.
-
-“As soon as we have taken possession of our apartment, in comes the
-landlord with some of his chief male domestics, each with a dish of
-tea in his hand, which they present to every one of us with a low bow,
-according to his rank and dignity, and repeating, with a submissive,
-deep-fetched voice, the words, _ah! ah! ah!_ They are all clad in their
-garments of ceremony, which they wear only upon great occasions, and
-have each a short scymetar stuck in his girdle, which they never quit,
-so long as the company stays in the house. This done, the necessary
-apparatus for smoking is brought in, consisting of a board of wood or
-brass, though not always of the same structure, upon which are placed
-a small fire-pan with coals, a pot to spit in, a small box filled with
-tobacco cut small, and some long pipes with small brass heads; as also
-another japanned board, or dish, with _Sakana_,[8] that is, something
-to eat, as, for instance, several sorts of fruits, figs, nuts, several
-sorts of cakes, chiefly manjū, and rice cakes hot, several sorts
-of roots boiled in water, sweetmeats, and other trumperies of this
-kind. All these things are brought first into the Bugiō’s room, then
-into ours. As to other necessaries travellers may have occasion for,
-they are generally, in the case of native travellers, served by the
-house-maids. These wenches also wait at table, taking that opportunity
-to engage their guests to further favors. But it is quite otherwise
-with us; for even the landlords themselves and their male domestics,
-after they have presented us with a dish of tea, as above said, are
-not suffered upon any account whatever to enter our apartments; but
-whatever we want it is the sole business of our own servants to provide
-us with.
-
-“There are no other spitting-pots brought into the room but that which
-comes along with the tobacco. If there be occasion for more they make
-use of small pieces of bamboo, a hand broad and high, sawed from
-between the joints and hollowed. The candles brought in at night are
-hollow in the middle; the wick, which is of paper, being wound about
-a wooden stick before the tallow is laid on. For this reason, also,
-the candlesticks have a punch or bodkin at top, which the candles
-are fixed upon. They burn very quick, and make a great deal of smoke
-and smell, the oil or tallow being made of the berries of bay-trees,
-camphor-trees, and some others of the kind. It is somewhat odd and
-ridiculous to see the whirling motion of the ascending smoke followed
-by the flame, when the candle is taken off the punch at the top of the
-candlestick. Instead of lamps, they make use of small, flat, earthen
-vessels, filled with train-oil made of the fat of whales, or of oil
-made of cotton-seed. The wick is made of rush, and the abovesaid
-earthen vessel stands in another filled with water, or in a square
-lantern, that, in case the oil should by chance take fire, no damage
-may thereupon come to the house.
-
-“The Japanese, in their journeys, sit down to table thrice a day,
-besides what they eat between meals. They begin early in the morning
-and before break of day, at least before they set out, with a good,
-substantial breakfast; then follows dinner at noon, and the day is
-concluded with a plentiful supper at night. It being forbid to play at
-cards, they sit after meals, drinking and singing some songs, to make
-one another merry, or else they propose some riddles round, or play at
-some other game, and he that cannot explain the riddle, or loses the
-game, is obliged to drink a glass. It is again quite otherwise with us,
-for we sit at table and eat our victuals very quietly. Our cloth is
-laid, and the dishes dressed after the European manner, but by Japanese
-cooks. We are presented, besides, by the landlord, each with a Japanese
-dish. We drink European wines and the rice-beer of the country hot. All
-our diversion is confined, in the daytime, to the small garden which is
-behind the house; at night to the bath, in case we please to make use
-of it. No other pleasure is allowed us, no manner of conversation with
-the domestics, male or female, excepting what, through the connivance
-of our inspectors, some of us find means to procure at night in private
-and in their own rooms.
-
-“When everything is ready for us to set out again, the landlord is
-called, and our president, in presence of the two interpreters, pays
-him the reckoning in gold, laid upon a small salver. He draws near, in
-a creeping posture, kneeling, holding his hands down to the floor, and
-when he takes the salver which the money is laid upon, he bows down
-his forehead almost quite to the ground, in token of submission and
-gratitude, uttering with a deep voice the words _ah! ah! ah!_ whereby
-in this country inferiors show their deference and respect to their
-superiors. He then prepares to make the same compliment to the other
-Dutchmen; but our interpreters generally excuse him this trouble, and
-make him return in the same crawling posture. Every landlord hath two
-koban paid him for dinner, and three for supper and lodgings at night.
-For this money he is to provide victuals enough for our whole train,
-the horses, the men that look after them, and porters only excepted.
-The same sum is paid to the landlords in the cities, where we stay
-some days, as at Ōsaka, Miyako, and Yedo, namely, five koban a day,
-without any further recompense. The reason of our being kept so cheap,
-as to victuals and lodging, is because this sum was agreed on with
-our landlords a long while ago, when our train was not yet so bulky
-as it now is.[9] It is a custom in this country, which we likewise
-observe, that guests, before they quit the inn, order their servants
-to sweep the room they lodged in, not to leave any dirt, or ungrateful
-dust, behind them.
-
-[Illustration: A DAIMYŌ’S PROCESSION]
-
-“From this reasonable behavior of the landlords, the reader may judge
-of the civility of the whole nation in general, always excepting our
-own officers and servants. I must own that, in the visits we made or
-received in our journey, we found the same to be greater than could be
-expected from the most civilized nations. The behavior of the Japanese,
-from the meanest countryman up to the greatest prince or lord, is
-such that the whole empire might be called a school of civility and
-good manners. They have so much sense and innate curiosity, that,
-if they were not absolutely denied a free and open conversation and
-correspondence with foreigners, they would receive them with the
-utmost kindness and pleasure. In some towns and villages only we took
-notice that the young boys, who are childish all over the world, would
-run after us, calling us names, and cracking some malicious jests or
-other, levelled at the Chinese, whom they take us to be. One of the
-most common, and not much different from a like sort of a compliment
-which is commonly made to Jews in Germany, is _Tōjin baibai?_ which, in
-broken Chinese, signifies, _Chinese, have ye nothing to truck?_
-
-“It may not be amiss to observe, that it is not an indifferent matter
-to travellers in this country what day they set out on their journey;
-for they must choose for their departure a fortunate day, for which
-purpose they make use of a particular table, printed in all their
-road-books, which they say hath been observed to hold true by a
-continued experience of many ages, and wherein are set down all the
-unfortunate days of every month. However, the most sensible of the
-Japanese have but little regard for this superstitious table, which is
-more credited by the common people, the mountain priests, and monks.
-
-“To give the more authority to this table, they say that it was
-invented by the astrologer Seimei, a man of great quality and very
-eminent in his art. King _Abeno Tashima_ was his father, and a fox
-his mother, to whom Abeno Tashima was married upon the following
-occasion. He once happened with a servant of his to be in the temple
-of Inari, who is the god and protector of the foxes. Meanwhile some
-courtiers were hunting the fox without doors, in order to make use of
-the lungs for the preparation of a certain medicine. It happened upon
-this that a young fox, pursued by the hunters, fled into the temple,
-which stood open, and took shelter in the very bosom of Tashima. The
-king, unwilling to deliver up the poor creature to the unmerciful
-hunters, was forced to defend himself and his fox, and to repel force
-by force, wherein he behaved himself with so much bravery and success
-that, having defeated the hunters, he set the fox at liberty. The
-hunters, ashamed and highly offended at the courageous behavior of
-the king, seized, in the height of their resentment, an opportunity
-which offered to kill his royal father. Tashima mustered up all his
-courage and prudence to revenge his father’s death, and with so much
-success that he killed the traitors with his own hands. The fox, to
-return his gratitude, appeared to him, after the victory which he
-obtained over the murderers of his father, in the shape of a lady of
-incomparable beauty, and so fired his breast with love that he took
-her to his wife. It was by her he had this son, who was endowed with
-divine wisdom, and the precious gift of prognosticating and foretelling
-things to come. Nor did he know that his wife had been that very fox
-whose life he saved with so much courage in the temple of Inari, till,
-soon after, her tail and other parts beginning to grow, she resumed by
-degrees her former shape.[10]
-
-“Seimei not only calculated the above table by the knowledge he had
-acquired of the motion and influence of the stars, but, as he was at
-the same time a perfect master of the cabalistic sciences, he found
-out certain words which he brought together into an _Uta_, or verse,
-the repetition of which is believed to have the infallible virtue of
-keeping off all those misfortunes which, upon the days determined in
-the table to be unfortunate, would otherwise befall travellers,—this
-verse being for the use and satisfaction of poor ordinary servants, who
-have not leisure to accommodate themselves to the table, but must go
-when and wherever they are sent by their masters.”
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXV
-
- _From Nagasaki to Kokura—Shimonoseki—Water Journey to
- Ōsaka—Description of that City—Its Castle—Interview with the
- Governors—From Ōsaka to Miyako—Jodo and its Castle—Fushimi—Entrance
- into Miyako—Visit to the Chief Justice and the Governors—Description
- of Miyako—Palace of the Dairi—Castle—Manufactures and Trade—Authority
- of the Chief Justice—Police—Crimes._
-
-
-At coming out of Nagasaki, on his first journey to court (Tuesday,
-February 13, 1691), Kämpfer noticed the idol Jizō, the god of the roads
-and protector of travellers, hewn out of the rock in nine different
-places. At the next village stood another of the same sort, about three
-feet in height, on a stone pillar twice as high, and adorned with
-flowers. Two other smaller stone pillars, hollow at top, stood before
-the idol, upon which were placed lamps, for travellers to light in its
-honor; and at some distance stood a basin of water, in which to wash
-the hands before lighting the lamps.
-
-The first twelve miles’ travelling, which was very steep and
-mountainous, brought the company to the shores of the bay of Ōmura,
-which they found too shallow for vessels of size; but by crossing it
-in boats, furnished by the prince of Ōmura, each rowed by fourteen
-watermen, they saved a distance of ten miles or more. The distance
-across was thirty miles. The town of Ōmura was seen on the right at the
-head of the bay, and beyond it a smoking mountain. The shells of this
-bay were reported to yield pearls.[11]
-
-The second day (Wednesday, February 14) they passed an old
-camphor-tree, estimated to be thirty-six feet in circumference, and
-hollow within.[12] At Shiwota, where they dined, a seaport on the
-gulf of Shimabara, was a manufactory of large earthen pots, used by
-vessels as water-cakes, and also of china ware, made of a whitish,
-fat clay, abundant in that neighborhood. The same day they visited a
-hot spring, much frequented for its medicinal effects, and provided
-with accommodations for bathing. There are several others in the
-neighborhood.[13]
-
-Saga, the capital of the province of Hizen, through which they passed
-the next day (Thursday, February 15), without stopping, was found to
-be a considerable place, situated not far from the western border of
-the province, near the head of the bay of Shimabara. “The city,” says
-Kämpfer, “is very large, but extends more in length than in breadth.
-It is exceedingly populous. Both going in and coming out we found
-strong guards at the gates. It is enclosed with walls, but more for
-state than defence. The prince or petty king of this province resides
-here in a large castle, which commands the city. The streets are
-large, with streams of water flowing through them. The houses are but
-sorry and low, and in the chief streets fitted up for manufacturers
-and shopkeepers. The inhabitants are very short, but well shaped,
-particularly the women, who are handsomer, I think, than in any other
-Asiatic country, but so much painted that one would be apt to take them
-for wax figures rather than living creatures. Many were noticed who
-seemed little more than girls, yet evidently the mothers of several
-children. These women of Hizen have the reputation of being the
-handsomest in Japan, next to those of Miyako. This province, though
-less wealthy than that of Satsuma, is reputed to be about the most
-fertile in all Japan, being particularly famous for its rice, of which
-it produces ten different sorts or qualities, one of which is reserved
-for the special use of the emperor. The rice-fields were observed to be
-bordered with tea-shrubs about six feet high; but as they were stripped
-of their leaves, they made but a naked and sorry appearance.”
-
-In the afternoon our travellers passed into the province of Chikugo,
-and having traversed a small but very pleasant wood of firs,—a rare
-sight in the flat parts of the country,—they saw at a distance the
-castle of Kurume, the residence of the prince of the province.[14]
-Friday, February 16, mountains were encountered, which they passed in
-kago, as the road was too steep for horseback-riding. This country,
-forming a part of the province of Chikuzen, struck Kämpfer as not
-unlike some mountainous and woody parts of Germany, but no cattle were
-seen grazing, except a few cows and horses for carriage and ploughing.
-The people were less handsome than those of Hizen, but extremely civil.
-
-The next day (February 17), after passing, in the afternoon, some
-coal-mines, whence the neighborhood was supplied with fuel, they
-reached Kokura, capital of the province of Buzen, once a large town,
-but now much decayed. It had a large castle of freestone, with a
-few cannon and a tower of six stories, the usual sign of princely
-residences. A river passed through the town, crossed by a bridge near
-two hundred yards long, but it was too shallow to admit vessels of any
-size. At least one hundred small boats were drawn up on the banks. On
-leaving their inn where they had stopped to dine, the Dutch found the
-square in front of it, as well as the bridge, crowded with upwards of
-a thousand spectators, chiefly ordinary people, who had collected to
-see them, and who knelt in profound silence, without motion or noise.
-The distance of this place from Nagasaki was reckoned at fifty-five
-Japanese miles, and had consumed five days.
-
-[Illustration: IMAGE OF JIZŌ]
-
-Embarking in boats, the Dutch travellers crossed the strait which
-separates Shimo from Nippon, narrower here than anywhere else, less
-than three miles wide, though the town of Shimonoseki, which gives its
-name to the strait, being situated at the bottom of an inlet, is
-near twelve miles from Kokura. This town, in the province of Nagato,
-consisted of four or five hundred houses, built chiefly on both sides
-of one long street, with a few smaller ones terminating in it. It is
-full of shops for selling provisions and stores to the ships, which
-daily put in for shelter or supplies, and of which not less than two
-hundred were seen at anchor. It also had a temple to Amida, built
-to appease the ghost of a young prince of the family of Heishi, so
-celebrated in the legendary annals of the Japanese, whose nurse, with
-the boy in her arms, is said to have thrown herself headlong into the
-strait to avoid capture by his father’s enemies, at the time of the
-ruin of that family.
-
-The voyage from Shimonoseki to Ōsaka was reckoned at one hundred and
-thirty-four Japanese water-miles, and was made in six days, the vessel
-coming to anchor every night in good harbors, with which the coast
-abounds. This voyage lay first through the strait between Shimo and
-Nippon, and then through the strait or sea between Nippon and Shikoku,
-which was full of islands, some cultivated, others mere rocks. On the
-main land on either side snow-covered mountains were visible. The barge
-could proceed no further than Hyōgo, a city of the province Settsu,
-nearly as large as Nagasaki. Here the company embarked in small boats
-for Ōsaka. As they passed along they saw at a distance the imperial
-city of Sakai, three or four Japanese miles south from Ōsaka. The
-description of Ōsaka, and of the journey thence to Miyako, is thus
-given by Kämpfer:
-
-“Ōsaka, one of the five imperial cities, is agreeably seated in
-the province of Settsu, in a fruitful plain, and on the banks of a
-navigable river. At the east end is a strong castle; and at the western
-end, two strong, stately guard-houses, which separate it from its
-suburbs. Its length from these suburbs to the above-mentioned castle
-is between three and four thousand yards. Its breadth is somewhat
-less. The river Yodogawa runs on the north side, and below the city
-falls into the sea. This river rises a day and a half’s journey to
-the northeast, out of a midland lake in the province of Ōmi, which,
-according to Japanese histories, arose in one night, that spot which it
-now fills being sunk in a violent earthquake. Coming out of this lake,
-it runs by the small towns Uji and Yodo, from which latter it borrows
-its name, and so continues down to Ōsaka. About a mile before it comes
-to this city, it sends off one of its arms straight to the sea. This
-want, if any, is supplied by two other rivers, both which flow into it
-just above the city, on the north side of the castle, where there are
-stately bridges over them. The united stream having washed one third
-of the city, part of its waters are conveyed through a broad canal to
-supply the south part, which is also the larger, and that where the
-richest inhabitants live. For this purpose several smaller channels
-cut from the large one, pass through some of the chief streets, deep
-enough to be navigable for small boats, which bring goods to the
-merchant’s doors—though some are muddy, and not too clean, for want of
-a sufficient quantity and run of water. Upwards of an hundred bridges,
-many extraordinarily beautiful, are built over them.
-
-“A little below the coming out of the above-mentioned canal another arm
-arises on the north side of the great stream, which is shallow and not
-navigable, but runs down westward, with great rapidity, till it loses
-itself in the sea. The middle and great stream still continues its
-course through the city, at the lower end whereof it turns westward,
-and having supplied the suburbs and villages which lie without the
-city, by many lateral branches, at last loses itself in the sea through
-several mouths. This river is narrow, indeed, but deep and navigable.
-From its mouth up as far as Ōsaka, and higher, there are seldom less
-than a thousand boats going up and down, some with merchants, others
-with the princes and lords who live to the west, on their way to and
-from Yedo. The banks are raised on both sides into ten or more steps,
-coarsely hewn of freestone, so that they look like one continued
-stairs, and one may land wherever he pleases. Stately bridges are laid
-over the river at every three or four hundred paces’ distance. They are
-built of cedar wood, and are railed on both sides, some of the rails
-being adorned at top with brass buttons. I counted in all ten such
-bridges, three whereof were particularly remarkable, because of their
-length, being laid over the great arm of the river where it is broadest.
-
-“The streets, in the main, are narrow but regular, cutting each other
-at right angles. From this regularity, however, we must except that
-part of the city which lies towards the sea, because the streets
-there run along the several branches of the river. The streets are
-very neat, though not paved. However, for the conveniency of walking,
-there is a small pavement of square stones along the houses on each
-side of the street. At the end of every street are strong gates, which
-are shut at night, when nobody is suffered to pass from one street to
-another without special leave and a passport from the Otona, or street
-officer. There is also in every street a place railed in, where they
-keep all the necessary instruments in case of fire. Not far from it is
-a covered well, for the same purpose. The houses are, according to
-the custom of the country, not above two stories high, each story of
-nine or twelve feet. They are built of wood, lime, and clay. The front
-offers to the spectator’s eye the door, and a shop where the merchants
-sell their goods, or else an open room where artificers, openly and
-in everybody’s sight, exercise their trade. From the upper end of the
-shop or room hangs down a piece of black cloth, partly for ornament,
-partly to defend them in some measure from the wind and weather. At the
-same place hang some fine patterns of what is sold in the shop. The
-roof is flat, and in good houses covered with black tiles laid in lime.
-The roofs of ordinary houses are covered only with shavings of wood.
-Within doors all the houses are kept clean and neat to admiration. The
-staircases, rails, and all the wainscoting, are varnished. The floors
-are covered with neat mats. The rooms are separated from each other by
-screens, upon removal of which several small rooms may be enlarged into
-one, or the contrary done if needful. The walls are hung with shining
-paper, curiously painted with gold and silver flowers. The upper part
-of the wall, for some inches down from the ceiling, is commonly left
-empty, and only clayed with an orange-colored clay, which is dug up
-about this city, and is, because of its beautiful color, exported into
-other provinces. The mats, doors, and screens are all of the same size,
-six Japanese feet long and three broad. The houses themselves, and
-their several rooms, are built proportionably according to a certain
-number of mats, more or less. There is commonly a curious garden behind
-the house, such as I have described elsewhere. Behind the garden is
-the bathing-stove, and sometimes a vault, or rather a small room,
-with strong walls of clay and lime, to preserve, in case of fire, the
-richest household goods and furniture.
-
-“Ōsaka is extremely populous, and if we believe what the boasting
-Japanese tell us, can raise an army of eighty thousand men from
-among its inhabitants. It is the best trading town in Japan, being
-extraordinarily well situated for carrying on a commerce both by
-land and water. This is the reason why it is so well inhabited by
-rich merchants, artificers and manufacturers. Provisions are cheap,
-notwithstanding the city is so well peopled. Whatever tends to promote
-luxury, and to gratify all sensual pleasures, may be had at as easy a
-rate here as anywhere, and for this reason the Japanese call Ōsaka the
-universal theatre of pleasures and diversions. Plays are to be seen
-daily, both in public and in private houses. Mountebanks, jugglers, who
-can show some artful tricks, and all the raree-show people who have
-either some uncommon, or monstrous animal to exhibit, or animals taught
-to play tricks, resort thither from all parts of the empire, being
-sure to get a better penny here than anywhere else.[15] Hence it is no
-wonder that numbers of strangers and travellers daily resort thither,
-chiefly rich people, as to a place where they can spend their time
-and money with much greater satisfaction than perhaps anywhere else
-in the empire. The western princes and lords on this side Ōsaka all
-have houses in this city, and people to attend them in their passage
-through, and yet they are not permitted to stay longer than a night,
-besides that upon their departure they are obliged to follow a road
-entirely out of sight of the castle.
-
-“The water which is drank at Ōsaka tastes a little brackish; but
-in lieu of thereof they have the best sake in the empire, which is
-brewed in great quantities in the neighboring village, Tennōji, and
-from thence exported into most other provinces, nay, by the Dutch and
-Chinese, out of the country.
-
-“On the east side of the city, in a large plain, lies the famous castle
-built by Taikō-Sama [Toyotomi Hideyoshi]. Going up to Miyako we pass
-by it. It is square, about an hour’s walking in circumference, and
-strongly fortified with round bastions, according to the military
-architecture of the country. After the castle of Higo, it hath not its
-superior in extent, magnificence, and strength, throughout the whole
-empire. On the north side it is defended by the river Yodogawa, which
-washes its walls. On the east side its walls are washed by a tributary
-river, on the opposite bank of which lies a great garden belonging to
-the castle. The south and west sides border upon the city. The moles,
-or buttresses, which support the outward wall, are of an uncommon
-bigness, I believe at least forty-two feet thick. They are built to
-support a high, strong brick wall, lined with freestone, which at its
-upper end is planted with a row of firs or cedars.
-
-“The day after our arrival (Sunday, February 25) we were admitted to
-an audience of the governor of the city, to which we were carried in
-kago, attended by our whole train of interpreters and other officers.
-It is half an hour’s walking from our inn to the governor’s palace,
-which lies at the end of the city in a square opposite the castle. Just
-before the house we stepped out of our kago, and put on each a silk
-cloak, which is reckoned equal to the garment of ceremony which the
-Japanese wear on these occasions. Through a passage thirty paces long
-we came into the hall, or guard-house, where we were received by two
-of the governor’s gentlemen, who very civilly desired us to sit down.
-Four soldiers stood upon duty on our left as we came in, and next to
-them we found eight other officers of the governor’s court, all sitting
-upon their knees and ankles. The wall on our right was hung with
-arms, ranged in a proper order, fifteen halberds on one side, twenty
-lances in the middle, and nineteen pikes on the other; the latter were
-adorned at the upper end with fringes. Hence we were conducted by two
-of the governor’s secretaries through four rooms (which, however, upon
-removing the screens, might have been enlarged into one) into the hall
-of audience. I took notice, as we came by, that the walls were hung
-and adorned with bows, with sabres and scymitars, as also with some
-fire-arms, kept in rich black varnished cases.
-
-“In the hall of audience, where there were seven of the governor’s
-gentlemen sitting, the two secretaries sat down at three paces’
-distance from us, and treated us with tea, carrying on a very civil
-conversation with us till the governor appeared, as he soon did, with
-two of his sons, one seventeen, the other eighteen years of age, and
-sat down at ten paces’ distance in another room, which was laid open
-towards the hall of audience by removing three lattices, through which
-he spoke to us.
-
-“He seemed to be about forty years of age, middle-sized, strong,
-active, of a manly countenance and broad-faced; very civil in his
-conversation, and speaking with a great deal of softness and modesty.
-He was but meanly clad in black, and wore a gray garment of ceremony
-over his dress. He wore, also, but one ordinary scymitar. His
-conversation turned chiefly upon the following points: That the weather
-was now very cold; that we had made a very great journey; that it was a
-singular favor to be admitted into the emperor’s presence; that, of all
-nations in the world, only the Dutch were allowed this honor.
-
-“He promised us that, since the chief justice of Miyako, whose business
-it is to give us the necessary passports for our journey to court,
-was not yet returned from Yedo, he would give us his own passports,
-which would be full as valid, and that we might send for them the next
-morning. He also assured us that he was very willing to assist us with
-horses and whatever else we might stand in need of for continuing our
-journey.
-
-[Illustration: AN ANCIENT WARRIOR]
-
-“On our side, we returned him thanks for his kind offers, and desired
-that he would be pleased to accept of a small present, consisting of
-some pieces of silk stuffs, as an acknowledgment of our gratitude.
-We also made some presents to the two secretaries or stewards of his
-household; and, having taken our leave, were by them conducted back
-to the guard-house. Here we took our leave also of them, and returned
-through the above-mentioned passage back to our kago. Our interpreters
-permitted us to walk a little way, which gave us an opportunity to view
-the outside of the above-described famous castle. We then entered
-our kago and were carried back through another long street to our inn.
-
-“Wednesday, February 28, we set out by break of day on our journey
-to Miyako, because we intended to reach that place the same day, it
-being but thirteen Japanese miles, or a good day’s journey, distant
-from Ōsaka, out of which we came by the Kyōbashi, or bridge to Miyako,
-which crosses the river just below the castle. We then travelled about
-a mile through muddy rice-fields riding along a low dike raised on the
-banks of the river Yodogawa, which we had on our left. Multitudes of
-Tsadanil (?) trees, which grow as tall in this country as oaks do with
-us, were planted along it. It had then no leaves, because of the winter
-season, but its branches hung full of a yellow fruit, out of which the
-natives prepare an oil. The country hereabouts is extraordinarily well
-inhabited, and the many villages along the road are so near each other
-that there wants little towards making it one continued street from
-Ōsaka to Miyako.
-
-“The small but famous city, Yodo, is entirely enclosed with water, and
-hath besides several canals cut through the town, all derived from the
-arms of the river which encompasses it. The suburbs consist of one
-long street, across which we rode to a stately wooden bridge, called
-Yodobashi, four hundred paces long, and supported by forty arches, to
-which answer so many ballisters, adorned at the upper end with brass
-buttons. At the end of this bridge is a single well-guarded gate,
-through which we entered the city. The city itself is very pleasant and
-agreeably situated, and hath very good houses, though but few streets,
-which cut each other at right angles, running some south, some east.
-Abundance of artificers and handicraftsmen live at Yodo. On the west
-side lies the castle, built of brick, in the middle of the river, with
-stately towers several stories high at each corner, and in the middle
-of its walls. Coming out of Yodo, we again passed over a bridge two
-hundred paces long, supported by twenty arches, which brought us into a
-suburb, at the end of which was a strong guard-house.
-
-“After about two hours’ riding we came, at two in the afternoon, to
-Fushimi. This is a small, open town, or rather village, of a few
-streets, of which the middle and chief reaches as far as Miyako, and is
-contiguous to the streets of that capital, insomuch that Fushimi might
-be called the suburbs of Miyako, the rather since this last city is not
-at all enclosed with walls. It was to-day Tsuitachi with the Japanese,
-that is, the first day of the month, which they keep as a Sunday or
-holiday, visiting the temples, walking into the fields, and following
-all manner of diversions. Accordingly we found this street, along
-which we rode for full four hours before we got to our inn, crowded
-with multitudes of the inhabitants of Miyako, walking out of the city
-to take the air, and to visit the neighboring temples. Particularly
-the women were all on this occasion richly apparelled in variously
-colored gowns, wearing a purple-colored silk about the forehead, and
-large straw hats to defend themselves from the heat of the sun. We
-likewise met some particular sorts of beggars, comically clad, and some
-masked in a very ridiculous manner. Not a few walked upon iron stilts;
-others carried large pots with green trees upon their heads; some were
-singing, some whistling, some fluting, others beating of bells. All
-along the street we saw multitudes of open shops, jugglers and players
-diverting the crowd.
-
-“The temples which we had on our right as we went up, built in the
-ascent of the neighboring green hills, were illuminated with many
-lamps, and the priests, beating some bells with iron hammers, made
-such a noise as could be heard at a considerable distance. I took
-notice of a large, white dog, perhaps made of plaster, which stood
-upon an altar on our left, in a neatly-adorned chapel or small temple,
-which was consecrated to the Patron of the dogs. We reached our inn at
-Miyako at six in the evening, and were forthwith carried up one pair
-of stairs into our apartments, which in some measure, I thought, might
-be compared to the Westphalian smoking rooms, wherein they smoke their
-beef and bacon.
-
-“We had travelled to-day through a very fruitful country, mostly
-through rice-fields, wherein we saw great flocks of wild ducks, if they
-deserve to be so called, being so very tame that no travelling company
-approaching will fright them away. We took notice also of several
-large, white herons, some swans, and some few storks, looking for their
-food in the morassy fields. We likewise saw the peasants ploughing with
-black oxen, which seemed to be lean, poor beasts, but are said to work
-well.
-
-“February 29, early in the morning, we sent the presents for the
-chief justice and the governors to their palaces, laid, according to
-the country fashion, upon particular small tables made of fir, and
-kept for no other use but this. We followed soon after, about ten
-in the forenoon, in kago. Their palaces were at the west end of the
-city, opposite the castle of the Dairi. We were conducted through
-a court-yard, twenty paces broad, into the hall or fore-room of
-the house, which is called _Ban_, or the chief guard, and is the
-rendezvous of numbers of clerks, inspectors, etc. Hence we were taken,
-through two other rooms, into a third, where they desired us to sit
-down. Soon after came in his lordship’s steward, an old gentleman who
-seemed upwards of sixty years of age, clad in a gray or ash-colored
-honor-gown, who seated himself at about four paces from us, in order to
-receive, in his master’s name, both our compliments and presents, which
-stood in the same room, laid out in a becoming order. They consisted of
-a flask of Tent wine, besides twenty pieces of silk, woollen, and linen
-stuffs. The steward having very civilly returned us thanks for our
-presents, boxes with tobacco and pipes and proper utensils for smoking
-were set before us, and a dish of tea was presented to each of us by a
-servant, at three different times, the steward and the chief gentlemen
-pressing us to drink. Having stayed about a quarter of an hour, we took
-our leave, and were conducted by the steward himself to the door of
-their room, and thence by other officers back to the gate.
-
-“This first visit being over, we walked thence on foot to the palace
-of the commanding governor, who was but lately arrived from Yedo. Some
-sentinels stood upon duty at the gate, and in the _ban_, or hall, we
-found very near fifty people besides some young boys, neatly clad, all
-sitting in very good order. Through this hall we were conducted into a
-side apartment, where we were civilly received by the two secretaries,
-both elderly men, and were treated with tea, sugar, etc.; receiving,
-also, repeated assurances that we should be soon admitted into the
-governor’s presence.
-
-“Having stayed full half an hour in this room, we were conducted into
-another, where, after a little while, the lattices of two screens
-being suddenly opened just over against us, the governor appeared,
-sitting at fourteen paces distant. He wore, as usual, a garment of
-ceremony over his black dress. He seemed to be about thirty-six years
-of age, of a strong, lusty constitution, and showed in his countenance
-and whole behavior a good deal of pride and vanity. After a short
-conversation we desired that he would be pleased to accept of our small
-present, consisting of twelve pieces of stuffs, which lay upon a table,
-or salver, in the manner above described. He thereupon bowed a little,
-to return us thanks, and putting himself in a rising posture, the two
-lattices were let down forthwith, in a very comical manner. But we were
-desired to stay a little while longer, that the ladies—who were in a
-neighboring room, behind a paper screen pierced with holes—might have
-an opportunity of contemplating us and our foreign dress. Our president
-was desired to show them his hat, sword, watch, and several other
-things he had about him, as also to take off his cloak, that they might
-have a full view of his dress, both before and behind. Having stayed
-about an hour in the house of this governor, we were conducted by the
-two secretaries back to the hall, or chief guard, and thence by two
-inferior officers into the yard.
-
-“It being fair weather, we resolved to walk on foot to the house of
-the other governor, some hundred paces distant. We were received there
-much after the manner above described. After we had been treated in
-the _ban_ with tea and tobacco, as usual, we were conducted, through
-several rooms, into the hall of audience, which was richly furnished,
-and, amongst other things, adorned with a cabinet filled with bows and
-arrows, small fire-arms, guns and pistols, kept in black varnished
-cases. These, and other arms, we took notice, were hung up in several
-other rooms through which we passed, much after the same manner as in
-the governor’s house at Ōsaka. On one side the hall we took notice of
-two screens, pierced with holes, behind which sat some women, whom
-the curiosity of seeing people from so remote a part of the world had
-drawn thither. We had scarce sat down, when the governor appeared, and
-sat himself down at ten paces from us. He was clad in black, as usual,
-with a garment of ceremony. He was a gray man, almost sixty years of
-age, but of a good complexion, and very handsome. He bade us welcome,
-showed in his whole behavior a great deal of civility, and received
-our presents kindly, and with seeming great satisfaction. Our chief
-interpreter took this opportunity to make the governor, as his old
-acquaintance, some private presents in his own name, consisting of
-some European glasses, and, in the mean time, to beg a favor for his
-deputy’s interpreter’s son. Having taken our leave, we returned to our
-kago, and were carried home to our inn, where we arrived at one in the
-afternoon.
-
-“Kiō, or Miyako, signifies in Japanese, a city. (Klaproth says, great
-temple or palace.) It lies in the province Yamato[16] in a large plain,
-and is, from north to south, three English miles long, and two broad
-from east to west, surrounded with pleasant green hills and mountains,
-from which arise numbers of small rivers and agreeable streams. The
-city comes nearest the mountains on the east side, where there are
-numerous temples, monasteries, chapels, and other religious buildings,
-standing in the ascent. Three shallow rivers enter, or run by it, on
-that side. The chief and largest comes out of the Lake Ōtsu;[17] the
-other two from the neighboring mountains. They come together about
-the middle of the city, where the united stream is crossed by a large
-bridge, two hundred paces long. The Dairi, with his family and court,
-resides on the north side of the city, in a particular part or ward,
-consisting of twelve or thirteen streets, separated from the rest by
-walls and ditches. In the western part of the town is a strong castle
-of freestone, built by one of the hereditary emperors, for the security
-of his person during the civil wars. At present it serves to lodge
-the Kubō, or actual monarch, when he comes to visit the Dairi. It is
-upwards of a thousand feet long where longest; a deep ditch, filled
-with water, and walled in, surrounds it, and is enclosed itself by a
-broad empty space, or dry ditch. In the middle of this castle there is,
-as usual, a square tower, several stories high. In the ditch are kept a
-particular sort of delicious carps, some of which were presented this
-evening to our interpreter. A small garrison guards the castle, under
-the command of a captain.
-
-“The streets of Miyako are narrow, but all regular, running some south,
-some east. Being at one end of a great street, it is impossible to
-reach the other with the eye, because of their extraordinary length,
-the dust, and the multitude of people. The houses are, generally
-speaking, narrow, only two stories high, built of wood, lime, and clay,
-according to the country fashion.
-
-“Miyako is the great magazine of all Japanese manufactures and
-commodities, and the chief mercantile town in the empire. There is
-scarce a house in this large capital where there is not something made
-or sold. Here they refine copper, coin money, print books, weave the
-richest stuffs, with gold and silver flowers. The best and scarcest
-dyes, the most artful carvings, all sorts of musical instruments,
-pictures, japanned cabinets, all sorts of things wrought in gold and
-other metals, particularly in steel, as the best tempered blades, and
-other arms, are made here in the utmost perfection, as are, also,
-the richest dresses, and after the best fashion, all sorts of toys,
-puppets, moving their heads of themselves, and, in short, there is
-nothing can be thought of but what may be found at Miyako, and nothing,
-though never so neatly wrought, can be imported from abroad, but what
-some artist or other in this capital will undertake to imitate it.
-Considering this, it is no wonder that the manufactures of Miyako are
-become so famous throughout the empire as to be easily preferred to all
-others (though, perhaps, inferior in some particulars), only because
-they have the name of being made there. There are but few houses in all
-the chief streets where there is not something to be sold, and, for my
-part, I could not help admiring whence they can have customers enough
-for such an immense quantity of goods. ’Tis true, indeed, there is
-scarce anybody passes through but what buys something or other of the
-manufactures of this city, either for his own use, or for presents to
-be made to his friends and relations.
-
-[Illustration: AN ARCHER]
-
-“The lord chief justice resides at Miyako, a man of great power and
-authority, as having the supreme command, under the emperor, of all
-the bugiō, governors, stewards, and other officers, who are any ways
-concerned in the government of the imperial cities, crown lands and
-tenements, in all the western provinces of the empire. Even the western
-princes themselves must, in some measure, depend on him, and have a
-great regard to his person as a mediator and compounder of quarrels and
-difficulties that may arise between them. Nobody is suffered to pass
-through Arai and Hakone, two of the most important passes, and, in a
-manner, the keys of the imperial capital and court, without a passport,
-signed by his hand.
-
-“The political government and regulation of the streets is the same
-at Miyako as it is at Ōsaka and Nagasaki. The number of inhabitants
-of Miyako, in the year of our visit, will appear by the following
-_Aratame_[18] (exclusive, however, of those who live in the castle and
-at the Dairi’s court).”
-
-  Negi (persons attending the Shintō temples)                      9,003
-
-  Yamabushi (mountain priests)                                     6,073
-
-  Shukke (ecclesiastics of the Buddhist religion)                 37,093
-
-  Buddhist laymen, of four principal and eight
-    inferior sects or observances[19]                            477,557
-
-  Tera (Buddhist temples)                                          3,893
-
-  Miya (Shintō temples)                                            2,127
-
-  Shokoku Daimyō Yashiki (palaces and houses
-    of the princes and lords of the empire)                          137
-
-  Machi (streets)                                                  1,858
-
-  Ken (houses)                                                   138,979
-
-  Hashi (bridges)                                                     87
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXVI
-
- _Lake Ōtsu—Mount Hiei[zan]—Japanese Legends—A Japanese Patent
- Medicine—Kwannon—Miya—Arai—Policy of the Emperors—Kakegawa—A
- Town on Fire—Suruga—Kunō—Passage of a Rapid River—Fuji-no-jama,
- or Mount Fuji—Crossing the Peninsula of Izu—Second Searching
- Place—Purgatory Lake—Odawara—Coast of the Bay of Yedo—A Live
- Saint—Kanagawa—Shinagawa—Yedo—Imperial Castles and Palace._
-
-
-Kämpfer and his company left Miyako Friday, March 2, and, after a
-journey of eight or nine miles, during which they saw a high mountain
-towards the south, covered with snow, they reached Ōtsu, a town of a
-thousand houses, where they lodged. This town lies at the southwestern
-extremity of the large fresh-water lake of the same name, already
-mentioned.[20]
-
-On the southeastern shore of this lake, which abounds with fish and
-fowl, lies the famous mountain Hieizan (by interpretation Fair-hill),
-covered with Buddhist monasteries, and near it were seen other
-mountains, covered with snow, and extending along the lake shore.
-Shortly after leaving Ōtsu, the Yodogawa, one of the outlets of the
-lake, was crossed upon a bridge, supported at the extremities by stone
-columns, of which the following legend is told. These columns were
-in old times possessed by an evil spirit, which very much molested
-travellers, as well as the inhabitants of the village. It happened one
-day that the famous saint and apostle, Kōshi,[21] travelling that way,
-all the people of the neighborhood earnestly entreated him to deliver
-them by his miraculous power from this insufferable evil, and to cast
-this devil out of the columns. The Japanese, a people superstitious to
-excess, expected that he would use a good many prayers and ceremonies,
-but found, to their utmost surprise, that he only took off the dirty
-cloth which he wore about his waist, and tied it about the column.
-Perceiving how much they were amazed, Kōshi addressed them in these
-words: “Friends,” said he, “it is in vain you expect that I should
-make use of many ceremonies. Ceremonies will never cast out devils;
-faith must do it, and it is only by faith that I perform miracles.”
-“A remarkable saying,” exclaims Kämpfer, “in the mouth of a heathen
-teacher!”
-
-Umenoki, a village through which they next passed, was famous for the
-sole manufacture of a medicine of great repute, found out by a poor
-but pious man, to whom the god Yakushi, the protector of physic and
-physicians, revealed in a dream the ingredients, which are certain
-bitter herbs growing upon the neighboring mountains. This story helped
-the sale of the medicine, by which the inventor soon grew very rich, so
-that he was not only able to build a fine house for himself but also a
-small temple, opposite his shop, and highly adorned, in honor of the
-god who had given him the receipt, whose statue, richly gilt, was to be
-seen there, standing on a _Tarate_ [?] flower, and with half a large
-cockle-shell over his head.
-
-The next day (Sunday, March 4) the Dutch travellers crossed the Tsuchi
-Yama, a mountain ridge, so steep that its descent was like that of
-a winding staircase cut out in the face of the precipice. On this
-mountain were many temples, and in this neighborhood vast crowds of
-pilgrims were encountered, bound to Ise, situate some forty miles to
-the south. The travellers struck the seacoast at Yokkaichi, a town of
-a thousand houses, whose inhabitants were partly supported by fishing,
-and the next day (Monday, the 5th), after about nine miles’ travel,
-they entered the city of Kuwana, in the province of Owari, situated
-at the head of a deep bay. It consisted of three parts, like so many
-different towns. The first and third parts were enclosed by high walls
-and ditches. The other part was entirely surrounded by water, the
-country being flat and full of rivers. The castle, washed on three
-sides by the sea, was separated from the town by a deep ditch with
-draw-bridges.
-
-From Kuwana they proceeded by water to Miya, present Atsuta, some
-fifteen miles distant. The head of the bay was very shallow, and the
-boats were pushed through mud-banks. Miya, though not so large as
-Kuwana, consisted of two thousand houses, with two spacious castles,
-one of them for size and strength reckoned the third in Japan. There
-were two temples, in one of which are preserved three, in the other
-eight, miraculous swords, used by the race of demigods who were the
-first inhabitants of Japan.
-
-Tuesday, March 6, the travellers dined at Okasaki, a town of fifteen
-hundred houses, with a strong castle situate on the shores of the same
-bay. The country travelled through was a fertile plain along the foot
-of a range of mountains, the shores of which, beyond Okasaki, extended
-to the sea.
-
-The next day (Wednesday, March 7) they passed through several
-considerable places, of which Yoshida, present Toyohashi, with a castle
-and about a thousand small houses, was the most considerable. Arai,
-twelve or fifteen miles distant, was a town of about four hundred
-houses, situate not far from the sea, at the inland extremity of a
-harbor called Sao, narrow at its entrance, but spreading out within.
-Arai was the seat of certain imperial commissioners appointed to
-search the goods and baggage of all travellers, but particularly of
-the princes of the empire, that no women nor arms might pass. “This,”
-says Kämpfer, “is one of the political maxims which the now reigning
-emperors have found it necessary to practise in order to secure to
-themselves the peaceable possession of the throne; for the wives and
-female children of all the princes of the empire are kept at Yedo, as
-hostages of the fidelity of their husbands and parents. And as to the
-exportation of arms, an effectual stop has been put to that, lest, if
-exported in any considerable quantities, some of those princes might
-take it into their heads to raise rebellions against the government as
-now established.”
-
-The harbor of Sao was crossed in boats, on the other side of which the
-road led through a flat country, rather thinly inhabited. They slept
-that night at Hamamatsu, a town of several hundred inferior houses,
-with a large castle. The next day (Thursday, March 8), travelling on
-through a beautiful plain, in the afternoon they reached the town
-of Kakegawa; as they were passing through which, a fire broke out,
-occasioned by the boiling over of an oil kettle. Perceiving only a
-thick cloud behind them, they thought a storm was coming on, but were
-soon involved in such a cloud of smoke and heat as to be obliged to
-ride on at a gallop. Having reached a little eminence, on looking back,
-the whole town seemed on fire. Nothing appeared through the smoke and
-flames but the upper part of the castle tower. They found, however, on
-their return, some weeks after, that the damage was less than they had
-expected, more than half the town having escaped.
-
-It was necessary, shortly after, for the travellers to take kago to
-cross a steep mountain, descending from which they were obliged to
-ford the river Ōigawa, proverbial throughout Japan for its force and
-rapidity and the rolling stones in its bed, but just then at a very
-low stage. The road thence to Shimada, a small town where they lodged,
-was close to the sea, but through a barren country, the mountains
-approaching close to the shore.
-
-The next day (Friday, March 9) brought them, most of the way through
-a flat, well-cultivated country, to the city of Suruga, capital of
-the province of that name. The streets, broad and regular, crossed
-each other at right angles, and were full of well-furnished shops.
-Paper stuffs, curiously flowered, for hats, baskets, boxes, etc., also
-various manufactures of split and twisted reeds, and all sorts of
-lackered ware, were made here. There was also a mint here, as well as
-at Miyako and Yedo, where koban and ichibu were coined. It had a castle
-of freestone, well defended with ditches and high walls.
-
-A few miles from Suruga were kept certain war-junks for the defence of
-the bay of Tōtōmi; and just beyond, upon a high mountain, stood the
-fortress of Kunō, esteemed by the Japanese impregnable. It was built
-to contain the imperial treasures, but they had since been removed to
-Yedo.
-
-In the course of the next day (Saturday, March 10) the road turned
-inland, in order to cross the great river Fujigawa, which enters into
-the head of the bay, taking its rise in the high, snowy mountain
-Fuji-no-Yama.[22] It was crossed in flat broad-bottomed boats,
-constructed of thin planks, so as on striking the rocks to yield and
-slip over. The mountain Fuji, whence this river takes its rise and
-name, towers in a conical form above all the surrounding hills, and
-is seen at a great distance. It is ascended for the worship of the
-Japanese god of the winds, to whom the Yamabushi, or mountain priests,
-are consecrated, and who frequently repeat the words _Fuji Yama_,, in
-discoursing or begging. It takes three days to ascend this mountain;
-but the descent can be made, so Kämpfer was told, in three hours, by
-the help of sledges of reeds or straw, tied about the waist, by means
-of which one may glide down over the snow in winter and the sand in
-summer, it being surprisingly smooth and even. Japanese poets cannot
-find words, Kämpfer tells us, nor Japanese painters colors, in which to
-represent this mountain as they think it deserves.
-
-[Illustration: THE MARKETING AND PREPARATION OF FOOD: A KITCHEN,
-SHOWING UTENSILS; A FISHMONGER]
-
-Our travellers kept on this day and the next (Sunday, March 11) through
-the mountainous country of Hakone, which runs out southward from the
-broad peninsula of Izu. At a village, hemmed in between a lake
-and a mountain, the lake itself surrounded in every other direction
-by mountains not to be climbed, was a narrow pass—another imperial
-searching-place, where all persons travelling to, and especially from,
-Yedo must submit to a rigorous examination. Upon the shore of this lake
-were five small wooden chapels, and in each a priest seated, beating
-a gong and howling a namida [abbreviation of Namamidabutsu]. “All the
-Japanese foot-travellers of our retinue,” says Kämpfer, “threw them
-some kasses into the chapel, and in return received each a paper, which
-they carried, bareheaded, with great respect, to the shore, in order to
-throw it into the lake, having first tied a stone to it, that it might
-be sure to go to the bottom, which they believe is the purgatory for
-children who die before seven years of age. They are told so by their
-priests, who, for their comfort, assure them that as soon as the water
-washes off the names and characters of the gods and saints, written
-upon the papers above mentioned, the children at the bottom feel great
-relief, if they do not obtain a full and effectual redemption.” This
-lake has but one outlet, falling over the mountains in a cataract, and
-running down through a craggy and precipitous valley, along which the
-road is carried on a very steep descent to the mouth of the river in
-the bay of Yedo. Here, on a plain four miles in width, was found the
-town of Odawara, containing about a thousand small houses, very neatly
-built, and evidently inhabited by a better class of people; but the
-empty shops evinced no great activity of trade or manufactures. The
-castle and residence of the prince, as well as the temples, were on the
-north side, in the ascent of the mountains.
-
-The next day (Monday, March 12), the road following the northwest
-shore of the outer bay of Yedo crossed several very rapid streams,
-till at length the mountains on their left disappeared, and a broad
-plain spread out extending to Yedo. Off the shore was seen the island
-of Kamakura,[23] with high and rugged shores, but of which the surface
-was flat and wooded. It was not above four miles in circumference, and
-was used, like several other islands, as a place of confinement for
-disgraced noblemen. There being no landing-place, the boats that bring
-prisoners or provisions must be hauled up and let down by a crane.
-After a time the road left the shore, crossing a promontory which
-separates the outer from the inner bay of Yedo; but by sunset the shore
-of the inner bay was struck.
-
-The country now became exceedingly fruitful and populous, and almost
-a continued row of towns and villages. In one of these villages there
-lived in a monastery an old gray monk, fourscore years of age, and a
-native of Nagasaki. “He had spent,” says Kämpfer, “the greatest part
-of his life in holy pilgrimages, running up and down the country,
-and visiting almost all the temples of the Japanese empire. The
-superstitious vulgar had got such a high notion of his holiness, that
-even in his lifetime they canonized and reverenced him as a great
-saint, to the extent of worshipping his statue, which he caused to be
-carved of stone, exceeding in this even Alexander the Great, who had
-no divine honors paid him during his life. Those of his countrymen who
-were of our retinue did not fail to run thither to see and pay their
-respects to that holy man.”
-
-The Dutch company lodged at Kanagawa, a town of six hundred houses,
-twenty-four miles from the capital. The coast of the bay appeared at
-low water to be of a soft clay, furnishing abundance of shell-fish and
-of certain sea-weeds, which were gathered and prepared for food. The
-road the next day (Tuesday, March 13), still hugging the shore, led on
-through a fruitful and populous district, in which were several fishing
-villages, the bay abounding with fish. As they approached Shinagawa,
-they passed a place of public execution, offering a show of human heads
-and bodies, some half putrefied and others half devoured—dogs, ravens,
-crows, and other ravenous beasts and birds, uniting to satisfy their
-appetites on these miserable remains.[24]
-
-Shinagawa, immediately adjoining Yedo, of which it forms a sort of
-outer suburb, consisted of one long, irregular street, with the bay on
-the right and a hill on the left, on which stood some temples. Some few
-narrow streets and lanes turned off from the great one towards these
-temples, some of which were very spacious buildings, and all pleasantly
-seated, adorned within with gilt idols, and without with large carved
-images, curious gates, and staircases of stone leading up to them. One
-of them was remarkable for a magnificent tower, four stories high.
-“Though the Japanese,” says Kämpfer, “spare no trouble nor expense to
-adorn and beautify their temples, yet the best fall far short of that
-loftiness, symmetry, and stateliness, which is observable in some of
-our European churches.”
-
-Having ridden upwards of two miles through Shinagawa, they stopped at
-a small inn, pleasantly seated on the seaside, from which they had a
-full view of the city and harbor of Yedo, crowded with many hundred
-ships and boats of all sizes and shapes. The smallest lay nearest the
-town, and the largest one or two leagues off, not being able to go
-higher by reason of the shallowing of the water. “Our Bugiō,” says
-Kämpfer, “quitted his norimono here and went on horseback, people of
-his extraction not being suffered to enter the capital in a norimono.
-We travelled near a mile to the end of the suburb of Shinagawa, and
-then entered the suburbs of Yedo, which are only a continuation of the
-former, there being nothing to separate them but a small guard-house.
-The bay comes here so close to the foot of the hill that there is but
-one row of small houses between it and the road, which, for some time,
-runs along the shore, but soon widens into several irregular streets
-of a considerable length, which, after about half an hour’s riding,
-became broader, more uniform, handsome, and regular, whence, and from
-the great throngs of people, we concluded that we were now got into the
-city. We kept to the great middle street, which runs northward across
-the whole city, though somewhat irregularly, passing over several
-stately bridges laid across small rivers and muddy canals, which run on
-our left towards the castle, and on our right towards the sea, as did
-also several streets turning off from the great one.
-
-“The throng of people along this chief and middle street, which is
-about one hundred and twenty-five feet broad, is incredible. We met as
-we rode along many numerous trains of princes of the empire and great
-men at court, and ladies richly apparelled, carried in norimono; and,
-among other people, a company of firemen on foot, about one hundred in
-number, walking in much the same military order as ours do in Europe.
-They were clad in brown leather coats to defend them against the fire;
-and some carried long pikes, others fire-hooks, upon their shoulders.
-Their captain rode in the middle. On both sides of the street were
-multitudes of well-furnished shops of merchants and tradesmen, drapers,
-silk-merchants, druggists, idol-sellers, booksellers, glass-blowers,
-apothecaries, and others. A black cloth hanging down covers one half of
-the shop, of which the front projects a little way into the street, so
-as to expose to view curious patterns of the goods offered for sale.
-We took notice that scarce anybody here had curiosity enough to come
-out of his house to see us go by, as they had done in other places,
-probably because such a small retinue as ours had nothing remarkable or
-uncommon to amuse the inhabitants of so populous a city.
-
-“Having rode above two miles along this great street, and passed by
-fifty other streets, which turned off on both sides, we at last turned
-in ourselves; and, coming to our inn, found our lodgings ready in the
-upper story of a back house, which had no other access but through
-a by-lane. We arrived at one in the afternoon, having completed our
-journey from Nagasaki in twenty-nine days.
-
-“Yedo,[25] the residence of the emperor, the capital, and by much the
-largest city of the empire, is seated in the province Musashi, in 35°
-32´ of northern latitude (according to Kämpfer’s observations), on
-a large plain, at the head of a gulf, plentifully stored with fish,
-crabs, and other shell-fish, but so shallow, with a muddy clay at the
-bottom, that no ships of bulk can come up to the city, but must be
-unladen a league or two below it.
-
-“Towards the sea the city hath the figure of a half-moon, and the
-Japanese will have it to be seven of their miles (about sixteen English
-miles) long, five (twelve English) broad, and twenty (fifty English) in
-circumference. It is not enclosed with a wall, no more than other towns
-in Japan, but cut through by many broad canals, with ramparts raised on
-both sides, and planted at the top with rows of trees, not so much for
-defence as to prevent the fires—which happen here too frequently—from
-making too great a havoc.
-
-“A large river, rising westward of the city, runs through it, and
-loses itself in the harbor. It sends off a considerable arm, which
-encompasses the castle, and thence falls into the harbor, in five
-different streams, every one of which hath its particular name, and a
-stately bridge over it. The chief, and most famous, of these bridges,
-two hundred and fifty-two feet in length, is called Nihonbashi, or the
-bridge of Japan, mention of which has already been made, as the point
-from which distances are reckoned all over the empire.
-
-“Yedo is not built with that regularity which is observable in most
-other cities in Japan (particularly Miyako), and this because it
-swelled by degrees to its present bulk. However, in some parts the
-streets run regularly enough, cutting each other at right angles,—a
-regularity entirely owing to accidents of fire, whereby some hundred
-houses being laid in ashes at once, as, indeed, very frequently
-happens, the new street may be laid out upon what plan the builders
-please.” Many places, which have been thus destroyed by fire, were
-noticed by Kämpfer still lying waste. “The houses are small and low,
-built of fir wood, with thin clayed walls, divided into rooms by paper
-screens and lattices, the floors covered with mats, and the roofs with
-shavings of wood. The whole machine being thus but a composition of
-combustible matter, we need not wonder at the great havoc fires make
-in this country. Here, as elsewhere, almost every house hath a place
-under the roof, or upon it, where they constantly keep a tub full of
-water, with a couple of mats, which may be easily come at, even from
-without the house; by which precaution they often quench a fire in
-particular houses; but it is far from being sufficient to stop the fury
-of a raging flame which has got ground already, against which they know
-no better remedy but to pull down some of the neighboring houses which
-have not yet been reached, for which purpose whole companies of firemen
-patrol about the streets day and night.
-
-“The city is well stocked with monks, temples, monasteries, and other
-religious buildings, which are seated in the best and pleasantest
-places, as they are, also, in Europe, and, I believe, in all other
-countries. The dwelling-houses of private monks are no ways different
-from those of the laity, excepting only that they are seated in some
-eminent conspicuous place, with some steps leading up to them, and a
-small temple or chapel hard by, or, if there be none, at least a hall,
-or large room, adorned with some few altars, on which stand several of
-their idols. There are, besides, many stately temples built to Amida,
-Shaka, Kwannon, and several other of their gods, not necessary to be
-particularly described here, as they do not differ much in form or
-structure from other temples erected to the same gods at Miyako, which
-we shall have an opportunity to view and describe more particularly
-upon our return to that city.
-
-“There are many stately palaces in Yedo, as may be easily conjectured,
-by its being the residence of the emperor, and the abode of all the
-noble and princely families. They are distinguished from other houses
-by large court-yards and stately gates. Fine varnished staircases, of
-a few steps, lead up to the door of the house, which is divided into
-several magnificent apartments, all of a floor, they being not above
-one story high, nor adorned with towers, as the castles and palaces are
-where the princes and lords of the empire reside in their hereditary
-dominions.
-
-“The city of Yedo is a nursery of artists, handicraftsmen, merchants,
-and tradesmen, and yet everything is sold dearer than anywhere else in
-the empire, by reason of the great concourse of people, and the number
-of idle monks and courtiers, as, also, the difficulty of importing
-provisions and other commodities.
-
-“The political government of this city is much the same as at Nagasaki
-and Ōsaka. Two governors have the command of the town by turns, each
-for the space of one year. The chief subaltern officers are the
-Burgomasters, as the Dutch call them, or mayors, who have the command
-of particular quarters, and the Ottona, who have the inspection and
-subordinate command of single streets.
-
-[Illustration: A CARPENTER SHOP]
-
-“The castle and residence of the emperor is seated about the middle
-of the city. It is of an irregular figure, inclining to the round,
-and hath five Japanese miles in circumference. It embraces two
-fore-castles, as one may call them, the innermost and third castle,
-which is properly the residence of the emperor, and two other
-strong, well fortified, but smaller castles at the sides, also some
-large gardens behind the imperial palace. I call these several
-divisions castles, because they are every one by itself, enclosed with
-walls and ditches.
-
-“The first and outermost castle takes in a large spot of ground, which
-encompasses the second castle, and half the imperial residence, and
-is enclosed itself with walls and ditches, and strong, well-guarded
-gates. It hath so many streets, ditches, and canals, that I could not
-easily get a plan of it. Nor could I gather anything to my satisfaction
-out of the plans of the Japanese themselves.[26] In this outermost
-castle reside the princes of the empire, with their families, living
-in commodious and stately palaces, built in streets, with spacious
-courts, shut up by strong, heavy gates. The second castle takes in a
-much smaller spot of ground. It fronts the third, and residence of
-the emperor, and is enclosed by the first, but separated from both
-by walls, ditches, draw-bridges, and strong gates. The guard of this
-second castle is much more numerous than that of the first. In it are
-the stately palaces of some of the most powerful princes of the empire,
-the councillors of state, the prime ministers, chief officers of the
-crown, and such other persons who must give a more immediate attendance
-upon the emperor’s person.
-
-“The castle itself, where the emperor resides, is seated somewhat
-higher than the others, on the top of a hill, which hath been purposely
-flatted for the imperial palace to be built upon it. It is enclosed
-with a thick, strong wall of freestone, with bastions standing out,
-much after the manner of the European fortifications. A rampart of
-earth is raised against the inside of this wall, and at the top
-of it stand, for ornament and defence, several long buildings and
-square guard-houses, built in form of towers, several stories high.
-Particularly the structures on that side where the imperial residence
-is are of an uncommon strength, all of freestone of an extraordinary
-size, which are barely laid upon each other, without being fastened
-either with mortar or braces of iron, which was done, they say, that,
-in case of earthquakes, which frequently happen in this country, the
-stones yielding to the shock, the wall itself should receive no damage.
-
-“Within the palace a square white tower rises aloft above all other
-buildings. It is many stories high, adorned with roofs and other
-curious ornaments, which make the whole castle look, at a distance,
-magnificent beyond expression, amazing the beholders, as do, also, the
-many other beautiful bended roofs, with gilt dragons at the top, which
-cover the rest of the buildings within the castle.
-
-“The side castles are very small, and more like citadels, without
-any outward ornament. There is but one passage to them, out of the
-emperor’s own residence, over a high, long bridge. Both are enclosed
-with strong, high walls, encompassed with broad, deep ditches, filled
-by the great river. In these two castles are bred up the imperial
-princes and princesses.
-
-“Behind the imperial residence there is still a rising ground,
-beautified, according to the country fashion, with curious and
-magnificent gardens and orchards, which are terminated by a pleasant
-wood at the top of a hill, planted with two curious kinds of
-plane-trees, whose starry leaves, variegated with green, yellow, and
-red, are very pleasing to the eye, of which the Japanese affirm that
-one kind is in full beauty in spring, the other towards autumn.
-
-“The palace itself hath but one story, which, however, is of a fine
-height. It takes in a large spot of ground, and hath several long
-galleries and spacious rooms, which, upon putting on or removing
-of screens, may be enlarged or brought into a narrower compass, as
-occasion requires, and are contrived so as to receive at all times a
-convenient and sufficient light. The chief apartments have each its
-particular name. Such are, for instance, the waiting-room, where all
-persons that are to be admitted to an audience, either of the emperor
-or his prime ministers of state, wait till they are introduced; the
-council-chamber, where the ministers of state and privy councillors
-meet upon business; the hall of thousand mats, where the emperor
-receives the homage and usual presents of the princes of the empire
-and ambassadors of foreign powers; several halls of audience; the
-apartments for the emperor’s household, and others. The structure of
-all these several apartments is exquisitely fine, according to the
-architecture of the country. The ceilings, beams, and pillars are of
-cedar, or camphor, or jeseriwood, the grain of which naturally runs
-into flowers and other curious figures, and is, therefore, in some
-apartments, covered only with a thin, transparent, layer of varnish,
-in others japanned, or curiously carved with birds and branched work,
-neatly gilt. The floor is covered with the finest white mats, bordered
-with gold fringes or bands; and this is all the furniture to be seen in
-the palaces of the emperor and princes of the empire.”
-
-The 29th of March, the last of the second Japanese month, was appointed
-for the reception of the Dutch,—Makino Bingo-no-Kami, the emperor’s
-principal counsellor and favorite, being in a hurry to get rid of
-them, because on the fifth of the ensuing month he was to have the
-honor to treat the emperor at dinner, a favor which requires a good
-deal of time and vast preparations. “This Bingo,” says Kämpfer, “tutor
-to the reigning monarch before he came to the crown, is now his chief
-favorite, and the only person whom he absolutely confides in. At our
-audience it is he that receives the emperor’s words and commands from
-his own mouth, and addresses the same to us. He is near seventy years
-of age, a tall but lean man, with a long face, a manly and German-like
-countenance, slow in his actions, and very civil in his whole behavior.
-He hath the character of a just and prudent man, no ways given to
-ambition, nor inclined to revenge, nor bent upon heaping up immoderate
-riches—in short, of being altogether worthy of the great confidence and
-trust the emperor puts in him.”
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXVII
-
- _Personages to be visited—Visit to the Emperor—First Audience—Second
- Audience—Visit to the Houses of the Councillors—Visits to the
- Governors of Yedo and the Temple Lords—Visit to the Houses of the
- Governors of Nagasaki—Audience of Leave—Return—Visits to Temples in
- the Vicinity of Miyako—A. D. 1691-1692._
-
-
-The ministers of state and other great men at court, some of whom the
-Dutch were to visit, and to make presents to others, were the five
-chief councillors of state, called _Gorōjū_, or the five elderly men;
-four imperial deputy councillors of state; the three Jisha-bugyō,
-as they are called, that is, lords of the temple; the imperial
-commissioners, as the Dutch call them, described by Kämpfer as the
-emperor’s attorney-generals for the city of Yedo; the two governors of
-Yedo; and, last of all, that one of the governors of Nagasaki resident
-at Yedo.
-
-“On the 29th of March,”[27] says Kämpfer, “the day appointed for our
-audience, the presents designed for his imperial majesty[28] were sent
-to court, to be there laid in due order on wooden tables, in the hall
-of hundred mats, as they call it, where the emperor was to view them.
-We followed soon after with a very inconsiderable equipage, clad in
-black silk cloaks, as garments of ceremony, attended by three stewards
-of the governors of Nagasaki, our Dōshin, or deputy Bugiō, two town
-messengers of Nagasaki, and an interpreter’s son, all walking on foot.
-We three Dutchmen and our second interpreter rode on horseback, behind
-each other, our horses led by grooms, who took them by the bridle. Our
-president, or captain, as the Japanese call him, came after us, carried
-in a norimono, and was followed by our old chief interpreter, carried
-in a kago. The procession was closed by the rest of our servants and
-retinue, walking a-foot at proper distances, so far as they were
-permitted to follow us.
-
-“In this order we moved on towards the castle, and after about half
-an hour’s riding came to the first enclosure, which we found well
-fortified with walls and ramparts. This we entered over a large bridge
-across a broad river, on which we saw great numbers of boats and
-vessels. The entry is through two strong gates, with a small guard
-between them. Having passed through the second gate, we came to a large
-place, where we found another more numerous guard, which, however,
-seemed to be intended more for state than defence. The guard-room was
-hung about with cloth; pikes were planted in the ground near the entry,
-and within it was curiously adorned with gilt arms, lackered guns,
-pikes, shields, bows, arrows, and quivers. The soldiers on the ground
-were in good order, clad in black silk, each with two scymitars stuck
-in their girdle.
-
-“Having passed across this first enclosure, riding between the houses
-and palaces of the princes and lords of the empire, built within its
-compass, we came to the second, which we found fortified much after
-the same manner, only the gates and inner guard and palaces were much
-more stately and magnificent. We left our norimono and kago here, as
-also our horses and servants, and were conducted across this second
-enclosure to the Tono-machi (Lord-street), which we entered over a
-long stone bridge; and having passed through a double bastion, and as
-many strong gates, and thence about twenty paces further through an
-irregular street, built, as the situation of the ground would allow
-it, with walls of an uncommon height on both sides, we came to the
-_Hiakunimban_, that is, guard of hundred men, or great guard of the
-castle. Here we were commanded to wait till we could be introduced
-to an audience, which we were told should be as soon as the great
-council of state was met in the palace. We were civilly received by
-the two captains of the guard, who treated us with tea and tobacco.
-Soon after, Kawaguchi Settsu-no-Kami (the governor of Nagasaki resident
-at Yedo) and the two commissioners came to compliment us, along with
-some gentlemen of the emperor’s court, who were strangers to us.
-Having waited about an hour, during which time most of the imperial
-councillors of state, old and young, went into the palace, some walking
-on foot, others carried in norimono, we were conducted through two
-stately gates, over a large square place, to the palace, to which there
-is an ascent of a few steps leading from the second gate. The place
-between the second gate and the front of the palace is but a few paces
-broad, and was then excessively crowded with throngs of courtiers and
-troops of guards.
-
-“Thence we were conducted up two other staircases into a spacious room
-next to the entry on the right, being the place where all persons
-that are to be admitted to an audience wait till they are called in.
-It is a large and lofty room, but, when all the screens are put on,
-pretty dark, receiving but a sparing light from the upper windows
-of an adjoining room. It is otherwise richly furnished, according to
-the country fashion, and its gilt posts, walls, and screens are very
-pleasing to behold.
-
-“Having waited here upwards of an hour, and the emperor having in the
-meanwhile seated himself in the hall of audience, Settsu-no-Kami and
-the two commissioners came in and conducted our president into the
-emperor’s presence, leaving us behind. As soon as he came thither, they
-cried out aloud, ‘Hollanda Captain!’ which was the signal for him to
-draw near and make his obeisance. Accordingly he crawled on his hands
-and knees to a place showed him between the presents, ranged in due
-order on one side, and the place where the emperor sat on the other,
-and then kneeling, he bowed his forehead quite down to the ground, and
-so crawled backwards like a crab, without uttering one single word. So
-mean and short a thing is the audience we have of this mighty monarch.
-Nor are there any more ceremonies observed in the audience he gives
-even to the greatest and most powerful princes of the empire; for,
-having been called into the hall, their names are cried out aloud;
-then they move on their hands and feet humbly and silently towards
-the emperor’s seat, and having showed their submission by bowing
-their forehead down to the ground, they creep back again in the same
-submissive posture.
-
-[Illustration: PLOUGHING; A FREIGHT CART]
-
-“The hall of audience is not in the least like that which hath been
-described and figured by Montanus in his ‘Memorable Embassies of the
-Dutch to the Emperors of Japan.’ The elevated throne, the steps leading
-up to it, the carpet pendent from it, the stately columns supporting
-the building which contains the throne, the columns between which
-the princes of the empire are said to prostrate themselves before the
-emperor, and the like, have all no manner of foundation but in that
-author’s fancy. The floor is covered with an hundred mats, all of the
-same size. Hence it is called Senjō-shiki, that is, The Hall of an
-Hundred Mats.[29] It opens on one side towards a small court, which
-lets in the light; on the opposite side it joins two other apartments,
-which are on this occasion laid open towards the same court, one
-of which is considerably larger than the other, and serves for the
-councillors of state when they give audience by themselves. The other
-is narrower, deeper, and one step higher than the hall itself. In this
-the emperor sits when he gives audience, raised only on a few carpets.
-Nor is it an easy matter to see him, the light reaching not quite so
-far as the place where he sits, besides that the audience is too short,
-and the person admitted to it, in so humble and submissive a posture
-that he cannot well have an opportunity to hold up his head and to view
-him. This audience is otherwise very awful and majestic, by reason
-chiefly of the silent presence of all the councillors of state, as also
-of many princes and lords of the empire, the gentlemen of his majesty’s
-bed-chamber, and other chief officers of his court, who line the hall
-of audience and all its avenues, sitting in good order, and clad in
-their garments of ceremony.
-
-“Formerly all we had to do, at the emperor’s court, was completed by
-the captain’s paying the usual homage, after the manner above related.
-But, for about these twenty years last past, he and the rest of the
-Dutchmen that came up with the embassy to Yedo, were conducted deeper
-into the palace, to give the empress, and the ladies of her court,
-and the princesses of the blood, the diversion of seeing us. In this
-second audience the emperor and the ladies invited to it attend behind
-screens and lattices, but the councillors of state and other officers
-of the court sit in the open rooms in their usual and elegant order.
-As soon as the captain had paid his homage, the emperor retired into
-his apartment, and not long after we three Dutchmen were likewise
-called up and conducted, together with the captain, through several
-apartments, into a gallery curiously carved and gilt, where we waited
-about a quarter of an hour, and were then, through several other walks
-and galleries, carried further into a large room, where they desired
-us to sit down, and where several courtiers with shaved heads, being
-the emperor’s physicians, the officers of his kitchen, and some of
-the clergy, came to ask after our names, age, and the like; but gilt
-screens were quickly drawn before us, to deliver us from their throng
-and troublesome importunity.
-
-“We stayed here about half an hour; meanwhile the court met in the
-imperial apartments, where we were to have our second audience, and
-whither we were conducted through several dark galleries. Along all
-these several galleries there was one continued row of lifeguardsmen,
-and nearer to the imperial apartments followed in the same row some
-great officers, who lined the front of the hall of audience, clad in
-their garments of ceremony, bowing their heads and sitting on their
-heels.
-
-“The hall of audience consisted of several rooms looking towards a
-middle place, some of which were laid open towards the same, others
-covered by screens and lattices. Some were of fifteen mats, others
-of eighteen, and they were a mat higher or lower, according to the
-quality of the persons seated in the same. The middle place had no
-mats at all, they having been taken away, and was consequently the
-lowest, on whose floor, covered with neat varnished boards, we were
-commanded to sit down. The emperor and his imperial consort sat behind
-the lattices on our right. As I was dancing, at the emperor’s command,
-I had an opportunity twice of seeing the empress through the slits of
-the lattices, and took notice that she was of a brown and beautiful
-complexion, with black European eyes, full of fire, and from the
-proportion of her head, which was pretty large, I judged her to be a
-tall woman, and about thirty-six years of age. By lattices, I mean
-hangings made of reed, split exceedingly thin and fine, and covered
-on the back with a fine, transparent silk, with openings about a span
-broad, for the persons behind to look through. For ornament’s sake, and
-the better to hide the persons standing behind, they are painted with
-divers figures, though it would be impossible to see them at a distance
-when the light is taken off behind.
-
-“The emperor himself was in such an obscure place that we should scarce
-have known him to be present had not his voice discovered him, which
-yet was so low, as if he purposely intended to be there incognito. Just
-before us, behind other lattices were the princes of the blood and the
-ladies of the empress and her court. I took notice that pieces of paper
-were put between the reeds, in some parts of the lattices, to make the
-openings wider, in order to a better and easier sight. I counted about
-thirty such papers, which made me conclude, that there was about that
-number of persons sitting behind.
-
-“Bingo sat on a raised mat, in an open room by himself, just before us,
-towards our right, on which side the emperor sat behind the lattices.
-On our left, in another room, were the councillors of state of the
-first and second rank, sitting in a double row in good and becoming
-order. The gallery behind us was filled with the chief officers of the
-emperor’s court and the gentlemen of his bed-chamber. The gallery,
-which led into the room where the emperor was, was filled with the sons
-of some princes of the empire, then at court, the emperor’s pages and
-some priests. After this manner it was that they ordered the stage on
-which we were now to act.
-
-“The commissioners for foreign affairs having conducted us into the
-gallery before the hall of audience, one of the councillors of state
-of the second rank came to receive us there and to conduct us to the
-above-described middle place, on which we were commanded to sit down,
-having first made our obeisances after the Japanese manner, creeping
-and bowing our heads to the ground, towards that part of the lattices
-behind which the emperor was. The chief interpreter sat himself a
-little forward, to hear more distinctly, and we took our places on
-his left hand, all in a row. After the usual obeisances, Bingo bid
-us welcome in the emperor’s name. The chief interpreter received the
-compliment from Bingo’s mouth, and repeated it to us. Upon this the
-ambassador made his compliment in the name of his masters, returning
-their most humble thanks to the emperor for having graciously granted
-the Dutch liberty of commerce. This the chief interpreter repeated in
-Japanese, having prostrated himself quite to the ground, and speaking
-loud enough to be heard by the emperor. The emperor’s answer was again
-received by Bingo, who delivered it to the chief interpreter, and he
-to us. He might have, indeed, received it himself from the emperor’s
-own mouth, and saved Bingo this unnecessary trouble; but I fancy that
-the words, as they flow out of the emperor’s mouth, are esteemed too
-precious and sacred for an immediate transit into the mouth of persons
-of a low rank.
-
-“The mutual compliments being over, the succeeding part of this
-solemnity turned to a perfect farce. We were asked a thousand
-ridiculous and impertinent questions. They desired to know how old each
-of us was, and what was his name, which we were commanded to write upon
-a bit of paper, in anticipation of which we had provided ourselves with
-an European inkhorn. This paper, together with the inkhorn itself,
-we were commanded to give to Bingo, who delivered them both into the
-emperor’s hands, reaching them over below the lattice. The captain,
-or ambassador, was asked the distance of Holland from Batavia, and of
-Batavia from Nagasaki; also which of the two was the most powerful, the
-Director-general of the Dutch East India Company at Batavia, or the
-Prince of Holland? As for my own particular, the following questions
-were put to me. What external and internal distempers I thought the
-most dangerous and most difficult to cure? How I proceeded in the cure
-of cancerous humors and imposthumations of the inner parts? Whether our
-European physicians did not search after some medicine to render people
-immortal, as the Chinese physicians had done for many hundred years?
-Whether we had made any considerable progress in this search, and
-which was the last remedy conducive to long life that had been found
-out in Europe? To which I returned in answer, that very many European
-physicians had long labored to find out some medicine, which should
-have the virtue of prolonging human life and preserving people in
-health to a great age; and, having thereupon been asked which I thought
-the best, I answered, that I always took that to be the best which was
-found out last, till experience taught us a better; and being further
-asked, which was the last, I answered, a certain spirituous liquor,
-which could keep the humors of our body fluid and comfort the spirits.
-This general answer proved not altogether satisfactory; for I was
-quickly desired to let them know the name of this excellent medicine,
-upon which, knowing that whatever was esteemed by the Japanese had long
-and high-sounding names, I returned in answer it was the _Sal volatile
-Oleosum Sylvii_. This name was minuted down behind the lattices, for
-which purpose I was commanded to repeat it several times. The next
-question was, who it was that found it out, and where it was found out?
-I answered, Professor Sylvius, in Holland. Then they asked whether I
-could make it up. Upon this our resident whispered me to say no; but
-I answered, yes, I could make it up, but not here. Then it was asked
-whether it could be had at Batavia; and having returned, in answer,
-that it was to be had there, the emperor desired that it should be sent
-over by the next ships.
-
-“The emperor, hitherto seated almost opposite to us, at a considerable
-distance, now drew nearer, and sat himself down on our right, behind
-the lattices, as near us as possible. He ordered us to take off our
-kappas, or cloaks, being our garments of ceremony; then to stand
-upright, that he might have a full view of us; again to walk, to
-stand still, to compliment each other, to dance, to jump, to play
-the drunkard, to speak broken Japanese, to read Dutch, to paint, to
-sing, to put our cloaks on and off. Meanwhile we obeyed the emperor’s
-commands in the best manner we could, I joining to my dance a love-song
-in High German. In this manner, and with innumerable such other apish
-tricks, we must suffer ourselves to contribute to the emperor’s and
-the court’s diversion. The ambassador, however, is free from these and
-the like commands, for, as he represents the authority of his masters,
-some care is taken that nothing should be done to injure or prejudice
-the same; and besides he showed so much gravity on his countenance and
-whole behavior, as was sufficient to convince the Japanese that he was
-not at all a fit person to have such ridiculous and comical commands
-laid upon him.
-
-“Having been thus exercised for a matter of two hours, though with
-great apparent civility, some shaved servants came in and put before
-each of us a small table with Japanese victuals, and a couple of
-ivory sticks instead of knives and forks. We took and ate some little
-things, and our old chief interpreter, though scarce able to walk, was
-commanded to carry away the remainder for himself. We were then ordered
-to put on our cloaks again and to take our leave; which we gladly and
-without delay complied with, putting thereby an end to this second
-audience.[30] The imperial audience over, we were conducted back by
-the two commissioners to the waiting-room, where we took our leave of
-them also.
-
-“It was now already three o’clock in the afternoon, and we had still
-several visits to make to the councillors of state of the first and
-second rank. Accordingly we left forthwith, saluted as we went by
-the officers of the great imperial guard, and made our round a-foot.
-The presents had been carried beforehand to every one’s house by our
-clerks. They consisted of some Chinese, Bengalese, and other silk
-stuffs, some linen, black serge, some yards of black cloth, gingangs,
-pelangs, and a flask of Tent wine.
-
-“We were everywhere received by the stewards and secretaries with
-extraordinary civility, and treated with tea, tobacco, and sweetmeats
-as handsomely as the little time we had to spare would allow. The rooms
-where we were admitted to audience were filled behind the screens and
-lattices with crowds of spectators, who would fain have obliged us
-to show them some of our European customs and ceremonies, but could
-obtain nothing excepting only a short dance at Bingo’s house (who came
-home himself a back way), and a song from each of us at the youngest
-councillor’s of state. We then returned again to our kago and horses,
-and having got out of the castle, through the northern gate, went back
-to our inn another way, on the left of which we took notice that there
-were strong walls and ditches. It was just six in the evening when we
-got home, heartily tired.
-
-“Friday, the 30th of March, we rode out again betimes, in the morning,
-to make some of our remaining visits. The presents, such as above
-described, were sent before us by our Japanese clerks, who took care
-to lay them on trays or tables, and to arrange them in good order,
-according to the country fashion. We were received at the entry of
-the house, by one or two of the principal domestics, and conducted to
-the apartment where we were to have our audience. The rooms round the
-hall of audience were everywhere crowded with spectators. As soon as
-we had seated ourselves we were treated with tea and tobacco. Then
-the steward of the household came in, or else the secretary, either
-alone or with another gentleman, to compliment us, and to receive
-our compliments, in his master’s name. The rooms were everywhere so
-disposed as to make us turn our faces towards the ladies, by whom we
-were very generously and civilly treated with cakes and several sorts
-of sweetmeats. We visited and made our presents, this day, to the
-two governors of Yedo, to the three ecclesiastical judges (or temple
-lords), and to the two commissioners for foreign affairs, who lived
-near a mile from each other, one in the southwest, the other in the
-northeast, part of the castle. They both profess themselves to be
-particular patrons of the Dutch, and received us accordingly with great
-pomp and magnificence. The street was lined with twenty men armed,
-who, with their long staffs, which they held on one side, made a very
-good figure, besides that they helped to keep off the throng of people
-from being too troublesome. We were received upon our entering the
-house and introduced to audience, much after the same manner as we had
-been in other places, only we were carried deeper into their palaces
-and into the innermost apartment, on purpose that we should not be
-troubled with numbers of spectators, and be at more liberty ourselves
-as well as the ladies who were invited to the ceremony. Opposite us, in
-the hall of audience, there were grated lattices, instead of screens,
-for the length of two mats (twelve feet) and upwards, behind which
-sat such numbers of women of the commissioner’s own family and their
-relations and friends, that there was no room left. We had scarce
-seated ourselves, when seven servants, well clad, came in, and brought
-us pipes and tobacco, with the usual apparatus for smoking. Soon after,
-they brought in something baked, laid on japanned trays, then some
-fish fried, all after the same manner, by the same number of servants,
-and always but one piece in a small dish; then a couple of eggs, one
-baked, the other boiled and shelled, and a glass of old, strong sake,
-standing between them. After this manner we were entertained for about
-an hour and a half, when they desired us to sing a song and to dance;
-the first we refused, but satisfied them as to the last. In the house
-of the first commissioner a drink made of sweet plums was offered us
-instead of sake. In the second commissioner’s house we were presented
-first of all with _manjū_ bread,[31] in a brown liquor, cold, with some
-mustard-seed and radishes laid about the dish, and at last with some
-orange-peels with sugar, which is a dish given only upon extraordinary
-occasions, in token of fortune and good will. We then drank some tea,
-and having taken our leave, went back to our inn, where we arrived at
-five in the evening.”
-
-(The following bills of fare are given in Kämpfer’s account of his
-second visit to Yedo: “At the first commissioner’s: 1. Tea. 2. Tobacco,
-with the whole set of instruments for smoking. 3. Philosophical or
-white syrup. 4. A piece of _stienbrassen_, a very scarce fish, boiled
-in a brown sauce. 5. Another dish of fish, dressed with bran-flower and
-spices. 6. Cakes of eggs rolled together. 7. Fried fish, presented on
-skewers of bamboo. 8. Lemon-peels with sugar.
-
-“After every one of these dishes they made us drink a dish of sake, as
-good as ever I tasted. We were likewise presented twice, in dram cups,
-with wine made of plums, a very pleasant and agreeable liquor. Last of
-all, we were again presented with a cup of tea.
-
-“At the second commissioner’s we were treated, after tea and tobacco,
-with the following things: 1. Two long slices of _manjū_, dipped into a
-brown sop or sauce, with some ginger. 2. Hard eggs. 3. Four common fish
-fried and brought in on bamboo skewers. 4. The stomachs of carps, salt,
-in a brown sauce. 5. Two small slices of a goose, roasted and warm,
-presented in unglazed earthen dishes.
-
-“Good liquor was drank about plentifully, and the commissioner’s
-surgeon, who was to treat us, did not miss to take his full dose. Each
-guest was separately served with the above dishes on little tables or
-salvers, about a foot square and a few inches high.)
-
-“On the 31st of March, we rode out again at ten in the morning, and
-went to the houses of the three governors of Nagasaki, two of whom were
-then absent on duty at Nagasaki. We presented them on this occasion
-only with a flask of Tent each, they having already received their
-other presents at Nagasaki. We were met by Settsu-no-kami, the one then
-at Yedo, just by the door of his house. He was attended by a numerous
-retinue and, having called both our interpreters to him, he commanded
-them to tell us his desire that we should make ourselves merry in his
-house. Accordingly we were received extraordinarily well, and desired
-to walk about and to divert ourselves in his garden, as being now in
-the house of a friend at Yedo, and not in the palace of our governor
-and magistrate at Nagasaki.[32] We were treated with warm dishes and
-tea, much after the same manner as we had been by the commissioners,
-and all the while civilly entertained by his own brother, and several
-persons of quality of his friends and relations.
-
-[Illustration: VIEWS AT FUSHIMI: DOLL AND TOY SHOPS; ENTRANCE TO INARI
-TEMPLE]
-
-“Having stayed about two hours, we went to Tonosama’s house, where we
-were conducted into the innermost and chief apartment, and desired
-twice to come nearer the lattices on both sides of the room. There were
-more ladies behind the screens here than, I think, we had as yet met
-with in any other place. They desired us, very civilly, to show them
-our clothes, the captain’s arms, rings, tobacco-pipes, and the like,
-some of which were reached them between or under the lattices. The
-person that treated us in the absent governor’s name, and the other
-gentlemen who were then present in the room, entertained us likewise
-very civilly, and we could not but take notice that everything was so
-cordial that we made no manner of scruple of making ourselves merry,
-and diverting the company each with a song. The magnificence of
-this family appeared fully by the richness and exquisiteness of this
-entertainment, which was equal to that of the first commissioner’s, but
-far beyond it in courteous civility and a free, open carriage. After
-an hour and a half we took our leave. The house of Tonosama is the
-furthermost to the north or northwest we were to go to, a mile and a
-half from our inn, but seated in by much the pleasantest part of the
-town, where there is an agreeable variety of hills and shrubbery. The
-family of Tubosama (?), the third governor, lives in a small, sorry
-house near the ditch which encompasses the castle. We met here but a
-few women behind a screen, who took up with peeping at us through a
-few holes, which they made as they sat down. The strong liquors, which
-we had been this day obliged to drink in larger quantities than usual,
-being by this time got pretty much into our heads, we made haste to
-return home, and took our leave as soon as we had been treated, after
-the usual manner, with tea and tobacco.”
-
-Two or three days after followed the audience of leave preparatory to
-the return to Nagasaki. Of this Kämpfer gives much the fullest account
-in his narrative of his second visit to Yedo, which we follow here.
-
-Having proceeded to the palace as at the first audience, after half an
-hour’s stay in the waiting-room, the “Captain Hollanda” was called in
-before the councillors of state, who directed one of the commissioners
-to read the usual orders to him, five in number, chiefly to the
-effect that the Dutch should not molest any of the boats or ships of
-the Chinese or the Lew Chewans trading to Japan, nor bring in any
-Portuguese or priests.
-
-These orders being read, the director was presented with thirty gowns,
-laid on three of the Japanese wooden stands or salvers, which he crept
-upon all fours to receive, and in token of respect held one of the
-gowns over his head.
-
-This ceremony over, the Dutch were invited to stay to dinner, which
-was served up in another room. Before each was placed a small table or
-salver, on which lay five fresh, hot, white cakes, as tough as glue,
-and two hollow cakes of two spans in circumference, made of flour and
-sprinkled with sesamum seeds. A small porcelain cup contained some
-bits of pickled salmon in a brown sauce, by the side of which lay two
-wooden chopsticks. Tea also was served up, but in “poor and sorry”
-brown dishes, and the tea itself proved to be little better than hot
-water. Fortunately the Dutch, seldom caught napping upon that point,
-had provided themselves, before leaving home in the morning, with “a
-good substantial breakfast”; and, besides, they had been treated in the
-guard-room with fresh _manjū_, and with sweet brown cakes of sugar and
-bean flour.
-
-While they were eating this dinner, “so far from answering to the
-majesty and magnificence of so powerful a monarch, that a worse one
-could not have been had at any private man’s house,” several young
-noblemen busied themselves in examining their hats, coats, dress,
-etc. Dinner over, after half an hour in the waiting-room, they were
-conducted, through passages and galleries which they did not remember
-to have seen before, to the hall of audience, which, by a change in the
-position of some of the screens, presented quite a new appearance. They
-were put in the very same uncarpeted spot as at their first audience,
-and were again called upon, as then, to answer questions, dance, sing
-songs, and exhibit themselves. Among the persons called in were two
-physicians, with whom Kämpfer had some professional conversation;
-also several shaven priests, one of whom had an ulcer on his shin,
-as to which Kämpfer’s opinion was asked. As it was a fresh sore, and
-the inflammation about it slight, he judged it to be of no great
-consequence. At the same time he advised the patient not to be too
-familiar with sake, pretending to guess by his wound, what was obvious
-enough from his red face and nose, that he was given to drinking,—a
-shrewd piece of professional stratagem, which occasioned much laughter
-at the patient’s expense.
-
-“This farce over, a salver was brought in for each guest, on which was
-placed the following Japanese dishes: 1. Two small, hollow loaves,
-sprinkled with sesamum seeds. 2. A piece of white, refined sugar,
-striped. 3. Five candied kernels of the kaki [persimmon] tree, not
-unlike almonds. 4. A flat slice of cake. 5. Two cakes, made of flour
-and honey, shaped like a tunnel, brown, thick, and somewhat tough. 6.
-Two slices of a dark reddish and brittle cake, made of bean flour and
-sugar. 7. Two slices of a rice flour cake, yellow and tough. 8. Two
-slices of another cake or pie, of which the inside seemed to be of
-quite a different substance from the crust. 9. A large _manjū_, boiled
-and filled with brown sugar, like treacle. Two smaller _manjū_, of the
-common bigness, dressed after the same manner. A few of these things
-were eaten, and the rest, according to the Japanese custom, were taken
-home by the interpreter, for whom they proved quite a load, especially
-as he was old and rheumatic.”
-
-Having been dismissed with many ceremonies, they went next to the
-house of the acting governor of Yedo, who received them with great
-cordiality, and gave them an entertainment consisting of a cup of tea,
-boiled fish with a very good sauce, oysters boiled and brought in the
-shells, with vinegar, a dish which, it was intimated, had been prepared
-from the known fondness of the Dutch for it, several small slices of a
-roasted goose, fried fish and boiled eggs, with very good liquor served
-up between the dishes. Thence they went to the houses of the governors
-of Nagasaki, and returned home at night thoroughly tired out, but well
-satisfied with their reception.
-
-Meanwhile, the customary presents began to come in, which, in case the
-director was at home, were presented and received in quite a formal
-manner,—a speech being made by the bearer and an answer returned,
-after which he was treated with tobacco, tea, sweetmeats, and Dutch
-liquors. Besides thirty gowns from the emperor, ten were sent by each
-of the five ordinary councillors, six by each of the four extraordinary
-councillors, five by each of the three lords of the temple, and two,
-“pretty sorry ones,” Kämpfer says, by each of the governors of Yedo,—in
-all, a hundred and twenty-three, of which those given by the emperor
-went to the Company, and all the rest to the director, constituting no
-inconsiderable perquisite.
-
-[Illustration: A VIEW OF FUJI]
-
-It is the custom, on the return of the Dutch, when they reach Miyako,
-to take them to see some of the principal temples. The first one
-visited by Kämpfer was the Buddhist temple and convent, where the
-emperor lodges when he comes to visit the Dairi. The approach to this
-temple was a broad, level, gravel walk, half a mile in length, lined on
-both sides with the stately dwellings of the ecclesiastics attached to
-it. Having alighted and passed a lofty gateway, the visitors ascended
-to a large terrace, finely gravelled and planted with trees and
-shrubs. Passing two handsome structures, they ascended a beautiful
-stairway to a magnificent building, with a front superior to that of
-the imperial palace at Yedo. In the middle of the outermost hall was
-a chapel containing a large idol with curled hair, surrounded with
-smaller idols. On both sides were some smaller and less elaborate
-chapels; behind were two apartments for the emperor’s use, opening
-upon a small pleasure-garden at the foot of a mountain, clothed with a
-beautiful variety of trees and shrubs. Behind this garden, and on the
-ascent of the mountain, was a chapel dedicated to the predecessor of
-the reigning emperor, who had been deified under the name of _Genyūin_.
-
-“The visitors were next conducted across a square to another temple, of
-the size of an ordinary European church, supported on thirty pillars,
-or rather fifty-six, including those of the gallery which surrounded
-it. These pillars were, however, but nine feet high, and of wood,
-and, with the beams and cornices, were painted some red, some yellow.
-The most striking feature of this building, which was entirely empty
-within, was its bended roofs, four in number, one over the other, of
-which the lowest and largest jutted over the gallery. There were said
-to be not less than twenty-seven temples within the enclosure of this
-monastery.
-
-“Up the hill, near a quarter of a mile distant, was a large bell,
-which Kämpfer describes as rather superior in size to the smaller of
-the two great Moscow bells (which he had seen), rough, ill-cast, and
-ill-shaped. It was struck on the outside by a large wooden stick. The
-prior who, with a number of the monks, received and entertained the
-Dutch visitors was an old gentleman, of an agreeable countenance and
-good complexion, clad in a violet or dark purple-colored gown, with an
-alms bag in his hand richly embroidered with gold.
-
-“The largest and most remarkable of the temples seen at Miyako was that
-called Daibutsu, on the road to Fushimi. It was enclosed by a high wall
-of freestone, the front blocks being near twelve feet square. A stone
-staircase of eight steps led up to the gateway, on either side of which
-stood a gigantic image, near twenty-four feet high, with-the face of
-a lion, but otherwise well-proportioned, black, or of a dark purple,
-almost naked, and placed on a pedestal six feet high. That on the left
-had the mouth open and one of the hands stretched out. The opposite one
-had the mouth shut and the hand close to the body. They were said to be
-emblems of the two first and chief principles of nature, the active and
-passive, the giving and taking, the opening and shutting, generation
-and corruption. Within the gateway were sixteen stone pillars on each
-side for lamps, a water basin, etc.; and on the inside of the enclosing
-wall was a spacious walk or gallery, open towards the interior space,
-but covered with a roof which was supported by two rows of pillars,
-about eighteen feet high and twelve feet distant from each other.
-
-“Directly opposite the entrance, in the middle of the court, stood the
-temple, much the loftiest structure which Kämpfer had seen in Japan,
-with a double roof supported by ninety-four immense wooden pillars, of
-at least nine feet diameter, some of them of a single piece, but others
-of several trunks put together as in the case of the masts of our large
-ships, and all painted red.”
-
-Within, the floor was paved with square flags of freestone,—a thing
-not seen elsewhere. There were many small, narrow doors running up
-to the first roof, but the interior, on account of its great height,
-the whole up to the second roof forming but one room, was very badly
-lighted. Nothing was to be seen within except an immense idol, sitting
-(not after the Japanese, but after the Indian manner, with the legs
-crossed before it) on a terete flower, supported by another flower, of
-which the leaves were turned upwards, the two being raised about twelve
-feet from the floor. The idol, which was gilt all over, had long ears,
-curled hair, a crown on the head, which appeared through the window
-over the first roof, with a large spot not gilt on the forehead. The
-shoulders, so broad as to reach from one pillar to another, a distance
-of thirty feet, were naked. The breast and body were covered with a
-loose piece of drapery. It held the right hand up, the left rested
-edgewise on the belly.
-
-The Kwannon temple was a structure very long in proportion to its
-breadth. In the midst was a gigantic image of Kwannon, with thirty-six
-arms. Sixteen black images, bigger than life, stood round it, and on
-each side two rows of gilt idols with twenty arms each. On either side
-of the temple, running from end to end, were ten platforms rising
-like steps one behind the other, on each of which stood fifty images
-of Kwannon, as large as life,—a thousand in all, each on its separate
-pedestal, so arranged as to stand in rows of five, one behind the
-other, and all visible at the same time, each with its twenty hands.
-On the hands and heads of all these are placed smaller idols, to
-the number of forty or more; so that the whole number, thirty-three
-thousand three hundred and thirty-three, according to the estimate of
-the Japanese, does not appear exaggerated.
-
-Klaproth[33] gives some curious details as to these temples, derived
-from a Japanese Guide Book, such as is sold to visitants. The
-dimensions of the temple and of the image of Daibutsu, or the great
-Buddha, are given with great minuteness. The body is seventy-seven feet
-five and one-fourth inches high (Rhineland measure), and the entire
-statue with the lotus, eighty-nine feet eight and three-fourths inches.
-The head of the colossus protrudes through the roof of the saloon.[34]
-
-At a little distance is a chapel called _Mimitsuka_, or “tomb of ears,”
-in which are buried the ears and noses of the Coreans who fell in the
-war carried on against them by Taikō-Sama, who had them salted and
-conveyed to Japan. The grand portico of the external wall of the temple
-is called Ni-ō-mon, “gate of the two kings.” On entering this vast
-portico, which is eighty-three and one-half feet high, on each side
-appears a colossal figure twenty-two feet in height, representing the
-two celestial kings, Aōn and Jugo, the usual porters at the Buddhist
-temples. Another edifice placed before the apartment of the great
-Buddha, contains the largest bell known in the world. It is seventeen
-feet two and one-half inches high, and weighs one million seven hundred
-thousand Japanese pounds (katties), equal to two million sixty-six
-thousand pounds English. Its weight is consequently five times greater
-than the great bell at Moscow. If this is the same bell described by
-Kämpfer, here is a remarkable discrepancy.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXVIII
-
- _Further Decline of the Dutch Trade—Degradation of the Japanese
- Coins—The Dutch threaten to withdraw from Japan—Restrictions on
- the Chinese Trade—Probable Cause of the Policy adopted by the
- Japanese—Drain of the Precious Metals—New Basis upon which Future
- Trade must be arranged._
-
-
-Notwithstanding the lamentations uttered by Kämpfer in the name of the
-Dutch factors, the trade to Japan had by no means in his time reached
-its lowest level, and it was subjected soon after his departure to new
-and more stringent limitations.
-
-In the year 1696 appeared a new kind of koban. The old koban was twenty
-carats eight and a half, and even ten, grains fine; that is, supposing
-it divided into twenty-four parts, twenty parts and a half were fine
-gold.[35] The new koban was thirteen carats six or seven grains fine,
-containing, consequently, only two-thirds as much gold as the old one,
-and yet the Dutch were required to receive it at the same rate of
-sixty-eight mas of silver.
-
-The old koban had returned on the coast of Coromandel a profit of
-twenty-five per cent, the new produced a loss of fifteen or sixteen per
-cent; but some of the old koban being still paid over at the same rate
-as the new, some profits continued to be derived from the gold, till,
-in 1710, the Japanese made a still more serious change in their coin,
-by reducing the weight of the koban nearly one-half, from forty-seven
-kanderins (two hundred and seventy-four grains) to twenty-five
-kanderins (one hundred and forty-six grains), which, as the Dutch were
-still obliged to receive these new koban at the rate of sixty-eight
-mas, caused a loss of from thirty-four to thirty-six per cent. From
-this time the old koban passed as double koban, being reckoned at twice
-their former weight. The koban of the coinage of 1730 were about five
-per cent better than the preceding ones; but the Dutch trade continued
-rapidly to decline, especially after the exportation of copper was
-limited, in 1714, to fifteen thousand chests, or piculs, and, in 1721,
-to ten thousand piculs annually. From this time, two ships sufficed for
-the Dutch trade.
-
-For thirty years previous to 1743, the annual gross profits on the
-Japanese trade had amounted to five hundred thousand florins (two
-hundred thousand dollars), and some years to six hundred thousand
-(two hundred and forty thousand dollars); but in 1743 they sunk below
-two hundred thousand florins (eighty thousand dollars), which was the
-annual cost of maintaining the establishment at Deshima.
-
-Upon this occasion, a “Memoir on the Trade of Japan, and the Causes of
-its Decline,” was drawn up by Imhoff, at that time governor-general
-at Batavia, which affords information on the change in the value of
-the koban, and other matters relating to the Dutch trade to Japan, not
-elsewhere to be found.[36] It is apparent from his memoir that the
-trade was not managed with the sagacity which might have been expected
-from private merchants. The cargoes were ill assorted, and did not
-correspond to the requisitions of the Japanese. They, on the other
-hand, had repeatedly offered several new articles of export, which the
-Company had declined, because, in the old routine of their trade, no
-profitable market appeared for these articles at the prices asked for
-them.
-
-The Dutch attempted to frighten the Japanese by threatening to close
-their factory altogether, but this did not produce much effect, and,
-since the date of Imhoff’s memoir, the factory appears not to have
-done much more than to pay its expenses. That the Japanese were not
-very anxious for foreign trade, appears by their having restricted
-the Chinese, previous to 1740, to twenty junks annually, and at a
-subsequent period to ten junks.
-
-The Dutch imagined that the above-mentioned changes in the coins of
-Japan were made solely with a view to their trade and to curtail their
-profits. Raffles suggests, on the other hand, that this degradation of
-the Japanese coins was the natural result of the immense export of the
-precious metals, which, in the course of the two hundred years from
-1540 to 1740, must have drained Japan of specie to the value of perhaps
-not less than two hundred millions of dollars. The exports of foreign
-nations, as we have seen, were almost entirely metallic, and the mines
-of Japan were by no means so productive as to be able to withstand this
-constant drain. The export of silver was first stopped. Then gold was
-raised to such a value as effectually to stop the exportation of that,
-and restrictions were, at the same time, put upon the exportation
-of copper. This sagacious conjecture of Raffles is confirmed by a
-tract on the Origin of the Riches of Japan, written, in 1708, by Arai
-Chikugo-no-Kami [Arai Hakuseki], a person of high distinction at
-the emperor’s court, of which the original was brought to Europe by
-Titsingh, and of which Klaproth has given a translation, in the second
-volume of the “Nouveau Journal Asiatique.” The author of this tract
-states, perhaps from official documents, the amount of gold and silver
-exported from Nagasaki, from 1611 to 1706, as follows: Gold, 6,192,600
-koban; silver, 112,268,700 taels. Of this amount, 2,397,600 koban and
-37,420,900 taels of silver had been exported since 1646. The exports of
-copper from 1663 to 1708 are stated at 1,114,446,700 katties.
-
-This export is represented as having commenced in the time of
-Nobunaga,[37] when the mines of Japan had first begun to be largely
-productive, and, previous to 1611, to have been much greater than
-afterwards, which is ascribed by this author in part to the amounts
-sent out of the country, by the Catholic natives, to purchase masses
-for their souls. Much alarm is expressed lest, with the decreased
-product of the mines, and continual exportation, Japan should be
-reduced to poverty. Titsingh ascribes the origin of this tract to
-the extravagance of the reigning emperor, which it was desired to
-check by good advice; but the exportation of the precious metals by
-foreigners is evidently the point aimed at.
-
-[Illustration: VIEW OF HAKONE; LAKE BIWA]
-
-“There goes out of the empire annually,” says this writer, “about
-one hundred and fifty thousand koban, or a million and a half in ten
-years. It is, therefore, of the highest importance to the public
-prosperity to put a stop to these exportations, which will end in
-draining us entirely. Nothing is thought of but the procuring foreign
-productions, expensive stuffs, elegant utensils, and other things not
-known in the good old times. Since Gongen, gold, silver, and copper
-have been abundantly produced; unfortunately the greater part of this
-wealth has gone for things we could have done quite as well without.
-The successors of Gongen ought to reflect upon this, in order that
-the wealth of the empire may be as lasting as the heavens and the
-earth.” Ideas like those broached in this tract seem to be the basis
-of the existing policy of Japan on the subject of foreign trade; and,
-independently of this, the failure of the Japanese mines renders any
-return to the old system of the Portuguese and Dutch traffic quite out
-of the question. Japan has no longer gold and silver to export, and if
-a new trade is to be established with her, it must be on an entirely
-new basis, the exports to consist of something else than metallic
-products.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXIX
-
- _Thunberg’s Visit to Japan—Searches and
- Examinations—Smuggling—Interpreters—Deshima—Imports and
- Exports—Unicorn’s Horn and Ginseng—Soy—The Dutch at Deshima—Japanese
- Mistresses—Japanese Women—Studying the Language—Botanizing—Clocks—New
- Year’s Day—Trampling on Images—Departure for Yedo—Journey through
- the Island of Shimo—Japanese Houses and Furniture—Manufacture of
- Paper—Practice of Bathing—Shimonoseki—Voyage to Ōsaka—Children—From
- Ōsaka to Miyako—Agriculture—Animals—A.D. 1775-1776._
-
-
-From the time of Kämpfer’s departure from Deshima, of all the Dutch
-residents and visitors there, none, for a period of upwards of eighty
-years, favored the world with their observations. They went to Japan
-in pursuit of money, not to obtain knowledge, either for themselves or
-others.
-
-At length, in 1775, Charles Peter Thunberg, a Swedish physician,
-naturalist, and traveller, to gain an opportunity of seeing Japan,
-obtained the same official situation which Kämpfer had held before him.
-Being an enthusiastic botanist, he was sent to the East by some wealthy
-merchants of Amsterdam to obtain new trees and plants, as well for
-the medical garden of that city as for their own private collections.
-Circumstances caused him to spend three years at the Cape of Good
-Hope, whence he proceeded to Batavia. He left that port June 20, 1775,
-and arrived off Nagasaki the 14th of the following August. From an
-experience of more than a hundred years, the Company reckoned on the
-loss of one out of every five ships sent to Japan, though care was
-taken to select the best and strongest vessels.[38]
-
-The searches and examinations previous to landing were the same
-described by Kämpfer. Hitherto it had been usual to allow the captains
-of the vessels to pass at pleasure to and from their ships without
-being searched; they, with the directors of the Dutch factory,
-being the only persons exempt from that ceremony. The captains had
-taken advantage of this exemption to dress themselves out, for the
-convenience of smuggling, in a showy, blue silk, silver-laced coat,
-made very wide and large, in which dress they generally made three
-trips a day to and from Deshima, being often so loaded down with goods
-that they had to be supported by a sailor under each arm. Thunberg’s
-captain rigged himself out in the same style; but, much to his
-disappointment and that of the other Dutchmen, whose private goods the
-captains had been accustomed to smuggle for a commission, the Japanese
-officers who boarded the ship brought orders that the captain should
-dress like the rest; that he and the director also should be searched
-when they landed, and that the captain should either stop on board,
-or, if he landed, should remain on shore, being allowed to visit the
-ship only twice during her stay. “It was droll enough,” says Thunberg,
-“to see the astonishment which the sudden reduction in the size of our
-bulky captain excited in the major part of the ignorant Japanese, who
-before had always imagined that all our captains were actually as fat
-and lusty as they appeared to be.”
-
-In the year 1772, one of the Dutch ships from Batavia, disabled in a
-violent storm, had been abandoned by her crew, who, in their haste,
-or believing that she would speedily sink, had neglected the standing
-order of the Company, in such cases, to set her on fire. Some days
-after she drifted to the Japanese shore, and was towed into the harbor
-of Nagasaki, when the Japanese found on board a number of chests marked
-with the names of the principal Dutch officers, and full of prohibited
-goods,—and it was to this discovery that the new order was ascribed.
-
-The examination of the clothes and persons of all who passed to and
-from the ship was very strict. The large chests were emptied, and the
-sides, top, and bottom sounded to see if they were not hollow. Beds
-were ripped open and the feathers turned over. Iron spikes were thrust
-into the butter-tubs and jars of sweetmeats. A square hole was cut in
-the cheeses, and a thick, pointed wire thrust through them in every
-direction. Even some of the eggs brought from Batavia were broken, lest
-they might be shams in which valuables were concealed.
-
-Formerly, according to Thunberg, the Dutch took the liberty to correct
-with blows the Japanese _kuri_ employed as laborers on board the
-ships; but in his time this was absolutely prohibited. He adds, that
-the respect of the Japanese for the Dutch was a good deal diminished
-by observing “in how unfriendly and unmannerly a style they usually
-behave to each other, and the brutal treatment which the sailors under
-their command frequently experience from them, together with the oaths,
-curses, and blows with which the poor fellows are assailed by them.”
-
-The interpreters would seem to have adopted, since the time of Kämpfer
-(as he makes no mention of it), the practice of medicine among their
-countrymen after the European manner. This made them very inquisitive
-as to matters of physic and natural history, and very anxious to obtain
-European books, which they studied diligently. Kämpfer speaks of the
-interpreters with great indignation as the most watchful and hateful
-of spies. Thunberg appears to have established very good terms with
-them. New restrictions, however, had been placed on their intercourse
-with the resident Dutchmen, whom, to prevent smuggling, they were not
-allowed to visit, except in company with one or two other officers.
-
-Deshima, from Thunberg’s description of it, appears to have altered
-very little since Kämpfer’s residence there, though glass windows had
-lately been brought from Batavia, by some of the Dutch residents, as a
-substitute for the paper windows of the Japanese.
-
-The permanent residents were now twelve or thirteen (there had been but
-seven in Kämpfer’s time), besides slaves brought from Batavia, of whom
-each Dutchman had one.
-
-The goods sent out by the Company at the time of Thunberg’s visit were
-sugars (almost the only article of consumption which the Japanese do
-not produce for themselves), elephants’ teeth, sappan-wood for dyeing,
-tin, lead, bar-iron, fine chintzes of various sorts, Dutch broadcloths,
-shalloons, silks, cloves, tortoise-shell, China-root, and _Costus
-Arabicus_. The goods of private adventurers were saffron, Venice
-treacle, Spanish liquorice, rattans, spectacles, looking-glasses,
-watches, Ninjin-root or ginseng, and unicorns’ horns. This latter
-article, the horn of the _Monodon monoceros_, a product of the
-Greenland fishery, had been lately introduced. The Japanese ascribed
-to it wonderful virtues as a medicine, believing it to have the power
-to prolong life, strengthen the animal spirits, assist the memory, and
-cure all sorts of complaints. Thunberg had carried out as his venture
-thirty-seven katties (about fifty pounds) of this horn, which sold
-for five thousand and seventy-one taels, or upwards of six thousand
-dollars; so that, after paying the advances made to him at Batavia, he
-had a handsome surplus to expend in his favorite pursuit of natural
-history.
-
-The genuine Chinese ginseng (_Panax quinquefolium_) sold at a price
-full as high as that of unicorn’s horn. The American article, being
-regarded as not genuine, was strictly prohibited, but was smuggled in
-to mix with the Chinese.[39]
-
-Scientific works in the Dutch language, though not a regular article of
-sale, might be often exchanged to advantage with the interpreters.
-
-The Company imported a quantity of silver coin, but private persons
-were not allowed to do so, though a profit might have been made on
-it. The sale by kamban continued exactly as Kämpfer had described it.
-No Japanese money came into the hands either of the Company or of
-individuals from the sale of their goods by kamban. They only acquired
-a credit, which they were able to exchange for Japanese articles.
-
-The chief articles of export were copper, camphor, and lackered goods;
-porcelain, rice, sake, soy,[40] were also exported. The profits of this
-trade had been greatly curtailed. “Formerly,” says Thunberg, “it was
-so very profitable to individuals that hardly anybody but favorites
-were sent out as chiefs, and when these had made two voyages, it was
-supposed that they were rich enough to be able to live on the interest
-of their fortunes, and that, therefore, they ought to make room for
-others. At present a chief is obliged to make many voyages. His success
-is now no more to be envied, and his profits are thought to be very
-inconsiderable.”
-
-Of the general enjoyment of a residence at Deshima Thunberg does not
-speak very highly. “An European that remains here is, in a manner,
-dead and buried in an obscure corner of the globe. He hears no news
-of any kind; nothing relative to war or other misfortunes and evils
-that plague and infest mankind; and neither the rumors of inland or
-foreign concerns delight or molest his ear. The soul possesses here
-one faculty only, which is the judgment (if, indeed, it be at all times
-in possession of that). The will is totally debilitated, and even
-dead, because, to an European there is no other will than that of the
-Japanese, by which he must exactly square his conduct.
-
-“The European way of living is, in other respects, the same as in other
-parts of India, luxurious and irregular. Hence, just as at Batavia, we
-pay a visit every evening to the chief, after having walked several
-times up and down the two streets. These evening visits generally last
-from six o’clock till ten, and sometimes eleven or twelve at night, and
-constitute a very disagreeable way of life, fit only for such as have
-no other way of spending their time than droning over a pipe of tobacco
-and a bottle.”
-
-The Europeans remaining at Deshima had each two or three handsome
-rooms, besides the store-rooms in the lower story. These they occupied
-without rent, the only expense being that of furnishing them. As the
-winter set in, the cold, with an easterly or northerly wind, was
-quite piercing, and they had fires of charcoal in a large copper
-kettle with a broad rim. Placed in the middle of the room it warmed
-the whole apartment for hours together. The looseness of the doors
-and windows prevented any ill consequences from the gases. As the
-residents all dined and supped at a common table, kept at the Company’s
-expense, their outlays did not amount to much—“except,” says Thunberg,
-“they squander away their money on the fair sex, or make expensive
-entertainments and give suppers to each other.”
-
-The account which Thunberg gives of the Japanese mistresses of the
-Dutch is very much the same with that given by Kämpfer. These women,
-when spoken for to an officer appointed for that purpose, come attended
-by a little serving-maid,—one of the young apprentices of the houses
-to which they belonged,—who brought daily from the town her mistress’
-food, made her tea, kept her things in order, and ran on errands. One
-of these female companions could not be had for less than three days,
-but might be kept a year, or even several years. The price was eight
-mas, or one dollar a day, besides her maintenance and presents of silk
-dresses, girdles, head-ornaments, etc. According to Thunberg, children
-were very seldom born of these connections. He was assured, but did not
-credit it, that if such a thing happened, the child, if a boy, would be
-murdered; and that, if a girl, it would be sent at fifteen to Batavia;
-but of this he knew of no instance. There was, in his time, one girl
-about six years old, born of a Japanese mother, living on the island
-with her father. Later accounts go to show that Dutch-Japanese children
-are by no means such rarities as Thunberg represents.[41]
-
-The women painted their lips with colors, made of the _Catharinus
-tinctorius_, or bastard saffron, rubbed on little porcelain bowls. If
-laid on very thin, the lips appeared red; if thick, it gave them a
-violet hue, esteemed by the Japanese as the more beautiful. The married
-women were distinguished by blacking their teeth with a fœtid mixture,
-so corrosive that the lips had to be protected from it while it was
-laid on. It ate so deeply into the teeth that it took several days
-and much trouble to scrape it away. “To me at least,” says Thunberg,
-“a wide mouth with black shining teeth had an ugly and disagreeable
-appearance.” The married women distinguished themselves also by pulling
-out their eyebrows; and another distinction was that they knotted their
-girdles before, and the single women behind.
-
-Thunberg noticed that venereal diseases, which he ascribed to European
-intercourse, were very common,[42] and he congratulated himself on the
-questionable service of having introduced the mercurial treatment.
-
-As he had plenty of leisure and little taste for the Dutch fashion
-of killing time, he endeavored to find more rational and profitable
-employment. The residents were still allowed native servants, who,
-though not interpreters, had learned to speak the Dutch language. But
-the Dutch were strictly prohibited from learning the Japanese; and
-though the interpreters were sufficiently well inclined, Thunberg
-encountered many difficulties in his study of that language. It was
-only after many inquiries that he found at last an old dictionary,
-in the Latin, Portuguese, and Japanese, in quarto, containing nine
-hundred and six pages. The title-page was gone, but the book purported
-to have been compiled by the joint labors of the Jesuits at Japan, as
-well European as natives. It belonged to one of the interpreters, who
-possessed it as legacy from his ancestors, and he refused to sell it
-for any price.[43]
-
-Afterwards, at Yedo, he saw a book in long quarto, about an inch thick,
-printed on Japanese paper, entirely in Japanese characters, except
-the title-page, which bore the imprint of the Jesuits, with the date,
-Nagasaki, A. D. 1598.
-
-“Through incapacity in some and indolence in others,” the Dutch
-possessed no vocabulary of the Japanese, and all the knowledge the
-Dutch residents had of it did not go beyond calling by name a few
-familiar articles. Thunberg has annexed to his Travels a short Japanese
-vocabulary, but he does not appear to have made any great progress in
-the language.
-
-With much difficulty he obtained, about the beginning of February,
-leave to botanize.[44] Every excursion cost him sixteen or eighteen
-taels, as he was obliged to feast from twenty to thirty Japanese
-officials, by whom he was always attended. On the neighboring hills he
-noticed many burying-grounds, containing tombstones of various forms,
-sometimes rough, but more frequently hewn, with letters, sometimes
-gilt, engraved upon them. Before these stones were placed vessels, made
-of large bamboos, containing water, with branches of flowers.
-
-He also noticed, both around Nagasaki and afterwards on his journey to
-Yedo, the pits, or rather large earthen jars, sunk by the road-side
-for the collection of manure, both liquid and solid. To the fœtid
-exhalations from these open pits, and to the burning of charcoal
-without chimneys, he ascribed the red and inflamed eyes very common in
-Japan. In the gardens he saw growing the common red beet, the carrot,
-fennel, dill, anise, parsley, and asparagus; leeks, onions, turnips,
-radishes, lettuce, succory, and endive. Long ranges of sloping ground,
-at the foot of the mountains, were planted with the sweet potato.
-Attempts were also made to cultivate the common potato, but with little
-success. Several kinds of yams (_Dioscoreæ_) grew wild in the vicinity
-of Nagasaki, of which one species was used for food, and, when boiled,
-had a very agreeable taste.[45] Buckwheat, Windsor beans (_Vicia
-faba_), several species of French beans (_Phascolus_), and peas (_Pisun
-sativum_), were commonly cultivated; also, two kinds of cayenne pepper
-(_Capsicum_), introduced probably by the Portuguese. Tobacco was also
-raised, for the use and the name of which the Japanese were indebted to
-the Portuguese. He observed also hemp, the _Acorus_, strongly aromatic;
-a kind of ginger (_Amomum miōga_); the _Mentha piperita_; the _Alcea
-rosea_ and _Malva Mauritiana_, cultivated for their flowers; the
-_Celastrus alatus_, a branch of which, stuck at a young lady’s door,
-is thought by the Japanese to have the power of making her fall in
-love with you; the common juniper-tree; the bamboo and the box, also
-the ivy; the China-root (_Smilax China_); wild figs, with small fruit
-like plums (_Fiscus pumila_ and _erecta_); the pepper bush (_Figara
-peperita_); a species of madder (_Rubia cordata_), and several species
-of the _Pologonum_, used for dyeing. Also, two species of nettles,
-the bark of which furnished cordage and thread, and the seeds of
-one species an oil. The yellow flowers of the colewort (_Brassica
-orientalis_), which was largely cultivated for the oil afforded by
-its seeds, presented through the spring a beautiful appearance. This
-oil was used for lamps. Oil for food, used, however, but sparingly,
-was expressed from the _Sesamum orientale_ and the mustard seed. Solid
-oils, for candles, were obtained from the nuts of the varnish-tree
-(_Rhus vernix_), and from those of the _Rhus succedanea_, the
-camphor-tree, the _Melea azedarach_, and the _Camellia sasankwa_.[46]
-
-In striking fire a tinder is used made of the woolly part of the
-leaves of the common wormwood. The famous moxa [_mogusa_], spoken of
-hereafter, is a finer preparation of the same root. Instead of soap the
-meal of a species of bean is employed.
-
-The bark of the _Shikimi_, or anise-tree (a near relation of the
-mangolia tribe, and whose flowers and leaves are much employed in
-religious ceremonies), is used as a time-measurer. A box a foot long
-is filled with ashes, in which are marked furrows, in parallel lines,
-strewed with fine powder of this bark. The lid being closed, with only
-a small hole left to supply air, the powder is set on fire at one end,
-and consumed very slowly, and the hours, marked beforehand on these
-furrows, are proclaimed in the daytime by striking the bells in the
-temples, and in the night by the watch striking together two pieces
-of wood. Another method of measuring time is by burning slow match,
-divided into knots to mark the hours. The Japanese also have a clock,
-the mechanism of which is described in a subsequent chapter.
-
-“The first of January, according to custom,” says Thunberg, “most of
-the Japanese that had anything to do at the Dutch factory came to
-wish us a happy new year. Dressed in their holiday clothes, they paid
-their respects to the director, who invited them to dine with him.
-The victuals were chiefly dressed after the European manner, and,
-consequently, but few of the dishes were tasted by the Japanese. Of
-the soup they all partook, but of the other dishes, such as roasted
-pigs, hams, salad, cakes, tarts, and other pastries, they ate little
-or nothing, but put on a plate a little of every dish, and, when it
-was full, sent it home, labelled with the owner’s name; and this was
-repeated several times. Salt beef, and the like, which the Japanese do
-not eat, were set by, and used as a medicine. The same may be said
-of the salt butter, of which I was frequently desired to cut a slice
-for some of the company. It is made into pills, and taken daily in
-consumptions and other disorders. After dinner, warm sake was handed
-round, which was drank out of lackered wooden cups.
-
-“On this festive occasion the director invited from the town several
-handsome girls, partly for the purpose of serving out the sake, and
-partly to dance and bear the girls company who were already on the
-island. After dinner, these girls treated the Japanese to several of
-their own country messes, placed on small square tables, which were
-decorated with an artificial fir-tree, the leaves of which were made
-of green silk, and in several places sprinkled over with white cotton,
-in imitation of the winter’s snow. The girls never presented the sake,
-standing, but, after their own fashion, sitting. In the evening they
-danced, and about five o’clock the company took their leave.”
-
-The 19th of February, 1776, on which fell the beginning of the Japanese
-year, was celebrated according to the Japanese custom, all of them
-going visiting, dressed up in their holiday clothes, and wishing their
-neighbors joy; and, indeed, this interchange of congratulations is kept
-up, more or less, through the first month.
-
-On the two last days of the year a general settlement of accounts takes
-place. Fresh credit is then given for six months, when a new settlement
-takes place. The rate of interest was high, ranging from eighteen to
-twenty per cent. Thunberg was told that, after new-year’s day, there
-was no right to demand settlement of the last year’s accounts.
-
-Shortly after the Japanese new year, took place the trampling of
-images, which ceremony, according to the information obtained by
-Thunberg, was still performed by all the inhabitants of Nagasaki,
-exactly as in Kämpfer’s time.
-
-On the 4th of March the director set out for the emperor’s court,
-accompanied, as usual, by the secretary of the factory, and by Thunberg
-as physician. In Kämpfer’s day these two latter persons had been
-obliged to make the journey on horseback, exposed to cold, rain, and
-all the inclemencies of the weather. Since then they had obtained the
-privilege of travelling in norimono, equally with the director. Dr.
-Thunberg seems to have been well satisfied with his vehicle, which he
-describes as both handsome and convenient. Each norimono traveller
-had with him a bottle of red wine, and another of Dutch ale, taken
-daily from the large stock provided for the journey, and preferred by
-the Europeans to tea, which they regarded as a “great relaxer of the
-stomach.” Each traveller had also an oblong lackered box, containing
-“a double slice of bread and butter.” In order to support the dignity
-of the Dutch East India Company, the bed equipage which they carried
-with them, consisting of coverlids, pillows, and mattresses, was
-covered with the richest open-work velvets and silks. Their retinue, on
-horseback and on foot, was numerous and picturesque. They were received
-everywhere with the honor and respect paid to the princes of the land;
-and, besides, says Thunberg, were so well guarded “that no harm could
-befall us, and, at the same time, so well attended that we had no more
-care upon our minds than a sucking child; the whole of our business
-consisting in eating and drinking, or in reading or writing for our
-amusement, in sleeping, dressing ourselves, and being carried about in
-our norimono.”
-
-[Illustration: THE EAR-MOUND AT KYŌTŌ]
-
-At setting out, each of the three Dutchmen received from the purveyor
-fifty taels, for their individual expenses. This was the first Japanese
-money which Thunberg had seen, and this, with other sums doled out
-to them from time to time, was chiefly spent in presents to their
-attendants. The disbursement on this score, at starting, amounted to
-ten taels each.
-
-In the early part of their journey, they followed a somewhat different
-road from Kämpfer’s, all the way by land, not crossing either the bay
-of Ōmura, nor that of Shimabara. They passed, however, through Shiota,
-as Kämpfer had done, famous for its large water-jars, and visited
-the hot springs in that neighborhood, and also Saga, capital of the
-province of Hizen, remarkable for its handsome women, its rice and its
-fine porcelain. The roads were found such as Kämpfer had described
-them. Proceeding onward, still by Kämpfer’s route, they reached Kokura
-on the ninth of March. The following description of Japanese houses
-corresponds sufficiently well with that of Kämpfer, while it gives
-a rather more distinct, and somewhat less flattering, idea of them.
-“The houses are very roomy and commodious, and never more than two
-stories—at most twenty feet—high, of which the lower one is inhabited,
-and the upper serves for lofts and garrets, and is seldom occupied.
-The mode of building in this country is curious and peculiar. Every
-house occupies a great extent of ground, and is built in general of
-wood and plaster, and whitewashed on the outside so as to look exactly
-like stone. The beams all lie horizontal or stand perpendicular.
-Between these beams, which are square and far from thick, bamboos
-are interwoven, and the space filled up with clay, sand, and lime.
-The roofs are covered with tiles of a singular make, very thick and
-heavy. The more ordinary houses are covered with chips [shingles], on
-which are frequently laid heavy stones to secure them. In the villages
-and meaner towns I sometimes saw the sides of the houses, especially
-behind, covered with the bark of trees, which was secured by laths
-nailed on it to prevent the rain from damaging the wall.
-
-“The whole house makes but one room, which can be divided according as
-it may be found necessary, or thought proper, into many smaller ones.
-This is done by moving slight partitions, consisting of wooden frames,
-pasted over with thick painted paper, which slide with great ease in
-grooves made in the beams of the floor and roof for that purpose. Such
-rooms were frequently partitioned off for us and our retinue, during
-our journey; and when a larger apartment was wanted for a dining-room,
-or any other purpose, the partitions were in an instant taken away.
-One could not see, indeed, what was done in the next room, but one
-frequently overheard the conversation that passed there.
-
-“In each room there are two or more windows, which reach from the
-ceiling to within two feet of the floor. They consist of light
-frames which may be taken out, put in, and slid behind each other,
-at pleasure, in two grooves made for this purpose in the beams above
-and below them. They are divided by slender rods into panes of a
-parallelogrammatic form, sometimes to the number of forty, and pasted
-over on the outside with fine white paper, which is seldom if ever
-oiled, and admits a great deal of light, but prevents any one from
-seeing through it. The roof always projects a great way beyond the
-house, and sometimes has an addition which covers a small projecting
-gallery that stands before each window. From this little roof go
-slanting inwards and downwards several quadrangular frames, within
-which hang blinds made of rushes, which may be drawn up and let down,
-and serve not only to hinder people that pass by from looking into the
-house, but chiefly when it rains to prevent the paper windows from
-being damaged. There are no glass windows here; nor have I observed
-mother-of-pearl or muscovy talc (mica, or isinglass) used for this
-purpose.
-
-“The houses have neither the elegant appearance nor the convenience and
-comfort of ours in Europe. The rooms are not so cheerful and pleasant,
-nor so warm in the winter, neither are they so safe in case of fire,
-nor so durable. Their semi-transparent paper windows, in particular,
-spoil the houses, as well in their inside as outside appearance.
-Neither chimneys nor stoves are known throughout the whole country,
-although the cold is very intense, and they are obliged to make fires
-in their apartments from October to March. The fires are made in copper
-kettles, of various sizes, with broad projecting edges. This mode of
-firing is liable, however, to this inconvenience, that the charcoal
-sometimes smokes, in consequence of which the apartment becomes dirty
-and black, and the eyes of the company suffer exceedingly.
-
-“The floors are always covered with mats made of a fine species of
-rush (_Juncus effusus_), cultivated in low spots for that purpose,
-and interwoven with rice straw. These mats are from three to four
-inches thick, and of the same size throughout the country, viz., two
-yards long and one broad. The insides of the houses, both ceiling
-and walls, are covered with a handsome, thick paper, ornamented with
-various flowers. These hangings are either green, yellow, or white; and
-sometimes embellished with silver and gold. As the paper is greatly
-damaged by the smoke in winter, it is renewed every third or fifth
-year.[47]
-
-“The furniture in this country is as simple as the style of building.
-Neither cupboards, bureaus, sofas, beds, tables, chairs, clocks,
-looking-glasses, nor anything else of the kind, is to be seen. To the
-greater part of these the Japanese are utter strangers. Their soft
-floor-mats serve them for chairs. A small table, or rather salver,
-about twelve inches square and four high, is set before each person in
-company at every meal, of which there are three a day. The food (rice,
-soup, and fish being the principal articles) is served in lackered
-wooden cups. Most other nations of the East sit with their legs laid
-across before them,—the Chinese and Japanese lay their feet under
-their bodies, and make a chair of their heels. When the hour of rest
-approaches, a soft mattress, stuffed with cotton, is spread out on the
-mats. The Japanese have no pillows, instead of which they use oblong
-lackered pieces of wood. With the above apparatus for sleeping, the
-Japanese bed-chamber is put in order, and he himself up and dressed,
-in the twinkling of an eye; as, in fact, scarcely a longer time is
-requisite for him to throw the gown over him, which serves for dress by
-day and bedclothes at night, and to gird it round his waist.
-
-“Though mirrors do not decorate the walls, they are in general use at
-the toilet, made not of glass, but of a composition of copper and zinc
-highly polished, and fixed obliquely in a stand of wood made for that
-purpose. Cleanliness is a constant object with these people, and not
-a day passes in which they do not wash themselves, whether they are
-at home or on a journey. In all towns and villages, inns and private
-houses, there are baths.” He adds, however, what goes rather against
-this alleged cleanliness, that as the poor, to save expense, are
-accustomed to use water in which others have repeatedly bathed, they
-are apt in that way to take infectious disorders. Neither do their open
-manure vaults, placed by the roadsides and in the very fronts of their
-houses, agree so well with this eulogy.
-
-At Kokura the Dutch bespoke, against their return, rice and charcoal
-for the factory at Deshima. Having crossed to Shimonoseki, they
-embarked, on the 12th of March, in a large Japanese junk, for Ōsaka;
-but, having made less than half the voyage, they encountered contrary
-winds, which drove them a long distance back, and detained them for
-near three weeks. The weather was so cold as to make fires comfortable,
-and colds and catarrhs, endemical to Japan from the changeability of
-its climate, were very prevalent. All this time they slept on board,
-but had several times an opportunity to go on shore to amuse themselves
-at the inns and temples, the Japanese sailors being always anxious to
-land in order to bathe.
-
-The country all along this coast was mountainous, which was the reason
-of going by sea instead of by land, the land road being very difficult.
-This coast seemed, nevertheless, to be highly cultivated, the mountains
-in many places resembling beautiful gardens.
-
-At the places where they landed, the children were very numerous. “I
-observed,” says Thunberg, “that the chastisement of children was very
-moderate. I very seldom heard them rebuked or scolded, and hardly ever
-saw them flogged or beaten, either in private families or on board
-the vessels; while, in more civilized and enlightened nations, these
-compliments abound.[48] In the schools one might hear the children read
-all at once, and so loud as almost to deafen one.”
-
-Whenever the Japanese went on shore, they killed geese and ducks for
-the Dutchmen to eat; but at sea they had scruples about killing them,
-though in fine weather the Chinese teal (_Anas galericulata_), and
-several sorts of ducks, fairly covered the water, so as to look at
-a distance like great islands. But, though scrupulous themselves,
-they made no objections to Thunberg’s killing them; though, not being
-allowed the use of fire-arms, it does not appear how he did it.
-
-At length, on the seventh of April, after a disagreeable and dangerous
-passage of twenty-six days, they reached the harbor of Hiōgo, whence
-the next day, partly by land and partly in small boats, they proceeded
-to Ōsaka. Here each of the travellers disbursed sixteen taels in
-presents to the captain and crew of the vessel, for the hire of which
-the sum of four hundred and eighty taels was paid by the East India
-Company. They stayed at Ōsaka only a single night, during which they
-bespoke from some merchants, who visited them[49] with samples, several
-articles, such as insects of copper, artificial trees varnished, fans
-of various kinds, writing paper, paper hangings, etc. They left Ōsaka
-early in the morning, by torchlight, and, following the same road which
-Kämpfer had taken, reached Miyako at night. “Except in Holland,” says
-Thunberg, “I never made so pleasant a journey as this, with regard
-to the beauty and delightful appearance of the country. The whole
-country, on both sides of us, as far as we could see, was nothing but a
-fertile field, and the whole of our long day’s journey extended through
-villages, of which one began where the other ended.”
-
-The farmers were now preparing their lands for rice. The fields, by
-means of a raised border, lay almost entirely under water. This was the
-case even with those sides of the hills intended for rice. They were
-laid out in terraces, the water collected on the higher grounds being
-regulated by means of walls or dams, so as to be let on or shut off
-at pleasure. There were, also, reservoirs, constructed to retain the
-contents of the flooded streams, against occasions of drought. The rice
-was sown first very close and thick, and when about six inches high was
-transplanted into the fields, in tufts of several plants, placed about
-six inches apart. This was done by the women, who waded about in water
-at least six inches deep, the men having first turned up the ground
-with a hoe. Beautiful white herons followed the laborers, and cleared
-the fields of worms. The rice thus planted was reaped in November.
-
-[Illustration: KWANNON, GODDESS OF MERCY]
-
-Fields of wheat, barley (used to feed the horses), buckwheat, East
-India kale (_Brassica orientalis_), and mustard (the two latter for
-oil) were also seen. These crops, planted in November or December, and
-ripe in May or June, were in beds about a foot broad, and separated
-from each other by a deep furrow or trench of about the same breadth.
-Sometimes they were planted across these narrow beds, and sometimes in
-two rows, lengthwise. Thunberg noticed that when the ear was about to
-put forth, the plants being grown to the height of a foot, the earth
-was taken out from the intervening trenches, and drawn up to the roots
-of the plants. About the same time, or a little earlier, the liquid
-manure collected in the jars already described, and mingled with all
-sorts of refuse, was carried out by the farmers, in large pails, and
-poured with a ladle on the roots of the plants; a method which avoids
-the waste incident to spreading the manure on unplanted fields, to be
-dried up by the sun, or to lose by evaporation its volatile salts and
-oily particles.
-
-The fields were kept so free of weeds as to afford, much to Thunberg’s
-disappointment, very little chance to botanize. Animals were little
-used in agriculture. Only such of the rice-fields as lay low, and
-quite under water, were ploughed by oxen,—cows being kept for draft
-and breeding only, and never milked. The only wheel carriages seen
-were a few carts, and these only in and about Miyako, some with three
-wheels,[50] one before the other two, and some two-wheeled. These
-carts were long and narrow, the wheels, some with spokes and fellies,
-but without any tire, except a rope tied about them, and others of a
-solid piece, sawed from a log. They were drawn by an ox, by cows, or
-a buffalo. Horses were chiefly for the use of their princes, though
-occasionally employed by others for travelling and carrying burdens.
-They were not numerous, but Thunberg seems to make rather a close
-estimate in saying that all Japan has scarcely as many horses as
-a single province of Sweden. There was no occasion for meadows or
-pastures, the cattle and horses being fed at home all the year, so that
-all the land, not too steep or rocky for cultivation, was devoted to
-the raising of crops; nor did the fields require fences. All the manure
-of the animals kept was carefully preserved, old men and children
-following the horses of travellers, with a shell fastened to the end of
-a stick, and a basket in which to put what they collected. Of course
-the small number of domestic animals made it the more necessary to
-resort to the other means of providing manure already noticed.
-
-A few swine were to be seen, but only in the neighborhood of Nagasaki.
-There were no sheep nor goats. A supply of these animals, and also
-of cattle and hogs, for the Dutch at Deshima, was brought annually
-from Batavia. Dogs, “the only idlers in the country,” were kept from
-superstitious motives, and cats were the general favorites of the
-women. Hens and ducks were kept about the houses, chiefly for their
-eggs, of which the Japanese make great use, boiled hard and chopped
-into small pieces.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XL
-
- _Japanese Merchants—Journey from Miyako to Yedo—Botany of
- the Mountains—Rainy Weather—Coverings for the Head and
- Feet—Yedo—Astronomers and Physicians—Acupuncture—Moxa [Mogusa]—Other
- Japanese Remedies—Method of wearing the Hair—Visits to the Emperor
- and his Chief Officers—Japanese Dress—Books and Maps—Succession of
- Emperors—Departure from Yedo—Gnats—Fire-flies—Threshing—Vegetables
- and Fruits—Condition of the Japanese Farmer—Casting Copper—Actors and
- Dancers—Thunberg’s Opinion of the Japanese—A. D. 1775-1776._
-
-
-The travellers remained four days at Miyako, during which the
-accustomed visits were paid to the chief justice and to the two
-governors. A new advance of money was also made to them here,
-Thunberg’s share being three hundred taels, in gold koban, to be
-charged against the kamban money standing to his credit from the sale
-of his private goods, and to be laid out in the purchase of such
-rarities and merchandise as he chose. Here, again, the Dutch were
-waited on by the merchants, from whom they bespoke several articles
-in sowas (?) and lackered ware, to be ready against their return. Of
-these Japanese merchants, Thunberg observes that they are the only
-persons in the country, except the emperor, who can become rich, and
-that they sometimes accumulate very considerable sums; but they cannot,
-as in Europe, purchase titles, or raise themselves by their money to a
-higher rank. The position of the trading and manufacturing class seems,
-indeed, almost precisely the same with that which they held in Europe
-during the prevalence of feudal ideas.
-
-Commerce, however, was free from any embarrassments by tolls or duties,
-and a considerable internal trade, of which Miyako was the centre
-(several annual fairs being held there), was carried on in tea, silk
-goods, porcelain, rice, lackered ware, etc.
-
-Setting out from Miyako on the fourteenth of April, the travellers,
-in passing lake Ōtsu, were treated to a delicious fish, of the salmon
-kind, the largest of which seen by Thunberg weighed about ten pounds.
-Finding, in the course of their journey, that this species of fish was
-often served up, they ordered some to be smoked, against their return;
-but they did not prove equal to European salmon, either in size,
-fatness, or style of curing. The country still continued as populous
-as before. In the villages were many almond, peach, and apricot trees,
-which now presented a very beautiful appearance, blossoming on the
-bare branches before the leaves unfolded. These, as well as the plum,
-cherry, apple, and pear[51] trees, sometimes bore double flowers, upon
-which the Japanese put a high value.
-
-The road having brought them to the sea-shore, Thunberg observed the
-_Fucus saccharinus_, called by the Japanese _Kombu_, or sometimes
-_Noshi_. Cleansed and dried, it is eaten, though very tough, either
-boiled or raw,—in the latter case cut into strips, which are folded in
-little squares, a considerable number of which are usually strewed on
-the little tables, or salvers, on which the complimentary presents,
-so common with the Japanese, are offered. These presents, generally of
-trifling value, are always accompanied with a complimentary paper (so
-called), folded in a peculiar manner, and having slips of this fucus
-pasted to both ends of it.
-
-The mountain, Fuji, was now in sight, and presently the mountainous
-tract of Hakone was entered, separating the bays of Tōtōmi and Yedo.
-It took a day to cross these mountains, which were covered with bushes
-and forest trees, and were the only hills in Japan, except those close
-to Nagasaki, which Thunberg was permitted freely to wander over and
-examine. “This day,” he says, “I was seldom in my norimono; but in
-the same degree as I eased my bearers of their burden, I rendered the
-journey troublesome to the interpreters, and more particularly to the
-inferior officers, who, by rotation, were to follow my steps. I was not
-allowed, indeed, to go far out of the road, but having been previously
-used to run up rocks in the African mountains, I frequently got to a
-considerable distance before my anxious and panting followers, and
-thereby gained time to gather a great many of the most curious and
-scarcest plants, which had just begun to flower, and which I put in my
-handkerchief.”
-
-Among the trees growing in this tract was the _Thuya dolebrata_,
-planted everywhere by the road-side, tall, straight, and with leaves
-of silver-white on their under sides,—in Thunberg’s opinion the
-handsomest of the fir tribe. There were no less than six peculiar
-species of maple, all of great beauty. Cedars (_Cupressus japonica_),
-a common tree throughout the country, grew here in great perfection.
-The straightest and tallest of the firs, their trunks ran up straight
-as a candle, and, being both light and very durable, the timber was
-employed for all sorts of constructions, and also for cabinet work,
-the veins showing to advantage when covered with varnish. The wood of
-this tree, next to the _Pinus silvestris_, is that most employed by
-carpenters, etc. He also observed several species of oaks,[52] the
-common barberry, in full blossom, several species of the _Vaccinia_, or
-whortleberry, a wild pear-tree, a shrub with leaves so rough that they
-are used for polishing by the joiners, the _Oryris japonica_, bearing
-its flowers at the middle of its leaves; also, several beautiful
-flowering shrubs, _Viburna_, with double as well as single flowers,
-two species of _Spirea_, the _Citrus tripoliata_, and the _Gardenia
-Florida_, of which the seed-vessels afforded a yellow dye. The dragon
-lily (_Arum dracontium_), and the edible species of the same plant
-(_Arum esculentum_), the eddo, or tania, of the West Indies, and taro,
-of the Sandwich Islands (_Caladium_ in more recent classifications),
-were cultivated in some spots.
-
-By night the sea-shore was again reached, at Odawara, whence two days’
-journey took them to Yedo, where they arrived, on account of the delay
-in the sea voyage, at a period unusually late, but which Thunberg
-notes as an advantage, since it gave him, both going and returning, a
-better opportunity to observe the vegetation of the country. During
-the journey there had been rain sometimes, but not too often, and the
-cold had been such as occasionally to make fires very comfortable.
-The Japanese, he observed, bore the cold better than the rain, which
-did not altogether agree with their bare feet and heads. For the feet
-they used only slippers of rice straw,[53] left at the door whenever
-they entered a house, consisting of a sole, without upper leather or
-hind-piece (kept on by a thong, or strap, held fast between the toes),
-and soon soaked and spoiled by the rain, on which occasion, indeed,
-high wooden clogs were sometimes substituted. Ordinarily, even while
-travelling, no covering for the head was worn, but in hard rains they
-used an umbrella, a hat of plaited grass, and a cloak of oil-paper, for
-which the poorer class substituted a piece of straw matting, thrown
-over their backs.
-
-The weather, during a stay of twenty-six days at Yedo, from April 28
-to May 25, was often damp, almost every day cloudy, with sometimes
-drizzling, and sometimes heavy, rain. Several slight shocks of
-earthquake were felt. Several fires occurred, which were soon
-extinguished. A great fire, during the Dutch visit of 1772, had burned
-from noon till eight at night, spreading over a vast space, and making
-it necessary to remove the Dutch three times.
-
-Down to the day of audience, which did not take place till the 18th
-of May, the Dutch were not suffered to go out. Numbers of persons
-obtained, however, permission to visit them. The first who called were
-five physicians and two astronomers, prompted especially by Thunberg’s
-scientific reputation, which the interpreters had noised abroad, and
-who were very inquisitive on various points of science. The questions
-of the astronomers related principally to eclipses, which it appeared
-they could not calculate to minutes, and frequently not even to hours;
-but besides the difficulty of carrying on this conversation through
-interpreters, another arose, from the fact that Thunberg’s astronomy
-had grown a little rusty, and that neither he nor the Japanese had any
-books to which they could refer.
-
-In matters of medicine[54] he felt more at home, especially as two of
-the Japanese doctors could speak Dutch,—one of them tolerably well.
-They also had some knowledge of natural history, collected partly
-from Chinese and Dutch books, and partly from the Dutch physicians
-who had visited Yedo, but who frequently had not been very well able
-to instruct them, as they were often, to use Thunberg’s expression,
-“little better than horse-doctors.” One of the two Japanese, quite
-a young man, was the emperor’s body-physician; the other, somewhat
-older and better informed, was physician to one of the chief princes.
-Both were good-natured, acute, and lively. They attached themselves
-to Thunberg with great zeal, coming to see him every day, and often
-staying late at night. Though wearisome with their questions, yet so
-insinuating were they in their manners and anxious to learn, that our
-traveller found much pleasure in their society. They had a number
-of Dutch works on botany, medicine, and surgery, and Thunberg sold
-them some others. They were particularly struck with the fine set of
-surgical instruments which he had brought from Amsterdam and Paris.
-These medical friends were of great use to him in his studies in
-natural history. Among the botanical specimens which they brought him
-were the pine of Europe (_Pinus abies_), of which, as well as of the
-_Pinus silvestris_, he had seen several on his journey to court, the
-chestnut, which he saw afterwards at Miyako, on his return, and the
-walnut (_Jugulans nigra_). They also brought him a variety of ores
-and minerals, and specimens of fishes and insects.
-
-[Illustration: SCENES AMONG THE SILK WORKERS: REELING; THE CULTURE OF
-THE WORMS]
-
-The Japanese, he found, knew nothing of anatomy or physiology. They
-were ignorant of the circulation of the blood, feeling the pulse for a
-quarter of an hour, first in one arm and then in the other, not knowing
-that both beat alike. Bleeding they very seldom practised; of the
-use of mercury they knew nothing; and, notwithstanding what Thunberg
-relates of the cures effected under his direction, by the use of
-corrosive sublimate, it may be doubted how much benefit he conferred by
-the introduction of that remedy, or by the present which he made to his
-“beloved pupils” of “his silver-spring lancet,” with instructions how
-to use it.
-
-The two great remedies of the Japanese are acupuncture and burning
-with the moxa [_mogusa_], the former chiefly practised in a violent
-colic endemic to the country. According to the Japanese theory, it is
-caused by wind, and to let out this wind several small holes—nine being
-a favorite number—are made with needles, prepared for the purpose,
-generally in the muscles of the stomach or abdomen, though other
-fleshy parts of the body are, in some cases, chosen for the operation.
-These needles are nearly as fine as a hair, made of gold and silver
-generally, but sometimes of steel, by persons who profess a particular
-skill in tempering them. The bony parts, nerves, and blood-vessels
-are carefully avoided, and while they are passed through the skin and
-muscle, they are twirled about in a peculiar manner. There are many
-practitioners who confine themselves to this practice alone.[55]
-
-A still more favorite and universal remedy, employed quite as much for
-prevention as cure, is burning with the moxa [_mogusa_],—the finer
-woolly part of the young leaves of the wormwood (_Artemisia_), of
-which the coarser kind is used for ordinary tinder. It is procured
-by ribbing and beating the leaves till the green part separates and
-nothing remains but the wool, which is sorted into two kinds. When
-applied, it is made up in little cones, which, being placed on the part
-selected for the operation, are set fire to from the top. They burn
-very slowly, leaving a scar or blister on the skin, which, some time
-after, breaks and discharges. The operation is not very painful, except
-when repeated in the same place, as it sometimes is, or when applied
-to certain tender parts. It is thought very efficacious in pleurisies,
-toothache, gout, and rheumatism,—disorders which, like the colic above
-mentioned, are rapid in their operation, and of which the paroxysms
-tend to a speedy termination under any medical treatment or none at
-all. The Japanese have very elaborate treatises as to the effects
-produced by the moxa, according to the part to which it is applied, and
-its application forms a science and profession by itself. The fleshy
-parts, especially of the back, are ordinarily selected. It is used
-still more by way of prevention than for cure, every person, young and
-old, male and female, even prisoners in the jails, submitting to the
-operation at least once in six months[56]. Another remedy is friction,
-applied by certain professors, and which proves of great use in pains
-of the limbs, arising from the prevailing vicissitudes of the weather.
-Internal remedies are generally exhibited in the form of simple
-decoctions, diuretic or sudorific. Wonderful virtues are ascribed to
-certain drugs; and, on the whole, the Japanese appear, as in the use
-of unicorn’s horn and ginseng, to have been not less deluded by quack
-medicines and medical theories than more enlightened nations.[57]
-
-The doctors, like the priests, are distinguished from other people
-by the fashion of wearing their hair. Thunberg states in one place
-that they shaved the whole head; in another, that they had the option
-of retaining all their hair, like the boys and women. According to
-Titsingh, physicians shave the head, and surgeons wear the hair. Of
-surgery, however, they know next to nothing.
-
-All the male Japanese who are neither priests nor physicians, from the
-time the beard begins to grow, shave the head from the forehead to
-the nape of the neck. The little hair left about the neck and on the
-temples is well oiled, turned up in a cue, and tied with several rounds
-of white string made of paper. The hair above the tie is cut off,
-leaving about the length of a finger, which, being stiffened with a
-sort of pomatum, is so bent that the tip of it is made to stand against
-the crown of the head. This arrangement is strictly attended to, the
-head being shaved every day, that the stumps of the growing hair may
-not disfigure it.
-
-Women who have parted with their husbands also shave their heads—at
-least Thunberg met with one such instance; but, in general, the women
-retain all their hair, which they make smooth with oil and mucilaginous
-substances, and either put close to the head all round, or else (in
-the case of single women and serving-maids) make it stand in puffs
-on each side of the face. The ends are fastened together in a knob
-at the crown of the head, just before which is stuck a large comb,
-made, in the case of the poorer people, of lackered boxwood, and
-among the richer of tortoise-shell. The rich wear also several long
-ornaments of tortoise-shell, stuck through this knob, which, with a
-few flowers, constitute the whole of their head decorations. “Vanity,”
-says Thunberg, “has not yet taken root among them to that degree as to
-induce them to wear rings or other ornaments in their ears. No caps,
-hats, or bonnets are worn, except a conical cap, made of reeds, when
-travelling. Otherwise the parasol or fan is all the shelter they use
-against the sun or the rain.”
-
-The official visits are thus described by Thunberg: “We were dressed
-in the European fashion, but in costly silks, interwoven with silver
-and laced with gold. On account of the festivity of the day it was
-requisite for us to wear our swords and a very large black silk cloak.
-We were carried a considerable distance through the town before we
-arrived at the emperor’s residence. This is surrounded by fosses and
-stone walls, and separated by draw-bridges. It forms a considerable
-town of itself, and is said to be five leagues in circumference,
-comprising the emperor’s private palace, as also that of the hereditary
-prince, each separated from the other by wide fosses, stone walls,
-gates, and other bulwarks. In the outermost citadel, which was the
-largest of all, were large and handsome covered streets and great
-houses, which belonged to the princes of the country, the privy
-councillors, and other officers of state. Their numerous families, who
-were obliged likewise to remain at the court the whole year throughout,
-were also lodged here. At the first gate there was a strong guard.
-That at the second gate was said to consist of a thousand men.[58] As
-soon as we had passed through this gate, having previously quitted our
-norimono, we were conducted to an apartment, where we waited a full
-hour. At last, having obtained leave to approach the imperial palace,
-we passed through a long lane of soldiers, who were posted on both
-sides quite up to the door of the palace, all armed and well clothed.
-
-“The emperor’s private palace was situated on an eminence, and although
-it consisted of one story only, still it was much higher than any
-other house, and covered a large tract of ground. We were immediately
-conducted into an antechamber, where we again waited at least an
-hour. Our officers sat down in the Japanese manner on one side, and
-the Dutchmen, together with the interpreters, on the other. It proved
-extremely fatiguing to us to sit in their manner; and, as we could not
-hold it out long thus, we put our legs out on one side and covered them
-with our long cloaks, which in this respect were of great service to us.
-
-“The time we waited here did not appear long, as great numbers of
-people passed in and out, both in order to look at us and talk with
-us. We were visited by several princes of the country, but constantly
-_incognito_, though we could always perceive when they were coming,
-from the murmuring noise which was at first heard from the inner rooms,
-and the silence that ensued upon it. Their curiosity was carried to a
-great length in everything; but the chief employment they found for us
-was to let them see our mode of writing. We were thus induced to write
-something either on paper or on their fans. Some of them showed us fans
-on which the Dutch had formerly written, and which they had carefully
-treasured up as great rarities.
-
-“At last the instant arrived when the ambassador was to have audience,
-at which the ceremony was totally different from that which was used in
-Kämpfer’s time, we remaining in the apartment into which we had been
-ushered.
-
-“After the return of the ambassador we were again obliged to stay a
-long while in the antechamber, in order to receive the visits and
-answer the questions of several of the courtiers, several times during
-whose entrance a deep silence prevailed. Among these, it was said,
-his imperial majesty had likewise come _incognito_, in order to have
-a nearer view of the Dutch and their dress.[59] The interpreters and
-officers had spared no pains to find out, through the medium of their
-friends, everything that could tend to our information in this respect.
-The emperor was of a middle size, hale constitution, and about forty
-and odd years of age.
-
-“At length, after all the visits were ended, we obtained leave to see
-several rooms in the palace, and also that in which the ambassador had
-had audience, and which has already been described.
-
-“The ambassador was conducted by the outside of the anteroom and along
-a boarded passage to the audience-room, which opened by a sliding-door.
-The inner room consisted, in a manner, of three rooms, one a step
-higher than the other, and, according to the measure I took of them by
-my eye, when afterwards permitted to view them, of about ten paces each
-in length, so that the distance between the emperor and the ambassador
-might be about thirty paces. The emperor, as I was informed, stood
-during the audience, in the most interior part of the room, as did the
-hereditary prince likewise, at his right hand. To the right of this
-room was a large saloon, the floor of which was covered by a hundred
-mats, and hence called the hundred-mat saloon. It is six hundred feet
-long and three hundred broad,[60] and is occupied by the most dignified
-men of the empire, privy councillors, and princes, who all, on similar
-occasions, take their seats according to their different ranks and
-dignity. To the left, in the audience-room, lay the presents, sent
-beforehand, and piled up in heaps. The whole of the audience consists
-merely in this, that, as soon as the ambassador enters the room, he
-falls on his hands, lays his hand on the mat, and bows his head down to
-it, in the same manner as the Japanese themselves are used to testify
-their subjection and respect. After this the ambassador rises, and is
-conducted back to the anteroom the same way that he came.
-
-“The rest of the rooms which we viewed had no furniture in them. The
-floors were covered with large and very white straw mats; the cornices
-and doors were handsomely lackered, and the locks, hinges, etc., well
-gilt.
-
-“After having thus looked about us, we were conducted to the hereditary
-prince’s palace, which stood close by, and was separated only by a
-bridge. Here we were received and complimented in the name of the
-hereditary prince, who was not at home; after which we were conducted
-back to our norimono.
-
-[Illustration: INDUSTRIAL WORKERS: AN UMBRELLA-MAKER; A CHARCOAL VENDER]
-
-“Although the day was already far advanced, and we had had sufficient
-time to digest our early breakfast, we were nevertheless obliged to
-pay visits to all the privy councillors, as well to the six ordinary as
-to the six extraordinary, at each of their respective houses. And as
-these gentlemen were not yet returned from court, we were received in
-the most polite manner by their deputies, and exhibited to the view of
-their ladies and children. Each visit lasted half an hour; and we were
-for the most part so placed in a large room that we could be viewed on
-all sides through thin curtains, without having the good fortune to get
-a sight of these court beauties, excepting at one place, where they
-made so free as not only to take away the curtain, but also desired
-us to advance nearer. In general we were received by two gentlemen in
-office, and at every place treated with green tea, the apparatus for
-smoking, and pastry, which was set before each of us, separately, on
-small tables. We drank sometimes a cup of the boiled tea, but did not
-touch the tobacco, and the pastry was taken home through the prudent
-care of our interpreters.
-
-“I shall never forget the delightful prospect we had during these
-visits, from an eminence that commanded a view of the whole of this
-large and extensive town, which the Japanese affirm to be twenty-one
-leagues, or as many hours’ walk, in circumference. The evening drew
-nigh by the time that we returned, weary and worn out, to our inn.
-
-“On the following day (May 19) we paid our respects to the temple
-lords, as they are called, the two governors of the town, and the
-two commissaries of strangers. A few days elapsed after this before
-we received our audience of leave. This was given, in a very summary
-manner, on the 23d following, and only before the lords in council
-appointed for this purpose. The intervening days were employed in
-receiving presents and preparing for our departure. At the audience
-of leave the gowns or Japanese dresses, intended as presents for the
-Dutch East India Company, were delivered. The presents destined for us
-were carried to our inns. Every ordinary privy councillor gives, the
-day after the audience of leave, ten gowns; every extraordinary privy
-councillor, six; every temple lord, five; and every commissary, and the
-governor of Nagasaki, two. Of these our _banjoshu_ (the officers called
-by Kämpfer bugiō and deputy-bugiō,—the conductors of the journey)
-received two; the secretary and myself, two apiece; and the ambassador,
-four. The rest are packed up for the company’s account.”[61]
-
-Of these gowns, the universal and almost only article of Japanese
-dress[62], Thunberg, in another place, gives the following account:
-“They are long and wide, and worn, one or more of them, by people of
-every age and condition in life. The rich have them of the finest silk,
-and the poor of cotton. The women wear them reaching down to their
-feet, and the women of quality frequently with a train. Those of the
-men come down to their heels; but travellers, together with soldiers
-and laboring people, either tuck them up or wear them so short that
-they only reach to their knees. The men generally have them made of
-plain silk of one color; but the silken stuffs worn by the women are
-flowered, sometimes in gold. In the summer they are either without
-any lining at all, or else with a thin lining only. In winter, by way
-of defence against the cold weather, they are quilted with cotton or
-silk wad. The men seldom wear many of them, but the women often from
-thirty to fifty or more, and all so thin that together they hardly
-weigh more than four or five pounds. The undermost serves for a shirt,
-and is therefore either white or bluish, and for the most part thin
-and transparent. All these gowns are fastened about the waist by a
-belt, which for the men is about the breadth of a hand, and for the
-women of twelve inches, and of such length as to go twice round the
-body, with a large knot and rose. The knot worn by the fair sex, which
-is larger than that worn by the men, shows immediately whether the
-woman is married or not; as the married women wear the knot before,
-and the single behind. The men fasten to this belt their sabres,[63]
-fan, tobacco pipe and pouch. The gowns are rounded off about the neck,
-without a cape, open before, and show the bare bosom, which is never
-covered, either with a handkerchief or anything else. The sleeves are
-ill-shaped, wide and long, the openings partly sewed up, so as to form
-a bag, into which they put their hands in cold weather, or use it as
-a pocket to hold their papers and other things.[64] Young girls, in
-particular, have the sleeves of their gowns so long as frequently to
-reach quite down to the ground. On account of the width of their
-garments, they are soon dressed and undressed, as they have nothing
-more to do than to untie their girdle and draw in their arms when the
-whole of their dress instantly falls off of itself. The gowns serve
-also for bedclothes. The common people, when at work, are frequently
-seen naked, with only a girdle about them, or with their gowns taken
-off the upper part of their bodies, and hanging down loose from their
-girdles. Men of a higher rank wear over the long gowns a shorter one,
-made of some thin stuff, such as gauze. As to the neck and sleeves of
-it, they are like those of the other, but it reaches only to the waist,
-and is not fastened with a girdle, but tied before and at the top with
-a string. This half-gown is sometimes of a yellow, but most frequently
-of a black color, and is laid aside at home, or in any place where no
-superior is present.”
-
-As the Japanese ordinarily wear no covering for the legs, feet, or
-head, the above-described gowns constitute their entire dress, except
-upon occasions of ceremony, when a complimentary dress, or honor-gown,
-_kamishimo_ as they call it, is added to it. This complimentary dress
-consists of a frock, generally of a blue stuff, with white flowers
-about half the length of the gown, and made much in the same way, but
-carried on each side back over the shoulders, so as to give a very
-broad-shouldered appearance to the wearer. To this, with persons of a
-certain rank, is added, as part of the dress of ceremony, a garment
-half breeches, half petticoat, as if it were a petticoat sewed up
-between the legs, but left open at the sides for two thirds their
-length, fastened about the waist by a band, and reaching to the ankles.
-
-Before leaving Yedo, Thunberg purchased a number of botanical books,
-containing very indifferent figures of plants, as did another botanical
-work, in twenty thin octavo volumes, presented to him by one of his
-medical pupils. But a large printed[65] quarto, which he purchased,
-contained figures of Japanese fishes, engraved and colored in such
-superior style as to be able to compete with similar European works.
-He also procured, though the selling such things to strangers was
-strictly prohibited, a map of Japan, with plans of Yedo, Miyako, and
-Nagasaki, exactly like those brought away by Kämpfer, and engraved in
-his work. Just before his departure, at the request of his two pupils
-in medicine, he gave them a certificate in Dutch, of their proficiency,
-with which they were as highly delighted as ever a young doctor was
-with his diploma. A warm friendship had sprang up between him and them,
-and, even after Thunberg’s return to Europe, a correspondence was
-kept up and presents exchanged for some years, down at least to the
-publication of his travels.
-
-According to Thunberg, the personages composing the imperial court
-were in his time so little known that very few people in the whole
-empire were acquainted with their names. M. Feith, the director whom he
-accompanied to Yedo, and who had been on the same embassy four times
-before, and had lived in Japan fourteen years, was obliged to confess
-at table, after their return to Batavia, being inquired of as to the
-name of the reigning emperor, that he did not know it, and never had
-heard it.[66] It was only through the friendship of his medical pupils
-at Yedo, and of the chief interpreter, that he obtained a knowledge
-of it, and also a list of the emperors since Kämpfer’s time, which he
-gives as follows:
-
-1681, TSUNAYOSHI (reigning when Kämpfer left Japan, and for twelve or
-thirteen years previously).
-
-1709, IYENOBU.
-
-1713, IYETSUGU.
-
-1716, YOSHIMUNE.
-
-1745, IYESHIGE.
-
-1760, IYEHARU,[67] who continued to reign at the time of Thunberg’s
-departure, being the forty-first in succession from Yoritomo, and ninth
-from Iyeyasu, otherwise Daifu-Sama, and Ōgosho-Sama, or, as he was
-called after his death, Gongen-Sama, by whom the reigning dynasty had
-been established.
-
-Thunberg left Yedo on his return the 25th of May. The weather being
-rainy, they were a good deal molested by gnats, against which they
-had to protect themselves by gauze curtains. The Japanese fire-flies,
-so much more brilliant and active than the European glow-worm, were
-noticed with admiration.
-
-At this season the first gathering was made of the tea-leaves, yet
-quite young and yielding the finer kinds of tea. He observed in some
-places the leaves carelessly spread before the houses on mats to dry.
-He also observed the farmers, in several places, threshing barley,
-wheat, and mustard seed on similar mats, with flails having three
-swingels, or sometimes by beating the ears against a tub. To separate
-the exterior husk from the rice, it was pounded by hand in a kind of
-mortar, or by means of a machine consisting of a number of pestles
-set in motion by a water-wheel, or by a man’s foot. After the wheat
-and barley were gathered, French beans (_Phaseoli_) were sown for a
-second crop. He observed many kinds of peas and beans cultivated,
-especially the _Dolichos soia_, not only used for making soy, but
-the chief ingredients of a soup, a daily dish with most classes. The
-_Dolichos polystachos_, which ran winding like scarlet beans, was
-employed for arbors. Its flowers, hanging down from long stalks, were
-very ornamental, and appeared in succession for a long period. He
-mentions, also, lettuce, melons both with red and white pulp, pumpkins,
-cucumbers, eaten both raw and pickled, gourds, employed for flasks,
-mushrooms, very much used, especially for soups and sauces, Seville
-and China oranges, lemons, shaddocks, medlars (_Mespillus japonica_),
-a large sort of persimmon (_Dyosperos kaki_), grapes, pomegranates,
-Spanish figs (_Cactus ficus_), chestnuts, and walnuts.[68] The
-condition of the Japanese farmer Thunberg contrasts very favorably with
-that of the Swedish agriculturalist, overloaded as the latter was with
-feudal burdens, though doubtless he knew better these burdens, which
-he indignantly enumerates, than he did the grievances of the Japanese
-cultivator.
-
-At Ōsaka he saw the smelting of copper from the ores obtained in that
-neighborhood, and the method of casting it into bars. A mould was made
-for this purpose, by digging a hole in the ground a foot deep, across
-which were laid ten square iron bars, barely a finger’s breadth apart.
-A strip of sail-cloth was spread over these bars and forced down. The
-hole was then filled with water, and the melted metal, smelted from
-the ore, was dipped up in iron ladles and poured into this mould, thus
-forming each time ten or eleven thin plates. To this method of casting
-he ascribes its high color.
-
-Thunberg had an opportunity of seeing Japanese plays, both at Ōsaka,
-on his return from Miyako, and at Nagasaki, during the annual Matsuri
-in honor of Suwa, which he attended. “The spectators,” he says, “sit
-in houses of different dimensions, on benches. Facing them, upon an
-elevated but small and narrow place, stands the theatre itself, upon
-which seldom more than one or two actors perform at a time. These are
-always dressed in a very singular manner, according as their own taste
-and fancy suggest, insomuch that a stranger would be apt to believe
-that they exhibited themselves not to entertain, but to frighten, the
-audience. Their gestures as well as their dress are strangely uncouth
-and extravagant, and consist in artificial contortions of the body,
-which it must have cost them much trouble to learn and perform. In
-general they represent some heroic exploit, or love story, of their
-idols and heroes, which are frequently composed in verse, and are
-sometimes accompanied with music. A curtain may, it is true, be let
-fall between the actors and the spectators, and some necessary pieces
-be brought forward upon the theatre; but in other respects these small
-theatres have no machinery nor decorations which can entitle them to be
-put in comparison with those of Europe.
-
-[Illustration: INTERIOR VIEW OF A TYPICAL JAPANESE HOUSE]
-
-“When the Japanese wish at any time to entertain the Dutch, either in
-the town of Nagasaki, or more particularly during their journey to the
-imperial court, they generally provide a band of female dancers, for
-the amusement of their guests. These are generally young damsels, very
-superbly dressed, whom they fetch from the inns; sometimes young boys
-likewise are mixed among them. Such a dance requires always a number
-of persons, who turn and twine, and put themselves into a variety of
-artificial postures, in order to represent an amorous or heroic deed,
-without either speaking or singing. Their steps are, however, regulated
-by the music which plays to them. These girls are provided with a
-number of very fine and light gowns, made of silk, which they slip off
-one after another, during the dance, from the upper part of their body,
-so as frequently to leave them, to the number of a dozen together,
-suspended from the girdle which encircles their loins.”
-
-Though the view taken by Thunberg of the Japanese presents them perhaps
-not quite so high in the scale of civilization as Kämpfer’s, yet he is
-scarcely less their admirer, coinciding, indeed, in this respect, with
-most of the Europeans who have left any memorials of their observations
-in Japan. He notes especially their courtesy, friendly disposition,
-ingenuity, love of knowledge, justice, honesty, frugality, cleanliness,
-and self-respect; and he emphatically repudiates the conclusion that,
-because the laws are severe and strictly executed, the people are
-therefore to be regarded as slaves. These laws are for the public good,
-and their severity ensures their observance. “The Japanese,” he tells
-us, “hate and detest the inhuman traffic in slaves carried on by the
-Dutch, and the cruelty with which these poor creatures are treated.”
-
-In common with Kämpfer he admires and extols the immutability of
-the Japanese laws and customs; but this seems hardly so legitimate a
-subject of eulogy as the peace in which the empire is kept, the plenty
-which is said to prevail,[69] and its freedom as well from internal
-feuds, political or religious, as from foreign encroachments.
-
-Thunberg’s “Flora Japonica” describes about a thousand species, of
-which upwards of three hundred were new. In the preface to it he
-speaks of the Japanese Islands as chiefly hills and valleys, with high
-mountains. Plains and meadows are rare. The soil is now clayey and
-now sandy. The summer heat is great, especially in July and August,
-sometimes one hundred degrees of Fahrenheit, and scarcely tolerable but
-for the breeze. In winter the thermometer, even in the most southern
-parts, falls many degrees below the freezing-point, especially with the
-wind from the north and west, with ice and snow, which on the highest
-mountains remains all the year round. The changes in the weather are
-great and sudden; violent storms with thunder and lightning are common.
-The rains are abundant throughout the year, and especially so in spring
-and summer, whence in part the fertility of Japan, mainly due, however,
-to careful cultivation.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLI
-
- _Isaac Titsingh—His Residence in Japan—Translations from the
- Japanese—Annals of the Dairi—Memoirs of the Shōgun—Liberal Ideas
- in Japan—Marriage Ceremonies—Funeral Ceremonies—Mourning—Feast of
- Lanterns—A. D. 1779-1791._
-
-
-Soon after Thunberg’s departure, he had a worthy successor in the
-person of Mr. Isaac Titsingh, the first director at Deshima since the
-time of Caron to whom we are indebted for any information about Japan.
-Born about 1740, Titsingh had entered early into the service of the
-Dutch East India Company. After seven years’ residence at Batavia, he
-was sent to Deshima, as director, where he arrived August 15, 1779,
-and remained till November 29, 1780, when he returned to Batavia. He
-came back again to Japan August 12, 1781, and remained till November 6,
-1783, the war between Holland and England, growing out of the American
-revolution, having prevented the arrival of any ships from Batavia
-during the year 1782,—an event of which Titsingh took advantage to
-stipulate for a considerable advance in the price of Dutch imports, for
-a term of fifteen years. He reached Nagasaki a third time, August 18,
-1784, but left again November 26 of the same year. During his first and
-second visits he made the journey to Yedo as Dutch ambassador, where he
-succeeded in making several friends, particularly Kuchiki Samon, prince
-of Tamba, who had learned Dutch, which he wrote tolerably well, with
-whom, and other Japanese friends, Titsingh kept up a correspondence
-for some time after leaving the country.
-
-During his residence in Japan he made a valuable collection of Japanese
-curiosities, including many Japanese books, and he also brought home
-with him translations of some of these books, made by aid of Japanese
-interpreters attached to the factory at Deshima, whose interpretations,
-given _viva voce_, he wrote out in Dutch; for though Titsingh knew
-enough of Japanese for the purposes of conversation, he does not seem
-to have acquired the written language, nor to have been able to read
-Chinese, of which the characters are largely, and, indeed, chiefly,
-employed in most Japanese works of much pretensions. “I found,” he
-says, “among the interpreters belonging to our factory four individuals
-sufficiently well-informed for my purpose; a fifth had devoted
-himself chiefly to medicine, in which he had made rapid progress, in
-consequence of the instruction given to him by Dr. Thunberg. Far from
-finding them suspicious and reluctant, as Europeans are usually pleased
-to represent these persons, in order to palliate their own indolence,
-they manifested, on the contrary, an eagerness to procure for me every
-practicable information, to consult, in various matters beyond their
-capacity, the best-informed individuals among the magistrates and
-clergy, and to furnish me with books which might serve as a guide to my
-labors.”
-
-After leaving Japan, Titsingh was governor at the Dutch factory at
-Chinsurah, in Bengal, where he became acquainted with Sir William
-Jones. In 1794 he was sent, with Van Braam, on a Dutch embassy to
-Pekin, with the design to counterwork the English embassy of Lord
-Macartney; but this residence in China was limited to a few months.
-
-Returning to Europe, after a residence in the East of thirty-three
-years, Titsingh designed to publish the result of his Japanese
-researches, in both Dutch and French; but, before having done it, he
-died at Paris, in 1812, leaving his large fortune and his collections
-and manuscripts to an only child of his, by an Eastern woman, by whom
-the fortune was soon spent, and the manuscripts and curiosities sold
-and scattered, though some of them ultimately fell into appreciating
-hands.[70]
-
-Among his translations, the one to which Titsingh ascribed the greatest
-importance was that of the “Nippon Ōdai Ichiran,” an abridged Japanese
-chronicle, from 600 B. C. to A. D. 1611, compiled in the year 1652,
-and printed at Miyako. Having been carefully compared by Klaproth
-with the original,—a task, as he says, from the manifold defects of
-Titsingh’s version, almost equivalent to a new translation,—and having
-been enriched with an introduction, a supplement and notes, this
-work was published in 1834, in French, at the expense of the Oriental
-Translation Fund, under the title of “Annales des Empereurs du Japan.”
-
-Though highly valuable as a specimen of what Japanese histories are,
-and though Klaproth’s introduction and notes contain some curious
-information, this performance is, on the whole, exceedingly dry, while
-it adds but little to the abstract given by Kämpfer of this or some
-other similar work. A criticism which Titsingh himself makes upon it,
-in a letter to the prince of Tamba, to whom he had intended to dedicate
-his translation, is worthy of notice, as going to show how little, with
-all its formal precision of years and months, the earlier Japanese
-chronology is entitled to historical respect.
-
-“Must we not suppose,” says Titsingh, “that the Japanese, so jealous
-of their neighbors, the Chinese, have, in writing their own history,
-endeavored to fill up many gaps in it by prolonging the reigns of
-their earlier Dairi? There is in your history a period of one thousand
-and sixty-one years occupied by the reigns of only sixteen Dairi. The
-duration of the life of Jimmu, of the reigns of Kōan, of Suijin, and
-the life of Ōjin, appear altogether improbable. The first died at the
-age of one hundred and twenty-seven years. The second reigned one
-hundred and two years, the third ninety-nine years. The last lived one
-hundred and ten years. These statements are too extraordinary to be
-blindly believed. Grant, even, that a chaste and frugal way of living
-may have secured for these princes a very advanced age, but how does it
-happen that, after Nintoku Tennō (the seventeenth Dairi), none exceeded
-the ordinary limit of human life?
-
-The Japanese still cling with tenacity to the formal recognition of the
-absolute rights of the Dairi. With as much warmth as a loyal Englishman
-would exhibit in maintaining the actual sovereignty of Queen Victoria,
-they insisted to Titsingh—and the same thing afterwards occurred to
-Golownin—that Europeans were mistaken in applying the term “emperor” to
-the Shōgun, the Dairi being the only legal emperor, and the Shōgun but
-an officer to whom the Dairi had entrusted the administration.[71]
-
-The annual visit of the Shōgun to the Dairi, made in Caron’s time, had
-been discontinued; but mutual embassies are still exchanged, and the
-envoys sent from the Dairi are received by the Shōgun as if they were
-the Dairi himself. The Shōgun goes to meet them, and conducts them to
-the hall of audience, where he performs the kitō, bending before them
-till his head touches the mats, as if they were the very Dairi. This
-homage finished, the Shōgun resumes his rank, and the ambassadors then
-perform the kitō to him. During their stay they are entertained by two
-persons, who, from the allowance made for it, find this office very
-lucrative. The ambassadors also receive rich presents, not only at
-Yedo, but all along the route, and the attendance upon this service,
-even in an inferior capacity, is so lucrative as to be eagerly coveted
-by the poor courtiers of the Dairi. Titsingh encountered one of these
-embassies on his return from Yedo, in 1782, and was obliged to stop a
-whole day, and to lodge in a citizen’s house, all the horses, porters,
-and inns being taken up by the embassy. However poor and powerless,
-the courtiers of the Dairi still enjoy all the outward observances
-of superior rank. The first princes of the empire must pay them the
-homage of the kitō, and must lay aside their two swords in their
-presence. For this reason, these princes, in going and returning to
-Yedo, carefully avoid passing through Miyako.
-
-A more interesting publication, from the manuscript of Titsingh, and
-one which appeared earlier, is “Memoirs of the Djogouns” [Shōguns],
-which had itself been preceded by a number of other pieces,
-translations and originals.[72] These memoirs profess to be compiled
-from Japanese manuscripts, of which Titsingh gives the following
-account: “Since the accession of Gongen, founder of the present
-dynasty, the printing of any work relating to the government has been
-prohibited. The curious, however, possess manuscript accounts of all
-the remarkable events that have occurred. These manuscripts are in
-great request. The conduct of persons of elevated rank is sometimes as
-freely censured in them as it would be in any country in Europe. The
-obstructions which the government throws in the way of the publication
-of historical works prevent these works from being known, and thus
-obviate whatever might make an obnoxious impression on the minds of the
-people, and endanger the interests of the reigning dynasty, as well
-as the tranquillity of the empire. From some of these manuscripts are
-extracted the particulars here submitted to the public. The Japanese,
-to whom they belong, keep them carefully concealed, so that it is
-difficult to procure a sight of them. If I was fortunate enough to
-obtain the communication of those from which I have extracted such
-curious notes, I am indebted for it to the ardent zeal with which my
-friends assisted me in all my researches.” M. Abel Rémusat, the learned
-Orientalist, who, at the request of the French publisher, prefixed
-some preliminary observations to this publication, observes that,
-“Thanks to the pains M. Titsingh has taken, we shall outstrip the
-Japanese themselves, and, by an extraordinary singularity, we shall be
-earlier and better informed than they concerning the events of their
-own history.” This publication in Europe of Japanese history is not,
-however, so much a singularity as M. Rémusat seems to suppose. The
-letters of the Jesuit missionaries furnished contemporary details of
-Japanese history extending over a period of more than seventy years,
-and including the establishment of the present system of government,
-far more full and authentic, we may well believe, than anything which
-the Japanese themselves possess, and far exceeding anything contained
-in this book of Titsingh’s whom M. Rémusat, perhaps in rather too
-complimentary a spirit, places on a level with Kämpfer, and in advance
-of Thunberg, as a contributor to our knowledge of Japan.
-
-The memoirs of the Shōguns, made up of detached fragments, in
-general very jejune, contain, however, a few anecdotes, which serve
-to illustrate the ideas and manners of the Japanese. The Kubō-Sama
-reigning in Kämpfer’s time is stated to have been stabbed, in 1709,
-by his wife, a daughter of the Dairi, because, being childless, he
-persisted in selecting as his successor a person very disagreeable to
-all the princes—an act which causes her memory to be held in high honor.
-
-One of the longest of these fragments relates to an alleged
-conspiracy, in the year 1767, against the reigning Shōgun, for which
-a number of persons suffered death. There is, also, an account of an
-extensive volcanic eruption, which took place in September, 1783, in
-the interior of the island of Nippon, in the province of Shinano,
-northwest of Yedo and north of Ōsaka. The mountain Asama vomited
-sand, ashes, and pumice-stones; the rivers flowing from it were
-heated boiling-hot, and their dammed-up waters inundated the country.
-Twenty-seven villages were swallowed up, and many people perished.
-
-The councillor of state, Tanuma Yamashiro-no-Kami, was assassinated the
-next year (1784), in the emperor’s palace; but of this event, and of
-others connected with it, Titsingh gives a fuller explanation in his
-Introduction to the Japanese “Marriage Ceremonies.” He there informs us
-that “though many Japanese of the highest distinction, and intimately
-acquainted with matters of government, still consider Japan as the
-first empire of the world, and care but little for what passes out of
-it, yet such persons are denominated by the more enlightened _I no uchi
-no Kayeru_,—that is, ‘Frogs in a well,’—a metaphorical expression,
-which signifies that when they look up they can see no more of the sky
-than what the small circumference of the well allows them to perceive.”
-Of this more enlightened party was the extraordinary councillor,
-Matsudaira Tsu, who proposed, in 1769, the building of ships, and junks
-suitable for foreign voyages; but this plan was put a stop to by his
-death.
-
-Tango-no-Kami, the governor of Nagasaki, one of this more liberal
-party, with whom Titsingh, while director, kept up a secret
-intercourse, proposed to him, in 1783, to bring carpenters from
-Batavia, to instruct the Japanese in building vessels, especially
-for the transport of copper from Ōsaki to Nagasaki, in which service
-many Japanese vessels had been lost, with their cargoes; but this
-Titsingh knew to be impossible, as skilful carpenters were too rare
-at Batavia to be spared. He therefore proposed to take with him, on
-his return to Batavia, a number of Japanese to be instructed there;
-but the prohibition against any native leaving the country proved an
-insurmountable obstacle. He then promised to have a model ship built at
-Batavia, and conveyed to Nagasaki, which was done by himself, on his
-last visit to Japan; but the assassination of Tanuma, above mentioned,
-which had happened during his absence at Batavia, put an end to all
-hopes that had been formed of a modification in the exclusive policy of
-the Japanese.
-
-This Tanuma (uncle of the Shōgun) was, according to Titsingh’s
-account, a young man of uncommon merit and liberal ideas, and the
-anti-frog-in-a-well party flattered themselves that, when he should
-succeed his father, he would, as they expressed it, “widen the road.”
-After his appointment as extraordinary councillor, he and his father
-incurred, as Titsingh states, the hatred of the grandees of the court,
-by introducing various innovations, which the “Frogs in a well”
-censured as detrimental to the empire. It was to this feeling that his
-assassination was ascribed, a crime which put an end to the hopes which
-had begun to be entertained of seeing Japan opened to foreigners, and
-of its inhabitants being allowed to visit other countries.
-
-The appetite for foreign knowledge which Thunberg had noticed was also
-observed by Titsingh. “During my residence in Japan,” so he writes in
-the above-quoted Introduction, “several persons of quality, at Yedo,
-Miyako, and Ōsaka, applied themselves assiduously to the acquisition of
-the Dutch language and the reading of our books. The prince of Satsuma,
-father-in-law of the present Shōgun, used our alphabet to express
-in his letters what he wished a third person not to understand. The
-surprising progress made by the prince of Tamba, by Katsuragawa Hozan,
-physician to the Shōgun, and Nakagawa Junan, physician to the prince
-of Wakasa,[73] and several others, enabled them to express themselves
-more clearly than many Portuguese born and bred among us at Batavia.
-Considering the short period of our residence [he means, apparently,
-the stay of the Dutch embassy] at Yedo, such proficiency cannot but
-excite astonishment and admiration. The privilege of corresponding with
-the Japanese, above mentioned, and of sending them back their answers
-corrected, without the letters being opened by the government, allowed
-through the special favor of the worthy governor, Tango-no-Kami,
-facilitated to them the learning of Dutch.”
-
-In 1786, the reigning Shōgun, Iyeharu, died, and was succeeded
-by an adopted son, Iyenari, who was his distant cousin, being a
-great-grandson of his great-grandfather. This prince was married
-to a daughter of the prince of Satsuma, and that is stated to have
-been a principal reason for his adoption, it being the policy of the
-Shōguns thus to secure the attachment of the most powerful princes.
-The reigning family is thus allied to the princes of Kaga, Satsuma,
-Yechizen, Nagato, and Ōshū, while the houses of Owari, Kishū, and Mito
-are descended from the sons of Gongen, from among whom, in case of
-failure of heirs, the Shōgun is selected. These princes of the first
-class, notwithstanding the jealous supremacy of the emperors, still
-retain certain privileges. According to Titsingh, they enjoy absolute
-power in their own palaces, with the right of life and death over
-their dependents; nor, in case they commit crimes, has the emperor
-any authority to put them to death. He can only, with the Dairi’s
-assistance, compel them to resign in favor of their sons.
-
-In 1788, a terrible fire occurred at Miyako, by which almost the
-entire city, including the palace of the Dairi, was destroyed. The
-particulars of this event were communicated to Titsingh by his Japanese
-correspondents.
-
-Early in 1792, the summit of the Onsen-ga-Take (High mountain of warm
-springs), in the province of Hizen, west of Shimabara, sank entirely
-down. Torrents of boiling water issued from all parts of the deep
-cavity thus formed, and a vapor arose like thick smoke. Three weeks
-after, there was an eruption from a crater, about half a league from
-the summit. The lava soon reached the foot of the mountain, and in a
-few days the country was in flames for miles around. A month after, the
-whole island of Kiūshiū was shaken by an earthquake, felt principally,
-however, in the neighborhood of Shimabara. It reduced that part of the
-province of Higo opposite Shimabara to a deplorable condition, and even
-altered the whole outline of the coast, sinking many vessels which
-lay in the harbors. This is the event of the latest date mentioned by
-Titsingh. A plan of the eruption, furnished by one of his Japanese
-correspondents, also one of the eruption in Shinano in 1783, is given
-in the “Illustrations of Japan.”
-
-The matter upon which Titsingh throws the most light is the marriage
-and funeral ceremonies of the Japanese, as to which he gives a
-translation, or rather an abridgment, of two Chinese works, received
-as authority in Japan, as to the etiquette to be observed on these
-occasions, at the same time noting the variations introduced by the
-Japanese.
-
-The system of Japanese manners, being based on that of the Chinese,
-abounds in punctilios, and the higher the rank of the parties
-concerned, the more these punctilios are multiplied. This applies to
-marriages[74] as to other things. The treatise which Titsingh follows
-relates only to the marriages of what we should call the middle class
-(including merchants, artisans, etc.), who, though often possessed of
-considerable wealth, hold in Japan much the same subordinate position
-held prior to the French revolution by the corresponding class in
-France.
-
-With persons of high rank, marriages are made entirely from family
-convenience; even with those of the middle class they are also much
-based on prudential considerations. Formerly, the bridegroom never
-saw the bride till she entered his house, which she does, preceded
-by a woman bearing a lantern, which originally served the bridegroom
-to catch his first glimpse of the bride, and, if he did not like her
-looks, the match might be broken off, and the bride sent home. “Such
-cases,” says Titsingh, “formerly occurred; but, at present, beauty is
-held in much less estimation than fortune and high birth,—advantages to
-which people would once have been ashamed to attach so much value, and
-the custom has been by degrees entirely laid aside, on account of the
-mortification which it must give to the bride. At present, when a young
-man has any intention of marrying a female, whom he deems likely, from
-the situation of her parents, to be a suitable match, he first seeks
-to obtain a sight of her. If he likes her person, a mediator, selected
-from among his married friends, is sent to negotiate a match. People of
-quality have neither lantern nor mediator, because the parents affiance
-the children in infancy, and marriage always follows. Should it so
-happen that the husband dislikes the wife, he takes as many concubines
-as he pleases. This is also the case among persons of the inferior
-classes. The children are adopted by the wife, who is respected in
-proportion to the number of which she is either the actual or nominal
-mother.”
-
-Formerly the bride was not allowed, in case of the bridegroom’s death
-before the consummation of the nuptials, to marry again. A moving
-story is told of a romantic Japanese young lady, who, being urged
-by her friends to a second betrothal, to avoid such a sacrifice of
-her delicacy, cut off her hair, and, when that would not answer, her
-nose also. But this antique constancy has, in these latter depraved
-times,—depraved in Japan as well as elsewhere,—entirely disappeared, as
-well among the nobility as the common people.
-
-The match having been agreed upon, the bridegroom’s father sends a
-present—nothing is done in Japan without presents—to the bride’s
-father. The bearer, accompanied by the mediator, delivers not only the
-presents and a written list or invoice of them, but a complimentary
-message also. For these presents a written receipt is given, and, three
-days after, the bearer and those who attended him are complimented by
-a counter present.
-
-The following articles are then got ready at the bride’s house by the
-way of outfit: A white wedding-dress, embroidered with gold or silver;
-four other dresses, one with a red, a second with a black ground, one
-plain white; a fourth plain yellow; a number of gowns, both lined
-and single, and all the other requisites of a wardrobe, as girdles,
-bathing-gowns, under robes, both fine and coarse, a thick-furred robe
-for a bed-gown; a mattress to sleep on; bedclothes; pillows; gloves;
-carpets; bed-curtains; a silk cap; a furred cotton cap; long and short
-towels; a cloak; a covering for a norimono; a bag with a mixture of
-bran, wheat, and dried herbs, to be used in washing the face; also
-a bag of tooth-picks, some skeins of thin twine, made of twisted
-paper, for tying up the hair; a small hand-mirror; a little box of
-medicines; a small packet of the best columbac, for painting the lips;
-several kinds of paper for doing up packages; also paper for writing
-letters; a _koto_ (a kind of harp); a _samisen_ (a sort of guitar);
-a small chest for holding paper; an inkhorn; a pin-cushion; several
-sorts of needles; a box of combs; a mirror with its stand; a mixture
-for blacking the teeth (the distinguishing mark of married women in
-Japan, some blackening them the moment they are married, and others
-when they become pregnant); curling-tongs for the hair; scissors; a
-letter-case; a case of razors; several small boxes, varnished or made
-of osier; dusters; a case of articles for dressing the hair; an iron
-for smoothing linen; a large osier basket to hold the linen; a tub
-with handles; a small dagger, with a white sheath, in a little bag
-(thought to drive away evil spirits and to preserve from infectious
-exhalations,—a quality ascribed also to the swords worn by the men);
-complimentary cards, made of paper, variously colored, and gilt or
-silvered at the ends, to tie round presents; _noshi_, a species
-of edible sea-weed, of which small pieces are attached to every
-congratulatory present; silk thread; a small tub to hold flax; several
-slender bamboos, used in hanging out clothes to dry; circular fans;
-common fans; fire-tureens; and—what certainly ought to form a part
-of the bridal outfit of our city belles—a small bench for supporting
-the elbows when the owner has nothing to do! Several books are also
-added, poems and stories, moral precepts, a book on the duties of woman
-in the married state, and another—the very one we are now giving an
-abstract of—on the etiquette of the marriage ceremony. Two different
-kinds of dressing-tables are also provided, containing many of the
-above-mentioned articles; also a number of other housekeeping utensils.
-
-When these things are ready, the mediator and his wife are invited to
-the house of the bride’s father, and entertained there. A lucky day
-is selected for sending the above-mentioned articles, accompanied by
-a written list, to the bridegroom’s house. The mediator is present to
-assist in receiving them, and a formal receipt is given, as well as
-refreshments and presents to the bearers in proportion to the value of
-the articles brought.
-
-On the day fixed for the marriage, an intelligent female servant of the
-second class[75] is sent to the house of the bride to attend her, and
-the bride’s father, having invited all his kinsfolk, entertains them
-previous to the bride’s departure.
-
-The bridal party sets out in norimono, the mediator’s wife first,
-then the bride, then the bride’s mother, and, finally, her father.
-The mediator has already preceded them to the bridegroom’s house. The
-bride is dressed in white (white being the color for mourning among the
-Japanese), being considered as thenceforward dead to her parents.
-
-If all the ceremonies are to be observed, there should be stationed,
-at the right of the entrance to the house of the bridegroom, an old
-woman, and on the left an old man, each with a mortar containing some
-rice-cakes. As the bride’s norimono reaches the house, they begin to
-pound their respective mortars, the man saying, “A thousand years!”
-the woman, “Ten thousand!”—allusions to the reputed terms of life of
-the crane and the tortoise thus invoked for the bride. As the norimono
-passes between them, the man pours his cakes into the woman’s mortar,
-and both pound together. What is thus pounded is moulded into two
-cakes, which are put one upon another and receive a conspicuous place
-in the toko[76] of the room where the marriage is to be celebrated.
-
-[Illustration: A SCENE IN THE HOUSE OF A NOBLE
-  From _Official History of Japan_]
-
-The norimono is met within the passage by the bridegroom, who stands
-in his dress of ceremony ready to receive it. There is also a woman
-seated there with a lantern, and several others behind her. It was, as
-already mentioned, by the light of this lantern that formerly the
-groom first saw his bride, and, if dissatisfied with her, exercised
-his right of putting a stop to the ceremony. The bride, on seeing the
-bridegroom, reaches to him, through the front window of her norimono,
-her _mamori_,[77] and he hands it to a female servant who takes it into
-the apartment prepared for the wedding and hangs it up. The bride is
-also led to her apartment, the woman with the lantern preceding.
-
-The marriage being now about to take place, the bride is led by one
-of her waiting-women into the room where it is to be celebrated,
-and is seated there with two female attendants on either side. The
-bridegroom then leaves his room and comes into this apartment. No other
-persons are present except the mediator and his wife. The formality
-of the marriage consists in drinking sake after a particular manner.
-The sake is poured out by two young girls, one of whom is called the
-male butterfly, and the other the female butterfly,—appellations
-derived from their _susu_, or sake-jugs, each of which is adorned
-with a paper-butterfly. As these insects always fly about in pairs,
-it is intended to intimate that so the husband and wife ought to be
-continually together. The male butterfly always pours out the sake to
-be drank, but, before doing so, turns a little to the left, when the
-female butterfly pours from her jug a little sake into the jug of the
-other, who then proceeds to pour out for the ceremony. For drinking it,
-three bowls are used, placed on a tray or waiter, one within the other.
-The bride takes the uppermost, holds it in both hands, while some sake
-is poured into it, sips a little, three several times, and then hands
-it to the groom. He drinks three times in like manner, puts the bowl
-under the third, takes the second, hands it to be filled, drinks out
-of it three times, and passes it to the bride. She drinks three times,
-puts the second bowl under the first, takes the third, holds it to be
-filled, drinks three times, and then hands it to the groom, who does
-the same, and afterwards puts this bowl under the first. This ceremony
-constitutes the marriage. The bride’s parents, who meanwhile were in
-another room, being informed that this ceremony is over, come in, as do
-the bridegroom’s parents and brothers, and seat themselves in a certain
-order. The sake, with other refreshments interspersed, is then served,
-by the two butterflies, to these relations of the married parties in a
-prescribed order, indicated by the mediator; the two families, by this
-ceremony, extending, as it were, to each other the alliance already
-contracted between the bride and bridegroom.
-
-Next follows the delivery of certain presents on the part of the bride
-to the bridegroom, his relatives, and the servants of the household.
-These are brought by a female, who arranges them in order in an
-adjoining room, and hands written lists of them to the mediator, who
-passes it to the bridegroom’s father, who, having received the paper,
-returns thanks, then reads the lists aloud, and again returns thanks.
-
-The bridegroom then presents the bride with two robes, one with a red
-and the other with a black ground, embroidered with gold or silver. The
-bride retires, puts on these robes, and again returns. Refreshments of
-a peculiar kind then follow, the bride, to spare her bashfulness, being
-suffered to eat in a room by herself.
-
-This entertainment over, the parents of the bride prepare to leave
-her. They are accompanied by those of the bridegroom, and by the bride
-herself, to the door; the bridegroom with two servants bears candles,
-shows the way, and takes leave with compliments.
-
-Sometimes the bridegroom proceeds, that same night, with his parents
-and the mediator, to the house of the bride’s father, where the
-contracting of relationship by drinking sake is again gone through
-with, the bride remaining behind in her husband’s house, where she is
-meanwhile entertained by his brothers. On this occasion the father of
-the bride presents his new son-in-law with a sabre. Presents are also
-delivered on the part of the bridegroom to the bride’s relations.
-
-The feasting over, the bridegroom and his parents return home, and are
-received at the door by the bride.
-
-In making the bed for the bride, her pillow is placed towards the north
-(the practice followed with the dead, for she is thenceforward to be
-considered as dead to her parents). Such is stated to have been the
-ancient custom, though now generally disused.
-
-The beds having been prepared, the bride is conducted to hers by one of
-the women appointed to attend her, and the same person introduces the
-bridegroom into the apartment. The young couple are waited on by the
-male and female butterflies. One of the bride’s women sleeps secretly
-in the adjoining chamber.
-
-The bridal chamber is abundantly furnished with all the numerous
-articles of the Japanese toilet, including a greater or less quantity,
-according to their rank, of wearing apparel, hung on movable racks or
-clothes-horses.
-
-In families of the rank of the governors of Nagasaki the bride is
-portioned with twelve robes, each upon a distinct horse; namely,
-a blue robe, for the first month, embroidered with fir-trees or
-bamboos; a sea-green robe for the second month, with cherry flowers
-and buttercups; a robe of light red, for the third month, with willows
-and cherry-trees; a robe of pearl color, for the fourth month,
-embroidered with the cuckoo, and small spots representing islands; a
-robe of faint yellow, for the fifth month, embroidered with waves and
-sword-grass; a robe of bright orange, for the sixth month, embroidered
-with melons and with an impetuous torrent,—the rainy season falling
-in this and the previous month; a white robe, for the seventh month,
-with _kikyō_ flowers, white and purple; a red robe, for the eighth
-month, sprinkled with sloe-leaves; a violet robe, for the ninth month,
-embroidered with flowers of the _Chrysanthemum indicum_ [_Kiku_], a
-very splendid flower; an olive-colored robe, for the tenth month, with
-representations of a road and ears of rice cut off; a black robe, for
-the eleventh month, embroidered with emblems of ice and icicles; a
-purple robe for the twelfth month, embroidered with emblems of snow.
-Beyond some personal outfit of this sort, it is said not to be the
-custom to portion daughters.
-
-Next morning the young couple take a warm bath, and then breakfast
-together. Soon after numerous presents come in, of which a careful
-account is kept; the bride also receives visits of congratulation. The
-day after, all the bridegroom’s people are treated with cakes in the
-apartment of the bride; and rice-cake, put up in boxes, is sent to all
-the near relations who did not attend the wedding.
-
-After the expiration of three days the bride pays a visit to her
-parents preceded by a present from her husband, one corresponding to
-which is sent back when the bride returns. All the preceding ceremonies
-over, the bride, accompanied by her mother-in-law, or some aged female
-relative, pays a visit to all who have sent her presents, thanks them,
-and offers a suitable return,—a supply of suitable presents for this
-purpose having been provided for her before she left her father’s
-house. Seven days after the wedding, the bridegroom and four or five of
-his intimate friends are invited by the parents of the bride to a grand
-entertainment. A few days after, the bridegroom invites the relatives
-of the bride to a similar entertainment, and so the matrimonial
-solemnities terminate.
-
-The Japanese have two ways of disposing of the dead,—_dosō_, or
-interment; _kwasō_, or burning,—and persons about to die generally
-state which method they prefer.
-
-Of the funeral ceremonies[78] observed at Nagasaki, Titsingh gives the
-following account: The body, after being carefully washed by a favorite
-servant, and the head shaved, is clothed according to the state of the
-weather, and (if a female, in her best apparel) exactly as in life,
-except that the sash is tied, not in a bow, but strongly fastened with
-two knots, to indicate that it is never more to be loosed. The body is
-then covered with a piece of linen, folded in a peculiar manner, and is
-placed on a mat in the middle of the hall, the head to the north. Food
-is offered to it, and all the family lament.
-
-After being kept for forty-eight hours, the body is placed on its knees
-in a tub-shaped coffin, which is enclosed in a square, oblong box,
-or bier, the top of which is roof-shaped, called _kwan_. Two _ihai_
-are also prepared,—wooden tablets of a peculiar shape and fashion,
-containing inscriptions commemorative of the deceased, the time of his
-decease, and the name given to him since that event.
-
-The ihai and kwan, followed by the eldest son and the family, servants,
-friends, and acquaintances, are borne in a procession, with flags,
-lanterns, etc., to one of the neighboring temples, whence, after
-certain ceremonies, in which the priests take a leading part, they are
-carried, by the relatives only, to the grave, where a priest, while
-waiting their arrival, repeats certain hymns. The moment they are come,
-the tub containing the body is taken out of the kwan and deposited
-in the grave, which is then filled with earth and covered with a
-flat stone, which again is covered with earth, and over the whole is
-placed the kwan and one of the ihai, which is removed at the end of
-seven weeks, to make room for the _hiseki_,[79] or gravestone. If the
-deceased had preferred to be burnt, the kwan is taken to the summit of
-one of two neighboring mountains, on the top of each of which is a sort
-of furnace, prepared for this purpose, enclosed in a small hut. The
-coffin is then taken from the kwan, and, being placed in the furnace,
-a great fire is kindled. The eldest son is provided with an earthen
-urn, in which first the bones and then the ashes are put, after which
-the mouth of the urn is sealed up. While the body is burning, a priest
-recites hymns. The urn is then carried to the grave, and deposited in
-it, and, the grave being filled up, the kwan is placed over it.
-
-The eldest son and his brothers are dressed in white, in garments of
-undyed hempen stuff, as are the bearers, and all females attending
-the funeral, whether relatives or not; the others wear their usual
-dresses. The females are carried in norimono, behind the male part of
-the procession, which proceeds on foot, the nearest relatives coming
-first. The eldest daughter takes precedence of the wife. The eldest son
-and heir, whether by blood or adoption, who is the chief mourner, wears
-also a broad-brimmed hat, of rushes, which hang about his shoulders,
-and in this attire does not recognize nor salute anybody.
-
-It is a remarkable circumstance that relatives in the ascending line
-and seniors never attend the funerals of their junior kindred, nor go
-into mourning for them. Thus, if the second son should die, neither
-father, mother, uncle, aunt, elder brother, nor elder sister would
-attend the funeral.
-
-The laboring classes are not required to go into mourning; yet some of
-them do for two, three, or four days. With them the burial takes place
-after twenty-four hours. With the upper class the mourning is fixed at
-fifty days. It used to be twice that time, but is said to have been cut
-down by Iyeyasu (founder of the reigning dynasty), that the business of
-the public functionaries might suffer the less interruption. Persons in
-mourning stay at home, abstain from animal food of any description, and
-from sake, and neither cut their nails nor shave their heads.
-
-One of the ihai is left, as has been mentioned, at the grave; the
-other, during the period of mourning, is set up in the best apartment
-of the house of the deceased. Sweetmeats, fruit, and tea are placed
-before it, and morning, noon, and night food is offered to it, served
-up as to a living person. Two candles, fixed in candlesticks, burn by
-it night and day, and a lighted lantern is hung up on either side.
-The whole household, of both sexes, servants included, pray before it
-morning and evening. This is kept up for seven weeks, and during each
-week, from the day of the death, a priest attends and reads hymns for
-an hour before the ihai. He is each time supplied with ornaments, and
-paid a fee of from five to six mas.
-
-During these seven weeks the son goes every day, be the weather what
-it may, and says a prayer by the grave. He wears his rush hat, through
-which he can see without being seen, speaks to nobody, and is dressed
-in white. With this exception, and a ceremonious visit, in the third,
-fourth, or fifth week, to the relatives and friends, he remains in his
-house, with the door fastened. It is customary to erect a small hut
-near the grave, in which a servant watches, noting down the names of
-all who come to visit it.
-
-When the seven weeks are over, the mourner shaves and dresses, opens
-his door, and goes, if an officer, to inform the governor that his
-days of mourning are over. He next pays a complimentary visit to all
-who attended the funeral, or have visited the grave, sending them also
-a complimentary present. The hiseki, or gravestone (almost precisely
-like those in use with us), is placed over the grave, and two ihai,
-varnished black and superbly gilt, are provided, one of which is sent
-to a temple. The other remains at home, kept in a case in a small
-apartment appropriated for that purpose, in which are kept the ihai of
-all the ancestors of the family. It is customary every morning, after
-rising and dressing, to take the ihai out of its case, and to burn a
-little incense before it, bowing the head in token of respect.
-
-[Illustration: A JAPANESE BED]
-
-Though the wearing of white garments and other formalities of the
-special mourning, called imi, cease at the end of fifty days at the
-longest, bright colors are not to be worn, or a Shintō temple to be
-entered, for thirteen months, and this is called _buku_. For a husband,
-imi lasts thirty days and buku thirteen months; for a wife, imi twenty
-days and buku three months; for grandparents and uncles, the periods
-are thirty days and five months; for an eldest brother or sister, or
-aunt on the father’s side, and great-grandparents, twenty days and
-three months; for great-great-grandparents and aunts on the mother’s
-side, fathers and mothers-in-law, brother-in-law or sister-in-law, or
-eldest grandchild, ten days and one month; for other grandchildren,
-and for cousins of either sex, and their children, three days and
-seven days. For children under the age of seven years, whatever the
-relationship, there is no mourning.
-
-The great dignitaries must wear mourning for the Shōgun; all officers,
-civil and military, for their princes; and whoever derives his
-subsistence from another must mourn for him as for a father. Pupils
-also must mourn for their teacher, education being esteemed equivalent
-to a livelihood. The sons of a mother repudiated by her husband and
-expelled from his house mourn for her as if dead.
-
-In case of persons holding office, who die suddenly without previously
-having resigned in favor of their heirs, it is not unusual to bury them
-the night after their death, in a private manner. The death, though
-whispered about, is not officially announced. The heir, who dresses
-and acts as usual, notifies the authorities that his father is sick
-and wishes to resign. Having obtained the succession, he soon after
-announces his father’s death, and the formal funeral and mourning then
-take place.
-
-The honors paid to deceased parents do not terminate with the mourning.
-Every month, on the day of the ancestor’s decease, for fifty, or even
-for a hundred years, food, sweetmeats, and fruit are set before the
-ihai. One hundred days after the decease of a father or mother, an
-entertainment is to be given to all the intimate friends, including the
-priest who presided at the funeral. This is to be repeated a year from
-the death; and again on the third, seventh, thirteenth, twenty-fifth,
-thirty-third, fiftieth, hundredth, and hundred and fiftieth
-anniversary, and so on, as long as the family exists. To secure the
-due payment to themselves of funeral honors, those who have no sons of
-their own adopt one. If any accident, fortunate or disastrous, happens
-to the family, it is formally communicated to the ihai, such as the
-birth of a child, a safe return from a journey, etc. In case of floods
-or fires, the ihai must be saved in preference to everything else,
-their loss being regarded as the greatest of misfortunes.
-
-The fifteenth day of the seventh Japanese month is a festival, devoted
-to the honor of parents and ancestors. Every Japanese whose parents are
-still living considers this a happy day. People regale themselves and
-their children with fish. Married sons and daughters, or adopted sons,
-send presents to their parents. On the evening of the 13th, the ihai
-are taken from their cases, and a repast set before them of vegetables
-and the fruits then ripening. In the middle is set a vase, in which
-perfumes are burnt, and other vases containing flowers. The next day,
-meals of rice, tea, and other food are regularly served to the ihai, as
-to living guests.
-
-Towards evening, lanterns, suspended from long bamboos, are lighted
-before each hiseki, or gravestone, and refreshments are also placed
-there. This is repeated on the fifteenth. Before daylight of the
-sixteenth the articles placed at the graves are packed into small
-boats of straw, provided with sails of paper or cloth, which are
-earned in procession, with vocal and instrumental music and loud cries,
-to the waterside, where they are launched, by way of dismissing the
-souls of the dead, who are supposed now to return to their graves.
-“This festival,” says Titsingh, speaking of its celebration at
-Nagasaki, “produces a highly picturesque effect. Outside the town, the
-view of it from the island Deshima is one of the most beautiful. The
-spectator would almost imagine that he beheld a torrent of fire pouring
-from the hill, owing to the immense number of small boats that are
-carried to the shore to be turned adrift on the sea. In the middle of
-the night, and when there is a brisk wind, the agitation of the water
-causing all these lights to dance to and fro, produces an enchanting
-scene. The noise and bustle in the town, the sound of gongs and the
-voices of the priests, combine to form a discord that can scarcely be
-conceived. The whole bay seems to be covered with _ignes fatui_. Though
-these barks have sails of paper, or stronger stuff, very few of them
-pass the place where our ships lie at anchor. In spite of the guards,
-thousands of paupers rush into the water to secure the small copper
-coin and other things placed in them. Next day, they strip the barks of
-all that is left, and the tide carries them out to sea. Thus terminates
-this ceremony.”[80]
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLII
-
- _Exploration of the Northern Japanese Seas—First Russian Mission
- to Japan—Professorship of Japanese at Irkutsk—New Restrictions
- on the Dutch—Embarrassments growing out of the War of the French
- Revolution—American Flag at Nagasaki—Captain Stewart—Ingenuity of
- a Japanese Fisherman—Heer Doeff, Director at Deshima—Suspicious
- Proceedings of Captain Stewart—Russian Embassy—Klaproth’s Knowledge
- of Japanese—Doeff’s First Journey to Yedo—Dutch Trade in 1804 and
- 1806—An American Ship at Nagasaki—The British Frigate “Phaeton”—No
- Ships from Batavia—The Dutch on Short Allowance—English Ships
- from Batavia—Communication again suspended—Dutch and Japanese
- Dictionary—Children at the Factory—A. D. 1792-1817._
-
-
-Till comparatively a recent period Europe was very much in the dark
-as to the geography of northeastern Asia. Through the explorations
-and conquests of the Russians, Kamtchatka (long before visited by
-the Japanese) first became known to Europeans, about the year 1700.
-The exploration of the Kurile Islands, stretching from the southern
-point of that peninsula, led the Russians towards Japan. In 1713, the
-Cossack Kosierewski reached Kunajiri (the twentieth Kurile, according
-to the Russian reckoning, beginning from Kamtchatka), close to the
-northeastern coast of Yezo, and claimed by the Japanese. In 1736,
-Spagenburg, a Dane in the Russian service, visited all the southern
-Kuriles, coasted the island of Yezo, made the land of Nippon, and
-entered several harbors on its eastern coast. These explorations were
-renewed by Potonchew in 1777; but it was not till 1787 that La Perouse
-obtained for Europe the first distinct knowledge of the outline of the
-Sea of Japan, of the relative situations of Sakhalin and Yezo, and of
-the strait between them, which still bears his name.
-
-In 1791, the “Argonaut,” an English ship employed in the fur trade
-on the northwest coast of America, made the western coast of Japan,
-and attempted to trade; but she was immediately surrounded by lines
-of boats; all intercourse with the shore was prevented, and she was
-dismissed with a gratuitous supply of wood and water. In 1795-97,
-Captain Broughton, in an English exploring vessel, coasted the southern
-and eastern shore of Yezo, sailed among the southern Kuriles, and
-touched at several places on the southern part of Sakhalin. Besides the
-natives, he found a few Japanese, who treated him with much attention,
-but were very anxious for his speedy departure. Japanese officers came
-from Yezo, expressly to look after him, to restrict his communications,
-and to send him off, with all civility indeed, but as speedily as
-possible.
-
-Previous to Broughton’s voyage, Russia had already made a first attempt
-at a commercial and diplomatic intercourse with Japan. The crew of a
-Japanese vessel, shipwrecked in the Sea of Okhotsk, had been saved by
-the Russians, about 1782, and taken to Irkutsk, in Siberia, where they
-lived for ten years. At length the governor of Siberia was directed, by
-the empress Catherine II, to send home these Japanese, and with them an
-envoy, not as from her, but from himself. Lieutenant Laxman, selected
-for this purpose, sailed from Okhotsk in the autumn of 1792, landed
-on the northern coast of Yezo, and passed the winter there. The next
-summer he entered the harbor of Hakodate, on the northern coast of
-the Strait of Sangar. From that town he travelled by land to the city
-of Matsumae, three days’ journey to the west, and the chief Japanese
-settlement on the island, the authorities of which, after communicating
-with Yedo, delivered to him a paper to the following effect: “That
-although it was ordained by the laws of Japan, that any foreigners
-landing anywhere on the coast, except at Nagasaki, should be seized and
-condemned to perpetual imprisonment; yet, considering the ignorance of
-the Russians, and their having brought back the shipwrecked Japanese,
-they might be permitted to depart, on condition of never approaching,
-under any pretence, any part of the coast except Nagasaki. As to the
-Japanese brought back, the government was much obliged to the Russians;
-who, however, were at liberty to leave them or take them away again, as
-they pleased, it being the law of Japan that such persons ceased to be
-Japanese, and became the subjects of that government into whose hands
-destiny had cast them. With respect to commercial negotiations, those
-could only take place at Nagasaki; and a paper was sent authorizing
-a Russian vessel to enter that port for that purpose; but as the
-Christian worship was not allowed in Japan, any persons admitted into
-Nagasaki must carefully abstain from it.”
-
-Laxman was treated with great courtesy, though kept in a sort of
-confinement; he was supported, with his crew, by the Japanese
-authorities, while he remained, and was dismissed with presents and an
-ample supply of provisions, for which no payment would be received.
-
-Here the matter rested for several years, but into a school for
-teaching navigation, which Catherine II established at Irkutsk, the
-capital of Eastern Siberia, she introduced a professorship of the
-Japanese language, the professors being taken from among the Japanese
-shipwrecked from time to time on the coast of Siberia. Meanwhile,
-even the Dutch commerce to Japan had undergone some new restrictions.
-Whether from the prevalence of the “frog-in-a-well” policy, or from
-apprehensions, as it was said, of the exhaustion of the copper mines,
-the Dutch in 1790 were limited to a single ship annually, while to
-accommodate their expenditures to this diminished trade, the hitherto
-yearly embassy to Yedo was to be sent only once in four years, though
-annual presents to the emperor and his officers were still required as
-before.
-
-The occupation of Holland by the French armies not only exposed Dutch
-vessels to capture by the English, it cost Holland several of her
-eastern colonies, and thus placed new obstacles in the way of the
-Japanese trade. It was no doubt to diminish the danger of capture by
-the British, that, in the year 1797, the ship despatched from Batavia
-sailed under the American flag, and carried American papers, while the
-commander, one Captain Stewart, though in reality an Englishman from
-Madras or Bengal, passed for an American, and his ship as the “Eliza,”
-of New York. That the crew of this vessel spoke English, and not Dutch,
-was immediately noticed by the interpreters at Nagasaki, and produced a
-great sensation among the Japanese officials; but at last, after vast
-difficulty, they were made to understand that though the crew spoke
-English, they were not “the English,” but of another nation, and, what
-was a still more essential point, that they had nothing to do with the
-trade, but were merely hired to bring the goods in order to save them
-from capture; as a result of which explanation it was finally agreed
-that the “Eliza” should be considered as a Dutch ship.
-
-The same vessel and captain returned again the next year; but in
-leaving the harbor for Batavia, loaded with camphor and copper, she
-struck a hidden rock, and sunk. The first scheme hit upon for raising
-the vessel was to send down divers to discharge the copper; but two
-of them lost their lives from the suffocating effect of the melting
-camphor, and this scheme had to be abandoned. Heavily laden as she was,
-every effort at raising her proved abortive, till at last the object
-was accomplished by a Japanese fisherman, who volunteered his services.
-He fastened to each side of the sunken vessel some fifteen of the
-Japanese boats used in towing, and a large Japanese coasting craft to
-the stern, and, taking advantage of a stiff breeze and a spring tide,
-dragged the sunken vessel from the rock, and towed her into a spot
-where, upon the ebbing of the tide, she could be discharged without
-difficulty. For this achievement the fisherman was raised, by the
-prince of Hizen, to which province he belonged, to the rank of a noble,
-being privileged to wear two swords, and to take as his insignia or
-arms a Dutch hat and two tobacco pipes.
-
-[Illustration: THE CULTIVATION OF GRAIN: THRESHING AND CLEANING GRAIN;
-COOLIES IN A RICE FIELD; WOMEN CARRYING RICE]
-
-When repaired and reloaded, the “Eliza” sailed again; but being
-dismasted in a storm, returned to refit, by reason of which she
-was detained so long, that the ship of 1799, also under American
-colors, and this time it would seem a real American, the “Franklin,”
-Captain Devereux, arrived at Nagasaki, and was nearly loaded before
-Captain Stewart was ready to sail. In this ship of 1799 came out,
-to be stationed as an officer at the factory, Heer Hendrick Doeff,
-who remained there for the next seventeen years, and to whose
-“Recollections of Japan,” written in Dutch, and published in Holland
-in 1835, we are greatly indebted for what we know of the occurrences
-in Japan during that period. It was, however, a very unfortunate
-circumstance, tending considerably to diminish the value of his book,
-that all his papers were lost by the foundering of the ship in which
-he sailed from Batavia for Holland, in 1819, the crew and passengers
-escaping barely with their lives; after which he allowed near fifteen
-years more to pass before he drew upon his memory for the materials
-of his book, which was only published at length to correct some
-misapprehensions, upon matters personal to himself, likely to arise, as
-he feared, from publications which preceded his own. His book, indeed,
-is mainly devoted to the defence of the Dutch nation and the affairs
-of the factory, against the strictures of Raffles and others, throwing
-only some incidental light upon the Japanese, the knowledge of whom, so
-far as it is accessible to residents at Deshima, had indeed been pretty
-well exhausted by previous writers.
-
-Captain Stewart, refusing to wait for the other ship, set sail at once;
-but he did not arrive at Batavia. He reappeared, however, the next year
-at Nagasaki, representing himself as having been shipwrecked, with the
-loss of everything; but as having found a friend at Manila, who had
-enabled him to buy and lade the brig in which he had now come back, for
-the purpose, as he said, of discharging, out of the sale of her cargo,
-his debt due to the factory for the advances made for the repairs of
-his lost vessel. Heer Wadenaar, the director, saw, however, or thought
-he saw, in this proceeding, a scheme for gaining a commercial footing
-at Nagasaki, independent of the regular trade from Batavia. He caused
-the goods to be sold and applied to the discharge of Stewart’s debt;
-but he declined to furnish any return cargo for the brig, and he
-arrested Stewart, and sent him a prisoner to Batavia; whence, however,
-soon after his arrival there, he made his escape. He reappeared again
-at Nagasaki in 1803, still under the American flag, but coming now
-from Bengal and Canton, with a cargo of Indian and Chinese goods. He
-solicited permission to trade and to supply himself with water and oil.
-With these latter he was gratuitously furnished, but liberty to trade
-was refused, and he was compelled to depart; nor was anything further
-heard of him. Doeff seems to have supposed him a real American, and his
-last expedition an American adventure; but in a pamphlet on Java and
-its trade, published at Batavia in 1800, by Heer Hagendorp, and quoted
-by Raffles in his history of Java, Stewart is expressly stated to have
-been an Englishman from Madras or Bengal,—a statement which seems to be
-confirmed by his coming from Bengal on his last arrival at Nagasaki,
-and a fact as to which Hagendorp, who held a high official position,
-would not have been likely to be mistaken.[81]
-
-The next circumstance of importance mentioned by Doeff was the arrival
-in October, 1804, in the harbor of Nagasaki, of a Russian vessel,
-commanded by Captain Krusenstern, and having on board Count Resanoff,
-sent as ambassador from the Czar, in somewhat late prosecution of
-the negotiation commenced by Laxman in 1792. This vessel brought
-back a number of shipwrecked Japanese,[82] and her coming had been
-notified to the governor of Nagasaki, through the medium of the Dutch
-authorities at Batavia and Deshima. There are two Russian narratives
-of this expedition, one by Krusenstern, the other by Langsdorff, who
-was attached to the embassy. Both ascribe the failure of the mission to
-the jealous opposition of the Dutch. Doeff, on the contrary, insists
-that he did everything he could—for by this time he was director—to aid
-the Russians, and that they had only to blame their own obstinacy in
-refusing to yield to the demands of the Japanese.
-
-The dispute began upon the very first boarding of the Russian ship,
-on which occasion the Japanese officers took the Dutch director with
-them. Resanoff consented to give up his powder, but insisted upon
-retaining his arms; he also refused those prostrations which the
-boarding-officers demanded as representatives of the emperor. These
-points were referred to Yedo; but, meantime (Doeff says, through
-his solicitations) the ship with the arms on board was permitted to
-anchor. The Dutch and Russians were allowed to pass the first evening
-together, but afterwards they were jealously separated, though they
-contrived to keep up an occasional intercourse through the connivance
-of the interpreters. The annual ship from Batavia, this year Dutch,
-then at Deshima, was removed to another and distant berth. When she
-left, no letters were allowed to be sent by the Russians, except a bare
-despatch, first inspected by the governor, notifying the ambassador’s
-arrival, and the health of his company. Nor were the Dutch allowed
-in passing even to return the salutation of the Russians. The Dutch
-captain put his trumpet to his lips, but was under strict orders from
-the director not to speak a word,—a discourtesy, as they thought it,
-which the Russians highly resented. Of the Russians, none were allowed
-to land till two months and a half after their arrival, the matter
-having first been referred to Yedo. Finally, a fish-house, on a small
-island, closely hedged in with bamboos, so that nothing could be seen,
-was fitted up for the ambassador. All the arms were given up, except
-the swords of the officers and the muskets of seven soldiers who landed
-with the ambassador, but who had no powder. The ship was constantly
-surrounded by guard-boats.
-
-After a detention of near six months, a commissioner from Yedo made
-his appearance, with the emperor’s answer. The ambassador, having been
-carried on shore in the barge of the prince of Hizen, was conveyed to
-the governor’s house in the norimono of the Dutch director, borrowed
-for the occasion; but all his suite had to walk, and, in order that
-they might see nothing, the doors and windows of the houses, wherever
-they passed, were closed; the street gates were fastened, and the
-inhabitants were ordered to keep at home. A second interview took place
-the next day, when a flat refusal was returned to all the ambassador’s
-requests, and even the presents for the emperor were declined.
-
-In the midst of all these annoyances everything was done with the
-greatest show of politeness. The emperor’s answer, which Doeff was
-called upon to assist in translating into Dutch, placed the refusal to
-receive the ambassador or his presents on the ground that, if they were
-received, it would be necessary to send back an ambassador with equal
-presents, to which not only the great poverty of the Japanese was an
-obstacle, but also the strict law, in force for a hundred and fifty
-years past, against any Japanese subject or vessel going to foreign
-countries. It was also stated that Japan had no great wants, and little
-occasion for foreign productions, of which the Dutch and Chinese
-already brought as much as was required, and that any considerable
-trade could only be established by means of an intercourse between
-foreigners and Japanese, which the laws strictly forbade.
-
-The ambassador did not depart without bitter reproaches against Doeff,
-whom he charged as the author of his miscarriage. He arrived at Okhotsk
-in May, 1805, afterwards passed over to Sitka, on the American coast,
-and the next year, having returned again to Okhotsk, despatched two
-small Russian vessels to make reprisals on the Japanese. They landed
-on the coast of Sakhalin, in the years 1806 and 1807, plundered a
-Japanese settlement, loaded their vessels with the booty, carried off
-several Kurile and two Japanese prisoners, and left behind written
-notifications, in Russian and French, that this had been done in
-revenge for the slights put upon Resanoff.[83]
-
-In 1805 and 1806, Klaproth, the learned Orientalist, passed some months
-at Irkutsk, as secretary to a Russian embassy to China. He found the
-Japanese professorship, established there by Catherine II, filled by a
-Japanese, who had embraced the Greek religion, and, from him and the
-books which he furnished, Klaproth acquired such knowledge as he had of
-the Japanese tongue.
-
-In the spring of 1806, Deoff made his first journey to Yedo. In the
-arrangements of the journey and the audience, there seems to have
-been no change since the time of Thunberg. While he was at Yedo a
-tremendous fire broke out. It began, at a distance from his lodgings,
-at ten in the morning. At one the Dutch took the alarm, and began to
-pack. At three they fled. “On issuing into the street,” says Doeff,
-“we saw everything in flames. There was great danger in endeavoring
-to escape before the wind, in the same direction taken by the fire.
-We, therefore, took a slanting direction, through a street already
-burning, and thus succeeded in reaching an open field. It was studded
-with the standards of princes whose dwellings had been destroyed, and
-whose wives and children had fled thither for refuge. We followed their
-example, and marked out a spot with our Dutch flags. We had now a full
-view of the fire, and never did I see anything so terrific. The terrors
-of this ocean of flame were enhanced by the heart-rending cries of
-the fugitive women and children.” The fire raged till noon the next
-day, when it was extinguished by a fall of rain.[84] The Dutch learned
-from their host, that, within five minutes after they left, the fire
-took his house, and destroyed everything—as an indemnity for which,
-the Dutch East India Company allowed him annually for three years from
-twelve to fourteen hundred-weight of sugar. The palaces of thirty-seven
-princes had been destroyed. The weight of fugitives broke down the
-famous Nihonbashi, or bridge of Japan, so that, besides those burned to
-death, many were drowned, including a daughter of the prince of Awa.
-Twelve hundred lives were said to have been lost.
-
-On this occasion the Dutch were greatly aided by a wealthy Japanese
-merchant, who sent forty men to assist them in removing. He lost his
-shop, or store, and a warehouse, containing a hundred thousand pounds
-of spun silk, yet the day after the fire was engaged in rebuilding his
-premises.
-
-The Dutch, burnt out of their inn, were lodged at first in the house
-of the governor of Nagasaki; but, four days after, procured a new inn.
-This was in a more public place than the old obscure lodging. The
-appearance of the Dutch on the balcony attracted crowds of curious
-spectators, and soon drew out an order, from the governor of Yedo, that
-they should keep within doors. But Doeff refused to obey this order, on
-the ground that, during their entire embassy, the Dutch were under the
-authority only of the governor of Nagasaki; and in this position he was
-sustained by that personage.
-
-After the audience the Dutch received many visits, particularly from
-physicians and astronomers. On the subject of astronomy Doeff was
-more puzzled than even Thunberg had been, for, since Thunberg’s time,
-the Japanese would seem to have made considerable advances in that
-science. They had a translation of La Lande’s astronomy, and the chief
-astronomer, Takaro Sampei (?) (to whom Doeff, at his special request
-for a name, gave that of _Globius_, and who proved, on subsequent
-occasions, a good friend of the Dutch), could calculate eclipses with
-much precision. To a grandson of one of Thunberg’s medical friends,
-who was also a physician, Doeff gave the name of _Johannis Botanicus_.
-The honor of a Dutch name, exceedingly coveted by the Japanese, was
-solicited even by the prince of Satsuma and his secretary. Being
-attacked with colic on his return from Yedo, Doeff submitted to the
-Japanese remedy of acupuncture; but he does not give any high idea of
-its efficacy.
-
-Two accounts current of the trade of Japan for the years 1804 and 1806,
-published by Raffles, will serve to show its condition at this time.
-The articles sent to Japan were sugar, spices, woollens, cottons, tin,
-lead, quicksilver, sapan-wood, saffron, liquorice, elephant’s-teeth,
-catechu, and ducatoons, sugar forming about half the cargo in value.
-The prime cost at Batavia was, in 1804, 211,896, in 1806, 161,008 rix
-dollars, to which were to be added freight and charges at Batavia,
-amounting in 1804 to 150,000, in 1806 to 106,244 rix dollars, making
-the whole cost in 1804, 361,807, in 1806, 266,252 rix dollars. The
-sales at Deshima amounted in 1804 to 160,378, in 1806 to 108,797 rix
-dollars; but this included, in 1804, 3,333 rix dollars from old goods,
-and, in 1806, 5,428 rix dollars borrowed of the Japanese to complete
-the cargo. From these amounts were to be deducted the expenses of
-the establishment at Deshima, and loss in weight on the sugar, viz.,
-in 1804, 67,952,[85] and in 1806, 39,625 rix dollars, leaving to be
-employed in the purchase of copper and camphor, in 1804, 92,426, in
-1806, 69,172 rix dollars, to which were added 13,125 rix dollars
-from the sale of old goods. The copper brought back by the ship of
-1804 having been coined at Batavia, the entire profit of the voyage
-amounted to 507,147 rix dollars, but the larger part of this profit
-belonged, in fact, to the mint, the copper being coined at a rate
-above its intrinsic value. In 1808, the copper being sold, the balance
-in favor of the voyage was but 175,505 rix dollars, deducting the
-amount borrowed in Japan. It was only the low rate at which copper was
-furnished by the Japanese government that enabled these voyages to pay.
-
-[Illustration: THE PROCESSES OF WEIGHING AND POUNDING RICE]
-
-In 1807, the “Eclipse,” of Boston, chartered at Canton by the Russian
-American Company, for Kamtchatka and the northwest coast of America,
-entered the bay of Nagasaki under Russian colors,[86] and was towed to
-the anchorage by an immense number of boats. A Dutchman came on board,
-and advised them to haul down their colors, as the Japanese were much
-displeased with Russia. The Japanese declined to trade, and asked what
-the ship wanted. Being told water and fresh provisions, they sent on
-board a plentiful supply of fish, hogs, vegetables, and tubs of water,
-for which they would take no pay. Finding that no trade was to be had,
-on the third day the captain lifted his anchors, and was towed to sea
-by near a hundred boats.
-
-In October, 1808, about the time that the annual Dutch vessel was
-expected, a ship appeared off Nagasaki, under Dutch colors, and,
-without any suspicion, two Dutchmen of the factory, followed by the
-usual Japanese officers in another boat, proceeded to board her. The
-Dutchmen were met by a boat from the vessel, and were requested in
-Dutch to come into it. Upon their proposal to wait for the Japanese
-boat, the strangers boarded them with drawn cutlasses, and forced them
-on board the ship, which proved to be the English frigate “Phaeton,”
-Captain Pellew. The Japanese rowed back with the news of what had
-happened, by which Nagasaki and all its officers were thrown into a
-state of the greatest agitation.
-
-While the governor of Nagasaki was exchanging messages with director
-Doeff as to what could be the meaning of this occurrence, Captain
-Pellew, who was in search of the annual Dutch ship, stood directly into
-the harbor, without a pilot. The director, fearing to be himself taken,
-fled, with the other Dutchmen, to the governor’s house. “In the town,”
-he says, “everything was in frightful embarrassment and confusion. The
-governor was in a state of indescribable wrath, which fell, in the
-first instance, upon the Japanese officers for having returned without
-the Dutchmen, or information as to what nation the ship belonged to.
-Before I could ask him a question, he said to me, with fury in his
-face, ‘Be quiet, director; I shall take care that your people are
-restored.’ But the governor soon learned, to his consternation, that
-at the harbor guard-house, where a thousand men ought to have been
-stationed, there were only sixty or seventy, and those uncommanded.”
-
-After a while came a letter from one of the detained Dutchmen, in these
-words: “A ship is arrived from Bengal. The captain’s name is Pellew;
-he asks for water and provisions.” The governor was little disposed
-to yield to this demand, and, about midnight, his secretary waited on
-Doeff to inform him that he was going to rescue the prisoners. Being
-questioned as to the manner how, he replied, “Your countrymen have been
-seized by treachery; I shall, therefore, go alone, obtain admission on
-board by every demonstration of friendship, seek an interview with the
-captain, and, on his refusal to deliver his prisoners, stab him first,
-and then myself.” It cost Doeff a good deal of trouble to dissuade the
-secretary and the governor from this wild scheme. The plan finally
-adopted was to manage to detain the ship till vessels and men could be
-collected to attack her.
-
-The next afternoon one of the detained Dutchmen brought on shore the
-following epistle from the English captain: “I have ordered my own
-boat to set Goseman on shore, to procure me provisions and water; if
-he does not return with such before evening, I will sail in to-morrow
-early, and burn the Japanese and Chinese vessels in the harbor.” The
-provisions and water were furnished, though the Japanese were very
-unwilling to have Goseman return on board. This done, the two Dutchmen
-were dismissed.
-
-The governor, however, was still intent upon calling the foreign ship
-to account. One scheme was to prevent her departure by sinking vessels,
-laden with stones, in the channel. The prince of Ōmura proposed to
-burn her, by means of boats filled with reeds and straw, offering
-himself to lead; but while these schemes were under discussion, the
-frigate weighed and sailed out of the harbor. The affair, however,
-had a tragical ending. Within half an hour after her departure, the
-governor, to save himself from impending disgrace, cut himself open, as
-did several officers of the harbor-guard. The prince of Hizen, though
-resident at Yedo at the time, was imprisoned a hundred days, for the
-negligence of his servants in the maintenance of the guard, and was
-also required to pay an annual pension to the son of the self-executed
-governor, whom Doeff, on again visiting Yedo in 1810, found to be in
-high favor at court.[87]
-
-Up to 1809,[88] the ships from Batavia had arrived regularly; but
-from that time till 1818 neither goods nor news reached the lonely
-Dutchmen at Deshima. The first and second failure they bore with some
-resignation, looking confidently forward to the next year; “but, alas!”
-says our by this time very thirsty, and somewhat ragged, director,
-“it passed away without relief or intelligence, either from Europe or
-Batavia! All our provision from Java was by this time consumed. Butter
-we had not seen since the supply of 1807, for the ship “Goede Frouw”
-(good wife, but not good housewife) “had brought us none in 1809. To
-the honor of the Japanese, I must acknowledge that they did everything
-in their power to supply our special wants.... The inspector, Shige
-Dennozen, among others, gave himself much trouble to distil gin for
-us, for which purpose I supplied him with a still-kettle and a tin
-worm, which I chanced to possess. He had tolerable success, but
-could not remove the resinous flavor of the juniper. The corn spirit
-(whiskey), which he managed to distil, was excellent. As we had also
-been without wine since the supply of 1807, with the exception of a
-small quantity brought by the “Goede Frouw,” he likewise endeavored
-to press it for us from the wild grapes of the country, but with less
-success. He obtained, indeed, a red and fermented liquor, but it was
-not wine. I myself endeavored to make beer; and, with the help of the
-domestic dictionaries of Chaud and Bays, I got so far as to produce
-a whitish liquor, with something of the flavor of the white beer of
-Haerlem, but which would not keep above four days, as I could not make
-it work sufficiently, and had no bitter with which to flavor it. Our
-great deficiency was in the articles of shoes and winter clothing.
-We procured Japanese slippers of straw, and covered the instep with
-undressed leather, and thus draggled along the street. Long breeches we
-manufactured from an old carpet which I had by me. Thus we provided for
-our wants as well as we could. There was no distinction among us. Every
-one who had saved anything threw it into the common stock, and we thus
-lived under a literal community of goods.”
-
-Great was the delight of our disconsolate director, when, in the spring
-of 1813, two vessels appeared in the offing of Nagasaki, displaying
-the Dutch flag, and making the private signals agreed upon in 1809. A
-letter was brought on shore, announcing the arrival from Batavia of
-Heer Waardenaar, Doeff’s predecessor as director, to act as warehouse
-master, of Heer Cassa, to succeed Doeff as director, and of three
-assistants or clerks. A Japanese officer and one of the Dutch clerks
-were sent on board. The Japanese speedily returned, saying that he had
-recognized Waardenaar, who had declined, however, to deliver his papers
-except to Doeff personally, and that all the officers spoke English,
-whence he concluded that the ships must be chartered Americans. Doeff
-went on board, and was received by Waardenaar with such evident
-embarrassment, that Doeff declined to open the package of papers
-which he presented, except at Deshima, whither he was accompanied by
-Waardenaar. This package being opened was found to contain a paper
-signed “Raffles, Lieutenant-governor of Java and its Dependencies,”
-appointing Waardenaar and a Dr. Ainslie commissioners in Japan. In
-reply to his question, “Who is Raffles?” Doeff learned that Holland
-had been annexed to France, and Java occupied by the English. But
-the annexation of Holland to France, Doeff patriotically refused to
-believe, and, in spite of all the efforts of Waardenaar to shake his
-resolution, he declined obedience to an order coming from a colony in
-hostile occupation.
-
-His mind thus made up, Doeff called in the Japanese interpreters, and
-communicated to them the true state of the case. Alarmed for their
-own safety, they made to Waardenaar frightful representations of the
-probable massacre of the crews and burning of the vessels, should this
-secret go any further,—especially considering the hostile feelings
-towards the English, excited by the proceedings of the “Phaeton” in
-1808; and finally the commissioners were persuaded to enter into an
-arrangement by which Doeff was to remain as director, and was to
-proceed to dispose of the cargoes as usual, first paying out of the
-proceeds the debt which, since 1807, the factory had been obliged to
-contract for its sustenance. Ainslee was also to remain as factory
-physician, but passing as an American.[89]
-
-The cost of the cargoes, as given by Raffles, with freight and
-charges, amounted to two hundred and seventy-three thousand one
-hundred and fifty Spanish dollars. Out of the proceeds in Japan had
-to be paid forty-eight thousand six hundred and forty-eight dollars,
-debts of the factory; and twenty-five thousand dollars for copper to
-make up the cargo, bought of Doeff at a higher rate than was paid the
-Japanese. There were left at the factory four thousand six hundred and
-eighty-eight dollars in cash, and fifteen thousand dollars in woollens,
-and advances were made to persons on board, to be repaid in Batavia,
-to the amount of three thousand six hundred and seventy-eight dollars;
-thus swelling the whole expenses to three hundred and seventy thousand
-one hundred and sixty-four dollars; whereas the copper and camphor of
-the return cargo produced only three hundred and forty-two thousand one
-hundred and twenty-six dollars, thus leaving an outgo on the voyage
-of twenty-eight thousand and thirty-eight dollars, which the credits
-in Japan and Batavia were hardly sufficient to balance. These ships
-carried out an elephant as a present to the emperor; but, though it
-excited great curiosity, the Japanese declined to receive it, alleging
-the difficulty of transporting it to Yedo.
-
-In 1814, a single ship was sent from Batavia with Heer Cassa again on
-board. He brought tidings of the insurrection in Europe against France,
-and relied upon the probable speedy restoration of Java as an argument
-for inducing Doeff to submit temporarily to the English,—an object
-which Sir Stamford Raffles had very much at heart. When Doeff refused,
-Cassa resorted to intrigue. He gained over two of the interpreters,
-through whom he endeavored to induce at Yedo a refusal to allow Doeff
-(whose term of office had already been so unusually protracted)
-to remain any longer as director. Doeff, however, got wind of this
-intrigue, frightened the two interpreters by threatening to tell the
-whole story to the governor of Nagasaki, and finally carried the day.
-He paid, however, rather dearly for his obstinacy, as Raffles sent no
-more ships, and director Doeff was obliged to pass three years more
-without either goods or news, cooped up and kept on short allowance
-in his little island, with the satisfaction, however, that there, if
-nowhere else in the world, the flag of Holland still continued to wave.
-
-The Japanese government, obliged to advance the means for the support
-of the factory, did not leave the director entirely idle. He was set to
-work, with the aid of ten Japanese interpreters, in compiling a Dutch
-and Japanese dictionary, for the use of the Japanese men of science
-and the imperial interpreters. A copy of this work was deposited in
-the imperial library at Yedo; another, made by Doeff for his own use,
-lost, with all his other papers and effects, on his return to Europe.
-The original rough draft of the work was found afterwards, however, at
-Deshima, by Herr Fisscher, and having made a transcript, though less
-perfect than the original, he brought it home in 1829, and deposited it
-in the royal museum at Amsterdam.[90]
-
-[Illustration: A COOLIE WITH STRAW RAINCOAT]
-
-Thunberg, as we have seen, could hear nothing of semi-Dutch children
-born in Japan. There were such, however, in Doeff’s time; and it
-appears, from an incidental remark of his, that although no birth was
-allowed to take place at Deshima, yet that the Japanese female inmates
-of the factory were permitted to nurse their infants in the houses
-of their Dutch fathers. At a very early age, however, these children
-were taken away to be educated as pure Japanese, being allowed to
-visit their fathers only at certain specified intervals. The fathers,
-however, were expected to provide for them, and to obtain for them, by
-purchase, some government office.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLIII
-
- _Golownin’s Capture and Imprisonment—Conveyance to Hakodate—Reception
- and Imprisonment—Interpreters—Interviews with the Governor—Removal
- to Matsumae—A Pupil in Russian—A Japanese Astronomer—Escape
- and Recapture—Treatment afterwards—Savans from Yedo—Japanese
- Science—European News—A Japanese Free-thinker—Soldiers—Their
- Amusements—Thoughts on a Wedding—Domestic Arrangements—New
- Year—Return of the “Diana”—Reprisals—A Japanese Merchant and his
- Female Friend—Second Return of the “Diana”—Third Return of the
- “Diana”—Interview on Shore—Surrender of the Prisoners—Japanese
- Notification—The Merchant at Home—The Merchant Class in Japan—A.D.
- 1811-1813._
-
-
-While, by the first interruption of the communication with Batavia,
-Doeff and his companions were secluded at Deshima, a number of
-Europeans were held in a still stricter imprisonment at the northern
-extremity of Japan.
-
-Captain Golownin, an educated and intelligent Russian naval officer,
-had been commissioned in 1811, as commander of the sloop of war
-“Diana,” to survey the southern Kurile Islands, in which group the
-Russians include both Sakhalin and Yezo, which they reckon as the
-twenty-first and twenty-second Kuriles. At the southern extremity of
-Etorofu, the nineteenth Kurile, some Japanese were first met with (July
-13). Soon after, Golownin, with two officers, four men, and a Kurile
-interpreter, having landed at a bay on the southern end of Kunashiri,
-the twentieth Kurile, where the Japanese had a settlement and a
-garrison, they were invited into the fort, and made prisoners. Thence
-they were taken, partly by water and partly by land, to Hakodate,
-already mentioned as a Japanese town at the southern extremity of Yezo.
-This journey occupied four weeks, in which, by Golownin’s calculation,
-they travelled between six and seven hundred miles. The Japanese stated
-it at two hundred and fifty-five of their leagues. The route followed
-was along the east coast of the island. Every two miles or so there was
-a populous village, from all of which extensive fisheries were carried
-on, evidently the great business of the inhabitants. The fish were
-caught in great nets, hundreds at once. The best were of the salmon
-species, but every kind of marine animal was eaten. The gathering of
-sea-weeds for food (of the kind called by the Russians sea-cabbage[91])
-also constituted a considerable branch of industry. In the northern
-villages the inhabitants were principally native Kuriles, with a few
-Japanese officers. Within a hundred and twenty or thirty miles of
-Hakodate the villages were inhabited entirely by Japanese, and were
-much larger and handsomer than those further north, having gardens and
-orchards, and distinguished by their scrupulous neatness; but even
-the Kurile inhabitants of Yezo were far superior in civilization and
-comforts to those of the more northern islands belonging to Russia.
-
-When first seized by the Japanese, the Russians were bound with cords,
-some about the thickness of a finger, and others still smaller. They
-were all tied exactly alike (according to the prescribed method for
-binding those arrested on criminal charges), the cords for each having
-the same number of knots and nooses, and all at equal distances. There
-were loops round their breasts and necks; their elbows were drawn
-almost into contact behind their backs, and their hands were firmly
-bound together. From these fastenings proceeded a long cord, the end of
-which was held by a Japanese, who, on the slightest attempt to escape,
-had only to pull it to make the elbows come in contact with great
-pain, and so to tighten the noose about the neck as almost to produce
-strangulation. Their legs were also tied together above the ankles
-and above the knees. Thus tied, they were conveyed all the way to
-Hakodate, having the choice, for the land part of the route, either to
-be carried in a rude sort of palanquin formed of planks, on which they
-were obliged to lie flat, or to walk, which they generally preferred
-as less irksome, and for which purpose the cords about the ankles were
-removed, and those above the knees loosened. The cords were drawn so
-tight as to be very painful, and even after a while to cut into the
-flesh; yet, though in all other respects the Japanese seemed inclined
-to consult the comfort of the prisoners, they would not, for the first
-six or seven days, be induced to loosen them, of which the chief reason
-turned out to be their apprehension lest the prisoners might commit
-suicide,—that being the Japanese resource under such extremities.
-
-Their escort consisted of from one hundred and fifty to two hundred
-men. Two Japanese guides from the neighboring villages, changed at each
-new district, led the way, bearing handsomely-carved staves. Then came
-three soldiers, then Captain Golownin with a soldier on one side, and
-on the other an attendant with a twig to drive off the gnats, which
-were troublesome, and against which his bound hands prevented him from
-defending himself. Behind came an officer holding the ends of the ropes
-by which the prisoner was bound, then a party of Kuriles, bearing his
-kago, followed by another relief party. The other captives followed,
-one by one, escorted in the same manner. Finally came three soldiers,
-and a number of Japanese and Kurile servants carrying provisions and
-baggage. Each of the escort had a wooden tablet, suspended from his
-girdle, on which were inscribed his duties and which prisoner he was
-stationed with; and the commanding officer had a corresponding list of
-the whole. The prisoners had the same fare with the escort,—three meals
-a day, generally of rice boiled to a thick gruel, two pieces of pickled
-radish[92] for seasoning, soup made of radishes or various wild roots
-and herbs, a kind of macaroni, and a piece of broiled or boiled fish.
-Sometimes they had stewed mushrooms, and each a hard-boiled egg. Their
-general drink was very indifferent tea, without sugar, and sometimes
-sake. Their conductors frequently stopped at the villages to rest, or
-to drink tea and smoke tobacco, and they also rested for an hour after
-dinner. They halted for the night an hour or two before sunset, usually
-in a village with a small garrison. They were always conducted first to
-the front of the house of the officer in command, and were seated on
-benches covered with mats, when the officer came out to inspect them.
-They were then taken to a neat house (which generally, when they first
-entered, was hung round with striped cotton cloth), and were placed
-together in one apartment, the ends of their ropes being fastened to
-iron hooks in the walls. Their boots and stockings were pulled off, and
-their feet bathed in warm water with salt in it. For bedding they had
-the Japanese mattresses—quilts with a thick wadding—folded double.
-
-After the first six or seven days their bonds were loosened, and they
-got on more comfortably. The Japanese took the greatest care of their
-health, not allowing them to wet their feet, carrying them across the
-shallowest streams, and furnishing them with quilted Japanese gowns as
-a protection against the rain.
-
-At Hakodate they were received by a great crowd, among which were
-several persons with silk dresses mounted on horses with rich
-caparisons. “Both sides of the road,” says Golownin, “were crowded
-with spectators, yet every one behaved with the utmost decorum. I
-particularly marked their countenances, and never once observed a
-malicious look, or any sign of hatred towards us, and none showed the
-least disposition to insult us by mockery or derision.” He had observed
-the same thing in the villages through which they had passed, where
-the prisoners had received, as they did afterwards, from numerous
-individuals, many touching instances of commiseration and sympathy.
-
-At Hakodate they were confined in a prison, a high wooden enclosure,
-or fence, surrounded by an earthen wall somewhat lower (and on their
-first approach to it hung with striped cloth),[93] inside of which
-was a long, barn-like building. Within this building were a number of
-small apartments, scarcely six feet square, formed of thick spars, and
-exactly like cages, in which the prisoners were shut up, the passages
-and other spaces being occupied by the guards.[94] Their food was much
-worse than on the journey (probably Japanese prison fare), boiled rice,
-soup of warm water and grated radish, a handful of finely chopped young
-onions with boiled beans, and one or two pickled cucumbers or radishes.
-Instead of the radish-soup, puddings of bean-meal and rancid fish-oil
-were sometimes served. Very rarely they had half a fish, with soy.
-Their drink was warm water, and occasionally bad tea.
-
-Their only means of communicating with the Japanese had been, at first,
-a Kurile, one of the prisoners, who knew a little Russian, and probably
-about as much Japanese. At Hakodate another interpreter presented
-himself; but he, a man of fifty, naturally stupid, and knowing nothing
-of any European language, except a little Russian, did not prove much
-better.
-
-The second day they were conducted through the streets, by a guard of
-soldiers (the prisoners each with a rope round his waist held by a
-Japanese), to a fort or castle, which was surrounded by palisades and
-an earthen wall. Within was a court-yard, in the centre of which was
-a brass cannon on a badly constructed carriage. From this court-yard
-Golownin, and after him each of the others, was conducted through a
-wide gate, which was immediately shut behind them, into a large hall,
-of which half had a pavement of small stones. The other half had a
-floor, or platform, raised three feet from the ground, and covered with
-curiously wrought mats. The hall was fifty or sixty feet long, of equal
-breadth, eighteen feet high, and divided by movable screens, neatly
-painted, from other adjoining rooms. There were two or three apertures
-for windows, with paper instead of glass, admitting an obscure, gloomy
-light. The governor sat on the floor, in the middle of the elevated
-platform, with two secretaries behind him. On his left (the Japanese
-place of honor) was the next in command; on his right, another officer;
-on each side of these, other officers of inferior rank. They all sat,
-in the Japanese fashion, with their legs folded under them, two paces
-apart, clothed in black dresses, their short swords in their girdles,
-and their longer ones lying at their left. The new interpreter sat on
-the edge of the raised floor, and an inferior officer at each of the
-corners of it. On the walls hung irons for securing prisoners, ropes,
-and various instruments of punishment. The Russian prisoners stood in
-front of the raised floor, the officers in a line, the sailors behind.
-The Kurile was seated on the stones. They underwent a very rigorous
-and particular examination, all their answers being written down. The
-questions related to their birthplaces; their families (and, when it
-appeared that they came from different towns, how it happened that they
-served on board the same ship); the burden and force of their vessel;
-their own rank; their object; their route since leaving St. Petersburg,
-which they were required to trace on a chart, etc., etc.
-
-[Illustration: FARM SCENES: COOLIES CARRYING BAMBOO BASKETS; AN
-IRRIGATION SYSTEM]
-
-Among other things, the governor remarked that Laxman (who had visited
-Japan in 1792) wore a long tail, and covered his hair with flour;
-whereas the prisoners (powder and queues having gone out of fashion in
-the interval) had their hair cut short and unpowdered; and he asked
-if some change of religion had not taken place in Russia. When told
-that in Russia there was no connection between religion and the way of
-wearing the hair, the Japanese laughed, but expressed great surprise
-that there should not be some express law on the subject.
-
-Eighteen days after, they had a second examination, on which occasion a
-letter, of which the Japanese wanted an interpretation, was delivered
-to them. It had been sent on shore from their ship along with
-their baggage, expressing a determination to return to Okhotsk for
-reinforcements, and never to quit the coast of Japan till the prisoners
-were rescued. This reexamination was continued for two days, in which
-many inquiries were made about Chwostoff, and the papers he had left
-behind him, one of which was produced. The Russian prisoners tried to
-make out that the proceedings of Chwostoff were without authority from
-the Russian government; but the Japanese evidently did not believe them.
-
-After one or two more examinations they were removed to Matsumae,
-guarded, as before, by soldiers, but furnished with horses, as well as
-litters or kagos, on or in which the prisoners were suffered to ride,
-the Japanese, however, retaining the end of a rope by which they were
-still bound. Near Matsumae, they were shown a battery on a high hill,
-intended to command the harbor, but ill adapted for that purpose. It
-had three or four small brass pieces on carriages, and an eighteen
-or a twenty-four pounder, apparently cast in Europe, mounted on
-cross-beams. Matsumae lies on a large, open bay, with four fathoms of
-water at low tide; and according to the Japanese, is about two hundred
-of their leagues (five hundred miles) from Yedo, the land journey
-thither, after crossing the strait, being made in twenty-three days.
-
-A great crowd collected to see them enter the town, ropes being
-stretched to keep the passage clear. Confined in a prison much like
-the one at Hakodate, and close under the ramparts of the castle, they
-underwent many more examinations before the bugiō or governor of
-Matsumae. The inquisitiveness of their questioners, which seemed to be
-without limit, proved a great torment to the Russians, and sometimes
-put them into a passion; but the Japanese were always cool and polite.
-They were supplied with much better food than at Hakodate, fresh and
-salt fish, boiled or fried in poppy-seed oil, with soy for sauce. They
-also had, after the winter set in, flesh of sea-dogs, hares, and bears,
-and attempts were even made to cook for them after the Russian fashion.
-For drink they had tea[95] and warm sake. They were furnished with warm
-clothing, both their own which had been sent on shore for them; and
-Japanese gowns, for which a tailor was sent to measure them; and, when
-the weather grew colder, they had hearths, after the Japanese fashion,
-made in the prison, at a little distance from each cage, on which
-charcoal fires were kept burning. A physician visited them daily to
-look after their health, and if anything serious appeared he brought a
-consulting physician with him.
-
-After a time their accommodations were much improved. Instead of
-confinement in separate cages, they had a large room covered with mats.
-A young man, named Murakami Teisuke, was now brought to them, whom
-they were requested to instruct in the Russian language. He proved a
-very apt scholar, made rapid progress, soon learned to speak, read and
-write Russian, and became very much attached to his instructors. They
-in their turn learned something of Japanese; but it was forbidden to
-teach them the written characters. Teisuke was exceedingly anxious to
-collect statistical information concerning Russia. A Japanese man of
-science, who had an English sextant, a compass, a case of mathematical
-instruments, etc., also paid them a visit. He knew how to find the
-latitude by observing the sun’s altitude at noon, using in his
-calculations some tables obtained, as he said, from a Dutch book; and
-he was exceedingly anxious to gain additional information, especially
-how to find the longitude by lunar observations; but this, for want of
-the necessary tables, the Russians, much to his disgust, were unable to
-teach him.
-
-The first snow fell about the middle of October, but soon melted. The
-winter set in about the middle of November, with deep snows, which
-lasted till April.
-
-As the spring opened they were permitted to take walks and excursions
-in the vicinity of the town, and were presently removed to a house,
-composed of three apartments, separated by screens; but were still
-closely watched and guarded. Tired of this confinement, of which
-they could see no end, the Russians succeeded in getting out of their
-prison, and in gaining the mountains back of the town, whence they
-descended to the coast, hoping to find some means of escape by sea.
-But, after seven days’ wanderings and many sufferings, they were
-retaken. The island was found to be composed of steep hills, separated
-by precipitous ravines, with hardly any plain land, except near the
-coast. The interior was uninhabited, except by wood-cutters employed in
-getting timber and preparing charcoal.
-
-When retaken, they were confined in the common jail of the town, but
-their accommodations were not worse than they had been in the other two
-prisons. No ill-will was shown towards them by any of the officials,
-not even by those whose lives their flight had endangered. The soldier
-who was held the most responsible for their escape, and who had been
-degraded in consequence to the rank of a common servant, showed even
-more alacrity than before in their behalf. In a month or two they
-were removed back to their former prison, where they were visited the
-next spring (1814) by an interpreter of the Dutch language, who had
-come from Yedo, and by a learned man from the same capital, who was
-indeed no other than Doeff’s astronomer Globius, but known to the
-Russians as Adachi Sanai, both of whom desired to learn the Russian
-language. The interpreter, a young man of twenty-seven, and already
-acquainted with the rules of European grammar, made rapid progress,
-and soon applied himself to translate a treatise on vaccination, which
-one of the returned Japanese had brought from Russia. The astronomer
-busied himself in translating a Russian school treatise on arithmetic,
-carried to Japan by one of the Japanese conveyed home by Laxman in
-1792. It was evident that he had considerable mathematical learning.
-The Japanese astronomers had made decided progress since the time of
-Thunberg. Globius understood the Copernican system, was acquainted
-with the orbit and satellites of Uranus; knew the nature and doctrine
-of sines and tangents, and was familiar with the difference between
-the old and new styles. He assured Golownin that the Japanese could
-calculate eclipses with much exactness, and he studied with great
-attention a treatise on physics, which, with other books, had been sent
-on shore in Golownin’s chest.
-
-Nor were the Japanese without knowledge of the revolutions going on
-in Europe. The Russians were told the news of the taking of Moscow,
-brought to Nagasaki by the two vessels from Batavia; but with
-patriotism equal to that shown by Doeff, in relation to the annexation
-of Holland to France, they refused to believe it. The Japanese gave
-them a minute description of these two vessels, and also of the
-elephant which they brought, his length, height, thickness, food, etc.
-A native of Sumatra, the keeper of the elephant, was described with
-equal minuteness.
-
-Teisuke, whom Golownin had taught Russian, was found to be quite a
-free-thinker, both in politics and religion; but, in general, the
-Japanese seemed very superstitious, of which, presently, we shall see
-some instances.
-
-The soldiers Golownin observed to be of two classes, those of the local
-administration, and others whom he calls imperial soldiers, and who
-appear, by his description, to be precisely the same with those whom
-Kämpfer describes under the name of Dōshin, as attached to the service
-of the governor of Nagasaki, and indeed, this same name, in a modified
-form, is given to them by Golownin. They took precedence of the others,
-and were so handsomely clothed and equipped as to be mistaken at first
-for officers. The profession of arms, like most others in Japan, is
-hereditary. The arms of the soldiers, besides the two swords, were
-matchlocks,—which, when they fired, they placed, not against the
-shoulder, but the right cheek,—bows and arrows, and long pikes, heavy
-and inconvenient.
-
-They could all read, and spent much time in reading aloud, which they
-did much in the same droning, half-chanting tone in which the psalms
-are read at funerals in Russia. Great surprise was expressed that the
-Russian sailors were unable to read and write; and, also, that but one
-Russian book was found in the officer’s baggage, and that on much worse
-paper, and much worse bound, than those they had in French and other
-languages. It was shrewdly asked if the Russians did not know how to
-print books?
-
-Playing at cards and draughts was a very common amusement. The cards
-were at first known to the Japanese by their European names, and were
-fifty-two in the pack. Owing, however, to the pecuniary losses—for the
-Japanese were great gamesters—and fatal disputes to which cards gave
-rise, they were strictly prohibited. But this law was evaded by the
-invention of a pack of forty-eight cards much smaller than those of
-Europe. Their game at draughts was extremely difficult and complicated.
-They made use of a large board, and four hundred men, which they moved
-about in many directions, and which were liable to be taken in various
-ways. The Russian sailors played at draughts in the European way,
-which the Japanese soon learned to imitate, so that the game, and the
-Russian terms employed in playing it, soon became familiar throughout
-the city of Matsumae.
-
-The following anecdote throws some light on Japanese domestic
-relations: “Our interpreter, Uyehara Kumajirō (this was the first
-interpreter), visited us the day after the marriage of his daughter,
-and having mentioned the marriage, said that he had wept very much.
-‘Why wept,’ said we, ‘since on such occasions it is usual only to
-rejoice?’ ‘Certainly,’ he answered, ‘I should have rejoiced, were I but
-convinced that the man will love my daughter and make her happy; but,
-as the contrary often happens in the married state, a father who gives
-his daughter to a husband cannot be indifferent, for fear of future
-misfortunes.’ He spoke this with tears in his eyes, and in a voice
-which affected us.”
-
-Of the value which the Japanese put upon female society the following
-curious instance occurred. The prisoners’ meals were at one time
-superintended by an old officer of sixty, who was very civil, and
-frequently consoled them with assurances that they should be sent home.
-One day he brought them three portraits of Japanese ladies, richly
-dressed, which, after examining, they handed back; but the old man
-insisted they should keep them, and, when asked why, he observed that,
-when time hung heavy on their hands, they might console themselves by
-looking at them!
-
-For the first fortnight of the new year all business was suspended.
-Nothing was thought of except visiting and feasting. In the latter half
-of the month the more industrious resumed their employments. All who
-can, procure new clothes on this occasion, and the Japanese insisted
-upon furnishing their prisoners in the same way. “Custom requires,”
-says Golownin, “that each person should visit all his acquaintances
-in the place in which he resides, and send letters of congratulation
-to those who are at a distance. Our interpreters and guards were
-accordingly employed, for some days previous to the festival, in
-writing letters of that kind and visiting-cards. On the latter the
-names of the person from whom the card comes, and for whom it is
-intended, are written, and the opportunity by which it is presented
-is also noted. Teisuke translated for us one of his congratulatory
-letters, addressed to the officer at Kunashiri by whom we had been
-entrapped, and which was to the following effect: “Last year you were
-happy, and I greatly desire that this new year you may enjoy good
-health, and experience happiness and prosperity in every undertaking. I
-still respect you as formerly, and request that you will not forget me.
-
-  TEISUKE.”
-
-It is evident, from Golownin’s narrative, that the houses, furniture,
-and domestic arrangement, at Matsumae, notwithstanding the coldness
-of the climate, differed in nothing from those in use in the more
-southerly islands. The Japanese, Golownin observed, were, compared with
-the Russians, very small eaters. They were also much more temperate
-in drinking, it being looked upon as disgraceful to be drunk in the
-daytime, or at any time, extraordinary festivities excepted.
-
-[Illustration: ARTISANS FOR THE COMMON PEOPLE: REPAIRING WOODEN CLOGS;
-REPAIRING TATAMI]
-
-Late in the summer following the capture of Golownin and his
-companions, the “Diana,” now under the command of Captain Rikord, came
-back to Kunashiri. Of the two Japanese seized by Chwostoff, one had
-died. The other, who called himself Ryōzayemon, Rikord had on board,
-along with six other Japanese, lately shipwrecked on Kamtschatka,
-hoping to exchange these seven for the seven Russians. On reaching the
-bay where Golownin had been taken, he saw a new battery of fourteen
-guns. All the buildings were covered with striped cloth, the boats were
-drawn up on the shore, and not a person appeared.
-
-Ryōzayemon, in his six years’ captivity, had learned some Russian,
-and he was employed to write a short letter from Captain Rikord to
-the commander on shore, stating his having brought back the seven
-Japanese, and requesting the restoration of his countrymen. From some
-circumstances, the good faith of Ryōzayemon was suspected, and the
-contents of the letter written by him rather distrusted; still it was
-finally sent on shore by one of the Japanese, upon whom the batteries
-fired as he landed, and who returned no more.
-
-Three days after, a second Japanese was sent with a written message
-in the Russian language; but he came back, saying that the governor
-had refused to receive it, and that he had been himself thrust out of
-the castle. As a last resource, Ryōzayemon—who represented himself as
-a merchant, and a person of some consequence, though in fact he had
-been only a fishing agent—was sent on shore, with another Japanese,
-on his promise to return with such information as he could obtain. He
-did return, without the other, and stated that the Russians were all
-dead. Sent on shore to obtain in writing a confirmation of this verbal
-statement, he came back no more.
-
-Rikord now determined to seize any Japanese vessel that might be
-entering or leaving the harbor. A large Japanese ship soon appeared,
-from which, as the Russian boats approached her, several of her crew
-of sixty men jumped into the water. Nine were drowned, some escaped
-to the shore, and others were picked up by the Russian boats. The
-captain, who was taken on board the “Diana,” appeared, from his rich
-yellow dress, his swords, and other circumstances, to be a person of
-distinction. Being interrogated in Japanese, of which Rikord had picked
-up a little from Ryōzayemon, he answered with great frankness that his
-name was Takataya Kahei, that he was the owner of ten ships, and bound
-from Yetorofu (the nineteenth Kurile) to Hakodate with a cargo of dried
-fish, but had been obliged by contrary winds to put into the bay of
-Kunashiri.
-
-Being shown the letter written by Ryōzayemon, he exclaimed, “Captain
-Moor[96] and five Russians are now in the city of Matsumae.” This
-information was hardly credited, and Rikord finally resolved to convey
-his captive to Kamtschatka, hoping, in the course of the winter,
-to obtain through him some information respecting the fate of the
-Russians, and the views of the Japanese government, especially as he
-seemed far superior to any of the Japanese with whom they had hitherto
-met, and therefore more likely to understand the policy of those who
-ruled in Japan.
-
-“I informed him,” says Rikord, “that he must hold himself in readiness
-to accompany me to Russia, and explained the circumstances which
-compelled me to make such an arrangement. He understood me perfectly,
-and when I proceeded to state my belief that Captain Golownin, Mr.
-Moor, and the rest of the Russian prisoners had been put to death,
-he suddenly interrupted me, exclaiming, ‘That is not true. Captain
-Moor and five Russians are living in Matsumae, where they are well
-treated, and enjoy the freedom of walking about the city, accompanied
-by two officers.’ When I intimated that we intended to take him with
-us, he replied, with astonishing coolness, ‘Well, I am ready’; and
-merely requested that, on our arrival in Russia, he might continue to
-live with me. This I promised he should do, and likewise that I would
-carry him back to Japan in the ensuing year. He then seemed perfectly
-reconciled to his unlooked-for destiny.
-
-“The four Japanese, who still remained on board the ship, understood
-not a word of Russian, and were, besides, so afflicted with the
-scurvy[97] that they would, in all probability, have perished had
-they wintered in Kamtschatka. I therefore thought it advisable to set
-them at liberty, and, having furnished them with every necessary, I
-ordered them to be put on shore, hoping that they would, in gratitude,
-give a good account of the Russians to their countrymen.[98] In their
-stead, I determined to take four seamen from the Japanese vessel, who
-might be useful in attending on Kahei, to whom I left the choice of
-the individuals. He earnestly entreated that none of the seamen might
-be taken, observing that they were extremely stupid, and that he
-feared they would die of grief, owing to the dread they entertained
-of the Russians. The earnestness of his solicitations led me in some
-measure to doubt that our comrades were really living in Matsumae, and
-I repeated, in a decided manner, my determination to take four of the
-seamen. He then begged that I would accompany him to his ship. When
-he went on board, he assembled the whole of his crew in the cabin,
-and, having seated himself on a long cushion, which was placed on a
-fine mat, requested that I would take my place beside him. The sailors
-all knelt down (seated themselves on their heels?) before us, and he
-delivered a long speech, in which he stated that it would be necessary
-for some of them to accompany us to Russia.
-
-“Here a very affecting scene was exhibited. A number of the seamen
-approached him, with their heads bent downwards, and, with great
-eagerness, whispered something to him. Their countenances were all
-bathed in tears; even Kahei, who had hitherto evinced calmness and
-resolution, seemed now to be deeply distressed, and began to weep.
-I for some time hesitated to carry my resolution into effect, and
-was only induced to adhere to it by the consideration that I would
-hereafter have the opportunity of interrogating each individual
-separately, and probably thereby ascertaining whether or not our
-comrades were really alive in Matsumae. I had, however, in other
-respects, no reason to repent of this determination, for the Japanese
-merchant, who was accustomed to live in a style of Asiatic luxury,
-would have experienced serious inconvenience on board our vessel
-without his Japanese attendants, two of whom were always, by turns,
-near his person.
-
-“Kahei, and the sailors he selected, soon behaved as though our
-ship had been their own, and we, on our side, employed every means
-to convince them that we considered the Japanese, not as a hostile,
-but as a friendly nation, with whom our good understanding was only
-accidentally interrupted.
-
-“The same day we received on board, at my invitation, from the captured
-vessel, a Japanese lady, who had been the inseparable companion of
-Kahei on his voyage from Hakodate, his place of residence, to Etorofu.
-She was extremely desirous of seeing our ship, and the strange people
-and polite enemies, as she styled us, and to witness our friendly
-intercourse with her countrymen. A Japanese lady was also, to us, no
-slight object of curiosity. When she came on board, she appeared very
-timid and embarrassed. I requested Kahei to conduct her into my cabin,
-and, as she advanced, I took her by the other hand. On reaching the
-cabin-door, she wished to take off her straw shoes; but, as there were
-neither mats nor carpets in my cabin, I explained to her, by signs,
-that this singular mark of politeness might be dispensed with among us.
-
-“On entering the cabin, she placed both hands on her head, with
-the palms outwards, and saluted us by bending her body very low.
-I conducted her to a chair, and Kahei requested her to sit down.
-Fortunately for this unexpected visitor, there was on board our
-vessel a young and handsome woman, the wife of our surgeon’s mate.
-The Japanese lady seemed highly pleased on being introduced to her,
-and they quickly formed an intimacy. Our countrywoman endeavored to
-entertain the foreigner with what the women of all countries delight
-in—she showed her her trinkets. Our visitor behaved with all the
-ease of a woman of fashion; she examined the ornaments with great
-curiosity, and expressed her admiration by an agreeable smile. But
-the fair complexion of our countrywoman seemed most of all to attract
-her attention. She passed her hands over the Russian woman’s face, as
-though she suspected it had been painted, and, with a smile, exclaimed,
-‘_Yoi! yoi!_’ which signifies _good_. I observed that our visitor was
-somewhat vain of her new ornaments, and I held a looking-glass before
-her that she might see how they became her. The Russian lady placed
-herself immediately behind her, in order to show her the difference
-of their complexions, when she immediately pushed the glass aside,
-and said, ‘_-Warui! warui!_’—_not good_. She might herself have been
-called handsome; her face was of the oval form, her features regular,
-and her little mouth, when open, disclosed a set of shining black
-lackered teeth. Her black eyebrows, which had the appearance of having
-been pencilled, overarched a pair of sparkling dark eyes, which were by
-no means deeply seated. Her hair was black, and rolled up in the form
-of a turban, without any ornament, except a few small tortoise-shell
-combs. She was about the middle size, and elegantly formed. Her dress
-consisted of six wadded silk garments, similar to our night-gowns,
-each fastened round the lower part of the waist by a separate band,
-and drawn close together from the girdle downwards. They were all of
-different colors, the outer one black. Her articulation was slow, and
-her voice soft. Her countenance was expressive and interesting, and
-she was, altogether, calculated to make a very agreeable impression.
-She could not be older than eighteen. We entertained her with fine
-green tea and sweetmeats, of which she ate and drank moderately. On
-her taking leave, I made her some presents, with which she appeared to
-be much pleased. I hinted to our countrywoman that she should embrace
-her, and when the Japanese observed what was intended, she ran into her
-arms, and kissed her with a smile.”
-
-The Japanese merchant, at Rikord’s request, wrote a letter to the
-commander at Kunashiri, detailing the state of affairs. No answer was
-returned, and when an attempt was made to land for water, the boats
-were fired upon, as was the “Diana” herself, whenever she approached
-the shore; but the aim was so bad as to excite the derision of the
-Russians.
-
-During the winter passed in Kamtschatka, the Japanese merchant
-continued to gain in the good opinion of his captors, whose language
-he so far mastered as to be able to converse in it even on abstract
-subjects. He seemed to interest himself much in arranging the
-misunderstanding between the Russian and Japanese governments, and
-expressed his wish, which he said was shared by others of his class,
-to see a commercial intercourse opened between the two nations; and it
-was at his suggestion that Rikord sent to the governor of Irkutsk for a
-disavowal of the hostile acts of Chwostoff.
-
-Kahei remained in good health and spirits till the middle of winter,
-when the death of two of his Japanese attendants greatly affected him.
-He became melancholy and peevish, asserted that he had the scurvy,
-and told the surgeon he should certainly die; but his real disorder
-was home-sickness, aggravated by apprehensions of being detained at
-Okhotsk, whither Rikord had intended to sail before proceeding to
-Japan, in order to get the disavowal above referred to. As Kahei’s
-assistance seemed essential, Rikord, fearing lest he might die,
-resolved to sail direct for Japan as soon as the vessel could be cut
-from the ice,—a resolution by which Kahei’s spirits were greatly raised.
-
-They arrived in Kunashiri bay in June, 1813. The buildings were, as
-formerly, concealed by striped cotton cloth, but no guns were fired,
-and not a living being was to be seen. When the two Japanese sailors
-were about to be sent on shore, Rikord, somewhat excited at their
-master’s declining to pledge himself for their return, bade them say to
-the governor, that if he prevented them from returning, or sent back
-no information, their master should be carried to Okhotsk, whence some
-ships of war should immediately come to demand the liberation of the
-Russians.
-
-“At these words,” says Rikord, “Kahei changed countenance, but said,
-with much calmness, ‘Commander of the imperial ship’—he always
-addressed me thus on important occasions—‘thou counsellest rashly. Thy
-orders to the governor of Kunashiri seem to contain much, but according
-to our laws they contain little. In vain dost thou threaten to carry me
-to Okhotsk; my men may be detained on shore, but neither two, nor yet
-two thousand sailors can answer for me. Therefore I give thee previous
-notice that it will not be in thy power to take me to Okhotsk. But tell
-me whether it be under these conditions only that my sailors are to be
-sent on shore?’ ‘Yes,’ said I; ‘as commander of a ship of war, I cannot
-under these circumstances act otherwise.’
-
-[Illustration: SCENES IN THE HOME: THE DOCTOR’S CALL; HAIR-DRESSING; A
-BLIND MASSEUR]
-
-“‘Well,’ replied he, ‘allow me to give my sailors my last and most
-urgent instructions, as to what they must communicate from me to the
-governor of Kunashiri.’ He then rose up—for during this conversation
-he sat, according to the Japanese custom, with his legs under him—and
-addressed me very earnestly in the following terms: ‘You know enough
-of Japanese to understand all that I may say in plain and easy words
-to my sailors. I would not wish you to have any ground to suspect me
-of hatching base designs.’ He then sat down again, when his sailors
-approached him on their knees, and hanging down their heads, listened
-with deep attention to his words. He reminded them circumstantially of
-the day on which they were carried on board the ‘Diana,’ of the manner
-in which they had been treated on board that ship and in Kamtschatka,
-of their having inhabited the same house with me, and being carefully
-provided for, of the death of their two countrymen, notwithstanding
-all the attention bestowed upon them by the Russian physician, and,
-finally, that the ship had hastily returned to Japan on account of
-his own health. All this he directed them faithfully to relate, and
-concluded with the warmest commendations of me, and earnest expressions
-of gratitude for the care that I had taken of him by sea and on land.
-He then sank into a deep silence and prayed, after which he delivered
-to the sailor whom he most esteemed, his picture to be conveyed to
-his wife, and his large sabre, which he called his paternal sword,
-to be presented to his only son and heir. This solemn ceremony being
-finished, he stood up, and with a frank and indeed very cheerful
-expression of countenance, asked for some brandy to treat his sailors
-at parting. He drank with them, and accompanied them on deck, when they
-were landed, and proceeded without interruption towards the fortress.”
-
-Rikord was a good deal troubled and alarmed at the air and manner of
-Kahei; and finally, after consulting with his officers concluded to
-dismiss him unconditionally, trusting to his honor for his doing his
-best to procure the release of the Russians.
-
-Kahei was greatly delighted at this mark of confidence, though he
-declined to go on shore till the next day, as it would not conform to
-Japanese ideas of etiquette for him to land on the same day with his
-sailors. He confessed to Rikord that he had been greatly wounded by the
-threat to carry him to Okhotsk. It was not consistent with Japanese
-ideas, that a man of his position should remain a prisoner in a foreign
-country, and he had therefore made up his mind to prevent it by cutting
-himself open. He had accordingly cut off the tuft of hair from his
-head,—and he showed that it was gone,—and had laid it in the box with
-his picture; it being customary with those about to die honorably,
-by their own hands, in a distant place, to send this token to their
-friends, who bury the tuft of hair with all the ceremonies which they
-would have bestowed upon the body. And he even intimated that previous
-to doing this execution on himself, he might first have stabbed Rikord
-and the next in command.
-
-Kahei exerted himself with the greatest energy in the matter of
-the negotiation, and he soon was able to produce a letter, in the
-hand-writing of Golownin, and signed by him and Moor, but which the
-jealousy of their keepers had limited to the simple announcement that
-they were alive and well at Matsumae. Afterwards one of the imprisoned
-Russian sailors was brought on board the ship, being sent from Matsumae
-for that purpose; but, though allowed to spend his days on board the
-“Diana,” he was required to return to the fort every night. In spite,
-however, of all the watchfulness of the Japanese, he had brought sewed
-up in his jacket a letter from Golownin, in which he recommended
-prudence, civility, candor, and especially patience, and entreated that
-no letters nor anything else should be sent him which might cause him
-to be tormented with questions and translations.
-
-The Japanese would not deliver up their prisoners till the “Diana”
-first sailed to Okhotsk, and brought from the authorities there a
-formal written disavowal of the hostilities of Chwostoff. At Okhotsk
-was found the letter from the governor of Irkutsk, previously sent for
-at Kahei’s suggestion, and with this document and another letter from
-the commander at Okhotsk, the “Diana” reached Hakodate towards the end
-of October.
-
-“As we approached the town,” says Rikord, “we observed that cloth
-was hung out only at a few places on the hill, or near it, and not
-over the whole buildings, as at Kunashiri. With the assistance of
-our telescopes, we observed six of these screens of cloth, probably
-intended to conceal fortifications. There were, beside, five new
-fortifications at short distances from each other, and from two to
-three hundred fathoms from the shore.
-
-“We no sooner entered the roads than we were surrounded by a number
-of boats, of all descriptions and sizes, filled with the curious of
-both sexes. A European ship must indeed have been to them an object of
-uncommon interest; for, as far as I could ascertain, they had seen none
-since they were visited twenty-two years before by Laxman.[99] Many of
-the inhabitants, therefore, had never beheld a European vessel of any
-kind, and still less a ship of war; they accordingly thronged about us
-in vast numbers, and their curiosity frequently gave rise to disputes
-among themselves. The Dōshin (soldiers), who were stationed in the
-watch-boats, continually called to them to keep at a further distance;
-but so great was the confusion that, though the people generally showed
-great respect to the soldiers, their orders were on this occasion
-disregarded. The military, therefore, were under the necessity of
-using the iron batons which they wear fastened to their girdles by
-long silken strings. They spared neither rank nor sex; old persons
-alone experienced their indulgence, and we had various opportunities of
-observing that the Japanese, in all situations, pay particular respect
-to old age. In this case blows were freely dealt out to the young,
-of every description, who ventured to disobey the commands of the
-soldiers, and we were at length delivered from a multitude of visitors,
-who would have subjected us to no small degree of inconvenience.”
-
-Kahei came on board the next morning, and the letter from the governor
-of Okhotsk was given to him to be transmitted to the governor of
-Matsumae; but Captain Rikord refused to deliver the other letter,
-except in person. After much negotiation the ceremonial for an
-interview was arranged. The Japanese even conceded that the ten men
-who landed with Rikord as his guard of honor should be allowed to take
-their muskets with them; he, on his part, agreeing to land in the
-Japanese governor’s barge, and, before entering the audience chamber,
-to substitute, instead of his boots, shoes, which Kahei undertook
-to pass off as leather stockings. Rikord had for his interpreter a
-Japanese whom he had brought from Okhotsk, sent thither from Irkutsk,
-and who bore the Russian name of Kesseleff. The Japanese had Teisuke,
-who had learnt Russian of Golownin. The governor of Matsumae,
-Hattori-Bingo-no-kami, was represented on this occasion by the governor
-of Hakodate, and by an academician sent for the express purpose
-of making observations on the Russian ship of war, and collecting
-particulars respecting European science,—no other, indeed, than Doeff’s
-friend, “Globius.”
-
-The letter of the governor of Irkutsk was delivered, with great
-formality, in a box covered with purple cloth. Rikord took it out, read
-the address aloud, and returned it. Kesseleff, Rikord’s interpreter,
-then handed the box to Teisuke, who raised it above his head, and
-placed it in the hands of the junior commissioner, who delivered it to
-the senior commissioner, who promised to deliver it to the bugiō, or
-governor. An entertainment followed of tea and sweetmeats, during which
-a Japanese was placed beside Rikord to receive and hand to him his
-share of the eatables.
-
-From the moment of the departure of the “Diana” for Okhotsk, Golownin
-and his companions had begun to be treated rather as guests than
-prisoners. They were soon conveyed back to Hakodate, and at length,
-after a confinement of more than two years, were delivered up to
-Rikord, with a paper of which the following are the material parts:
-
-
-   NOTIFICATION FROM THE GIMMIYAKU, THE CHIEF COMMANDERS NEXT TO THE
-                          BUGIŌ, OF MATSUMAE.
-
- “Twenty-two years ago a Russian vessel arrived at Matsumae, and eleven
- years ago another came to Nagasaki. Though the laws of our country
- were on both those occasions minutely explained, yet we are of opinion
- that we have not been clearly understood on your part, owing to the
- great dissimilarity between our languages and writing. However, as
- we have now detained you, it will be easy to give you an explanation
- of these matters. When you return to Russia, communicate to the
- commanders of the coasts of Kamtschatka, Okhotsk, and others, the
- declaration of our bugiō, which will acquaint them with the nature of
- the Japanese laws with respect to the arrival of foreign ships, and
- prevent a repetition of similar transgressions on your part.
-
- “In our country the Christian religion is strictly prohibited, and
- European vessels are not suffered to enter any Japanese harbor except
- Nagasaki. This law does not extend to Russian vessels only. This
- year it has not been enforced, because we wished to communicate with
- your countrymen; but all that may henceforth present themselves will
- be driven back by cannon-balls. Bear in mind this declaration, and
- you cannot complain if at any future period you should experience a
- misfortune in consequence of your disregard of it.
-
- “Among us there exists this law: ‘If any European residing in Japan
- shall attempt to teach our people the Christian faith, he shall
- undergo a severe punishment, and shall not be restored to his native
- country.’ As you, however, have not attempted to do so, you will
- accordingly be permitted to return home. Think well on this.
-
- “Our countrymen wish to carry on no commerce with foreign lands, for
- we know no want of necessary things. Though foreigners are permitted
- to trade to Nagasaki, even to that harbor only those are admitted with
- whom we have for a long period maintained relations, and we do not
- trade with them for the sake of gain, but for other important objects.
- From the repeated solicitations which you have hitherto made to us,
- you evidently imagine that the customs of our country resemble those
- of your own; but you are very wrong in thinking so. In future, it will
- be better to say no more about a commercial connection.”
-
-In all this business the efforts of Kahei had been indefatigable. At
-first he was treated by his own countrymen with the suspicion and
-reserve extended to all, even native Japanese, who come from a foreign
-country. For a long time he was not permitted to visit Golownin. A
-guard was set over him, and even his friends and relations could not
-see him except in presence of an imperial soldier. In fact, according
-to the Japanese laws, as a person just returned from a foreign country,
-he ought to have been allowed no correspondence at all with his
-friends. The governor of Hakodate, having a letter for him from his
-only son, said not a word to him about it, but having sent for him to
-convey a letter from Golownin on board the “Diana,” while walking up
-and down the room, threw his son’s letter towards him, as if it had
-been a piece of waste paper taken out of his sleeve accidentally with
-the other letter, and then turned his back to give him time to pick it
-up.[100]
-
-Kahei’s abduction had thrown his family into great distress. A
-celebrated priest, or spirit-medium, at Hakodate, to the question
-whether he ever would return, had answered, “Kahei will return the
-ensuing summer, with two of his companions; the remaining two have
-perished in a foreign land.” This answer was communicated to Golownin,
-who laughed at it; but when, on Kahei’s return, it appeared that two
-of his Japanese attendants had actually died, the Japanese believers
-were greatly edified, and highly indignant at Golownin’s persistence in
-maintaining that there was more of luck than foresight in the prophecy.
-Kahei’s wife—another probably than the young female with whom we are
-already acquainted—in her grief made a vow to go on a pilgrimage
-through the whole of Japan; and Kahei assured Captain Rikord that
-scarcely had she returned from her pilgrimage, when she received his
-letter from Kunashiri, announcing his return.
-
-Kahei had a bosom friend, who, on learning his fate, divided his large
-property among the poor, and took up his residence in the mountains
-as a hermit. As appeared on various occasions, Kahei was a strict
-disciplinarian, and very punctilious. He had a daughter, whom, owing
-to some misconduct, he had discarded. She was dead to him, so he said;
-and to Rikord, to whom he had told the story, and who had taken an
-interest in the girl, he had insisted that a reconciliation would be
-inconsistent with his honor. Yet, to show his hermit friend that in the
-way of self-sacrifice he was not to be outdone, he made up his mind to
-the great effort of calling his daughter into life, and forgiving her.
-His friend would, he said, when this communication was made to him, at
-once understand it.
-
-[Illustration: SCENE IN A COMMON SCHOOL]
-
-During Kahei’s absence his mercantile affairs had prospered, and
-before Rikord’s departure he brought on board the “Diana,” with all
-the evidence of paternal pride, his son, who seemed, indeed, to be a
-promising youth. He was very liberal in his distribution of silk and
-cotton wadded dresses to the crew, to all of whom he gave one or more,
-to his favorites the best ones, taking especial care to remember the
-cook. He then begged to be allowed to treat them. “Sailors, captain,”
-so he said to Rikord, “are all alike, whether Russian or Japanese.
-They are all fond of a glass; and there is no danger in the harbor of
-Hakodate.” So the sailors had a night of it, being plentifully supplied
-with sake and Japanese tobacco.
-
-Though he refused all presents of value, as being indeed prohibited
-by Japanese law, Kahei accepted with pleasure a Russian tea-set, as
-it would enable him, in entertaining his friends, to call to mind his
-Russian hosts; and he expressed much regret that the custom of his
-country did not allow him to invite Rikord to his own house. Finally,
-he brought a number of boats to help tow the “Diana” out of the harbor.
-
-This is the only full-length portrait we possess of a Japanese
-merchant; and, if it represents the class, the fraternity have reason
-to be proud of their Japanese brethren. “The class of merchants in
-Japan,” says Golownin, “is very extensive and rich, but not held
-in honor. The merchants have not the right to bear arms;[101] but
-though their profession is not respected, their wealth is; for this,
-as in Europe, supplies the place of talents and dignity, and attains
-privileges and honorable places. The Japanese told us that their
-officers of state and men of rank behave themselves outwardly with
-great haughtiness to the merchants, but in private are very familiar
-with the rich ones, and are often under great obligations to them. We
-had with us for some time a young officer, who was the son of a rich
-merchant, and who, as the Japanese said, owed his rank not to his own
-merit, but to his father’s gold. Thus, though the laws do not favor the
-mercantile profession, yet wealth raises it; for even in Japan, where
-the laws are so rigorously enforced, they are often weighed down by the
-influence of gold.”
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLIV
-
- _Renewal of the Dutch Trade—Captain Gordon in the Bay of
- Yedo—Fisscher—Meylan—Siebold—British Mutineers—Voyage of the
- Morrison—Japanese Edict—The “Saramang” at Nagasaki—The “Mercator”
- in the Bay of Yedo—Commodore Biddle in the Bay of Yedo—Shipwrecked
- Americans—French Ships of War at Nagasaki—The “Preble” at
- Nagasaki—Surveying ship “Mariner” in the Bays of Yedo and Shimoda—New
- Notification through the Dutch—A.D. 1817-1850._
-
-
-Great was the delight of Heer Doeff, when, in the year 1817, two
-vessels arrived at last from Batavia, bringing news of its restoration
-to the Dutch; also—what was hardly less welcome—a supply of butter,
-wine, and other European creature comforts; together with goods for
-renewing the trade, and a decoration of the order of the Lion for
-Doeff, whose conduct in holding out against the English had been highly
-approved in Holland.
-
-On board these ships were several women, among others the wife of Herr
-Blomhoff, appointed to succeed Doeff as director, who had with her an
-infant child. This novelty greatly disturbed the Japanese. It was with
-the utmost difficulty that permission was obtained for the wife of the
-new director to land; her remaining was a thing not to be listened to,
-and she was obliged to leave her husband and to return to Batavia in
-the departing ships.[102]
-
-Shortly after this renewal of the old Dutch intercourse, a new English
-attempt was made at commerce with Japan. Captain Gordon of the British
-navy, entered, in June, 1818, the bay of Yedo, in a little trading
-brig, from Okhotsk, of sixty-five tons’ burden. He was immediately
-visited by two officers, to whom he said that he had come merely to
-obtain permission to return with a cargo of goods for sale. They
-insisted upon unshipping his rudder, and required all his arms to be
-given up. The vessel was then surrounded by a circle of some twenty
-boats, and beyond by a circle of sixty larger ones, besides two or
-three junks, mounting a number of guns. Two interpreters came on
-board, one speaking Dutch, the other some Russian, and both a little
-English. They inquired if the vessel belonged to the East India
-Company, if the English were friends of the Dutch, and if Captain
-Golownin was at Okhotsk. They asked after the king of Holland, the
-king of France, and Bonaparte. They knew the names and uses of the
-various nautical instruments, and said that the best were made at
-London. In a subsequent visit they told Captain Gordon that permission
-could not be granted for his trading to Japan, as by their laws all
-foreign intercourse was interdicted, except at Nagasaki, and there only
-allowed with the Dutch and Chinese, and he was requested to depart
-the moment the wind was fair. The interpreters declined any presents,
-being prohibited, they said, from accepting any. Captain Gordon was
-much struck with the polite and affable conduct of the Japanese, both
-towards him and towards each other. Everything that had been taken on
-shore was carefully returned, and thirty boats were sent to tow the
-vessel out of the bay. The shores were lined with spectators, and as
-soon as the guard-boats had left, not less than two thousand visitors
-came on board in succession, all eager to barter for trifles.[103]
-
-In 1820, J. F. Van Overmeer Fisscher arrived at Nagasaki, as a member
-of the factory. He resided there for seven years, and after his return
-to Holland published, in 1833, a work in the Dutch language, entitled
-“Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Japanese Empire,” embellished
-with engravings from Japanese drawings, so superior to former specimens
-as to give occasion for some suspicion of aid from the European
-engraver.
-
-In 1822, Fisscher accompanied Blomhoff in the quadrennial embassy
-to Yedo, which, from its long intermission, appears to have excited
-unusual attention. It had been proposed to make the embassy annual, as
-formerly; but to this change the Japanese authorities would not assent.
-Fisscher’s account of the journey does not differ materially from that
-given by Kämpfer and Thunberg. The entrance into Yedo, notwithstanding
-the absence of carriages, reminded him, from the noise and the throng
-of people, of the commercial parts of London. The shops had signs, as
-in Europe; the goods were exhibited from the doors and windows under
-the charge of boys, who rivalled each other in calling by loud cries
-the attention of purchasers. Long before entering Shinagawa, they found
-themselves in the midst of a vast crowd, marching along broad streets,
-paved at the sides, formed of houses, regularly built, among which
-were many large buildings. From the suburb to their hotel, called
-_Nagasakiya_, and in the immediate vicinity of the palace, it was two
-hours’ march; and, as the palace was said to occupy a space half a
-Japanese mile in diameter, Fisscher estimates the diameter of the whole
-city at not less than five or six hours’ walk at an ordinary step.
-
-After the audience and the official visits were over, the Dutch spent
-twelve days in receiving visits. Among the crowds who obtained the
-privilege of seeing them, were several princes or their secretaries,
-and many savans, Doeff’s Globius among the rest. Several of these
-visitors had more or less knowledge of the Dutch language, and great
-eagerness was exhibited to obtain new scientific information. To a
-party given to the Dutch by the master of the mint and the conductor
-of the embassy, many of the Japanese guests came rigged out in Dutch
-clothes; and as these had been collected through long intervals and
-preserved as curiosities, they presented a very grotesque and antique
-appearance.[104] Fisscher’s own party were laid under contribution in
-the same way, their lady visitors unpacking and rummaging their trunks,
-and putting them to the necessity of giving away some of the most
-valuable articles. The greater part, however, were content with a few
-words written on their fans.
-
-Mr. G. F. Meylan, who first arrived in Japan shortly after Fisscher
-left it, and who subsequently died there, as director, has also
-contributed something to our knowledge of Japan, by a thin volume
-published in 1830, like Fisscher’s, in the Dutch language, with the
-title of “Japan; presented in Sketches of the Manners and Customs
-of that Realm, especially of the Town of Nagasaki.” One of the most
-original things in Meylan’s book is his apology for the custom of the
-Dutch in taking female companions from the Nagasaki tea-houses. None of
-the male Japanese servants are allowed to remain in Deshima over night.
-“How, then,” plaintively asks Mr. Meylan, “could the Dutch residents
-otherwise manage to procure any domestic comfort in the long nights of
-winter,—their tea-water, for instance,—were it not for these females?”
-He passes a high eulogy upon their strict fidelity and affectionate
-activity; and indeed the connection appears to be regarded by them not
-so much in the light in which we see it, as in that of a temporary
-marriage. The female inmates of the Japanese tea-houses hold, indeed,
-in the estimation of their own people, a very different position
-from that which our manners would assign to them; since not only is
-the custom of frequenting these houses, as places of relaxation and
-amusement, general among the men, but sometimes, according to Fisscher,
-they even take their wives along with them.
-
-Of the personal charms of these wives, with their teeth blackened,
-their eyebrows shaven, their faces white, Fisscher does not give a very
-high idea. The concubines do not shave their eyebrows, but the custom
-of blackening the teeth is so common as to be adopted by all females
-above the age of eighteen. The immoderate use of the warm bath causes
-them to look, at twenty-five, at least ten years older. Not content
-with the natural burdens of child-bearing, they augment them by several
-absurd customs, one of which is the wearing, during pregnancy, of a
-tight girdle round the body.
-
-The works of Fisscher and Meylan are chiefly valuable for the
-confirmation they give of Kämpfer’s accounts, and as showing the
-Japanese very little altered from what they were when he described
-them. A visitant to Japan, and a writer of much higher pretensions, is
-Dr. Philipp Franz von Siebold, who was sent out, in 1823, commissioned
-by the Dutch government, to make all possible investigations, as well
-into the language, literature, and institutions, as into the natural
-history of the country. The Japanese interpreters understood Dutch so
-well as to detect his foreign accent, but they were satisfied with the
-explanation that he was a Dutch mountaineer. He availed himself, as
-Kämpfer had done, of all means that offered to elude the restrictive
-laws; and he found, like Thunberg and Titsingh, a certain number of the
-natives very anxious to obtain information, and by no means unwilling
-secretly to impart it.
-
-In 1826, he accompanied Van Sturlen, the director, on the quadrennial
-journey to Yedo, taking with him a young native physician, a native
-artist, and several servants to assist his researches into natural
-history. Following, as Fisscher had done, nearly or quite in Kämpfer’s
-old route, he saw, in the passage across Kiūshiū, the same old
-camphor-tree, as flourishing, apparently, as it had been a hundred and
-thirty-five years before, but with a hollow in its trunk large enough
-to hold fifteen men. He visited the same hot springs, and descended
-some sixty feet into the coal mine, near Kokura, mentioned by Kämpfer.
-He saw only one thin seam of coal, but was told of thicker ones
-below,—an account which the coal drawn up seemed to confirm.
-
-[Illustration: THE WEDDING CEREMONY]
-
-At Yedo he met with many Japanese physicians, astronomers, and
-others, of whose acquisitions he speaks with much respect.
-
-Besides the other means, already pointed out, of measuring time, he
-saw in use there Chinese clepsydras, or water-clocks; but the method
-most relied upon for scientific purposes was a clock of which the
-idea was derived from one introduced into China by the Jesuit Ricci,
-and brought thence to Japan. This clock is worked by two balances,
-one to act by day and the other by night. The arm of each balance is
-notched, to accord with the variations in the length of the hours.
-At the summer solstice the weights are hung respectively upon the
-outermost notch of the day-balance, and upon the innermost notch of the
-night-balance. At intervals of six days, four hours and twelve minutes,
-both weights are moved; that of the day-balance a notch inward, that of
-the night-balance a notch outward, until at the winter solstice their
-original positions are reversed.
-
-After Siebold’s return to Nagasaki, he continued diligently to follow
-out his object, keeping up, through means of the interpreters, a
-correspondence with his Yedo friends. In the course of five years he
-had not only made large collections for the government of specimens
-in natural history, but also, on his own account, of Japanese books
-and other curiosities, besides acquiring a considerable knowledge of
-the language. His collections in natural history had been shipped to
-Batavia; he was preparing himself to follow, when an unlucky disclosure
-took place. The imperial astronomer, notwithstanding the law to the
-contrary, had secretly sent him a copy of a new map of Japan, lately
-constructed on European principles. One of the draftsmen employed in
-making it having quarrelled with the astronomer, informed against him,
-in consequence of which the astronomer, his servants, the interpreters,
-several of Siebold’s pupils, and other Japanese suspected of being
-concerned in this affair, were arrested and subjected to a strict
-examination. Siebold himself was called upon to give up the map; and,
-when he hesitated about it, underwent a domiciliary visit, followed by
-an order to consider himself under arrest, and prohibition to leave
-Japan until the investigation was terminated. Finding thus not only
-the fruits of his own labor, but the lives of his Japanese friends
-in danger, he made a full confession as to the map, endeavoring thus
-to remove suspicions and to preserve some other documents in his
-possession, of which the Japanese yet had no knowledge, and which might
-have compromised other persons not yet suspected. Studiously concealing
-the connection of the Dutch government with his mission, he thought
-it best to represent himself as simply a private inquirer, whose
-researches into natural history and the physical sciences might be no
-less useful to the Japanese than they were interesting to himself. Of
-the particulars of this affair no account has ever been published. It
-is said that some of his Japanese friends found it necessary to cut
-themselves open, but Siebold himself was speedily released, with his
-entire collections, which he brought with him to Holland, and by means
-of which he converted his residence at Leyden into a very curious
-Japanese museum.
-
-The fruits of his researches, so far as zoölogy is concerned, and of
-those of Dr. Burger, left behind as his successor, have been published
-by the labors of some distinguished naturalists, and under the
-patronage of the king of Holland, in a very splendid and expensive
-work, called “Fauna Japonica,” with colored plates of most of the
-animals described, and in the preparation of which the native works on
-the subject were largely consulted. This work includes three lizards,
-two tortoises, six snakes, eleven of the frog family, three hundred
-and fifty-nine fishes (Siebold describes the Japanese as a nation of
-fish-eaters), besides several whales, and two hundred and two birds.
-The principal quadrupeds, natives of Japan, and described in it,
-are a small deer, an antelope, in the most southern parts an ape, a
-wolf, a bear, and in Yezo another more ferocious species, like the
-Rocky Mountain bear, a wild hog, two foxes, and a number of smaller
-animals. There is no animal of the cat kind, except the domestic cat.
-The dogs used for hunting appear to be indigenous. There are pet
-house-dogs, derived from China, and troops of street-dogs—belonging to
-no individual, but denizens of particular streets—of a mongrel breed
-between the two.
-
-The “Flora Japonica,” prepared by Zaccarini, from Siebold’s collection
-containing descriptions and drawings of one hundred and twenty-four
-remarkable plants, was interrupted by the death of that botanist, as
-was also another, less costly, but fuller enumeration of Japanese
-plants, arranged in natural families. The latter work, so far as
-completed, contains four hundred and seventy-eight genera, and eight
-hundred and forty-seven species. Siebold states that, of five hundred
-plants most remarkable for ornament or utility, at least half are of
-foreign origin, chiefly from China.
-
-Siebold’s observations, during his residence in Japan, upon other
-subjects than natural history, have been principally embraced in a
-publication in numbers, originally in German, but a French translation
-of parts of which has appeared, entitled “Nippon, or Archives for the
-Description of Japan.” This work, projected like most of Siebold’s
-publications, on an extensive scale, contains many translations from
-Japanese historical works, and exhibits a great deal of erudition;
-at the same time it is diffuse, confused, incoherent, introducing a
-great deal of matter with only a remote bearing on the subject; and,
-whatever light it may throw upon some particular points, not, on the
-whole, adding a great deal to the knowledge we previously had of Japan,
-so far, at least, as the general reader would be likely to take an
-interest in it.[105]
-
-The same year in which Siebold was released, a party of English
-convicts, on their way to Australia in the brig “Cyprus,” mutinied and
-got possession of the vessel. After cruising about for five months,
-being in great distress for wood and water, they anchored on the coast
-of Japan; but they were fired at from the shore, and obliged to depart
-without accomplishing their object.
-
-Not long after this occurrence, three Japanese, the only survivors of
-the crew of a junk, driven by storms across the Pacific, landed on
-Queen Charlotte’s Island, on the northwest coast of America. They were
-seized by the natives, but were redeemed by an agent of the English
-Fur Company, at the mouth of Columbia River, and sent to England. From
-England they were carried to Macao, where they were placed in the
-family of Mr. Gutzlaff, the missionary. Some time after, four other
-Japanese, who had been wrecked on the Philippines, were brought to
-Macao.
-
-The return of these men to their homes seemed a good opportunity for
-opening a communication with Japan, as well for mercantile as for
-missionary purposes, and an American mercantile house at Macao fitted
-out the brig “Morrison” for that purpose, in which sailed one of the
-partners, Dr. Parker, a missionary physician, and Mr. S. W. Williams,
-one of the editors of the “Chinese Repository,” and afterwards Chinese
-interpreter to Commodore Perry’s squadron. At Lew Chew [Riūkiū], where
-the vessel touched, Mr. Gutzlaff also came on board.
-
-On the 27th of July, 1837, the chain of islands was made leading up to
-the bay of Yedo, up which the “Morrison” proceeded some thirty miles,
-to Uraga, the west coast of the bay rising hill above hill, and the
-view terminating in the lofty peak of Fuji. Near Uraga, many of the
-hills were cultivated in terraces, but the general aspect of the shores
-was bleak and barren. Just above, the passage was narrowed by two
-points of land projecting from opposite directions.
-
-Having anchored about three quarters of a mile from the shore, the ship
-was soon visited by a number of boats. Their crews, some two hundred in
-number, and evidently of the lower class, hardly seemed to understand
-the Chinese writing in which provisions, water, and a government
-officer to communicate with, were asked for. They seemed, however,
-to invite a landing; but during the night cannon were planted on the
-nearest eminence, and, though the firing was unskilful, the “Morrison”
-was obliged to weigh. She was pursued by three gun-boats, each with
-thirty or forty men, which bore down upon her, firing swivels; but
-when she lay to, to wait for them, they retired. A piece of canvas, on
-which was painted, in Chinese, that a foreign ship desired to return
-some shipwrecked natives, and to obtain some provisions and water, was
-thrown overboard; but, though it was picked up, no notice was taken
-of it. The Japanese on board, who had recognized the shores of their
-country with delight, were much mortified at the result, which they
-ascribed in part to their not having been allowed to communicate with
-their countrymen.
-
-For the purpose of making a second experiment, on the 20th of August
-the “Morrison” entered the bay of Kagoshima, in the principality of
-Satsuma. The shores, rising gradually from the water, were under
-high cultivation. A boat from the ship boarded a Japanese fishing
-vessel, and proceeded to a little village, where they found the people
-in great commotion. The “Morrison” followed, and when opposite the
-village, was visited by a richly dressed officer, with a number of
-almost naked attendants. He stated that, supposing the ship to be a
-pirate, preparations had been made to fire on her; but, satisfied by
-the representations of the Japanese on board of the true state of the
-case, he received, with much apparent interest, the despatches prepared
-for the prince of Satsuma and the emperor, which he promised to deliver
-to a superior officer. He left a pilot on board; a supply of water was
-sent, and the ship was visited by many boat-loads of people, superior
-in appearance to those seen in the bay of Yedo; but they brought
-nothing to sell.
-
-The despatches were soon brought back by several officers, the superior
-officer, it was stated, declining to receive them. They added that the
-depositions of the Japanese passengers, who had landed for the purpose
-of giving them, had been forwarded to Kagoshima, and that a superior
-officer might be expected from that city. Provisions were promised,
-and that the vessel should be towed higher up the bay; early in the
-morning of the twelfth, the crew of a fishing-boat communicated to the
-Japanese on board a rumor that the ship was to be expelled. Warlike
-preparations were soon seen on shore, in strips of blue and white
-canvas stretched from tree to tree. The Japanese on board stated, with
-rueful faces, that these preparations portended war; nor, according to
-their description, were these cloth batteries so contemptible as they
-might seem, as four or five pieces of heavy canvas, loosely stretched,
-one behind another, at short intervals, would weaken the force of,
-indeed almost stop, a cannon ball.
-
-Officers on horseback, and several hundred soldiers, soon made their
-appearance, and a fire of musketry and artillery was commenced. The
-anchor was weighed, and the sails set, but there was no wind. For
-eighteen hours the ship was exposed, without any means of offering
-resistance, to two fires from opposite sides of the bay, which was
-from three to five miles broad, till at last she was with difficulty
-conducted clear of the shoals and past the forts.
-
-All hope of friendly intercourse, or of returning the men, was now
-abandoned. The poor fellows suffered severely at this unexpected
-extinction of their prospect of revisiting their families. They
-expressed great indignation at the conduct of their countrymen, and two
-of them shaved their heads entirely in token, as it was understood,
-of having renounced their native soil. As it was not deemed expedient
-to go to Nagasaki, where the Japanese on board expressed their
-determination not to land, the “Morrison” returned to Macao.[106]
-
-In 1843, probably in consequence of this visit of the “Morrison,” the
-Japanese authorities promulgated an edict, of which the following is a
-translation, as given by the Dutch at Deshima, who were requested to
-communicate to the other European nations,—the first attempt ever made
-to employ their agency for that purpose.
-
-[Illustration: A BUDDHIST FUNERAL]
-
-  “Shipwrecked persons of the Japanese nation must not be brought
- back to their country, except on board of Dutch or Chinese ships,
- for, in case these shipwrecked persons shall be brought back in the
- ships of other nations, they will not be received. Considering the
- express prohibition, even to Japanese subjects, to explore or make
- examinations of the coasts or islands of the empire, this prohibition,
- for greater reason, is extended to foreigners.”
-
-The British opium war in China, of the progress of which the Japanese
-were well informed, if it increased the desire of the English to gain
-access to Japan, did not, by any means, diminish the Japanese dread of
-foreigners.[107]
-
-In 1845, the British surveying frigate “Saramang” entered the harbor of
-Nagasaki. As she approached she was surrounded by numerous guard-boats,
-from one of which a letter was handed, in Dutch and French, directing
-her to anchor off the entrance, till visited by the authorities. The
-Japanese officers who came on board stated that they had been apprised
-of this intended visit by the Dutch, and that they were acquainted with
-the recent visit of the “Saramang” to the Lew Chew and other islands,
-and of her operations there.
-
-With great difficulty permission was obtained to land, in order
-to make some astronomical observations, but the officers earnestly
-begged that this might not be repeated till they could consult their
-superiors; nor were they willing that the vessel should leave till
-such consultation had taken place. They asked, for this purpose, a
-stay of two days. The captain offered to wait four days, if they would
-allow his observations to be continued; but this they declined, urging
-as a reason their own danger of punishment. The vessel was freely
-supplied with such provisions as she needed, and the British officers
-were strongly impressed with the demeanor of the Japanese, as at once
-dignified and respectful.
-
-That same year, the American whaleship “Mercator,” Captain Cooper,
-while cruising among the northern islands of the Japanese group, fell
-in with a sinking junk, from which she took eleven Japanese sailors,
-and as many more from a rock to which they had escaped. Captain Cooper
-proceeded with these rescued men to the bay of Yedo, and on anchoring
-there was surrounded by near four hundred armed boats, which took the
-ship in tow, took all the arms out of her, and carried her in front of
-a neighboring town, probably Odawara. Here she was guarded for three
-days, being all the while an object of curiosity to great crowds.
-Orders presently came from Yedo, in these words:
-
- “I am informed, by the mouths of some shipwrecked persons of our
- country, that they have been brought home by your ship, and that they
- have been well treated. But, according to our laws, they must not be
- brought home except by the Chinese or Dutch. Nevertheless, in the
- present case, we shall make an exception, because the return of these
- men by you must be attributed to your ignorance of these laws. In
- future, Japanese subjects will not be received in like circumstances,
- and will have to be treated rigorously when returned. You are hereby
- advised of this, and that you must make it known to others.
-
- “As, in consequence of your long voyage, provisions, and wood and
- water are wanting on board your ship, we have regard to your request,
- and whatever you want will be given to you.
-
- “As soon as possible after the reception of this order, the ship must
- depart and return directly to her own country.”
-
-Immediately upon the receipt of this order, the ship was abundantly
-supplied with provisions, her arms were returned, and she was towed
-out of the bay by a file of boats more than a mile long. It would seem
-that since the visit of the “Morrison,” a fleet of guard-boats had been
-provided to take the bay of Yedo in charge.
-
-Commodore Biddle, sent soon after to the China Seas, with a
-considerable American naval force, was instructed, among other things,
-to ascertain if the ports of Japan were accessible. With this object in
-view, with the “Columbus” ship of the line, and “Vincennes” frigate,
-he anchored (July 20, 1848) in the bay of Yedo. Before the ships
-reached their anchorage, an officer with a Dutch interpreter came on
-board to inquire their object. He was told that the vessels came as
-friends to ascertain whether Japan had, like China, opened her ports to
-foreign trade; and, if she had, to negotiate a treaty of commerce. The
-officer requested that this statement should be reduced to writing, for
-transmission to the higher authorities. He also stated that all needed
-supplies would be furnished, but refused permission to land, and even
-wished to stop the passing of boats between the two vessels; but as the
-commodore would not agree to this, he did not persist in it. The vessel
-was soon surrounded by a multitude of boats, and as many Japanese as
-wished were allowed to come on board, both as a proof of friendship and
-to let them see the strength of the ships.
-
-Another officer, apparently of higher rank, came on board the following
-morning. He stated that foreign ships, on arriving in Japan, were
-required to give up their arms; but when told that only trading
-vessels could be expected to do that, he appeared to be satisfied. The
-emperor’s reply might be expected, he said, in five or six days. He was
-offered copies in Chinese of the late English, French, and American
-treaties with China, but declined to receive them, as did all the other
-Japanese officers to whom they were offered. To explain the concourse
-of guard-boats about the ship, he pretended that they were only waiting
-in readiness to tow the ships, if needed. These boats followed the
-ships’ boats when sent at some distance for sounding, but did not offer
-to molest them, nor did the crews of the ships’ boats make any attempt
-to land.
-
-The Japanese, who had undertaken to water the ships, sent off the first
-day less than two hundred gallons, and the next day not so much. As
-this was less than the daily consumption, the commodore stated that if
-they went on so, he should send his own boats. This was by no means
-acceptable, and in the next two days they furnished twenty-one thousand
-gallons.
-
-On the 28th, an officer with a suite of eight persons came on
-board with the emperor’s letter, which, as translated by the Dutch
-interpreter, read thus:
-
- “According to the Japanese laws, the Japanese may not trade except
- with the Dutch and Chinese. It will not be allowed that America make
- a treaty with Japan or trade with her, as the same is not allowed with
- any other nation. Concerning strange lands all things are fixed at
- Nagasaki, but not here in the bay; therefore, you must depart as quick
- as possible, and not come any more to Japan.”
-
-The Japanese original, as translated at Canton, first into Chinese and
-from Chinese into English, runs as follows:
-
- “The object of this communication is to explain the reasons why we
- refuse to trade with foreigners who come to this country across the
- ocean for that purpose.
-
- “This has been the habit of our nation from time immemorial. In all
- cases of a similar kind that have occurred we have positively refused
- to trade. Foreigners have come to us from various quarters, but have
- always been received in the same way. In taking this course with
- regard to you, we only pursue our accustomed policy. We can make no
- distinction between different foreign nations—we treat them all alike,
- and you as Americans must receive the same answer with the rest. It
- will be of no use to renew the attempt, as all applications of the
- kind, however numerous they may be, will be steadily rejected.
-
- “We are aware that our customs are in this respect different from
- those of some other countries, but every nation has a right to manage
- its affairs in its own way.
-
- “The trade carried on with the Dutch at Nagasaki is not to be regarded
- as furnishing a precedent for trade with other foreign nations. The
- place is one of few inhabitants and very little business, and the
- whole affair is of no importance.
-
- “In conclusion, we have to say that the emperor positively refuses the
- permission you desire. He earnestly advises you to depart immediately,
- and to consult your own safety in not appearing again upon our coast.”
-
-This paper, which had neither address, signature, nor date, was
-enclosed in an open envelope, on which was written, “Explanatory
-Edict.” With respect to the delivery of it, the following circumstance
-occurred, which will best be stated in the words of the commodore’s
-despatch:
-
-“I must now communicate an occurrence of an unpleasant character. On
-the morning that the officer came down in the junk with the emperor’s
-letter, I was requested to go on board the junk to receive it. I
-refused, and informed the interpreter that the officer must deliver on
-board this ship any letter that had been entrusted him for me. To this
-the officer assented; but added, that my letter having been delivered
-on board the American ship, he thought the emperor’s letter should be
-delivered on board the Japanese vessel. As the Japanese officer, though
-attaching importance to his own proposal, had withdrawn it as soon as
-I objected to it, I concluded that it might be well for me to gratify
-him, and I informed the interpreter that I would go on board the junk,
-and there receive the letter. The interpreter then went on board the
-junk, and in an hour afterwards I went alongside in the ship’s boat,
-in my uniform. At the moment that I was stepping on board, a Japanese
-on the deck of the junk gave me a blow or push, which threw me back
-into the boat. I immediately called to the interpreter to have the man
-seized, and then returned to the ship.” The interpreter and a number of
-Japanese followed, who expressed great concern at what had happened,
-and who succeeded in convincing the commodore that his intention of
-coming on board had not been understood. They offered to inflict any
-punishment he chose on the offender; but as to that matter he referred
-them to the laws of Japan; and being satisfied that it was an
-individual act, without authority from the officers, he concluded to
-be satisfied.[108] What interpretation was put upon his conduct by the
-Japanese will presently appear.
-
-[Illustration: A SHINTŌ FUNERAL]
-
-At the very moment that these ships were thus unceremoniously sent
-away, eight American sailors were imprisoned in Japan, though possibly
-the fact was not then known at Yedo. They had escaped from the wreck of
-the whaleship “Lawrence,” to one of the Japanese Kuriles, where they
-had landed early in June. After an imprisonment of several months,
-they were taken to Matsumae, and finally to Nagasaki. One of them, in
-an attempt to escape, was killed. At last, after seventeen months’
-confinement, they were given up to the Dutch at Deshima, and sent to
-Batavia in the ship of 1847. According to an account signed by the mate
-and published in the Serampore “Free Press,” their usage had been very
-hard.
-
-On the 28th of July, the day preceding the departure of the two
-American ships from the bay of Yedo, two French ships of war, the
-frigate “Cleopatra,” commanded by Admiral Cecille, and a corvette, on a
-surveying expedition, entered the harbor of Nagasaki, for the purpose,
-as the admiral stated, of letting the Japanese know that the French,
-too, had great ships of war; but being surrounded by boats and refused
-all intercourse with the shore, they departed within twenty-four hours.
-In consequence of these visits the Dutch at length communicated to the
-French and American governments copies of the edict of 1843, concerning
-the return of shipwrecked Japanese, and surveys of the Japanese coast,
-already given.
-
-In September, 1848, fifteen foreign seamen arrived at Nagasaki,
-forwarded from Matsumae in a Japanese junk, from which they were
-carried in close kago to a temple prepared for their residence, and
-around which a high palisade was erected, no communication with them
-being allowed. Indeed, it was not without a good deal of difficulty
-that the director of the Dutch factory obtained leave to send them
-some articles of food and clothing. As none of the sailors understood
-Dutch, the Japanese officers who had them in charge found it difficult
-to communicate with them,—to aid in which the Dutch director was
-finally called in. Eight of the men, according to their own account,
-were Americans, all quite young, and seven of them Sandwich-Islanders.
-They stated themselves to have escaped from the wreck of the American
-whaler, “Ladoga,” which, according to their account, had struck a shoal
-in the Sea of Japan, and gone to pieces. The director wished to send
-them to Batavia in the annual Dutch vessel, then about to sail, but for
-this a reference to Yedo was necessary, which would take forty days,
-much beyond the time fixed by the Japanese rule for the departure of
-the ship.
-
-These facts having been communicated, under date of January 27,
-1849, by the Dutch consul at Canton to the American commissioner
-there, Captain Geisenger, in command on that station, despatched the
-sloop-of-war “Preble,” Commander Glyn, to Nagasaki, to bring away these
-sailors.
-
-Glyn touched at Lew Chew, where he learned from the Rev. B. J.
-Bettelheim,[109] a missionary resident there, that very exaggerated
-reports had reached these islands of chastisement inflicted upon an
-American officer who had visited Yedo in a “big” ship. The missionary
-seemed even to think that these reports were not without their
-influence upon the authorities of Lew Chew, as the cause of a “want
-of accommodation” exhibited in their conduct towards the “Preble,”—a
-piece of information which had its influence in leading Captain Glyn
-to assume a very decided tone in his subsequent intercourse with the
-authorities of Nagasaki.
-
-The “Preble” made the land off Nagasaki on the 17th of April. Japanese
-boats, which soon came alongside, threw on board a bamboo, in the split
-of which were papers containing the customary notification to foreign
-vessels, as to their anchorage, and the conduct they were to observe,
-and certain questions which they were to answer. These papers (in
-English, with some Dutch variations) were verbatim as follows:
-
- 1. _Warning to respective commanders, their officers and crew of the
- vessels approaching the coast of Japan, or anchoring near the coast
- in the bays of the empire._—During the time foreign vessels are on
- the coast of Japan or near, as well as in the bay of Nagasaki, it is
- expected and likewise ordered, that every one of the _schip’s_ company
- will behave properly towards and accost _civillen_ the Japanese
- subjects in general. No one may leave the _vessle_, or use her boats
- for cruising or landing on the islands or on the main coast, and ought
- to remain on board until further advice from the Japanese government
- has been received. It is likewise forbidden to fire guns, or use other
- fire-arms on board the _vessle_, as well as in their boats. Very
- disagreeable consequences might result in case the aforesaid _schould_
- not be strictly observed. (Signed.) The Governor of Nagasaki.
-
- 2. _To the commanders of vessels approaching this empire under Dutch
- or other colors._—By express orders of the governor of Nagasaki, you
- are requested, as soon as you have arrived near the northern Cavallos,
- to anchor there at a safe place, and to remain until you will have
- received further advice. Very disagreeable consequences might result
- in case this order should not be strictly observed. Deshima. (Signed.)
- The Reporters attached to the Superintendent’s office. (Seal.)
- Translated by the Superintendent of the Netherlands’ trade in Japan.
- (Qu. chief interpreter?)
-
- 3. (This is addressed like No. 2, and contains the same orders about
- anchorage. It then proceeds as follows:) “Please to answer, as
- distinctly and as soon as possible, the following questions: What is
- the name of your vessel? What her tonnage? What is the number of her
- crew? Where do you come from? What is the date of your departure? Have
- you any wrecked Japanese on board? Have you anything to ask for, as
- water, firewood, etc. etc.? Are any more vessels in company with you
- bound for this empire? By order the governor of Nagasaki. Translated
- by the Superintendent of the Netherlands’ trade in Japan. Deshima.
-                         UPPER REPORTER. (Seal.)[110]
-                         UNDER REPORTER. (Seal.)
-
-The ship was soon after boarded by a Japanese interpreter with seven
-men, who gave directions in English as to her anchorage; but, as the
-captain persisted in selecting his own ground, the officer yielded. To
-another officer, who came on board to learn what he wanted, he stated
-his object, which led to many inquiries. The vessel was surrounded
-by guard-boats, and the usual offer was made of supplies, which were
-refused unless payment would be accepted. To an officer who came on
-board the next day, Captain Glyn complained of these guard-boats; and
-he gave him also a letter to the governor of Nagasaki, stating his
-object. The same officer having returned on the 22d, but only with
-promises of a speedy answer, Captain Glyn remonstrated with warmth.
-Finally, on the 26th, through the intervention of the Dutch director,
-who, being sick himself, sent one of his subordinates on board, the
-sailors were delivered up without waiting to send to Yedo, as had been
-proposed. The day before, a curious memorandum in Japanese Dutch, a
-sort of journal or history of the prisoners since their capture, was
-handed to the captain, who was very hard-pressed to say whether he
-would sail as soon as he received them. Another memorandum in Dutch was
-also handed to him, to the effect that, as all shipwrecked mariners
-were sent home by the Chinese or Dutch, this special sending for them
-was not to be allowed.
-
-It appears, from the statements of the men, that they were, in fact,
-deserters, having left the Ladoga near the Straits of Sangar. At a
-village on the coast of Yezo, where they landed, they were supplied
-with rice and firewood, but while they stayed were guarded by soldiers,
-and surrounded by a cloth screen, as if to keep them from seeing the
-country. Landing two days after at another village, they were detained
-as prisoners, and were confined in a house guarded by soldiers; but
-for some time were amused by promises that they should be released and
-furnished with a boat. Disappointed in this expectation, two of them
-escaped, but were speedily recaptured. A quarrel taking place between
-them, one of them was shut up in a cage, and two others, having made
-a second escape, after being retaken were shut up with him. A new
-quarrel happening in the cage, one of the prisoners was taken out and
-severely whipped. Two months after their capture, the whole number
-were put in a junk, the three close prisoners in one cage, the twelve
-others in another, and forwarded to Nagasaki. They were lodged at
-first in a palisaded and guarded house, and were subjected to several
-interrogations, being flattered with hopes of being sent home in
-the Dutch vessel then in the harbor. In order to get on board her,
-McCoy (who described himself as twenty-three years old, and born in
-Philadelphia, and who appears to have been the most intelligent of the
-party) made a third escape. Japanese jails, he observed, might do well
-enough for Japanese, but could not hold Americans. Being retaken, he
-was tied,—much as described in Golownin’s narrative,—put into a sort of
-stocks, and repeatedly examined under suspicion of being a spy. Thence
-he was taken to the common prison and confined by himself for three
-weeks; but, on threatening to starve himself, and refusing to eat for
-three days, he was restored to his companions, it would seem, through
-the intercession of the Dutch director, who endeavored to persuade the
-men to wait patiently, and not to quarrel among themselves.
-
-After a month’s longer detention, a new escape was planned, but only
-McCoy and two others succeeded in getting out. Being retaken they
-were tied, put in the stocks, and finally all were sent to the common
-prison, where they had very hard usage. It was stated, and no doubt
-truly enough, in the Dutch memorandum, respecting their treatment,
-handed in by the Japanese, that they gave so much trouble that the
-authorities hardly knew what to do with them. One of the Americans
-died, and one of the Sandwich-Islanders hung himself. McCoy, who had
-learned considerable Japanese, was secretly informed of the arrival
-of the “Preble” by one of the guards with whom he had established an
-intimacy.
-
-At the same time with these men another seaman from an American whaler
-was delivered up, who had landed a month or two later on some still
-more northerly Japanese island. As this man, named McDonald, and who
-described himself as twenty-four years old, and born at Astoria, in
-Oregon, had made no attempt at escaping, he had no occasion to complain
-of severity. In fact, he lived in clover, the Japanese having put him
-to use as a teacher of English. The very interpreter who boarded the
-“Preble” had been one of his scholars. All these men stated that they
-had been required to trample on the crucifix as a proof that they were
-not Portuguese, that reason being suggested to them when they showed
-some reluctance to do it.
-
-McCoy mentioned, and others confirmed it, that when he threatened the
-Japanese guards with vengeance from some American ship of war, they
-told him that they had no fears of that, as the year before, at the
-city of Yedo, a common soldier had knocked down an American commander,
-and no notice had been taken of it. McCoy and the others strenuously
-denied having ever heard this story (evidently referring to the
-occurrence described in a preceding page) before it was thus mentioned
-to them by the Japanese.
-
-McDonald, before his release, was requested by the Japanese to describe
-the relative rank of the commander of the “Preble,” by counting down in
-the order of succession from the highest chief in the United States.
-Like a true republican, he began with the people; but the Japanese,
-he says, could make nothing of that. He then enumerated the grades
-of president, secretary of the navy, commodore, post captain, and
-commander, which latter rank, being that of the officer in question,
-seemed so elevated as rather to excite the surprise of his auditors.
-
-Five weeks after the departure of the “Preble,” on the 29th of May,
-Commander Matheson, in the British surveying ship “Mariner,” anchored
-in the bay of Yedo, off the town of Uraga, and three miles higher up,
-according to his statement, than any other vessel had been allowed
-to proceed. As he entered the bay, he was met by ten boats. A paper
-was handed up, in Dutch and French, requesting him not to anchor, nor
-cruise in the bay; but when the Japanese found he was determined to
-proceed, they offered to tow him. During the night he was watched by
-boats and from the shore. Having a Japanese interpreter on board, he
-communicated the object of his visit, and sent his card on shore to
-the governor of the town, with a note in Chinese, proposing to wait
-upon him; to which the governor replied that it was contrary to the law
-for foreigners to land, and that he should lose his life if he allowed
-Captain Matheson to come on shore, or to proceed any higher up the bay.
-
-[Illustration: SCENES IN JAPANESE CEMETERIES]
-
-The survey of the anchorage having been completed, Matheson
-proceeded, on the 31st, to the bay of Shimoda, on the other side of
-the promontory of Izu, where he spent five days in surveying, and was
-detained two days longer by the weather. After the second day, he was
-visited by an interpreter, who understood Dutch, and by two officers
-from Uraga, apparently spies on each other, to watch his proceedings;
-and finally an officer of rank, from a town thirteen miles off, came
-on board. There were three fishing villages at the anchorage, and he
-landed for a short time, but the Japanese officers followed, begging
-and entreating him to go on board again. The ship was supplied with
-plenty of fish, and boats were furnished to tow her out.
-
-In 1850, the Japanese sent to Batavia, in the annual Dutch ship,
-three American sailors who had been left in 1848 on one of the Kurile
-Islands, also thirty-one other sailors belonging to the English
-whaling-ship Edmund, of Robertstown, wrecked on the coast of Yezo. At
-the same time, probably in consequence of the numerous recent visits
-to their coasts, the Dutch were requested to give notice to other
-nations, that although it had been determined, in 1842, to furnish with
-necessary supplies such foreign vessels as arrived on the coast in
-distress, this was not to be understood as indicating the least change
-as to the policy of the rigorous exclusion of foreigners.[111]
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLV
-
- _Foreign Relations—New Shōgun—Dutch Trade—Chinese Trade—American
- Embassy—Its Object—Letter to the Emperor—Perry’s first visit
- to the Bay of Yedo—Death of the Shōgun—Perry’s second visit to
- the Bay of Yedo—Negotiation of a Treaty—The Treaty as agreed
- to—Shimoda—Hakodate—Additional Regulations—Japanese Currency—Burrow’s
- visit to the Bay of Yedo—Third visit of the American Steamers—Russian
- and English Negotiations—Exchange of Ratifications—Earthquake._
-
-
-We have seen in the last chapter how the whale fishery, on the one
-hand, and the opening of China to foreign trade, on the other, had
-more and more drawn attention to Japan; in the conduct of whose
-functionaries, however, no indication appeared of any disposition to
-abandon their ancient exclusive policy. It has even been asserted[112]
-that a new Shōgun [Iyeyoshi], who had succeeded in 1837 (after a
-fifty years’ reign on the part of his predecessor), had imposed new
-restrictions on foreign products, and, by special encouragement to
-home productions of similar kinds, had endeavored to supersede the
-necessity of receiving anything from abroad. It is certain that the
-Dutch trade rather diminished than increased. The amount of that trade,
-from 1825 to 1833, inclusive, is stated by Jancigny, from official
-returns, or those reputed to be such, at 289,150 florins ($115,620)
-for importations, and 702,675 florins ($281,078) for exportations.
-In 1846, the importations reached only 231,117 fr. ($92,446), and
-the exportations 552,319 fr. ($220,927); and those of the preceding
-year had been about the same. The private trade, and the attempts at
-smuggling connected with it, were very narrowly watched. Within the
-preceding ten years, one interpreter had been executed, and another
-had been driven to cut himself open, in consequence of complicity in
-smuggling. The private trade had been farmed out, for the benefit of
-those interested in it, at 30,000 fl. ($12,000) annually,—the amount at
-which Kämpfer had reckoned the profits from that source of the director
-alone. Among the Dutch imports upon government account, woollens,
-silks, velvets, cotton goods, gold, silver, tin, lead, mercury, and a
-few other articles are mentioned. Sugar, formerly a leading article, no
-longer appears on the list. The returns continued to be exclusively in
-camphor and copper, the latter furnished by the Japanese government at
-the old rates, much below the current price, by which advantage alone
-was the Dutch trade sustained. Among the private importations were
-spices, chemicals, and a great variety of Paris trinkets, for which
-various Japanese manufactures and products were taken in exchange.
-
-The Chinese trade had declined not less than that of the Dutch. The
-ten junks a year, to which it was now restricted, all came from Sha-po
-(not far from Chusan), half of them in January and the other half
-in August—their cargoes, which include a great variety of articles,
-being partly furnished by private merchants who come over in them, but
-chiefly by a commercial company at Sha-po, for whom the captains of the
-junks act as supercargoes. Except as to some trifling articles, this
-trade seems, like that of the Dutch, to be pretty much in the hands of
-the government, who, or some privileged company under them, purchase
-the imports and furnish a return cargo to each junk, two fifths in
-copper and the remainder in other articles. The Chinese, however, still
-continued to be allowed much more liberty than the Dutch of personal
-intercourse with the inhabitants of Nagasaki.
-
-The settlement of California, the new trade opened thence with China,
-and the idea of steam communication across the Pacific, for which the
-coal of Japan might be needed, combined with the extension of the
-whale fishery in the Northern Japanese seas to increase the desire
-in America for access to the ports of Japan. Shortly after the visit
-of the “Preble,” the American government resolved to send an envoy
-thither, backed by such a naval force as would ensure him a respectful
-hearing—the cases of Biddle and Glyn seeming to prove that the
-humoring policy could not be relied upon and that the only way to deal
-successfully with the Japanese was to show a resolution not to take no
-for an answer.
-
-Accordingly, Mr. Webster, as Secretary of State, prepared a letter from
-the President to the Emperor of Japan; also a letter of instructions to
-the American naval commander in the China seas, to whom it was resolved
-to entrust the duty of envoy, and whose force was to be strengthened
-by additional ships. The sailing, however, of these ships was delayed
-till after Mr. Webster’s death; and in the mean time Commodore Matthew
-C. Perry was selected as the head of the expedition. A new letter,[113]
-dated November 5, 1852, addressed from the State Department to the
-Secretary of the Navy, thus defined its objects:
-
-“1. To effect some permanent arrangement for the protection of American
-seamen and property wrecked on these islands, or driven into their
-ports by stress of weather.
-
-“2. The permission to American vessels to enter one or more of their
-ports, in order to obtain supplies of provisions, water, fuel, &c.; or,
-in case of disasters, to refit so as to enable them to prosecute their
-voyage. It is very desirable to have permission to establish a dépôt
-for coal, if not on one of the principal islands, at least on some
-small, uninhabited one, of which it is said there are several in their
-vicinity.
-
-“3. The permission to our vessels to enter one or more of their ports
-for the purpose of disposing of their cargoes by sale or barter.”
-
-The mission was to be of a pacific character, as the President had no
-power to declare war; yet the show of force was evidently relied upon
-as more likely than anything else to weigh with the Japanese. The Dutch
-government, it was stated, had instructed their agents at Deshima to do
-all they could to promote the success of the expedition. Indeed, if we
-may believe Jancigny,[114] who speaks from information obtained during
-a residence at Batavia in 1844-45, the King of Holland had, as long ago
-as that time, addressed a letter to the Emperor of Japan, urging him to
-abandon the policy of exclusion. The letter of instructions disavowed
-any wish to obtain exclusive privileges; but, as a matter of policy,
-nothing was to be said about other nations.
-
-A new letter to the Emperor of Japan was also prepared in the following
-terms:
-
-
- “MILLARD FILLMORE, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, TO HIS
-                IMPERIAL MAJESTY, THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN.
-
-  “GREAT AND GOOD FRIEND:
-
- “I send you this public letter by Commodore Matthew C. Perry, an
- officer of the highest rank in the navy of the United States, and
- commander of the squadron now visiting your imperial majesty’s
- dominions.
-
- “I have directed Commodore Perry to assure your imperial majesty that
- I entertain the kindest feelings towards your majesty’s person and
- government, and that I have no other object in sending him to Japan
- but to propose to your imperial majesty that the United States and
- Japan should live in friendship and have commercial intercourse with
- each other.
-
- “The constitution and laws of the United States forbid all
- interference with the religious or political concerns of other
- nations. I have particularly charged Commodore Perry to abstain from
- every act which could possibly disturb the tranquillity of your
- imperial majesty’s dominions.
-
- “The United States of America reach from ocean to ocean, and our
- Territory of Oregon and State of California lie directly opposite to
- the dominions of your imperial majesty. Our steamships can go from
- California to Japan in eighteen days.
-
- “Our great state of California produces about sixty millions of
- dollars in gold every year, besides silver, quicksilver, precious
- stones, and many other valuable articles. Japan is also a rich and
- fertile country, and produces many very valuable articles. Your
- imperial majesty’s subjects are skilled in many of the arts. I am
- desirous that our two countries should trade with each other, for the
- benefit both of Japan and the United States.
-
- “We know that the ancient laws of your imperial majesty’s government
- do not allow of foreign trade except with the Chinese and the Dutch;
- but, as the state of the world changes, and new governments are
- formed, it seems to be wise, from time to time, to make new laws.
- There was a time when the ancient laws of your imperial majesty’s
- government were first made.
-
- “About the same time America, which is sometimes called the New World,
- was first discovered and settled by the Europeans. For a long time
- there were but a few people, and they were poor. They have now become
- quite numerous; their commerce is very extensive; and they think that
- if your imperial majesty were so far to change the ancient laws as to
- allow a free trade between the two countries, it would be extremely
- beneficial to both.
-
- “If your imperial majesty is not satisfied that it would be safe
- altogether to abrogate the ancient laws, which forbid foreign trade,
- they might be suspended for five or ten years, so as to try the
- experiment. If it does not prove as beneficial as was hoped, the
- ancient laws can be restored. The United States often limit their
- treaties with foreign states to a few years, and then renew them or
- not, as they please.
-
- “I have directed Commodore Perry to mention another thing to your
- imperial majesty. Many of our ships pass every year from California to
- China; and great numbers of our people pursue the whale fishery near
- the shores of Japan. It sometimes happens, in stormy weather, that
- one of our ships is wrecked on your imperial majesty’s shores. In all
- such cases we ask, and expect, that our unfortunate people should be
- treated with kindness, and that their property should be protected,
- till we can send a vessel and bring them away. We are very much in
- earnest in this.
-
- “Commodore Perry is also directed by me to represent to your imperial
- majesty that we understand there is a great abundance of coal and
- provisions in the empire of Japan. Our steamships, in crossing the
- great ocean, burn a great deal of coal, and it is not convenient to
- bring it all the way from America. We wish that our steamships and
- other vessels should be allowed to stop at Japan and supply themselves
- with coal, provisions, and water. They will pay for them in money,
- or anything else your imperial majesty’s subjects may prefer; and
- we request your imperial majesty to appoint a convenient port, in
- the southern part of the empire, where our vessels may stop for this
- purpose. We are very desirous of this.
-
- “These are the only objects for which I have sent Commodore Perry,
- with a powerful squadron, to pay a visit to your imperial majesty’s
- renowned city of Yedo: friendship, commerce, a supply of coal and
- provisions, and protection for our shipwrecked people.
-
- “We have directed Commodore Perry to beg your imperial majesty’s
- acceptance of a few presents. They are of no great value in
- themselves; but some of them may serve as specimens of the articles
- manufactured in the United States, and they are intended as tokens of
- our sincere and respectful friendship.
-
- “May the Almighty have your imperial majesty in his great and holy
- keeping!
-
- “In witness whereof, I have caused the great seal of the United States
- to be hereunto affixed, and have subscribed the same with my name,
- at the city of Washington, in America, the seat of my government, on
- the thirteenth day of the month of November, in the year one thousand
- eight hundred and fifty-two.
-
-  Your good friend.
-
-  (Seal attached.)
-
-  “MILLARD FILLMORE.
-
-  “By the President:
-  EDWARD EVERETT, _Secretary of State_.”[115]
-
-[Illustration: PLAYERS AT THE GAME OF “GO”]
-
-Furnished with these orders, and this letter splendidly engrossed and
-enclosed in a gold box of the value of a thousand dollars, and provided
-also with a variety of presents, Commodore Perry, towards the end of
-1852, sailed from the United States in the steam-frigate “Mississippi,”
-and, after touching at Madeira and the Cape of Good Hope, arrived
-at Hong Kong in April, 1853, whence he proceeded to Shanghai. The
-dispersion of the vessels of the squadron, delay in the arrival of
-others from the United States, difficulty in obtaining coal, and the
-claim of the American merchants in China, in consideration of existing
-civil commotions, to the protecting presence of a naval force, caused
-some delays. But, at length, after touching at Lew Chew [Riūkiū], and
-making a visit to the Bonin Islands,[116] Perry, with the steam-frigate
-“Susquehanna,” now the flag-ship, the “Mississippi,” and the
-sloops-of-war “Plymouth” and “Saratoga,” made Cape Izu about daybreak
-on the 8th of July. Many rumors had been current on the coast of China
-of extensive warlike preparations by the Japanese, aided by the Dutch,
-and the squadron was fully prepared for a hostile reception. Perry had
-made up his mind, instead of attempting to conciliate by yielding, to
-stand upon his dignity to the utmost, to allow no petty annoyances, and
-to demand as a right, instead of soliciting as a favor, the courtesies
-due from one civilized nation to another.
-
-The promontory constituting the province of Izu appeared, as the
-vessels ran along it, to be a group of high mountains, their summits
-scarred with slides, and their sides mostly wooded, though here and
-there a cultivated spot could be seen. By noon the ships reached Cape
-Sagami, which separates the inner from the outer bay of Yedo. The
-shores of this point rose in abrupt bluffs two hundred feet high, with
-green dells running down to the waterside. Further off were groves and
-cultivated fields, and mountains in the distance.
-
-Leaving behind some twelve or fifteen Japanese boats, which put off
-from Cape Sagami to intercept them, the vessels stood up through the
-narrowest part of the bay, not more than five to eight miles wide, but
-expanding afterwards to fifteen miles, having now also in sight the
-eastern shore, forming a part of the province of Awa.[117]
-
-Within half an hour after passing Cape Sagami, they made another bold
-promontory from the west, forming a second entrance to the upper bay.
-In the bight formed by it lay the town of Uraga, visible from the
-ships, which, sounding their way, anchored within a mile and a half of
-the promontory,—a mile or more in advance of the anchorage ground of
-the “Columbus” and “Vincennes.”
-
-As the ships dropped their anchors two or three guns or mortars were
-fired from the second promontory, and four or five boats put off.
-They were of unpainted wood, very sharp, their greatest breadth well
-towards the stern, and propelled with great rapidity by tall, athletic
-rowers, naked, save a cloth about the loins, who shouted lustily as
-they pulled. In the stem of each boat was a small flag, with three
-horizontal stripes, the middle one black, the others white, and about
-it were four or five well-dressed men with two swords in their girdles.
-
-Some parley took place before anybody was admitted on board, that
-favor being refused except to the person highest in authority in the
-town. The conversation was carried on in Dutch, which the Japanese
-interpreter spoke very well; and, from what he said, it was evident
-that the vessels had been expected. After a long parley, in which
-the high rank of the commodore, and the necessity of his being met
-by persons of corresponding rank, were very much insisted upon, an
-officer, representing himself as second in command at the town in
-sight, was admitted on board. The commodore, however, declined to see
-him in person, and turned him over to Mr. Contee, the flag lieutenant,
-who, assisted by the two interpreters—one for Dutch, the other for
-Chinese[118]—had a long interview with him and his interpreter in the
-cabin. He was told that the object of the expedition was to deliver a
-letter from the President of the United States to the Emperor, and that
-some high officer must be sent on board to receive it; also, that the
-squadron would not submit to be watched and guarded, after the Japanese
-fashion, but that all the guard-boats must withdraw. The officer, as
-usual, was very inquisitive. He wanted to know whether the vessels came
-from Boston, New York, or Washington, how many men they had, etc.,
-etc.; but these questions he was given to understand were regarded as
-impertinent.
-
-Seeing the determination evinced, the Japanese officer, by name
-_Nakashima Saburosuke_, _Yoriki_ of the governor of Uraga, returned on
-shore, taking back his official notifications in French, Dutch, and
-English, addressed to ships arriving on the coast (like those given
-p. 267), which the lieutenant refused to receive. He was followed
-by the boats, which, after that, kept at a respectful distance. He
-came back in about an hour to excuse his superior from receiving the
-letter addressed to the emperor. He spoke of Nagasaki as the proper
-place for foreign ships to touch at, and doubted if the letter would
-be answered; but all this was cut short by the assurance that if his
-superior did not send for the letter, the ships would proceed still
-higher up the bay to deliver it themselves; upon which information,
-much agitated, he stipulated for permission to return in the morning.
-As he departed, looking at the long gun in the cabin, he exclaimed,
-with an interrogative look, “Paixhan?” showing that the Japanese were
-not ignorant of the modern improvements in gunnery any more than of
-American geography.
-
-It was noticed that, towards night, the boatmen put on their Japanese
-gowns, most of them blue, with white stripes on the sleeves, meeting
-angular-wise on the shoulders, and with a symbol or badge on the back.
-Others wore gowns of red and white stripes, with a black lozenge
-upon the back. A few had broad bamboo hats, like a shallow basin
-inverted; but most of them were bareheaded. The officers wore light and
-beautifully lackered hats, with a gilded symbol in front.
-
-During the night watch-fires blazed along the coast, and bells were
-heard sounding the hours. The next morning (Saturday), _Koyama
-Yezaimon_, first in command at the town, came on board, and made
-another attempt to beg off from receiving the letter to the emperor.
-Finally, he proposed to send to Yedo for permission, and was allowed
-three days to do it in.
-
-Meanwhile surveying parties from the ships ran up the bay a distance of
-four miles, finding everywhere from thirty to forty fathoms of water.
-They sounded round the bight within which the ships lay, keeping about
-a cable’s length from the shore, and finding five fathoms. Yezaimon
-represented that this survey was against the Japanese laws, but was
-told that, if forbidden by the laws of Japan it was commanded by
-the laws of America. On approaching the forts, of which there were
-five, two apparently of recent construction, the soldiers, armed with
-matchlocks, came out; but, as the boats drew near, they retired again.
-These forts were very feeble, mounting only fourteen guns in the
-whole, none larger than nine-pounders. Of soldiers, about four hundred
-were seen, many of them armed with spears. There was also, as usual,
-a great show of canvas screens; but, on the whole, the warlike means
-of the Japanese seemed contemptible. From the town to the end of the
-promontory, a distance of a mile and a half, was an unbroken line of
-villages. At least a hundred small craft lay in the harbor. The hills
-behind, some five hundred feet high, were dotted with pines and other
-trees. In the morning and evening, when the air was clear, Mount Fuji
-might be seen in the west, sixty miles distant. The presence of the
-American ships did not seem to disturb the coasting trade. Sixty or
-seventy large junks, besides hundreds of boats and fishing-smacks,
-daily passed up and down the bay, to and from Yedo.
-
-On Monday, the 11th, the same surveying party proceeded up the bay
-some ten miles, followed by the “Mississippi.” They were constantly
-met by government boats, the officers on board which urged them by
-signs to return, but of which they took no notice. Deep soundings were
-everywhere obtained, with a bottom of soft mud. A deep bay was found on
-the western shore, with good and safe anchoring ground.
-
-In the evening Yezaimon returned on board, well pleased, apparently,
-to be able to give information of the probability of good news from
-Yedo, but rather troubled at the explorations by the boats. The flag
-lieutenant, with whom he had his interviews, describes him as “a
-gentleman, clever, polished, well-informed, a fine, large man, about
-thirty-four, of most excellent countenance, taking his wine freely, and
-a boon companion.”
-
-The next day (the 12th) he brought information that the emperor would
-send down a high officer to receive the letter. No answer would be
-given immediately, but one would be forwarded through the Dutch or
-Chinese. This latter proposition the commodore treated as an insult.
-As, however, if he waited for an answer, excuses might easily be
-found for protracting his stay in an inconvenient manner, and at last
-wearying him out, he agreed to allow time for its preparation, and to
-return to receive it. The following Thursday (the 14th) was appointed
-for the interview with the commissioners appointed to receive the
-letter, which was to take place two miles south of the town, at a
-picturesque spot, on the left side of a narrow valley, extending
-inland from the head of the bight. Its retired situation, and the
-facility it afforded for the display of a military force, were probably
-the motives of its selection.
-
-At the hour appointed for the meeting, as the two steamers approached
-the spot, long lines of canvas walls were seen stretching,
-crescent-wise, quite round the head of the bight, and in front files
-of soldiers with a multitude of brilliant banners. Near the centre of
-the crescent were nine tall standards, with broad scarlet pennons, in
-the rear of which could be seen the roof of the house prepared for the
-interview. On the right, a line of fifty or sixty boats was drawn up,
-parallel to the beach, each with a red flag at its stern.
-
-The foremost files of the Japanese soldiers stood about a hundred yards
-from the beach, in somewhat loose and straggling order. The greater
-part were behind the canvas screens. There were a number of horses to
-be seen, and in the background a body of cavalry. The Japanese stated
-the number of troops at five thousand. On the slope of the hill, near
-the village, was collected a crowd of spectators, of whom many were
-women.
-
-[Illustration: THEATRICAL REPRESENTATIONS: THE “NO” DANCE;
-CHRYSANTHEMUM FIGURES]
-
-As soon as the steamers dropped their anchors, they were approached
-by two boats, containing their former visitors, the first and second
-officers of the town, with the interpreters, very richly dressed in
-silk brocade, bordered with velvet, and having on their garments of
-ceremony. The steamers lay with their broadsides to the shore, ready
-for action in case of treachery. Fifteen launches and cutters were
-got ready, from which three hundred and twenty persons, officers,
-seamen, marines, and musicians, were landed on an extemporaneous jetty
-which the Japanese had formed of bags of sand. Last of all the
-commodore landed with due formality, when the whole body, preceded
-by the Japanese officers and interpreters, marched to the house of
-reception, carrying with them the president’s letter, the box which
-held it wrapped in scarlet cloth, as was also that containing the
-letter of credence. In front of the houses prepared for the interview
-were two old brass four-pounders, apparently Spanish, and on each side
-a company of soldiers, those on one side armed with matchlocks, those
-on the other with old Tower muskets, with flint locks and bayonets. The
-reception building was a temporary structure, evidently put up for the
-occasion. The first apartment, about forty feet square, was of canvas.
-The floor was covered with white cotton cloth, with a pathway of red
-felt leading across to a raised inner apartment, wholly carpeted with
-the same red felt. This apartment, of which the front was entirely
-open, was hung with fine cloth, stamped with the imperial symbols in
-white on a ground of violet. On the right was a row of arm-chairs
-for the commodore and his staff. On the opposite side sat the two
-commissioners appointed to receive the letters, and who were announced
-by the interpreters as the princes of Izu and Iwami [Toda Izu-no-kami,
-and Ido Iwami-no-kami, Bugiōs of Uraga]. The former was a man about
-fifty, with a very pleasing and intelligent face. The latter was older
-by fifteen years or so, wrinkled with age, and of looks much less
-prepossessing. Both were splendidly dressed, in heavy robes of silk
-tissue, elaborately ornamented with threads of gold and silver. As the
-commodore entered, both rose and bowed gravely, but immediately resumed
-their seats and remained silent and passive as statues.
-
-At the end of the room was a large scarlet-lackered box, standing
-on gilded feet, beside which Yezaimon and one of the interpreters
-knelt, at the same time signifying that all things were ready for
-the reception of the letters. They were brought in, and the boxes
-containing them being opened so as to display the writing and the
-golden seals, they were placed upon the scarlet box, and along
-with them translations in Dutch and Chinese, as well as an English
-transcript. The prince of Iwami then handed to the interpreters, who
-gave it to the commodore, an official receipt in Japanese, to which the
-interpreter added a Dutch translation, which translated literally into
-English was as follows:
-
- “The letter of the President of the United States of North America,
- and copy, are hereby received and delivered to the emperor. Many
- times it has been communicated that business relating to foreign
- countries cannot be transacted here in Uraga, but in Nagasaki. Now,
- it has been observed that the admiral, in his quality of ambassador
- of the president, would be insulted by it; the justice of this has
- been acknowledged; consequently the above-mentioned letter is hereby
- received, in opposition to the Japanese law.
-
- “Because the place is not designed to treat of anything from
- foreigners, so neither can conference nor entertainment take place.
- The letter being received, you will leave here.”
-
-The commodore remarked, when this receipt was delivered to him, that
-he should return again, probably in April or May, for an answer. “With
-all the ships?” asked the interpreter. “Yes, and probably with more,”
-was the reply. Nothing more was said on either side. As the commodore
-departed, the commissioners rose and remained standing, and so the
-interview ended, without a single word uttered on their part.
-
-The Japanese officers of the town, with the Japanese interpreters,
-accompanied the American party back to the “Susquehanna,” whose
-machinery they examined with much interest. When off the town, they
-were set ashore; but the steamers, to show how lightly the injunction
-to leave was regarded, proceeded up the bay, and anchored a short
-distance above the point reached by the “Mississippi.” In spite of
-the solicitude of the Japanese officers, who came again on board, the
-whole bight between the promontory of Uraga and another north of it
-was carefully surveyed. At the head a river was found. The shores were
-studded with villages, whose inhabitants offered to the surveying party
-cold water, and peaches from their gardens. To the place where the
-steamers lay the name was given of “American anchorage.”
-
-The next day (Friday, the 15th) the “Mississippi” proceeded on an
-excursion ten miles further up, and reached, as was supposed, within
-eight or ten miles of the capital. On the western shore were seen two
-large towns. On the extremity of a cape in front, some four miles
-distant, stood a tall white tower, like a lighthouse. Three or four
-miles beyond was a crowd of shipping, supposed to be the anchorage of
-Shinagawa, the southern suburb of Yedo. At the point where the steamer
-put about, she had twenty fathoms of water. On Saturday, the 16th, the
-vessels moved to a new anchorage, five or six miles down the bay, and
-much nearer the shore, and here the surveying operations were renewed.
-The same day an interchange of presents took place with Yezaimon,
-who, however, was induced to accept those offered to him only by the
-positive refusal of his own, except on that condition. Thus pressed,
-he finally took them, except some arms—articles, he said, which the
-Japanese neither gave nor received. In the afternoon he came again, in
-excellent humor, his conduct probably having been approved on shore,
-bringing a quantity of fowls, in light wicker coops, and three or four
-thousand eggs, in boxes, for which a box of garden-seeds was accepted
-in return.
-
-The next day, 17th, and the tenth since their arrival, the vessels
-weighed and stood for Lew Chew, the bay being covered with boats, to
-witness their departure.[119]
-
-Commodore Perry spent the remainder of the year on the coast of China,
-keeping one vessel, however, at Lew Chew, and prosecuting the survey
-of the Bonin Islands. Shortly after his visit, the Shōgun died, and an
-attempt was made to take advantage of that circumstance to delay or
-prevent the return of the American ships. A communication, forwarded
-to Batavia by the Dutch ship that left Nagasaki in November, and
-communicated by the Dutch governor-general at Batavia to the commodore,
-represented that the necessary mourning for the deceased sovereign, and
-other arrangements consequent on his death, as well as the necessity of
-consulting all the princes, must necessarily delay the answer to the
-president’s letter, and suggested the danger of confusion, or “broil,”
-should the squadron come back at so unseasonable a moment.
-
-Undeterred, however, by this representation, on the 12th of February,
-1854, Commodore Perry reappeared in the bay of Yedo, with three steam
-frigates, four sloops-of-war, and two store-ships, and the steamers
-taking the sailing vessels in tow, they all moved up to the American
-anchorage.
-
-About two weeks were spent here in fixing upon a place to negotiate,
-the Japanese importuning the commodore to go back to Kamakura, twenty
-miles below Uraga, or, at least, to the latter place, while he insisted
-upon going to Yedo. As he declined to yield, and caused the channel to
-be sounded out within four miles of Yedo, they proposed, as the place
-of meeting, the village of Yokohama,[120] containing about ten thousand
-people, and situated on the shore, just opposite the anchorage of the
-ships. To this the commodore agreed, and the ships drew in and moored
-in line, with broadsides bearing upon the shore, and covering an extent
-of five miles.
-
-“On the 8th of March,” says a letter dated on board the “Vandalia,” and
-published in the New York “Journal of Commerce,” “the day appointed for
-the first meeting, about nine hundred officers, seamen, and marines,
-armed to the teeth, landed, and, with drums beating and colors flying,
-were drawn up on the beach, ready to receive the commodore. As soon
-as he stepped on shore the bands struck up, salutes were fired, the
-marines presented arms, and, followed by a long escort of officers,
-he marched up between the lines and entered the house erected by the
-Japanese expressly for the occasion. Thousands of Japanese soldiers
-crowded the shore and the neighboring elevations, looking on with a
-good deal of curiosity and interest. The house was nothing but a plain
-frame building, hastily put up, containing one large room—the audience
-hall—and several smaller, for the convenience of attendants, etc. The
-floor was covered with mats, and very pretty painted screens adorned
-the sides. Long tables and benches, covered with red woollen stuff,
-placed parallel to each other, three handsome braziers, filled with
-burning charcoal, on the floor between them, and a few violet-colored
-crape hangings suspended from the ceiling, completed the furniture of
-the room. As we entered, we took our seats at one of the tables. The
-Japanese commissioners soon came in, and placed themselves opposite
-to us, at the other table; while behind us both, seated on the floor
-on their knees[121] (their usual position, for they do not use
-chairs), was a crowd of Japanese officers, forming the train of the
-commissioners.
-
-“The business was carried on in the Dutch language, through
-interpreters, of whom they have several who speak very well, and two
-or three who speak a little English. They were on their knees, between
-the commissioners and the commodore. Our interpreter was seated by the
-side of the latter. It was curious to see the intolerable ceremony
-observed by them, quite humiliating to a democratic republican. A
-question proposed had to pass first through the interpreters, and then
-through several officers ascending in rank, before it could reach
-the commissioners, every one bowing his forehead to the floor before
-he addressed his superior. Refreshments were served in elegantly
-lackered dishes; first of all, tea, which, as in China, is the constant
-beverage; then different kinds of candy and sponge cake (they are
-excellent confectioners, and very fond of sugar); lastly, oranges and
-a palatable liquor distilled from rice, called sake. A flimsy banquet
-like this was not very agreeable to such hungry individuals as we,
-and we were the more disappointed, for, the Japanese using only
-chopsticks, we had, previously to coming ashore, taken the precaution,
-as we shrewdly thought, to provide ourselves with knives and forks.
-Imagine, then, our chagrin when finding nothing substantial upon which
-to employ them. What was left on our plates was wrapped in paper, and
-given to us to carry away, according to the usual custom in Japan.
-
-“The commissioners were intelligent-looking men, richly dressed in
-gay silk petticoat pantaloons, and upper garments resembling in shape
-ladies’ short gowns. Dark-colored stockings, and two elegant swords
-pushed through a twisted silk girdle, finished the costume. Straw
-sandals are worn, but are always slipped off upon entering a house.
-They do not cover the head, the top and front part of which is shaved,
-and the back and side hair, being brought up, is tied so as to form a
-tail, three or four inches long, that extends forward upon the bald
-pate, terminating about half way between the apex and the forehead. It
-is a very comfortable fashion, and, were it not for the quantity of
-grease used in dressing it, would be a very cleanly one.
-
-“Two audiences a week were held, at which the same programme was
-performed as related above, except that we fared more luxuriously.[122]
-Becoming better acquainted with our taste, they feasted us with a
-broth made of fish, boiled shrimps, hard-boiled eggs, and very good
-raw oysters. At one of the interviews (March 13), the presents from
-our government were delivered. They consisted of cloths, agricultural
-implements, fire-arms, etc., and a beautiful locomotive, tender,
-and passenger-car, one-fourth the ordinary size, which we put in
-motion on a circular track, at the rate of twenty miles an hour. A
-mile of magnetic telegraph was also erected on shore, and put in
-operation. The Japanese were more interested in it than anything
-else, but never manifested any wonder. So capable are they of
-concealing and controlling their feelings, that they would examine
-the guns, machinery, etc., of the steamers, without expressing the
-slightest astonishment. They are a much finer-looking race than the
-Chinese—intelligent, polite, and hospitable, but proud, licentious,
-unforgiving, and revengeful.”
-
-The death of a marine afforded an opportunity, at the first meeting
-with the commissioners, of demanding a burying-place. It was proposed
-to send the body to Nagasaki; but, as the commodore would not listen
-to that, a spot was assigned near one of their temples, and in view of
-the ships, where the body was buried, with all the forms of the English
-church service, after which the Japanese surrounded the grave with a
-neat enclosure of bamboo.
-
-A formal letter of reply to the propositions contained in the letters
-delivered at the former visit, repeated the story of a change of
-succession, and the necessity of delays. The justice, however, of the
-demands in relation to shipwrecked seamen, wood, water, provisions,
-and coal, was conceded; but five years were asked before opening a new
-harbor, the Americans, in the mean time, to resort to Nagasaki.
-
-[Illustration: JAPANESE WRESTLERS]
-
-Of Nagasaki, however, the commodore would not hear, nor of any
-restrictions like those imposed on the Dutch and Chinese at that port.
-He demanded three harbors, one in Nippon, one in Yezo, and a third in
-Lew Chew. As to the two last, the Japanese pleaded that they were
-very distant countries, and only partially subject to the emperor,
-especially the last, upon which the commodore did not insist. In Nippon
-he asked for Uraga, and for Matsumae in Yezo, but acceded to the
-Japanese offer of Shimoda and Hakodate, having first sent a ship to
-examine the former.
-
-The commissioners were exceedingly tenacious, even upon points of
-phraseology, but gave evidence of acting in entire good faith, and the
-commodore conceded everything which did not seem absolutely essential.
-The extent of the liberty to be allowed to American visitors was one of
-the greatest difficulties.
-
-Shortly before the treaty was concluded, the commodore gave an
-entertainment on board the “Powhatan” to the Japanese officials, about
-seventy in all. In conformity to their customs, two tables were spread,
-one in the cabin for the commissioners and the captains of the fleet,
-another on deck for the inferior officers. “They did full justice,”
-says the letter-writer already quoted, “to American cookery, and were
-exceedingly fond of champagne, under the influence of which they became
-so very merry and familiar that one of them vigorously embraced the
-commodore, who, until his epaulets began to suffer in the struggle, was
-very good-naturedly disposed to endure it.”
-
-Three copies of the treaty, in Japanese, signed by the commissioners,
-were delivered to the commodore, for which he exchanged three copies
-in English, signed by himself, with Dutch and Chinese translations.
-This method was adopted to satisfy the commissioners, who alleged that
-no Japanese could lawfully put his name to any document written in a
-foreign language. The TREATY was as follows:
-
- “The United States of America and the Empire of Japan, desiring to
- establish, firm, lasting, and sincere friendship between the two
- nations, have resolved to fix, in a manner clear and positive, by
- means of a treaty or general convention of peace and amity, the rules
- which shall in future be mutually observed in the intercourse of their
- respective countries; for which most desirable object, the President
- of the United States has conferred full powers on his commissioner,
- Matthew Calbraith Perry, special Ambassador of the United States
- to Japan; and the august Sovereign of Japan has given similar full
- powers to his commissioners, Hayashi-Daigaku-no-kami, Ido, prince of
- Tsushima, Izawa, prince of Mimasaki, and Udono Mimbushōyu, member of
- the Board of Revenue.
-
- “And the said commissioners, after having exchanged their said full
- powers, and duly considered the premises, have agreed to the following
- articles:
-
- “ARTICLE I.—There shall be a perfect, permanent, and universal
- peace, and a sincere and cordial amity, between the United States
- of America on the one part, and between their people, respectfully
- (respectively), without exception of persons or places.
-
- “ARTICLE II.—The port of Shimoda, in the principality of Izu, and the
- port of Hakodate, in the principality of Matsumae, are granted by the
- Japanese as ports for the reception of American ships, where they can
- be supplied with wood, water, provisions, and coal, and other articles
- their necessities may require, as far as Japanese have them. The
- time for opening the first-named port is immediately on signing this
- treaty; the last-named port is to be opened immediately after the same
- day in the ensuing Japanese year.
-
- “NOTE.—A tariff of prices shall be given by the Japanese officers of
- the things which they can furnish, payment for which shall be made in
- gold and silver coin.
-
-“ARTICLE III.—Whenever ships of the United States are thrown or wrecked
-on the coast of Japan, the Japanese vessels will assist them, and
-carry their crews to Shimoda or Hakodate, and hand them over to their
-countrymen appointed to receive them. Whatever articles the shipwrecked
-men may have preserved shall likewise be restored; and the expenses
-incurred in the rescue and support of Americans and Japanese who may
-thus be thrown upon the shores of either nation are not to be refunded.
-
-“ARTICLE IV.—Those shipwrecked persons, and other citizens of the
-United States, shall be free as in other countries, and not subjected
-to confinement, but shall be amenable to just laws.
-
-“ARTICLE V.—Shipwrecked men, and other citizens of the United States,
-temporarily living at Shimoda and Hakodate, shall not be subject to
-such restrictions and confinement as the Dutch and Chinese are at
-Nagasaki; but shall be free at Shimoda to go where they please within
-the limits of seven Japanese miles (or _ri_) from a small island in the
-harbor of Shimoda, marked on the accompanying chart, hereto appended;
-and shall, in like manner, be free to go where they please at Hakodate,
-within limits to be defined after the visit of the United States
-squadron to that place.
-
-“ARTICLE VI.—If there be any other sort of goods wanted, or any
-business which shall require to be arranged, there shall be careful
-deliberation between the parties in order to settle such matters.
-
-“ARTICLE VII.—It is agreed that ships of the United States resorting
-to the ports open to them, shall be permitted to exchange gold and
-silver coin, and articles of goods, for other articles of goods under
-such regulations as shall be temporarily established by the Japanese
-government for that purpose. It is stipulated, however, that the ships
-of the United States shall be permitted to carry away whatever articles
-they are unwilling to exchange.
-
- “ARTICLE VIII.—Wood, water, provisions, coal, and goods required,
- shall only be procured through the agency of Japanese officers
- appointed for that purpose, and in no other manner.
-
- “ARTICLE IX.—It is agreed, that if, at any future day, the government
- of Japanese shall grant to any other nation or nations privileges and
- advantages which are not herein granted to the United States and the
- citizens thereof, that these same privileges and advantages shall be
- granted likewise to the United States and to the citizens thereof
- without any consultation or delay.
-
- “ARTICLE X.—Ships of the United States shall be permitted to resort to
- no other ports in Japan but Shimoda and Hakodate, unless in distress
- or forced by stress of weather.
-
- “ARTICLE XI.—There shall be appointed by the government of the United
- States consuls or agents to reside in Shimoda, at any time after
- the expiration of eighteen months from the date of the signing of
- this treaty; provided that either of the two governments deem such
- arrangement necessary.
-
- “ARTICLE XII.—The present convention, having been concluded, and duly
- signed shall be obligatory, and faithfully observed by the United
- States of America and Japan, and by the citizens and subjects of
- each respective power; and it is to be ratified and approved by the
- President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent
- of the Senate thereof, and by the august Sovereign of Japan, and the
- ratification shall be exchanged within eighteen months from the date
- of the signature thereof, or sooner if practicable.
-
- “In faith whereof, we, the respective plenipotentiaries of the United
- States of America and the empire of Japan, aforesaid, have signed and
- sealed these presents.
-
- “Done at Kanagawa[123] this thirty-first day of March, in the year of
- our Lord Jesus Christ one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, and
- of Kayei the seventh year, third month, and third day.”
-
-The day after the signing of the treaty a number of presents were sent
-on board for the president, the commodore, and other officers of the
-squadron.
-
-In agreeing to negotiate at Yokohama, Commodore Perry had stated his
-intention to carry the ships, at some future time, close up to Yedo,
-and to anchor them there, “as well to do honor to his imperial majesty
-by salutes as to be in full view of the palace, and convenient to be
-visited by such of the court as may desire to examine the steamers.”
-Accordingly, on the 8th of April, to the great distress of the Japanese
-officials, he got under way; but, as the Japanese interpreters
-threatened to cut themselves open if he proceeded, he presently turned
-about and took a lower anchorage down the bay. The published official
-letters of the commander say nothing of this movement; the letters from
-the fleet, published in the newspapers, do not agree as to how far up
-the commodore went. According to one letter, Yedo was full in sight.
-
-On the 18th of April the fleet sailed for Shimoda, one of the ports
-granted in the treaty, of which a letter dated on board the “Powhatan,”
-and published in the New York “Tribune,” gives this account:
-
-Shimoda is situated near Cape Fògu [?], sixty miles west from Point
-Sagami, at the entrance of the bay of Yedo. It is a good, commodious
-harbor, well sheltered by hills several hundred feet high, with a rock
-within the entrance which affords a still more protected anchorage.
-The town, of about one thousand houses, is situated at the northwestern
-end of the harbor, on the banks of a small stream flowing down through
-a fertile valley, which is often not more than half a mile wide, but
-sometimes widens to one and a half miles. Several little brooks offer
-good watering-places for the ships. The larger Japanese junks mostly
-anchor at Kakizaki, a village of about three hundred houses, on the
-northeastern end and opposite Shimoda. There are eight temples, some
-of which are very large, in the town, and little chapels (_miya_) on
-almost every eminence, and by the roadsides.
-
-“The country is exceedingly picturesque, and resembles very much the
-lower ranges of the Alps. Along the little river of Shimoda are many
-villages, and numbers of rice-mills stamp and grind along its banks.
-About six miles above the bay this river separates into several
-branches. Following either of them, you pass through numerous gorges
-and glens, and finally reach the barren tops of mountains, some three
-thousand feet high. Their summits and the narrow tablelands are covered
-with bushy grass, among which a certain berry, upon which pheasants and
-partridges feed, grows very plentifully.
-
-“In one of the larger temples a place has been arranged for the
-daguerreotype, and Mr. Brown is actively at work. He has obtained
-many very fine daguerreotypes of the Japanese, and will have a
-fine collection to show when he reaches home. Mr. Heine continues
-his sketching, drawing, painting, gunning, skinning, pressing, and
-preserving plants. Lieutenants Murray, Bent, Whiting, Nicholson,
-etc., etc., have been busily engaged in the survey, and deserve no
-small credit for their exertions and the important results they have
-obtained.”
-
-Of this visit to Shimoda, the officer of the “Vandalia” already quoted
-thus speaks:
-
-“Here we were permitted to go on shore and ramble about in a circuit
-for ten miles, much to our delight as we all felt the want of exercise.
-Excepting at Yokohama, where we were not allowed to go far from the
-audience house, we had not been on shore since we left Lew Chew.
-They watched us very closely at first, sending guards of soldiers to
-accompany us, shutting the shops, and concealing the women; but in a
-few days these restrictions were removed, and we were left undisturbed
-to wander where we pleased. The town, containing eight thousand people,
-is pleasantly situated in a well-cultivated valley, surrounded by high
-hills that conceal from view the entrance to its safe and picturesque
-harbor. The streets are wide and straight, and the better class of
-houses two stories high, plastered, and roofed with elegant tiles.[124]
-The interior is kept very clean and neat, and the rooms, covered with
-mats, are separated from each other by sliding screens, that are closed
-or removed at pleasure. There are no chimneys in Japan. A charcoal
-fire is built in a little sandpit in the middle of the floor, around
-which the family are usually found seated on their knees (qu. heels?),
-drinking tea and smoking their pipes. Not a chair or any other piece
-of furniture can be seen. Tubs of water are kept in front of each
-house, as well as on the roofs, in readiness against any fire, for
-conflagrations are so frequent and extensive that whole towns are
-sometimes burnt down.
-
-“The temples, chiefly Buddhist, are beautifully situated in the
-suburbs. The entrance to them leads generally through rows of elegant
-trees and wild camellias. They are large, plain structures, with high,
-peaked roofs, resembling the houses pictured on Chinese porcelain.
-In the space immediately in front is a large bell for summoning the
-faithful, a stone reservoir of holy water, and several roughly hewn
-stone idols. The doorway is ornamented with curious-looking dragons and
-other animals, carved in wood. Upon entering, there is nothing special
-about the buildings worth noting, the naked sides and exposed rafters
-having a gloomy appearance. The altar is the only object that attracts
-attention. It so much resembles the Roman Catholic, that I need not
-describe it. Some of the idols on these altars are so similar to those
-I have seen in the churches in Italy, that if they were mutually
-translated I doubt whether either set of worshippers would discover
-the change. The priests count beads, shave their heads, and wear
-analogous robes, and the service is attended by the ringing of bells,
-the lighting of candles, and the burning of incense. In fact, except
-that the cross is nowhere to be seen, one could easily imagine himself
-within a Roman Catholic place of worship.
-
-“I saw some very pretty girls here. They understand the art of applying
-rouge and pearl powder, as well as some of our ladies at home. The
-married women have a horrid and disgusting fashion of staining their
-teeth black.”
-
-[Illustration: COMMODORE PERRY]
-
-After remaining three weeks at Shimoda, which soon after was made
-an imperial city, the sailing-vessels departed for Hakodate, followed
-a few days after by the steamers. Of the island of Ōshima, near the
-entrance of the bay of Yedo, and close to which the “Powhatan” passed,
-the “Tribune” correspondent gives the following description:
-
-“About noon we were within three miles of the island of Ōshima, and had
-a fine opportunity of observing the traces of volcanic action which it
-presents. The whole island is one immense volcano, the top of which
-has fallen in and formed a great basin, which incessantly belches
-forth white smoke and ashes. The edges of the crater are black, as if
-charred by fire, and on the southwestern side of the island a stream of
-lava reaches from the summit to the sea. Some large crevices continue
-still smoking, and others are filled with ashes. A bluff near the sea,
-about two hundred feet high, appears to be of recent formation, for
-the bushes and trees along the edges of the lava have a yellow, burnt
-appearance. The slopes of the mountain are covered with luxuriant
-vegetation; and there are two towns, one on a narrow table-land, and
-the other on the top of a steep cliff, near a suspicious-looking
-crater. There is said to be a third village on the northwestern side of
-the island.”[125]
-
-Of Hakodate, in the island of Matsumae, already known to us by
-Golownin’s description, which the squadron visited in the month of May,
-the same letter affords the following account:
-
-“Hakodate is another Gibraltar. It has the same long, low isthmus,
-ending in the same mighty rock, with another city sitting at its
-feet. The bay is seven or eight miles wide, with an entrance of two
-or three miles in width; it is deep enough for ships-of-the-line to
-approach within a mile of the shore, and its clayey bottom, free from
-rocks or shoals, affords excellent anchorage, while it is defended from
-the sea by a sand-bank, a prolongation of the isthmus. Behind the bay
-the land is quite level, but at the distance of six or eight miles it
-rises into a range of hills from one to three thousand feet high. These
-hills, still covered with snow, send down several streams to the bay,
-furnishing the best of water for ships. The plain is finely cultivated,
-and fishing villages line the shore. We took fish plentifully,—one
-day twenty buckets, with more than twenty fine salmon, some weighing
-fifteen pounds.
-
-“The city has, I should guess, about four thousand houses, and perhaps
-five times as many inhabitants. The two main streets are parallel,
-and run along the foot of the mountain. Narrower streets run from the
-wharves up the mountain, crossing both the principal streets, one of
-which is about thirty feet higher than the other. The lower of these is
-almost as broad as Broadway, and infinitely cleaner. The houses on it
-are well built; most of them have two stories, with shops on the ground
-floor. The manner of building reminds one very strongly of Switzerland.
-A flat, projecting roof is covered with shingles, which are fastened
-by long poles, with stones laid upon them; broad galleries run quite
-around the upper story; before the door is a little wooden porch; this,
-too, with projecting gable, which, as well as the pillars that support
-it, are often adorned with rich carving. The temples, one of which is
-at least two hundred and fifty feet square, are profusely ornamented
-with carvings. Dragons, horses, bulls, and hares figure largely, but
-tortoises and cranes carry the day.”
-
-From Hakodate, where the intercourse with the local officials was
-entirely satisfactory, the ships returned to Shimoda, where, according
-to an appointment previously made, the commodore met the four
-commissioners, and three new ones, with whom he proceeded to negotiate
-the following _Additional Regulations:_
-
- “ARTICLE I.—The imperial governors of Shimoda will place
- watch-stations wherever they deem best, to designate the limits of
- their jurisdiction; but Americans are at liberty to go through them,
- unrestricted, within the limits of seven Japanese ri, or miles (equal
- to sixteen English miles); and those who are found transgressing
- Japanese laws may be apprehended by the police and taken on board
- their ships.
-
- “ARTICLE II.—Three landing-places shall be constructed for the boats
- of merchant ships and whale ships resorting to this port; one at
- Shimoda, one at Kakizaki, and the third at the brook lying south-east
- of Centre Island. The citizens of the United States will, of course,
- treat the Japanese officers with proper respect.
-
- “ARTICLE III.—Americans, when on shore, are not allowed access to
- military establishments, or private houses, without leave; but they
- can enter shops and visit temples as they please.
-
- “ARTICLE IV.—Two temples, the Ryōsen-ji, at Shimoda, and the
- Gyokusen-ji at Kakizaki, are assigned as resting-places for persons
- in their walks, until public houses and inns are erected for their
- convenience.
-
- “ARTICLE V.—Near the Temple Gyokusen, at Kakizaki, a burial-ground has
- been set apart for Americans, where their graves and tombs shall not
- be molested.
-
- “ARTICLE VI.—It is stipulated in the treaty of Kanagawa, that coal
- will be furnished at Hakodate; but as it is very difficult for the
- Japanese to supply it at that port, Commodore Perry promises to
- mention this to his government, in order that the Japanese government
- may be relieved from the obligation of making that port a coal dépôt.
-
- “ARTICLE VII.—It is agreed that henceforth the Chinese language
- shall not be employed in official communications between the two
- governments, except when there is no Dutch interpreter.
-
- “ARTICLE VIII.—A harbor-master and three skilful pilots have been
- appointed for the port of Shimoda.
-
- “ARTICLE IX.—Whenever goods are selected in the shops, they shall be
- marked with the name of the purchaser and the price agreed upon, and
- then be sent to the Goyōsho, or government office, where the money is
- to be paid to Japanese officers, and the articles delivered by them.
-
- “ARTICLE X.—The shooting of birds and animals is generally forbidden
- in Japan, and this law is therefore to be observed by all Americans.
-
- “ARTICLE XI.—It is hereby agreed that five Japanese ri, or miles,
- be the limit allowed to Americans at Hakodate, and the requirements
- contained in Article I. of these Regulations are hereby made also
- applicable to that port within that distance.
-
- “ARTICLE XII.—His Majesty the Emperor of Japan is at liberty to
- appoint whoever he pleases to receive the ratification of the treaty
- of Kanagawa, and give an acknowledgment on his part.
-
- “It is agreed that nothing herein contained shall in any way affect
- or modify the stipulations of the treaty of Kanagawa, should that be
- found to be contrary to these regulations.”
-
-Another important matter, in which the Japanese seem entirely to have
-carried the day, was the settlement of the value of the American coins
-to be received in payment for goods and supplies—a subject referred to
-a commission composed of two United States pursers and nine Japanese.
-
-The Japanese circulating medium was found to consist of old kas,
-round, with a square hole in the middle, like the Chinese cash, but
-thinner, and containing more iron; of four-kas pieces, in weight equal
-to less than two of the others, probably, Kämpfer’s double zeni; but
-principally of a new coin rated at one hundred kas,—apparently a
-substitute for the strings of kas mentioned by Kämpfer and others.
-These are oval-shaped pieces of copper, about the size and shape of
-a longitudinal section of an egg, introduced within a recent period,
-and weighing only as much as seven of the old kas (or, compared with
-our cents, a little less than two of them). This over-valuation has,
-of course, driven the old kas out of circulation, and made this
-depreciated coin the integer of the currency. At the same time, it
-has raised the nominal value of everything, as is evident in the
-case of silver and gold. Instead of one thousand kas to the tael of
-silver, the rate in former times, the government, which appears to
-have the monopoly of the mines, sells silver bullion for manufacturing
-use at two thousand two hundred and fifty kas for the tael,—a rate
-fixed probably under some less depreciated state of the currency. But
-when coined, a tael’s weight of silver is reckoned in currency at
-six thousand four hundred kas, that is, at six tael and four mas, or
-precisely the valuation, in Kämpfer’s time, of the gold koban; and
-as the ichibu of his day, that is, _one fourth part_, as the word
-signifies in Japanese, represented sixteen hundred kas in real weight
-of silver, so the ichibu of the present day, of which there is both
-a silver and a gold one, represents sixteen hundred kas of currency.
-The bullion price of gold in Japan is only eight and a half times that
-of silver instead of sixteen times, as with us; while in currency the
-difference in value is only about as one to three and a half, the
-price in silver, or copper hundred-kas pieces, of a tael’s weight of
-gold bullion being nineteen taels, and the same when coined passing
-as twenty-three taels, seven mas and five kanderin. Besides the gold
-ichibu, the Japanese are represented as having three other gold coins,
-thin, oval pieces, of the currency value respectively of one, ten, and
-twenty taels;[126] also a coin, made of gold and silver, worth half an
-ichibu, or eight hundred-kas pieces, and a small silver piece, worth a
-quarter of an ichibu, or four hundred-kas pieces.
-
-The Japanese commissioners insisted that our coin was but bullion
-to them, the effect of which is to put our silver dollar, so far as
-payments in Japan are concerned, precisely on a level with their silver
-ichibu, which weighs only one third as much. Our gold coins, compared
-with their gold coins, stand better, the relative weight of our gold
-dollar and their gold ichibu being as 65.33 to 52.25; but as the copper
-hundred-kas piece is their standard, and as its value in relation to
-gold is rated so much higher than with us, our gold dollar, estimated
-in this way, becomes worth only eight hundred and thirty-six kas, or
-little more than eight and a third hundred-kas pieces, or not much more
-than half an ichibu; the effect of all which is to give the Japanese
-government, through whose hands all payments are made, a profit, after
-recoinage, of sixty-six per cent, upon all payments in American coin.
-As the Japanese commissioners would not depart from this scheme, the
-commission dissolved without coming to any agreement on this point.
-But the supplies furnished to the squadron were paid for at the rate
-insisted upon by the Japanese; nor can private traders, as matters
-stand, expect any better terms.
-
-The rates of pilotage at Shimoda were fixed at fifteen dollars for
-vessels drawing over eighteen feet, five dollars for vessels drawing
-less than thirteen feet, and ten dollars for those of intermediate
-size; only half of these rates to be paid in case of anchorage in the
-outer harbor. Water was to be furnished at fourteen hundred kas the
-boat-load, the ship finding casks. Wood was to be delivered on board at
-seven thousand two hundred kas per cube of five American feet.
-
-The price put by the Japanese upon a few tons of inferior coal,
-brought to Shimoda, amounted, at their rate of exchange, to
-twenty-eight dollars the ton. It did not appear that coal was anywhere
-else mined except at the spot visited by Kämpfer and Siebold near
-Kokura, and another mine in the province of Awa, in the island Shikoku.
-
-The business thus completed, a parting entertainment was given on
-board the “Mississippi”; and, after an interchange of presents, the
-vessels on the 26th of June took their departure. Stopping at Lew Chew,
-Commodore Perry negotiated a compact with the authorities of that
-island, which, from all the information he could obtain, he concluded
-to be a nearly independent sovereignty.
-
-Within fifteen days after Commodore Perry’s departure from Shimoda,
-the clipper ship “Lady Pierce,” from San Francisco, fitted out for the
-express purpose of being the first American ship to arrive in Japan
-after the opening of commercial relations, entered the bay of Yedo,
-with the owner, Silas E. Burrows, on board.
-
-He had with him a Japanese seaman, the sole survivor of a crew of
-fifteen men, belonging to a junk which had been blown out to sea, and
-was picked up near the Sandwich Islands, after having drifted about
-for seven months. This man, who is represented as quite intelligent,
-and who had resided for some time at San Francisco, was received with
-lively demonstrations of pleasure by his countrymen.
-
-[Illustration: THE RECEPTION OF COMMODORE PERRY BY THE JAPANESE EMPEROR]
-
-With a party of the Uraga officials on board, the “Lady Pierce”
-proceeded to within ten miles of Yedo, and her owners expressed a
-desire to anchor off that city; but this was objected to by the
-officers, who said, “It is not good; Commodore Perry did not go
-there, and we hope you will not.”
-
-During the stay of the vessel, every part of her was crowded with
-visitors; and although at one time there must have been several
-thousands in and around the ship, and although everything, silverware
-included, was thrown open to their inspection, not a single article was
-stolen.
-
-Large presents of silk, porcelain, lackered ware, etc., were made to
-Mr. Burrows, who, however, was informed that henceforward no foreign
-intercourse would be permitted with Yedo, but that all vessels must
-proceed either to Shimoda or Hakodate. Mr. Burrows himself proceeded
-to Shimoda, but does not seem to have formed a very high idea of the
-prospects of trade there.[127]
-
-On the 18th of September, the steam-frigate “Susquehanna” again
-appeared at Shimoda, on her way home via the Sandwich Islands,
-followed on the 21st by the “Mississippi”; three days after which, the
-“Susquehanna” left, and the “Mississippi” on the 1st of October. The
-reception given to the officers of both ships was very cordial, and
-their intercourse both with officials and the towns-people was almost
-entirely free from any marks of that restraint and apparent suspicion
-exhibited on former occasions. Besides an interchange of visits and
-dinners, several Japanese officials attended, on a Sunday, divine
-service on board the “Susquehanna.”
-
-“Many of us,” writes an officer of the “Mississippi,” “entered houses
-very frequently, and sat down with the people to smoke or drink tea.
-One day the sound of a guitar attracted me, and I found an olive girl,
-of some fifteen or sixteen years, who, not perceiving my presence,
-continued her play. It was a strange tune, wild and melancholy, and
-often abruptly interrupted by harsh accords. After a while some women
-that had assembled around us made the girl aware of my presence; she
-threw down her instrument and began to cry, and I could not induce her
-to play again. The guitar was made of wood, with the exception of the
-upper lid. Of the three strings, two were in the octave, the middle
-one giving the fifth. The strings were not touched by the fingers, but
-with a flat piece of horn, held between the thumb and third finger of
-the right hand, in shape not unlike the one painters use to clean their
-palettes and mix their colors.
-
-“On another occasion I heard a young man playing a flute. This
-instrument was of the most primitive description, consisting only of a
-piece of hollow bamboo, bored with seven finger-holes, and the hole for
-the mouth. The tunes were very strange, and appeared to me more like a
-mass of confused sounds, than a regular harmony.[128]
-
-“At the beginning of the new moon, I saw in several houses a sort of
-domestic worship. A number of women had assembled before the shrine of
-the household god, and, divided in two parties, were singing hymns,
-one party alternately answering the other. Their song was accompanied
-by strokes upon a little bell or gong, with a small wooden hammer;
-and, as the bells were of different tones, the effect was by no means
-unpleasant.”
-
-“There are a number of temples near Shimoda,” writes an officer of the
-“Susquehanna,” “and attached to each is a graveyard. At one of these,
-situated near a village, there is a place set apart for Americans. Here
-Dr. Hamilton was buried, being laid by the side of two others who had
-died on the second visit of the ships. Each grave has its appropriate
-stone, as with us, and by many of them are evergreens set in vases, or
-joints of bamboo, containing water. Cups of fresh water are also set by
-the graves, and to these, birds of dazzling plumage and delightful song
-come and drink. The graves of the Americans were not forgotten.”
-
-The officers were permitted to go into the country any distance they
-wished, and the country people were found pleasant and sociable; but
-upon this second visit the advantages of Shimoda as a place of trade,
-or the prospects of traffic under the treaty, do not seem to have
-struck the visitors very favorably. “The harbor,” writes an officer
-of the “Susquehanna” to the “Tribune,” “is a small indentation of
-land, running northeast and southwest, about a half-mile in extent,
-and is capable of holding five or six vessels of ordinary size. It
-is, however, entirely unprotected from the southwest winds, which
-bring with them a heavy sea, and which renders the anchorage very
-unsafe. With the wind from the north and the east, the vessel rides
-at her ease at her anchorage. Good wood and sweet water, as well as
-a few provisions, were obtained from the authorities, for the use of
-the ships, at the most extravagant prices. Numerous articles, such as
-lackered and China ware, of a very fine and delicate quality, and far
-superior to that manufactured in China, were purchased by the officers;
-but every article had to pass through the hands of the Japanese
-officers, and the amount due the merchants had to be paid, not to them
-but to the Japanese officials who had been appointed for that very
-purpose by the mayor of the city and the governor of the province. This
-article of the treaty will be most scrupulously enforced; and this is
-decidedly its worst feature.”
-
-“Shimoda,” writes another officer, “does not appear well calculated,
-upon the whole, for a place of trade, and it can never become an active
-commercial town. Neither is it a manufacturing town. This, added to the
-fact that the harbor is a bad one, will make it appear evident that the
-Japanese commissioners got the better of us in the treaty, as far as
-this place is concerned.
-
-“The surrounding country (wherever nature will permit it) is highly
-cultivated. The valley of the creek is broad and well tilled, yielding
-rice, millet, Egyptian corn and maize.[129] The ears produced by the
-last are very small, being not more than from two to four inches in
-length. Sweet potatoes and the eggplant are also raised in great
-abundance. There are no horses about Shimoda, and bullocks are made
-to supply their places. Provisions, with the exception of eggs and
-vegetables, cannot be obtained here. The shark and bonito are the only
-large fish found in the harbor. Small fish are plentiful, and they seem
-to form almost the only article of food of the inhabitants, besides
-rice.”
-
-The following description of the houses at Shimoda, by Mr. S. Wells
-Williams, will serve to illustrate the descriptions of Japanese houses
-already given from Kämpfer and Thunberg, and will show how little, as
-to that matter, Japan has altered since their time:
-
-“The houses in Shimoda are built merely of pine boards, or of plaster
-thickly spread over a wattled wall of laths, the interstices of which
-are filled in with mud. In some cases these modes of construction are
-combined—the front and rear being of boards, or sliding panels, and the
-sides of mud. When thoroughly dried, the mud is whitewashed, and the
-plain surface worked into round ridges, three inches high, crossing
-each other diagonally from the roof to the ground; the ridges are
-then washed blue, and give the exterior a checker-board look, which,
-though singular, is more lively than a blue mud wall. The plaster is
-excellent, and these walls appear very solid and rather pretty when
-new; at a distance one would even think them to be stone; but after a
-few years the ridges loosen, the rain insinuates itself beneath the
-outer coating, and the whole begins to scale and crack off, disclosing
-the mud and rushes, and then the tenement soon falls to pieces. Still
-the progress of decay is not so rapid as one would think, judging only
-by the nature of the materials, and the walls are well protected by the
-projecting eaves. No bricks are used in building, nor are square tiles
-for floors seen; and the manner of making walls common in southern
-China, by beating sanded clay into wooden moulds, is unknown.
-
-“Some of the best houses and temples have stone foundations, a few only
-of which are made of dressed stone. Half a dozen or more storehouses
-occur, faced entirely with slabs of stone, and standing detached from
-other buildings, and are doubtless fire-proof buildings. There are no
-cellars under the houses; the floors are raised on sleepers only two
-feet above the beaten ground, and uniformly covered with straw mats
-stuffed with chaff, or grass an inch thick. The frames are of pine, the
-joists four or five inches square, and held together by the flooring of
-the attic, as well as the plates and ridge-pole. The houses and shops
-join each other on the sides, with few exceptions, leaving the front
-and rear open. There is no uniformity in the width of the lots, the
-fronts of some shops extending twenty, thirty, or more feet along the
-street, while intermediate ones are mere stalls not over ten feet wide.
-
-“The shops succeed each other without any regular order as to their
-contents, those of the same sort not being arranged together, as is
-often the case in China. The finer wares are usually kept in drawers,
-so that, unless one is well acquainted with the place, he cannot easily
-find the goods he seeks. The eaves of the houses project about four
-feet from the front and are not over eight feet from the ground; the
-porch thus made furnishes a covered place for arranging crockery,
-fruits, etc., for sale, trays of trinkets on a movable stall, baskets
-of grain, or other coarse articles, to attract buyers. The entrance
-is on one side, and the path leads directly through to the rear. The
-wooden shutters of shops are all removed in the daytime, and the
-paper windows closed, or thrust aside, according to the weather. On a
-pleasant day the doors are open, and in lieu of the windows a screen
-is hung midway so as to conceal the shopman and his customer from
-observation, while those goods placed on the stand are still under his
-eye. A case, with latticed or wire doors, to contain the fine articles
-of earthen ware, a framework, with hooks and shelves, to suspend
-iron utensils or wooden ware, or a movable case of drawers, to hold
-silks, fine lackered ware, or similar goods, constitute nearly all
-the furniture of the shops. Apothecaries’ shops are hung with gilded
-signs and paper placards, setting forth the variety and virtues of
-their medicines, some of which are described as brought from Europe.
-The partition which separates the shop from the dwelling is sometimes
-closed, but more usually open; and a customer has, generally speaking,
-as much to do with the mistress as the master of the establishment.
-When he enters, his straw sandals are always left on the ground as he
-steps on the mats and squats down to look at the goods, which are then
-spread out on the floor. A foreigner has need of some thoughtfulness in
-this particular, as it is an annoyance to a Japanese to have his mats
-soiled by dirty feet, or broken through by coarse shoes.
-
-[Illustration: SCENE IN THE HARBOR OF URAGA]
-
-“The rear of the building is appropriated to the family. Here the
-domestic operations are all carried on; here the family take their
-meals in the day; here, on the same mats, do they sleep at night;
-receiving visitors and dressing the children are also done here, and
-sometimes the cooking too. Usually this latter household task is
-performed in the porch in the rear, or in an out-house, so that the
-inmates are not so much annoyed with smoke as they are in Hakodate.
-No arrangements for warming the dwelling are to be found, except
-that of hand-braziers placed in the middle of the room with lighted
-charcoal, around which the family gather. In most of the houses there
-is a garret, reached by a ladder,—a dark and small apartment, where
-some goods can be stored, or servants can be lodged. There is not a
-house in the town whose occupants have arranged this attic with windows
-and stairways to make it a pleasant room; a few such were, however,
-seen near the capital, at Kanagawa, and in its vicinity.
-
-“The roofs of all the best buildings are hipped, and covered with
-bluish tiling, each tile being about eight inches square, shaped
-somewhat like a wedge; the thick side is so made that, when laid on the
-rafters, it laps sideways over the thin edge of the adjoining tile in
-the next row, and thus forms gutters somewhat like the Chinese roofs.
-They are washed in alternate rows of white and blue, which, with the
-checkered walls, imparts a lively aspect, and contrasts pleasantly
-with the more numerous dingy thatched roofs. The thatched roofs are
-made of a species of Arundo, grown and prepared for this purpose,
-and answering admirably as a cheap and light covering to the wooden
-tenements occupied by most of the people. It is matted into a compact
-mass eighteen inches thick, as it is laid on, and then the surface and
-the sides are neatly sheared. The ridge-pole is protected by laying the
-thatch over a row of hoops that enclose it enough to overlap the edges
-on both slopes, and prevent the rain finding entrance. One cannot feel
-surprise at the ravages fires make in Japanese towns, where the least
-wind must blow the flame upon such straw coverings, which, like a
-tinder-box, would ignite at the first spark. Wires are stretched along
-the ridges of some of the tiled roofs in Shimoda to prevent birds from
-resting on the houses.
-
-“In the rear yards, attached to a large number of the dwellings,
-are out-houses, and sometimes, as in the lodging-houses, additional
-sleeping-rooms. Kitchen-gardens are not unfrequently seen, and more
-rarely fancy fish-ponds, dwarfed trees, and even stone carvings. A
-family shrine, made like a miniature house, containing images of
-penates and lares, is met with in most of the yards. Only a few of them
-are adorned with large trees, and still fewer of them exhibit marks of
-care or taste, presenting in this respect an observable contrast to
-the neatness of the houses. High hedges or stone walls separate these
-yards when they are contiguous, but the depth of the lots is usually
-insufficient to allow room for both the opposite dwellings the luxury
-of a garden.
-
-“There is not much variety in the structure of the various buildings
-in Shimoda, and their general appearance denotes little enterprise
-or wealth. The paper windows and doors, not a few of them dirty and
-covered with writing, or torn by children to take a peep inside, impart
-a monotonous aspect to the streets. Dyers’, carpenters’, blacksmiths’,
-stone-cutters’, and some other shops, have latticed fronts to admit
-more light, which are elevated above the observation of persons
-passing by. In front of those dwellings occupied by officials, a white
-cotton curtain, three feet wide, is stretched along the whole length
-of the porch, having the coat of arms of the occupant painted on it
-in black; the names of the principal lodgers are also stuck on the
-door-posts. Signs are mostly written on the doors, as the windows
-are drawn aside during the day; but only a portion of the shops have
-any. Lodging-houses, barbers’ shops, restaurants, or tea-houses,
-apothecaries, and a few others, are almost always indicated by signs.
-One dealer in crockery and lackered ware has the sign of a celebrated
-medicine placed on a high pole, and, the more to attract attention,
-has written the name in foreign letters. As in China, placards for
-medicines were the most conspicuous of all, but none are pasted upon
-blank walls; all are suspended in the shops. However, no dwelling or
-shop is left unprotected from the ill-usage of malignant spirits, every
-one having a written or printed charm or picture (sometimes a score or
-more) over the door to defend the inmates from evil.”
-
-In the interval between Commodore Perry’s first and second visits to
-the bay of Yedo, Nagasaki was visited by a Russian squadron. On the 7th
-of September, 1854, just before the last visit of the “Mississippi”
-and “Susquehanna” to Shimoda, a British squadron of three steamers and
-a frigate arrived at Nagasaki under Admiral Sterling. These British
-vessels, which found the annual Dutch trading-ship, two large Chinese
-junks, also a Dutch steamer, lying in the harbor, encountered the usual
-reception, being served with notices, surrounded with boats, and denied
-liberty to land. At length, however, after a deal of negotiation and
-threats to proceed to Yedo, it was agreed to furnish supplies, tea,
-rice, pigs, etc., and to receive payment through the Dutch. On the 15th
-the admiral landed, and was conducted in state to the governor’s house.
-The guard-boats were withdrawn, and the men were allowed to land on an
-island to recreate themselves. Other interviews followed, presents were
-interchanged, and, on the 19th, the squadron left. These particulars
-are drawn from the published letter of a medical officer on board, who
-describes the supplies furnished as very good, and the Japanese soy as
-cheap and nice, but who does not seem to have relished the sake, which
-he likens in taste to acetate of ammonia water.
-
-The American war-steamer “Powhatan” visited Shimoda February 21, 1855,
-to complete the exchange of ratification, which done, she sailed again
-two days after. The town of Shimoda was found in a state of desolation
-and ruin, from the effects of a disastrous earthquake, on the 23d of
-December previous, in which the Russian frigate “Diana,” then lying in
-the harbor to complete the pending negotiations, was so damaged as to
-have sunk in attempting to make a neighboring port for repairs. Ōsaka
-and Yedo were reported to have suffered severely, and Yedo still more
-from a subsequent fire.
-
- [See also “Matthew Calbraith Perry” (Griffis) and the Official Report
- of Commodore Perry’s Expedition.—EDR.]
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLVI
-
- _New Dutch Treaty—Mr. Harris, American Consul at Shimoda—His
- Convention with the Japanese—His Journey to Yedo—Second Visit
- to Yedo—Conditional Treaty—British Treaty—French and Russian
- Treaties—Japanese Embassies to the United States, A.D. 1854-1860._
-
-
-The success of the Americans in forming a treaty with Japan led to
-negotiations on the part of the Dutch, by which the narrow privileges
-enjoyed by that nation were considerably extended. By this treaty,
-which was signed January 30, 1856, the ports open to the Americans were
-opened also to the Dutch. They were allowed to exercise their religion,
-and to bring their wives and children to Japan. They were authorized to
-trade directly with Japanese merchants, and to hold free intercourse at
-Deshima with other foreigners. They, in their turn, undertook to supply
-the Japanese with a war steamer, and to give them instruction in naval
-matters.
-
-In August, 1856, the United States steamer “San Jacinto” arrived at
-Shimoda, bringing out Mr. Townsend Harris, a merchant of New York, who
-had been appointed consul to Japan; as it proved, a very judicious
-selection.[130] A temple near Shimoda was appointed for his residence,
-but the whole circumstances of his reception showed that the Japanese
-dislike of foreign intercourse remained almost as strong as ever. They
-had taken some steps, however, to execute the treaty. They had built
-a stone landing-place at Shimoda, had brought from the mines several
-hundred tons of coal, and had constructed a large bazaar for the sale
-to Americans of Japanese wares. But it was very apparent that Shimoda,
-from its situation, never could become a place of much trade; while
-the necessity of purchasing through a Japanese official, and the low
-valuation put upon American wares, as estimated in Japanese currency,
-were additional obstacles.
-
-Mr. Harris obtained the confidence and good-will of the authorities at
-Shimoda, and succeeded in negotiating a convention, in March, 1857, by
-which American citizens were allowed to reside at Shimoda and Hakodate,
-and to trade at Nagasaki; and by which, also, it was hoped that the
-currency difficulty would be arranged.
-
-Mr. Harris had brought with him a letter from the president to the
-emperor, and at length, after much importunity and more than a year’s
-delay, he obtained leave to visit Yedo to deliver it. Yedo is only
-eighty miles by land from Shimoda, yet it took several days to make the
-journey. Mr. Harris thus describes it in a private letter:
-
- “My train numbered some one hundred and fifty persons, composed of
- guards, norimono-bearers, cooks, grooms, shoe-bearers, cane-bearers,
- fan-bearers, and last, though not least, a standard-bearer, and a
- large number of coolies. I had permitted the Japanese to arrange
- and dress my train according to their ideas of propriety, and what
- they conceived was due to the representative of the President of
- the United States. My guards, each with two swords in the girdle,
- and clad in new silk dresses, as they swelled and strutted about,
- appeared to be ‘mightily uplifted in heart,’ while they and my bearers
- and grooms appeared to have ‘broken out’ all over their bodies with
- ‘spread eagles,’ as the back, breast, and sleeves of their dresses
- were sprinkled over with the arms of the United States, which were
- neatly painted on them. I performed the journey partly on horseback,
- and partly in a norimono, which is the Japanese name for a palanquin.
- The Japanese norimono will compare with the celebrated iron cage of
- Cardinal Balue, of France, in which the poor inmate could neither lie
- down nor stand up. In the norimono the Japanese kneel and place their
- feet close together, and then sit on their heels; if they wish to
- repose themselves they lean forward, and rest the chin on their knees,
- so that the body and limbs form three horizontal folds or piles—a
- position that they assume and keep without annoyance, from long
- practice, and from the great flexibility of their joints, but which is
- almost unattainable by a white man, and is absolutely unendurable.
-
- “I had a norimono made for me seven feet long, and in it I put a
- mattress and pillows, which made it as comfortable as the Indian
- palanquin; but, of all modes of travelling, the camel, the elephant,
- and the palanquin are the most fatiguing.
-
- “On the morning of Monday, November 23, I started for a long-desired
- goal of my wishes. Four lads, with small bamboo wands, led the way as
- harbingers, and their voices sounded quite musical as they sang the
- Japanese words for ‘clear the way,’ ‘kneel down,’ ‘kneel down.’ Next
- followed a Japanese officer on horseback; then came a large lackered
- tablet, bearing my name and titles in immense Chinese characters.
- The tablet was supported by two huge transparent lanterns, which
- bore similar inscriptions. (When I halted, the tablet was placed in
- front of my quarters, and at night the lanterns were lighted and hung
- up over the gate of the house.) Next came a stout fellow, bearing
- the ‘stars and stripes,’ with four guards. I followed, either on
- horseback or in my norimono, and attended by twelve guards. Next came
- Mr. Heusken (interpreter), and after him I do not recollect how it was
- arranged, except that the Vice-Governor brought up the rear.
-
- “For the first three days the route was entangled among mountains
- and deep ravines which compose the peninsula of Izu. The path (for
- it could not be called a road) was narrow, and in many places was
- formed by cutting steps in the Fufa rocks, and sometimes it ran
- over mountains four thousand feet high. On the second day I reached
- Ugashima, and as I emerged from the gorges of Mount Amagi, I had my
- first view of ‘Fuji Yama,’ the ‘Matchless Mountain.’ The sight was
- grand beyond description. As viewed from the Temple at Ugashima, the
- mountain appears to be entirely isolated, and shoots up in a glorious
- and perfect cone ten thousand feet high! It was covered with snow,
- and in a bright sunlight it glittered like frosted silver. For the
- two nights I was lodged in temples, which had been fitted up for me
- with new bath-rooms, and other appliances to contribute to my comfort.
- On the evening of the third day I arrived at Mishima, a town on the
- Tōkaidō or great East Road, and from thence to Yedo the road is wide
- and good. On the great roads of Japan nice buildings are erected for
- the accommodation of the princes when they travel; they are called
- Honjin; and it was in them that I had my quarters for the remainder of
- my journey.
-
- “My first day’s journey on the Tō-kai-dō was over the mountain Hakone,
- which is some four thousand and five hundred feet high.
-
- [Illustration: TOWNSEND HARRIS]
-
- “The passage of Mount Hakone was not completed until after nightfall;
- but I did not regret being belated, as it afforded me the novel
- sight of my train brilliantly lighted by a large number of huge
- bamboo torches. As the train twisted and turned among the descents
- of the mountain, it looked like the tail of a huge fiery dragon.
- On reaching the plain I was met by the authorities of the city of
- Odawara, and a whole army of lanterns, of all imaginable sizes and
- colors, each being decorated with the arms of its owner, and the whole
- forming an _ensemble_ that was lively and pleasing. I passed Sunday,
- the 29th of November, at Kawasaki. From my first arrival in Japan up
- to the present day, I have always refused to transact any business or
- to travel on Sunday. I soon got the Japanese to understand my motive,
- and I am sure it has increased their respect for me.
-
- “The roads were all repaired, and cleanly swept, on the whole of my
- route, before I passed; bridges were put in order, and many new ones
- built; all travel on the road was stopped, so that I did not see those
- crowds of travellers, priests, nuns, etc., described by Kämpfer; the
- shops in all the towns and villages were closed (except cook-shops and
- tea-houses), and the inhabitants, clad in their holiday clothes, knelt
- on mats spread in front of their houses; not a sound was heard, nor
- a gesture indicative of curiosity seen; all was respectful silence.
- The people were ordered to cast down their eyes as I passed, as I
- was too high even to be looked at; but this order was only partially
- obeyed, for the dear daughters of Eve would have a peep, regardless
- of consequences. The authorities of the towns and villages met me at
- their boundaries, and saluted me by kneeling and ‘knocking head’; they
- then led the way through their little jurisdictions, and took leave by
- similar prostrations.
-
- “On Monday, the 30th of November, I made my entry into Yedo. My
- followers put on their kamishimo, or dresses of ceremony, decorated
- with any quantity of eagles.
-
- “I should not have known when I passed the line which separates
- Shinagawa from Yedo, had the spot not been pointed out to me, as the
- houses form a continuous street for some miles before you reach the
- actual boundary of the city. From the gate by which I entered the
- city to my quarters was about seven miles. The streets of Yedo are
- divided into sections of one hundred and twenty yards, by gates and
- palisades of strong timber. This enables the police to isolate any
- portion of the city, or any line running through it, and thus prevent
- the assembling of crowds or mobs. When we approached a gate, it was
- opened, and as soon as the rear had passed through, it was closed.
- The gates of all the cross streets were also kept closed. I could see
- immense crowds beyond the gates, but the people on our actual line
- of march were those only that occupied the buildings on the route.
- Notwithstanding all this, the number that assembled was prodigious.
- The centre of the way was kept clear, and the crowd kept back by ropes
- stretched along each side of the street. The assemblage was composed
- of men, women, and children, of all ranks and conditions—the women
- being the larger number. I estimated the two lines of people that
- extended along the way, from my entrance into the city to the place
- provided for my residence, to have been full three hundred thousand.
- Yet in all this vast concourse I did not hear a word, except the
- constant cry of the harbingers, _Sátu, sátu!_[?].
-
- “You may think it impossible that silence could have been maintained
- among so large a number of women, but I assure you it was so.
-
- “The house prepared for me was situated within the fourth circle of
- the castle, or aristocratic portion of the city, and large enough to
- accommodate five hundred persons, in the Japanese manner.
-
- “On my arrival I was warmly welcomed by my good friend the Prince of
- Shinano [Inouye Shinano-no-kami], who showed me the various provisions
- that had been made for my accommodation and comfort, and which
- included chairs, tables, bedsteads, etc., none of which are used by
- the Japanese.
-
- “The following day the Prince of Tamba [Toki Tamba-no-kami] visited me
- in great state. He said he came as a ‘special embassador’ from the
- Emperor to congratulate me on my arrival, and to ask after my health.
- After receiving these compliments, and making a suitable reply, the
- Prince pointed to a large box, which he said was a present to me from
- his Majesty. I found the box contained five large trays of bon-bons,
- weighing one hundred pounds.
-
- “I subsequently visited the hereditary Prince of Hotta [Hotta
- Bitchū-no-kami], Chief of the great Council of State and Minister for
- Foreign Affairs. The visit was a pleasant one, and the arrangements
- for my audience were completed. I gave the Prince a copy of my
- intended speech to the Emperor, and before I left, he gave a copy
- of the reply the Emperor would make to me. By this arrangement, the
- speeches being both translated beforehand, we would be enabled to
- dispense with the presence of interpreters at the audience. On the
- Monday week after my arrival, I set out for the Palace. My train
- blazed out in new silk dresses, and my guard wore their breeches
- rolled up to the middle of the thigh. You must know that the wearing
- of breeches in Japan is a mark of high rank, or, if worn by an
- inferior, that he is in the service of one of the highest rank. A new
- flag, made of Japanese crape, was carried before me. This flag is the
- first foreign banner that was ever carried through this great city,
- and I mean to preserve it as a precious relic. The distance from my
- residence to the Palace was over two miles. On arriving at the bridge
- over the third moat, or ditch, all my train left their horses and
- norimono, and proceeded on foot. I continued in my norimono, and was
- carried over three moats, and through as many fortified gateways,
- up to the gate of the Palace itself. I was received at the entrance
- by two chamberlains, who, having ‘knocked head,’ conducted me to an
- apartment where I found a chair for my use. Tea, bon-bons, and other
- refreshments, were often offered to me. A large number of the princes
- came to be presented to me. At length I was told the Emperor was
- ready to receive me. I passed through a large hall, in which some
- three hundred to four hundred of the high nobles of Japan, all dressed
- in their court dresses, were kneeling, and as silent and as motionless
- as statues; and from this hall I entered the audience-chamber. At
- this moment a chamberlain called out, in a loud voice, ‘Merrican
- Embassador,’ and the Prince of Shinano threw himself down and crawled
- along as I walked in. Mr. Heusken, my secretary, who carried the
- President’s letter, halted to the entrance; I advanced up the room,
- making three bows as I proceeded, and halted at the head of two lines
- of men, who were prostrate on their faces; those on my right were the
- five members of the Council of State, with the Prince of Bitchū at
- their head and those on the left were three brothers of the Emperor.
-
- “His Majesty was seated on a chair placed on a dais, elevated some
- three feet above the floor of the chamber. He was dressed in yellow
- silk, and wore a black lackered cap that utterly defies description.
- After a short pause, I made my address to him; and, after a similar
- pause, he replied to me in a clear and pleasant voice. When the
- Emperor had finished, Mr. Heusken brought the President’s letter to
- me. I removed the silk cover (striped, red and white), opened the box,
- and displayed the writing to the Prince of Bitchū, who now stood up.
- Then, closing the box, I handed it to the Prince, who placed it on a
- lackered stand, prepared for the purpose. Mr. Heusken having returned
- to his place, and the Prince being again prostrate, the Emperor bowed
- to me, smiling pleasantly at the same time. This ended my audience,
- and I backed out of the room, making three bows as I retired.
-
- “The usual dress of the Japanese nobles is of silk; but the court
- dress is made of a coarse yellow glass-cloth, and for a coronet they
- wear a black lackered affair that looks like a distracted night-cap.
- I did not see a single gem, jewel, or ornament of any kind, on the
- person of the Emperor, or on those of his courtiers, who comprised the
- great nobility of Japan.
-
- “From the audience-chamber I was taken to another room, when I found
- the five great Councillors of State, who, having been presented to
- me, congratulated me on my audience, and expressed their wonder and
- astonishment at what they called my ‘greatness of heart.’ When I asked
- for an explanation, they said that they were filled with admiration
- to see me stand erect, look the awful ‘Tycoon’ [_Taikun_] in the
- face, speak plainly to him, hear his reply—and all this without any
- trepidation, or any ‘quivering of the muscles of the side.’ I write
- all this to let you see that the Japanese princes understand the use
- of court compliments. I was then shown a present of fifteen silken
- robes from his Majesty, and was taken to a room where a banquet, set
- out on sixty trays, twelve inches high, was prepared for my single
- stomach. There was food enough for one hundred hungry men!
-
- “You must know that the dinner-trays (like the breeches) are a mark
- of rank in Japan; and the rank indicated by the height of the trays,
- which vary from three to twelve inches in height. Again, if the trays
- are lackered it diminishes the honor connected with the actual height
- of the tray, for it indicates that it can be used on another occasion;
- but if it be made of unpainted cypress wood, the honor is complete,
- for it says, as plain as words can do, ‘You are so sublime in your
- rank that no one can dare to eat from a tray that you have used!’ My
- attention was particularly called both to the height of the trays, and
- to the flattering fact, that, ‘by a special edict,’ they were made of
- unvarnished wood. You must know that this same dinner had been the
- subject of grave discussion, both in Shimoda and in Yedo. They were
- very anxious that I should eat at the Palace. I replied that I would
- do so cheerfully, provided a person or persons of suitable rank would
- eat with me; but said that self-respect would forbid my eating at a
- table where my host or his representative declined to sit down. When
- I had admired the very neat arrangement of the banquet, I was again
- asked to sit down. I then said, ‘Say to his Majesty that I thank him
- for his offered entertainment.’ At last the whole affair was sent to
- my quarters, where I distributed it among my Shimoda followers.
-
- “After the exhibition of the dinner I was reconducted to the room I
- first entered, and, after I had drank of the celebrated ‘powdered
- tea,’ I left, being conducted to the entrance by the two chamberlains,
- who knocked head with all the force that was due to one who had ‘seen
- the king, and yet _lived_.’ By the way, I forgot to state that the old
- formula of an audience, which was ‘kneel down,’ ‘knock head, so that
- the by-standers can hear your skull crack,’ if it ever did exist at
- the court at Yedo, was not used in my case. A faint request was made
- to me, at Shimoda, that I would kneel, but I told them the request was
- offensive, and must not be repeated. That ended it.
-
- “My return to Shimoda was on a steamer presented to the Japanese by
- the Dutch.”
-
-In April, 1858, Mr. Harris returned again to Yedo, and after three
-months spent in arguing with the Japanese that it would be impossible
-for them to maintain their policy of isolation, he succeeded in
-negotiating a new treaty. By this treaty, the port of Kanagawa, present
-Yokohama, a suburb of Yedo, was substituted for Shimoda as a place for
-American trade and residence; and in 1860, Hiōgo, the harbor of the
-most commercial city of Ōsaka, was also to be opened to them. American
-residents were to enjoy religious freedom, and the privilege of direct
-trade with the Japanese merchants. The right to have an ambassador
-resident at Yedo was also included; a position since filled by Mr.
-Harris himself.
-
-Within a few weeks after the negotiation of this treaty, Lord Elgin,
-British commissioner to China and Japan, arrived at Shimoda with a
-considerable British squadron. Mr. Harris went on board his ship, and
-accompanied him to the Bay of Yedo. On the 20th of August, a treaty was
-signed with the Japanese by Lord Elgin, on the basis of the American
-treaty. It contained the additional provision,—of which we also have
-the benefit to render the clause of our treaty giving us all privileges
-bestowed on other nations,—that no export duty should be charged
-higher than twenty per cent; certain articles, including cotton and
-woollen goods, to be admitted at five per cent. On the 9th of October,
-a similar treaty was signed with Baron Gros, who had visited Yedo as
-French commissioner. Similar privileges, it is understood, are granted
-to the Dutch and Russians.
-
-With the signing of these treaties the Japanese authorities may be
-considered as having yielded the point of the re-establishment of
-foreign intercourse. But a great difference of opinion as to this
-policy is understood still to exist among the nobles and princes of the
-Empire; and it is not impossible that these concessions to foreigners
-may lead to internal commotions.
-
-By one of the articles of this new treaty, negotiated by Mr. Harris,
-the Japanese agreed to send an embassy to Washington, as bearers of the
-Emperor’s ratification. The fulfilment of this promise was for some
-time delayed, partly, perhaps, by reason of the caution and slowness
-characteristic of Japanese policy, but principally, it is supposed, on
-account of the strong opposition of a large party of the princes and
-nobles to the new scheme of foreign intercourse. At length, however,
-on the 27th of February, 1860, the ambassadors, three in number, with
-a suite of seventy-three persons, embarked on board the United States
-steamer, the “Powhatan,” the American government having undertaken to
-convey them to the United States, and to carry them back again. The
-“Kanrin-maru,” a war steamer of two hundred and fifty tons, built for
-the Japanese by the Dutch, and manned with a Japanese crew of seventy
-men, arrived at San Francisco on the 14th of March, after a passage of
-forty days from the Bay of Yedo, to give notice of the approach of the
-ambassadors. The “Powhatan,” after touching at the Sandwich Islands,
-reached Panama on the 25th of April. The ambassadors, with their
-attendants, were immediately conveyed on the railroad to Aspinwall,
-where, the next day, they embarked on board the U.S. steamer “Roanoke,”
-lying there to receive them. The “Roanoke” sailed for New York, but
-on arriving at Sandy Hook she was ordered to Norfolk, it having been
-determined that the embassy should be first received at Washington. At
-Norfolk the Japanese were transferred to the steamer “Philadelphia.”
-They reached Washington on the 14th of May, disembarked at the Navy
-Yard, and were then conveyed to quarters which had been provided for
-them at Willard’s Hotel. To protect them against imposition, and to
-provide for their comfort and security, three navy officers who had
-visited Japan were appointed to the general oversight of the embassy
-while it remained in this country. On the 14th they visited General
-Cass, the Secretary of State, and on the next day had a formal audience
-from the President. Though received as ministers plenipotentiary,
-their powers appeared to be limited to an exchange of the ratifications
-of the treaty, and to obtaining information as to the relative value
-of Japanese and foreign coins,—a point which still remained unsettled
-in Japan, and was the occasion of much complaint on the part of the
-foreign residents.
-
-[Illustration: THE OLD AND THE NEW: JUNKS; THE NEW BATTLESHIP _Mikasa_]
-
-The Japanese remained in Washington till the 8th of June, spending
-their time in visits to the various public buildings, and a good deal
-of it in shopping, for which many of them seemed to have a great fancy.
-After passing through Baltimore, where they remained one night only,
-they spent a week in Philadelphia, where the Mint and its processes
-were special objects of interest. From Philadelphia they went on to
-New York, where they were received at the Battery by an escort of five
-or six thousand men of the New York militia, and conveyed through an
-immense crowd to the quarters which had been provided for them at the
-Metropolitan Hotel. Here they remained for two weeks, and on the 1st of
-July embarked on board the United States steam-frigate “Niagara,” to
-return to Japan by the Cape of Good Hope, being thus the first of their
-nation to make the circumnavigation of the globe.
-
-The time of their stay in this country was limited by express
-orders brought with them from Japan, and they declined the numerous
-invitations which they received to visit other cities, and also an
-excursion which the government had planned to the Falls of Niagara. The
-short time they had to spend was no doubt more advantageously employed
-by restricting their observations to two or three places. Of the
-seventy-six persons, of which the embassy and its suite were composed,
-forty-six filled the position of attendants or servants to the
-remaining twenty, though some of them, directly attached to the person
-of the three ambassadors, were far above the rank of ordinary menials.
-The three ambassadors, though they bore the title of princes, were
-understood not to belong to the small class of hereditary nobles, but
-to owe their titles to the positions which they hold in the Emperor’s
-service. Among the seventeen persons next in rank to the ambassadors
-were a treasurer, having charge of the finances of the embassy,—though,
-except as to such purchases as they made, this office was a sinecure;
-a marshal, so to speak, charged with oversight and government of the
-servants; several secretaries, interpreters, and doctors, and others
-who might be called attachés. There was no priest or chaplain, nor any
-appearance of any formal worship. The three ambassadors affected a good
-deal of reserve; the others were inclined to sociability; but their
-ignorance of the language, and the necessity that all communications
-should undergo a double interpretation from English to Dutch, and
-then into Japanese, or _vice versa_, was a great obstacle to the
-communication of ideas.
-
-In New York, besides their visits to public places and institutions,
-the more curious of the Japanese were taken to visit a number of large
-manufactories of various kinds, in several of which they exhibited a
-good deal of interest. They made a good many purchases, and received
-a good many presents, the manufacturers of various articles hoping in
-this way to open a market for their wares in Japan.
-
-Though a good deal pressed upon at times by over-curious crowds, their
-reception was everywhere of the most kindly character, and can hardly
-fail to leave upon them a strong impression of American good-will.
-
-Since the negotiation of the recent treaties, a number of Americans and
-Englishmen, agents of mercantile houses, have established themselves at
-the open ports. A few cargoes of Japanese products have been shipped,
-but the trade is still in its infancy, and the extent to which it can
-be carried remains very problematical.
-
-
-
-
-APPENDIX
-
-
-NOTE A
-
-(From Clement’s “Handbook of Modern Japan”)
-
-PROVINCES BY CIRCUITS
-
-The following list gives in detail the divisions of Japan into
-Provinces (_Kuni_), according to “Circuits”:
-
- _Go-Kinai_ (Five Home Provinces). Yamashiro, Yamato, Kawachi, Izumi
- (or Senshiu), Settsu (or Sesshiu).
-
- _Tōkaidō_ (Eastern Sea Road). Iga, Ise, Shima, Owari, Mikawa, Tōtōmi,
- Suruga, Kai, Izu, Sagami, Musashi, Awa (or Bōshiu), Kazusa, Shimōsa,
- Hitachi.
-
- _Tōsandō_ (Eastern Mountain Road). Ōmi, Mino, Hida, Shinano (or
- Shinshiu), Kōzuke (or Jōshiu), Shimozuke, Iwaki, Iwashiro, Rikuzen,
- Rikuchū, Mutsu, Uzen, Ugo.
-
- _Hokurikudō_ (North Land Road). Wakasa, Echizen, Kaga, Noto, Etchū,
- Echigo, Sado Island.
-
- _Sanindō_ (Mountain Shade Road). Tamba, Tango, Tajima, Inaba, Hōki,
- Izumo, Iwami, Oki Islands.
-
- _Sanyōdō_ (Mountain Sunlight Road). Harima (or Banshiu), Mimasaka,
- Bizen, Bitchū, Bingo, Aki, Suwō, Nagata (or Chōshiu).
-
- _Nankaidō_ (Southern Sea Road). Kii (or Kishiu), Awaji Island, Awa,
- Sanuki, Iyo, Tosa (or Toshiu), of which the last four are in the
- island of Shikoku.
-
- _Saikaidō_ (Western Sea Road). Chikuzen, Chikugo, Buzen, Bungo, Hizen,
- Higo, Hyūga, Ōsumi, Satsuma (or Sasshiu), Iki Island, Tsushima Island,
- of which all except the last two are on the island of Kyūshiu.
-
- _Hokkaido_ (Northern Sea Road). Ōshima, Shiribeshi, Iburi, Ishikari,
- Hitaka, Tokachi, Teshio, Kushiro, Nemuro, Kitami (all on the island of
- Yezo), and Chishima, or the Kurile Islands.
-
- _Ryūkyū_ (Loo Choo or Lew Chew) Islands.
-
-
-NOTE B
-
-BIBLIOGRAPHY
-
- MURRAY: “The Story of Japan” in the “Stories of the Nations” series.
-
- BIRD (Miss): “Unbeaten Tracks in Japan.”
-
- GRIFFIS: “Japanese Fairy World”; “Japan in History, Folk-lore and
- Art”; “Honda the Samurai”; “The Religions of Japan.”
-
- HEARN: All his books, but especially “Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan” (2
- vols.); “Kokoro”; “Japan—An Interpretation.”
-
- LOWELL: “Noto, An Unexplored Corner of Japan”; “The Soul of the Far
- East.”
-
- NITOBE: “Bushido—The Soul of Japan.”
-
- GULICK: “The Evolution of the Japanese.”
-
- MITFORD: “Tales of Old Japan.”
-
- KNOX: “Japanese Life in Town and Country.”
-
- BACON (Miss): “Japanese Girls and Women” (illustrated edition).
-
- SCHERER: “Young Japan.”
-
- KNAPP: “Feudal and Modern Japan.”
-
- SHIGEMI: “A Japanese Boy.”
-
- BRAMHALL (Mrs.): “The Wee Ones of Japan.”
-
- CHAPLIN-AYRTON (Mrs.): “Child Life in Japan.”
-
- RIORDAN and TAKAYANAGI: “Sunrise Stories.”
-
- OZAKI (Miss): “The Japanese Fairy World.”
-
- MORSE: “Japanese Homes.”
-
- HARTSHORNE (Miss): “Japan and her People” (2 vols.).
-
-[Illustration: NIHOMBASHI, TŌKYŌ]
-
- REED: “Japan” (2 vols.).
-
- DICKSON: “Japan.”
-
- ASTON: “History of Japanese Literature.”
-
- CHAMBERLAIN: “Classical Poetry of the Japanese.”
-
- MCCLATCHIE: “Japanese Plays.”
-
- MACLAY: “Mito Yashiki.”
-
- KITCHIN: “Parli, the Last of the Missionaries.”
-
- GRUY: “A Captive of Love.”
-
- SUYEMATSU: “Genji Monogatari.”
-
- PURCELL: “A Suburb of Yedo.”
-
- HARRIS (Mrs.): “Log of a Japanese Journey.”
-
- DICKINS: “Chiushingura, the Loyal League.”
-
- ASAKAWA: “Early Institutional Life of Japan.”
-
- MACKAY: “From Far Formosa.”
-
- CAMPBELL: “Formosa under the Dutch.”
-
- DAVIDSON: “The Island of Formosa.”
-
- BATCHELOR: “The Ainu of Japan”; “The Ainu and their Folk-lore.”
-
- KINOS[H]ITA: “The Past and Present of Japanese Commerce.”
-
- HUISH: “Japan and its Art.”
-
- REGAMEY: “Japan in Art and Industry.”
-
- OKAKURA: “The Ideals of the East.”
-
- DRESSER: “Japan, Its Architecture, Art and Art Manufactures.”
-
- JARVES: “A Glimpse at the Art of Japan.”
-
- HARTMAN: “Japanese Art.”
-
- DICK: “Arts and Crafts of Old Japan.”
-
- ANDERSON: “The Pictorial Arts of Japan.”
-
- AUDSLEY and BOWES: “Keramic Art of Japan.”
-
- ALCOCK: “The Capital of the Tycoon” (2 vols.).
-
- ADAMS: “History of Japan” (2 vols.).
-
- BLACK: “Young Japan” (2 vols.).
-
- DIXON: “The Land of the Morning.”
-
- MOSSMAN: “New Japan.”
-
- HECR: “The Narrative of a Japanese” (2 vols.).
-
- OFFICIAL: “History of the Empire of Japan”; “Japanese Education.”
- “Kojiki,”—English version by Chamberlain, Vol. X, Appendix, of the
- “Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan.”
-
-
-NOTE C
-
-USE OF FIRE-ARMS IN THE EAST
-
-Even the inhabitants of southern India, notwithstanding the long
-intercourse carried on with them by Arab traders from the Persian Gulf
-and the Red Sea, and the invasions of their country by Mahometans
-from the north, seem to have been mainly indebted for their first
-possession of fire-arms to Europeans; as witness the following extract
-from Rickard Eden’s translation, first published in 1576, of the
-“Navigations and Voyages of Lewis Vertomanus, Gentleman, of the city
-of Rome, to the Regions of Arabia, Egypt, Persia, Syria, Ethiopia, and
-East India, both within and without the river Ganges, &c., in the year
-of our Lord, 1503,” contemporary, that is, with the earliest Portuguese
-expeditions: “Entering into the city of Calicut, we found there two
-Christians, born in the city of Milan; the one named John Maria, the
-other Peter Antonio. These were jewellers, and came from Portugal with
-the king’s license to buy precious stones. When I had found these men
-I rejoiced more than I am able to express. At our first meeting them,
-seeing to be white men (for we went naked, after the manner of the
-inhabitants), I asked them if they were Christians. They said yea. Then
-said I that I was also a Christian, by the grace of God. Then, taking
-me by my hand, they brought me to their house, where, for joy of our
-meeting, we could scarcely satisfy ourselves with tears, embracing and
-kissing; for it seemed now to me a strange thing to hear men speak
-mine own language, or to speak it myself. Shortly after, I asked them
-if they were in favor with the king of Calicut. We are, said they, in
-great favor with him, and very familiar. Then again I asked them what
-they were minded to do. We desire, said they, to return to our country,
-but we know not the means how. Then, said I, return the same way that
-you came. Nay, said they, that may not be; for we are fled from the
-Portugals, because we have made many pieces of great ordinance and
-other guns for the king of Calicut, and therefore we have good cause to
-fear; and now especially, for that the navy of Portugal will shortly
-be here. I answered that if I might escape to the city of Canonor, I
-doubted not but that I would get their pardon of the governor of the
-navy. There is small hope of mercy, said they, we are so famous and
-well known to many other kings in the way, which favor the Portugals,
-and lay wait to take us. In which their talk I perceived how fearful a
-thing is a guilty conscience, and called to remembrance the saying of
-the poet:
-
-  ‘Multa male timeo, qui feci multa proterve.’
-
-That is, ‘I fear much evil because I have done much evil.’ For they had
-not only made many such pieces of artillery for the infidels, to the
-great damage of Christians, and contempt of the holy name of Christ and
-his religion, but had also taught the idolaters both the making and
-use of them; and at my being there I saw them give a model or mould
-to certain idolaters, whereby they might make brazen pieces, of such
-bigness that one of them may receive the charge of a hundred and five
-tankards (cantoros) of powder. At the same time, also, there was a
-Jew, which had made a very fair brigantine, and four great pieces of
-artillery of iron. But God shortly afterwards gave him his due reward;
-for, when he went to wash him in the river, he was drowned.”
-
-Nor did the two Christians escape much better. The Portuguese commander
-agreed to pardon them; but, in attempting to escape to him, they were
-killed. Maffei, in his Indian History, refers to the aid which the
-native princes derived from these and other Christian renegadoes.
-
-
-NOTE D
-
-FERNAM MENDEZ PINTO
-
-The ill fortune of which Pinto complained as having pursued him
-through life did not spare him even after he was laid in the grave,
-the narrative of his adventures which he left behind him having been
-assailed by the wits and critics with hardly less ferocity than
-poor Pinto himself was while alive by the corsairs, infidels, and
-barbarians, with whom he came in contact. He is indeed chiefly known
-to English readers by an ill-natured fling of Congreve, who, in his
-“Love for Love,” makes one of his characters address another in those
-oft-quoted words: “Ferdinand Mendez Pinto was but a type of thee, thou
-liar of the first magnitude!” It is said also that Cervantes, three or
-four years before whose death Pinto’s book was published, speaks of him
-somewhere as the “prince of liars.” I have not been able to find the
-passage; but likely enough Cervantes might have been a little vexed to
-find his “Persiles and Sigismunda,” a romance, under the guise of a
-book of travels, first published about the time with Pinto’s book, so
-much outdone by what claimed to be a true narrative of real adventures.
-
-As Pinto, however, in spite of all his ill luck, found, in writing his
-memoirs, some topics of consolation, so also his character as an author
-and a narrator has by no means been left entirely in the lurch. Though
-little read now, he has enjoyed, in his day, a popularity such as few
-authors attain to. To the first edition of his “Peregrinations,” in
-the original Portuguese, succeeded others in 1678, 1711, and 1725; and
-second, third, and fourth editions are compliments which Portugal very
-rarely pays to her authors. A Spanish translation appeared at Madrid
-in 1620, in which, however, great and very unwarrantable liberties
-were taken by the translator. A French translation was published at
-Paris in 1628, and an English translation in 1663. To the Spanish and
-French translations defences of Pinto’s veracity are prefixed, and both
-passed through several editions. Purchas, who gives a synopsis of that
-part of Pinto’s book relating to China and Japan, strongly defends
-his credibility, observing that he little spares his own company and
-nation, but often and eagerly lays open their vices. “I find in him,”
-says Purchas, “little boasting, except of other nations, none at all of
-himself, but as if he intended to express God’s glory, and man’s merit
-of nothing but misery. And, however it seems incredible to remember
-such infinite particulars as this book is full of, yet an easy memory
-holdeth strong impressions of good and bad, especially new-whetted,
-filed, furbushed, with so many companions in misery, their best music
-in their chains and wanderings being the mutual recounting of things
-seen, done, and suffered. More marvel is it, if a liar, that he should
-not forget himself and contradict his own relations.
-
-“I would not have an author rejected for fit speeches framed by the
-writer, in which many historians have taken liberty; nor if sometimes
-he doth _mendacia dicere_ (say false things), so as that he doth not
-_mentiri_ (lie); as I will not sware but of himself he might mistake,
-and by others be misled. The Chinese might, in relating their rarities
-to him, enlarge and _de magnis majora loqui_ (exaggerate things really
-great), so as he still might be religious in a just and true delivery
-of what himself hath seen, and belei not his own eyes.... All China
-authors, how diversified in their lines, yet all concur in a certain
-centre of _Admiranda Sinarum_ (admirable things of the Chinese)[131],
-which if others have not so largely related as this, they may thank
-God they paid not so dear a price to see them; and, for me, I will
-rather believe, where reason evicts not, _ejectione firma_ (with a firm
-ejection), than seek to see at the author’s rate; and if he hath robbed
-the altars of truth, as he did those of the Calumplay idols, yet, in
-Pekin equity, we will not cut off his thumbs (according to Nanquin
-rigor), upon bare surmise, without any evidence against him.”
-
-The countries in which Pinto’s adventures chiefly lay, still remain,
-for the most part, very little known; but the more they have been
-explored, the more has the general correctness of Pinto’s statements
-been admitted. The editor of the great French collection, “Annales des
-Voyages,” who gives a full abstract of Pinto, remarks that, having had
-occasion, in preparing the volume of that work on China, to consult
-all accessible works about that country, he had been more and more
-confirmed in his opinion of the reality of Pinto’s adventures and
-the general correctness of his memory. Rémusat, the eminent Chinese
-scholar, cites Pinto as good authority for facts, and it was, I
-believe, by his procurement, or that of the “Société Asiatique,” that
-the French translation of his travels was reprinted at Paris in 1830.
-
-
-NOTE E
-
-EARLIEST ENGLISH AND DUTCH ADVENTURERS IN THE EAST—GOA
-
-Prior to the first Dutch and English India voyages, both Englishmen and
-Dutchmen had reached India, some by way of Lisbon and the Cape of Good
-Hope, others over land. Pinto speaks of Christians of various nations
-as among the adventurers with whom he acted. Hackluyt gives (Vol. II)
-a letter written by Thomas Stevens, an English Jesuit, dated in 1579,
-at Goa, which he had reached by way of Lisbon and the Cape of Good
-Hope. This curious letter was addressed by Stevens, who was attached
-to that very seminary of St. Paul (or the Holy Faith), of which we
-have had occasion to make mention, to his father in England. Hackluyt
-also gives in the same volume some very interesting memorials of the
-adventures of John Newbury, who, attended by Ralph Fitch, Story, a
-painter, Leeds, a jeweller, and others, was sent over land in 1583,
-simultaneously with the first English attempts at exploration and
-settlement in North America, by some London merchants of the Turkey
-company, as bearer of letters from Queen Elizabeth to Zelabdim Echabar,
-king of Cambia (Ackbar, the Great Mogul) and to the king of China—both
-which letters, proposing trade and commerce, Hackluyt gives at length.
-Newbury proceeded by way of Ormus, which he had visited before, and
-where he found merchants of almost all nations, not Portuguese only,
-but Frenchmen, Flemings, Germans, Hungarians, Greeks, Armenians, Turks,
-Arabs, Jews, Persians, Muscovites, and especially Italians, who seem
-by this time to have recovered a great share of the trade to the East.
-By one of these Italians Newbury and his company were accused as spies
-of Don Antonio (the claimant as against Philip II, of the Portuguese
-throne, and at that time a refugee in England). The fact also that
-Drake, in his recent voyage round the world, had, while at the
-Moluccas, fired two shots at a Portuguese galleon, was alleged against
-them. They were sent prisoners to the viceroy at Goa; but, by the good
-offices of the English Jesuit, Stevens, above-mentioned, and of John
-Huigen Van Linschoten, a Dutchman in the service of the archbishop,
-they were released on giving sureties not to depart without leave of
-the viceroy, which sureties they procured by placing goods in the hands
-of certain parties who became bound for them.
-
-Story, the painter, had indeed previously procured his discharge
-by joining the Jesuits of St. Paul, where he was admitted as a
-probationer, and was employed in painting the church. The others,
-finding that the viceroy would not discharge their sureties, left
-secretly, or, as Fitch expresses it, “ran from thence,” April, 1585,
-and, passing to Golconda, travelled north to Agra, then the capital of
-the Great Mogul. Here Leeds, the jeweller, entered into the Mogul’s
-service, who gave him “a house, five slaves, and every day six S. S.
-(qu. sequins?) in money.” Newbury went from Agra to Lahore, expecting
-to go thence to Persia, and, by way of Aleppo and Constantinople,
-to reach England; and he sent Fitch meanwhile to Bengal and Pegu,
-promising to meet him in Bengal in two years in a ship from England.
-Fitch passed on to Benares, and thence to Bengal, and November 28,
-1586, sailed for Pegu, whence the next year he proceeded to Malacca.
-Returning again, in 1588, to Pegu, he went thence to Bengal in the
-following November; whence, in February, 1589, he took shipping for
-Cochin, touching at Ceylon on the way, a “brave island,” where he
-spent five days. At Cochin he stayed eight months before he could get
-a passage to Goa. From Goa he proceeded to Ormus, whence, by way of
-Basora, Mosul, and Aleppo, he reached England April 29, 1591.
-
-Linschoten, mentioned above, who had arrived at Goa in 1583, from
-Lisbon, as one of the archbishop’s suite, returned to Holland in 1589,
-where he published his travels in 1595,—the first Dutch account of the
-East. From him we learn that Story, the painter, after the departure
-of his companions, grew sick of the cloister of St. Paul, and, as he
-had not yet taken the vows, left and set up as a painter in Goa, where
-he had abundant employment, and, “in the end, married a mestizo’s
-daughter of the town, so that he made his account to stay there while
-he lived,”—the first permanent English resident in Hindoostan.
-
-[Illustration: A MODERN STREET SCENE IN TŌKYŌ]
-
-There is in the “Asiatic Journal,” for December, 1838, a very striking
-description of the present ruinous state of the once splendid and
-magnificent city of Goa. It has been abandoned for Pongi, now known
-as New Goa, six miles nearer the sea, and the present seat of the
-shrunken Portuguese viceroyalty. The only inhabitants of Old Goa are a
-few hundred monks, nuns, and their attendants, attached to the splendid
-churches and monasteries still standing, among which towers conspicuous
-the church of the Jesuits, in a beautiful chapel attached to which is
-the monument of St. Francis Xavier. His body, removed thither from
-the college of St. Paul, in which it was first placed, reposes upon a
-sarcophagus or bier of Italian marble, faced with bronzes, representing
-his missionary labors, and enclosed in a shrine of brass and silver.
-It is alleged still to be in as good preservation as ever, and is
-occasionally exhibited in public. The last of these exhibitions was in
-1783.
-
-
-NOTE F
-
-JAPANESE DARING AND ADVENTURE EXTERIOR TO THE LIMITS OF JAPAN
-
-The same Davis who had been Houtman’s pilot in the first voyage to the
-East Indies sailed from England in 1604, as master of the “Tiger,” a
-ship of two hundred and forty tons. While on her course from Bantam to
-Batavia, the “Tiger” encountered a little junk of seventy tons, with
-ninety Japanese on board, “most of them in too gallant a habit for
-sailors.” They had left home, as it turned out, in a larger vessel,
-which had been “pirating along the coast of China and Cambodia,”—much
-the same business, by the way, in which the “Tiger” was herself
-engaged,—but, having lost their vessel by shipwreck, they had seized
-upon this little junk, laden with rice, and were trying to reach
-Japan in it. In hopes to get some information out of them, they were
-entertained for two days with “gifts and feasting”; but, at the same
-time, their junk was searched for treasure which might be concealed
-under the rice. While part of the “Tiger’s” men were employed in this
-search, the Japanese made a desperate attempt to get possession of
-that ship. Davis himself was killed in the first surprise, but the
-Japanese were finally forced into the cabin, where, by breaking down a
-bulkhead, some of the ship’s guns, loaded with bullets and case shot,
-were brought to bear upon them. They disdained to ask quarter, and
-all perished from effects of the shot except one, who jumped into the
-sea. The narrative of this affair, given by Purchas (Pilg., Part 1, p.
-137), and apparently written by an officer of the “Tiger,” winds up as
-follows: “The Japanese are not suffered to land in any port of India
-with weapons, being accounted a people so desperate and daring that
-they are feared in all places where they come.”
-
-In conformity to this character of the Japanese is the account given by
-Floris, cape merchant of the “Globe,” an English ship, which touched
-at Siam in 1612, while performing the voyage mentioned Vol. I, p. 207
-of the text. A short time previously, two hundred and eighty Japanese,
-the slave-soldiers of a principal Siamese noble, who had been put to
-death by the royal authority, had revenged their master by seizing on
-the king of Siam, whom they compelled to subscribe to such terms as
-they dictated, “after which, they had departed with great treasure, the
-Siamese not being able to right themselves.”[132]
-
-The good service rendered to the Portuguese by Japanese mercenaries
-at the siege of Malacca, in 1606, is mentioned in the text, Vol. I,
-p. 182. It appears, from a curious tract concerning the Philippines,
-preserved by Thevenot, that when De Silva, governor of those islands,
-undertook, in 1608, to drive the Dutch from the Moluccas, he was
-obliged to send to Japan for saltpetre, metal, and even for founders to
-cast cannon. A body of Japanese formed, in 1619, a part of the Dutch
-garrison in their fort at Jacatara (named about that time Batavia),
-while besieged by the natives on the island, and blockaded at the same
-time by an English squadron, as mentioned Vol. I, p. 237 of the text.
-Of the Japanese settled on the island of Amboyna, and involved with
-the English in the massacre there, mention is made Vol. I, p. 240.
-Haganaar, who was at Cambodia in 1637, found among the inhabitants of
-that city seventy or eighty families of Japanese, whom he describes as
-not daring to return to their own country, with which, however, they
-carried on trade, by means of Chinese ships. They were in great favor
-with the king of Cambodia, to whom they had rendered valiant assistance
-in suppressing a dangerous rebellion, and were greatly feared by the
-other inhabitants of the city, whether Chinese or Malays. To this
-day one of the channels of the great river of Cambodia is known as
-“Japanese river”—a name given, indeed, on some maps, to the main river
-itself, and probably taking its origin from this Japanese colony.
-
-The conquest of the Lew Chew [Riūkiū] Islands, by the king of Satsuma,
-took place about 1610; and, much about the same time, some Japanese
-made an establishment on the island of Formosa, for the purpose of
-trading with the Chinese; but in this they were soon superseded by the
-Dutch. The narrative of Nuyts’ affair, as given in the text (Vol. I,
-p. 252), is derived from a detailed account appended in “Voyages au
-Nord,” Tom. IV., to Caron’s Memoir, addressed to Colbert, on opening
-an intercourse with Japan; but, from a paper embodied in the Voyage
-of Rechteren (“Voyages des Indes,” Tom. V.), and written, apparently,
-in 1632, by a person on the spot, it would appear that the conduct of
-Nuyts, instead of being prompted by personal antipathy, was merely an
-attempt to exclude the Japanese from the trade with the Chinese, and to
-engross it for the Dutch East India Company; “a desire good in itself,”
-so this writer observes, “but which should have been pursued with
-greater precaution and prudence.”
-
-In the Chinese writings, the Japanese figure as daring pirates; but, as
-the appellation bestowed on them is equally applied to other eastern
-and southeastern islanders, it is not so easy to say to whose credit or
-discredit the exploits referred to by these Chinese writers actually
-belong.
-
-
-NOTE G
-
-(From Clement’s “Handbook of Modern Japan”)
-
-LIST OF JAPANESE YEAR PERIODS[1]
-
-The names of these periods are made by the various combinations of 68
-Chinese words of good omen.
-
-  ────────────────────────┬───────────┬───────────
-  NAME.                   │ JAPANESE  │ CHRISTIAN
-                          │  ERA.[2]  │   ERA.
-                          ├───────────┼───────────
-  Taikwa                  │   1305    │   645
-  Hakuchi                 │   1310    │   650
-  (Blank)                 │ 1315-1331 │ 655-671
-  Sujaku                  │   1332    │   672
-  Hakuhō                  │   1332    │   672
-  Shuchō                  │   1346    │   686
-  (Blank)                 │ 1347-1360 │ 687-700
-  Daihō [Taihō]           │   1361    │   701
-  Keiun                   │   1364    │   704
-  Wadō                    │   1368    │   708
-  Reiki                   │   1375    │   715
-  Yōrō                    │   1377    │   717
-  Jinki                   │   1384    │   724
-  Tembiō                  │   1389    │   729
-  Tembiō shōhō            │   1409    │   749
-  Tembiō hoji             │   1417    │   757
-  Tembiō jingo            │   1425    │   765
-  Jingō keiun             │   1427    │   767
-  Hōki                    │   1430    │   770
-  Tenō                    │   1441    │   781
-  Enriaku                 │   1442    │   782
-  Daidō                   │   1466    │   806
-  Kōnin                   │   1470    │   810
-  Tenchō                  │   1484    │   824
-  Jōwa                    │   1494    │   834
-  Kajō                    │   1508    │   848
-  Ninju                   │   1511    │   851
-  Saikō                   │   1514    │   854
-  Ten-an                  │   1517    │   857
-  Jōgwan                  │   1519    │   859
-  Gwangiō                 │   1537    │   877
-  Ninna                   │   1545    │   885
-  Kwampei                 │   1549    │   889
-  Shōtai                  │   1558    │   898
-  Engi                    │   1561    │   901
-  Enchō                   │   1583    │   923
-  Jōhei                   │   1591    │   931
-  Tengiō                  │   1598    │   938
-  Tenriaku                │   1607    │   947
-  Tentoku                 │   1617    │   957
-  Owa                     │   1621    │   961
-  Kōhō                    │   1624    │   964
-  Anna                    │   1628    │   968
-  Tenroku                 │   1630    │   970
-  Ten-en                  │   1633    │   973
-  Jōgen                   │   1636    │   976
-  Tengen                  │   1638    │   978
-  Eikwan                  │   1643    │   983
-  Kwanna                  │   1645    │   985
-  Eien                    │   1647    │   987
-  Eiso                    │   1649    │   989
-  Shōriaku                │   1650    │   990
-  Chōtoku                 │   1655    │   995
-  Chōhō                   │   1659    │   999
-  Kwankō                  │   1664    │  1004
-  Chōwa                   │   1672    │  1012
-  Kwannin                 │   1677    │  1017
-  Ji-an                   │   1681    │  1021
-  Manjū                   │   1684    │  1024
-  Chōgen                  │   1688    │  1028
-  Chōriaku                │   1697    │  1037
-  Chōkiū                  │   1700    │  1040
-  Kwantoku                │   1704    │  1044
-  Eijō                    │   1706    │  1046
-  Tengi                   │   1713    │  1053
-  Kōhei                   │   1718    │  1058
-  Jiriaku                 │   1725    │  1065
-  Enkiū                   │   1729    │  1069
-  Jōhō                    │   1734    │  1074
-  Jōriaku                 │   1737    │  1077
-  Eiho                    │   1741    │  1081
-  Ōtoku                   │   1744    │  1084
-  Kwanji                  │   1747    │  1087
-  Kahō                    │   1754    │  1094
-  Eichō                   │   1756    │  1096
-  Jōtoku                  │   1757    │  1097
-  Kōwa                    │   1759    │  1099
-  Chōji                   │   1764    │  1104
-  Kajō                    │   1766    │  1106
-  Tennin                  │   1768    │  1108
-  Ten-ei                  │   1770    │  1110
-  Eikiū                   │   1773    │  1113
-  Gen-ei                  │   1778    │  1118
-  Hōan                    │   1780    │  1120
-
-[Note 1: From official sources.]
-
-[Note 2: Beginning 660 B. C.]
-
-  Tenji                   │   1784    │  1124
-  Daiji                   │   1786    │  1126
-  Tenjō                   │   1791    │  1131
-  Chōjō                   │   1792    │  1132
-  Hōen                    │   1795    │  1135
-  Eiji                    │   1801    │  1141
-  Kōji                    │   1802    │  1142
-  Ten-yō                  │   1804    │  1144
-  Kiū-an                  │   1805    │  1145
-  Nimbiō                  │   1811    │  1151
-  Kiūju                   │   1814    │  1154
-  Hōgen                   │   1816    │  1156
-  Heiji                   │   1819    │  1159
-  Eiriaku                 │   1820    │  1160
-  Ōhō                     │   1821    │  1161
-  Chōkwan                 │   1823    │  1163
-  Eiman                   │   1825    │  1165
-  Nin-an                  │   1826    │  1166
-  Ka-o                    │   1829    │  1169
-  Jō-an                   │   1831    │  1171
-  Angen                   │   1835    │  1175
-  Jishō                   │   1837    │  1177
-  Yōwa                    │   1841    │  1181
-  Ju-ei                   │   1842    │  1182
-  Genriaku                │   1844    │  1184
-  Bunji                   │   1845    │  1185
-  Kenkiū                  │   1850    │  1190
-  Shōji                   │   1859    │  1199
-  Kennin                  │   1861    │  1201
-  Genkiū                  │   1864    │  1204
-  Ken-ei                  │   1866    │  1206
-  Jōgen                   │   1867    │  1207
-  Kenriaku                │   1871    │  1211
-  Kempō                   │   1873    │  1213
-  Jōkiū                   │   1879    │  1219
-  Jō-ō                    │   1882    │  1222
-  Gennin                  │   1884    │  1224
-  Karoku                  │   1885    │  1225
-  Antei                   │   1887    │  1227
-  Kwangi                  │   1889    │  1229
-  Jō-ei                   │   1892    │  1232
-  Tempuku                 │   1893    │  1233
-  Bunriaku                │   1894    │  1234
-  Katei                   │   1895    │  1235
-  Riakunin                │   1898    │  1238
-  En-o                    │   1899    │  1239
-  Ninji                   │   1900    │  1240
-  Kwangen                 │   1903    │  1243
-  Hōji                    │   1907    │  1247
-  Kenchō                  │   1909    │  1249
-  Kōgen                   │   1916    │  1256
-  Shōka                   │   1917    │  1257
-  Shōgen                  │   1919    │  1259
-  Bun-ō                   │   1920    │  1260
-  Kōchō                   │   1921    │  1261
-  Bun-ei                  │   1924    │  1264
-  Kenji                   │   1935    │  1275
-  Kōan                    │   1938    │  1278
-  Shō-ō                   │   1948    │  1288
-  Einin                   │   1953    │  1293
-  Shōan                   │   1959    │  1299
-  Kengen                  │   1962    │  1302
-  Kagen                   │   1963    │  1303
-  Tokuji                  │   1966    │  1306
-  Enkiō                   │   1968    │  1308
-  Ōchō                    │   1971    │  1311
-  Shōwa                   │   1972    │  1312
-  Bumpō                   │   1977    │  1317
-  Gen-ō                   │   1979    │  1319
-  Genkō                   │   1981    │  1321
-  Shōchū                  │   1984    │  1324
-  Kariaku                 │   1986    │  1326
-  Gentoku                 │   1989    │  1329
-  Shōkiō [Genkō]          │   1992    │  1332
-  Kemmu                   │   1994    │  1334
-  Rekiō                   │   1998    │  1338[1]
-  Kōei                    │   2002    │  1342[1]
-  Jōwa                    │   2005    │  1345[1]
-  Kwan-ō                  │   2010    │  1350[1]
-  Bunna                   │   2012    │  1352[1]
-  Embun                   │   2016    │  1356[1]
-  Kōan                    │   2021    │  1361[1]
-  Jōji                    │   2022    │  1362[1]
-  Ōan                     │   2028    │  1368[1]
-  Eiwa                    │   2035    │  1375[1]
-  Kōreki                  │   2039    │  1379[1]
-  Eitoku                  │   2041    │  1381[1]
-  Shitoku                 │   2044    │  1384[1]
-  Kakei                   │   2047    │  1387[1]
-  Koō                     │   2049    │  1389[1]
-  Engen                   │   1996    │  1336[2]
-  Kōkoku                  │   1999    │  1339[2]
-
- [Note 1: Northern Dynasty,]
-
- [Note 2: Southern Dynasty.]
-
-  Shōhei                  │   2006    │  1346[1]
-  Kentoku                 │   2030    │  1370[1]
-  Bunchū                  │   2032    │  1372[1]
-  Tenju                   │   2035    │  1375[1]
-  Kōwa                    │   2041    │  1381[1]
-  Genchū                  │   2044    │  1384[1]
-  Meitoku                 │   2050    │  1390
-  O-ei                    │   2054    │  1394
-  Shōchō                  │   2088    │  1428
-  Eikiō                   │   2089    │  1429
-  Kakitsu                 │   2101    │  1441
-  Bun-an                  │   2104    │  1444
-  Hōtoku                  │   2109    │  1449
-  Kōtoku                  │   2112    │  1452
-  Kōshō                   │   2115    │  1455
-  Chōroku                 │   2117    │  1457
-  Kwanshō                 │   2120    │  1460
-  Bunshō                  │   2126    │  1466
-  Ō-nin                   │   2127    │  1467
-  Bummei                  │   2129    │  1469
-  Chōko                   │   2147    │  1487
-  Entoku                  │   2149    │  1489
-  Mei-ō                   │   2152    │  1492
-  Bunki                   │   2161    │  1501
-  Eishō                   │   2164    │  1504
-  Dai-ei                  │   2181    │  1521
-  Kōroku                  │   2188    │  1528
-  Tembun                  │   2192    │  1532
-  Kōji                    │   2215    │  1555
-  Eiroku                  │   2218    │  1558
-  Genki                   │   2230    │  1570
-  Tenshō                  │   2233    │  1573
-  Bunroku                 │   2252    │  1592
-  Keichō                  │   2256    │  1596
-  Genna                   │   2275    │  1615
-  Kwan-ei                 │   2284    │  1624
-  Shōhō                   │   2304    │  1644
-  Kei-an                  │   2308    │  1648
-  Jō-ō                    │   2312    │  1652
-  Meireki                 │   2315    │  1655
-  Manji                   │   2318    │  1658
-  Kwambun                 │   2321    │  1661
-  Empō                    │   2333    │  1673
-  Tenna                   │   2341    │  1681
-  Jōkiō                   │   2344    │  1684
-  Genroku                 │   2348    │  1688
-  Hō-ei                   │   2364    │  1704
-  Shōtoku                 │   2371    │  1711
-  Kiōhō                   │   2376    │  1716
-  Gembun                  │   2396    │  1736
-  Kwampō                  │   2401    │  1741
-  Enkiō                   │   2404    │  1744
-  Kwan-en                 │   2408    │  1748
-  Hōreki                  │   2411    │  1751
-  Meiwa                   │   2424    │  1764
-  An-ei                   │   2432    │  1772
-  Temmei                  │   2441    │  1781
-  Kwansei                 │   2449    │  1789
-  Kiōwa                   │   2461    │  1801
-  Bunkwa                  │   2464    │  1804
-  Bunsei                  │   2478    │  1818
-  Tempō                   │   2490    │  1830
-  Kōkwa                   │   2504    │  1844
-  Ka-ei                   │   2508    │  1848
-  Ansei                   │   2514    │  1854
-  Man-en                  │   2520    │  1860
-  Bunkiū                  │   2521    │  1861
-  Genji                   │   2524    │  1864
-  Kei-ō                   │   2525    │  1865
-  Meiji                   │   2528    │  1868
-  ────────────────────────┴───────────┴───────
-
-  [Note 1: Southern Dynasty.]
-
-
-NOTE H
-
-(From Clement’s “Handbook of Modern Japan”)
-
-CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EMPERORS AND EMPRESSES[1]
-
-  1. Jimmu (660-585 B.C.)
-
-  2. Suizei (581-549)
-
-  3. Annei (548-511)
-
-  4. Itoku (510-477)
-
-  5. Kōshō (475-393)
-
-  6. Kōan (392-291)
-
-  7. Kōrei (290-215)
-
-  8. Kōgen (214-158)
-
-  9. Kaikwa (157-98)
-
-  10. Sujin (97-30)
-
-  11. Suinin (29 B.C.-70 A.D.)
-
-  12. Keikō (71-130 A.D.)
-
-  13. Seimu (131-190)
-
-  14. Chūai (192-200)
-
-  [15. _Jingō_[1] (201-269)]
-
-  16. Ōjin (270-310)
-
-  17. Nintoku (313-399)
-
-  18. Richū (400-405)
-
-  19. Hanzei (406-411)
-
-  20. Ingyō (412-453)
-
-  21. Ankō (454-456)
-
-  22. Yūryaku (457-479)
-
-  23. Seinei (480-484)
-
-  24. Kensō (485-487)
-
-  25. Ninken (488-498)
-
-  26. Muretsu (499-506)
-
-  27. Keitai (507-531)
-
-  28. Ankan (534-535)
-
-  29. Senkwa (536-539)
-
-  30. Kimmei (540-571)
-
-  31. Bidatsu (572-585)
-
-  32. Yōmei (586-587)
-
-  33. Sujun (588-592)
-
-  34. _Suiko_ (593-628)
-
-  35. Jomei (629-641)
-
-  36. _Kōgyoku_ (642-645)
-
-  37. Kōtoku (645-654)
-
-  38. _Saimei_ (655-661)
-
-  39. Tenchi (668-671)
-
-  40. Kōbun (672)
-
-  41. Temmu (673-686)
-
-  42. _Jitō_ (690-696)
-
-  43. Mommu (697-707)
-
-  44. _Gemmyō_ (708-715)
-
-  45. _Genshō_ (715-723)
-
-  46. Shōmu (724-748)
-
-  47. _Kōken_ (749-758)
-
-  48. Junnin (758-764)
-
-  49. _Shōtoku_ (765-770)
-
-  50. Kōnin (770-781)
-
-  51. Kwammu (782-806)
-
-  52. Heizei (806-809)
-
-  53. Saga (810-823)
-
-  54. Junna (824-833)
-
-  55. Nimmyō (834-850)
-
-  56. Montoku (851-858)
-
-  57. Seiwa (859-876)
-
-  58. Yōzei (877-884)
-
-  59. Kōkō (885-887)
-
-  60. Uda (888-897)
-
-  61. Daigo (898-930)
-
-  62. Shujaku (931-946)
-
-  63. Murakami (947-967)
-
-  64. Reizei (968-969)
-
-  65. Enyu (970-984)
-
-  66. Kwazan (985-986)
-
-  67. Ichijō (987-1011)
-
-  68. Sanjō (1012-1016)
-
-  69. Go-Ichijō{1} (1017-1036)
-
-  70. Go-Shujaku (1037-1045)
-
-  71. Go-Reizei (1046-1068)
-
-  72. Go-Sanjō (1069-1073)
-
-  73. Shirakawa (1073-1086)
-
-  74. Horikawa (1087-1107)
-
-  75. Toba (1108-1123)
-
-  76. Shutoku (1124-1141)
-
-  77. Konoye (1142-1155)
-
-  78. Go-Shirakawa (1156-1158)
-
-  79. Nijō (1159-1165)
-
-  80. Rokujō (1166-1168)
-
-  81. Takakura (1169-1180)
-
-  82. Antoku (1181-1185)
-
-  83. Go-Toba (1186-1198)
-
-  84. Tsuchimikado (1199-1210)
-
-  85. Juntoku (1211-1221)
-
-  86. Chūkyō (1222)
-
-  87. Go-Horikawa (1222-1232)
-
-  88. Shijō (1233-1242)
-
-  89. Go-Saga (1243-1246)
-
-  90. Go-Fukakusa (1247-1259)
-
-  91. Kameyama (1260-1274)
-
-  92. Go-Uda (1275-1287)
-
-  93. Fushimi (1288-1298)
-
-  94. Go-Fushimi (1299-1301)
-
-  95. Go-Nijo (1302-1307)
-
-  96. Hanazono (1308-1318)
-
-  97. Go-Daigo (1319-1338)
-
-  98. Go-Murakami (1339-1367)
-
-  [99. Chōkei (1368-1383)]
-
-  100. Go-Kameyama (1383-1392)
-
-  101. Go-Komatsu (1392-1412)
-
-  102. Shōkō (1413-1428)
-
-  103. Go-Hanazono (1429-1464)
-
-  104. Go-Tsuchimikado (1465-1500)
-
-  105. Go-Kashiwabara (1501-1526)
-
-  106. Go-Nara (1527-1557)
-
-  107. Ōgimachi (1558-1586)
-
-  108. Go-Yōzei (1587-1611)
-
-  109. Go-Mizuno-o (1612-1629)
-
-  110. _Myōshō_ (1630-1643)
-
-  111. Go-Kōmyō (1644-1654)
-
-  112. Go-Saiin (1655-1663)
-
-  113. Reignen (1663-1686)
-
-  114. Higashiyama (1687-1709)
-
-  115. Nakano-mikado (1710-1735)
-
-  116. Sakuramachi (1736-1746)
-
-  117. Momozono (1747-1762)
-
-  118. _Go-Sakuramachi_ (1763-1770)
-
-  119. Go-Momozono (1771-1779)
-
-  120. Kōkaku (1780-1817)
-
-  121. Ninkō (1817-1846)
-
-  122. Kōmei (1847-1867)
-
-  123. Mutsuhito (1867-  )
-
-N. B.—Nos. 36 and 38 were the same empress; likewise Nos. 47 and 49.
-   Note 1: Empresses in Italics. Bracketed names (Nos. 15 and 99) are
-omitted from some lists.
-
-
-We append also a list of the sovereigns of the “Northern Court” during
-the separation, as follows:
-
-  1. Kōgon (1332-1335)
-
-  2. Kōmyō (1336-1348)
-
-  3. Shukō (1349-1352)
-
-  4. Go-Kōgon (1352-1371)
-
-  5. Go-Enyu (1372-1382)
-
-  6. Go-Komatsu (1383-1392)
-
-In 1392 Go-Komatsu became emperor over the reunited empire.
-
-[1: _Go_ is a prefix signifying the second of the name.]
-
-
-NOTE I
-
-OMITTED DOCUMENTS
-
-
-I. Letter of the Emperor Iyeyasu (Ōgosho-Sama) to the king of
-England—(James I.).[133]
-
- “Your majesty’s kind letter, sent me by your servant, Captain John
- Saris (who is the first that I have known to arrive in any part
- of my dominions), I heartily embrace, being not a little glad to
- understand of your great wisdom and power, as having three plentiful
- and mighty kingdoms under your powerful command. I acknowledge your
- majesty’s great bounty in sending me so undeserved a present of many
- rare things, such as my land affordeth not, neither have I ever
- before seen; which I receive not as from a stranger, but as from
- your majesty, whom I esteem as myself. Desiring the continuance of
- friendship with your highness, and that it may stand with your good
- liking to send your subjects to any part or port of my dominions,
- where they shall be most heartily welcome, applauding much their
- worthiness, in the admirable knowledge of navigation, having with much
- facility discovered a country so remote, being no whit amazed with the
- distance of so mighty a gulf, nor greatness of such infinite clouds
- and storms from prosecuting honorable enterprises of discoveries and
- merchandising, wherein they shall find me to further them according
- to their desires. I return unto your majesty a small token of my love
- (by your said subject), desiring you to accept thereof as from one
- that much rejoiceth in your friendship. And whereas your majesty’s
- subjects have desired certain privileges for trade and settling of a
- factory in my dominions, I have not only granted what they demanded,
- but have confirmed the same unto them under my broad seal, for better
- establishing thereof. From my castle in Suruga, this fourth day of
- the ninth month, in the eighteenth year of our Dairi, according to our
- computation. Resting your majesty’s friend, the highest commander in
- the kingdom of Japan:
-
-  “[Signed]
-
-  MINNA. MONTONO YER. YE. YEAS
-
-  [MINAMOTO-NO-IYEYASU].”
-
-
-II. An ordinance of the Emperor of Japan sent to all the governors of
-the maritime districts to prevent the landing of Portuguese:[134]
-
- “The express and reiterated commandments against the promulgation of
- the religion and doctrine of the Christians have been duly published
- and everywhere proclaimed; but it being found that these edicts
- were not efficacious, they (that is, the Christians) were forbidden
- to approach the coasts of Japan with their galliots and other sea
- vessels; and some of them, in contempt of this prohibition, having
- come to Nagasaki, orders were given, in punishment of this offence,
- to put them to death. It was commanded, last year, by a special
- edict, that in case any sea vessel were seen on the coasts of Japan
- or entered any port, it might be permitted to anchor, with a strong
- guard on board, till what they proposed was sent to the emperor. This
- commandment is now revoked; and it is ordered instead that these
- vessels (that is, Portuguese and Spanish vessels), without hearing a
- word which those on board have to say, shall be destroyed and burnt,
- whatever pretence they may set up, and all their crews to the last man
- be put to death.
-
- “It is also commanded to erect watch-towers on the mountains and all
- along the coast, and to keep constant watch to discover Portuguese
- vessels, so that news of their arrival may at once be spread
- everywhere; and if such a vessel shall first be discovered from a
- more distant point, it shall be imputed as a crime to those in charge
- of the nearer watching places, and the governors thus guilty of
- negligence shall be deprived of their offices. As soon as a Portuguese
- vessel shall be discovered, news shall be sent express to all the
- neighborhood, to the governors of Nagasaki and Ōsaka, and to the lord
- of Arima.
-
- “It is expressly forbidden to attack or molest any Portuguese vessel
- at sea, but only in some road, port, or haven of the empire, as to
- which you will conform to the orders that may be sent you from the
- governors of Nagasaki or the lord of Arima, except where necessity
- obliges instant action, in which case you will act as already
- commanded.
-
- “As to vessels of other nations, you will, according to the tenor of
- former ordinances, visit and examine them; and, after placing a strong
- guard on board, without allowing a single person to land, send them in
- all safety to Nagasaki.”
-
-
-III. Letter from Louis XIV to the Emperor of Japan:[135]
-
- “To the sovereign and highest emperor and regent of the great empire
- of Japan, over subjects very submissive and obedient, the king of
- France wishes a long and happy life and a most prosperous reign:
-
- “Many wars, carried on by my ancestors, the kings of France, and many
- victories gained by them, as well over their neighbors as over distant
- kingdoms, having been followed by profound peace, the merchants of my
- kingdom, who trade throughout Europe, have taken occasion very humbly
- to beg me to open for them the way into other parts of the world to
- sail and to trade thither like the other European nations; and I
- have the rather inclined to accede to their request, from its being
- seconded by the wishes of the princes and nobles among my subjects,
- and by my own curiosity to be exactly informed of the manners and
- customs of the great kingdoms exterior to Europe, of which we have
- hitherto known nothing but from the narratives of our neighbors who
- have visited the East. I have, therefore, to satisfy as well my own
- inclination as the prayers of my subjects, determined to send deputies
- into all the kingdoms of the East; and as my envoy to your high and
- sovereign majesty, I have selected _Francis Caron_, who understands
- Japanese, and who has many times had the honor of paying his respects
- to your majesty, and of audience from you. For that express purpose
- I have caused him to come into my kingdom, knowing him very well to
- be of good extraction, though by misfortunes of war stripped of his
- property; but re-established by me in his former condition, and even
- elevated in honor and dignity, to make him more worthy to approach
- your high and sovereign majesty with all due respect. An additional
- motive for selecting him was fear lest another person, from ignorance
- of the wise ordinances and customs established by your majesty, might
- do something in contravention of them, and so might fall under your
- majesty’s displeasure; whence I have judged the said Francis Caron
- the most capable to present my letter and my requests, with such
- solemnities as might secure for them the best reception on the part
- of your majesty, and to make known my good affection and my frank
- desire to grant to your sovereign majesty whatever you may ask of me,
- in return for the grant of what I ask: which is, that the merchants
- of my kingdoms, who have united themselves into a company, may have
- free commerce throughout your majesty’s empire, without trouble or
- hindrance. I send you the present of trifling value here noted.... I
- hope it may be agreeable to your majesty, and that some things useful
- to your majesty may be found in my country, of which I voluntarily
- leave open and free all the ports.
-
- “At Paris, the twenty-fourth year of my reign [1666].
-
-  “THE KING LOUIS.”
-
- NOTE.—What is said above of Caron’s good extraction, of his having
- lost his fortune by the chances of war, and of his re-establishment
- in his former position by the favor of the king, was, it is
- probable, merely intended to reconcile the Japanese to receiving as
- an envoy from the king of France a man whom they had known only in
- the—according to their ideas—low character of a Dutch merchant.
-
- In the instructions drawn up for the bearer of this letter, the
- following curious directions were given as to the answer to be made
- to the inquiries of the Japanese on the topic of religion: “As to the
- article of religion you will say, that the religion of the French
- is of two kinds—one the same with that of the Spaniards, the other
- the same with that of the Dutch;[136] and that his majesty, knowing
- that the religion of the Spaniards is disliked in Japan, has given
- orders that those of his subjects who go thither shall be of the
- Dutch religion; that this distinction will be carefully attended to;
- and that no Frenchman will ever be found wishing to contravene the
- imperial orders.[137] Should they advance as an objection, that the
- king of France depends upon the Pope, like the king of Spain, you will
- answer, that he does not depend upon him; that the king of France
- acknowledges no superior, and that the nature of his dependence upon
- the Pope may easily be seen in what has happened within two years, in
- consequence of an outrage at Rome upon the person of his majesty’s
- ambassador. The Pope not making a sufficiently speedy reparation, his
- majesty had sent an array into Italy, to the great terror of all the
- Italian princes, and of the Pope himself, who sent a legate to him
- charged with the most humble and pressing supplications, whereby his
- majesty was induced to recall his troops, which already had encamped
- in the Pope’s territories. So that the king is not only sovereign
- and absolute in his own domain, but also gives the law to many other
- potentates; being a young prince, twenty-five years of age, valiant,
- wise, and more powerful than any of his ancestors; and, withal, so
- curious that, besides a particular knowledge of all Europe, he eagerly
- seeks to know the constitution of the other countries of the world.”
-
-
-
-
-INDEX
-
-
-  Abegawa, River, i., 385.
-
-  Acorns, Edible, ii., 142.
-
-  _Acorus_, ii., 124.
-
-  Actors, i., 212, 360-365; ii., 160, 161.
-
-  Acupuncture, ii., 145, 202.
-
-  Adams, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Adams, Captain Robert, i., 240.
-
-  Adams, Thomas, i., 172.
-
-  Adams, William, i., 169-179, 192, 199-204, 206, 207, 210, 211, 213,
-    224, 225, 239, 240.
-
-  Ainslie, Dr., ii., 208.
-
-  “Ainu and their Folk-lore, The,” ii., 345.
-
-  “Ainu of Japan, The,” ii., 345.
-
-  Akechi Mitsuhide, i., 116, 117.
-
-  _Alcea rosea_, ii., 124.
-
-  Alcock, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Almeida, Louis, i., 93, 95, 96, 153, 165.
-
-  Alphabets in use, i., 78; ii., 164.
-
-  Alvarez, George, i., 38, 50.
-
-  Ambassadors to the Pope, i., 103-115, 121, 122, 126, 128, 132.
-
-  Ambergris, i., 329.
-
-  Amboyna, Massacre of, i., 240, 241; ii., 355.
-
-  “America in the East,” ii., 273.
-
-  “American anchorage,” ii., 291.
-
-  American relations with Japan. _See_ United States’ relations with
-    Japan.
-
-  Amida, the god and his idols, i., 399; ii., 49, 65.
-
-  Amiot, Père, i., 7.
-
-  “Amœnitates Exoticae,” i., 289, 315.
-
-  _Amomum miōga_, ii., 124.
-
-  _Anas galericulata_, ii., 135.
-
-  Ancestor worship, ii., 188.
-
-  Anderson, W., ii., 345.
-
-  Angelis, Jerome de, i., 220, 265.
-
-  Animals and birds eaten for food, i., 54, 75, 187; ii., 135;
-    those not eaten, ii., 253.
-
-  Anise-tree, i., 401; ii., 126.
-
-  Anjirō, i., 38, 39, 41, 49-54, 82, 359.
-
-  “Annales des Voyages,” ii., 349.
-
-  “Annals des Dairi,” ii., 89.
-
-  “Annals des Empereurs du Japon,” i., 257, 391; ii., 108, 165.
-
-  “Annals of the Dairi,” i., 357.
-
-  Apples, ii., 140.
-
-  Arai, ii., 65, 70.
-
-  Arai Hakuseki, ii., 112.
-
-  _Aratame_, ii., 65.
-
-  Architecture, domestic, i., 77, 187, 218, 339, 340, 390-392, 395; ii.,
-    52, 63, 79, 129-131, 306, 318-322.
-
-  “Archives of Japan,” i., 8.
-
-  _Argonaut_, English ship, ii., 191.
-
-  Arima, King of, i., 98, 102, 126.
-
-  Armies and soldiery, i., 59, 215, 258.
-
-  Armor, i., 139.
-
-  Arms, or mark, upon clothing, etc., i., 116, 188, 371, 373; ii., 17,
-    18, 285, 322.
-
-  _Artemisia_, ii., 146.
-    _See also_ Wormwood.
-
-  “Arts and Crafts of Old Japan,” ii., 345.
-
-  _Arum dracontium_ and _esculentum_, ii., 142.
-
-  Asakawa, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  “Asiatic Journal,” i., 195; ii., 46, 72, 108, 254, 352.
-
-  Aston, W. G., i., 8, 145; ii., 199, 206, 345.
-
-  Astronomers, ii., 143, 201, 223, 251.
-
-  Asukagawa, River, i., 385.
-
-  “Atlas Japonensis,” i., 266.
-
-  _Atotsuke_, i., 370, 372.
-
-  Atsuta (Miya), ii., 69.
-
-  Audiences with emperor and princes, i., 175, 189-191, 217; ii., 55,
-    56, 60-62, 85-104, 149-153, 331-334.
-
-  Audsley, ——, and Bowes, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Austerities practised by both bonzes and Jesuits, i., 71, 88.
-
-  Autographs of travellers, i., 218.
-
-  Awa, Provinces of, ii., 283.
-
-  Azuchiyama, i., 103, 116.
-
-
-  Bacon, Miss, ii., 344.
-
-  Baggage, i., 370-377.
-
-  Baker, Edmund, i., 177.
-
-  Baptiste, Father Pierre, i., 242.
-
-  Barley, i., 76.
-
-  Batchelor, John, ii., 345.
-
-  Baths, ii., 9, 52, 134.
-
-  Batoli, Father Daniel, i., 115.
-
-  Bedding, ii., 5, 133, 156.
-
-  Beechey, Captain, ii., 282.
-
-  Beer, ii., 207.
-
-  Beggars, ii., 23-28, 58.
-
-  Bell in Miyako temple, ii., 105, 108.
-
-  Benriū, River, i., 385.
-
-  Bent, Lieut., ii., 302.
-
-  Bettelheim, Rev. B. J., ii., 266, 267.
-
-  Biddle, Commodore, ii., 261-265.
-
-  Bidinger, Mr., ii., 300.
-
-  _Bikuni_ (nuns), ii., 23, 24.
-
-  Binding of prisoners, ii., 214, 270.
-
-  Bird, Miss, ii., 344.
-
-  Birds eaten for food, ii., 135.
-
-  Biscanio, Sebastian, i., 270.
-
-  Biwa, Lake, ii., 63, 67.
-
-  Black, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Blindness, ii., 29.
-
-  Blomhoff, Herr, ii., 245, 247.
-
-  Blomhoff, Mme., ii., 245.
-
-  _Blossom_, English ship, ii., 282.
-
-  Bonin Islands, ii., 282, 292.
-
-  Books, i., 77; ii., 118, 123, 224.
-
-  Bōshū (Awa) Province, ii., 283.
-
-  “Botanical Magazine” (Curtis), ii., 125.
-
-  Botany, i., 374, 375; ii., 123, 157, 162, 253.
-
-  Bowes, ——, and Audsley, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Bowmen, ii., 149.
-
-  Bramhall, Mrs., ii., 344.
-
-  _Brassica orientalis_, ii., 124, 137.
-
-  _Breskens_, Dutch ship (1643), i., 262-264.
-
-  Bridges, i., 385; ii., 50, 51, 57, 58, 67, 78, 329.
-
-  Brixiano, Father Organtino, i., 149.
-
-  Broadcloth, English, i., 224.
-
-  Broughton, Captain, i., 265; ii., 191.
-
-  Brown, Mr., ii., 302.
-
-  Buddha, The great, ii., 108.
-
-  Buddhism, i., 65, 70-74, 139, 275-277, 342, 343; ii., 28, 65.
-
-  Buddhist clergy, i., 72-74, 275-277, 342, 343; ii., 65.
-
-  Buddhist temples (_Tera_), i., 71, 275, 342, 397, 398; ii., 65, 304.
-
-  _Buke_ (military nobility), i., 63.
-
-  _Buku_, ii., 187.
-
-  Bullocks, ii., 317.
-    _See also_ Oxen.
-
-  Bungo, Kingdom of, i., 25-29, 34-36, 84-86, 93, 98, 102, 118-120,
-    124, 125, 145.
-
-  Burger, Dr., ii., 252.
-
-  Burial service, Jesuit, i., 88.
-
-  Burrows, Silas E., ii., 312-314.
-
-  Burying-grounds, ii., 123, 296, 307, 316.
-
-  “Bushido—The Soul of Japan,” ii., 344.
-
-  Cabot, Sebastian, i., 167.
-
-  Cabral, Father, i., 97, 98, 100-101.
-
-  _Cactus ficus_, ii., 159.
-
-  _Caladium_, ii., 142.
-
-  Calendar, Japanese, i., 32, 357.
-
-  California, ii., 276, 278.
-
-  Call to arms, i., 34, 35.
-
-  Cambodia River, ii., 354.
-
-  _Camellia sasankwa_, ii., 125.
-
-  Campbell, ——, i., 302; ii., 345.
-
-  Campbell, Archibald, ii., 203.
-
-  Camphor-tree, i., 76; ii., 46, 125, 250.
-
-  Candles, ii., 38, 39.
-
-  Canvas batteries, ii., 257.
-
-  “Capital of the Tycoon, The,” ii., 345.
-
-  _Capsicum_, ii., 124.
-
-  “Captive of Love, A,” ii., 345.
-
-  “Captivity in Japan,” i., 33.
-
-  Carac of Macao, Cargo of, i., 153, 154, 269, 270.
-
-  Card games, ii., 224.
-
-  Caron, Francis, i., 224, 240, 243, 253-257, 260, 261, 266, 267, 273,
-    343, 352, 368, 373; ii., 16, 30, 46, 65, 135, 355, 365, 366.
-
-  Carvilho, Father Valentine, i., 227, 242.
-
-  Cassa, Heer, ii., 207, 209.
-
-  Castles, i., 186, 392-394; ii., 48, 54, 58, 63, 69, 80-83, 86-88.
-
-  _Castricoom_, Dutch ship (1643), i., 262, 264, 265.
-
-  Casuar, rare Batavian bird, i., 265, 368; ii., 53.
-
-  Catechists, Native, i., 100, 127, 128, 231.
-
-  Catholic Church in the East, i., 40, 41, 45-47, 65, 205, 235, 261,
-    267, 277, 396.
-    _See also_ Missionaries _and_ Xavier, Francis.
-
-  Cats, ii., 138, 253.
-
-  Cavendish, Thomas, i., 167, 271.
-
-  Cecille, Admiral, ii., 265.
-
-  Cedar-trees, ii., 141.
-
-  _Celastrus alatus_, ii., 124.
-
-  Cevicos, Don Jean, i., 245, 246.
-
-  Chamberlain, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Chaplin-Ayrton, Mrs., ii., 344.
-
-  Charlevoix, Father, i., 20, 85, 101, 115, 154, 232, 246, 265, 290.
-
-  Charms against evil spirits, ii., 323.
-
-  Cherry-trees, ii., 10, 140.
-
-  “Child Life in Japan,” ii., 344.
-
-  Children, i., 259, 260, 353; ii., 41, 73, 121, 135, 211.
-
-  China trade, i., 12, 270, 273-275, 277-281; ii., 111, 275, 276.
-
-  “Chinese Repository,” ii., 254, 255, 258, 284.
-
-  “Chiushingura, the Loyal League,” ii., 345.
-
-  Chronicles, Japanese, i., 1, 64.
-
-  _Citrus tripoliata_, ii., 142.
-
-  Civility of Japanese, i., 287; ii., 34, 41.
-
-  “Classical Poetry of the Japanese,” ii., 345.
-
-  Clement, Ernest W., i., 78; ii., 343, 357, 360.
-
-  _Cleopatra_, French frigate, ii., 265.
-
-  Climate, ii., 162.
-
-  Clocks, ii., 126, 251.
-
-  Coal, ii., 311, 312.
-
-  Cocks, Richard, i., 213, 223-225, 229, 234, 236, 239, 240; ii., 121,
-    122.
-
-  Coimbra (Portugal) University, i., 45;
-    Jesuit college, i., 46, 85.
-
-  Coins and currency, i., 59, 60, 257, 272, 273, 277, 278, 322, 372;
-    ii., 109-111, 309-311, 337.
-
-  “Coins of Japan, The,” ii., 310.
-
-  Colbert, ——, i., 266, 368; ii., 355, 364.
-
-  Colds and catarrh, ii., 134.
-
-  Colewort, ii., 124.
-
-  Colic, Treatment of, ii., 145.
-
-  Collado, Father, i., 244-246.
-
-  _Columbus_, American ship, ii., 261-265, 283.
-
-  Company of Jesus.
-    _See_ Order of Jesuits _and_ Missionaries, Jesuit.
-
-  Company’s Island, i., 124, 265.
-
-  Compliments, i., 27.
-
-  Concubines and courtesans, i., 260, 279, 292, 310, 340, 341, 356;
-    ii., 23, 30, 120, 121, 175, 249.
-
-  Conder, ——, ii., 7.
-
-  Contee, Mr., ii., 284.
-
-  “Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Japanese Empire,” ii., 247.
-
-  Converts, native, i., 84, 85, 88, 94-98, 100, 102, 103, 118-121,
-    124-129, 134, 140, 141, 145, 155-158, 162-164, 195, 207, 211, 222,
-    227-234, 243-248, 267, 268.
-    _See also_ Missionaries.
-
-  Cook-shops, ii., 12, 13.
-
-  Cooper, Captain, ii., 260, 261.
-
-  Copper, i., 329; ii., 159, 202, 203.
-
-  Corean expedition, i., 128, 140, 141, 144, 145, 151, 162; ii., 108.
-
-  Corvailho, Father.
-    _Same as_ Carvilho, Father Valentine.
-
-  Couros, Father Matthew de, i., 159.
-
-  Cows, ii., 137.
-
-  Craftsmen segregate, i., 187, 217.
-
-  Credit on accounts, ii., 127.
-
-  Crucifixion, i., 156.
-
-  _Crusado_, i., 17.
-
-  Cuello, Father Gaspard, i., 102, 119, 126.
-
-  _Cupressus japonica_, ii., 141.
-
-  _Cyprus_, English brig, ii., 254.
-
-
-  Daguerreotypes, ii., 302.
-
-  Daibutsu Temple, ii., 106.
-
-  Daifu-Sama.
-    _See_ Iyeyasu.
-
-  _Daikoku_, i., 359.
-
-  Dairi, or Mikado, i., 60-66; ii., 166, 167.
-
-  Dale, Sir Thomas, i., 237, 238.
-
-  Date Masamune, i., 204.
-
-  Davidson, J. W., i., 302; ii., 345.
-
-  Davis, pilot of Dutch vessel, i., 169, 177; ii., 353, 354.
-
-  Dee-yee-no-skee, Japanese seaman, ii., 312-314.
-
-  De Jancigny, ——, ii., 254, 274, 277, 310.
-
-  Dening, ——, i., 150.
-
-  Deshima, Island of, i., 248, 262, 291-294; ii., 117.
-
-  Devereux, Captain, ii., 194.
-
-  _Diana_, Russian sloop, ii., 212, 226-243, 324.
-
-  “Diary of Richard Cocks,” i., 226, 267.
-
-  Dick, Stewart, ii., 345.
-
-  Dickins, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Dickson, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Dictionary, Japanese-Dutch, ii., 210.
-
-  _Dioscorea Japonica_, ii., 124.
-
-  Distance, Measures of, i., 382, 391; ii., 89.
-
-  Dixon, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Doeff, Heer Hendrick, ii., 194-212, 245.
-
-  Dogs, ii., 138, 253.
-
-  _Dolichos polystachos_, ii., 159.
-
-  _Dolichos soia_, ii., 159.
-
-  Dominicans in Japanese missions.
-    _See_ Missionaries, Catholic, other than Jesuit.
-
-  Dosha powder, ii., 147.
-
-  Dōshin, or imperial soldiers, i., 257, 346; ii., 223.
-
-  Drake, Sir Francis, i., 167; ii., 351.
-
-  Draughts, Game of, ii., 224, 225.
-
-  Dress, i., 105, 210-212, 276, 375, 376; ii., 55, 56, 58, 143, 154-156,
-    248, 285, 331, 332.
-
-  Dress, ease of adjustment, ii., 9, 133, 156.
-
-  Dresser, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Drinking, i., 343; ii., 39, 226.
-
-  Dutch East India Company, i., 169, 209, 238, 251-253, 261, 272,
-    283-336, 366; ii., 31-41, 101, 109-111, 114-120, 122, 123, 126-129,
-    136, 139, 193-209, 245, 246.
-    _See also_ Dutch in Japan.
-
-  Dutch in Japan, i., 165, 167-175, 177, 179, 181-185, 191, 192,
-    195-204, 206-209, 220, 221, 223, 228, 233-238, 240, 241, 251-256,
-    261-267, 271-273, 277-281, 284-301; ii., 274, 275, 325.
-    _See also_ Dutch East India Company.
-
-  _Dyosperos kaki_, ii., 159.
-
-
-  “Early Institutional Life of Japan,” ii., 345.
-
-  “Early Study of Dutch in Japan, The,” ii., 210.
-
-  Earthquakes, i., 77, 151, 391, 392; ii., 50, 85, 143, 173, 324.
-
-  _Eclipse_, American ship, ii., 203.
-
-  Eclipses, ii., 143, 223.
-
-  Edicts, i., 395, 396.
-
-  _Edmund_, English whaler, ii., 273.
-
-  Education, i., 77, 88.
-
-  Elephant, ii., 209, 223.
-
-  Elgin, Lord, ii., 335.
-
-  _Eliza_, American ship, ii., 193, 194.
-
-  Elserak, Dutch director, i., 264.
-
-  Embassy to Washington, ii., 335-339.
-
-  Emperor, Castle of, ii., 80-83, 86-91, 148-153.
-
-  Emperors, Chronology of, ii., 158, 166, 360, 361.
-
-  Empress, ii., 91.
-
-  English East India Company, i., 178, 219, 220, 225, 236-241, 267.
-    _See also_ English in the East.
-
-  English in the East, i., 167, 169, 175, 178, 179, 207-209, 219-221,
-    228, 230, 233-240, 278; ii., 246, 259, 260, 272, 273, 323, 324, 335.
-    _See also_ English East India Company.
-
-  Enoshima, Island of, ii., 74.
-
-  “Essay on the Commerce of Japan,” ii., 274.
-
-  Everett, Hon. Edward, ii., 280.
-
-  “Evolution of the Japanese, The,” ii., 344.
-
-  “Examiner” (London), ii., 259.
-
-  Executions and tortures, i., 156, 214, 246, 247, 333-335, 349, 353,
-    354, 396; ii., 75.
-
-  Eye diseases, ii., 29, 123.
-
-
-  Fans, i., 376.
-
-  Farming class, ii., 159.
-
-  “Fauna Japonica,” ii., 253.
-
-  Feith, M., ii., 157.
-
-  Fernandes, Jean, i., 52.
-
-  Ferreyra, Father Christopher, i., 247, 248, 264.
-
-  Ferry-boats, i., 385.
-
-  Festivals, i., 69, 223, 224, 356-365; ii., 188, 189, 225, 226.
-
-  “Feudal and Modern Japan,” ii., 344.
-
-  _Figara peperita_, ii., 124.
-
-  Figure-treading, Ceremony of, i., 298, 352, 396; ii., 128, 271.
-
-  Fillmore, President, ii., 276-281.
-
-  Firearms, i., 24, 25, 33; ii., 149, 224, 346-348.
-
-  Fire-extinguishers, i., 367; ii., 52, 79, 303.
-
-  Fire-flies, ii., 158.
-
-  Firemen, ii., 76, 79, 200.
-
-  Fires, i., 77; ii., 70, 71, 78, 79, 143, 173, 200, 303, 321.
-
-  Fir-trees, ii., 141.
-
-  Fischer, ——, i., 33.
-
-  _Fiscus pumila_ and _erecta_, ii., 124.
-
-  Fishermen, i., 214; ii., 213.
-
-  Fisscher, Herr, ii., 210, 247-250.
-
-  Fitch, Ralph, i., 269, 270; ii., 351, 352.
-
-  “Flora Japonica” (Siebold and Zaccarini), ii., 253.
-
-  “Flora Japonica” (Thunberg), ii., 162.
-
-  Floris, ——, ii., 354.
-
-  Flower-arrangements, ii., 7.
-
-  Flute, ii., 315.
-
-  Food, i., 54, 75, 76, 187, 216, 286, 343; ii., 12, 13, 38, 75, 98, 99,
-    102-104, 126, 127, 140, 159, 215, 217, 220, 317, 318, 333, 334.
-
-  Foot-coverings, ii., 142.
-
-  Fords, i., 384, 385.
-
-  Foreigners, Antipathy to, i., 214.
-
-  Forestry regulations, i., 381.
-
-  Formosa, i., 252-255, 262, 271, 274, 302; ii., 355.
-
-  “Formosa under the Dutch,” i., 302; ii., 345.
-
-  Fowls, Domestic, ii., 138.
-
-  Foxes, i., 75; ii., 42, 43.
-
-  Franciscans in Japanese missions.
-    _See_ Missionaries, Catholic, other than Jesuit.
-
-  _Franklin_, American ship, ii., 194.
-
-  “Free Press” (Serampore), ii., 265.
-
-  French East India Company, i., 266.
-
-  French in Japanese affairs, i., 266; ii., 265, 335.
-
-  Frisius, of the Dutch East India Company, i., 265, 266.
-
-  Froez, Father Louis, i., 95, 96, 131, 133, 141, 159, 165, 266; ii., 38.
-
-  “Frog-in-a-well” policy, ii., 170, 171, 193.
-
-  “From Far Formosa,” ii., 345.
-
-  Fruits, ii., 140, 159.
-
-  Fuchū, i., 25, 27, 35, 36.
-
-  _Fucus saccharinus_, ii., 140.
-
-  Fujigawa, River, i., 385; ii., 72.
-
-  Fuji-jedagawa, River, i., 385.
-
-  Fuji-no-Yama, ii., 72, 141, 286, 328.
-
-  Funeral customs, ii., 183-189.
-
-  Furniture and interiors, i., 340, 391, 392; ii., 4-8, 52, 55, 62, 130,
-    131, 133, 303, 330.
-
-  Fushimi, i., 140, 151, 215; ii., 58.
-
-
-  Gago, Balthaza, i., 87, 90, 93.
-
-  Galvano, Antonio, i., 13, 14, 40, 41, 56.
-
-  _Gardenia Florida_, ii., 142.
-
-  Gardens, i., 194; ii., 10-12, 52, 82, 322.
-
-  Gate Guard, Nagasaki, i., 312.
-
-  “Gate of the two kings,” ii., 108.
-
-  Gaubil, Father, i., 8.
-
-  _Gege_ (plebeians), i., 62.
-
-  Geisenger, Captain, 266.
-
-  “Genji Monogatari,” ii., 345.
-
-  Gin, ii., 206.
-
-  Ginseng, ii., 118.
-
-  “Glimpse at the Art of Japan, A,” ii., 345.
-
-  “Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan,” ii., 344.
-
-  _Globe_, English ship, ii., 354.
-
-  Globius (Takaro Sampei), ii., 201, 222, 223, 239, 248.
-
-  Glyn, Commander, ii., 266-269, 271.
-
-  Gnecchi, Father, i., 97, 103, 119, 146, 155, 159, 164.
-
-  Goa, i., 12, 38, 41, 48; ii., 350-353.
-
-  Godō, i., 277.
-
-  _Goede Frouw_, Dutch ship, ii., 206.
-
-  Go-kirai (The Tenza), i., 164.
-
-  Golownin, Vassili, i., 21, 22, 33, 59, 66, 124, 162, 221, 265; ii.,
-    140, 159, 200, 208, 212-244, 246.
-
-  Gomez, Father, i., 126.
-
-  Gongen-Sama (Iyeyasu, _which see_), i., 230.
-
-  Gordon, Captain, ii., 246.
-
-  Goseman, ——, ii., 205.
-
-  Gotō Shōzaburō, treasurer to Emperor Hashiba, i., 199, 200.
-
-  Governors of Nagasaki, i., 347.
-
-  Gowns presented to Company, ii., 104, 154;
-    to U. S. Consul, ii., 333.
-
-  Griffis, William Elliot, i., 74; ii., 273, 324, 344.
-
-  Gros, Baron, ii., 335.
-
-  Grote, George, i., 275.
-
-  Gruy, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  “Guitar” (samisen), ii., 315.
-
-  Gulick, Sidney, ii., 344.
-
-  Gusman, Father Luys de, i., 115, 131.
-
-  Gutzlaff, Mr., ii., 255.
-
-  Gysbert (or Guysbert), Roger, i., 243, 244, 352, 354.
-
-
-  Hackluyt’s translations, i., 14, 122, 150, 152, 165, 177, 178, 270;
-    ii., 350, 351.
-
-  Hagenaar, ——, i., 247, 253-255, 261, 343; ii., 355.
-
-  Hagendorp, Heer, ii., 196.
-
-  Hair, Manner of wearing, ii., 147, 148.
-
-  Hakata, Island of Shimo, i., 82, 213, 214.
-
-  Hakodate, Island of Matsumae, i., 221; ii., 191, 213, 216, 305, 306.
-
-  Hakone pass, ii., 65, 73, 141, 328.
-
-  Hamamatsu, ii., 70.
-
-  Hamilton, Dr., ii., 316.
-
-  _Hanashikimi_ (anise-tree), i., 401.
-    _See also_ Shikimi.
-
-  “Handbook of Modern Japan, A,” i., 78; ii., 343, 357, 360.
-
-  Handkerchiefs, ii., 155.
-
-  Harada Kiyemon, i., 134, 135, 142, 148.
-
-  Hara-kiri, i., 78, 79, 229, 260.
-
-  Harbors, i., 386, 387.
-
-  “Harper’s Magazine,” i., 166.
-
-  Harris, Mrs., ii., 345.
-
-  Harris, Townsend, ii., 325-335.
-
-  Hartman, S., ii., 345.
-
-  Hartshorne, Miss, ii., 344.
-
-  Hashiba (Taikō-Sama), i., 117-121, 123, 124, 126-144, 147-151, 155,
-    158-161, 193; ii., 54, 167.
-
-  Hatch, Arthur, i., 240.
-
-  Hawkins, Sir Richard and Sir John, i., 167.
-
-  Hay’s (John) translations, i., 115, 132, 150, 165, 205.
-
-  Healthfulness of houses, i., 392.
-
-  Hearn, Lafcadio, ii., 344.
-
-  Heating of houses, ii., 5, 6, 120, 131, 303, 321.
-
-  Hecr, ——, ii., 346.
-
-  Heine, Mr., ii., 302.
-
-  Hemmi, Adams’s estate, i., 225, 240.
-
-  Hemp, ii., 124.
-
-  Heusken, Mr., ii., 328, 332.
-
-  _Hibiscus manihot_, ii., 132.
-
-  Hidetsugu (Kwambacudono), i., 140, 149.
-
-  Hideyori, son of Taikō-Sama, i., 150, 161, 163, 197, 198, 229.
-
-  “Hideyoshi’s Invasion of Korea,” i., 145.
-
-  Hieizan, Mountain of, i., 98; ii., 67.
-
-  Highways, i., 189, 216, 380-384; ii., 15, 16, 33, 123, 328, 329.
-
-  Higo, Castle of, ii., 54.
-
-  Hildreth, Richard, i., 10; ii., 364.
-
-  Hiōgo, ii., 334.
-
-  Hirado, i., 254, 261.
-
-  Hirado, Prince of, i., 177, 184, 185, 196, 197, 210, 213.
-
-  “His Pilgrimes” (or “His Pilgrimage”), i., 177, 178, 220, 225, 232;
-     ii., 354.
-
-  “Hist. Gen. des Voyages,” i., 198.
-
-  “Histoire de la Dynastie des Mongoux,” i., 8.
-
-  “Histoire du Japon,” i., 20, 115, 246.
-
-  “Histoire Général de la China,” i., 7.
-
-  “Histoire Mythologique,” i., 357.
-
-  “Historia de la Compagnia de Gesu,” i., 115.
-
-  “History of Greece,” i., 275.
-
-  “History of Japan” (Adams), ii., 345.
-
-  “History of Japan” (Charlevoix), i., 290.
-
-  “History of Japan” (Kämpfer), i., 289-291.
-
-  “History of Japanese Literature,” ii., 345.
-
-  “History of Java,” i., 272; ii., 110-112.
-
-  “History of Plants,” ii., 125.
-
-  “History of the Empire of Japan,” ii., 346.
-
-  “History of the English Factory at Hirado,” i., 226.
-
-  “History of the United States,” ii., 364.
-
-  Hizen, Province of, i., 82, 120.
-
-  Hoffman, assistant to Siebold, i., 8.
-
-  Hōin-Sama.
-    _See_ Hirado, Prince of.
-
-  Homicide, Punishment for, i., 354.
-
-  “Honda the Samurai,” ii., 344.
-
-  Horseback-riding, i., 370-377.
-
-  Horse-shoes, i., 373.
-
-  Horses, i., 215; ii., 138, 317.
-
-  _Hotei_, i., 359.
-
-  _Hotoke_, or idols, i., 399.
-
-  Houtman, Cornelius, i., 168, 169, 177; ii., 353.
-
-  Huish, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Hyōgo, Province Settsu, ii., 49.
-
-
-  “Ideals of the East, The,” ii., 345.
-
-  Idols, i., 193, 399, 400; ii., 45, 106-108.
-    _See also_ Temples.
-
-  “Illustrations of Japan,” i., 79; ii., 81, 147, 168, 174.
-
-  Image-trampling.
-    _See_ Figure-treading.
-
-  Imhoff, author of Dutch memoir, i., 272; ii., 110.
-
-  _Imi_, ii., 186, 187.
-
-  Incomes of princes, i., 240, 256-259.
-
-  “Indian History,” i., 14.
-
-  Indulgence-boxes, i., 401.
-
-  Ingen, Buddhist priest, i., 275-277.
-
-  Inns, i., 187, 216; ii., 2-13, 29, 36-41, 328.
-
-  “Intercourse between the United States and Japan, The,” ii., 273.
-
-  Interest, ii., 127.
-
-  Interpreters, i., 302-306, 369, 370; ii., 34, 117, 164.
-
-  Ise Temple, i., 68, 69; ii., 20, 21, 69.
-
-  “Island of Formosa, The,” i., 302; ii., 345.
-
-  Iyeyasu (Tokugawa Iyeyasu), i., 161-163, 175-177, 190-193, 200, 201,
-    218-223, 230.
-
-  Izu, Cape, ii., 283, 328.
-
-
-  Jacatra (Batavia), i., 237; ii., 354.
-
-  Jancigny.
-    _See_ De Jancigny.
-
-  “Japan” (De Jancigny), ii., 254, 277.
-
-  “Japan” (Dickson), ii., 345.
-
-  “Japan” (Reed), ii., 345.
-
-  “Japan—An Interpretation,” ii., 344.
-
-  “Japan and her People,” ii., 344.
-
-  “Japan and its Art,” ii., 345.
-
-  “Japan in Art and Industry,” ii., 345.
-
-  “Japan in History, Folk-lore, and Art,” ii., 344.
-
-  “Japan, its Architecture, Art, and Art Manufactures,” ii., 345.
-
-  “Japan: presented in Sketches of the Manners and Customs of that
-     Realm, especially of the Town of Nagasaki,” ii., 249.
-
-  Japan Society, London, i., 8.
-
-  “Japanese Armour,” ii., 149.
-
-  “Japanese Art,” ii., 345.
-
-  “Japanese Boy, A,” ii., 344.
-
-  “Japanese Calendars,” i., 352.
-
-  “Japanese Costume,” ii., 154.
-
-  “Japanese Education,” ii., 345.
-
-  “Japanese Fairy World” (Griffis), ii., 344.
-
-  “Japanese Fairy World, The” (Ozaki), ii., 344.
-
-  “Japanese Fans,” i., 376.
-
-  “Japanese Funeral Rites,” ii., 183.
-
-  “Japanese Girls and Women,” ii., 344.
-
-  “Japanese Heraldry,” i., 117.
-
-  “Japanese Homes,” ii., 344.
-
-  Japanese in America, i., 152.
-
-  “Japanese Life in Town and Country,” ii., 344.
-
-  “Japanese Plays,” ii., 345.
-
-  “Japanese Rituals,” i., 66.
-
-  Jarves, J. J., ii., 345.
-
-  Jesuits.
-    _See_ Order of Jesuits.
-
-  Jewels, ii., 332.
-
-  Jizō, Idol of, i., 399; ii., 45.
-
-  Jodogawa, River, ii., 50.
-
-  Johannis Botanicus, ii., 201.
-
-  Jones, Sir William, ii., 164.
-
-  Jontoux, Father, ii., 118.
-
-  “Journal of Commerce” (New York), ii., 293.
-
-  Jūdo, i., 74, 277.
-
-  _Jugulans nigra_, ii., 144.
-
-  _Junrei_, ii., 22.
-
-
-  _Kago_, i., 377-379.
-
-  Kahei, Takataya, ii., 228-243.
-
-  Kakegawa, ii., 70.
-
-  Kamakura image of Buddha, i., 218.
-
-  Kamakura, Island of, ii., 74.
-
-  _Kamban_, i., 323-325.
-
-  Kamel, George Joseph, ii., 125.
-
-  _Kami_, i., 66.
-    _See also_ Shintō.
-
-  Kämpfer’s account of Japan, i., 8, 27, 32, 59, 64, 66, 196, 202, 225,
-    240, 244, 249, 256, 257, 267, 272, 274-401; ii., 1-109, 118, 125,
-    146, 159, 169, 250, 254, 300.
-
-  Kanagawa, ii., 74, 293, 300, 303, 334.
-
-  _Kanrin-maru_, Japanese steamer, ii., 336.
-
-  “Keramic Art of Japan,” ii., 345.
-
-  Kinosita, Yetaro, ii., 345.
-
-  Kitchin, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  _Kitō_, i., 60, 276; ii., 167.
-
-  Kiūshiū.
-    _See_ Shimo.
-
-  Klaproth, Heinrich, i., 32, 69, 181, 257, 357, 359, 391; ii., 46, 62,
-    67, 72, 89, 108, 112, 165, 199.
-
-  Knapp, A. M., ii., 344.
-
-  Knox, Dr., ii., 112.
-
-  Knox, G. W., ii., 344.
-
-  Kōbō, saint and sage, ii., 147.
-
-  Kochebecker, of the Dutch East India Company, i., 261.
-
-  “Kojiki,” i., 359; ii., 346.
-
-  “Kokoro,” ii., 344.
-
-  _Koku_, i., 240.
-
-  Kokura, capital of Buzen, ii., 48.
-
-  Konishi Settsu-no-Kami, i., 163.
-
-  Kōshi (Confucius), ii., 68.
-
-  Koxinga, Chinese pirate, i., 302.
-
-  Koya, near Miyako, i., 292.
-
-  Kōzukeno-Suke, secretary to Emperor Hashiba, i., 199, 200.
-
-  Kramer, Conrad, i., 252.
-
-  Krusenstern, Captain, ii., 196, 197.
-
-  Kublai Khan, i., 2, 4, 8-10.
-
-  Kubō-Sama, i., 58, 61, 62, 64.
-
-  Kuchiki Samon, ii., 163.
-
-  Kuchinotsu, i., 94, 102.
-
-  _Kuge_ (patricians), i., 62, 66; ii., 21.
-
-  Kuno, Fortress of, ii., 71.
-
-  _Kuri_, i., 300, 308.
-
-  Kurile Islands, i., 123, 221, 265; ii., 190, 212, 213.
-
-  Kurume, Castle of, ii., 47.
-
-  Kuwana, Province of Owari, ii., 69.
-
-  Kwambacudono, i., 118, 123, 140, 149, 150.
-
-  Kwannon Temple, ii., 107.
-
-  Kyōto (Miyako, _which see_), i., 215.
-
-
-  _Ladoga_, American whaler, ii., 266, 269.
-
-  _Lady Pierce_, American ship, ii., 312-314.
-
-  _Lady Rowena_, ii., 258.
-
-  Lampacau Island, i., 19.
-
-  Lancaster, Captain, i., 167, 177.
-
-  “Land of the Morning, The,” ii., 345.
-
-  Langsdorff, Attaché, ii., 197.
-
-  Lanterns, i., 373; ii., 329.
-
-  La Perouse, Voyage of, i., 124, 221, 265; ii., 190.
-
-  La Salle, ii., 364.
-
-  Lattices, ii., 91.
-
-  _Lawrence_, American whaler, ii., 265.
-
-  Laws, i., 78, 206, 260, 354; ii., 161, 162, 245.
-
-  Laxman, Lieut., ii., 191, 192, 196, 219.
-
-  Lay, ——, ii., 183.
-
-  Leeds, ——, ii., 351, 352.
-
-  Lepers, i., 164.
-
-  “Letters Written by the English Residents in Japan, 1611-1623,”
-    i., 178, 207, 219.
-
-  Lew Chew Islands, i., 31, 124, 181, 281; ii., 312, 355.
-
-  Liano, Spanish gentleman, i., 142.
-
-  Linschooten, Hugh, i., 168.
-
-  Liverwort used as charm, i., 401.
-
-  “Log of a Japanese Journey,” ii., 345.
-
-  Lowell, P., ii., 344.
-
-  Loyola, Ignatius, i., 42, 43, 90.
-
-  “L’univers, ou Histoire et Description de tout les Peuples,” ii., 254.
-
-
-  Macartney, Lord, ii., 164.
-
-  Mackay, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Maclay, A. C., ii., 345.
-
-  Maffei, ——, i., 14, 81, 165.
-
-  Mahay, Jacques, i., 169, 170.
-
-  Maize, ii., 317.
-
-  Makino Bingo-no-Kami, ii., 84.
-
-  Malela, Father, i., 7.
-
-  _Malva Mauritiana_, ii., 124.
-
-  _Mamori_, ii., 179.
-
-  Manchu dynasty, i., 274.
-
-  _Manjū_, a cake, ii., 13, 98.
-
-  _Mankoku_, i., 240.
-
-  Manners, ii., 174.
-    _See also_ Civility of Japanese.
-
-  “Manners and Customs of the Japanese in the Nineteenth Century,”
-    ii., 254.
-
-  Manufactures, i., 77;
-    of Miyako, ii., 63, 64;
-    of Suruga, ii., 71.
-
-  Manuscript history, ii., 168.
-
-  Maple-trees, ii., 141.
-
-  Maps, ii., 157, 251, 252.
-
-  Marco Polo, i., 1-6, 13.
-
-  _Mariner_, English ship, ii., 272, 273.
-
-  “Marriage Ceremonies,” ii., 170, 172.
-
-  Marriages, i., 259; ii., 174-183, 225.
-
-  Marsden, ——, translator, i., 2, 4, 6.
-
-  Matheson, Commander, ii., 272, 273.
-
-  Mats, Floor, i., 391; ii., 5, 52, 89, 91, 131, 152.
-
-  Matsumae, ii., 220, 226.
-
-  Matsumae Island.
-    _See_ Matsumaye Island.
-
-  Matsumaye (Yezo or Matsumae) Island, i., 123, 124, 220, 221, 262-265;
-    ii., 222.
-
-  _Matsuri_ (public spectacle at Nagasaki), i., 296, 356-365.
-
-  Matsuura Hoin.
-    _See_ Hirado, Prince of.
-
-  “Matthew Galbraith Perry,” ii., 324.
-
-  May, Henry, i., 178.
-
-  McClatchie, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  McCoy, American seaman, ii., 270, 271.
-
-  McDonald, Ranald, American seaman, ii., 271, 272.
-
-  Meals, ii., 39, 133.
-
-  Measures and weights, i., 23, 59, 249, 272.
-
-  Medhurst, Mr., ii., 210.
-
-  Medicine and surgery, i., 26, 28, 77; ii., 68, 93, 94, 118, 122,
-    145-147.
-
-  _Melea azedarach_, ii., 125.
-
-  Melis, Thomas, i., 169.
-
-  “Memoir on the Trade of Japan, and the Causes of its Decline,”
-    i., 272; ii., 110.
-
-  “Mémoires concernant les Chinois,” i., 7.
-
-  “Memoirs of the Shōguns” (or Djoguns), i., 98; ii., 168.
-
-  “Memorable Embassies of the Dutch to the Emperors of Japan,” i., 266,
-    272; ii., 88.
-
-  “Memorials of the Empire of Japan,” i., 225.
-
-  _Mentha piperita_, ii., 124.
-
-  _Mercator_, American whaler, ii., 260, 261.
-
-  Merchant class, ii., 139, 174, 243, 244.
-
-  Merchant marine of Japan, i., 180, 181.
-    _See also_ Trade.
-
-  Mermaids, ii., 53.
-
-  _Mespillus japonica_, ii., 159.
-
-  Messengers, ii., 2.
-
-  Meylan, G. F., ii., 248-250.
-
-  Mimitsuka Chapel, ii., 108.
-
-  Mindanao, Island of, i., 55, 56.
-
-  Mines, ii., 111, 112, 250.
-
-  “Mirror of Yedo,” i., 257.
-
-  Mirrors, ii., 133.
-
-  _Miseratsie_, or wall adornments, ii., 4, 6-8.
-
-  Missionaries, Catholic, other than Jesuit, i., 147-149, 151, 152,
-    155-160, 163, 164, 179, 223, 228-232, 241-248, 268.
-
-  Missionaries, Jesuit, i., 38-41, 45-56, 60, 63-65, 67, 70-72, 81-91,
-    93-98, 100-103, 116-121, 124-136, 138, 142, 143, 145-149, 151-160,
-    162-164, 175, 179, 205, 222, 227-234, 241-248, 263, 264, 268, 269,
-    279, 280; ii., 169, 259.
-
-  Missionaries, Protestant, i., 147; ii., 255, 259, 266.
-
-  _Mississippi_, American frigate, ii., 281, 282, 287, 291, 314, 315.
-
-  Mitford, A. B. F., ii., 344.
-
-  “Mito Yashiki,” ii., 345.
-
-  Mitsukuri, Dr., ii., 210.
-
-  Miya (Atsuta), ii., 69.
-
-  _Miya_ (Shintō temples), i., 67-69, 398, 399; ii., 302.
-
-  Miyako, i., 61, 83, 96, 97, 155, 161, 163, 164, 192, 222; ii., 58,
-    62-66, 104-108, 140.
-
-  Mongols, i., 2, 6-10.
-
-  “Moniteur des Indes,” ii., 274.
-
-  Monsoons, i., 316.
-
-  Moor, Captain, ii., 228, 229, 236.
-
-  Mōri Motonari, i., 90, 95, 103.
-
-  _Morrison_, American brig, ii., 255-258, 284.
-
-  Morse, E. S., ii., 344.
-
-  _Morus papyrifira_, ii., 132.
-
-  Mossman, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Mountain priests, i., 74; ii., 23-25, 72.
-
-  Mountains, i., 386, 387; ii., 134, 255.
-
-  Mourning, ii., 178, 185-187.
-
-  Moxa, ii., 126, 145, 146.
-
-  Mulberry-trees, i., 76; ii., 132.
-
-  Munro, ——, ii., 310.
-
-  Murakami, N., i., 226.
-
-  Murakawn, K., i., 178.
-
-  Murray, D., ii., 158, 344.
-
-  Murray, Lieut., ii., 302.
-
-  Mushrooms, ii., 159.
-
-  Music and musicians, i., 212, 213, 357, 362; ii., 28, 315.
-
-
-  Nabores, Hieronymo de, i., 270.
-
-  Nagasaki, i., 97, 102, 125, 128, 143, 145, 156-160, 164, 234, 235,
-    244, 275, 284, 285, 291-294, 337-353, 355-365, 397.
-
-  _Naibun_, ii., 241.
-
-  _Namida_ (Sanscrit prayer), i., 344; ii., 27, 73.
-
-  “Narrative of a Japanese, The,” ii., 346.
-
-  Natural history researches, ii., 251-253.
-
-  Nettles, ii., 124.
-
-  “New Japan,” ii., 345.
-
-  “New Life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi,” i., 150.
-
-  New Moon ceremonies, ii., 316.
-
-  New Year’s Day (European), ii., 126.
-
-  New Year’s Day (Japanese), i., 357; ii., 127, 225, 226.
-
-  “New York Times,” ii., 310.
-
-  “New York Tribune,” ii., 301, 316.
-
-  Newbury, John, ii., 351, 352.
-
-  _Niagara_, U. S. frigate, ii., 337.
-
-  Nicholson, Lieut., ii., 302.
-
-  _Nihombashi_, or great bridge at Yedo, i., 380; ii., 78, 200.
-
-  Nikkō Temple, i., 230, 253.
-
-  Ningpo, i., 13.
-
-  Ni-ō-mon, “gate of the two kings,” ii., 108.
-
-  Nippon, i., 1, 27, 57, 124.
-
-  “Nippon Ōdai Ichiran,” ii., 165.
-
-  “Nippon, or Archives for the Description of Japan,” ii., 254.
-
-  Nitobe, I. O., ii., 273, 344.
-
-  Nobles, i., 240, 256-260; ii., 70, 81, 149-153.
-
-  Nobunaga (Oda Nobunaga), i., 96-98, 102, 103, 116, 117, 139.
-
-  Noises of the town, i., 344; ii., 189.
-
-  Noort, Oliver, i., 169, 171.
-
-  _Norimono_, i., 347, 377-379; ii., 327.
-
-  _Noshi_, ii., 177.
-
-  “Notes on the Intercourse between Japan and Siam in the Seventeenth
-     Century,” ii., 354.
-
-  “Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits,” ii., 165.
-
-  “Noto, an Unexplored Corner of Japan,” ii., 344.
-
-  “Nouveau Journal Asiatique,” i., 181; ii., 112.
-
-  “Nouveau Mélanges Asiatique,” ii., 146, 165.
-
-  Nugnes Barreto, Father, i., 88-90.
-
-  Nuyts, Peter de, i., 252-254; ii., 355.
-
-
-  Oaks, ii., 142.
-
-  Oars, i., 389.
-
-  Ōbaku, papal residence of Ingen, i., 276.
-
-  Odawara, ii., 73.
-
-  Official life at Nagasaki, i., 345-350.
-
-  Ōgosho-Sama, i., 163.
-    _See also_ Iyeyasu.
-
-  _Oharai_, or indulgence, ii., 21.
-
-  Ōigawa, River, i., 384, 385; ii., 71.
-
-  Ōita, i., 27.
-
-  Okakara, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Okasaki, ii., 69.
-
-  Ōmura, town and bay, ii., 45.
-
-  Opium war, ii., 259.
-
-  Order of Jesuits, i., 41-46, 54.
-    _See_ Missionaries, Jesuit.
-
-  Orfanel, Father Fray Jacinto, i., 246.
-
-  Oriental Translation Fund, ii., 165.
-
-  “Oriental Travels,” Marco Polo, i., 1-6.
-
-  “Origin of Spanish and Portuguese Rivalry in Japan, The,” i., 135.
-
-  “Origin of the Riches of Japan,” ii., 112.
-
-  _Oryris japonica_, ii., 142.
-
-  Ōsaka, i., 118, 127, 155, 161, 164, 175, 195, 214, 215, 230, 382;
-    ii., 49-54, 324, 334.
-
-  Ōshima, Island of, ii., 305.
-
-  Ōtsu, town and lake, ii., 63, 67.
-
-  Outcast Japanese, i., 249; ii., 192, 258.
-
-  Oxen, ii., 59, 137.
-
-  Ozaki, Miss, ii., 344.
-
-
-  Pacheco, Father, i., 245.
-
-  Pack-horses and travellers’ equipment, i., 370-377.
-
-  Palaces, i., 188, 189, 340; ii., 80.
-    _See also_ Castles _and_ Emperor, Castle of.
-
-  Palanquins, i., 216.
-
-  Paper, ii., 132, 133.
-
-  Paper-hangings, i.,340, 392; ii., 52.
-
-  Parish priests, i., 180, 229.
-
-  Parker, Dr., ii., 255.
-
-  “Parli, the Last of the Missionaries,” ii., 345.
-
-  “Past and Present of Japanese Commerce, The,” ii., 345.
-
-  Paul of the Holy Faith.
-    _See_ Anjirō.
-
-  Pazio, Father Francis, i., 163.
-
-  Pearls, ii., 45, 46.
-
-  Pears, ii., 140.
-
-  Peel’s Island, ii., 282.
-
-  Pellew, Captain, ii., 204, 205.
-
-  “Peregrinations in the East,” i., 14, 15; ii., 348-350.
-
-  Perry, Commodore, ii., 238, 276-324.
-
-  Persecution of Catholic missionaries, i., 119, 120, 125, 126,
-    155-160, 164, 205, 222, 227-234, 240-251, 261.
-
-  _Phaeton_, English frigate, ii., 204, 205, 208.
-
-  _Phascolus_, ii., 124, 159.
-
-  _Philadelphia_, U. S. steamer, ii., 336.
-
-  Philippine Islands, i., 56, 134, 135, 152, 166.
-
-  Physicians, i., 28, 29; ii., 68, 93, 94, 103, 144-147, 157, 172, 250.
-
-  “Pictorial Arts of Japan, The,” ii., 345.
-
-  Pilgrimages, i., 69; ii., 20-22, 69.
-
-  Pillows, ii., 5, 133.
-
-  Pilotage rates, ii., 311.
-
-  Pilots, i., 387.
-
-  Pinkerton’s collection, i., 261, 267.
-
-  Pinto, Fernam Mendez, i., 14-31, 34-38, 49, 52, 84, 88, 89, 91, 92;
-   ii., 112, 348-350.
-
-  _Pinus abies_, ii., 144.
-
-  _Pinus silvestris_, ii., 142.
-
-  _Pisum sativum_, ii., 124.
-
-  Plane-trees, ii., 82.
-
-  Ploughing, i., 216.
-
-  _Plymouth_, American sloop, ii., 282.
-
-  Police protection, i., 188, 214, 349-353, 356.
-
-  _Pologonum_, ii., 124.
-
-  Population, i., 186, 190, 192, 195, 257; ii., 53, 57, 65, 74.
-
-  Portraits, i., 33.
-
-  Portuguese in the East, i., 11-34, 36-41, 45, 48, 49, 57, 58, 64,
-    71, 84, 90, 91, 102, 103, 120, 127, 134-136, 138, 139, 142, 145,
-    147, 153, 154, 158, 159, 164, 166, 167, 174-176, 179, 181, 182,
-    196-199, 208, 209, 221, 228, 248-251, 255, 261-265, 269-271, 278.
-
-  Post-houses, ii., 1, 2.
-
-  Potatoes, ii., 124, 317.
-
-  Poverty, i., 77, 87, 395; ii., 162.
-
-  _Powhatan_, United States ship, ii., 297, 324, 336.
-
-  Prayers for the dead, i., 344.
-
-  _Preble_, American ship, ii., 265-269, 271, 272.
-
-  Precious metals, Export of, ii., 112, 113.
-
-  Presents, i., 217, 367, 368; ii., 59, 85, 96, 97, 104, 141, 175.
-
-  Pring, Martin, i., 237-239.
-
-  Printing, ii., 157.
-
-  Prisons, ii., 217, 220-222.
-
-  Protestants in Japanese missions.
-    _See_ Missionaries, Protestant.
-
-  Provinces, as found by Portuguese, i., 57, 58;
-    division by “Circuits, “vii., 343.
-
-  Purcell, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Purchas, ——, i., 165, 177, 184, 220, 225, 232, 236, 240; ii., 349, 354.
-
-  “Pure Shintō,” i., 66.
-
-
-  “Quarterly Review,” ii., 247.
-
-
-  Radishes, i., 286, 383; ii., 215.
-
-  Raffles, Sir Stamford, i., 272; ii., 110-112, 195, 196, 202, 208-210.
-
-  Rain-coats, i., 375; ii., 143.
-
-  Rain-maker, Priestly, i., 276.
-
-  Rank, The distinction of, i., 60.
-
-  Rationalists.
-    _See_ Jūdo.
-
-  _Rebecca_, American ship, ii., 206.
-
-  “Recollections of Japan,” ii., 194, 195.
-
-  Reed, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Regamey, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  “Relation du Japon,” i., 224.
-
-  “Religions of Japan, The,” i., 74; ii., 344.
-
-  Religious sects and beliefs, i., 65-74, 138, 139, 194, 195, 207, 261,
-    291; ii., 65.
-
-  Rémusat, Abel, i., 70; ii., 146, 165, 169.
-
-  Resanoff, Count, ii., 196-199.
-
-  _Rhus succedanea_, ii., 125.
-
-  _Rhus vernix_, i., 76; ii., 125.
-
-  Rice, i., 76, 257, 343; ii., 47, 59, 136, 159.
-
-  Riess, Dr. L., i., 178, 240.
-
-  Rikord, Captain, ii., 226-243.
-
-  Riordan, R., and Takayanagi, T., ii., 344.
-
-  Rivers, i., 384, 385; ii., 50, 63.
-
-  Road-books, i., 376; ii., 13.
-
-  _Roanoke_, U. S. steamer, ii., 336.
-
-  Rodriguez, Father, i., 32, 60, 63, 133, 136, 156, 158, 162, 165.
-
-  Roofs, i., 339, 392; ii., 52, 130, 303, 306, 321.
-
-  Rowing, Method of, i., 389.
-
-  _Rubia cordata_, ii., 124.
-
-  Rundall, ——, i., 225, 230, 240.
-
-  Russian American Company, ii., 203.
-
-  Russian relations with Japan, ii., 190-192, 196-199, 203, 212-244, 323.
-
-  Ryōzayemon, a Russian prisoner, ii., 226-229.
-
-
-  Saddles, i., 371, 377.
-
-  Sadono-Kami, president of Prince Hideyori’s council, i., 201.
-
-  Saga, capital of Hizen, ii., 46, 47, 129.
-
-  Sagami, Cape, ii., 283.
-
-  _Saguer_, a rare tree, ii., 11.
-
-  _Saikaidō_, i., 381.
-
-  Sakai, i., 95, 118, 215; ii., 49.
-
-  _Sakana_, ii., 38.
-
-  _Sake_, i., 76, 216, 343; ii., 54, 324.
-
-  Sakhalin, i., 123, 124, 265; ii., 212.
-
-  Salt butter as a remedy, ii., 127.
-
-  Salutation, Ceremony of, i., 210.
-
-  Samisen, i., 212; ii., 315.
-
-  Sancian Island, i., 13.
-
-  “San Francisco Herald,” ii., 313.
-
-  _San Jacinto_, American steamer, ii., 325.
-
-  _San Philip_, Spanish galleon, i., 151, 152, 154, 159, 160, 180.
-
-  Santvoort, Melichor von, i., 203, 244.
-
-  Sao harbor, ii., 70.
-
-  _Saramang_, English frigate, ii., 259.
-
-  _Saratoga_, American sloop, ii., 282.
-
-  Saris, Captain John, i., 196, 207-225, 229, 232, 343.
-
-  Satow, ——, i., 66, 86, 135; ii., 354.
-
-  Sawaas (or Sowas), i., 330, 344.
-
-  Sayer, agent of English East India Company, i., 230.
-
-  Scherer, J. A. B., ii., 344.
-
-  Scheuchzer, Dr. I. G., i., 290.
-
-  Schools, ii., 135.
-
-  Science, Study of, i., 77.
-
-  Scurvy, ii., 229.
-
-  Sea-weeds, Edible, ii., 213.
-
-  Segaki, ii., 26.
-
-  Seimei, and the table of unfortunate days, ii., 41-44.
-
-  Seminary at Goa, i., 41, 49, 55.
-
-  Serfs, i., 59.
-
-  Serqueyra, Father Louis (Bishop of Japan), i., 227, 242.
-
-  Servants, i., 354; ii., 177.
-
-  _Sesamum orientale_, ii., 125.
-
-  Settsu-no-Kami, governor of Nagasaki, i., 347; ii., 100.
-
-  “Seven Gods of Happiness,” i., 359.
-
-  Shaëp, Captain, i., 263, 265.
-
-  Shigemi, S., ii., 344.
-
-  _Shikimi_ (anise-tree), ii., 126.
-    _See also Hanashikimi_.
-
-  Shikoku Island, i., 123, 124.
-    _Same as_ Sikoku Island.
-
-  Shimabara Fortress, i., 94, 248, 261.
-
-  Shimada, ii., 71.
-
-  Shimo, i., 27, 57, 93, 97, 98, 119, 124, 125, 145, 164, 213, 228.
-
-  Shimoda, town and river, ii., 301, 302, 305, 316-324, 326.
-
-  Shimonoseki, i., 368, 381; ii., 48, 49.
-
-  Shinagawa, ii., 75, 247, 248.
-
-  Shintō, i., 66-70, 138, 139, 342, 359, 360, 399; ii., 65.
-
-  Shintō clergy, i., 74, 342, 359, 360, 398; ii., 65.
-
-  Shintō temples (Miya), i., 67, 342, 399; ii., 65.
-
-  Shiota, ii., 129.
-    _See also_ Shiwota.
-
-  Ships and Harbor Guard, Nagasaki, i., 312, 348.
-
-  Ships and boats, i., 77, 387-390; ii., 72.
-
-  Shōgun-Sama, i., 230, 247.
-
-  Shōguns, The, i., 58; ii., 158, 166-173.
-
-  Shooting of birds, ii., 308.
-
-  Shops, i., 394; ii., 11, 52, 77, 247, 319-323.
-
-  Shotten, Timothy, i., 169.
-
-  “Sidney Gazette,” ii., 258.
-
-  Siebold, Dr. Philipp Franz von, i., 8, 9, 31, 33, 123, 338, 351;
-    ii., 43, 46, 125, 149, 237, 248, 250-254, 274, 310.
-
-  Signs, ii., 320, 323.
-
-  Sikoku Island, i., 57, 119.
-    _Same as_ Shikoku.
-
-  Silk, i., 76, 101, 321.
-
-  Sitting posture, ii., 133, 303.
-
-  Sloane, Sir Hans, i., 290.
-
-  Small-pox, i., 400.
-
-  _Smilax China_, ii., 124.
-
-  Smoke-holes, i., 3.
-
-  Smoking articles, ii., 37, 38.
-
-  Smuggling, i., 300, 314, 328, 332, 333, 353, 397; ii., 115, 116, 275.
-
-  Soap, ii., 126.
-
-  Soil, i., 76.
-
-  Soldiers, ii., 223, 224.
-    _See also_ Armies and Soldiery.
-
-  Solis, Jean de, i., 135, 136, 142, 143.
-
-  Sotelo, Father Louis, i., 203-205, 245, 246.
-
-  “Soul of the Far East, The,” ii., 344.
-
-  Sowaas.
-    _See_ Sowas.
-
-  Sowas (_or_ Sawaas), i., 330, 344, 377.
-
-  Soy, ii., 13, 119, 159.
-
-  Spanish in the East, i., 56, 134-136, 142, 143, 147, 148, 151-154,
-    159, 160, 166, 167, 179, 180, 191, 197, 199, 202-204, 208, 209,
-    221, 228, 237, 241, 261, 270, 271.
-
-  Spex, Jacob, i., 197, 198, 202, 203, 206.
-
-  Spinola, ——, i., 241.
-
-  _Spirea_, ii., 142.
-
-  Springs, ii., 46, 129.
-
-  Spy Guard, Nagasaki, i., 312, 348.
-
-  State’s Island, i., 124, 265.
-
-  Sterling, Admiral, ii., 323.
-
-  Stevens, Thomas, ii., 350, 351.
-
-  Stewart, Captain, ii., 193-196.
-
-  St. Michael, patron saint of Japan, i., 98.
-
-  Stockings, ii., 143.
-
-  Story, ——, ii., 351.
-
-  “Story of Japan,” ii., 158, 344.
-
-  Street-government of cities, i., 188, 349-353, 356, 361-363;
-    ii., 51, 80, 330.
-
-  “Suburb of Yedo, A,” ii., 345.
-
-  Sugar, ii., 117, 275.
-
-  Sun-Goddess (Tenshō-daijin), i., 66, 67, 69, 224, 357-359.
-
-  “Sunrise Stories,” ii., 344.
-
-  Superstitions, i., 48, 74, 207, 401; ii., 68, 223.
-
-  Suruga, i., 163, 186, 190, 217; ii., 71.
-
-  _Susquehanna_, American frigate, ii., 282, 291, 314, 315.
-
-  Suwa, Festivals of, i., 296, 356-365.
-
-  Suwa, Temple of, i., 356, 357.
-
-  Suyematsu, ——, ii., 345.
-
-  Sweetmeats, ii., 13, 29, 331.
-
-  Swine, ii., 138.
-
-  Swords, i., 59, 106, 185, 210, 290, 349, 369; ii., 149, 155, 168, 243.
-
-
-  Taikō-Sama. _See_ Hashiba.
-
-  Taikō-Sama, Castle of, i., 118; ii., 54.
-
-  Taikō-Sama, Temple and Tomb of, i., 193.
-
-  Takayanagi, T., and Riordan, R., ii., 344.
-
-  “Tales of Old Japan,” ii., 344.
-
-  Tanners, i., 334, 349.
-
-  Tartars, i., 5-10.
-
-  Tashima, Legend of, ii., 42.
-
-  Taxes, i., 258, 355, 356.
-
-  Tea, i., 76, 216; ii., 13, 14, 128, 158, 220.
-
-  Teisuke, Murakami, ii., 221, 223, 226, 239.
-
-  Temples, i., 67, 68, 71, 161, 193, 194, 216, 218, 222, 275, 342,
-    356, 357, 397-399; ii., 59, 69, 75, 79, 104-108, 304, 307, 316.
-
-  “Temples of Riches,” i., 275.
-
-  Tennōji, ii., 54.
-
-  Tenriū, River, i., 385.
-
-  Tenshō-daijin.
-    _See_ Sun-Goddess.
-
-  Tenza, The, i., 164.
-
-  _Tera_ (Buddhist temples), i., 71, 275, 342, 397, 398; ii., 65, 304.
-
-  Terazawa, i., 145, 146, 156.
-
-  Theatrical representations, i., 77, 212, 213, 360-365; ii., 53, 160.
-
-  Thevenot, ——, i., 243, 261, 265; ii., 354.
-
-  Threshing, ii., 158.
-
-  Thunberg, Charles Peter, i., 60, 290, 376, 391, 392; ii., 16, 114-163,
-    169, 210, 213, 254.
-
-  _Thuya dolebrata_, ii., 141.
-
-  _Tiger_, English ship, ii., 353, 354.
-
-  Tillage of the soil, i., 76, 381, 386, 387; ii., 134, 136-138, 317.
-
-  Time, Division of, i., 351.
-
-  Time-measurers, ii., 126, 251.
-
-  Titsingh, Isaac, i., 59, 79, 98, 230, 240, 257, 276, 281, 351, 357,
-    376; ii., 43, 81, 85, 112, 146, 147, 163-189.
-
-  Tobacco culture, ii., 123.
-
-  _Tōkaidō_, i., 382; ii., 15, 23.
-
-  _Toko_, or cupboard, ii., 4, 7, 178.
-
-
-  _Tokowaki_, or side cupboard, ii., 5.
-
-  Tolls, i., 385.
-
-  “Tomb of Ears,” ii., 108.
-
-  Tomb of Taikō-Sama, i., 193, 194.
-
-  Torey (Stewart, Captain), ii., 196.
-
-  Torment of the Fosse, i., 246, 247.
-
-  Torres, Cosme de, i., 52, 54-56, 87, 91, 97.
-
-  _Toshitoku_, i., 359.
-
-  Towns and villages, i., 394, 395; ii., 57, 74.
-
-  “Townsend Harris,” ii., 325.
-
-  Toyohashi (Yoshida), ii., 70.
-
-  Toyotomi Hideyoshi, ii., 54.
-    _See also_ Hashiba.
-
-  Trade, i., 77; ii., 202, 274, 275.
-
-  Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society, London, i., 376.
-
-  Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, i., 32, 66, 86, 117,
-    135, 145, 178, 204, 226, 257, 290, 352, 359; ii., 7, 77, 112, 144,
-    149, 154, 174, 183, 199, 206, 210, 315, 346, 354.
-
-  Translations, i., 121, 122, 158, 222, 223, 280; ii., 122, 123, 164,
-    165, 210, 222.
-
-  Transportation in the interior, i., 216, 347, 371-385.
-
-  Travellers on the highways, ii., 15-36, 41, 42, 45, 58, 329.
-
-  Trays, ii., 333.
-
-  Trial by torture, i., 353, 354.
-
-  Trials, i., 78, 355; ii., 218.
-
-  Trigault, Nicholas, i., 232.
-
-  Tsadanil trees, ii., 57.
-
-  _Tsubaki_, ii., 125.
-
-  Tsuchi Yama, ii., 69.
-
-  _Tsuitachi_, or first day of the month, ii., 58.
-
-  Tsuni Yoshi, Emperor, ii., 85.
-
-  Turks, i., 16.
-
-
-  Ukondono, i., 117-119, 129, 229.
-
-  Umenoki, ii., 68.
-
-
-  “Unbeaten Tracks in Japan,” ii., 344.
-
-  Unicorns’ horns, ii., 117, 118.
-
-  United States’ relations with Japan, ii., 193-196, 206, 255-258,
-    260-273, 276-339.
-
-  Uraga, i., 218.
-
-  Utensils and dishes, ii., 8.
-
-
-  _Vaccinia_, ii., 142.
-
-  Valignani, Father Alexander, i., 100-103, 121, 126-136, 138, 143,
-    162, 165; ii., 349.
-
-  Van Braam, ——, ii., 164.
-
-  _Vandalia_, ii., 293.
-
-  Van Linschoten, John Huigen, ii., 351, 352.
-
-  Van Sturlen, director of the Company, ii., 250.
-
-  Varnish-tree, i., 76; ii., 125.
-
-  Vasco da Gama, i., 11.
-
-  Vault, for fire protection, ii., 52.
-
-  Vaz, Alvares, i., 49, 50.
-
-  Vega, Lopo de, Spanish poet, i., 231.
-
-  Vegetables, i., 76; ii., 124, 159, 317.
-
-  Verhagen’s fleet (Dutch), i., 169-177.
-
-  Verhœven fleet (Dutch), i., 182, 196, 198.
-
-  _Viburna_, ii., 142.
-
-  _Vicia faba_, ii., 124.
-
-  Vilela, Father Gaspard, i., 89, 94, 95, 97, 133, 165; ii., 189.
-
-  _Vincennes_, American frigate, ii., 261-265, 283.
-
-  Vivero, Don Rodrigo de, governor of Manila, i., 180, 185-261, 265,
-    266; ii., 118, 355.
-
-  Volcanoes, ii., 46, 170, 173, 305.
-
-  “Voyage around the World, A,” ii., 203.
-
-  “Voyages au Nord,” i., 250, 254, 261, 265, 266; ii., 118, 355.
-
-  “Voyages Curieuse,” i., 261.
-
-  “Voyages des Indes,” i., 243, 252, 254, 261; ii., 355.
-
-
-  Waardenaar, Heer, ii., 207, 208.
-
-  Wada Iga-no-kami, i., 96, 97.
-
-  Wadenaar, Heer, ii., 195.
-
-  Waganaar, of the Dutch East India Company, i., 265, 266.
-
-  Walnuts, ii., 144.
-
-  Warm drinks, i., 216.
-
-  Water-clocks, ii., 251.
-
-  Water supply, i., 293, 343; ii., 54.
-
-  Weapons, ii., 149.
-
-  Webster, Daniel, ii., 276-281.
-
-  Weddell, Admiral, i., 255.
-
-  “Wee Ones of Japan, The,” 344.
-
-  Weights and measures, i., 23, 59, 249, 272.
-
-  Whale fishery, i., 255.
-
-  Wheat, i., 76, 216.
-
-  Wheeled vehicles, ii., 137, 138.
-
-  Whiskey, ii., 206.
-
-  Whiting, Lieut., ii., 302.
-
-  Whitney, Dr., ii., 144.
-
-  Williams, S. W., ii., 255, 258, 284, 310, 318-323.
-
-  Windows, i., 391; ii., 4, 130, 131, 322.
-
-  Wine, ii., 206.
-
-  Wittert, Admiral, i., 197.
-
-  Women, i., 98, 120, 127, 149, 161, 211, 212, 214, 243, 259, 260, 279,
-    292, 340, 341, 345, 361; ii., 23, 24, 29, 30, 47, 58, 70, 91, 96,
-    97, 120-122, 127, 153-156, 161, 167, 169, 174-183, 211, 225,
-    231-233, 242, 249, 304, 315, 329, 330.
-
-  Wormwood, ii., 125, 146.
-
-  Written language, i., 77, 78.
-
-
-  Xavier, Francis, i., 38, 39, 41-43, 46-55, 64, 71, 72, 81-88, 98;
-    ii., 353.
-
-
-  Yakushi, patron of physicians, ii., 68.
-
-  Yamabu.
-    _See_ Yamabushi.
-
-  _Yamabushi_, or mountain priests, i., 74; ii., 23-25, 72.
-
-  Yamaguchi, capital of Nagato, i., 82, 89, 90, 96.
-
-  Yams, ii., 124.
-
-  Yebisu, patron of fishermen, i., 359.
-
-  _Yebumi_ (figure-treading, _which see_), i., 352.
-
-  Yedo, i., 163, 186, 187, 218, 230, 265, 380; ii., 76-83, 324, 326, 330.
-
-  “Yedo Kagami” (“Mirror of Yedo”), i., 257.
-
-  Yezo Island.
-    _See_ Matsumaye Island.
-
-  Yodo, ii., 50, 57.
-
-  Yokkaichi, ii., 69.
-
-  Yokohama.
-    _See_ Kanagawa.
-
-  Yoritomo, Prince, ii., 28-30.
-
-  Yoshida, ii., 70.
-
-  Yoshimune, i., 119, 120, 125, 127, 144, 145.
-
-  “Young Japan” (Black), ii., 345.
-
-  “Young Japan” (Scherer), ii., 344.
-
-
-  Zelandia, Fort, in Formosa, i., 262, 302.
-
-  _Zeni_, i., 372, 373; ii., 309.
-
-  Zipangu, i., 1, 3-6, 14.
-
-
-
-
-BOOKS ON JAPANESE SUBJECTS
-
-
-A HANDBOOK OF MODERN JAPAN
-
-By ERNEST W. CLEMENT. With two maps and over sixty illustrations from
-photographs. Fourth Edition. Cloth, 12mo. $1.40 _net_.
-
-
-JAPAN AS IT WAS AND IS
-
-A Handbook of Old Japan. By RICHARD HILDRETH. Edited by Ernest W.
-Clement, with an Introduction by William Elliot Griffis. With maps and
-numerous rare illustrations. In two vols., cloth, 12mo. $3.00 _net_.
-
-
-ARTS AND CRAFTS OF OLD JAPAN
-
-By STEWART DICK. With thirty illustrations. Gray boards, 8vo. $1.20
-_net_.
-
-
-FAR EASTERN IMPRESSIONS
-
-Japan, Corea, and China. By ERNEST F. G. HATCH, M. P. With three maps
-and eighty-eight illustrations from photographs. Cloth, 12mo. $1.40
-_net_.
-
-
-KAKEMONO
-
-Japanese sketches. By A. HERBAGE EDWARDS. With frontispiece. Cloth,
-8vo. $1.75 _net_.
-
-
-THE MAKERS OF JAPAN
-
-By J. MORRIS. A series of biographies of great Japanese statesmen and
-soldiers. With twenty-four illustrations. Large 8vo. $3.00 _net_.
-
-
-McDONALD OF OREGON
-
-A Tale of Two Shores. By EVA EMERY DYE. The chronicle of the earliest
-Japanese refugees to land in America, and of the first Americans who
-visited Japan, later to act as interpreters to Perry. Illustrated by W.
-J. Enright. 8vo. $1.50.
-
-
-RECENT PRESS COMMENTS ON
-
-A HANDBOOK OF MODERN JAPAN
-
-
-“One of the most valued, because fruitful, members of the Asiatic
-Society of Japan, and with the advantage of over fifteen years’
-residence in the provinces and capital of the Mikado’s Empire,
-Professor Clement is probably the best fitted to give us not only a
-handbook of Japan, but _the_ Handbook. His twenty-one chapters, with
-appendix and index, abundant bibliography, rich discussion of varied
-topics, make this the best book-picture of the Japan of to-day. Besides
-readableness, one has the sense, while enjoying it, to know that
-it is perfectly trustworthy. A laborious and conscientious student
-has patiently sifted and tested his facts, and with judicial mind
-presented them. No subject of importance concerning the Japanese and
-their country is left without treatment.... This is the book for the
-library and the busy man in 1903—whether there be peace or war with
-Russia.”—_The Outlook._
-
-“Just what Americans wish to know of Japan.... The ‘Handbook’ is a
-veritable storehouse of information. It is surprising how much can be
-crammed into so small a space, and how conveniently and attractively it
-can be done. The volume is copiously and artistically illustrated, and
-plentifully supplied with maps which show clearly just what one wants
-to know about the Empire of the Mikado. Great familiarity with his
-subject is shown by Mr. Clement’s work.”—_Chicago Journal._
-
-“The book is evidently written by an authority on Modern Japan,
-and is just what its title indicates—a handbook of the Japan of
-to-day.”—_Denver Republican._
-
-“We feel no hesitation in affirming that for one seeking within the
-pages of one book the most information of Japan and its people, and of
-a reliable character, there has been nothing heretofore produced that
-excels this Handbook of Modern Japan by Professor Clement.”—_Japan
-Evangelist._
-
-“The immediate charm and sterling value of Prof. Ernest W. Clement’s
-‘Handbook of Modern Japan’ lie in the fact that he speaks for
-the most part from immediate knowledge and experience, and from
-an inside view.... Likely to be wanted constantly on the table
-of most intelligent people interested in the Far East and its
-possibilities.”—_The Nation_, New York.
-
-
-RECENT PRESS COMMENTS ON
-
-A HANDBOOK OF MODERN JAPAN
-
-
-“This is the book for the hour when Russia looms and Korea shrivels,
-or for the year and decade when the map of Eastern Asia may be
-arranged.”—_The Dial_, Chicago.
-
-“For those who would acquire exact information concerning the ‘Yankees
-of the Orient,’ and who cannot obtain it at first hand, no better book
-has been issued than Ernest W. Clement’s ‘Handbook of Modern Japan.’
-... The reliability and completeness of his information cannot be
-questioned.”—_Chicago Evening Post._
-
-“Perhaps there is no other single book in which may be found such
-varied, compact, and up-to-date information.”—_Springfield Republican._
-
-“Just what Japan will develop into no one can say. What Japan is now,
-is most ably described by Mr. Clement, whose book is illustrated with
-photographs which really illustrate, and help one to realize the
-extraordinary progress made in the land of the Rising Sun.”—_New York
-Times._
-
-“Will appeal especially to the intelligent American reader who desires
-to get into closer touch with the Mikado’s Empire.”—_Review of
-Reviews_, New York.
-
-“Alike for the traveller, the new resident, and the reader at a
-distance, it provides just the essential facts about Japanese life,
-public and private, while its well-chosen bibliography affords guidance
-for further study.”—_The Churchman_, New York.
-
-“Will probably be for some time to come the authority in this country
-as to those conditions of Japan which affect our interest in her....
-It is an admirable book, and the reader who reads this from beginning
-to end, especially the statistics and notes at the close, can say
-that he knows Japan as a world power. The illustrations are many and
-excellent.”—_Minneapolis Times._
-
-“It is no exaggeration to say that this book probably contains more
-practical information about Japan and the Japanese than any other
-volume of the same size. This is no disparagement of a number of
-excellent and informative works written by English and American
-authors, but is a tribute to the conciseness of Mr. Clement’s book and
-the manner of arrangement. Of all the books published upon Japan there
-is hardly one which covers the same ground in the same way that Mr.
-Clement’s book does.”—_Chicago Tribune._
-
-
-A. C. McCLURG & CO., PUBLISHERS
-
-
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[1] It is also used as a toilet-box, in which to keep combs, brushes,
-etc.
-
-[2] See Conder’s illustrated paper in vol. xvii of the Transactions of
-the Asiatic Society of Japan.—EDR.
-
-[3] The most recent visitors to Japan all agree in representing the
-common tea of the country as an inferior article, not suited for
-exportation.
-
-[4] These great retinues are thus accounted for by Thunberg: “As both
-the monarch himself and all the princes of the country are clothed and
-dress their hair in the same manner as the rest of the inhabitants,
-and being destitute of thrones, jewels, and other like paraphernalia,
-cannot be so distinguished from others, they have adopted the expedient
-of exhibiting themselves on journeys and festive occasions according to
-their condition in life, and the dignity of their respective offices,
-with a great number of people, officers, and attendants hovering about
-them.” The statement already quoted from Caron (see vol. i, p. 259) as
-to the numbers composing these princely retinues, is much less than
-that given above, and probably nearer the truth.
-
-[The numbers of the retinues which Kämpfer gives are too large.—K. M.]
-
-[5] This is the Sanscrit.
-
-[6] The letters of the Jesuit missionaries contain accounts of Buddhist
-devotees who went so far as to drown or otherwise destroy themselves.
-Kämpfer, and the writers since his time, make no mention of such
-extreme fanaticism, which, however, is a natural outgrowth from the
-doctrine of the Buddhists.
-
-[7] Great numbers of the Japanese musicians, as Kämpfer tells us
-in another place, are blind men, who constitute a sort of order or
-society which boasts as its legendary founder a certain general of the
-family of the Heiji, who, at the time of the civil war which ended
-in the destruction of that family, was taken prisoner by Yoritomo.
-Notwithstanding repeated attempts at escape, he was very kindly
-treated, and was pressed to enter into the service of his captor. But,
-not being able to look upon the destroyer of the Heiji without an
-irresistible desire to kill him, not to be outdone in generosity, he
-plucked out his eyes and presented them to Yoritomo on a plate!
-
-There is another—more ancient, but less numerous—order of the blind,
-composed exclusively of ecclesiastical persons, and claiming as its
-founder a legendary prince, who cried himself blind at the death of his
-beautiful mistress.
-
-The blind are numerous, and disorders of the eyes are very common in
-Japan.
-
-[8] Froez, in one of his letters, defines this Japanese word as
-signifying a kind of salted vegetable, like olives. It seems to include
-all kinds of refreshment occasionally offered to visitors.
-
-[9] The total expense of the entire journey, including the presents to
-the emperor and others, is estimated by Kämpfer at twenty thousand rix
-dollars, equivalent to about the same number of our dollars.
-
-[10] The fox is regarded by the Japanese as a sort of divinity, though,
-according to Siebold, they seem in doubt whether to reckon it a god or
-devil. If a Japanese is placed in circumstances of doubt or difficulty,
-he sets out a platter of rice and beans as a sacrifice to his fox; and
-if the next day any of it is gone, that is regarded as a favorable
-omen. Wonderful stories (equal to any of our spirit-rapping miracles)
-are told of the doings of these foxes. Titsingh gives the following
-by way of specimen: The grandfather of his friend, the imperial
-treasurer of Nagasaki, and who had in his time filled the same office,
-despatched one day a courier to Yedo with very important letters for
-the councillors of state. A few days after he discovered that one of
-the most important of the letters had been accidentally left out of the
-package,—a forgetfulness which exposed him to great disgrace. In his
-despair he recurred to his fox and offered him a sacrifice. The next
-morning he saw, to his great satisfaction, that some of it had been
-eaten; after which, upon going into his cabinet, the letter which he
-had forgotten to send was nowhere to be found. This caused him great
-uneasiness, till he received a message from his agent at Yedo, who
-informed him that, upon opening the box which contained the despatches,
-the lock of it appeared to have been forced by a letter pressed in
-between the box and its cover from without,—the very same letter, as it
-proved, left behind at Nagasaki. The more intelligent, says Titsingh,
-laugh at this superstition, but the great body of the people have firm
-faith in it. There are in Japan, according to Siebold, two species of
-foxes, very much like the ordinary ones of Europe and America, and,
-from the immunity which they enjoy, great nuisances. The white fox, of
-which the skin is much prized, is found only in the Kurile Islands.
-
-[11] Of these pearls Kämpfer says, in another place, that they are
-found almost everywhere about Kiūshiū in oysters and several other sea
-shells. Everybody is at liberty to fish for them. Formerly the natives
-had little or no value for them till they were sought for by the
-Chinese. The Japanese pretend, as to one particular kind, that when put
-into a box full of a peculiar sort of complexion-powder made of another
-shell, one or two young pearls will grow out at the sides, and when
-they come to maturity, as they do in two or three years, will drop off;
-but Kämpfer, having never seen this phenomenon, is not willing to vouch
-for its reality.
-
-[12] The same tree Kämpfer found on his return (May 6) in full
-blossom, and a very beautiful sight. It was noticed as still standing
-in 1826, by Siebold, who found it by measurement to be fifty feet in
-circumference.
-
-[13] Caron also speaks of these springs, some of which he describes as
-intermittent. Some are boiling hot, and their waters had been used, as
-we have seen, in the torture of the Catholics. They are all found in a
-volcanic mountain, having several craters which eject black sand and
-smoke. In the interior of the province of Higo, on the opposite shore
-of the gulf of Shimabara, is another volcano. The province of Satsuma
-is entirely volcanic, and off its southern extremity is an island that
-burns incessantly.—_Klaproth_, from Japanese authorities, “_Asiatic
-Journal_,” vol. xxx.
-
-[14] On Kämpfer’s second journey to Yedo (1692), the second night was
-passed at Kurume, which they reached by crossing the bay of Shimabara
-in boats, thus leaving the principality of Ōmura and the city of Saga
-on their left. The next day at noon they struck into the road followed
-on the first journey.
-
-[15] “Some years ago,” says Kämpfer, “our East India Company sent over
-from Batavia a Casuar (a large East India bird, who would swallow
-stones and hot coals) as a present to the emperor. This bird having
-the sad ill luck not to please our rigid censors, the governors of
-Nagasaki, and we having thereupon been ordered to send him back to
-Batavia, a rich Japanese assured us that if he could have obtained
-leave to buy him, he would have willingly given a thousand taels for
-him, as being sure within a year’s time to get double that money only
-by showing him at Ōsaka.” The mermaids exhibited in Europe and America
-to the great profit of enterprising showmen, have been of Japanese
-manufacture.
-
-[16] A mistake for Yamashiro.—EDR.
-
-[17] Name of a town on Lake Biwa.—EDR.
-
-[18] The _Aratame_ is a sort of an inquisition into the life and family
-of every inhabitant, the number of his children and domestics, the sect
-he professes or the temples he belongs to, made very punctually, once
-every year, in every city and district, by commissioners appointed for
-this purpose.
-
-[19] The worshippers of Amida were the most numerous, amounting
-to 159,113. The other principal sects had, respectively, 99,728,
-99,016, 54,586. Caron had noticed and mentioned this division into
-twelve sects, or observances. He states, and other subsequent authors
-have repeated, that, notwithstanding this division, they have no
-controversies or religious quarrels; but this does not agree with the
-accounts of the Catholic missionaries. Every resident of Miyako, except
-the Shintō priests, and, perhaps, the household of the Dairi, would
-seem to belong to some Buddhist sect.
-
-[20] According to Klaproth, following Japanese authorities, it is
-seventy-two and one-half English miles long, and twenty-two and
-one-quarter at its greatest breadth. [The lake Biwa is meant.]
-
-[21] Kōshi is the Japanese name for Confucius, who, however, can
-scarcely be meant here.—EDR.
-
-[22] Fuji-no-yama, in the province of Suruga, on the borders of Kai,
-is an enormous pyramid, generally covered with snow, detached from
-and southerly of the great central chain of Nippon. It is the largest
-and most noted of the volcanoes of Japan. In the year 1707 there was
-an eruption from it which covered all the neighborhood with masses
-of rock, red-hot sand, and ashes, which latter fell, even in Yedo,
-some inches deep.—_Klaproth_ (from Japanese authorities), in “Asiatic
-Journal,” vol. xxxii.
-
-[23] A mistake for Enoshima.—EDR.
-
-[24] At the date of these travels, and indeed at a much later period
-similar exhibitions might have been seen in Europe.
-
-[25] See papers on Yedo in vols. i and vii of the “Transactions of the
-Asiatic Society of Japan.”—EDR.
-
-[26] One of these Japanese plans is published as a frontispiece to
-Titsingh’s “Illustrations of Japan.” This plan would seem to embrace
-only what Kämpfer speaks of, further on, as “the palace itself.”
-
-[27] The 23d a considerable shock of an earthquake was felt. The
-weather that day was excessively hot. The next day it was very cold,
-with snow.
-
-[28] The reigning emperor was Tsuni Yoshi, who had succeeded to the
-empire in 1681, the fourth in succession from Gongen-Sama, the founder
-of the dynasty. The Japanese accounts, according to Titsingh, give him
-but a bad character.
-
-[29] _Sen_ is not a hundred, but a thousand. According to Klaproth
-(_Annals des Dairi_, p. 184), _ken_ does not signify a mat, as Kämpfer
-translates it (though mats were made of that length), but a space
-between columns. It was a measure of length divided into six Japanese
-feet, but equal to seven feet four inches and a half, Rhineland measure.
-
-[30] In his account of his second visit to Yedo, a year later, Kämpfer
-gives the following account of this second audience: “Soon after we
-came in, and had, after the usual observances, seated ourselves in
-the place assigned us, Bingo-sama welcomed us in the emperor’s name,
-and then desired us to sit upright, to take off our cloaks, to tell
-him our names and age, to stand up, to walk, to turn about, to sing
-songs, to compliment one another, to be angry, to invite one another to
-dinner, to converse one with another, to discourse in a familiar way
-like father and son, to show how two friends or man and wife compliment
-or take leave of one another, to play with children, to carry them
-about in our arms, and to do many more things of a like nature. They
-made us kiss one another like man and wife, which the ladies, by their
-laughter, showed themselves to be particularly well pleased with. It
-was already four in the afternoon when we left the hall of audience,
-after having been exercised after this manner for two hours and a half.”
-
-[31] This is what Kämpfer, in another place, describes as a sort of
-round cakes, which the Japanese had learned to make of the Portuguese,
-as big as a common hen’s egg, and sometimes filled within with bean
-flour and sugar.
-
-[32] See the character given of Settsu-no-kami, as a harsh enemy of the
-Dutch, or at least, a strict disciplinarian over them; vol. i 347, 348.
-
-[33] “Annals des Empereurs du Japan,” p. 405, note, and in the “Asiatic
-Journal” for September, 1831.
-
-[34] The history of this image, derived from the same source, is given
-in a note on p. 193. The roof of the temple is supported on ninety-two
-columns, each upwards of six feet in diameter.
-
-[35] In one thousand parts, eight hundred and fifty-four were pure
-gold. The pure metal in our American coins is nine hundred parts in one
-thousand; or, in the old phraseology, they are twenty-one carats and
-twelve grains fine.
-
-[36] Having been discovered by Sir Stamford Raffles among the public
-documents at Batavia, he published an abstract of it in the appendix B
-to his “History of Java.”
-
-[37] Yet Pinto, whose knowledge of Japan preceded the time of Nobunaga,
-represents silver as very abundant there; and, indeed, it seems to have
-been this abundance which first attracted the Portuguese trade. On the
-whole, one does not derive a very high idea, from this tract, of the
-extent or correctness of the knowledge possessed by the Japanese of
-their own history, even the more recent periods of it.
-
-[See Dr. Knox’s paper on Arai Hakuseki in vol. xxx of the “Transactions
-of the Asiatic Society of Japan.”—EDR.]
-
-[38] This was a considerable improvement upon the state of things in
-the time of Xavier, when every third vessel was expected to be lost.
-See p. 51.
-
-[39] Kämpfer had seen the ginseng cultivated in gardens in Japan, but
-it was not supposed to possess the virtues of the Chinese article.
-Father Jontoux, one of the Jesuit missionaries in China, employed by
-the emperor in preparing a map of the region north of the great wall,
-had an opportunity to see the ginseng growing wild. He sent home,
-in 1711, a full account of it, with drawings (which may be found in
-“Voyages au Nord,” vol. iv), and suggested, from the similarity of the
-climate, that the same plant might be found in Canada, as it soon was
-by the Jesuit missionaries there.
-
-[40] This sauce, used in great quantities in Japan, and exported to
-Batavia by the Dutch, whence it has become known throughout the East
-Indies and also in Europe, is made from the soy bean (_Dolichos Soia_),
-extensively used by the Japanese in the making of soup. The soy is
-prepared as follows: the beans are boiled till they become rather soft,
-when an equal quantity of pounded barley or wheat is added. These
-ingredients being mixed, the compound is set away for twenty-four hours
-in a warm place to ferment. An equal quantity of salt is then added,
-and twice and a half as much water. It is stirred several times a day
-for several days, and then stands well covered for two or three months,
-when the liquid portion is decanted, strained, and put in wooden casks.
-It is of a brown color, improves with age, but varies in quality,
-according to the province where it is made. The Dutch of Deshima cork
-up the better qualities in glass bottles, boiling the liquor first in
-an iron kettle, to prevent fermentation, by which it is liable to be
-spoiled.
-
-[41] The murdering of the children may be explained by the following
-passage from one of the letters of Cocks, the English factor, written
-at Hirado, in December, 1614: “James Turner, the fiddling youth, left
-a wench with child here, but the w—e, the mother, killed it so soon as
-it was born, although I gave her two taels in plate (silver) before to
-nourish it, because she should not kill it, it being an ordinary thing
-here.”
-
-[42] Cocks also had noticed their existence a century and a half
-earlier.
-
-[43] This was doubtless the lexicon printed at Amakusa in 1595. See
-note, p. 158.
-
-[44] A precedent of a similar permission, formerly granted to the
-medical men of the factory, was found, but, upon a critical examination
-of Thunberg’s commission, he appeared to be a surgeon, whereas he to
-whom permission had formerly been granted had been surgeon’s mate, and
-it took three months to get over this difficulty, and to persuade the
-Japanese that these two officers were in substance the same.
-
-[45] This species, the _Dioscorea Japonica_ (confounded sometimes with
-the sweet potato), has been lately introduced into the United States.
-
-[46] Kämpfer who describes the Camellia under the Japanese name of
-_Tsubaki_, speaks of it as a large shrub, almost a tree. Thunberg
-represents it as attaining the size of a large tree, exceedingly common
-in groves and gardens, and a very great favorite, as well for its
-polished, evergreen leaves as from the size, beauty, and variety of
-its blossoms, which appear from April to October, single and red in
-the wild ones, but double and of several colors, red, purple, white,
-etc., in the cultivated varieties, of which the Japanese assured
-Kämpfer there were several hundreds. Siebold describes the wild kind as
-a small tree, growing in clumps and thickets, often with many shoots
-from the same root, from fifteen to twenty feet high; while a much
-larger size is attained by the cultivated kinds. The name of Camellia
-was given to the genus by Linnæus, in honor of George Joseph Kamel,
-a Jesuit missionary, who sent to Ray descriptions of the plants of
-the Philippine Islands, published by him at the end of his “History
-of Plants.” The single-flowering variety was introduced into England,
-about 1739, by Lord Petre probably from China, of which it is a native,
-in common with quite a number of plants, to which the specific epithet
-_Japanese_ has been applied. As late as 1788 (as appears from Curtis’
-“Botanical Magazine,” vol. i) it was very rare and costly. Down to that
-time it had been treated as a stove-plant, but soon after, on Curtis’
-suggestion, it was introduced into conservatories, of which it soon
-became the pride, and was even found hardy enough to bear the winter in
-the open air. Previous to 1806 a number of varieties were imported from
-China; many others were produced in Europe, and already by 1825 these
-varieties had become very numerous (see “Botanical Magazine,” vols. xl
-and lvi). The _Camellia sasankwa_ is smaller, with smaller leaves and
-flowers, very closely resembling the tea-plant; and, in packing their
-teas, the Chinese are in the habit of putting some of the blossoms into
-the chests. It is extensively cultivated for its oil, in China as well
-as in Japan.
-
-[47] The Japanese paper, as well for writing and printing as for the
-household uses to which it is so extensively put, is manufactured from
-the bark of the young twigs of the paper mulberry (_Morus papyrifira_).
-Kämpfer has given a particular account of it in the appendix to his
-work. That account, which, now that so many experiments are on foot for
-the manufacture of paper, may suggest some useful hints, is abridged by
-Thunberg as follows:
-
-“After the tree has shed its leaves in the month of December, they cut
-off the young shoots about three feet in length, which they tie up
-in bundles and boil in a lye of ashes, standing inverted in a copper
-kettle till the bark is so shrunk that half an inch of the woody part
-is seen bare at the ends. If the twigs grow dry before they can be
-boiled, they are first soaked in water for four-and-twenty hours. When
-sufficiently boiled, they are taken out and the bark cut lengthwise
-and stripped off. After being soaked in water for three hours, the
-exterior black skin and the green part beneath it is scraped off with
-a knife, and the bark is then sorted into qualities; that which is
-a full year’s growth makes the best paper, and the less mature an
-inferior quality. Thus prepared and sorted, it is again boiled in a
-clear lye, being perpetually stirred, and fresh lye supplied to make
-up for the evaporation; and this process is continued till the bark
-is dissolved, as it were, separating into flocks and fibres. It must
-then be washed,—a process requiring care and judgment, as, if not
-carried far enough, the paper will be coarse, and if too far, thin and
-slazy. This is done in a running stream, by means of a sieve containing
-the material, which is perpetually stirred till it is diluted into a
-delicate, soft pap. For the finer kinds this washing is repeated, a
-piece of linen being substituted for the sieve, to prevent the finer
-parts from being carried away. After being washed, it is beaten with
-sticks of hard wood, on a wooden table, till it is brought to a pulp,
-which if put into water will dissolve and disperse like meal.
-
-“It is then mixed in a tub with a clammy infusion, obtained by soaking
-rice in cold water, and with another mucilaginous infusion, obtained
-in the like manner from the root of Oreni (_Hibiscus manihot_). This
-mixture, upon which much depends, and the proportions of which vary
-with the season of the year, succeeds best in a narrow tub, and
-requires perpetual stirring. The whole is then put into a larger tub,
-from which the sheets are taken out and put between mats made of
-delicate grass straw, and laid one upon another in heaps, being pressed
-at first lightly, but gradually harder and harder, till the water is
-squeezed out. They are then laid upon a board to dry in the sun; after
-which they are packed in bundles for sale and use.
-
-“For the coarser kinds of paper other sorts of bark are sometimes used.
-
-“The Japanese paper is very close and strong. It will bear being
-twisted into ropes, and is occasionally used even for dresses.”
-
-[48] Caron, whose opportunities of knowledge upon this point were
-much superior to those of Thunberg or any subsequent observer, is
-very explicit upon this point. “The parents educate their children
-with great care. They are not forever bawling in their ears, and they
-never use them roughly. When they cry they show a wonderful patience
-in quieting them, knowing well that young children are not of an age
-to profit by reprimands. This method succeeds so well, that Japanese
-children, ten or twelve years old, behave with all the discretion and
-propriety of grown people. They are not sent to school till they are
-seven or eight years old, and then they are not forced to study things
-for which they have no inclination.”
-
-[49] In Kämpfer’s time no personal intercourse was allowed with those
-of whom articles were bought at Ōsaka, Miyako, and Yedo. In this
-respect there would seem to have been a relaxation.
-
-[50] Kämpfer had noticed similar three-wheeled carts, made very low,
-and employed in drawing stone from a quarry. In unloading, the single
-wheel was taken off, when the cart formed an inclined plane.
-
-[51] Kämpfer says that the European apple-tree is unknown in Japan,
-and that they have only one kind of pears, such as we call winter
-pears. The fruit grows to a great size, but must be cooked to be eaten.
-Cherry-trees are cultivated only for the flowers, as apricots and plums
-often are, the blossoms being brought by art to be as big as roses.
-Golownin, however, ate apples in northern Japan, though of an inferior
-quality.
-
-[52] Kämpfer says there are two species peculiar to Japan, the acorns
-of which are boiled and eaten.
-
-[53] Later accounts represent cloth or cotton stockings, or socks,
-as frequently worn in cold weather, resembling mittens, in having
-a separate accommodation for the great toe, so as to permit the
-introduction between that and the others of the shoe-holding strap.
-
-[54] See paper by Dr. Whitney, in vol. xii of the “Transactions of the
-Asiatic Society of Japan.”—EDR.
-
-[55] There have not been wanting attempts to introduce acupuncture into
-European practice. See a sensible article on this subject by Rémusat
-(“Nov. Mélanges Asiat.,” vol. i), in which he gives an analysis of a
-Japanese treatise on acupuncture, which, with a translation of it, was
-brought home by Titsingh.
-
-[56] Kämpfer treats at length on the acupuncture and moxa, and gives in
-his appendix a translation of a Japanese treatise on the parts to be
-selected to be burned, according to the object to be accomplished.
-
-[57] Of the Dosha powder, to which the Japanese ascribe singular
-effects, M. Titsingh has given a curious account. “Illustrations,” p.
-283. It was the invention of _Kōbō_, a great saint and sage, who, by
-profound meditation on the writings both of his own sect and others,
-had discovered that the great scourges of mankind are four; namely,
-_Jigoku_, hell; _Gaki_, hungry demon, woman; _Chikushō_, the man with a
-perverse heart; and _Shura_, war.
-
-[58] From Thunberg’s account of the arms of the Japanese, they cannot
-be regarded as very formidable soldiers. He mentions bows and arrows,
-scymitars, halberts, and guns. Their bows are very large and their
-arrows long, like those of the Chinese. The bowman, in order to shoot,
-places himself on one knee, a position which renders it impossible to
-discharge his arrows with any great rapidity. Guns were not ordinarily
-employed. Thunberg saw them, apparently matchlocks, only as articles of
-show in the houses of the imperial officers, displayed upon a stand in
-the audience chamber. The few cannon at Nagasaki, which once belonged
-to the Portuguese, were discharged only once in seven years, the
-Japanese knowing little or not at all the proper management of them,
-and fixing the match to a long pole, so as to touch them off at a safe
-distance. Their longer swords are broad-backed, a little curved, a yard
-long, and of excellent temper; the hilts somewhat roundish and flat,
-furnished with a round substantial guard without any bow. The scabbard
-is thick and rather flat, made of wood, and sometimes covered with
-shagreen and lackered. The shorter sword is straight. These swords are
-costly and rated at a high value.
-
-From a Japanese work, Siebold states their method of making
-sword-blades: “The blades, forged out of good bar-steel, are plastered
-over with a paste of potash, porcelain clay, and powdered charcoal, and
-dried in the sun. They are next exposed to the fire and heated till
-the mass assumes a white hue. The glowing blades are then plunged into
-luke-warm water, three-fifths boiling to two-fifths cold, and cooled
-gradually. Often the edge only is heated, and then the cooling is with
-cold water. The reforging of old blades is not uncommon.” Of the two
-swords worn by the Japanese, one is long and slightly curved, the other
-short and straight. [See also paper on “Japanese Armour,” in vol. ix of
-the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan.—EDR.]
-
-[59] This appears to have been the substitute for those private
-interviews in which the doctor and secretary were expected to show off
-for the entertainment of the Dutch, and of which Kämpfer has given so
-curious an account.
-
-[60] It would take a thousand of the ordinary Japanese mats to cover
-such a floor; but Thunberg says the mats upon it were of an extra size.
-
-[61] This was a different arrangement from that which prevailed in
-Kämpfer’s time, when the ambassador had the whole, except those
-presented by the emperor himself.
-
-[62] See paper on “Japanese Costume,” in vol. viii of the “Transactions
-of the Asiatic Society of Japan.”—EDR.
-
-[63] The two swords, the badge of nobility, are worn stuck into the
-belt, on the left side, with no belt of their own, a little crosswise,
-and with the edge upwards. When a person is seated, the longer sword is
-taken from the belt and laid on the ground by him.
-
-[64] The bosom of the gown is also used for the same purpose. For
-pocket-handkerchiefs, the Japanese carry about them a supply of small,
-square bits of soft paper, which they throw away as they use them.
-
-[65] The Japanese print entirely from stereotype plates. They do not
-employ movable types, and they print on one side of the paper only.
-
-[66] The emperors are seldom or never spoken of, in the Jesuit letters
-and other contemporary memorials, by their personal or family names,
-but only by some title, as Kubō-Sama; Kwambaku-dono,—the Kwambaku (or
-bonnet-keeper) being a high dignitary in the court of the Dairi, regent
-in case of a minority or a female Dairi;—Taikō-Sama, mighty lord;
-Shōgun-Sama, etc., etc.
-
-[67] For a complete list of Shōguns, see Appendix III of Murray’s
-“Story of Japan.”—EDR.
-
-[68] Kämpfer represents the Japanese strawberry as entirely insipid,
-and the raspberries and brambleberries as not agreeable; and Golownin,
-from his own experience, agrees with him in this statement.
-
-[69] This plenty is in strong contrast with the famine, scarcity, and
-distress frequently noted by the Jesuit missionaries, as prevailing
-during the civil wars of their time; yet, even at present, occasional
-seasons of scarcity seem to occur.
-
-[70] See a notice of Titsingh’s collection, by Rémusat, in “Nouveau
-Mélanges Asiatique,” vol. i. It included, besides the works since
-published, a manuscript history of Japan, in eighty volumes (Japanese
-volumes are quite thin), also a Chinese Japanese encyclopædia,
-several copies of a large map of Japan, colored drawings of plants,
-several botanical treatises, with wood-cuts, very well done, etc.,
-etc. The encyclopædia was presented to the _Bibliothèque au Roy_, and
-Rémusat has given a full analysis of it in “Notices et Extraits des
-Manuscrits,” vol. xi.
-
-[71] Theoretically the Shōgun is but an inferior officer at the court
-of the Dairi. The first rank belongs to the Kwambaku, who represents
-the Dairi when that dignity devolves on a woman or a child. The
-Shōgun, it is said, cannot hold this office. It was assumed, however,
-by Taikō-sama, and even conferred by him on his presumptive heir.
-Ordinarily the Daijō daijin, or president of the council, is the
-first officer; then follow the Sadaijin and Udaijin, officers of the
-left and of the right hand. These constitute the Dairi’s council, and
-theoretically the Shōgun can do nothing without their consent. It is
-esteemed a great honor to the Shōgun to receive even the third of these
-titles.
-
-[72] There is no such consonant as Dj in Japanese, and the proper
-reading is not Djogoun, but Shōgun. An English translation, including
-both the Memoirs of the Djogouns and the other pieces, was published at
-London, in 1822, with the title of “Illustrations of Japan.”
-
-[73] These two were the very pupils of Thunberg, though he writes their
-names somewhat differently.
-
-[74] See also paper in vol. xiii of the “Transactions of the Asiatic
-Society of Japan.”—EDR.
-
-[75] There are three classes of women-servants. Those of the first
-class make the clothes of the mistress, dress her hair, and keep
-her apartments in order. Those of the second wait on her at meals,
-accompany her when she goes abroad, and attend to other domestic
-duties. Those of the third are employed in cooking and various menial
-offices.
-
-[76] The toko, as already described in Chapter XXXII, is a sort of
-recess, or open closet, opposite the entrance, considered the most
-honorable place in the room. The above ceremony might call to mind the
-_confarratio_ of the ancient Roman marriage.
-
-[77] This is a small, square or oblong bag, containing a small image
-of metal, wood, or stone, supposed to operate as a sort of amulet,
-something like the medicine-bag of our North American Indians.
-
-[78] See Lay’s paper on “Japanese Funeral Rites,” in vol. xix of the
-Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan.—EDR.
-
-[79] Better _sekihi_.—EDR.
-
-[80] Father Vilela, in a letter written from Sakai, 1562, in the month
-of August (at which time this festival happens), describes it in a very
-lively manner. He represents the people as going out two days before,
-as if to meet their dead relations, spreading a feast to refresh them
-after their long journey, escorting them to their houses, talking
-to them as if they were present, and, finally, dismissing them with
-torches, lest they might stumble in the dark, or miss their way. This,
-Vilela adds, is a great time for the bonzes, the very poorest offering
-them some gift for their religious aid on this occasion.
-
-[81] Krusenstern, in his narrative of the Russian embassy of Resanoff
-(as to which see next paragraph of the text), speaks of the last
-expedition of Stewart as fitted out by some English merchants in
-Calcutta, and gives to the captain the name of Torey. Very likely he
-had both names.
-
-[82] The whole party consisted of fifteen, but of these only five,
-and those the most worthless, were willing to return home. The others
-preferred to remain in Siberia.
-
-[83] See also Aston’s paper in vol. i of the “Transactions of the
-Asiatic Society of Japan.”—EDR.
-
-[84] Golownin was informed, during his captivity at Matsumae, that it
-is part of the duty of the Japanese soldiers to assist in extinguishing
-fires, for which purpose they are provided with a fireman’s dress of
-varnished leather. To extinguish a fire is stated to be considered a
-glorious achievement. But, though fire is almost the only element the
-Japanese soldiers have to contend with, they do not seem to be very
-expert at subduing it.
-
-[85] The expenses of the visits to Yedo, in 1804, were sixteen thousand
-six hundred and sixty-six rix dollars.
-
-[86] See “A Voyage Round the World,” by Archibald Campbell, a
-Scotchman, who served as a common sailor on board this ship. Doeff also
-mentions her arrival.
-
-[87] See also Aston’s paper in vol. vii of the Transactions of the
-Asiatic Society of Japan.—EDR.
-
-[88] The ships of 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, and 1803 had been Americans.
-The renewal of the war in Europe having again driven the Dutch flag
-from the ocean, the ships of 1806 had been an American and a Bremener;
-and those of 1807 an American and a Dane. One of the ships of 1809 was
-also an American, the “Rebecca.”
-
-[89] This is Doeff’s account, but, according to Golownin, at that time
-a prisoner in the north of Japan (see next chapter), and who learned
-from the Japanese the arrival of the two vessels above mentioned, he
-communicated to the Japanese the fact of the capture of Batavia by the
-English, which fact, it was afterwards reported to him, the Dutch had
-confessed. Baffles also, in his memoirs, in speaking of Ainslie and his
-good treatment by the Japanese, clearly implies that he was known to be
-English.
-
-[90] Mr. Medhurst, English missionary at Batavia, who has published
-an English and Japanese vocabulary, enumerates, in a letter written
-in 1827, as among his helps to the knowledge of the language, besides
-five different Japanese and Chinese dictionaries, a Dutch, Japanese,
-and Chinese one, in two thick 8vo volumes; also a corresponding one in
-Japanese, Chinese, and Dutch. These were printed in Japan, and were,
-perhaps, fruits of Doeff’s labors.
-
-[See also paper on “The Early Study of Dutch in Japan,” by Dr.
-Mitsukuri, in vol. v of the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of
-Japan.—EDR.]
-
-[91] The English translator of Golownin’s narrative mentions a species
-of sea-weed collected for eating, on the northern coast of Scotland
-and Ireland, and there called _dhulish_, or, when boiled, _sloak_, and
-which, he says, answers exactly to Thunberg’s description of the edible
-fucus of the Japanese.
-
-[92] “The Japanese radish,” says Golownin, “is in form and taste very
-different from ours. It is thin and extremely long. The taste is not
-very acrid, but sweetish, almost like our turnips. Whole fields are
-covered with it. A great part of the crop is salted, the remainder
-is buried in the ground for winter, and boiled in soup. Not even the
-radish-leaves remain unused; they are boiled in soup, or salted and
-eaten as salad. They manure the radish fields with night-soil; this we
-ourselves saw at Matsumae.”
-
-[93] The fort on the island where they were taken prisoners, when first
-seen from the ship, was hung round with striped cloths, which concealed
-the walls. These cloths had embrasures painted on them, but in so
-rough a manner that the deception could be perceived at a considerable
-distance.
-
-[94] The description of this prison corresponds very well to Kämpfer’s
-description of the one at Nagasaki.
-
-[95] The tea in common use, Golownin, like other travellers in Japan,
-observed to be of a very inferior quality. Green tea was used as a
-luxury on occasions of ceremony. Sugar was rare and costly, being
-brought from Batavia by the Dutch, and packed for retail in small
-baskets. Golownin saw also a very inferior kind, which he concluded to
-be of domestic manufacture.
-
-[96] This was the name of one of Golownin’s fellow-prisoners, who
-had made himself quite famous among the Japanese by his skill as a
-draftsman.
-
-[97] Golownin mentions the scurvy as a prevailing disease among the
-Japanese, perhaps occasioned by their thin diet.
-
-[98] These released Japanese were sent to Matsumae, and, after
-remaining about a week, were forwarded to Yedo. The shipwrecked men
-did not give, so Golownin was informed, a very favorable account of
-their entertainment in Kamtschatka. Ryōzayemon praised Irkutsk, but
-represented eastern Siberia and Okhotsk as a miserable country, where
-scarce anybody was to be seen except beggars and government officers.
-He thought very meanly of the Russians, a few individuals excepted.
-From their military spirit, even the boys in the street playing
-soldier, he thought they must meditate conquest, probably that of Japan.
-
-[99] There has been a great alteration in the last twenty years.
-Siebold states that sixty-eight square-rigged vessels—mostly, no
-doubt, American whalers—had been counted by the Japanese as passing
-Matsumae and Hakodate in one year. According to a memorandum furnished
-to Commodore Perry during his recent visit to Hakodate (May 3, 1854),
-there had been, in the years 1847-1851, no less than five foreign
-vessels wrecked in that vicinity.
-
-[100] In Japan, as elsewhere, etiquette requires a good many things
-to be done under feigned pretences, and on many occasions an affected
-ignorance of what everybody knows. The Japanese have a particular term
-(_naibun_) to express this way of doing things.
-
-[101] Yet Kahei wore two swords, though perhaps he did it in the
-character of a ship-master, or as an officer in authority in the island
-to which he traded from Hakodate, carrying on the fishery there chiefly
-by means of native Kuriles. These islands appear to have been farmed
-out by the government to certain mercantile firms, which thus acquire a
-certain civil authority over the inhabitants. The privilege of wearing
-swords, like other similar privileges elsewhere, is probably rather
-encroached upon by the unprivileged. On festival days, even the poorest
-inhabitants of Nagasaki decked themselves out, according to Kämpfer,
-with at least one sword. The present of a sword as a marriage gift—and
-it is ceremonies practised among the mercantile class, to which
-reference is made—is mentioned on p. 181.
-
-[102] The old East India Company having become extinct, the Dutch trade
-to Japan had been revived as a government affair. A new Dutch East
-India Company having been formed, it was handed over to that company
-in 1827, but, after a two years’ trial, was restored again to the
-government, in whose hands it still remains.
-
-[103] See London “Quarterly Review,” for July, 1819, in a note to an
-article on Golownin’s narrative. The statement about bartering is
-questionable.
-
-[104] Siebold represents the Dutch at Deshima as humoring the Japanese
-antipathy to change, by adhering in their dress to the old fashion,
-and as rigged out in velvet coats and plumed hats, in the style of
-Vandyke’s pictures.
-
-[105] A series of numbers, professing to give the substance of the
-recent works on Japan, principally Fisscher’s, Meylan’s, and Siebold’s,
-appeared in the “Asiatic Journal” during the years 1839 and 1840, and
-were afterwards collected and published at London in a volume, and
-reprinted in Harper’s Family Library, with the title of “Manners and
-Customs of the Japanese in the Nineteenth Century.” The same numbers,
-to which some others were subsequently added in the “Asiatic Journal,”
-were reprinted in the “Chinese Repository,” with notes, derived from
-the information given to the editor by the shipwrecked Japanese, whom,
-as mentioned above, it was attempted to carry home in the “Morrison.”
-In the index to the “Chinese Repository” these numbers are ascribed to
-a lady, a Mrs. B.
-
-A still more elaborate and comprehensive work, based mainly on the same
-materials, and often drawing largely from the one above referred to,
-but rendered more complete by extracts from Kämpfer and Thunberg, is De
-Jancigny’s “Japan,” published at Paris, in 1850, as a part of the great
-French collection, entitled “L’univers, ou Histoire et Description de
-tout les Peuples.”
-
-Neither of these works contains any account of the Portuguese missions.
-
-[106] Three accounts of this voyage have been published: one by
-Williams (“Chinese Repository,” Nov. and Dec. 1837); a second by
-Parker, London, 1838, and a third by King, New York, 1839. It is
-possible that outrages by whaling vessels, which had begun to frequent
-the seas of Japan in considerable numbers, might have somewhat
-increased the antipathy of the Japanese towards foreigners. Of
-transactions of that kind we should be little likely to hear, but that
-they did sometimes occur seems to be proved by a paragraph in the
-“Sidney Gazette” of February, 1842, warning mariners to be cautious how
-they landed on Japan, as a Japanese village on the east coast of the
-islands, somewhere near 43° north latitude, had been recently destroyed
-by the crew of the Lady Rowena, then in the harbor of Sidney, and whose
-captain openly boasted of the fact.
-
-[107] Had the Japanese been readers of the London newspapers, they
-might have found in the following paragraph, which appeared in the
-“Examiner” of January 21, 1843, fresh motives for persisting in their
-exclusive policy: “MISSIONARIES TO CHINA.—One of the largest meetings,
-perhaps, ever held in Exeter Hall was held on Tuesday evening, convened
-by the London Missionary Society, to consider the means of extending
-and promoting in China the objects of the society. Wm. T. Blair,
-Esq., of Bath, presided. Dr. Liefchild moved the first resolution,
-_expressive of thanksgiving to God for the war between China and
-Great Britain_ (the infamous opium war), and for the greatly enlarged
-facilities secured by the treaty of peace for the introduction of
-Christianity into that empire. This resolution was seconded by the Rev.
-Dr. Adler, and was carried unanimously.” I have met with nothing in the
-letters of the Jesuit missionaries, nor in the Jesuit missions, that
-can be compared with this specimen of Protestant zeal.
-
-[108] His instructions cautioned him not to do anything “to excite a
-hostile feeling, or distrust of the United States.” The official papers
-relating to this expedition, and to the subsequent one of the “Preble,”
-will be found in “Senate Documents,” 1851-1852, vol. ix (Ex. Doc. No.
-59).
-
-[109] Dr. Bettelheim is at this moment in this country, anxious to
-be employed as a missionary to Japan, for which his experience,
-derived from a nine years’ residence in Lew Chew, gives him peculiar
-qualifications. His treatment there was characteristic. The authorities
-were anxious to get rid of him, but afraid to send him away by force,
-while he was determined not to go. The inhabitants were ordered to
-keep away from his house, to sell him nothing beyond a supply of food,
-and to avoid him whenever he came near; while officers were appointed
-to watch and to follow him wherever he went. See “Glyn’s Letter” in
-Senate Documents, 1851-1852, vol. ix No. 59. There are also two curious
-pamphlets on the subject, written by Dr. Bettelheim, and printed at
-Canton.
-
-[110] The same officers probably, designated by Kämpfer as deputies
-of the governor, called by Thunberg, Banjoshū, and by the more recent
-Dutch writers, Gobanjoshū.
-
-[111] See also “America in the East” (Griffis) and “The Intercourse
-between the United States and Japan” (Nitobe).—_Edr._
-
-[112] By Siebold, in “Moniteur des Indes,” vol. ii, p. 346, in his
-“Essay on the Commerce of Japan.”
-
-[113] The official documents relating to this expedition were printed
-by order of U. S. Senate, 33d Cong., 2d Sess. Ex. Doc. No. 34.
-
-[114] Japan, p. 197. Perry, to judge by his letters (Dec. 14, 1852,
-May 6, 1853), did not place much reliance on the aid of the Dutch.
-The British Admiralty showed their good will by furnishing the latest
-charts and sailing directions for the Eastern seas.
-
-[115] As some persons may feel a curiosity to see Mr. Webster’s
-original letter, and as it is not to be found in the edition of Mr.
-Webster’s writings edited by Mr. Everett, I have copied it from the
-Senate Documents 1851-1852, vol. ix. The expansion given to it in the
-letter actually sent was not according to Japanese taste, which greatly
-affects brevity.
-
-
- “TO HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN.
-
- “GREAT AND GOOD FRIEND:
-
- “I send you this letter by an envoy of my own appointment, an officer
- of high rank in this country, who is no missionary of religion. He
- goes by my command to bear to you my greeting and good wishes, and to
- promote friendship and commerce between the two countries.
-
- “You know that the United States of America now extend from sea to
- sea; that the great countries of Oregon and California are parts of
- the United States, and that from these countries which are rich in
- gold, and silver, and precious stones, our steamers can reach the
- shores of your happy land in less than twenty days.
-
- “Many of our ships will now pass in every year, and some perhaps
- in every week, between California and China. These ships must pass
- along the coast of your empire; storms and winds may cause them to be
- wrecked on your shores, and we ask and expect from your friendship and
- your greatness, kindness for our men and protection for our property.
- We wish that our people may be permitted to trade with your people;
- but we shall not authorize them to break any laws of your empire.
-
- “Our object is friendly commercial intercourse, and nothing more. You
- have many productions which we should be glad to buy; and we have
- productions which might suit your people.
-
- “Your empire has a great abundance of coal; this is an article which
- our steamships, in going from California to China, must use. They
- would be glad that a harbor in your empire should be appointed to
- which coal might be brought, and where they might always be able to
- purchase it.
-
- “In many other respects, commerce between your empire and our country
- would be useful to both. Let us consider well what new interests arise
- from these recent events which have brought our two countries so near
- together, and what purposes of friendship, amity, and intercourse,
- they ought to inspire in the breasts of those who govern both
- countries. Farewell.
-
- “Given under my hand and seal, at the city of Washington, the 10th
-         day of May, 1851, and of the independence of the United
- (L. S.)  States the seventy-fifth.
-                                                          “M. FILLMORE.
-  “By the President:
-        “D. WEBSTER, _Secretary of State_.”
-
-
-[116] These islands lie between 26° 30´ and 27° 45´ north latitude,
-about five hundred miles west of Lew Chew and the same distance south
-of Yedo, on the direct route from the Sandwich Islands to Shanghai,
-three thousand three hundred miles from the former, and about one
-thousand one hundred from the latter. They consist of three groups.
-The largest island is about forty miles in circumference. There are
-nine others, diminishing down to five or six miles of circumference,
-and about seventy rocky islets, all evidently of volcanic origin. The
-extent of the whole is about two hundred and fifty square miles. The
-name is Japanese, and signifies “uninhabited,” descriptive of the state
-in which they were found when discovered by a Japanese vessel in 1675;
-and, except some ineffectual attempts at penal colonization by the
-Japanese, so they remained till occupied, in 1830, by a colony from the
-Sandwich Islands, partly Americans and Europeans, and partly Sandwich
-Islanders. They had been visited and claimed for the British crown in
-1827, by Captain Beechey, in the surveying ship “Blossom.” The larger
-ones are fertile and well watered, but scantily wooded. The largest,
-called Peel’s Islands by Beechey, has a good harbor, and here Perry
-bought a piece of land from a squatter for a coal depot.
-
-[117] There is another province of the same name in the island of
-Shikoku. That above-mentioned is otherwise called Bōshū.
-
-[118] The squadron had as Chinese interpreter Mr. S. W. Williams, an
-American, long resident at Macao, one of the editors of the “Chinese
-Repository,” and one of the party of the “Morrison,” to carry back the
-shipwrecked Japanese, from whom he had obtained some knowledge of that
-language.
-
-[119] The account of this visit is drawn partly from Commodore Perry’s
-official reports, and partly from the letters of Lieutenant Contee and
-others, published in the newspapers.
-
-[120] Mistake for Kanagawa.—EDR.
-
-[121] Rather on their heels.
-
-[122] The number of American officers present at these interviews was
-from twenty to fifty.
-
-[123] The treaty is dated at Kanagawa, probably because it was the
-nearest town. See Kämpfer’s mention of it, p. 74. Mr. Bidinger,
-chaplain of the squadron, in one of his excursions on shore, managed to
-reach and pass through it. He found it a large town.
-
-[124] See, as to the roofs in Hakodate, p. 306, and employ these two
-passages to reconcile the discrepancy noticed in vol. i, p. 392, note.
-
-[125] There is a volcanic island similar to this, off the south coast
-of Satsuma, and another near Hirado.
-
-[126] It is said that these coins are called koban, but that ancient
-name can hardly be applied at the same time to three coins, of such
-different values. The old koban of Kämpfer would be worth at present
-rates about eleven taels; the new koban of 1708 not quite six taels.
-For the above account of the Japanese coins and monetary system, on
-which subject the official report of the two American commissioners is
-rather blind, I have been much indebted to an elaborate paper on the
-trade to Japan, written by S. Wells Williams, the Chinese interpreter
-to the embassy, and originally published in the “N. Y. Times.” No
-person in the fleet was so well prepared by previous studies and the
-experience of a long residence in China and familiarity with Chinese
-literature to make intelligent observations in Japan. Japan has, like
-Europe, its numismatology. Jancigny mentions a Japanese treatise on
-this subject, published at Yedo in 1822, in seven volumes, which
-describes five hundred and fifty coins, with colored prints (the color
-being given in the impression) of most of them. The Japanese coins are
-not struck, but cast in a mould. They are, however, exceedingly well
-finished, and the impression sharp. Siebold speaks of halfs, quarters,
-and sixteenths of a koban in gold; and of eighths and sixteenths of
-a koban in silver; and, according to his account, there are in some
-provinces zeni, and eighths of a koban in paper notes. This practice
-might have been borrowed from the Chinese—paper money being one of the
-numerous inventions in which they anticipated us of the West. [See also
-“The Coins of Japan” (Munro).—EDR.]
-
-[127] The following is given in the “San Francisco Herald” as a copy of
-the address presented to Mr. Burrows on this occasion:
-
-“With pleasure we welcome you to Yedo Bay, and in doing so, can assure
-you that your ship, the ‘Lady Pierce,’ is the first foreign vessel that
-has been received by us with pleasure.
-
-“Commodore Perry brought with him too many large guns and fighting
-men to be pleasing to us; but you have come in your beautiful ship,
-which is superior to any we have before seen, to visit us, without any
-hostile weapons, and the Emperor has ordered that you shall have all
-the kindness and liberty extended to you that Commodore Perry received.
-
-“You have, Mr. Burrows, come here, relying on our friendship and
-hospitality, and we assure you that, although we have been shut out
-for ages from other nations of the world, yet you shall bear with you,
-when returning to your country, the knowledge that our Emperor and the
-Japanese his subjects will never fail of extending protection to those
-who come as you do to Japan. But the Emperor is particularly desirous
-that you should extend the terms of the treaty made with Commodore
-Perry, wherever you may go, to prevent any more ships coming to Yedo
-Bay, as all must hereafter go to Shimoda or Hakodate.
-
-“It has given the Emperor and all the Japanese great pleasure that you
-have returned to Japan our countryman, Dee-yee-no-skee[This name is
-unintelligible, except that “skee” stands for “suke.”—EDR.], who was
-shipwrecked, and who has been residing for some time in your country,
-where he states he has been treated with the greatest kindness, and
-particularly so on board your ship, the ‘Lady Pierce.’ That you should
-have made a voyage to Japan to restore him to his friends and home,
-without any other inducement, as you say, except to see Japan, and
-to form a friendship with us, merits and will ever receive our most
-friendly feelings; and be assured, if any of your countrymen, or other
-people, are shipwrecked on our shores, we will extend the same kindness
-to them that you have to our countrymen, and place them at Shimoda or
-Hakodate, and thus open to the world that our religion, which is so
-different from yours, governs the Japanese, in all their dealings, by
-as correct principles as yours governs you. We understand what ships
-of war are; also what whaling ships and merchant ships are; but we
-never before heard, till you came here, of such a ship as yours,—a
-private gentleman’s pleasure ship,—coming so far as you have, without
-any money-making business of trade, and only to see Japan, to become
-acquainted with us, and bring home one of our shipwrecked people, the
-first that has returned to his country from America or foreign land.
-
-“You offer us, as presents, all the rare and beautiful articles you
-have in your ship; but have received orders from the Emperor that we
-must not tax your kind feelings by taking anything from you, as you
-have already been sufficiently taxed in returning Dee-yee-no-skee.
-
-“The Emperor also directs that all the gold pieces you have presented
-to the Japanese must be collected and returned to you, and to say that
-he alone must make presents in Yedo Bay. He has directed presents to be
-made to you, in the Emperor’s name, by the governor of Shimoda, where
-he desires you will proceed in your ship, the ‘Lady Pierce,’ and land
-Dee-yee-no-skee, which will be in compliance with the treaty.
-
-“Your visit to Japan in the ‘Lady Pierce’ has been attended with great
-interest to us, and you will not be forgotten by the Japanese. We hope
-we may meet you again, and we hope you will come back to Japan.
-
-“The Emperor has directed that two ships like yours shall be built,
-and we thank you for having allowed us to take drawings of the ‘Lady
-Pierce,’ and of all that we desired on board.”
-
-[128] See papers on Japanese music in vol. xix of the “Transactions of
-the Asiatic Society of Japan.”—EDR.
-
-[129] This, probably, is one of the Portuguese legacies to Japan.
-
-[130] See also “Townsend Harris” (Griffis).—EDR.
-
-[131] The title of a work ascribed to Valignani, the same visitor of
-the Jesuit missions in the East, repeatedly mentioned in the text,
-vol. i, pp. 100 _et seq._, and whom Purchas elsewhere calls the “great
-Jesuit.”
-
-[132] See Satow’s “Notes on the Intercourse between Japan and Siam in
-the Seventeenth Century” in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of
-Japan.—EDR.
-
-[133] See vol. i, p. 221.
-
-[134] Sec vol. i, p. 250.
-
-[135] See vol. i, p. 266. Colbert’s East India Company and scheme of
-opening the commerce of China and Japan was simultaneous with his
-West India Company, and his attempts to strengthen and build up the
-establishments of the French in the Carribee Islands and in Canada.
-La Salle, who immortalized himself as the discoverer of the Upper
-Mississippi, and as first having traced that river to its mouth in the
-Gulf of Mexico, came originally to Canada with a view to the discovery
-of an overland western passage to China and Japan. See Hildreth’s
-“History of the United States,” vol. ii, p. 113. The Japan enterprise,
-however, proved a failure, and the letter given above never actually
-reached Japan.
-
-[136] This was before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
-
-[137] This reads very much like the third clause in the American letter.
-
-
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HILDRETH'S "JAPAN AS IT WAS AND IS",
-VOLUME II (OF 2) ***
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the
-United States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
-the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
-of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
-copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
-easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
-of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
-Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
-do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
-by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
-license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country other than the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
-  you are located before using this eBook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that:
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
-the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
-forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
-Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
-to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website
-and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without
-widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/old/66914-0.zip b/old/66914-0.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index d4743b0..0000000
--- a/old/66914-0.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h.zip b/old/66914-h.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index e8d1992..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/66914-h.htm b/old/66914-h/66914-h.htm
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c30849..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/66914-h.htm
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19236 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
-    <title>
-      The Project Gutenberg eBook of “Japan As It Was and Is”, Volume II by Richard Hildreth.
-    </title>
-    <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
-    <style type="text/css">
-
-body {
-    margin-left: 10%;
-    margin-right: 10%;
-}
-
-h1
-{
-  margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;
-  text-align: center;
-  font-size: x-large;
-  font-weight: normal;
-  line-height: 1.6;
-}
-
-    h2,h3, h4{
-    text-align: center;
-    clear: both;
-  }
-
-.half-title {
-  margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;
-  text-align: center;
-  font-size: x-large;
-  font-weight: normal;
-  line-height: 1.6;
-  }
-
-div.chapter {page-break-before: always;}
-h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;}
-
-/* Paragraphs */
-
-p  {text-indent: 1em;
-  margin-top: .75em;
-  text-align: justify;
-  margin-bottom: .75em;
-  }
-
-.psig     {text-align: right; margin-right: 2em;}
-.hang     {text-align: justify; padding-left: 1.75em; text-indent: -1.75em;}
-
-
-.space-above {margin-top: 6em;}
-
-p.drop-cap {
-  text-indent: 0em;
-}
-
-p.drop-cap:first-letter
-{
-  float: left;
-  margin: 0.15em 0.1em 0em 0em;
-  font-size: 250%;
-  line-height:0.85em; }
-
- .x-ebookmaker p.drop-cap:first-letter
-{
-  float: left;
-  margin: 0em 0.1em 0em 0em;
-  font-size: 250%;
-  line-height:0.85em;
-}
-
-hr {
-    width: 33%;
-    margin-top: 2em;
-    margin-bottom: 2em;
-    margin-left: 33.5%;
-    margin-right: 33.5%;
-    clear: both;
-}
-
-
-hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;}
-hr.small {width: 25%; margin-left: 37.5%; margin-right: 37.5%;}
-@media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} }
-
-
-ul.index { list-style-type: none; }
-li.ifrst { margin-top: 1em; }
-li.indx  { margin-top: .5em; }
-li.isub1 {text-indent: 1em;}
-
-table {
-    margin-left: auto;
-    margin-right: auto;
-    }
-
-.standard { font-size: .9em; border-collapse: collapse; }
-td, th   {padding-left: 5px;}
-
-.tdl      {text-align: left;}
-.tdr      {text-align: right;}
-.tdc      {text-align: center;}
-.tdrb     {text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;}
-.tdc_br   {text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid black;}
-.tdl_br   {text-align: left; border-right: 1px solid black;}
-.tdh      {text-align: justify; padding-left: 1.75em;
-               text-indent: -1.75em;}
-.tdc_btrb {text-align: right; border-top: 1px solid black;
-           border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;}
-
-.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
-    /*  visibility: hidden;  */
-    position: absolute;
-    left: 92%;
-    font-size: smaller;
-    text-align: right;
-} /* page numbers */
-
-
-.blockquot {
-    margin-left: 5%;
-    margin-right: 10%;
-}
-
-.box {margin: 17.5%;
-       padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em;
-       border: solid 2px; font-size: 85%;}
-
-.center   {text-align: center;}
-
-.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
-.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;}
-
-.small    {font-size: small;}
-
-/* Images */
-
-img       {border: none; max-width: 100%}
-.caption {font-size: smaller; font-weight: bold;}
-
-.figcenter {
-    margin: auto;
-    text-align: center;
-    page-break-inside: avoid;
-    max-width: 100%;
-}
-
-/* Sidenotes */
-
-  .sidenote {
-             font-style: italic;
-             font-size: 80%;
-             max-width: 40%;
-             border: dashed 1px;
-             text-indent: 0em;
-             margin: .5em;
-             padding: .2em;
-             float: left;
-             clear: left;
-  }
-/* Footnotes */
-
- .footnotes  {border: dashed 1px;}
-
- .footnote   {
-  margin-left: 10%;
-  margin-right: 10%;
-  font-size: 0.9em;
-  }
-
-.footnote .label  {
-  position: absolute;
-  right: 84%;
-  text-align: right;
-  }
-
-.fnanchor {
-  vertical-align: super;
-  font-size: .8em;
-  text-decoration: none;
-  white-space: nowrap
-  }
-
-
-/* Transcriber's notes */
-
-.transnote {
-  background-color: #E6E6FA;
-  color: black;
-  font-size:smaller;
-  padding:0.5em;
-  margin-bottom:5em;
-  font-family:sans-serif, serif;
- }
-
-/* Illustration classes */
-.illowp100 {width: 100%;}
-.illowp50 {width: 50%;}
-.illowp80 {width: 80%;}
-.x-ebookmaker .illowp80 {width: 100%;}
-.illowp90 {width: 90%;}
-.x-ebookmaker .illowp90 {width: 100%;}
-.illowp20 {width: 20%;}
-.illowp70 {width: 70%;}
-
-
-    </style>
-  </head>
-<body>
-
-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hildreth's "Japan as it was and is", Volume II (of 2), by Richard Hildreth</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Hildreth's "Japan as it was and is", Volume II (of 2)</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>A Handbook of Old Japan</p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Richard Hildreth</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editor: Ernest W. Clement</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Contributor: W. M. Elliot Griffis</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 9, 2021 [eBook #66914]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: MFR, Les Galloway and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HILDRETH'S "JAPAN AS IT WAS AND IS", VOLUME II (OF 2) ***</div>
-
-<div class="transnote">
-
-<h3>Transcriber’s Notes</h3>
-
-<p>Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.
-Variations in hyphenation have been standardised but all other spelling
-and punctuation remains unchanged.</p>
-
-
-</div>
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-
-<p class="half-title">
-“JAPAN AS IT WAS AND IS”<br />
-
-A HANDBOOK OF OLD JAPAN<br />
-
-II</p>
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="box">
-<p class="center"><i>Uniform with this Work</i></p>
-
-
-<p class="hang">A HANDBOOK OF MODERN JAPAN.<br />
-
-By <span class="smcap">Ernest W. Clement</span>. With two<br />
-maps and seventy-two illustrations<br /> from
-photographs. <i>Sixth edition.</i><br /> Price,
-$1.40 <i>net.</i></p>
-
-<p class="center">
-<span class="smcap">A. C. McClurg &amp; Co.</span><br />
-<i>Chicago</i></p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp90" id="i_frontis" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_frontis.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Procession of Feudal Lords</span><br />
-From <i>Official History of Japan</i></div>
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-<h1>
-<span class="smcap">Hildreth’s<br />
-“Japan as it Was and Is”</span><br />
-
-<small>A HANDBOOK OF OLD JAPAN</small></h1>
-
-<p class="center small">
-EDITED, WITH SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES, BY</p>
-
-<p class="center">ERNEST W. CLEMENT<br />
-<br />
-<small>AUTHOR OF “A HANDBOOK OF MODERN JAPAN,” ETC.</small></p>
-
-<p class="center small space-above">
-INTRODUCTION BY</p>
-
-<p class="center">WM. ELLIOT GRIFFIS</p>
-
-<p class="center small"><i>With One Hundred Illustrations and Maps</i></p>
-
-<p class="center small"><span class="smcap">Volume I</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp20" id="i_title" style="max-width: 9.375em;">
-  <img src="images/i_title.png" alt="publisher’s device" />
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="center">CHICAGO<br />
-A. C. McCLURG &amp; CO.<br />
-1906</p>
-
-
-<p class="center small space-above">
-<span class="smcap">Copyright<br />
-A. C. McClurg &amp; Co.</span><br />
-1906</p>
-
-<p class="center small">Published September 29, 1906</p>
-
-<p class="center small">THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.<br />
-</p>
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Volume II</span></p>
-
-<table class="standard" summary="">
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXII">CHAPTER XXXII</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td></td>
-<td class="tdr"><span class="smcap small">Page</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Post-Houses—Imperial Messengers—Inns—Houses—Their
-Furniture and Interior Arrangements—Bathing and Sweating
-House—Gardens—Refreshment Houses—What they Provide—Tea</td>
-<td class="tdrb">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXIII">CHAPTER XXXIII</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Number of People on the Road—Princely Retinues—Pilgrims to
-Ise—Junrei Pilgrims—Naked Devotees—Religious Beggars—Begging
-Order of Nuns—Yamabushi, or Mountain Priests—Buddhist
-Beggars—Singular Bell-Chiming—Hucksters
-and Peddlers—Courtesans</td>
-<td class="tdrb">15</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXIV">CHAPTER XXXIV</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Departure from Nagasaki—Train of the Dutch—The Day’s
-Journey—Treatment of the Dutch—Respect shown them in
-the Island of Shimo—Care with which they are watched—Inns
-at which they lodge—Their Reception and Treatment
-there—Politeness of the Japanese—Lucky and Unlucky
-Days—Seimei, the Astrologer</td>
-<td class="tdrb">31</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXV">CHAPTER XXXV</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">From Nagasaki to Kokura—Shimonoseki—Water Journey to
-Ōsaka—Description of that City—Its Castle—Interview
-with the Governors—From Ōsaka to Miyako—Jodo and its
-Castle—Fushimi—Entrance into Miyako—Visit to the Chief
-Justice and the Governors—Description of Miyako—Palace
-of the Dairi—Castle—Manufactures and Trade—Authority
-of the Chief Justice—Police—Crimes</td>
-<td class="tdrb">45
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVI">CHAPTER XXXVI</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Lake Ōtsu—Mount Hiei[zan]—Japanese Legends—A Japanese</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Patent Medicine—Kwannon—Miya—Arai—Policy of the
-Emperors—Kakegawa—A Town on Fire—Suruga—Kunō—Passage
-of a Rapid River—Fuji-no-yama, or Mount Fuji—Crossing
-the Peninsula of Izu—Second Searching Place—Purgatory
-Lake—Odawara—Coast of the Bay of Yedo—A
-Live Saint—Kanagawa—Shinagawa—Yedo—Imperial
-Castles and Palace</td>
-<td class="tdrb">67</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVII">CHAPTER XXXVII</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Personages to be visited—Visit to the Emperor—First Audience—Second
-Audience—Visit to the Houses of the Councillors—Visits
-to the Governors of Yedo and the Temple Lords—Visit
-to the Houses of the Governors of Nagasaki—Audience of
-Leave—Return—Visits to Temples in the Vicinity of Miyako—A. D.
-1691-1692</td>
-<td class="tdrb">85</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXVIII">CHAPTER XXXVIII</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Further Decline of the Dutch Trade—Degradation of the
-Japanese Coins—The Dutch threaten to withdraw from Japan—Restrictions
-on the Chinese Trade—Probable Cause of the
-Policy adopted by the Japanese—Drain of the Precious Metals—New
-Basis upon which Future Trade must be arranged</td>
-<td class="tdrb">109</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXXIX">CHAPTER XXXIX</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Thunberg’s Visit to Japan—Searches and Examinations—Smuggling—Interpreters—Deshima—Imports
-and Exports—Unicorn’s
-Horn and Ginseng—Soy—The Dutch at Deshima—Japanese
-Mistresses—Japanese Women—Studying the
-Language—Botanizing—Clocks—New Year’s Day—Trampling
-on Images—Departure for Yedo—Journey through
-the Island of Shimo—Japanese Houses and Furniture—Manufacture
-of Paper—Practice of Bathing—Shimonoseki—Voyage
-to Ōsaka—Children—From Ōsaka to Miyako—Agriculture—Animals—A. D.
-1775-1776</td>
-<td class="tdrb">114</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XL">CHAPTER XL</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Japanese Merchants—Journey from Miyako to Yedo—Botany of
-the Mountains—Rainy Weather—Coverings for the Head and
-Feet—Yedo—Astronomers and Physicians—Acupuncture—Moxa
-[<i>Mogusa</i>]—Other Japanese Remedies—Method of
-wearing the Hair—Visits to the Emperor and his Chief Officers—Japanese
-Dress—Books and Maps—Succession of Emperors—Departure
-from Yedo—Gnats—Fire-Flies—Threshing—Vegetables
-and Fruits—Condition of the Japanese Farmer—Casting
-Copper—Actors and Dancers—Thunberg’s Opinion of
-the Japanese—A. D. 1775-1776</td>
-<td class="tdrb">139
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLI">CHAPTER XLI</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Isaac Titsingh—His Residence in Japan—Translations from the
-Japanese—Annals of the Dairi—Memoirs of the Shōgun—Liberal
-Ideas in Japan—Marriage Ceremonies—Funeral Ceremonies—Mourning—Feast
-of Lanterns—A. D. 1779-1791</td>
-<td class="tdrb">163</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLII">CHAPTER XLII</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Exploration of the Northern Japanese Seas—First Russian Mission
-to Japan—Professorship of Japanese at Irkutsk—New Restrictions</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">on the Dutch—Embarrassments growing out of the War
-of the French Revolution—American Flag at Nagasaki—Captain
-Stewart—Ingenuity of a Japanese Fisherman—Heer
-Doeff, Director at Deshima—Suspicious Proceedings of Captain
-Stewart—Russian Embassy—Klaproth’s Knowledge of Japanese—Doeff’s
-First Journey to Yedo—Dutch Trade in 1804 and
-1806—An American Ship at Nagasaki—The British Frigate
-“Phaeton—No Ships from Batavia—The Dutch on Short
-Allowance—English Ships from Batavia—Communication
-again suspended—Dutch and Japanese Dictionary—Children
-at the Factory—A. D. 1792-1817</td>
-<td class="tdrb">190</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLIII">CHAPTER XLIII</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Golownin’s Capture and Imprisonment—Conveyance to Hakodate—Reception
-and Imprisonment—Interpreters—Interviews with
-the Governor—Removal to Matsumae—A Pupil in Russian—A
-Japanese Astronomer—Escape and Recapture—Treatment
-afterwards—Savants from Yedo—Japanese Science—European
-News—A Japanese Free-Thinker—Soldiers—Their
-Amusements—Thoughts on a Wedding—Domestic Arrangements—New
-Year—Return of the “Diana”—Reprisals—A
-Japanese Merchant and his Female Friend—Second Return of
-the “Diana”—Third Return of the “Diana”—Interview on
-Shore—Surrender of the Prisoners—Japanese Notification—The
-Merchant at Home—The Merchant Class in Japan—A. D.
-1811-1813</td>
-<td class="tdrb">212
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLIV">CHAPTER XLIV</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Renewal of the Dutch Trade—Captain Gordon in the Bay of Yedo—Fisscher—Meylan—Siebold—British
-Mutineers—Voyage
-of the “Morrison”—Japanese Edict—The “Saramang” at
-Nagasaki—The “Mercator” in the Bay of Yedo—Commodore
-Biddle in the Bay of Yedo—Shipwrecked Americans—French
-Ships of War at Nagasaki—The “Preble” at Nagasaki—Surveying
-Ship “Mariner” in the Bays of Yedo and Shimoda—New Notification
- through the Dutch—A. D. 1817-1850</td>
-<td class="tdrb">245</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLV">CHAPTER XLV</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">Foreign Relations—New Shōgun—Dutch Trade—Chinese Trade—American
-Embassy—Its Object—Letter to the Emperor—Perry’s
-First Visit to the Bay of Yedo—Death of the Shōgun—Perry’s
-Second Visit to the Bay of Yedo—Negotiation of a
-Treaty—The Treaty as agreed to—Shimoda—Hakodate—Additional
-Regulations—Japanese Currency—Burrow’s Visit
-to the Bay of Yedo—Third Visit of the American Steamers—Russian
-and English Negotiations—Exchange of Ratifications—Earthquake</td>
-<td class="tdrb">274</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_XLVI">CHAPTER XLVI</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdh">New Dutch Treaty—Mr. Harris, American Consul at Shimoda—His
-Convention with the Japanese—His Journey to Yedo—Second
-Visit to Yedo—Conditional Treaty—British Treaty—French
-and Russian Treaties—Japanese Embassies to the
-United States—A. D. 1854-1860</td>
-<td class="tdrb">325</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<table class="standard" summary="">
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#APPENDIX">APPENDIX</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc"><span class="smcap">Note</span></td>
-<td class="tdl">A—Provinces by Circuits</td>
-<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc">"</td>
-<td class="tdl">B—Bibliography</td>
-<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_344">344</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc">"</td>
-<td class="tdl">C—Use of Fire-Arms in the East</td>
-<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_346">346</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc">"</td>
-<td class="tdl">D—Fernam Mendez Pinto</td>
-<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_348">348</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">"</td>
-<td class="tdl">E—Earliest English and Dutch Adventurers in the East—Goa</td>
-<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_350">350</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">"</td>
-<td class="tdl">F—Japanese Daring and Adventure Exterior to the Limits of Japan</td>
-<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_353">353</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">"</td>
-<td class="tdl">G—List of Japanese Year Periods</td>
-<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_357">357</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">"</td>
-<td class="tdl">H—Chronological Table of Emperors and Empresses</td>
-<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_360">360</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">"</td>
-<td class="tdl">I—Omitted Documents</td>
-<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_362">362</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl" colspan="2"><a href="#INDEX">INDEX</a></td>
-<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_369">369</a></td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Volume II</span></p>
-
-
-<table class="standard" summary="">
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tdr"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Procession of Feudal Lords</td>
-<td class="tdr"><i>Frontispiece</i></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">A Scene in a Tea Garden</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_008f">8</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">A Native Postman; Toko-no-ma</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_016fa">16</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">In a Japanese Garden</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_032f">32</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">A Daimyō’s Procession</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_040f">40</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Image of Jizō</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_048f">48</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">An Ancient Warrior</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_056f">56</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">An Archer</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_064f">64</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">The Marketing and Preparation of Food:
-A Kitchen, showing Utensils; A Fishmonger</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_072f">72</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">A Carpenter Shop</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_080f">80</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Ploughing; A Freight Cart</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_088fa">88</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Views at Fushimi: Doll and Toy Shops; Entrance to Inari Temple</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_100fa">100</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">A View of Fuji</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_104f">104</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">View of Hakone; Lake Biwa</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_112fa">112</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">The Ear-mound at Kyōtō</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_128f">128</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kwannon, Goddess of Mercy</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_136f">136</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Scenes among the Silk Workers: Reeling;
-The Culture of the Worms</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_144fa">144</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Industrial Workers: An Umbrella-maker; A Charcoal Vender</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_152fa">152</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Interior View of a Typical Japanese House</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_160f">160</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">A Scene in the House of a Noble</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_178f">178</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">A Japanese Bed</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_186f">186</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">The Cultivation of Grain: Threshing and Cleaning Grain;
-Coolies in a Rice Field; Women carrying Rice</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_194fa">194</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">The Processes of Weighing and Pounding Rice</td>
-<td class="tdrb">202</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">A Coolie with Straw Raincoat</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_210f">210</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Farm Scenes: Coolies carrying Bamboo Baskets;
-An Irrigation System</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_218fa">218</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Artisans for the Common People: Repairing Wooden Clogs;
-Repairing Tatami</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_226fa">226</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Scenes in the Home: The Doctor’s Call; Hairdressing;
-A Blind Masseur</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_234fa">234</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Scene in a Common School</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_242f">242</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">The Wedding Ceremony</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_250f">250</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">A Buddhist Funeral</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_258f">258</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">A Shintō Funeral</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_264f">264</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Scenes in Japanese Cemeteries</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_272f">272</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Players at the Game of “Go”</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_280f">280</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Theatrical Representations: The “No” Dance;
-Chrysanthemum Figures</td>
-<td class="tdrb">288</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Japanese Wrestlers</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_296f">296</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Portrait of Commodore Oliver H. Perry</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_304f">304</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">The Reception of Commodore Perry by the Japanese
-Emperor</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_312f">312</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Scene in the Harbor of Uraga</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_320f">320</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Portrait of Townsend Harris</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_328f">328</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">The Old and the New: Junks; The New Battleship
-“Mikasa”</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_336fa">336</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Nihombashi, Tōkyō</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_344f">344</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">A Modern Street Scene in Tōkyō</td>
-<td class="tdrb"><a href="#i_352f">352</a></td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p>
-
-<p class="half-title">JAPAN<br />
-
-
-<small><span class="smcap">As It Was and Is</span></small></p>
-
-<hr class="small" />
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XXXII">CHAPTER XXXII</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>Post-houses—Imperial Messengers—Inns—Houses—Their Furniture
-and Interior Arrangements—Bathing and Sweating House—Gardens—Refreshment
-Houses—What they provide—Tea.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">“To</span> accommodate travellers, there is, in all the
-chief villages and hamlets, a post-house, belonging
-to the lord of the place, where, at all
-times, they may find horses, porters, footmen, etc., in
-readiness, at certain settled prices. Travellers, of all
-ranks and qualities, with their retinues, resort to these
-post-houses, which lie at from six to sixteen English
-miles distance from each other, but are, generally speaking,
-not so good nor so well furnished upon Kiūshiū as
-upon the great island Nippon, where we came to fifty-six
-in going from Ōsaka to Yedo. These post-houses
-are not built for inn-keeping, but only for stabling and
-exchange of horses, for which reason there is a spacious
-court belonging to each; also clerks and bookkeepers
-enough, who keep accounts, in their master’s name, of
-all the daily occurrences. The price of all such things
-as are to be hired at these post-houses is settled, not
-only according to distances, but with regard to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span>
-goodness or badness of the roads, to the price of victuals,
-forage, and the like. One post-house with another,
-a horse to ride on, with two portmantles and an <i>atotsuke</i>,
-may be had for eight sen a mile. A horse, which is
-only saddled, and hath neither men nor baggage to
-carry, will cost six sen; porters and kago-men, five sen,
-and so on.</p>
-
-<p>“Messengers are waiting, day and night, at all these
-post-houses, to carry the letters, edicts, proclamations,
-etc., of the emperor and the princes of the empire,
-which they take up the moment they are delivered at
-the post-house, and carry to the next with all speed.
-They are kept in a small, black varnished box, bearing
-the coat of arms of the emperor or prince who sends
-them, which the messenger carries upon his shoulder,
-tied to a small staff. Two of these messengers always
-run together, that in case any accident should befall
-either of them upon the road, the other may take his
-place, and deliver the box at the next post-house. All
-travellers, even the princes of the empire and their
-retinues, must retire out of the way and give a free
-passage to the messengers who carry letters or orders
-from the emperor, which they take care to signify at a
-due distance by ringing a small bell.</p>
-
-<p>“There are inns enough, and tolerable good ones, all
-along the road. The best are in those villages where
-there are post-houses. At these even princes and
-princely retinues may be conveniently lodged, treated
-suitably to their rank, and provided with all necessaries.
-Like other well-built houses, they are but one story
-high, or, if there be two stories, the second is low, and
-good for little else but stowage. The inns are not
-broader in front than other houses, but considerably<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span>
-deep, sometimes forty ken, or two hundred and forty
-feet, with a <i>Tsubo</i>—that is, a small pleasure-garden—behind,
-enclosed with a neat white wall. The front
-hath only lattice windows, which, in the daytime, are
-kept open. The folding screens and movable partitions
-which divide the several apartments, unless there be
-some man of quality with his retinue at that time
-lodged there, are also so disposed as to lay open to
-travellers, as they go along, a very agreeable perspective
-view across the whole house into the garden behind.
-The floor is raised about three feet above the level of
-the street, and by jetting out, both towards the street
-and garden, forms a sort of gallery, which is covered
-with a roof, and on which travellers pass their time,
-diverting themselves with sitting or walking. From it,
-also, they mount their horses, for fear of dirtying their
-feet by mounting in the street.</p>
-
-<p>“In some great inns there is a passage, contrived for
-the conveniency of people of quality, that, coming out
-of their norimono, they may walk directly to their apartments,
-without being obliged to pass through the fore
-part of the house, which is commonly not over clean,
-and makes but an indifferent figure, being covered with
-poor, sorry mats, and the rooms divided only by ordinary
-screens. The kitchen is in this fore part of the
-house, and often fills it with smoke, as they have no
-chimneys, but only a hole in the roof to let the smoke
-through. Here foot travellers and ordinary people live,
-among the servants. People of fashion are accommodated
-in the back part of the house, which is kept clean
-and neat to admiration. Not the least spot is to be seen
-upon the walls, floors, carpets, window screens, in short,
-nowhere in the room, which looks as if it were quite<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span>
-new, and but newly furnished. There are no tables,
-chairs, benches, or other furniture in these rooms. They
-are only adorned with some <i>Miseratsie</i> (?), of which
-more presently, put into or hung up in the rooms, for
-travellers to amuse their leisure by examining, which,
-indeed, some of them very well deserve. The <i>Tsubo</i>,
-or garden behind the house, is also very curiously kept,
-for travellers to divert themselves with walking in it,
-and beholding the beautiful flowers it is commonly
-adorned with.</p>
-
-<p>“The rooms in Japanese houses have seldom more than
-one blank wall, which is plastered with clay of Ōsaka,
-a good fine sort, and so left bare, without any other
-ornament. It is so thin that the least kick would break
-it to pieces. On all other sides the room has either
-windows or folding-screens, which slide in grooves, as
-occasion requires. The lower groove is cut in a sill,
-which runs even with the mats, and the upper one in a
-beam, which comes down two or three feet from the
-ceiling. The beams in which the grooves run are plastered
-with clay of Ōsaka. The ceiling, to show the
-curious running of the veins and grain of the wood, is
-sometimes only covered with a thin, slight layer of a
-transparent varnish. Sometimes they paste it over with
-the same sort of variously colored and flowered paper of
-which their screens are made. The paper windows,
-which let light into the room, have wooden shutters on
-both sides, taken off in the daytime, but put on at
-night.</p>
-
-<p>“In the solid wall of the room there is always a <i>Toko</i>,
-as they call it, or sort of cupboard, raised about a foot
-or more above the floor, and very near two feet deep.
-It commonly stands in that part of the wall which is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span>
-just opposite to the door, that being reckoned the most
-honorable. Just before this toko two extraordinarily
-fine mats are laid, one upon the other, and both upon
-the ordinary mats which cover the floor. These are for
-people of the first quality to sit upon, for, upon the
-arrival of travellers of less note, they are removed out
-of the way. At the side of the toko is a <i>Tokowaki</i>, as
-they call it, or side cupboard, with some few shelves
-which serve the landlord or travellers, if they please,
-to lay their most esteemed book upon, they holding it,
-as the Mahometans do their Alcoran, too sacred to be
-laid on the ground. Upon the arrival of the Dutch,
-this sacred book of the landlord is put out of the way.
-Above is a drawer, where they put up the inkhorn,
-paper, writings, books, and other things of this kind.
-Here, also, travellers find sometimes the wooden box
-which the natives use at night, instead of a pillow.
-It is almost cubical, hollow, and made of six thin boards
-joined together, curiously varnished, smoothed, and
-very neat, about a span long, but not quite so broad,
-that travellers by turning it may lay their head in that
-posture which they find the most easy.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Besides this
-wooden pillow, travellers have no other bedding to
-expect from the landlord, and must carry their own
-along with them or lie on the mats, covering themselves
-with their clothes. In that side of the room next to the
-toko is commonly a balcony, serving the person lodged
-in this, the chief room, to look out upon the neighboring
-garden, fields, or water, without stirring from the
-carpets placed below the toko.</p>
-
-<p>“Beneath the floor, which is covered with fine, well-stuffed
-mats, is a square walled hole, which, in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span>
-winter season, after having first removed the mats, they
-fill with ashes and lay coals upon them to keep the room
-warm. The landladies in their room put a low table
-upon this fire-hole, and spread a large carpet or tablecloth
-over it, for people to sit underneath, and to defend
-themselves against the cold. In rooms where there are
-no fire-holes they use in the winter brass or earthen
-pots, very artfully made, and filled with ashes, with
-two iron sticks, which serve instead of fire-tongs, much
-after the same manner as they use two other small sticks
-at table instead of forks.</p>
-
-<p>“I come now to the above mentioned <i>Miseratsie</i> (?),
-as they call them, being curious and amusing ornaments
-of their rooms. In our journey to court I took notice
-of the following: 1. A paper neatly bordered with a
-rich piece of embroidery, instead of a frame, either with
-the picture of a saint done apparently with a coarse
-pencil, and in a few, perhaps three or four, strokes,
-wherein, however, the proportions and resemblance
-have been so far observed, that scarce anybody can miss
-finding out whom it was designed to represent, nor help
-admiring the ingenuity and skill of the master; or else
-a judicious moral sentence of some noted philosopher or
-poet, writ with his own hand, or the hand of some noted
-writing-master, who had a mind to show his skill by a
-few hasty strokes or characters, indifferent enough at
-first sight, but nevertheless very ingeniously drawn, and
-such as will afford sufficient matter of amusement
-and speculation to a curious and attentive spectator;
-and, lest anybody should call their being genuine in
-question, they are commonly signed, not only by the
-writing-masters themselves, but have the hands and seals
-of some other witnesses put to them. They are hung<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span>
-up nowhere else but in the toko, as the most honorable
-place of the room, and this because the Japanese set a
-great value upon them.</p>
-
-<p>2. “Pictures of Chinese, as also of birds, trees,
-landskips, and other things, upon white screens, done
-by some eminent master, or rather scratched with a
-few hasty, affected strokes, after such a manner that,
-unless seen at a proper distance, they scarce appear
-natural.</p>
-
-<p>3. “A flower-vase filled with all sorts of curious
-flowers, and green branches of trees, such as the season
-affords, curiously ranged according to the rules of art,
-it being as much an art in this country to arrange a
-flower-vase as it is in Europe to carve, or to lay a table.<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
-Sometimes there is, instead, a perfuming-pan, of excellent
-good workmanship, cast in brass or copper, resembling
-a crane, lion, dragon, or other strange animal. I
-took notice once that there was an earthen pot of
-Cologne, such as is used to keep Spauwater in, with all
-the cracks and fissures carefully mended, used in lieu
-of a flower-vase, it being esteemed a very great rarity,
-because of the distant place it came from, the clay it
-was made of, and its uncommon shape.</p>
-
-<p>4. “Some strange, uncommon pieces of wood, wherein
-the colors and grain either naturally run after a curious
-and unusual manner, or have been brought by art to
-represent something.</p>
-
-<p>5. “Some neat and beautiful network, adorning
-either the balcony and windows towards the garden, or
-the tops of the doors, screens, and partitions of the chief
-apartments.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span></p>
-
-<p>6. “A bunch of a tree, or a piece of a rotten root,
-or of an old stump, remarkable for their monstrous
-deformed shape.</p>
-
-<p>“After this manner the chief and back apartments
-are furnished in great inns, and houses of substantial
-people. The other rooms gradually decrease in cleanliness,
-neatness, and delicacy of furniture; the screens,
-windows, mats, and other ornaments and household
-goods, after they have for some time adorned the chief
-apartments, and begin to be spotted and to grow old,
-being removed into the other rooms successively, there
-to be quite worn out. The chief of the other rooms is
-that where they keep their plate, china ware, and other
-household goods, ranged upon the floor in curious order,
-according to their size, shape, and use. Most of these
-are made of wood, thin, but strongly varnished, the
-greatest part upon a dark red ground. They are washed
-with warm water every time they have been used, and
-wiped clean with a cloth; by which means they will,
-though constantly used, keep clean and neat, and in
-their full lustre for several years.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_008f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_008f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Scene in a Tea Garden</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“The small gallery or walk which jets out from the
-house towards the garden leads to the house of office
-and to a bathing-stove, or hot-house. The house of
-office is built on one side of the back part of the house,
-and hath two doors to go in. Not far off stands a basin
-filled with water to wash your hands, commonly an oblong,
-rough stone, the upper part curiously cut out into
-the form of a basin. A new pail of bamboo hangs near
-it, and is covered with a neat fir or cypress board, to
-which they put a new handle every time it hath been
-used, to wit, a fresh stick of the bamboo cane, it being
-a very clean sort of a wood, and in a manner naturally<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span>
-varnished. The bathing-place, commonly built on the
-back side of the garden, contains either a hot-house to
-sweat in, or a warm bath, and sometimes both. It is
-made warm and got ready every evening, because the
-Japanese usually bathe or sweat after their day’s journey
-is over, thinking by this means to refresh themselves,
-and to sweat off their weariness. As they can
-undress themselves in an instant, so they are ready at a
-minute’s warning to go into it; for they need but untie
-their sash, and all their clothes fall down at once, leaving
-them quite naked, excepting a small band which
-they wear close to the body about their waist. Their
-hot-house, which they go into only to sweat, is an
-almost cubical trunk, or stove, raised about three feet
-above the ground, and built close to the wall of the
-bathing-place, on the outside,—not quite six feet high,
-but about nine feet long, and of the same breadth. The
-floor is laid with small planed laths or planks, some few
-inches distant from each other, both for the easy passage
-of the rising vapors and the convenient outlet of
-the water. You go, or rather creep in, through a small
-door or shutter. There are two other shutters, one on
-each side, to let out the superfluous vapor. The empty
-space beneath, down to the ground, is enclosed with a
-wall to prevent the vapors from getting out on the
-sides. Towards the yard, just beneath the hot-house,
-is a furnace, part of which stands out towards the yard,
-where they put in the necessary water and plants. This
-part is shut with a clapboard when the fire is burning,
-to make all the vapors ascend through the inner and
-open part into the hot-house. There are always two
-tubs, one of warm, the other of cold water, for such as
-have a mind to wash themselves.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span></p>
-
-<p>“The garden is the only place in which we Dutchmen,
-being treated in all respects little better than prisoners,
-have liberty to walk. It is commonly square, with a
-back door, and walled in very neatly. There are few
-good houses or inns without one. If there be not room
-enough for a garden, they have at least an old ingrafted
-plum, cherry, or apricot tree; and the older, the more
-crooked and monstrous, the greater value they put upon
-it. Sometimes they let the branches grow into the
-rooms. In order to make it bear larger flowers and in
-greater quantity, they trim it to a few, perhaps two or
-three, branches. It cannot be denied but that the great
-number of beautiful, incarnadine double flowers are a
-curious ornament to this back part of the house, but
-they have this disadvantage, that they bear no fruit.
-In some small houses and inns of less note, where there
-is not room enough neither for a garden nor trees, they
-have at least an opening or window, to let the light
-fall into the back rooms, before which, for the amusement
-and diversion of travellers, is put a small tub
-full of water, wherein they commonly keep alive some
-gold or silver fish; and for further ornament there is
-generally a flower-pot or two standing there. Sometimes
-they plant dwarf trees, which will grow easily
-upon pumice or other porous stones, without any earth
-at all, provided the root be put into the water,
-whence it will suck up sufficient nourishment. Ordinary
-people often plant the same kind of trees before
-their street-doors.</p>
-
-<p>“But to return to the Tsubo, or garden. A good one
-must include at least thirty feet square, and consist of
-the following essential parts: 1. The ground is covered
-partly with roundish stones of different colors, gathered<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span>
-in rivers or upon the sea-shore, well washed and cleaned,
-and those of the same kind, laid together in form of
-beds, partly with gravel which is swept every day, and
-kept clean and neat to admiration, the large stones
-being laid in the middle as a path to walk upon without
-injuring the gravel, the whole in a seeming but ingenious
-confusion. 2. Some few flower-bearing shrubs
-planted confusedly, though not without some certain
-rules. Amidst them stands sometimes a <i>Saguer</i> (?), as
-they call it, or scarce outlandish tree, sometimes a dwarf
-tree or two. 3. A small rock or hill in a corner of the
-garden, made in imitation of nature, curiously adorned
-with birds and insects cast in brass, and placed between
-the stones. Sometimes the model of a temple stands
-upon it, built, as for the sake of the prospect they generally
-are, on a remarkable eminence or the borders of a
-precipice. Often a small rivulet rushes down the stones
-with an agreeable noise, the whole in due proportions
-and as near as possible resembling nature. 4. A small
-thicket or wood on the side of the hill, for which the
-gardeners choose such trees as will grow close to one
-another, and plant and cut them according to their
-largeness, nature, and the color of their flowers and
-leaves, so as to make the whole very accurately imitate
-a natural wood or forest. 5. A cistern or pond, as
-mentioned above, with live fish kept in it, and surrounded
-with proper plants, that is, such as love a
-watery soil, and would lose their beauty and greenness
-if planted in a dry ground. It is a particular profession
-to lay out these gardens, and to keep them so curiously
-and nicely as they ought to be.</p>
-
-<p>“There are innumerable smaller inns, cook-shops,
-sake, or ale-houses, pastry-cooks’ and confectioners’<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span>
-shops, all along the road, even in the midst of woods and
-forests, and at the tops of mountains, where a weary
-foot-traveller, and the meaner sort of people, find at all
-times, for a few sen, something warm to eat, or hot
-tea, or sake, or somewhat else of the kind, wherewith to
-refresh themselves. ’Tis true these cook-shops are but
-poor, sorry houses, if compared to larger inns, being
-inhabited only by poor people, who have enough to do
-to get a livelihood by this trade; and yet, even in these,
-there is always something or other to amuse passengers,
-and to draw them in; sometimes a garden and orchard
-behind the house, which is seen from the street, looking
-through the passage, and which, by its beautiful flowers,
-or the agreeable sight of a stream of clear water, falling
-down from a neighboring natural or artificial hill, or by
-some other curious ornament of this kind, tempts people
-to come in and repose themselves. At other times a
-large flower-pot stands in the window, filled with flowering
-branches of trees, disposed in a very curious manner.
-Sometimes a handsome, well-looking housemaid, or a
-couple of young girls, well dressed, stand under the
-door, and with great civility invite people to come in,
-and to buy something. The eatables, such as cakes, or
-whatever it be, are kept before the fire, in an open room,
-sticking to skewers of bamboos, so that passengers, as
-they go along, may take them and pursue their journey
-without stopping. The landladies, cooks, and maids, as
-soon as they see anybody coming at a distance, blow up
-the fire, to make it look as if the victuals had been just
-got ready. Some busy themselves with making the
-tea, others prepare soup, others fill cups with sake or
-other liquors, to present them to passengers, all the
-while talking and chattering, and commending their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span>
-merchandise with a voice loud enough to be heard by
-their next neighbors of the same profession.</p>
-
-<p>“The eatables sold at these cook-shops, besides tea,
-and sometimes sake, are <i>manjū</i>, a sort of round cakes,
-which they learned to make from the Portuguese, as
-big as common hens’ eggs, and filled within with black-bean
-flour and sugar; cakes of the jelly of a root found
-upon mountains, and cut into round slices, like carrots,
-and roasted; snails, oysters, shell-fish, and other small
-fish, roasted, boiled, or pickled; Chinese <i>laxa</i>, a thin sort
-of pap, or paste, made of fine wheat flour, cut into small,
-thin, long slices, and baked; all sorts of plants, roots,
-and sprigs which the season affords, washed and boiled
-in water with salt; innumerable other dishes peculiar to
-this country, made of seeds, powdered roots, and vegetables,
-boiled or baked, dressed in many different ways.</p>
-
-<p>“The common sauce for these and other dishes is a
-little <i>soy</i>, as they call it, mixed with <i>sake</i>, or the beer
-of the country. <i>Sanshō</i> leaves are laid upon the dish
-for ornament, and sometimes thin slices of fine ginger
-and lemon peel. Sometimes they put powdered ginger,
-sanshō, or the powder of some root growing in the
-country, into the soup. They are also provided with
-sweetmeats, of several different colors and sorts, which,
-generally speaking, are far more agreeable to the eye
-than pleasing to the taste, being but indifferently sweetened
-with sugar, and so tough that one must have good
-teeth to chew them. Foot travellers find it set down
-in their printed road-books, which they always carry
-about them, where and at what price the best victuals
-of the kind are to be got.</p>
-
-<p>“Tea (since most travellers drink scarce anything else
-upon the road) is sold at all the inns and cook-shops,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span>
-besides many tea-booths set up for this trade alone,
-in the midst of fields and woods, and at the stop of
-mountains. The tea sold at all these places is but a
-coarse sort, being only the largest leaves, which remain
-upon the shrub after the youngest and tenderest have
-been plucked off, at two different times, for the use of
-people of fashion, who constantly drink it, before or
-after their meals. These larger leaves are not rolled
-up and curled, as the better sort of tea is, but simply
-roasted in a pan, and continually stirred whilst they are
-roasting, lest they should get a burnt taste. When
-they are done enough, they put them by in straw baskets,
-under the roof of the house, near the place where
-the smoke comes out. They are not a bit nicer in preparing
-it for drinking, for they commonly take a good
-handful of the tea leaves, and boil them in a large iron
-kettle full of water. The leaves are sometimes put into
-a small bag; but, if not, they have a little basket swimming
-in the kettle, which they make use of to keep the
-leaves down, when they have a mind to take out some
-of the clear decoction. Half a cup of this decoction is
-mixed with cold water, when travellers ask for it. Tea
-thus prepared smells and tastes like lye—the leaves it is
-made of, besides that they are of a very bad sort, being
-seldom less than a year old; and yet the Japanese esteem
-it much more healthful for daily use than the young,
-tender leaves, prepared after the Chinese manner, which
-they say affect the head too strongly, though even these
-lose a great part of their narcotic quality when boiled.”<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XXXIII">CHAPTER XXXIII</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>Number of People on the Road—Princely Retinues—Pilgrims to Ise—Junrei
-Pilgrims—Naked Devotees—Religious Beggars—Begging
-Order of Nuns—Yama-Bushi, or Mountain Priests—Buddhist
-Beggars—Singular Bell-chiming—Hucksters and Peddlers—Courtesans.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">“It</span> is scarce credible,” says Kämpfer, “what numbers
-of people daily travel in this country; and I can
-assure the reader, from my own experience, having
-passed it four times, that Tōkaidō, which is, indeed, the
-most frequented of the seven great roads in Japan, is
-upon some days more crowded than the public streets in
-any of the most populous towns in Europe. This is
-owing partly to the country’s being extremely populous,
-partly to the frequent journeys which the natives undertake,
-oftener than perhaps any other people.</p>
-
-<p>“It is the duty of the princes and lords of the empire,
-as also of the governors of the imperial cities and crown
-lands, to go to court once a year to pay their homage
-and respect. They are attended, going up and returning,
-by their whole court, and travel with a pomp and
-magnificence becoming as well their own quality and
-riches as the majesty of the powerful monarch whom
-they are going to see. The train of some of the most
-eminent fills up the road for some days. Though we
-travelled pretty fast, yet we often met the baggage and
-fore-runners, consisting of the servants and inferior officers,
-for two days together, dispersed in several troops,
-and the prince himself followed but the third day,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span>
-attended with his numerous court, all marching in admirable
-order. The retinue of one of the chief <i>Daimiōs</i>,
-as they are called, is computed to amount to about twenty
-thousand men, more or less; that of a <i>Shōmiō</i> to about
-ten thousand; that of a governor of the imperial cities
-and crown lands to from one to several hundreds, according
-to his quality or revenues.<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
-
-<p>“If two or more of these princes and lords should
-chance to travel the same road at the same time, they
-would prove a great hindrance to one another, particularly
-if they should happen to meet at the same post-house
-or village; to prevent which it is usual for great
-princes and lords to bespeak the several post-houses by
-which they are to pass, with all the inns, those of the
-first quality a month, others a week or two, before their
-arrival. The time of their intended arrival is also notified
-in all the cities, villages, and hamlets, by putting up
-small boards on high poles of bamboo, signifying in a few
-characters what day of the month such or such a lord
-will be at that village, to dine or sleep there.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i_016fa" style="max-width: 50em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_016fa.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Native Postman;</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_016fb" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_016fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"> Toko-no-ma</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“Numerous troops of fore-runners, harbingers, clerks,
-cooks, and other inferior officers go before to provide
-lodgings, victuals, and other things necessary for the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span>
-entertainment of their prince and master, and his court.
-They are followed by the prince’s heavy baggage, packed
-up either in small trunks, as already described, and carried
-upon horses, each with a banner, bearing the coat of
-arms and the name of the possessor, or else in large
-chests, covered with red lackered leather, again with the
-possessor’s coat of arms, and carried upon men’s shoulders,
-with multitudes of inspectors to look after them.
-Next come great numbers of smaller retinues, belonging
-to the chief officers and noblemen attending the prince,
-with pikes, scymetars, bows and arrows, umbrellas, palanquins,
-led horses, and other marks of their grandeur,
-suitable to their birth, quality, and office. Some of these
-are carried in norimono, others in kago, and others go on
-horseback.</p>
-
-<p>“The prince’s own numerous train, marching in an
-admirable and curious order, is divided into several
-troops, each headed by a proper commanding officer, as,
-1. Five, more or less, fine horses, each led by two grooms,
-one on each side, two footmen walking behind. 2. Five
-or six, and sometimes more, porters, richly clad, walking
-one by one, and carrying lackered chests, and japanned
-neat trunks and baskets, upon their shoulders, wherein
-are kept the wearing apparel and other necessaries for
-the daily use of the prince, each porter attended by two
-footmen. 3. Ten or more fellows, walking one by one,
-and carrying rich scymetars, pikes of state, fire-arms, and
-other weapons, in lackered wooden cases, as, also, quivers
-with bows and arrows. Sometimes, for magnificence
-sake, there are more chest-bearers and led horses following
-this troop. 4. Two, three, or more men, who carry
-pikes of state, as the badges of the prince’s power and
-authority, adorned at the upper end with bunches of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span>
-cock feathers, or other ornaments peculiar to such or such
-a prince. They walk one by one, and are attended each
-by two footmen. 5. A gentleman, attended by two footmen,
-carrying the prince’s hat, worn as a shelter from the
-heat of the sun, and which is covered with black velvet.
-6. A gentleman carrying the prince’s sombrero, or umbrella,
-which is covered in like manner with black velvet,
-this person also attended by two footmen. 7. Some
-more bearers of trunks, covered with varnished leather,
-with the prince’s coat of arms upon them, each with two
-men to take care of it. 8. Sixteen, more or less, of the
-prince’s pages, and gentlemen of his bed-chamber, taken
-out from among the first quality of his court, richly
-clad, and walking two and two before his norimono.
-9. The prince himself, sitting in a stately norimono,
-carried by six or eight men, clad in rich liveries, with
-several others walking at the norimono’s sides, to take it
-up by turns; also, two or three gentlemen of the prince’s
-bed-chamber, to give him what he wants and asks for,
-and to assist and support him in getting in or out.
-10. Two or three horses of state, the saddles covered
-with black. One of these horses carries a large elbow-chair,
-which is sometimes covered with black velvet.
-These horses are attended each by several grooms and
-footmen in liveries, and some are led by the prince’s own
-pages. 11. Two pike-bearers. 12. Ten or more people,
-carrying each two baskets of a monstrous size, fixed to
-the ends of a pole, which they lay on their shoulders in
-such a manner that one basket hangs down before and
-the other behind them. These baskets are more for state
-than for any use. Sometimes some chest-bearers walk
-among them, to increase the troop. In this order marches
-the prince’s own train, which is followed by six to twelve<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span>
-led horses with their leaders, grooms, and footmen, all in
-liveries. The procession is closed by a multitude of the
-prince’s domestics and other officers of his court, with
-their own numerous trains and attendants, pike-bearers,
-chest-bearers, and footmen, in liveries. Some of these
-are carried in kago, and the whole troop is headed by the
-prince’s high-steward, carried in a norimono. If one of
-the prince’s sons accompanies his father in this journey
-to court, he follows with his own train immediately after
-his father’s norimono.</p>
-
-<p>“It is a sight exceedingly curious and worthy of admiration,
-to see all the persons who compose the numerous
-train of a great prince, clad, the pike-bearers, the
-norimono-men and livery-men only excepted, in black
-silk, marching in an elegant order, with a decent, becoming
-gravity, and keeping so profound a silence that not
-the least noise is to be heard, save what must necessarily
-arise from the motion and rushing of their dresses, and the
-trampling of the horses and men. On the other hand,
-it appears ridiculous to an European to see all the pike-bearers
-and norimono-men, with their clothes tucked up
-above their waists, exposing their nakedness to the spectators’
-view, with only a piece of cloth about their loins.
-What appears still more old and whimsical is to see the
-pages, pike-bearers, umbrella and hat bearers, chest-bearers,
-and all the footmen in liveries, affect, when they
-pass through some remarkable town, or by the train of
-another prince or lord, a strange mimic march or dance.
-Every step they make, they draw up one foot quite to
-their backs, stretching out the arm on the opposite side
-as far as they can, and putting themselves in such a
-posture as if they had a mind to swim through the air.
-Meanwhile the pikes, hats, umbrellas, chests, boxes,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span>
-baskets, and whatever else they carry are danced and
-tossed about in a very singular manner, answering to the
-motion of their bodies. The norimono-men, who have
-their sleeves tied with a string as near the shoulders as
-possible, so as to leave their arms naked, carry the pole
-of the norimono either upon their shoulders, or else upon
-the palms of their hands, holding it above their heads.
-Whilst they hold it up with one arm, they stretch out
-the other, putting the hand into a horizontal posture,
-whereby, and by their short, deliberate steps and stiff
-knees, they affect a ridiculous fear and circumspection.
-If the prince steps out of his norimono into one of the
-green huts which are purposely built for him at convenient
-distances on the road, or if he goes into a private
-house, either to drink a dish of tea or for any other
-purpose, he always leaves a koban with the landlord as a
-reward for his trouble. At dinner or supper the expense
-is much greater.</p>
-
-<p>“All the pilgrims who go to Ise, whatever province of
-the empire they come from, must travel over part of this
-great road. This pilgrimage is made at all times of the
-year, but particularly in the spring, at which season vast
-multitudes of these pilgrims are seen upon the roads.
-The Japanese of both sexes, young and old, rich and
-poor, undertake this meritorious journey, generally
-speaking, on foot, in order to obtain, at this holy place,
-indulgences and remission of their sins. Some of these
-pilgrims are so poor that they must live wholly upon
-what they get by begging. On this account, and by reason
-of their great number, they are exceedingly troublesome
-to the princes and lords who at that time of the
-year go to court, or come thence, though otherwise they
-address themselves in a very civil manner, bareheaded,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span>
-and with a low, submissive voice, saying, ‘Great Lord,
-be pleased to give the poor pilgrim a zeni, towards the
-expense of his journey to Ise,’ or words to that effect.
-Of all the Japanese, the inhabitants of Yedo and the
-province Oshū are the most inclined to this pilgrimage.
-Children, if apprehensive of severe punishment for their
-misdemeanors, will run away from their parents and go
-to Ise, thence to fetch an <i>Oharai</i>, or indulgence, which
-upon their return is deemed a sufficient expiation of
-their crimes, and a sure means to reconcile them to their
-friends. Multitudes of these pilgrims are obliged to pass
-whole nights lying in the open fields, exposed to all the
-injuries of wind and weather, some for want of room in
-inns, others out of poverty; and of these last many are
-found dead upon the road, in which case their <i>Oharai</i>, if
-they have any about them, is carefully taken up and hid
-in the next tree or bush.</p>
-
-<p>“Others make this pilgrimage in a comical and merry
-way, drawing people’s eyes upon them as well as getting
-their money. They form themselves into companies,
-generally of four persons, clad in white linen, after the
-fashion of the Kuge, or persons of the holy ecclesiastical
-court of the Dairi. Two of them walking a grave, slow,
-deliberate pace, and standing often still, carry a large
-barrow, adorned and hung about with fir-branches and
-cut white paper, on which they place a resemblance of a
-large bell, made of light substance, or a kettle, or something
-else, alluding to some old romantic history of
-their gods and ancestors; whilst a third, with a commander’s
-staff in his hand, adorned, out of respect
-to his office, with a bunch of white paper, walks, or
-rather dances, before the barrow, singing with a dull,
-heavy voice, a song relating to the subject they are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span>
-about to represent. Meanwhile, the fourth goes begging
-before the houses, or addresses himself to charitable
-travellers, and receives and keeps the money which is
-given them. Their day’s journeys are so short that
-they can easily spend the whole summer upon such an
-expedition.</p>
-
-<p>“The <i>Junrei</i>, another remarkable sight travellers meet
-with upon the roads, are people who go to visit in pilgrimage
-the thirty-three chief Kwannon temples, which
-lie dispersed throughout the empire. They commonly
-travel two or three together, singing a miserable Kwannon-song
-from house to house, and sometimes playing
-upon a fiddle, or upon a guitar, as vagabond beggars do
-in Germany. However, they do not importune travellers
-for their charity. They have the names of such Kwannon
-temples as they have not yet visited writ upon a
-small board hanging about their necks. They are clad
-in white, after a very singular fashion, peculiar only to
-this sect. Some people like so well to ramble about the
-country after this manner that they will apply themselves
-to no other trade and profession, but choose to end their
-days in this perpetual pilgrimage.</p>
-
-<p>“Sometimes one meets with very odd sights; as, for
-instance, people running naked along the roads in the
-hardest frosts, wearing only a little straw about their
-waists. These people generally undertake so extraordinary
-and troublesome a journey to visit certain temples,
-pursuant to religious vows, which they promised to fulfil
-in case they should obtain, from the bounty of their gods,
-deliverance from some fatal distemper, they themselves,
-their parents or relations, labor under, or from some
-other great misfortunes they were threatened with.
-They live very poorly and miserably upon the road,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span>
-receive no charity, and proceed on their journey by
-themselves, almost perpetually running.</p>
-
-<p>“Multitudes of beggars crowd the roads in all parts
-of the empire, but particularly on the so much frequented
-Tōkaidō, among them many lusty young fellows, who
-shave their heads. To this shaved begging tribe belongs
-a certain remarkable religious order of young girls, called
-<i>Bikuni</i>, which is as much as to say, nuns. They live
-under the protection of the nunneries at Kamakura and
-Miyako, to which they pay a certain sum a year, of what
-they get by begging, as an acknowledgment of their
-authority. They are, in my opinion, by much the handsomest
-girls we saw in Japan. The daughters of poor
-parents, if they be handsome and agreeable, apply for
-and easily obtain this privilege of begging in the habit
-of nuns, knowing that beauty is one of the most persuasive
-inducements to generosity. The Yamabushi,
-or begging mountain priests (of whom more hereafter),
-frequently incorporate their own daughters into this
-religious order, and take their wives from among these
-Bikuni. Some of them have been bred up as courtesans,
-and having served their time, buy the privilege of
-entering into this religious order, therein to spend the
-remainder of their youth and beauty. They live two or
-three together, and make an excursion every day some
-few miles from their dwelling-house. They particularly
-watch people of fashion, who travel in norimono, or in
-kago, or on horseback. As soon as they perceive somebody
-coming, they draw near and address themselves,
-though not all together, but singly, every one accosting
-a gentleman by herself singing a rural song; and if he
-proves very liberal and charitable, she will keep him
-company and divert him for some hours. As, on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span>
-one hand, very little religious blood seems to circulate
-in their veins, so, on the other, it doth not appear that
-they labor under any considerable degree of poverty.
-It is true, indeed, they conform themselves to the rules
-of their order, by shaving their heads, but they take care
-to cover and to wrap them up in caps or hoods made of
-black silk. They go decently and neatly dressed, after
-the fashion of ordinary people. They wear also a large
-hat to cover their faces, which are often painted, and to
-shelter themselves from the heat of the sun. They
-commonly have a shepherd’s rod or hook in their hands.
-Their voice, gestures, and apparent behavior, are neither
-too bold and daring, nor too much dejected and affected,
-but free, comely, and seemingly modest. However, not
-to extol their modesty beyond what it deserves, it must
-be observed, that they make nothing of laying their
-bosoms quite bare to the view of charitable travellers,
-all the while they keep them company, under pretence of
-its being customary in the country; and, for aught I
-know, they may be, though never so religiously shaved,
-full as impudent and lascivious as any public courtesan.</p>
-
-<p>“Another religious begging order is that of <i>Yamabushi</i>,
-as they are commonly called; that is, the mountain priests,
-or rather <i>Yamabu</i>, mountain soldiers, because at all
-times they go armed with swords and scymetars. They
-do not shave their heads, but follow the rules of the first
-founder of this order, who mortified his body by climbing
-up steep, high mountains; at least, they conform themselves
-thereunto in their dress, apparent behavior, and
-some outward ceremonies; for they are fallen short of
-his rigorous way of life. They have a head, or general,
-of their order, residing at Miyako, to whom they are
-obliged to bring a certain sum of money every year, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span>
-who has the distribution of dignities and of titles, whereby
-they are known among themselves. They commonly live
-in the neighborhood of some famous Kami temple, and
-accost travellers in the name of that Kami which is worshipped
-there, making a short discourse of his holiness
-and miracles, with a loud, coarse voice. Meanwhile, to
-make the noise still louder, they rattle their long staffs,
-loaded at the upper end with iron rings, to take up the
-charity money which is given them; and last of all, they
-blow a trumpet made of a large shell. They carry their
-children along with them upon the same begging errand,
-clad like their fathers, but with their heads shaved.
-Those little bastards are exceedingly troublesome and
-importunate with travellers, and commonly take care to
-light on them, as they are going up some hill or mountain,
-where, because of the difficult ascent, they cannot
-well escape, nor indeed otherwise get rid of them without
-giving them something. In some places they and
-their fathers accost travellers in company with a troop of
-Bikuni, and, with their rattling, singing, trumpeting,
-chattering, and crying, make such a frightful noise as
-would make one almost mad or deaf. These mountain
-priests are frequently applied to by superstitious people
-for conjuring, fortune-telling, foretelling future events,
-recovering lost goods, and the like purposes. They profess
-themselves to be of the Kami religion, as established
-of old, and yet they are never suffered to attend, or to
-take care of, any of the Kami temples.</p>
-
-<p>“There are many more beggars travellers meet with
-along the roads. Some of these are old, and, in all appearance,
-honest men, who, the better to prevail upon
-people to part with their charity, are shaved and clad
-after the fashion of the Butsudō [Buddhist] priests.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span>
-Sometimes there are two of them standing together, each
-with a small, oblong book before him. This book contains
-part of their Hōkekyō, or Bible, printed in the significant
-or learned language.<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> However, I would not
-have the reader think, as if they themselves had any
-understanding in that language, or know how to read
-the book placed before them. They only learn some
-part of it by heart, and speak it aloud, looking towards
-the book, as if they did actually read in it, and expecting
-something from their hearers, as a reward for their
-trouble.</p>
-
-<p>“Others are found sitting near some river, or running
-water, making a <i>Segaki</i>,—a certain ceremony for the
-relief of departed souls. This Segaki is made after the
-following manner: They take a green branch of the
-<i>Hana Shikimi</i> tree, and, murmuring certain words with
-a low voice, wash and scour it with some shavings of
-wood, whereon they had written the names of some deceased
-persons. This they believe to contribute greatly
-to relieve and refresh the departed souls confined in
-purgatory; and, for aught I know, it may answer that
-purpose full as well as any number of masses, as they are
-celebrated to the same end in Roman Catholic countries.
-Any person that hath a mind to purchase the benefit of
-this washing, for himself or his relations and friends,
-throws a zeni upon the mat, which is spread out near the
-beggar, who does not so much as offer to return him any
-manner of thanks for it, thinking his art and devotion
-deserve still better; besides that, it is not customary
-amongst beggars of note to thank people for their charity.
-Any one who hath learned the proper ceremonies necessary
-to make the Segaki is at liberty to do it.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span></p>
-
-<p>“Others of this tribe, who make up far the greater
-part, sit upon the road all day long upon a small, coarse
-mat. They have a flat bell, like a broad mortar, lying
-before them, and do nothing else but repeat, with a
-lamentable singing tune, the word <i>Namida</i>, which is
-contracted from <i>Namu Amida Butsu</i>, a short form of
-prayer wherewith they address Amida as the patron
-and advocate of departed souls. Meanwhile they beat
-almost continually with a small wooden hammer upon
-the aforesaid bell, and this, they say, in order to be the
-sooner heard by Amida, and, I am apt to think, not
-without an intent, too, to be the better taken notice of
-by passengers.</p>
-
-<p>“Another sort we met with as we went along were
-differently clad, some in an ecclesiastical, others in a
-secular habit. These stood in the fields, next to the
-road, and commonly had a sort of altar standing before
-them, upon which they placed the idol of their Briaréus,
-or Kwannon, as they call him, carved in wood and gilt;
-or the pictures of some other idols, scurvily done, as, for
-instance, the picture of Amida, the supreme judge of
-departed souls; of Emma, or the head-keeper of the
-prison, whereunto the condemned souls are confined; of
-<i>Jizō</i>, or the supreme commander in the purgatory of
-children; and some others, wherewith, and by some representations
-of the flames and torments prepared for the
-wicked in a future world, they endeavor to stir up in
-passengers compassion and charity.</p>
-
-<p>“Other beggars, and these, to all appearance, honest
-enough, are met sitting along the road, clad much
-after the same manner with the Kwannon beggars,
-with a <i>Jizō</i> staff in their hand. These have made
-vow not to speak during a certain time, and express<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span>
-their want and desire only by a sad, dejected, woeful
-countenance.<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
-
-<p>“Not to mention numberless other common beggars,
-some sick, some stout and lusty enough, who get people’s
-charity by praying, singing, playing upon fiddles, guitars,
-and other musical instruments, or performing some juggler’s
-tricks, I will close the account of this vermin with
-an odd, remarkable sort of a beggar’s music, or rather
-chime of bells, we sometimes, but rarely, met with in our
-journey to court. A young boy, with a sort of a wooden
-machine pendent from his neck, and a rope, with eight
-strings about it, from which hang down eight bells, of
-different sounds, turns round in a circle, with a swiftness
-scarce credible, in such a manner that both the
-machine, which rests upon his shoulders, and the bells,
-turn round with him horizontally, the boy, in the meanwhile,
-with great dexterity and quickness, beating them
-with two hammers, makes a strange, odd sort of a melody.
-To increase the noise, two people sitting near him
-beat, one upon a large, the other upon a smaller drum.
-Those who are pleased with their performance throw
-them some zeni as they pass.<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span></p>
-
-<p>“The crowd and throng upon the roads is not a little
-increased by numberless small retail merchants, and
-children of country people, who run about from morning
-to night, following travellers, and offering them for sale
-their poor, for the most part eatable, merchandise,—such
-as several cakes and sweetmeats, wherein the quantity
-of sugar is so inconsiderable that it is scarce perceptible,
-other cakes, of different sorts, made of flour,
-roots boiled in water and salt, road-books, straw shoes
-for horses and men, ropes, strings, toothpickers, and a
-multitude of other trifles, made of wood, straw, reed, and
-bamboos.</p>
-
-<p>“Nor must I forget to take notice of the numberless
-wenches, the great and small inns, and the tea-booths
-and cook-shops in villages and hamlets are furnished
-withal. About noon, when they have done dressing and
-painting themselves, they make their appearance, standing
-under the door of the house, or sitting upon the
-small gallery around it, whence, with a smiling countenance
-and good words, they invite the travelling troops
-that pass by to call in at their inn, preferably to others.
-In some places, where there are several inns standing
-near one another, they make, with their chattering and
-rattling, no inconsiderable noise, and prove not a little
-troublesome.</p>
-
-<p>“I cannot forbear mentioning in this place a small<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span>
-mistake of Mr. Caron, in his account of Japan, where he
-shows so tender a regard for the honor of the Japanese
-sex (perhaps out of respect to his lady, who was a Japan
-woman) as to assert that, except in the privileged houses
-devoted to it, this trade is not elsewhere carried on. It
-is unquestionably true that there is hardly a public inn
-upon the great island Nippon, but what is provided
-with courtesans, and if too many customers resort to
-one place, the neighboring inn-keepers will lend their
-wenches, on condition that what money they get shall
-be faithfully paid them. Nor is it a new custom come
-up but lately, or since Mr. Caron’s time. On the contrary,
-it is of very old date, and took its rise, as the
-Japanese say, many hundred years ago, in the times of
-that brave general and first secular monarch, Yoritomo,
-who, apprehensive lest his soldiers, weary of his long
-and tedious expeditions, and desirous to return home
-to their wives and children, should desert his army,
-thought it much more advisable to indulge them in this
-particular.”</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XXXIV">CHAPTER XXXIV</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>Departure from Nagasaki</i>—<i>Train of the Dutch</i>—<i>The Day’s Journey</i>—<i>Treatment
-of the Dutch</i>—<i>Respect shown them in the Island of Shimo</i>—<i>Care
-with which they are watched</i>—<i>Inns at which they lodge</i>—<i>Their
-Reception and Treatment there</i>—<i>Politeness of the Japanese</i>—<i>Lucky
-and Unlucky Days</i>—<i>Seimei, the Astrologer</i>.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">“All</span> the princes, lords, and vassals of the Japanese
-empire being obliged,” says Kämpfer, “to
-make their appearance at court once a year,
-it hath been determined by the emperor what time and
-what day they are to set out on their journey. The
-same is observed with regard to the Dutch, and the fifteenth
-or sixteenth day of the first Japanese month,
-which commonly falls in with the middle of our February,
-hath been fixed for our constant departure.
-Towards that time we get everything ready to set out,
-having first sent by sea, as already mentioned, to the
-city of Shimonoseki the presents we are to make, sorted
-and carefully packed, together with the other heavy
-baggage, and the victuals and kitchen furniture for our
-future travels. Three or four weeks after, and a few
-days before our departure, our president, attended with
-his usual train, goes to visit the two governors of Nagasaki,
-at their palaces, to take his leave of them, and
-to recommend the Dutch who remain in our factory to
-their favor and protection. The next day, all the goods
-and other things which must be carried along with us
-are marked—every bale or trunk—with a small board,
-whereupon is writ the possessor’s name, and the contents.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span>
-The day of our departure, all the officers of our island,
-and all persons who are any ways concerned with
-our affairs, particularly the future companions of our
-voyage, come over to Deshima early in the morning.
-They are followed soon after by both governors, attended
-with their whole numerous court, or else by their deputies,
-who come to wish us a good journey. The governors—or
-their deputies—having been entertained as
-usual upon this occasion, and taken their leave, are by
-us accompanied out of our island, which is done commonly
-about nine in the morning, at which time, also,
-we set out on our journey. The <i>Bugiō</i>, or commander-in-chief,
-of our train, and the Dutch president, enter
-their norimono. The chief interpreter, if he be old, is
-carried in an ordinary kago; others mount on horseback,
-and the servants go a-foot. All the Japanese officers
-of our island, and several friends and acquaintances
-of our Japanese companions, keep us company out of
-the town so far as the next inn.</p>
-
-<p>“Our train is not the same in the three several parts
-of our journey. Over the island Kiūshiū it may amount,
-with all the servants and footmen, as also the gentlemen
-whom the lords of the several provinces we pass
-through send to compliment us, and to keep us company
-during our stay in their dominions, to about an hundred
-persons. In our voyage by sea it is not much less, all
-the sailors and watermen taken in. In the last part,
-over the great island Nippon, from Ōsaka to Yedo, it is
-considerably greater, and consists of no less than an
-hundred and fifty people, and this, by reason of the presents
-and other goods which came from Nagasaki, as far
-as Ōsaka by sea, but must now be taken out and carried
-by land to Yedo, by horses and men.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_032f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_032f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">In a Japanese Garden</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span></p>
-
-<p>“All our heavy baggage is commonly sent away some
-hours before we set out ourselves, lest it should be a hindrance
-to us, as, also, to give timely notice to our landlords
-of our arrival. We set out early in the morning,
-and, save only one hour for dinner, travel till evening, and
-sometimes till late at night, making from ten to thirteen
-Japanese leagues a day. In our voyage by sea we put
-into some harbor, and come to an anchor every night,
-advancing forty Japanese water-leagues a day at farthest.</p>
-
-<p>“We are better treated, and more honorably received,
-in our journey over Kiūshiū than upon the great island
-Nippon, though everywhere we have much more civility
-shown us by the inhabitants of the cities and districts
-through which we pass, than by our Nagasakian companions
-and our own servants, who eat our bread and
-travel at our expense. In our journey across the island
-Kiūshiū we receive nearly the same honors and civility
-from the lords of the several provinces we pass through
-as they show to travelling princes and their retinues.
-The roads are swept and cleaned before us, and in cities
-and villages they are watered to lay the dust. The common
-people, laborers, and idle spectators, who are so very
-troublesome to travellers upon the great island Nippon,
-are kept out of the way, and the inhabitants of the
-houses on either side of the roads and streets see us go
-by, either sitting in the back part of their houses, or
-kneeling in the fore part, behind a screen, with great
-respect and in a profound silence. All the princes and
-lords whose dominions we are to pass through send one
-of their noblemen to compliment us, as soon as we enter
-upon their territories; but, as he is not suffered to
-address us in person, he makes his compliment in his
-master’s name to the Bugiō, or commander-in-chief of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span>
-our train, and to the chief interpreter, offering, at the
-same time, what houses and men we want for us and our
-baggage. He likewise orders four footmen to walk by
-every Dutchman’s side, and two gentlemen of some note
-at his court, who are clad in black silk, with staffs in
-their hands, to precede the whole train. After this
-manner they lead us through their master’s territories,
-and, when we come to the limits thereof, the Japanese
-companions of our voyage are treated with sake and
-sakana, and so they take their leave. For our passage
-over the bays of Ōmura and Shimabara the lords of these
-two places lend us their own pleasure-barges and their
-own watermen besides that they furnish us with abundance
-of provisions, without expecting even so much as a
-small present in return for their civil and courteous
-behavior; and yet our thievish interpreters never miss to
-lay hold of this advantage, putting this article upon our
-accounts as if we had actually been at the expense;
-and they commonly put the money into their own
-pockets. In our whole journey from Nagasaki to
-Kokura, everybody we meet with shows us and our train
-that deference and respect which is due only to the princes
-and lords of the country. Private travellers, whether
-they travel on foot or on horseback, must retire out of
-the way,—those who hesitate about it being compelled
-to it by the officers,—and, bareheaded, humbly bowing,
-wait in the next field till our whole retinue is gone by.
-I took notice of some country people, who do not only
-retire out of the way, but turn us their back, as not
-worthy to behold us,—the greatest mark of civility a
-Japanese can possibly show. None, or but few, of these
-public marks of honor and respect are shown us in our
-journey over the great island Nippon.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span></p>
-
-<p>“As to what concerns our accommodation on the road,
-the same is—with regard to the carriage of us and of
-our baggage, the number of horses and men provided
-for that purpose, the inns, lodgings, eating, and attendance—as
-good for our money as we could possibly
-desire. But, on the other hand, if we consider the narrow
-compass allowed us, we have too much reason to
-complain; for we are treated in a manner like prisoners,
-deprived of all liberty, excepting that of looking about
-the country from our horses, or out of our kago, which,
-indeed, it is impossible for them to deny us. As soon as
-a Dutchman alights from his horse (which is taken very
-ill, unless urgent necessity obliges him), he that rides
-before our train, and the whole train after him, must
-stop suddenly, and the Dōshin and two other attendants
-must come down from their horses to take immediate
-care of him. Nay, they watch us to that degree that they
-will not leave us alone, not even for the most necessary
-occasions. The Bugiō, or commander-in-chief of our
-train, studies day and night, not only the contents of his
-instructions, but the journals of two or three preceding
-journeys, in order exactly, and step by step, to follow
-the actions and behavior of his predecessors. ’Tis
-looked upon as the most convincing proof of his faithfulness
-and good conduct still to exceed them. Nay,
-some of these blockheads are so capricious that no accident
-whatever can oblige them to go to any other inns
-but those we had been at the year before, even though
-we should, upon this account, be forced in the worst
-weather, with the greatest inconveniency, and at the
-very peril of our lives, to travel till late at night.</p>
-
-<p>“We go to the same inns which the princes and lords
-of the country resort to, that is, to the very best of every<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span>
-place. The apartments are at that time hung with the
-colors and arms of the Dutch East India Company, and
-this in order to notify to the neighborhood who they be
-that lodge there, as is customary in the country. We
-always go to the same inns, with this difference only,
-that, upon our return from Yedo, we lie at the place we
-dined at in going up, by this means equally to divide
-the trouble, which is much greater at night than at dinner.
-We always take up our lodging in the back apartment
-of the house, which is by much the pleasantest;
-also otherwise, as has been mentioned, reckoned the
-chief. The landlord observes the same customs upon
-our arrival as upon the arrival of the princes and lords
-of the empire. He comes out of the town or village into
-the fields to meet us, clad in a kamishimo, or garment of
-ceremony, and wearing a short scymetar stuck in his girdle,
-making his compliments with a low bow, which
-before the norimono of the Bugiō and our Resident is so
-low, that he touches the ground with his hands and
-almost with his forehead. This done, he hastens back
-to his house, and receives us at the entry a second time,
-in the same manner, and with the same compliments.</p>
-
-<p>“As soon as we are come to the inn, our guardians
-and keepers carry us forthwith across the house to our
-apartments. Nor, indeed, are we so much displeased at
-this, since the number of spectators and the petulant
-scoffing of the children, but, above all, the exhaustion
-of a fatiguing journey, make us desirous to take our
-rest, the sooner the better. We are, as it were, confined
-to our apartments, having no other liberty but to walk
-out into the small garden behind the house. All other
-avenues, all the doors, windows, and holes which open
-any prospect towards the streets or country, are carefully<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span>
-shut and nailed up, in order, as they would fain persuade
-us, to defend us and our goods from thieves, but
-in fact to watch and guard us as thieves and deserters.
-It must be owned, however, that this superabundant care
-and watchfulness is considerably lessened upon our
-return, when we have found means to insinuate ourselves
-into their favor, and by presents and otherwise to
-procure their connivance.</p>
-
-<p>“The Bugiō takes possession of the best apartment
-after ours. The several rooms next to our own are
-taken up by the Dōshin, interpreters, and other chief
-officers of our retinue, in order to be always near at hand
-to watch our conduct, and to care that none of our landlord’s
-domestics nor any other person presume to come
-into our apartment, unless it be by their leave and in
-their presence; and in their absence they commit this
-care to some of their own or our servants; though all the
-companions of our voyage in general are strictly charged
-to have a watchful eye over us. Those who exceed
-their fellow-servants in vigilance are, by way of encouragement,
-permitted to make the journey again the next
-year. Otherwise they stand excluded for two years.</p>
-
-<p>“As soon as we have taken possession of our apartment,
-in comes the landlord with some of his chief
-male domestics, each with a dish of tea in his hand,
-which they present to every one of us with a low bow,
-according to his rank and dignity, and repeating, with
-a submissive, deep-fetched voice, the words, <i>ah! ah!
-ah!</i> They are all clad in their garments of ceremony,
-which they wear only upon great occasions, and have
-each a short scymetar stuck in his girdle, which they
-never quit, so long as the company stays in the house.
-This done, the necessary apparatus for smoking is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span>
-brought in, consisting of a board of wood or brass,
-though not always of the same structure, upon which
-are placed a small fire-pan with coals, a pot to spit in,
-a small box filled with tobacco cut small, and some long
-pipes with small brass heads; as also another japanned
-board, or dish, with <i>Sakana</i>,<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> that is, something to eat,
-as, for instance, several sorts of fruits, figs, nuts, several
-sorts of cakes, chiefly manjū, and rice cakes hot,
-several sorts of roots boiled in water, sweetmeats, and
-other trumperies of this kind. All these things are
-brought first into the Bugiō’s room, then into ours. As
-to other necessaries travellers may have occasion for,
-they are generally, in the case of native travellers,
-served by the house-maids. These wenches also wait at
-table, taking that opportunity to engage their guests to
-further favors. But it is quite otherwise with us; for
-even the landlords themselves and their male domestics,
-after they have presented us with a dish of tea, as
-above said, are not suffered upon any account whatever
-to enter our apartments; but whatever we want it is the
-sole business of our own servants to provide us with.</p>
-
-<p>“There are no other spitting-pots brought into the
-room but that which comes along with the tobacco. If
-there be occasion for more they make use of small pieces
-of bamboo, a hand broad and high, sawed from between
-the joints and hollowed. The candles brought in at
-night are hollow in the middle; the wick, which is of
-paper, being wound about a wooden stick before the
-tallow is laid on. For this reason, also, the candlesticks
-have a punch or bodkin at top, which the candles<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span>
-are fixed upon. They burn very quick, and make a
-great deal of smoke and smell, the oil or tallow being
-made of the berries of bay-trees, camphor-trees, and
-some others of the kind. It is somewhat odd and
-ridiculous to see the whirling motion of the ascending
-smoke followed by the flame, when the candle is taken
-off the punch at the top of the candlestick. Instead of
-lamps, they make use of small, flat, earthen vessels,
-filled with train-oil made of the fat of whales, or of oil
-made of cotton-seed. The wick is made of rush, and
-the abovesaid earthen vessel stands in another filled
-with water, or in a square lantern, that, in case the oil
-should by chance take fire, no damage may thereupon
-come to the house.</p>
-
-<p>“The Japanese, in their journeys, sit down to table
-thrice a day, besides what they eat between meals.
-They begin early in the morning and before break of
-day, at least before they set out, with a good, substantial
-breakfast; then follows dinner at noon, and the day
-is concluded with a plentiful supper at night. It being
-forbid to play at cards, they sit after meals, drinking
-and singing some songs, to make one another merry, or
-else they propose some riddles round, or play at some
-other game, and he that cannot explain the riddle, or
-loses the game, is obliged to drink a glass. It is again
-quite otherwise with us, for we sit at table and eat our
-victuals very quietly. Our cloth is laid, and the dishes
-dressed after the European manner, but by Japanese
-cooks. We are presented, besides, by the landlord,
-each with a Japanese dish. We drink European wines
-and the rice-beer of the country hot. All our diversion
-is confined, in the daytime, to the small garden which
-is behind the house; at night to the bath, in case we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span>
-please to make use of it. No other pleasure is allowed
-us, no manner of conversation with the domestics, male
-or female, excepting what, through the connivance of
-our inspectors, some of us find means to procure at
-night in private and in their own rooms.</p>
-
-<p>“When everything is ready for us to set out again,
-the landlord is called, and our president, in presence of
-the two interpreters, pays him the reckoning in gold,
-laid upon a small salver. He draws near, in a creeping
-posture, kneeling, holding his hands down to the floor,
-and when he takes the salver which the money is laid
-upon, he bows down his forehead almost quite to the
-ground, in token of submission and gratitude, uttering
-with a deep voice the words <i>ah! ah! ah!</i> whereby in
-this country inferiors show their deference and respect
-to their superiors. He then prepares to make the same
-compliment to the other Dutchmen; but our interpreters
-generally excuse him this trouble, and make him return
-in the same crawling posture. Every landlord hath two
-koban paid him for dinner, and three for supper and
-lodgings at night. For this money he is to provide
-victuals enough for our whole train, the horses, the
-men that look after them, and porters only excepted.
-The same sum is paid to the landlords in the cities,
-where we stay some days, as at Ōsaka, Miyako, and
-Yedo, namely, five koban a day, without any further
-recompense. The reason of our being kept so cheap, as
-to victuals and lodging, is because this sum was agreed
-on with our landlords a long while ago, when our train
-was not yet so bulky as it now is.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> It is a custom in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span>
-this country, which we likewise observe, that guests,
-before they quit the inn, order their servants to sweep
-the room they lodged in, not to leave any dirt, or ungrateful
-dust, behind them.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_040f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_040f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Daimyō’s Procession</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“From this reasonable behavior of the landlords, the
-reader may judge of the civility of the whole nation in
-general, always excepting our own officers and servants.
-I must own that, in the visits we made or received in
-our journey, we found the same to be greater than could
-be expected from the most civilized nations. The
-behavior of the Japanese, from the meanest countryman
-up to the greatest prince or lord, is such that the whole
-empire might be called a school of civility and good
-manners. They have so much sense and innate curiosity,
-that, if they were not absolutely denied a free and
-open conversation and correspondence with foreigners,
-they would receive them with the utmost kindness and
-pleasure. In some towns and villages only we took
-notice that the young boys, who are childish all over
-the world, would run after us, calling us names, and
-cracking some malicious jests or other, levelled at the
-Chinese, whom they take us to be. One of the most
-common, and not much different from a like sort of a
-compliment which is commonly made to Jews in Germany,
-is <i>Tōjin baibai?</i> which, in broken Chinese, signifies,
-<i>Chinese, have ye nothing to truck?</i></p>
-
-<p>“It may not be amiss to observe, that it is not an
-indifferent matter to travellers in this country what day
-they set out on their journey; for they must choose for
-their departure a fortunate day, for which purpose they
-make use of a particular table, printed in all their road-books,
-which they say hath been observed to hold true
-by a continued experience of many ages, and wherein<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span>
-are set down all the unfortunate days of every month.
-However, the most sensible of the Japanese have but
-little regard for this superstitious table, which is more
-credited by the common people, the mountain priests,
-and monks.</p>
-
-<p>“To give the more authority to this table, they say
-that it was invented by the astrologer Seimei, a man of
-great quality and very eminent in his art. King <i>Abeno
-Tashima</i> was his father, and a fox his mother, to whom
-Abeno Tashima was married upon the following occasion.
-He once happened with a servant of his to be in
-the temple of Inari, who is the god and protector of
-the foxes. Meanwhile some courtiers were hunting the
-fox without doors, in order to make use of the lungs for
-the preparation of a certain medicine. It happened
-upon this that a young fox, pursued by the hunters,
-fled into the temple, which stood open, and took shelter
-in the very bosom of Tashima. The king, unwilling to
-deliver up the poor creature to the unmerciful hunters,
-was forced to defend himself and his fox, and to repel
-force by force, wherein he behaved himself with so
-much bravery and success that, having defeated the
-hunters, he set the fox at liberty. The hunters,
-ashamed and highly offended at the courageous behavior
-of the king, seized, in the height of their resentment,
-an opportunity which offered to kill his royal father.
-Tashima mustered up all his courage and prudence to
-revenge his father’s death, and with so much success
-that he killed the traitors with his own hands. The
-fox, to return his gratitude, appeared to him, after the
-victory which he obtained over the murderers of his
-father, in the shape of a lady of incomparable beauty,
-and so fired his breast with love that he took her to his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span>
-wife. It was by her he had this son, who was endowed
-with divine wisdom, and the precious gift of prognosticating
-and foretelling things to come. Nor did he
-know that his wife had been that very fox whose life he
-saved with so much courage in the temple of Inari, till,
-soon after, her tail and other parts beginning to grow,
-she resumed by degrees her former shape.<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
-
-<p>“Seimei not only calculated the above table by the
-knowledge he had acquired of the motion and influence
-of the stars, but, as he was at the same time a perfect
-master of the cabalistic sciences, he found out certain
-words which he brought together into an <i>Uta</i>, or verse,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span>
-the repetition of which is believed to have the infallible
-virtue of keeping off all those misfortunes which, upon
-the days determined in the table to be unfortunate,
-would otherwise befall travellers,—this verse being for
-the use and satisfaction of poor ordinary servants, who
-have not leisure to accommodate themselves to the
-table, but must go when and wherever they are sent by
-their masters.”</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XXXV">CHAPTER XXXV</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>From Nagasaki to Kokura—Shimonoseki—Water Journey to Ōsaka—Description
-of that City—Its Castle—Interview with the Governors—From
-Ōsaka to Miyako—Jodo and its Castle—Fushimi—Entrance
-into Miyako—Visit to the Chief Justice and the Governors—Description
-of Miyako—Palace of the Dairi—Castle—Manufactures
-and Trade—Authority of the Chief Justice—Police—Crimes.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">At</span> coming out of Nagasaki, on his first journey to
-court (Tuesday, February 13, 1691), Kämpfer
-noticed the idol Jizō, the god of the roads and
-protector of travellers, hewn out of the rock in nine different
-places. At the next village stood another of the
-same sort, about three feet in height, on a stone pillar
-twice as high, and adorned with flowers. Two other
-smaller stone pillars, hollow at top, stood before the idol,
-upon which were placed lamps, for travellers to light in
-its honor; and at some distance stood a basin of water,
-in which to wash the hands before lighting the lamps.</p>
-
-<p>The first twelve miles’ travelling, which was very
-steep and mountainous, brought the company to the
-shores of the bay of Ōmura, which they found too
-shallow for vessels of size; but by crossing it in boats,
-furnished by the prince of Ōmura, each rowed by fourteen
-watermen, they saved a distance of ten miles or
-more. The distance across was thirty miles. The town
-of Ōmura was seen on the right at the head of the bay,
-and beyond it a smoking mountain. The shells of this
-bay were reported to yield pearls.<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span></p>
-
-<p>The second day (Wednesday, February 14) they
-passed an old camphor-tree, estimated to be thirty-six
-feet in circumference, and hollow within.<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> At Shiwota,
-where they dined, a seaport on the gulf of Shimabara,
-was a manufactory of large earthen pots, used by vessels
-as water-cakes, and also of china ware, made of a
-whitish, fat clay, abundant in that neighborhood. The
-same day they visited a hot spring, much frequented
-for its medicinal effects, and provided with accommodations
-for bathing. There are several others in the
-neighborhood.<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
-
-<p>Saga, the capital of the province of Hizen, through
-which they passed the next day (Thursday, February
-15), without stopping, was found to be a considerable
-place, situated not far from the western border of the
-province, near the head of the bay of Shimabara. “The
-city,” says Kämpfer, “is very large, but extends more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span>
-in length than in breadth. It is exceedingly populous.
-Both going in and coming out we found strong guards
-at the gates. It is enclosed with walls, but more for
-state than defence. The prince or petty king of this
-province resides here in a large castle, which commands
-the city. The streets are large, with streams of water
-flowing through them. The houses are but sorry and
-low, and in the chief streets fitted up for manufacturers
-and shopkeepers. The inhabitants are very short, but
-well shaped, particularly the women, who are handsomer,
-I think, than in any other Asiatic country, but
-so much painted that one would be apt to take them for
-wax figures rather than living creatures. Many were
-noticed who seemed little more than girls, yet evidently
-the mothers of several children. These women of Hizen
-have the reputation of being the handsomest in Japan,
-next to those of Miyako. This province, though less
-wealthy than that of Satsuma, is reputed to be about
-the most fertile in all Japan, being particularly famous
-for its rice, of which it produces ten different sorts or
-qualities, one of which is reserved for the special use of
-the emperor. The rice-fields were observed to be bordered
-with tea-shrubs about six feet high; but as they
-were stripped of their leaves, they made but a naked
-and sorry appearance.”</p>
-
-<p>In the afternoon our travellers passed into the province
-of Chikugo, and having traversed a small but very
-pleasant wood of firs,—a rare sight in the flat parts of
-the country,—they saw at a distance the castle of
-Kurume, the residence of the prince of the province.<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span>
-Friday, February 16, mountains were encountered,
-which they passed in kago, as the road was too steep
-for horseback-riding. This country, forming a part of
-the province of Chikuzen, struck Kämpfer as not
-unlike some mountainous and woody parts of Germany,
-but no cattle were seen grazing, except a few cows and
-horses for carriage and ploughing. The people were
-less handsome than those of Hizen, but extremely civil.</p>
-
-<p>The next day (February 17), after passing, in the
-afternoon, some coal-mines, whence the neighborhood
-was supplied with fuel, they reached Kokura, capital
-of the province of Buzen, once a large town, but now
-much decayed. It had a large castle of freestone, with
-a few cannon and a tower of six stories, the usual sign
-of princely residences. A river passed through the
-town, crossed by a bridge near two hundred yards long,
-but it was too shallow to admit vessels of any size. At
-least one hundred small boats were drawn up on the
-banks. On leaving their inn where they had stopped
-to dine, the Dutch found the square in front of it, as
-well as the bridge, crowded with upwards of a thousand
-spectators, chiefly ordinary people, who had collected
-to see them, and who knelt in profound silence, without
-motion or noise. The distance of this place from
-Nagasaki was reckoned at fifty-five Japanese miles, and
-had consumed five days.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i_048f" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_048f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Image of Jizō</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Embarking in boats, the Dutch travellers crossed the
-strait which separates Shimo from Nippon, narrower
-here than anywhere else, less than three miles wide,
-though the town of Shimonoseki, which gives its name
-to the strait, being situated at the bottom of an inlet, is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span>
-near twelve miles from Kokura. This town, in the
-province of Nagato, consisted of four or five hundred
-houses, built chiefly on both sides of one long street,
-with a few smaller ones terminating in it. It is full
-of shops for selling provisions and stores to the ships,
-which daily put in for shelter or supplies, and of which
-not less than two hundred were seen at anchor. It
-also had a temple to Amida, built to appease the ghost
-of a young prince of the family of Heishi, so celebrated
-in the legendary annals of the Japanese, whose nurse,
-with the boy in her arms, is said to have thrown herself
-headlong into the strait to avoid capture by his father’s
-enemies, at the time of the ruin of that family.</p>
-
-<p>The voyage from Shimonoseki to Ōsaka was reckoned
-at one hundred and thirty-four Japanese water-miles,
-and was made in six days, the vessel coming to anchor
-every night in good harbors, with which the coast
-abounds. This voyage lay first through the strait
-between Shimo and Nippon, and then through the
-strait or sea between Nippon and Shikoku, which was
-full of islands, some cultivated, others mere rocks. On
-the main land on either side snow-covered mountains
-were visible. The barge could proceed no further than
-Hyōgo, a city of the province Settsu, nearly as large as
-Nagasaki. Here the company embarked in small boats
-for Ōsaka. As they passed along they saw at a distance
-the imperial city of Sakai, three or four Japanese miles
-south from Ōsaka. The description of Ōsaka, and of
-the journey thence to Miyako, is thus given by Kämpfer:</p>
-
-<p>“Ōsaka, one of the five imperial cities, is agreeably
-seated in the province of Settsu, in a fruitful plain, and
-on the banks of a navigable river. At the east end is a
-strong castle; and at the western end, two strong,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span>
-stately guard-houses, which separate it from its suburbs.
-Its length from these suburbs to the above-mentioned
-castle is between three and four thousand yards. Its
-breadth is somewhat less. The river Yodogawa runs
-on the north side, and below the city falls into the sea.
-This river rises a day and a half’s journey to the northeast,
-out of a midland lake in the province of Ōmi,
-which, according to Japanese histories, arose in one night,
-that spot which it now fills being sunk in a violent earthquake.
-Coming out of this lake, it runs by the small
-towns Uji and Yodo, from which latter it borrows its
-name, and so continues down to Ōsaka. About a mile
-before it comes to this city, it sends off one of its arms
-straight to the sea. This want, if any, is supplied by
-two other rivers, both which flow into it just above the
-city, on the north side of the castle, where there are
-stately bridges over them. The united stream having
-washed one third of the city, part of its waters are conveyed
-through a broad canal to supply the south part,
-which is also the larger, and that where the richest inhabitants
-live. For this purpose several smaller channels
-cut from the large one, pass through some of the
-chief streets, deep enough to be navigable for small boats,
-which bring goods to the merchant’s doors—though
-some are muddy, and not too clean, for want of a sufficient
-quantity and run of water. Upwards of an hundred
-bridges, many extraordinarily beautiful, are built
-over them.</p>
-
-<p>“A little below the coming out of the above-mentioned
-canal another arm arises on the north side of the great
-stream, which is shallow and not navigable, but runs
-down westward, with great rapidity, till it loses itself in
-the sea. The middle and great stream still continues<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span>
-its course through the city, at the lower end whereof it
-turns westward, and having supplied the suburbs and
-villages which lie without the city, by many lateral
-branches, at last loses itself in the sea through several
-mouths. This river is narrow, indeed, but deep and
-navigable. From its mouth up as far as Ōsaka, and
-higher, there are seldom less than a thousand boats
-going up and down, some with merchants, others with
-the princes and lords who live to the west, on their way
-to and from Yedo. The banks are raised on both sides
-into ten or more steps, coarsely hewn of freestone, so
-that they look like one continued stairs, and one may
-land wherever he pleases. Stately bridges are laid over
-the river at every three or four hundred paces’ distance.
-They are built of cedar wood, and are railed on both sides,
-some of the rails being adorned at top with brass buttons.
-I counted in all ten such bridges, three whereof were
-particularly remarkable, because of their length, being
-laid over the great arm of the river where it is broadest.</p>
-
-<p>“The streets, in the main, are narrow but regular,
-cutting each other at right angles. From this regularity,
-however, we must except that part of the city which
-lies towards the sea, because the streets there run along
-the several branches of the river. The streets are very
-neat, though not paved. However, for the conveniency
-of walking, there is a small pavement of square stones
-along the houses on each side of the street. At the end
-of every street are strong gates, which are shut at night,
-when nobody is suffered to pass from one street to another
-without special leave and a passport from the
-Otona, or street officer. There is also in every street a
-place railed in, where they keep all the necessary instruments
-in case of fire. Not far from it is a covered well,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span>
-for the same purpose. The houses are, according to the
-custom of the country, not above two stories high, each
-story of nine or twelve feet. They are built of wood,
-lime, and clay. The front offers to the spectator’s eye
-the door, and a shop where the merchants sell their
-goods, or else an open room where artificers, openly and
-in everybody’s sight, exercise their trade. From the
-upper end of the shop or room hangs down a piece of
-black cloth, partly for ornament, partly to defend them
-in some measure from the wind and weather. At the
-same place hang some fine patterns of what is sold in
-the shop. The roof is flat, and in good houses covered
-with black tiles laid in lime. The roofs of ordinary
-houses are covered only with shavings of wood. Within
-doors all the houses are kept clean and neat to admiration.
-The staircases, rails, and all the wainscoting,
-are varnished. The floors are covered with neat mats.
-The rooms are separated from each other by screens,
-upon removal of which several small rooms may be enlarged
-into one, or the contrary done if needful. The
-walls are hung with shining paper, curiously painted
-with gold and silver flowers. The upper part of the
-wall, for some inches down from the ceiling, is commonly
-left empty, and only clayed with an orange-colored
-clay, which is dug up about this city, and is,
-because of its beautiful color, exported into other provinces.
-The mats, doors, and screens are all of the same
-size, six Japanese feet long and three broad. The houses
-themselves, and their several rooms, are built proportionably
-according to a certain number of mats, more or
-less. There is commonly a curious garden behind the
-house, such as I have described elsewhere. Behind the
-garden is the bathing-stove, and sometimes a vault, or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span>
-rather a small room, with strong walls of clay and lime,
-to preserve, in case of fire, the richest household goods
-and furniture.</p>
-
-<p>“Ōsaka is extremely populous, and if we believe
-what the boasting Japanese tell us, can raise an army
-of eighty thousand men from among its inhabitants. It
-is the best trading town in Japan, being extraordinarily
-well situated for carrying on a commerce both by land
-and water. This is the reason why it is so well inhabited
-by rich merchants, artificers and manufacturers.
-Provisions are cheap, notwithstanding the city is so well
-peopled. Whatever tends to promote luxury, and to
-gratify all sensual pleasures, may be had at as easy a
-rate here as anywhere, and for this reason the Japanese
-call Ōsaka the universal theatre of pleasures and diversions.
-Plays are to be seen daily, both in public and in
-private houses. Mountebanks, jugglers, who can show
-some artful tricks, and all the raree-show people who
-have either some uncommon, or monstrous animal to
-exhibit, or animals taught to play tricks, resort thither
-from all parts of the empire, being sure to get a better
-penny here than anywhere else.<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> Hence it is no wonder
-that numbers of strangers and travellers daily resort
-thither, chiefly rich people, as to a place where they can<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span>
-spend their time and money with much greater satisfaction
-than perhaps anywhere else in the empire. The
-western princes and lords on this side Ōsaka all have
-houses in this city, and people to attend them in their
-passage through, and yet they are not permitted to stay
-longer than a night, besides that upon their departure
-they are obliged to follow a road entirely out of sight of
-the castle.</p>
-
-<p>“The water which is drank at Ōsaka tastes a little
-brackish; but in lieu of thereof they have the best sake
-in the empire, which is brewed in great quantities in the
-neighboring village, Tennōji, and from thence exported
-into most other provinces, nay, by the Dutch and Chinese,
-out of the country.</p>
-
-<p>“On the east side of the city, in a large plain, lies
-the famous castle built by Taikō-Sama [Toyotomi Hideyoshi].
-Going up to Miyako we pass by it. It is square,
-about an hour’s walking in circumference, and strongly
-fortified with round bastions, according to the military
-architecture of the country. After the castle of Higo,
-it hath not its superior in extent, magnificence, and
-strength, throughout the whole empire. On the north
-side it is defended by the river Yodogawa, which
-washes its walls. On the east side its walls are washed
-by a tributary river, on the opposite bank of which lies
-a great garden belonging to the castle. The south and
-west sides border upon the city. The moles, or buttresses,
-which support the outward wall, are of an uncommon
-bigness, I believe at least forty-two feet thick.
-They are built to support a high, strong brick wall, lined
-with freestone, which at its upper end is planted with
-a row of firs or cedars.</p>
-
-<p>“The day after our arrival (Sunday, February 25) we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span>
-were admitted to an audience of the governor of the
-city, to which we were carried in kago, attended by our
-whole train of interpreters and other officers. It is half
-an hour’s walking from our inn to the governor’s palace,
-which lies at the end of the city in a square opposite
-the castle. Just before the house we stepped out of our
-kago, and put on each a silk cloak, which is reckoned
-equal to the garment of ceremony which the Japanese
-wear on these occasions. Through a passage thirty
-paces long we came into the hall, or guard-house, where
-we were received by two of the governor’s gentlemen,
-who very civilly desired us to sit down. Four soldiers
-stood upon duty on our left as we came in, and next to
-them we found eight other officers of the governor’s
-court, all sitting upon their knees and ankles. The
-wall on our right was hung with arms, ranged in a
-proper order, fifteen halberds on one side, twenty lances
-in the middle, and nineteen pikes on the other; the
-latter were adorned at the upper end with fringes.
-Hence we were conducted by two of the governor’s
-secretaries through four rooms (which, however, upon
-removing the screens, might have been enlarged into
-one) into the hall of audience. I took notice, as we
-came by, that the walls were hung and adorned with
-bows, with sabres and scymitars, as also with some fire-arms,
-kept in rich black varnished cases.</p>
-
-<p>“In the hall of audience, where there were seven of
-the governor’s gentlemen sitting, the two secretaries sat
-down at three paces’ distance from us, and treated us
-with tea, carrying on a very civil conversation with us
-till the governor appeared, as he soon did, with two of
-his sons, one seventeen, the other eighteen years of age,
-and sat down at ten paces’ distance in another room,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span>
-which was laid open towards the hall of audience by
-removing three lattices, through which he spoke to us.</p>
-
-<p>“He seemed to be about forty years of age, middle-sized,
-strong, active, of a manly countenance and broad-faced;
-very civil in his conversation, and speaking with
-a great deal of softness and modesty. He was but
-meanly clad in black, and wore a gray garment of ceremony
-over his dress. He wore, also, but one ordinary
-scymitar. His conversation turned chiefly upon the
-following points: That the weather was now very cold;
-that we had made a very great journey; that it was a
-singular favor to be admitted into the emperor’s presence;
-that, of all nations in the world, only the Dutch
-were allowed this honor.</p>
-
-<p>“He promised us that, since the chief justice of
-Miyako, whose business it is to give us the necessary
-passports for our journey to court, was not yet returned
-from Yedo, he would give us his own passports, which
-would be full as valid, and that we might send for them
-the next morning. He also assured us that he was very
-willing to assist us with horses and whatever else we
-might stand in need of for continuing our journey.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i_056f" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_056f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">An Ancient Warrior</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“On our side, we returned him thanks for his kind
-offers, and desired that he would be pleased to accept of
-a small present, consisting of some pieces of silk stuffs,
-as an acknowledgment of our gratitude. We also made
-some presents to the two secretaries or stewards of his
-household; and, having taken our leave, were by them
-conducted back to the guard-house. Here we took our
-leave also of them, and returned through the above-mentioned
-passage back to our kago. Our interpreters
-permitted us to walk a little way, which gave us an
-opportunity to view the outside of the above-described<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span>
-famous castle. We then entered our kago and were
-carried back through another long street to our inn.</p>
-
-<p>“Wednesday, February 28, we set out by break of
-day on our journey to Miyako, because we intended to
-reach that place the same day, it being but thirteen
-Japanese miles, or a good day’s journey, distant from
-Ōsaka, out of which we came by the Kyōbashi, or bridge
-to Miyako, which crosses the river just below the castle.
-We then travelled about a mile through muddy rice-fields
-riding along a low dike raised on the banks of the
-river Yodogawa, which we had on our left. Multitudes
-of Tsadanil (?) trees, which grow as tall in this country
-as oaks do with us, were planted along it. It had then
-no leaves, because of the winter season, but its branches
-hung full of a yellow fruit, out of which the natives
-prepare an oil. The country hereabouts is extraordinarily
-well inhabited, and the many villages along the road
-are so near each other that there wants little towards
-making it one continued street from Ōsaka to Miyako.</p>
-
-<p>“The small but famous city, Yodo, is entirely enclosed
-with water, and hath besides several canals cut
-through the town, all derived from the arms of the river
-which encompasses it. The suburbs consist of one long
-street, across which we rode to a stately wooden bridge,
-called Yodobashi, four hundred paces long, and supported
-by forty arches, to which answer so many ballisters,
-adorned at the upper end with brass buttons. At
-the end of this bridge is a single well-guarded gate,
-through which we entered the city. The city itself is
-very pleasant and agreeably situated, and hath very
-good houses, though but few streets, which cut each
-other at right angles, running some south, some east.
-Abundance of artificers and handicraftsmen live at Yodo.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span>
-On the west side lies the castle, built of brick, in the
-middle of the river, with stately towers several stories
-high at each corner, and in the middle of its walls.
-Coming out of Yodo, we again passed over a bridge two
-hundred paces long, supported by twenty arches, which
-brought us into a suburb, at the end of which was a
-strong guard-house.</p>
-
-<p>“After about two hours’ riding we came, at two in
-the afternoon, to Fushimi. This is a small, open town,
-or rather village, of a few streets, of which the middle
-and chief reaches as far as Miyako, and is contiguous to
-the streets of that capital, insomuch that Fushimi might
-be called the suburbs of Miyako, the rather since this
-last city is not at all enclosed with walls. It was to-day
-Tsuitachi with the Japanese, that is, the first day of
-the month, which they keep as a Sunday or holiday,
-visiting the temples, walking into the fields, and following
-all manner of diversions. Accordingly we found
-this street, along which we rode for full four hours
-before we got to our inn, crowded with multitudes
-of the inhabitants of Miyako, walking out of the city to
-take the air, and to visit the neighboring temples. Particularly
-the women were all on this occasion richly
-apparelled in variously colored gowns, wearing a purple-colored
-silk about the forehead, and large straw hats to
-defend themselves from the heat of the sun. We likewise
-met some particular sorts of beggars, comically
-clad, and some masked in a very ridiculous manner.
-Not a few walked upon iron stilts; others carried large
-pots with green trees upon their heads; some were
-singing, some whistling, some fluting, others beating of
-bells. All along the street we saw multitudes of open
-shops, jugglers and players diverting the crowd.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span></p>
-
-<p>“The temples which we had on our right as we went
-up, built in the ascent of the neighboring green hills,
-were illuminated with many lamps, and the priests,
-beating some bells with iron hammers, made such a
-noise as could be heard at a considerable distance. I
-took notice of a large, white dog, perhaps made of
-plaster, which stood upon an altar on our left, in a
-neatly-adorned chapel or small temple, which was consecrated
-to the Patron of the dogs. We reached our
-inn at Miyako at six in the evening, and were forthwith
-carried up one pair of stairs into our apartments, which
-in some measure, I thought, might be compared to the
-Westphalian smoking rooms, wherein they smoke their
-beef and bacon.</p>
-
-<p>“We had travelled to-day through a very fruitful
-country, mostly through rice-fields, wherein we saw
-great flocks of wild ducks, if they deserve to be so
-called, being so very tame that no travelling company
-approaching will fright them away. We took notice
-also of several large, white herons, some swans, and
-some few storks, looking for their food in the morassy
-fields. We likewise saw the peasants ploughing with
-black oxen, which seemed to be lean, poor beasts, but
-are said to work well.</p>
-
-<p>“February 29, early in the morning, we sent the
-presents for the chief justice and the governors to their
-palaces, laid, according to the country fashion, upon
-particular small tables made of fir, and kept for no
-other use but this. We followed soon after, about
-ten in the forenoon, in kago. Their palaces were at
-the west end of the city, opposite the castle of the Dairi.
-We were conducted through a court-yard, twenty paces
-broad, into the hall or fore-room of the house, which is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span>
-called <i>Ban</i>, or the chief guard, and is the rendezvous
-of numbers of clerks, inspectors, etc. Hence we were
-taken, through two other rooms, into a third, where
-they desired us to sit down. Soon after came in his
-lordship’s steward, an old gentleman who seemed upwards
-of sixty years of age, clad in a gray or ash-colored
-honor-gown, who seated himself at about four paces
-from us, in order to receive, in his master’s name, both
-our compliments and presents, which stood in the same
-room, laid out in a becoming order. They consisted
-of a flask of Tent wine, besides twenty pieces of silk,
-woollen, and linen stuffs. The steward having very
-civilly returned us thanks for our presents, boxes with
-tobacco and pipes and proper utensils for smoking were
-set before us, and a dish of tea was presented to each
-of us by a servant, at three different times, the steward
-and the chief gentlemen pressing us to drink. Having
-stayed about a quarter of an hour, we took our leave, and
-were conducted by the steward himself to the door of
-their room, and thence by other officers back to the gate.</p>
-
-<p>“This first visit being over, we walked thence on foot
-to the palace of the commanding governor, who was but
-lately arrived from Yedo. Some sentinels stood upon
-duty at the gate, and in the <i>ban</i>, or hall, we found very
-near fifty people besides some young boys, neatly clad,
-all sitting in very good order. Through this hall we
-were conducted into a side apartment, where we were
-civilly received by the two secretaries, both elderly men,
-and were treated with tea, sugar, etc.; receiving, also,
-repeated assurances that we should be soon admitted
-into the governor’s presence.</p>
-
-<p>“Having stayed full half an hour in this room, we were
-conducted into another, where, after a little while, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span>
-lattices of two screens being suddenly opened just over
-against us, the governor appeared, sitting at fourteen
-paces distant. He wore, as usual, a garment of ceremony
-over his black dress. He seemed to be about
-thirty-six years of age, of a strong, lusty constitution,
-and showed in his countenance and whole behavior a good
-deal of pride and vanity. After a short conversation
-we desired that he would be pleased to accept of our
-small present, consisting of twelve pieces of stuffs,
-which lay upon a table, or salver, in the manner above
-described. He thereupon bowed a little, to return us
-thanks, and putting himself in a rising posture, the
-two lattices were let down forthwith, in a very comical
-manner. But we were desired to stay a little while
-longer, that the ladies—who were in a neighboring
-room, behind a paper screen pierced with holes—might
-have an opportunity of contemplating us and our foreign
-dress. Our president was desired to show them his hat,
-sword, watch, and several other things he had about
-him, as also to take off his cloak, that they might have
-a full view of his dress, both before and behind. Having
-stayed about an hour in the house of this governor,
-we were conducted by the two secretaries back to the
-hall, or chief guard, and thence by two inferior officers
-into the yard.</p>
-
-<p>“It being fair weather, we resolved to walk on foot
-to the house of the other governor, some hundred paces
-distant. We were received there much after the manner
-above described. After we had been treated in the <i>ban</i>
-with tea and tobacco, as usual, we were conducted,
-through several rooms, into the hall of audience, which
-was richly furnished, and, amongst other things, adorned
-with a cabinet filled with bows and arrows, small<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span>
-fire-arms, guns and pistols, kept in black varnished cases.
-These, and other arms, we took notice, were hung up
-in several other rooms through which we passed, much
-after the same manner as in the governor’s house at
-Ōsaka. On one side the hall we took notice of two
-screens, pierced with holes, behind which sat some
-women, whom the curiosity of seeing people from so
-remote a part of the world had drawn thither. We had
-scarce sat down, when the governor appeared, and sat
-himself down at ten paces from us. He was clad in
-black, as usual, with a garment of ceremony. He was
-a gray man, almost sixty years of age, but of a good
-complexion, and very handsome. He bade us welcome,
-showed in his whole behavior a great deal of civility,
-and received our presents kindly, and with seeming
-great satisfaction. Our chief interpreter took this opportunity
-to make the governor, as his old acquaintance,
-some private presents in his own name, consisting of
-some European glasses, and, in the mean time, to beg a
-favor for his deputy’s interpreter’s son. Having taken
-our leave, we returned to our kago, and were carried
-home to our inn, where we arrived at one in the afternoon.</p>
-
-<p>“Kiō, or Miyako, signifies in Japanese, a city.
-(Klaproth says, great temple or palace.) It lies in the
-province Yamato<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> in a large plain, and is, from north
-to south, three English miles long, and two broad from
-east to west, surrounded with pleasant green hills and
-mountains, from which arise numbers of small rivers
-and agreeable streams. The city comes nearest the
-mountains on the east side, where there are numerous
-temples, monasteries, chapels, and other religious buildings,
-standing in the ascent. Three shallow rivers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span>
-enter, or run by it, on that side. The chief and largest
-comes out of the Lake Ōtsu;<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> the other two from the
-neighboring mountains. They come together about the
-middle of the city, where the united stream is crossed
-by a large bridge, two hundred paces long. The Dairi,
-with his family and court, resides on the north side
-of the city, in a particular part or ward, consisting of
-twelve or thirteen streets, separated from the rest by
-walls and ditches. In the western part of the town is
-a strong castle of freestone, built by one of the hereditary
-emperors, for the security of his person during the
-civil wars. At present it serves to lodge the Kubō, or
-actual monarch, when he comes to visit the Dairi. It
-is upwards of a thousand feet long where longest; a
-deep ditch, filled with water, and walled in, surrounds
-it, and is enclosed itself by a broad empty space, or dry
-ditch. In the middle of this castle there is, as usual,
-a square tower, several stories high. In the ditch are
-kept a particular sort of delicious carps, some of which
-were presented this evening to our interpreter. A
-small garrison guards the castle, under the command
-of a captain.</p>
-
-<p>“The streets of Miyako are narrow, but all regular,
-running some south, some east. Being at one end of a
-great street, it is impossible to reach the other with the
-eye, because of their extraordinary length, the dust, and
-the multitude of people. The houses are, generally
-speaking, narrow, only two stories high, built of wood,
-lime, and clay, according to the country fashion.</p>
-
-<p>“Miyako is the great magazine of all Japanese manufactures
-and commodities, and the chief mercantile town
-in the empire. There is scarce a house in this large<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span>
-capital where there is not something made or sold.
-Here they refine copper, coin money, print books,
-weave the richest stuffs, with gold and silver flowers.
-The best and scarcest dyes, the most artful carvings,
-all sorts of musical instruments, pictures, japanned
-cabinets, all sorts of things wrought in gold and other
-metals, particularly in steel, as the best tempered
-blades, and other arms, are made here in the utmost
-perfection, as are, also, the richest dresses, and after
-the best fashion, all sorts of toys, puppets, moving
-their heads of themselves, and, in short, there is nothing
-can be thought of but what may be found at Miyako,
-and nothing, though never so neatly wrought, can be
-imported from abroad, but what some artist or other in
-this capital will undertake to imitate it. Considering
-this, it is no wonder that the manufactures of Miyako
-are become so famous throughout the empire as to be
-easily preferred to all others (though, perhaps, inferior
-in some particulars), only because they have the name
-of being made there. There are but few houses in all
-the chief streets where there is not something to be
-sold, and, for my part, I could not help admiring
-whence they can have customers enough for such an
-immense quantity of goods. ’Tis true, indeed, there
-is scarce anybody passes through but what buys something
-or other of the manufactures of this city, either
-for his own use, or for presents to be made to his friends
-and relations.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i_064f" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_064f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">An Archer</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“The lord chief justice resides at Miyako, a man of
-great power and authority, as having the supreme command,
-under the emperor, of all the bugiō, governors,
-stewards, and other officers, who are any ways concerned
-in the government of the imperial cities, crown lands<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span>
-and tenements, in all the western provinces of the
-empire. Even the western princes themselves must,
-in some measure, depend on him, and have a great
-regard to his person as a mediator and compounder of
-quarrels and difficulties that may arise between them.
-Nobody is suffered to pass through Arai and Hakone,
-two of the most important passes, and, in a manner, the
-keys of the imperial capital and court, without a passport,
-signed by his hand.</p>
-
-<p>“The political government and regulation of the
-streets is the same at Miyako as it is at Ōsaka and
-Nagasaki. The number of inhabitants of Miyako, in
-the year of our visit, will appear by the following <i>Aratame</i><a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
-(exclusive, however, of those who live in the
-castle and at the Dairi’s court).”</p>
-
-<table class="standard" summary="">
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Negi (persons attending the Shintō temples)</td>
-<td class="tdr">9,003</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Yamabushi (mountain priests)</td>
-<td class="tdr">6,073</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Shukke (ecclesiastics of the Buddhist religion)</td>
-<td class="tdr">37,093</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Buddhist laymen, of four principal and eight
-inferior sects or observances<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></td>
-<td class="tdr">477,557</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Tera (Buddhist temples)</td>
-<td class="tdr">3,893
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Miya (Shintō temples)</td>
-<td class="tdr">2,127</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Shokoku Daimyō Yashiki (palaces and houses
-of the princes and lords of the empire)</td>
-<td class="tdr">137</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Machi (streets)</td>
-<td class="tdr">1,858</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Ken (houses)</td>
-<td class="tdr">138,979</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Hashi (bridges)</td>
-<td class="tdrb">87</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XXXVI">CHAPTER XXXVI</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>Lake Ōtsu—Mount Hiei[zan]—Japanese Legends—A Japanese Patent
-Medicine—Kwannon—Miya—Arai—Policy of the Emperors—Kakegawa—A
-Town on Fire—Suruga—Kunō—Passage of a
-Rapid River—Fuji-no-jama, or Mount Fuji—Crossing the Peninsula
-of Izu—Second Searching Place—Purgatory Lake—Odawara—Coast
-of the Bay of Yedo—A Live Saint—Kanagawa—Shinagawa—Yedo—Imperial
-Castles and Palace.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Kämpfer</span> and his company left Miyako Friday,
-March 2, and, after a journey of eight or nine
-miles, during which they saw a high mountain
-towards the south, covered with snow, they reached
-Ōtsu, a town of a thousand houses, where they lodged.
-This town lies at the southwestern extremity of the
-large fresh-water lake of the same name, already mentioned.<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
-
-<p>On the southeastern shore of this lake, which abounds
-with fish and fowl, lies the famous mountain Hieizan (by
-interpretation Fair-hill), covered with Buddhist monasteries,
-and near it were seen other mountains, covered
-with snow, and extending along the lake shore. Shortly
-after leaving Ōtsu, the Yodogawa, one of the outlets of
-the lake, was crossed upon a bridge, supported at the
-extremities by stone columns, of which the following
-legend is told. These columns were in old times possessed
-by an evil spirit, which very much molested<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span>
-travellers, as well as the inhabitants of the village. It
-happened one day that the famous saint and apostle,
-Kōshi,<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> travelling that way, all the people of the neighborhood
-earnestly entreated him to deliver them by his
-miraculous power from this insufferable evil, and to cast
-this devil out of the columns. The Japanese, a people
-superstitious to excess, expected that he would use a
-good many prayers and ceremonies, but found, to their
-utmost surprise, that he only took off the dirty cloth
-which he wore about his waist, and tied it about the
-column. Perceiving how much they were amazed,
-Kōshi addressed them in these words: “Friends,” said
-he, “it is in vain you expect that I should make use
-of many ceremonies. Ceremonies will never cast out
-devils; faith must do it, and it is only by faith that I
-perform miracles.” “A remarkable saying,” exclaims
-Kämpfer, “in the mouth of a heathen teacher!”</p>
-
-<p>Umenoki, a village through which they next passed,
-was famous for the sole manufacture of a medicine of
-great repute, found out by a poor but pious man, to
-whom the god Yakushi, the protector of physic and
-physicians, revealed in a dream the ingredients, which
-are certain bitter herbs growing upon the neighboring
-mountains. This story helped the sale of the medicine,
-by which the inventor soon grew very rich, so that he
-was not only able to build a fine house for himself
-but also a small temple, opposite his shop, and highly
-adorned, in honor of the god who had given him the
-receipt, whose statue, richly gilt, was to be seen there,
-standing on a <i>Tarate</i> [?] flower, and with half a large
-cockle-shell over his head.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span></p>
-
-<p>The next day (Sunday, March 4) the Dutch travellers
-crossed the Tsuchi Yama, a mountain ridge, so steep
-that its descent was like that of a winding staircase cut
-out in the face of the precipice. On this mountain were
-many temples, and in this neighborhood vast crowds of
-pilgrims were encountered, bound to Ise, situate some
-forty miles to the south. The travellers struck the
-seacoast at Yokkaichi, a town of a thousand houses,
-whose inhabitants were partly supported by fishing,
-and the next day (Monday, the 5th), after about
-nine miles’ travel, they entered the city of Kuwana,
-in the province of Owari, situated at the head of a
-deep bay. It consisted of three parts, like so many
-different towns. The first and third parts were enclosed
-by high walls and ditches. The other part was
-entirely surrounded by water, the country being flat
-and full of rivers. The castle, washed on three sides
-by the sea, was separated from the town by a deep ditch
-with draw-bridges.</p>
-
-<p>From Kuwana they proceeded by water to Miya,
-present Atsuta, some fifteen miles distant. The head
-of the bay was very shallow, and the boats were pushed
-through mud-banks. Miya, though not so large as
-Kuwana, consisted of two thousand houses, with two
-spacious castles, one of them for size and strength
-reckoned the third in Japan. There were two temples,
-in one of which are preserved three, in the other eight,
-miraculous swords, used by the race of demigods who
-were the first inhabitants of Japan.</p>
-
-<p>Tuesday, March 6, the travellers dined at Okasaki,
-a town of fifteen hundred houses, with a strong castle
-situate on the shores of the same bay. The country
-travelled through was a fertile plain along the foot of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span>
-a range of mountains, the shores of which, beyond
-Okasaki, extended to the sea.</p>
-
-<p>The next day (Wednesday, March 7) they passed
-through several considerable places, of which Yoshida,
-present Toyohashi, with a castle and about a thousand
-small houses, was the most considerable. Arai, twelve
-or fifteen miles distant, was a town of about four hundred
-houses, situate not far from the sea, at the inland
-extremity of a harbor called Sao, narrow at its entrance,
-but spreading out within. Arai was the seat of certain
-imperial commissioners appointed to search the goods
-and baggage of all travellers, but particularly of the
-princes of the empire, that no women nor arms might
-pass. “This,” says Kämpfer, “is one of the political
-maxims which the now reigning emperors have found
-it necessary to practise in order to secure to themselves
-the peaceable possession of the throne; for the wives
-and female children of all the princes of the empire are
-kept at Yedo, as hostages of the fidelity of their husbands
-and parents. And as to the exportation of arms, an
-effectual stop has been put to that, lest, if exported in
-any considerable quantities, some of those princes might
-take it into their heads to raise rebellions against the
-government as now established.”</p>
-
-<p>The harbor of Sao was crossed in boats, on the other
-side of which the road led through a flat country, rather
-thinly inhabited. They slept that night at Hamamatsu,
-a town of several hundred inferior houses, with a large
-castle. The next day (Thursday, March 8), travelling
-on through a beautiful plain, in the afternoon they
-reached the town of Kakegawa; as they were passing
-through which, a fire broke out, occasioned by the boiling
-over of an oil kettle. Perceiving only a thick cloud<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span>
-behind them, they thought a storm was coming on, but
-were soon involved in such a cloud of smoke and heat
-as to be obliged to ride on at a gallop. Having reached
-a little eminence, on looking back, the whole town
-seemed on fire. Nothing appeared through the smoke
-and flames but the upper part of the castle tower. They
-found, however, on their return, some weeks after, that
-the damage was less than they had expected, more than
-half the town having escaped.</p>
-
-<p>It was necessary, shortly after, for the travellers to
-take kago to cross a steep mountain, descending from
-which they were obliged to ford the river Ōigawa, proverbial
-throughout Japan for its force and rapidity and
-the rolling stones in its bed, but just then at a very low
-stage. The road thence to Shimada, a small town where
-they lodged, was close to the sea, but through a barren
-country, the mountains approaching close to the shore.</p>
-
-<p>The next day (Friday, March 9) brought them, most
-of the way through a flat, well-cultivated country, to
-the city of Suruga, capital of the province of that name.
-The streets, broad and regular, crossed each other at
-right angles, and were full of well-furnished shops.
-Paper stuffs, curiously flowered, for hats, baskets,
-boxes, etc., also various manufactures of split and
-twisted reeds, and all sorts of lackered ware, were
-made here. There was also a mint here, as well as at
-Miyako and Yedo, where koban and ichibu were coined.
-It had a castle of freestone, well defended with ditches
-and high walls.</p>
-
-<p>A few miles from Suruga were kept certain war-junks
-for the defence of the bay of Tōtōmi; and just
-beyond, upon a high mountain, stood the fortress of
-Kunō, esteemed by the Japanese impregnable. It was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span>
-built to contain the imperial treasures, but they had
-since been removed to Yedo.</p>
-
-<p>In the course of the next day (Saturday, March 10)
-the road turned inland, in order to cross the great river
-Fujigawa, which enters into the head of the bay, taking
-its rise in the high, snowy mountain Fuji-no-Yama.<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> It
-was crossed in flat broad-bottomed boats, constructed of
-thin planks, so as on striking the rocks to yield and slip
-over. The mountain Fuji, whence this river takes its
-rise and name, towers in a conical form above all the
-surrounding hills, and is seen at a great distance. It is
-ascended for the worship of the Japanese god of the
-winds, to whom the Yamabushi, or mountain priests,
-are consecrated, and who frequently repeat the words
-<i>Fuji Yama</i>,, in discoursing or begging. It takes three
-days to ascend this mountain; but the descent can be
-made, so Kämpfer was told, in three hours, by the help
-of sledges of reeds or straw, tied about the waist, by
-means of which one may glide down over the snow in
-winter and the sand in summer, it being surprisingly
-smooth and even. Japanese poets cannot find words,
-Kämpfer tells us, nor Japanese painters colors, in which
-to represent this mountain as they think it deserves.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp90" id="i_072f" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_072f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Kitchen, showing Utensils</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp90" id="i_072fb" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_072fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Fishmonger;<br />
-The Marketing and Preparation of Food</span></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>Our travellers kept on this day and the next (Sunday,
-March 11) through the mountainous country of Hakone,
-which runs out southward from the broad peninsula of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span>
-Izu. At a village, hemmed in between a lake and a
-mountain, the lake itself surrounded in every other
-direction by mountains not to be climbed, was a narrow
-pass—another imperial searching-place, where all persons
-travelling to, and especially from, Yedo must submit
-to a rigorous examination. Upon the shore of this
-lake were five small wooden chapels, and in each a
-priest seated, beating a gong and howling a namida
-[abbreviation of Namamidabutsu]. “All the Japanese
-foot-travellers of our retinue,” says Kämpfer, “threw
-them some kasses into the chapel, and in return received
-each a paper, which they carried, bareheaded, with great
-respect, to the shore, in order to throw it into the lake,
-having first tied a stone to it, that it might be sure to
-go to the bottom, which they believe is the purgatory
-for children who die before seven years of age. They
-are told so by their priests, who, for their comfort,
-assure them that as soon as the water washes off the
-names and characters of the gods and saints, written
-upon the papers above mentioned, the children at the
-bottom feel great relief, if they do not obtain a full and
-effectual redemption.” This lake has but one outlet,
-falling over the mountains in a cataract, and running
-down through a craggy and precipitous valley, along
-which the road is carried on a very steep descent to
-the mouth of the river in the bay of Yedo. Here, on a
-plain four miles in width, was found the town of Odawara,
-containing about a thousand small houses, very
-neatly built, and evidently inhabited by a better class
-of people; but the empty shops evinced no great activity
-of trade or manufactures. The castle and residence
-of the prince, as well as the temples, were on the north
-side, in the ascent of the mountains.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span></p>
-
-<p>The next day (Monday, March 12), the road following
-the northwest shore of the outer bay of Yedo crossed
-several very rapid streams, till at length the mountains
-on their left disappeared, and a broad plain spread out
-extending to Yedo. Off the shore was seen the island
-of Kamakura,<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> with high and rugged shores, but of
-which the surface was flat and wooded. It was not above
-four miles in circumference, and was used, like several
-other islands, as a place of confinement for disgraced
-noblemen. There being no landing-place, the boats
-that bring prisoners or provisions must be hauled up
-and let down by a crane. After a time the road left
-the shore, crossing a promontory which separates the
-outer from the inner bay of Yedo; but by sunset the
-shore of the inner bay was struck.</p>
-
-<p>The country now became exceedingly fruitful and
-populous, and almost a continued row of towns and
-villages. In one of these villages there lived in a monastery
-an old gray monk, fourscore years of age, and
-a native of Nagasaki. “He had spent,” says Kämpfer,
-“the greatest part of his life in holy pilgrimages, running
-up and down the country, and visiting almost all
-the temples of the Japanese empire. The superstitious
-vulgar had got such a high notion of his holiness, that
-even in his lifetime they canonized and reverenced him
-as a great saint, to the extent of worshipping his statue,
-which he caused to be carved of stone, exceeding in this
-even Alexander the Great, who had no divine honors
-paid him during his life. Those of his countrymen who
-were of our retinue did not fail to run thither to see and
-pay their respects to that holy man.”</p>
-
-<p>The Dutch company lodged at Kanagawa, a town of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span>
-six hundred houses, twenty-four miles from the capital.
-The coast of the bay appeared at low water to be of a
-soft clay, furnishing abundance of shell-fish and of certain
-sea-weeds, which were gathered and prepared for
-food. The road the next day (Tuesday, March 13),
-still hugging the shore, led on through a fruitful and
-populous district, in which were several fishing villages,
-the bay abounding with fish. As they approached
-Shinagawa, they passed a place of public execution,
-offering a show of human heads and bodies, some half
-putrefied and others half devoured—dogs, ravens, crows,
-and other ravenous beasts and birds, uniting to satisfy
-their appetites on these miserable remains.<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p>
-
-<p>Shinagawa, immediately adjoining Yedo, of which
-it forms a sort of outer suburb, consisted of one long,
-irregular street, with the bay on the right and a hill
-on the left, on which stood some temples. Some few
-narrow streets and lanes turned off from the great one
-towards these temples, some of which were very spacious
-buildings, and all pleasantly seated, adorned
-within with gilt idols, and without with large carved
-images, curious gates, and staircases of stone leading
-up to them. One of them was remarkable for a magnificent
-tower, four stories high. “Though the Japanese,”
-says Kämpfer, “spare no trouble nor expense
-to adorn and beautify their temples, yet the best fall far
-short of that loftiness, symmetry, and stateliness, which
-is observable in some of our European churches.”</p>
-
-<p>Having ridden upwards of two miles through Shinagawa,
-they stopped at a small inn, pleasantly seated on
-the seaside, from which they had a full view of the city<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span>
-and harbor of Yedo, crowded with many hundred ships
-and boats of all sizes and shapes. The smallest lay
-nearest the town, and the largest one or two leagues
-off, not being able to go higher by reason of the shallowing
-of the water. “Our Bugiō,” says Kämpfer,
-“quitted his norimono here and went on horseback,
-people of his extraction not being suffered to enter the
-capital in a norimono. We travelled near a mile to
-the end of the suburb of Shinagawa, and then entered
-the suburbs of Yedo, which are only a continuation
-of the former, there being nothing to separate them but
-a small guard-house. The bay comes here so close to
-the foot of the hill that there is but one row of small
-houses between it and the road, which, for some time,
-runs along the shore, but soon widens into several irregular
-streets of a considerable length, which, after
-about half an hour’s riding, became broader, more uniform,
-handsome, and regular, whence, and from the
-great throngs of people, we concluded that we were
-now got into the city. We kept to the great middle
-street, which runs northward across the whole city,
-though somewhat irregularly, passing over several
-stately bridges laid across small rivers and muddy
-canals, which run on our left towards the castle, and
-on our right towards the sea, as did also several streets
-turning off from the great one.</p>
-
-<p>“The throng of people along this chief and middle
-street, which is about one hundred and twenty-five feet
-broad, is incredible. We met as we rode along many
-numerous trains of princes of the empire and great
-men at court, and ladies richly apparelled, carried in
-norimono; and, among other people, a company of
-firemen on foot, about one hundred in number, walking<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span>
-in much the same military order as ours do in Europe.
-They were clad in brown leather coats to defend them
-against the fire; and some carried long pikes, others
-fire-hooks, upon their shoulders. Their captain rode
-in the middle. On both sides of the street were multitudes
-of well-furnished shops of merchants and tradesmen,
-drapers, silk-merchants, druggists, idol-sellers,
-booksellers, glass-blowers, apothecaries, and others. A
-black cloth hanging down covers one half of the shop,
-of which the front projects a little way into the street,
-so as to expose to view curious patterns of the goods
-offered for sale. We took notice that scarce anybody
-here had curiosity enough to come out of his house to
-see us go by, as they had done in other places, probably
-because such a small retinue as ours had nothing remarkable
-or uncommon to amuse the inhabitants of so
-populous a city.</p>
-
-<p>“Having rode above two miles along this great street,
-and passed by fifty other streets, which turned off on
-both sides, we at last turned in ourselves; and, coming
-to our inn, found our lodgings ready in the upper story
-of a back house, which had no other access but through
-a by-lane. We arrived at one in the afternoon, having
-completed our journey from Nagasaki in twenty-nine
-days.</p>
-
-<p>“Yedo,<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> the residence of the emperor, the capital,
-and by much the largest city of the empire, is seated in
-the province Musashi, in 35° 32´ of northern latitude
-(according to Kämpfer’s observations), on a large plain,
-at the head of a gulf, plentifully stored with fish, crabs,
-and other shell-fish, but so shallow, with a muddy clay<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span>
-at the bottom, that no ships of bulk can come up to the
-city, but must be unladen a league or two below it.</p>
-
-<p>“Towards the sea the city hath the figure of a half-moon,
-and the Japanese will have it to be seven of their
-miles (about sixteen English miles) long, five (twelve
-English) broad, and twenty (fifty English) in circumference.
-It is not enclosed with a wall, no more than
-other towns in Japan, but cut through by many broad
-canals, with ramparts raised on both sides, and planted
-at the top with rows of trees, not so much for defence
-as to prevent the fires—which happen here too frequently—from
-making too great a havoc.</p>
-
-<p>“A large river, rising westward of the city, runs
-through it, and loses itself in the harbor. It sends off
-a considerable arm, which encompasses the castle, and
-thence falls into the harbor, in five different streams,
-every one of which hath its particular name, and a stately
-bridge over it. The chief, and most famous, of these
-bridges, two hundred and fifty-two feet in length, is
-called Nihonbashi, or the bridge of Japan, mention of
-which has already been made, as the point from which
-distances are reckoned all over the empire.</p>
-
-<p>“Yedo is not built with that regularity which is
-observable in most other cities in Japan (particularly
-Miyako), and this because it swelled by degrees to its
-present bulk. However, in some parts the streets run
-regularly enough, cutting each other at right angles,—a
-regularity entirely owing to accidents of fire, whereby
-some hundred houses being laid in ashes at once, as,
-indeed, very frequently happens, the new street may
-be laid out upon what plan the builders please.” Many
-places, which have been thus destroyed by fire, were
-noticed by Kämpfer still lying waste. “The houses are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span>
-small and low, built of fir wood, with thin clayed walls,
-divided into rooms by paper screens and lattices, the
-floors covered with mats, and the roofs with shavings
-of wood. The whole machine being thus but a composition
-of combustible matter, we need not wonder at
-the great havoc fires make in this country. Here, as
-elsewhere, almost every house hath a place under the
-roof, or upon it, where they constantly keep a tub full
-of water, with a couple of mats, which may be easily
-come at, even from without the house; by which precaution
-they often quench a fire in particular houses;
-but it is far from being sufficient to stop the fury of a
-raging flame which has got ground already, against
-which they know no better remedy but to pull down
-some of the neighboring houses which have not yet
-been reached, for which purpose whole companies of
-firemen patrol about the streets day and night.</p>
-
-<p>“The city is well stocked with monks, temples,
-monasteries, and other religious buildings, which are
-seated in the best and pleasantest places, as they are,
-also, in Europe, and, I believe, in all other countries.
-The dwelling-houses of private monks are no ways
-different from those of the laity, excepting only that
-they are seated in some eminent conspicuous place, with
-some steps leading up to them, and a small temple or
-chapel hard by, or, if there be none, at least a hall, or
-large room, adorned with some few altars, on which
-stand several of their idols. There are, besides, many
-stately temples built to Amida, Shaka, Kwannon, and
-several other of their gods, not necessary to be particularly
-described here, as they do not differ much in form
-or structure from other temples erected to the same
-gods at Miyako, which we shall have an opportunity to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span>
-view and describe more particularly upon our return to
-that city.</p>
-
-<p>“There are many stately palaces in Yedo, as may be
-easily conjectured, by its being the residence of the
-emperor, and the abode of all the noble and princely
-families. They are distinguished from other houses by
-large court-yards and stately gates. Fine varnished
-staircases, of a few steps, lead up to the door of the
-house, which is divided into several magnificent apartments,
-all of a floor, they being not above one story
-high, nor adorned with towers, as the castles and palaces
-are where the princes and lords of the empire reside in
-their hereditary dominions.</p>
-
-<p>“The city of Yedo is a nursery of artists, handicraftsmen,
-merchants, and tradesmen, and yet everything is
-sold dearer than anywhere else in the empire, by reason
-of the great concourse of people, and the number of idle
-monks and courtiers, as, also, the difficulty of importing
-provisions and other commodities.</p>
-
-<p>“The political government of this city is much the
-same as at Nagasaki and Ōsaka. Two governors have
-the command of the town by turns, each for the space
-of one year. The chief subaltern officers are the Burgomasters,
-as the Dutch call them, or mayors, who have
-the command of particular quarters, and the Ottona,
-who have the inspection and subordinate command of
-single streets.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_080f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_080f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Carpenter Shop</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“The castle and residence of the emperor is seated
-about the middle of the city. It is of an irregular
-figure, inclining to the round, and hath five Japanese
-miles in circumference. It embraces two fore-castles,
-as one may call them, the innermost and third castle,
-which is properly the residence of the emperor, and two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span>
-other strong, well fortified, but smaller castles at the
-sides, also some large gardens behind the imperial palace.
-I call these several divisions castles, because they
-are every one by itself, enclosed with walls and ditches.</p>
-
-<p>“The first and outermost castle takes in a large spot
-of ground, which encompasses the second castle, and
-half the imperial residence, and is enclosed itself with
-walls and ditches, and strong, well-guarded gates. It
-hath so many streets, ditches, and canals, that I could
-not easily get a plan of it. Nor could I gather anything
-to my satisfaction out of the plans of the Japanese
-themselves.<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> In this outermost castle reside the princes
-of the empire, with their families, living in commodious
-and stately palaces, built in streets, with spacious courts,
-shut up by strong, heavy gates. The second castle
-takes in a much smaller spot of ground. It fronts the
-third, and residence of the emperor, and is enclosed by
-the first, but separated from both by walls, ditches,
-draw-bridges, and strong gates. The guard of this
-second castle is much more numerous than that of the
-first. In it are the stately palaces of some of the most
-powerful princes of the empire, the councillors of state,
-the prime ministers, chief officers of the crown, and
-such other persons who must give a more immediate
-attendance upon the emperor’s person.</p>
-
-<p>“The castle itself, where the emperor resides, is
-seated somewhat higher than the others, on the top of
-a hill, which hath been purposely flatted for the imperial
-palace to be built upon it. It is enclosed with a
-thick, strong wall of freestone, with bastions standing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span>
-out, much after the manner of the European fortifications.
-A rampart of earth is raised against the inside
-of this wall, and at the top of it stand, for ornament
-and defence, several long buildings and square guard-houses,
-built in form of towers, several stories high.
-Particularly the structures on that side where the imperial
-residence is are of an uncommon strength, all of
-freestone of an extraordinary size, which are barely
-laid upon each other, without being fastened either
-with mortar or braces of iron, which was done, they
-say, that, in case of earthquakes, which frequently
-happen in this country, the stones yielding to the
-shock, the wall itself should receive no damage.</p>
-
-<p>“Within the palace a square white tower rises aloft
-above all other buildings. It is many stories high,
-adorned with roofs and other curious ornaments, which
-make the whole castle look, at a distance, magnificent
-beyond expression, amazing the beholders, as do, also,
-the many other beautiful bended roofs, with gilt dragons
-at the top, which cover the rest of the buildings within
-the castle.</p>
-
-<p>“The side castles are very small, and more like citadels,
-without any outward ornament. There is but one
-passage to them, out of the emperor’s own residence,
-over a high, long bridge. Both are enclosed with
-strong, high walls, encompassed with broad, deep
-ditches, filled by the great river. In these two castles
-are bred up the imperial princes and princesses.</p>
-
-<p>“Behind the imperial residence there is still a rising
-ground, beautified, according to the country fashion,
-with curious and magnificent gardens and orchards,
-which are terminated by a pleasant wood at the top of
-a hill, planted with two curious kinds of plane-trees,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span>
-whose starry leaves, variegated with green, yellow, and
-red, are very pleasing to the eye, of which the Japanese
-affirm that one kind is in full beauty in spring, the
-other towards autumn.</p>
-
-<p>“The palace itself hath but one story, which, however,
-is of a fine height. It takes in a large spot of
-ground, and hath several long galleries and spacious
-rooms, which, upon putting on or removing of screens,
-may be enlarged or brought into a narrower compass, as
-occasion requires, and are contrived so as to receive at
-all times a convenient and sufficient light. The chief
-apartments have each its particular name. Such are,
-for instance, the waiting-room, where all persons that
-are to be admitted to an audience, either of the emperor
-or his prime ministers of state, wait till they are introduced;
-the council-chamber, where the ministers of
-state and privy councillors meet upon business; the
-hall of thousand mats, where the emperor receives the
-homage and usual presents of the princes of the empire
-and ambassadors of foreign powers; several halls of
-audience; the apartments for the emperor’s household,
-and others. The structure of all these several apartments
-is exquisitely fine, according to the architecture
-of the country. The ceilings, beams, and pillars are
-of cedar, or camphor, or jeseriwood, the grain of which
-naturally runs into flowers and other curious figures,
-and is, therefore, in some apartments, covered only with
-a thin, transparent, layer of varnish, in others japanned,
-or curiously carved with birds and branched work, neatly
-gilt. The floor is covered with the finest white mats,
-bordered with gold fringes or bands; and this is all the
-furniture to be seen in the palaces of the emperor and
-princes of the empire.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span></p>
-
-<p>The 29th of March, the last of the second Japanese
-month, was appointed for the reception of the Dutch,—Makino
-Bingo-no-Kami, the emperor’s principal counsellor
-and favorite, being in a hurry to get rid of them,
-because on the fifth of the ensuing month he was to
-have the honor to treat the emperor at dinner, a favor
-which requires a good deal of time and vast preparations.
-“This Bingo,” says Kämpfer, “tutor to the
-reigning monarch before he came to the crown, is now
-his chief favorite, and the only person whom he absolutely
-confides in. At our audience it is he that receives
-the emperor’s words and commands from his own
-mouth, and addresses the same to us. He is near
-seventy years of age, a tall but lean man, with a long
-face, a manly and German-like countenance, slow in his
-actions, and very civil in his whole behavior. He hath
-the character of a just and prudent man, no ways given
-to ambition, nor inclined to revenge, nor bent upon
-heaping up immoderate riches—in short, of being altogether
-worthy of the great confidence and trust the
-emperor puts in him.”</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XXXVII">CHAPTER XXXVII</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>Personages to be visited—Visit to the Emperor—First Audience—Second
-Audience—Visit to the Houses of the Councillors—Visits to the Governors
-of Yedo and the Temple Lords—Visit to the Houses of the Governors
-of Nagasaki—Audience of Leave—Return—Visits to Temples in
-the Vicinity of Miyako—A. D. 1691-1692.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">The</span> ministers of state and other great men at court,
-some of whom the Dutch were to visit, and to
-make presents to others, were the five chief councillors
-of state, called <i>Gorōjū</i>, or the five elderly men;
-four imperial deputy councillors of state; the three
-Jisha-bugyō, as they are called, that is, lords of the temple;
-the imperial commissioners, as the Dutch call them,
-described by Kämpfer as the emperor’s attorney-generals
-for the city of Yedo; the two governors of Yedo; and,
-last of all, that one of the governors of Nagasaki resident
-at Yedo.</p>
-
-<p>“On the 29th of March,”<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> says Kämpfer, “the day
-appointed for our audience, the presents designed for his
-imperial majesty<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> were sent to court, to be there laid in
-due order on wooden tables, in the hall of hundred mats,
-as they call it, where the emperor was to view them. We
-followed soon after with a very inconsiderable equipage,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span>
-clad in black silk cloaks, as garments of ceremony, attended
-by three stewards of the governors of Nagasaki,
-our Dōshin, or deputy Bugiō, two town messengers of
-Nagasaki, and an interpreter’s son, all walking on foot.
-We three Dutchmen and our second interpreter rode on
-horseback, behind each other, our horses led by grooms,
-who took them by the bridle. Our president, or captain,
-as the Japanese call him, came after us, carried in a
-norimono, and was followed by our old chief interpreter,
-carried in a kago. The procession was closed by the rest
-of our servants and retinue, walking a-foot at proper
-distances, so far as they were permitted to follow us.</p>
-
-<p>“In this order we moved on towards the castle, and
-after about half an hour’s riding came to the first enclosure,
-which we found well fortified with walls and ramparts.
-This we entered over a large bridge across a
-broad river, on which we saw great numbers of boats
-and vessels. The entry is through two strong gates,
-with a small guard between them. Having passed through
-the second gate, we came to a large place, where we found
-another more numerous guard, which, however, seemed
-to be intended more for state than defence. The guard-room
-was hung about with cloth; pikes were planted
-in the ground near the entry, and within it was curiously
-adorned with gilt arms, lackered guns, pikes,
-shields, bows, arrows, and quivers. The soldiers on the
-ground were in good order, clad in black silk, each with
-two scymitars stuck in their girdle.</p>
-
-<p>“Having passed across this first enclosure, riding between
-the houses and palaces of the princes and lords of
-the empire, built within its compass, we came to the
-second, which we found fortified much after the same
-manner, only the gates and inner guard and palaces were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span>
-much more stately and magnificent. We left our norimono
-and kago here, as also our horses and servants, and
-were conducted across this second enclosure to the Tono-machi
-(Lord-street), which we entered over a long stone
-bridge; and having passed through a double bastion, and
-as many strong gates, and thence about twenty paces
-further through an irregular street, built, as the situation
-of the ground would allow it, with walls of an uncommon
-height on both sides, we came to the <i>Hiakunimban</i>,
-that is, guard of hundred men, or great guard of the
-castle. Here we were commanded to wait till we could
-be introduced to an audience, which we were told should
-be as soon as the great council of state was met in the
-palace. We were civilly received by the two captains of
-the guard, who treated us with tea and tobacco. Soon
-after, Kawaguchi Settsu-no-Kami (the governor of Nagasaki
-resident at Yedo) and the two commissioners came
-to compliment us, along with some gentlemen of the
-emperor’s court, who were strangers to us. Having
-waited about an hour, during which time most of the
-imperial councillors of state, old and young, went into
-the palace, some walking on foot, others carried in norimono,
-we were conducted through two stately gates, over
-a large square place, to the palace, to which there is an
-ascent of a few steps leading from the second gate. The
-place between the second gate and the front of the palace
-is but a few paces broad, and was then excessively
-crowded with throngs of courtiers and troops of guards.</p>
-
-<p>“Thence we were conducted up two other staircases
-into a spacious room next to the entry on the right, being
-the place where all persons that are to be admitted to an
-audience wait till they are called in. It is a large and
-lofty room, but, when all the screens are put on, pretty<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span>
-dark, receiving but a sparing light from the upper windows
-of an adjoining room. It is otherwise richly furnished,
-according to the country fashion, and its gilt
-posts, walls, and screens are very pleasing to behold.</p>
-
-<p>“Having waited here upwards of an hour, and the
-emperor having in the meanwhile seated himself in the
-hall of audience, Settsu-no-Kami and the two commissioners
-came in and conducted our president into the
-emperor’s presence, leaving us behind. As soon as he
-came thither, they cried out aloud, ‘Hollanda Captain!’
-which was the signal for him to draw near and make his
-obeisance. Accordingly he crawled on his hands and
-knees to a place showed him between the presents,
-ranged in due order on one side, and the place where
-the emperor sat on the other, and then kneeling, he
-bowed his forehead quite down to the ground, and so
-crawled backwards like a crab, without uttering one
-single word. So mean and short a thing is the audience
-we have of this mighty monarch. Nor are there any
-more ceremonies observed in the audience he gives even
-to the greatest and most powerful princes of the empire;
-for, having been called into the hall, their names are cried
-out aloud; then they move on their hands and feet humbly
-and silently towards the emperor’s seat, and having
-showed their submission by bowing their forehead down
-to the ground, they creep back again in the same submissive
-posture.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_088fa" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_088fa.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Ploughing;</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_088fb" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_088fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap"> A Freight Cart</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“The hall of audience is not in the least like that
-which hath been described and figured by Montanus in
-his ‘Memorable Embassies of the Dutch to the Emperors
-of Japan.’ The elevated throne, the steps leading up to
-it, the carpet pendent from it, the stately columns supporting
-the building which contains the throne, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span>
-columns between which the princes of the empire are
-said to prostrate themselves before the emperor, and the
-like, have all no manner of foundation but in that
-author’s fancy. The floor is covered with an hundred
-mats, all of the same size. Hence it is called Senjō-shiki,
-that is, The Hall of an Hundred Mats.<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> It opens on one
-side towards a small court, which lets in the light; on
-the opposite side it joins two other apartments, which
-are on this occasion laid open towards the same court,
-one of which is considerably larger than the other, and
-serves for the councillors of state when they give audience
-by themselves. The other is narrower, deeper, and
-one step higher than the hall itself. In this the emperor
-sits when he gives audience, raised only on a few carpets.
-Nor is it an easy matter to see him, the light reaching
-not quite so far as the place where he sits, besides that
-the audience is too short, and the person admitted to it,
-in so humble and submissive a posture that he cannot
-well have an opportunity to hold up his head and to
-view him. This audience is otherwise very awful and
-majestic, by reason chiefly of the silent presence of all
-the councillors of state, as also of many princes and
-lords of the empire, the gentlemen of his majesty’s bed-chamber,
-and other chief officers of his court, who line
-the hall of audience and all its avenues, sitting in good
-order, and clad in their garments of ceremony.</p>
-
-<p>“Formerly all we had to do, at the emperor’s court,
-was completed by the captain’s paying the usual homage,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span>
-after the manner above related. But, for about these
-twenty years last past, he and the rest of the Dutchmen
-that came up with the embassy to Yedo, were conducted
-deeper into the palace, to give the empress, and the ladies
-of her court, and the princesses of the blood, the diversion
-of seeing us. In this second audience the emperor and
-the ladies invited to it attend behind screens and lattices,
-but the councillors of state and other officers of the court
-sit in the open rooms in their usual and elegant order.
-As soon as the captain had paid his homage, the emperor
-retired into his apartment, and not long after we three
-Dutchmen were likewise called up and conducted, together
-with the captain, through several apartments, into
-a gallery curiously carved and gilt, where we waited
-about a quarter of an hour, and were then, through several
-other walks and galleries, carried further into a
-large room, where they desired us to sit down, and where
-several courtiers with shaved heads, being the emperor’s
-physicians, the officers of his kitchen, and some of the
-clergy, came to ask after our names, age, and the like;
-but gilt screens were quickly drawn before us, to deliver
-us from their throng and troublesome importunity.</p>
-
-<p>“We stayed here about half an hour; meanwhile the
-court met in the imperial apartments, where we were to
-have our second audience, and whither we were conducted
-through several dark galleries. Along all these
-several galleries there was one continued row of lifeguardsmen,
-and nearer to the imperial apartments followed
-in the same row some great officers, who lined the
-front of the hall of audience, clad in their garments of
-ceremony, bowing their heads and sitting on their heels.</p>
-
-<p>“The hall of audience consisted of several rooms looking
-towards a middle place, some of which were laid open<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span>
-towards the same, others covered by screens and lattices.
-Some were of fifteen mats, others of eighteen, and they
-were a mat higher or lower, according to the quality of
-the persons seated in the same. The middle place had
-no mats at all, they having been taken away, and was
-consequently the lowest, on whose floor, covered with
-neat varnished boards, we were commanded to sit down.
-The emperor and his imperial consort sat behind the
-lattices on our right. As I was dancing, at the emperor’s
-command, I had an opportunity twice of seeing the empress
-through the slits of the lattices, and took notice
-that she was of a brown and beautiful complexion, with
-black European eyes, full of fire, and from the proportion
-of her head, which was pretty large, I judged her to
-be a tall woman, and about thirty-six years of age. By
-lattices, I mean hangings made of reed, split exceedingly
-thin and fine, and covered on the back with a fine, transparent
-silk, with openings about a span broad, for the
-persons behind to look through. For ornament’s sake,
-and the better to hide the persons standing behind, they
-are painted with divers figures, though it would be impossible
-to see them at a distance when the light is taken
-off behind.</p>
-
-<p>“The emperor himself was in such an obscure place
-that we should scarce have known him to be present had
-not his voice discovered him, which yet was so low, as if
-he purposely intended to be there incognito. Just before
-us, behind other lattices were the princes of the blood
-and the ladies of the empress and her court. I took
-notice that pieces of paper were put between the reeds,
-in some parts of the lattices, to make the openings
-wider, in order to a better and easier sight. I counted
-about thirty such papers, which made me conclude,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span>
-that there was about that number of persons sitting
-behind.</p>
-
-<p>“Bingo sat on a raised mat, in an open room by himself,
-just before us, towards our right, on which side the emperor
-sat behind the lattices. On our left, in another
-room, were the councillors of state of the first and second
-rank, sitting in a double row in good and becoming order.
-The gallery behind us was filled with the chief officers of
-the emperor’s court and the gentlemen of his bed-chamber.
-The gallery, which led into the room where the emperor
-was, was filled with the sons of some princes of the empire,
-then at court, the emperor’s pages and some priests.
-After this manner it was that they ordered the stage on
-which we were now to act.</p>
-
-<p>“The commissioners for foreign affairs having conducted
-us into the gallery before the hall of audience,
-one of the councillors of state of the second rank came
-to receive us there and to conduct us to the above-described
-middle place, on which we were commanded
-to sit down, having first made our obeisances after the
-Japanese manner, creeping and bowing our heads to the
-ground, towards that part of the lattices behind which
-the emperor was. The chief interpreter sat himself a
-little forward, to hear more distinctly, and we took our
-places on his left hand, all in a row. After the usual
-obeisances, Bingo bid us welcome in the emperor’s name.
-The chief interpreter received the compliment from
-Bingo’s mouth, and repeated it to us. Upon this the
-ambassador made his compliment in the name of his
-masters, returning their most humble thanks to the emperor
-for having graciously granted the Dutch liberty of
-commerce. This the chief interpreter repeated in Japanese,
-having prostrated himself quite to the ground, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span>
-speaking loud enough to be heard by the emperor. The
-emperor’s answer was again received by Bingo, who
-delivered it to the chief interpreter, and he to us. He
-might have, indeed, received it himself from the emperor’s
-own mouth, and saved Bingo this unnecessary trouble;
-but I fancy that the words, as they flow out of the emperor’s
-mouth, are esteemed too precious and sacred for
-an immediate transit into the mouth of persons of a low
-rank.</p>
-
-<p>“The mutual compliments being over, the succeeding
-part of this solemnity turned to a perfect farce. We
-were asked a thousand ridiculous and impertinent questions.
-They desired to know how old each of us was,
-and what was his name, which we were commanded to
-write upon a bit of paper, in anticipation of which we
-had provided ourselves with an European inkhorn. This
-paper, together with the inkhorn itself, we were commanded
-to give to Bingo, who delivered them both into
-the emperor’s hands, reaching them over below the lattice.
-The captain, or ambassador, was asked the distance of
-Holland from Batavia, and of Batavia from Nagasaki;
-also which of the two was the most powerful, the Director-general
-of the Dutch East India Company at Batavia,
-or the Prince of Holland? As for my own particular,
-the following questions were put to me. What external
-and internal distempers I thought the most dangerous
-and most difficult to cure? How I proceeded in the
-cure of cancerous humors and imposthumations of the
-inner parts? Whether our European physicians did not
-search after some medicine to render people immortal, as
-the Chinese physicians had done for many hundred years?
-Whether we had made any considerable progress in this
-search, and which was the last remedy conducive to long<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span>
-life that had been found out in Europe? To which I
-returned in answer, that very many European physicians
-had long labored to find out some medicine, which should
-have the virtue of prolonging human life and preserving
-people in health to a great age; and, having thereupon
-been asked which I thought the best, I answered, that I
-always took that to be the best which was found out last,
-till experience taught us a better; and being further
-asked, which was the last, I answered, a certain spirituous
-liquor, which could keep the humors of our body fluid
-and comfort the spirits. This general answer proved not
-altogether satisfactory; for I was quickly desired to let
-them know the name of this excellent medicine, upon
-which, knowing that whatever was esteemed by the
-Japanese had long and high-sounding names, I returned
-in answer it was the <i>Sal volatile Oleosum Sylvii</i>. This
-name was minuted down behind the lattices, for which
-purpose I was commanded to repeat it several times.
-The next question was, who it was that found it out, and
-where it was found out? I answered, Professor Sylvius,
-in Holland. Then they asked whether I could make it
-up. Upon this our resident whispered me to say no;
-but I answered, yes, I could make it up, but not here.
-Then it was asked whether it could be had at Batavia;
-and having returned, in answer, that it was to be had
-there, the emperor desired that it should be sent over by
-the next ships.</p>
-
-<p>“The emperor, hitherto seated almost opposite to us,
-at a considerable distance, now drew nearer, and sat
-himself down on our right, behind the lattices, as near
-us as possible. He ordered us to take off our kappas, or
-cloaks, being our garments of ceremony; then to stand
-upright, that he might have a full view of us; again to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span>
-walk, to stand still, to compliment each other, to dance,
-to jump, to play the drunkard, to speak broken Japanese,
-to read Dutch, to paint, to sing, to put our cloaks on and
-off. Meanwhile we obeyed the emperor’s commands in
-the best manner we could, I joining to my dance a
-love-song in High German. In this manner, and with
-innumerable such other apish tricks, we must suffer
-ourselves to contribute to the emperor’s and the court’s
-diversion. The ambassador, however, is free from these
-and the like commands, for, as he represents the authority
-of his masters, some care is taken that nothing should
-be done to injure or prejudice the same; and besides he
-showed so much gravity on his countenance and whole
-behavior, as was sufficient to convince the Japanese that
-he was not at all a fit person to have such ridiculous and
-comical commands laid upon him.</p>
-
-<p>“Having been thus exercised for a matter of two
-hours, though with great apparent civility, some shaved
-servants came in and put before each of us a small table
-with Japanese victuals, and a couple of ivory sticks instead
-of knives and forks. We took and ate some little
-things, and our old chief interpreter, though scarce able to
-walk, was commanded to carry away the remainder for
-himself. We were then ordered to put on our cloaks
-again and to take our leave; which we gladly and without
-delay complied with, putting thereby an end to this
-second audience.<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> The imperial audience over, we were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span>
-conducted back by the two commissioners to the waiting-room,
-where we took our leave of them also.</p>
-
-<p>“It was now already three o’clock in the afternoon,
-and we had still several visits to make to the councillors
-of state of the first and second rank. Accordingly we
-left forthwith, saluted as we went by the officers of the
-great imperial guard, and made our round a-foot. The
-presents had been carried beforehand to every one’s
-house by our clerks. They consisted of some Chinese,
-Bengalese, and other silk stuffs, some linen, black serge,
-some yards of black cloth, gingangs, pelangs, and a
-flask of Tent wine.</p>
-
-<p>“We were everywhere received by the stewards and
-secretaries with extraordinary civility, and treated with
-tea, tobacco, and sweetmeats as handsomely as the little
-time we had to spare would allow. The rooms where we
-were admitted to audience were filled behind the screens
-and lattices with crowds of spectators, who would fain
-have obliged us to show them some of our European
-customs and ceremonies, but could obtain nothing excepting
-only a short dance at Bingo’s house (who came
-home himself a back way), and a song from each of us
-at the youngest councillor’s of state. We then returned
-again to our kago and horses, and having got out of the
-castle, through the northern gate, went back to our inn
-another way, on the left of which we took notice that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span>
-there were strong walls and ditches. It was just six in
-the evening when we got home, heartily tired.</p>
-
-<p>“Friday, the 30th of March, we rode out again betimes,
-in the morning, to make some of our remaining visits.
-The presents, such as above described, were sent before
-us by our Japanese clerks, who took care to lay them on
-trays or tables, and to arrange them in good order, according
-to the country fashion. We were received at
-the entry of the house, by one or two of the principal
-domestics, and conducted to the apartment where we
-were to have our audience. The rooms round the hall
-of audience were everywhere crowded with spectators.
-As soon as we had seated ourselves we were treated with
-tea and tobacco. Then the steward of the household
-came in, or else the secretary, either alone or with another
-gentleman, to compliment us, and to receive our
-compliments, in his master’s name. The rooms were
-everywhere so disposed as to make us turn our faces
-towards the ladies, by whom we were very generously
-and civilly treated with cakes and several sorts of sweetmeats.
-We visited and made our presents, this day, to
-the two governors of Yedo, to the three ecclesiastical
-judges (or temple lords), and to the two commissioners
-for foreign affairs, who lived near a mile from each
-other, one in the southwest, the other in the northeast,
-part of the castle. They both profess themselves to be
-particular patrons of the Dutch, and received us accordingly
-with great pomp and magnificence. The street
-was lined with twenty men armed, who, with their long
-staffs, which they held on one side, made a very good
-figure, besides that they helped to keep off the throng of
-people from being too troublesome. We were received
-upon our entering the house and introduced to audience,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span>
-much after the same manner as we had been in other
-places, only we were carried deeper into their palaces and
-into the innermost apartment, on purpose that we should
-not be troubled with numbers of spectators, and be at
-more liberty ourselves as well as the ladies who were
-invited to the ceremony. Opposite us, in the hall of
-audience, there were grated lattices, instead of screens,
-for the length of two mats (twelve feet) and upwards,
-behind which sat such numbers of women of the commissioner’s
-own family and their relations and friends,
-that there was no room left. We had scarce seated
-ourselves, when seven servants, well clad, came in, and
-brought us pipes and tobacco, with the usual apparatus
-for smoking. Soon after, they brought in something
-baked, laid on japanned trays, then some fish fried, all
-after the same manner, by the same number of servants,
-and always but one piece in a small dish; then a couple
-of eggs, one baked, the other boiled and shelled, and a
-glass of old, strong sake, standing between them. After
-this manner we were entertained for about an hour and
-a half, when they desired us to sing a song and to dance;
-the first we refused, but satisfied them as to the last. In
-the house of the first commissioner a drink made of
-sweet plums was offered us instead of sake. In the
-second commissioner’s house we were presented first of
-all with <i>manjū</i> bread,<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> in a brown liquor, cold, with some
-mustard-seed and radishes laid about the dish, and at last
-with some orange-peels with sugar, which is a dish given
-only upon extraordinary occasions, in token of fortune<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span>
-and good will. We then drank some tea, and having
-taken our leave, went back to our inn, where we arrived
-at five in the evening.”</p>
-
-<p>(The following bills of fare are given in Kämpfer’s
-account of his second visit to Yedo: “At the first
-commissioner’s: 1. Tea. 2. Tobacco, with the whole
-set of instruments for smoking. 3. Philosophical or
-white syrup. 4. A piece of <i>stienbrassen</i>, a very scarce
-fish, boiled in a brown sauce. 5. Another dish of fish,
-dressed with bran-flower and spices. 6. Cakes of eggs
-rolled together. 7. Fried fish, presented on skewers of
-bamboo. 8. Lemon-peels with sugar.</p>
-
-<p>“After every one of these dishes they made us drink
-a dish of sake, as good as ever I tasted. We were likewise
-presented twice, in dram cups, with wine made of
-plums, a very pleasant and agreeable liquor. Last of all,
-we were again presented with a cup of tea.</p>
-
-<p>“At the second commissioner’s we were treated, after
-tea and tobacco, with the following things: 1. Two
-long slices of <i>manjū</i>, dipped into a brown sop or sauce,
-with some ginger. 2. Hard eggs. 3. Four common
-fish fried and brought in on bamboo skewers. 4. The
-stomachs of carps, salt, in a brown sauce. 5. Two small
-slices of a goose, roasted and warm, presented in unglazed
-earthen dishes.</p>
-
-<p>“Good liquor was drank about plentifully, and the
-commissioner’s surgeon, who was to treat us, did not
-miss to take his full dose. Each guest was separately
-served with the above dishes on little tables or salvers,
-about a foot square and a few inches high.)</p>
-
-<p>“On the 31st of March, we rode out again at ten in
-the morning, and went to the houses of the three governors
-of Nagasaki, two of whom were then absent on duty<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span>
-at Nagasaki. We presented them on this occasion only
-with a flask of Tent each, they having already received
-their other presents at Nagasaki. We were met by
-Settsu-no-kami, the one then at Yedo, just by the door
-of his house. He was attended by a numerous retinue
-and, having called both our interpreters to him, he commanded
-them to tell us his desire that we should make
-ourselves merry in his house. Accordingly we were received
-extraordinarily well, and desired to walk about
-and to divert ourselves in his garden, as being now in the
-house of a friend at Yedo, and not in the palace of our governor
-and magistrate at Nagasaki.<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> We were treated
-with warm dishes and tea, much after the same manner
-as we had been by the commissioners, and all the while
-civilly entertained by his own brother, and several persons
-of quality of his friends and relations.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_100fa" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_100fa.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Doll and Toy Shops</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_100fb" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_100fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Entrance to Inari Temple<br />
-Views at Fushimi</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“Having stayed about two hours, we went to Tonosama’s
-house, where we were conducted into the innermost
-and chief apartment, and desired twice to come
-nearer the lattices on both sides of the room. There
-were more ladies behind the screens here than, I think, we
-had as yet met with in any other place. They desired
-us, very civilly, to show them our clothes, the captain’s
-arms, rings, tobacco-pipes, and the like, some of which
-were reached them between or under the lattices. The
-person that treated us in the absent governor’s name,
-and the other gentlemen who were then present in the
-room, entertained us likewise very civilly, and we could
-not but take notice that everything was so cordial that
-we made no manner of scruple of making ourselves
-merry, and diverting the company each with a song.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span>
-The magnificence of this family appeared fully by the
-richness and exquisiteness of this entertainment, which
-was equal to that of the first commissioner’s, but far
-beyond it in courteous civility and a free, open carriage.
-After an hour and a half we took our leave. The house
-of Tonosama is the furthermost to the north or northwest
-we were to go to, a mile and a half from our inn,
-but seated in by much the pleasantest part of the town,
-where there is an agreeable variety of hills and shrubbery.
-The family of Tubosama (?), the third governor,
-lives in a small, sorry house near the ditch which encompasses
-the castle. We met here but a few women behind
-a screen, who took up with peeping at us through a few
-holes, which they made as they sat down. The strong
-liquors, which we had been this day obliged to drink in
-larger quantities than usual, being by this time got pretty
-much into our heads, we made haste to return home, and
-took our leave as soon as we had been treated, after the
-usual manner, with tea and tobacco.”</p>
-
-<p>Two or three days after followed the audience of leave
-preparatory to the return to Nagasaki. Of this Kämpfer
-gives much the fullest account in his narrative of his
-second visit to Yedo, which we follow here.</p>
-
-<p>Having proceeded to the palace as at the first audience,
-after half an hour’s stay in the waiting-room, the
-“Captain Hollanda” was called in before the councillors
-of state, who directed one of the commissioners to read
-the usual orders to him, five in number, chiefly to the
-effect that the Dutch should not molest any of the boats
-or ships of the Chinese or the Lew Chewans trading to
-Japan, nor bring in any Portuguese or priests.</p>
-
-<p>These orders being read, the director was presented
-with thirty gowns, laid on three of the Japanese wooden<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span>
-stands or salvers, which he crept upon all fours to receive,
-and in token of respect held one of the gowns
-over his head.</p>
-
-<p>This ceremony over, the Dutch were invited to stay to
-dinner, which was served up in another room. Before
-each was placed a small table or salver, on which lay five
-fresh, hot, white cakes, as tough as glue, and two hollow
-cakes of two spans in circumference, made of flour and
-sprinkled with sesamum seeds. A small porcelain cup
-contained some bits of pickled salmon in a brown sauce,
-by the side of which lay two wooden chopsticks. Tea
-also was served up, but in “poor and sorry” brown
-dishes, and the tea itself proved to be little better than
-hot water. Fortunately the Dutch, seldom caught napping
-upon that point, had provided themselves, before
-leaving home in the morning, with “a good substantial
-breakfast”; and, besides, they had been treated in the
-guard-room with fresh <i>manjū</i>, and with sweet brown
-cakes of sugar and bean flour.</p>
-
-<p>While they were eating this dinner, “so far from
-answering to the majesty and magnificence of so powerful
-a monarch, that a worse one could not have been had at
-any private man’s house,” several young noblemen busied
-themselves in examining their hats, coats, dress, etc.
-Dinner over, after half an hour in the waiting-room,
-they were conducted, through passages and galleries
-which they did not remember to have seen before, to
-the hall of audience, which, by a change in the position
-of some of the screens, presented quite a new appearance.
-They were put in the very same uncarpeted spot as at
-their first audience, and were again called upon, as then,
-to answer questions, dance, sing songs, and exhibit
-themselves. Among the persons called in were two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span>
-physicians, with whom Kämpfer had some professional
-conversation; also several shaven priests, one of whom
-had an ulcer on his shin, as to which Kämpfer’s opinion
-was asked. As it was a fresh sore, and the inflammation
-about it slight, he judged it to be of no great consequence.
-At the same time he advised the patient not to be too
-familiar with sake, pretending to guess by his wound,
-what was obvious enough from his red face and nose,
-that he was given to drinking,—a shrewd piece of
-professional stratagem, which occasioned much laughter
-at the patient’s expense.</p>
-
-<p>“This farce over, a salver was brought in for each
-guest, on which was placed the following Japanese
-dishes: 1. Two small, hollow loaves, sprinkled with
-sesamum seeds. 2. A piece of white, refined sugar,
-striped. 3. Five candied kernels of the kaki [persimmon]
-tree, not unlike almonds. 4. A flat slice of cake.
-5. Two cakes, made of flour and honey, shaped like
-a tunnel, brown, thick, and somewhat tough. 6. Two
-slices of a dark reddish and brittle cake, made of bean
-flour and sugar. 7. Two slices of a rice flour cake, yellow
-and tough. 8. Two slices of another cake or pie, of which
-the inside seemed to be of quite a different substance
-from the crust. 9. A large <i>manjū</i>, boiled and filled with
-brown sugar, like treacle. Two smaller <i>manjū</i>, of the
-common bigness, dressed after the same manner. A
-few of these things were eaten, and the rest, according
-to the Japanese custom, were taken home by the interpreter,
-for whom they proved quite a load, especially as
-he was old and rheumatic.”</p>
-
-<p>Having been dismissed with many ceremonies, they
-went next to the house of the acting governor of Yedo,
-who received them with great cordiality, and gave them<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span>
-an entertainment consisting of a cup of tea, boiled fish
-with a very good sauce, oysters boiled and brought in
-the shells, with vinegar, a dish which, it was intimated,
-had been prepared from the known fondness of the Dutch
-for it, several small slices of a roasted goose, fried fish
-and boiled eggs, with very good liquor served up between
-the dishes. Thence they went to the houses of the governors
-of Nagasaki, and returned home at night thoroughly
-tired out, but well satisfied with their reception.</p>
-
-<p>Meanwhile, the customary presents began to come in,
-which, in case the director was at home, were presented
-and received in quite a formal manner,—a speech being
-made by the bearer and an answer returned, after which
-he was treated with tobacco, tea, sweetmeats, and Dutch
-liquors. Besides thirty gowns from the emperor, ten
-were sent by each of the five ordinary councillors, six by
-each of the four extraordinary councillors, five by each
-of the three lords of the temple, and two, “pretty sorry
-ones,” Kämpfer says, by each of the governors of Yedo,—in
-all, a hundred and twenty-three, of which those
-given by the emperor went to the Company, and all
-the rest to the director, constituting no inconsiderable
-perquisite.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_104f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_104f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A View of Fuji</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>It is the custom, on the return of the Dutch, when
-they reach Miyako, to take them to see some of the
-principal temples. The first one visited by Kämpfer was
-the Buddhist temple and convent, where the emperor
-lodges when he comes to visit the Dairi. The approach
-to this temple was a broad, level, gravel walk, half a mile
-in length, lined on both sides with the stately dwellings
-of the ecclesiastics attached to it. Having alighted and
-passed a lofty gateway, the visitors ascended to a large
-terrace, finely gravelled and planted with trees and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span>
-shrubs. Passing two handsome structures, they ascended
-a beautiful stairway to a magnificent building,
-with a front superior to that of the imperial palace at
-Yedo. In the middle of the outermost hall was a chapel
-containing a large idol with curled hair, surrounded
-with smaller idols. On both sides were some smaller
-and less elaborate chapels; behind were two apartments
-for the emperor’s use, opening upon a small pleasure-garden
-at the foot of a mountain, clothed with a beautiful
-variety of trees and shrubs. Behind this garden, and on
-the ascent of the mountain, was a chapel dedicated to the
-predecessor of the reigning emperor, who had been
-deified under the name of <i>Genyūin</i>.</p>
-
-<p>“The visitors were next conducted across a square to
-another temple, of the size of an ordinary European
-church, supported on thirty pillars, or rather fifty-six, including
-those of the gallery which surrounded it. These
-pillars were, however, but nine feet high, and of wood,
-and, with the beams and cornices, were painted some
-red, some yellow. The most striking feature of this
-building, which was entirely empty within, was its
-bended roofs, four in number, one over the other, of
-which the lowest and largest jutted over the gallery.
-There were said to be not less than twenty-seven temples
-within the enclosure of this monastery.</p>
-
-<p>“Up the hill, near a quarter of a mile distant, was a
-large bell, which Kämpfer describes as rather superior in
-size to the smaller of the two great Moscow bells (which
-he had seen), rough, ill-cast, and ill-shaped. It was struck
-on the outside by a large wooden stick. The prior who,
-with a number of the monks, received and entertained
-the Dutch visitors was an old gentleman, of an agreeable
-countenance and good complexion, clad in a violet or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span>
-dark purple-colored gown, with an alms bag in his hand
-richly embroidered with gold.</p>
-
-<p>“The largest and most remarkable of the temples seen
-at Miyako was that called Daibutsu, on the road to
-Fushimi. It was enclosed by a high wall of freestone,
-the front blocks being near twelve feet square. A stone
-staircase of eight steps led up to the gateway, on either
-side of which stood a gigantic image, near twenty-four
-feet high, with-the face of a lion, but otherwise well-proportioned,
-black, or of a dark purple, almost naked,
-and placed on a pedestal six feet high. That on the left
-had the mouth open and one of the hands stretched out.
-The opposite one had the mouth shut and the hand close
-to the body. They were said to be emblems of the two
-first and chief principles of nature, the active and passive,
-the giving and taking, the opening and shutting, generation
-and corruption. Within the gateway were sixteen
-stone pillars on each side for lamps, a water basin, etc.;
-and on the inside of the enclosing wall was a spacious
-walk or gallery, open towards the interior space, but
-covered with a roof which was supported by two rows
-of pillars, about eighteen feet high and twelve feet distant
-from each other.</p>
-
-<p>“Directly opposite the entrance, in the middle of the
-court, stood the temple, much the loftiest structure
-which Kämpfer had seen in Japan, with a double roof
-supported by ninety-four immense wooden pillars, of
-at least nine feet diameter, some of them of a single
-piece, but others of several trunks put together as in
-the case of the masts of our large ships, and all painted
-red.”</p>
-
-<p>Within, the floor was paved with square flags of freestone,—a
-thing not seen elsewhere. There were many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span>
-small, narrow doors running up to the first roof, but the
-interior, on account of its great height, the whole up to
-the second roof forming but one room, was very badly
-lighted. Nothing was to be seen within except an immense
-idol, sitting (not after the Japanese, but after the
-Indian manner, with the legs crossed before it) on a terete
-flower, supported by another flower, of which the leaves
-were turned upwards, the two being raised about twelve
-feet from the floor. The idol, which was gilt all over,
-had long ears, curled hair, a crown on the head, which
-appeared through the window over the first roof, with a
-large spot not gilt on the forehead. The shoulders,
-so broad as to reach from one pillar to another, a distance
-of thirty feet, were naked. The breast and body
-were covered with a loose piece of drapery. It held
-the right hand up, the left rested edgewise on the
-belly.</p>
-
-<p>The Kwannon temple was a structure very long in
-proportion to its breadth. In the midst was a gigantic
-image of Kwannon, with thirty-six arms. Sixteen black
-images, bigger than life, stood round it, and on each side
-two rows of gilt idols with twenty arms each. On either
-side of the temple, running from end to end, were ten
-platforms rising like steps one behind the other, on each
-of which stood fifty images of Kwannon, as large as life,—a
-thousand in all, each on its separate pedestal, so
-arranged as to stand in rows of five, one behind the
-other, and all visible at the same time, each with its
-twenty hands. On the hands and heads of all these
-are placed smaller idols, to the number of forty or more;
-so that the whole number, thirty-three thousand three
-hundred and thirty-three, according to the estimate of
-the Japanese, does not appear exaggerated.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span></p>
-
-<p>Klaproth<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> gives some curious details as to these temples,
-derived from a Japanese Guide Book, such as is
-sold to visitants. The dimensions of the temple and of
-the image of Daibutsu, or the great Buddha, are given
-with great minuteness. The body is seventy-seven feet
-five and one-fourth inches high (Rhineland measure),
-and the entire statue with the lotus, eighty-nine feet
-eight and three-fourths inches. The head of the colossus
-protrudes through the roof of the saloon.<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p>
-
-<p>At a little distance is a chapel called <i>Mimitsuka</i>, or
-“tomb of ears,” in which are buried the ears and noses
-of the Coreans who fell in the war carried on against
-them by Taikō-Sama, who had them salted and conveyed
-to Japan. The grand portico of the external wall of the
-temple is called Ni-ō-mon, “gate of the two kings.” On
-entering this vast portico, which is eighty-three and one-half
-feet high, on each side appears a colossal figure
-twenty-two feet in height, representing the two celestial
-kings, Aōn and Jugo, the usual porters at the Buddhist
-temples. Another edifice placed before the apartment
-of the great Buddha, contains the largest bell known in
-the world. It is seventeen feet two and one-half inches
-high, and weighs one million seven hundred thousand
-Japanese pounds (katties), equal to two million sixty-six
-thousand pounds English. Its weight is consequently
-five times greater than the great bell at Moscow. If
-this is the same bell described by Kämpfer, here is a
-remarkable discrepancy.</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XXXVIII">CHAPTER XXXVIII</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>Further Decline of the Dutch Trade—Degradation of the Japanese Coins—The
-Dutch threaten to withdraw from Japan—Restrictions on the
-Chinese Trade—Probable Cause of the Policy adopted by the Japanese—Drain
-of the Precious Metals—New Basis upon which Future
-Trade must be arranged.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Notwithstanding</span> the lamentations uttered
-by Kämpfer in the name of the Dutch factors,
-the trade to Japan had by no means in his time
-reached its lowest level, and it was subjected soon after
-his departure to new and more stringent limitations.</p>
-
-<p>In the year 1696 appeared a new kind of koban.
-The old koban was twenty carats eight and a half, and
-even ten, grains fine; that is, supposing it divided into
-twenty-four parts, twenty parts and a half were fine
-gold.<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> The new koban was thirteen carats six or seven
-grains fine, containing, consequently, only two-thirds
-as much gold as the old one, and yet the Dutch were
-required to receive it at the same rate of sixty-eight
-mas of silver.</p>
-
-<p>The old koban had returned on the coast of Coromandel
-a profit of twenty-five per cent, the new produced
-a loss of fifteen or sixteen per cent; but some of
-the old koban being still paid over at the same rate as
-the new, some profits continued to be derived from the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span>
-gold, till, in 1710, the Japanese made a still more serious
-change in their coin, by reducing the weight of the
-koban nearly one-half, from forty-seven kanderins (two
-hundred and seventy-four grains) to twenty-five kanderins
-(one hundred and forty-six grains), which, as
-the Dutch were still obliged to receive these new koban
-at the rate of sixty-eight mas, caused a loss of from
-thirty-four to thirty-six per cent. From this time the
-old koban passed as double koban, being reckoned at
-twice their former weight. The koban of the coinage
-of 1730 were about five per cent better than the preceding
-ones; but the Dutch trade continued rapidly to
-decline, especially after the exportation of copper was
-limited, in 1714, to fifteen thousand chests, or piculs,
-and, in 1721, to ten thousand piculs annually. From
-this time, two ships sufficed for the Dutch trade.</p>
-
-<p>For thirty years previous to 1743, the annual gross
-profits on the Japanese trade had amounted to five hundred
-thousand florins (two hundred thousand dollars),
-and some years to six hundred thousand (two hundred
-and forty thousand dollars); but in 1743 they sunk
-below two hundred thousand florins (eighty thousand
-dollars), which was the annual cost of maintaining the
-establishment at Deshima.</p>
-
-<p>Upon this occasion, a “Memoir on the Trade of
-Japan, and the Causes of its Decline,” was drawn up
-by Imhoff, at that time governor-general at Batavia,
-which affords information on the change in the value
-of the koban, and other matters relating to the Dutch
-trade to Japan, not elsewhere to be found.<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> It is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span>
-apparent from his memoir that the trade was not managed
-with the sagacity which might have been expected from
-private merchants. The cargoes were ill assorted, and
-did not correspond to the requisitions of the Japanese.
-They, on the other hand, had repeatedly offered several
-new articles of export, which the Company had declined,
-because, in the old routine of their trade, no profitable
-market appeared for these articles at the prices asked
-for them.</p>
-
-<p>The Dutch attempted to frighten the Japanese by
-threatening to close their factory altogether, but this
-did not produce much effect, and, since the date of
-Imhoff’s memoir, the factory appears not to have done
-much more than to pay its expenses. That the Japanese
-were not very anxious for foreign trade, appears
-by their having restricted the Chinese, previous to 1740,
-to twenty junks annually, and at a subsequent period to
-ten junks.</p>
-
-<p>The Dutch imagined that the above-mentioned changes
-in the coins of Japan were made solely with a view to
-their trade and to curtail their profits. Raffles suggests,
-on the other hand, that this degradation of the Japanese
-coins was the natural result of the immense export of
-the precious metals, which, in the course of the two
-hundred years from 1540 to 1740, must have drained
-Japan of specie to the value of perhaps not less than
-two hundred millions of dollars. The exports of foreign
-nations, as we have seen, were almost entirely metallic,
-and the mines of Japan were by no means so productive
-as to be able to withstand this constant drain. The
-export of silver was first stopped. Then gold was
-raised to such a value as effectually to stop the exportation
-of that, and restrictions were, at the same time,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</span>
-put upon the exportation of copper. This sagacious
-conjecture of Raffles is confirmed by a tract on the
-Origin of the Riches of Japan, written, in 1708, by
-Arai Chikugo-no-Kami [Arai Hakuseki], a person of
-high distinction at the emperor’s court, of which the
-original was brought to Europe by Titsingh, and of
-which Klaproth has given a translation, in the second
-volume of the “Nouveau Journal Asiatique.” The
-author of this tract states, perhaps from official documents,
-the amount of gold and silver exported from
-Nagasaki, from 1611 to 1706, as follows: Gold,
-6,192,600 koban; silver, 112,268,700 taels. Of this
-amount, 2,397,600 koban and 37,420,900 taels of silver
-had been exported since 1646. The exports of copper
-from 1663 to 1708 are stated at 1,114,446,700 katties.</p>
-
-<p>This export is represented as having commenced in
-the time of Nobunaga,<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> when the mines of Japan had
-first begun to be largely productive, and, previous to
-1611, to have been much greater than afterwards, which
-is ascribed by this author in part to the amounts sent
-out of the country, by the Catholic natives, to purchase
-masses for their souls. Much alarm is expressed lest,
-with the decreased product of the mines, and continual
-exportation, Japan should be reduced to poverty. Titsingh
-ascribes the origin of this tract to the extravagance
-of the reigning emperor, which it was desired<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</span>
-to check by good advice; but the exportation of the
-precious metals by foreigners is evidently the point
-aimed at.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_112fa" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_112fa.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">View of Hakone</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_112fb" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_112fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Lake Biwa</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“There goes out of the empire annually,” says this
-writer, “about one hundred and fifty thousand koban,
-or a million and a half in ten years. It is, therefore,
-of the highest importance to the public prosperity to
-put a stop to these exportations, which will end in
-draining us entirely. Nothing is thought of but the
-procuring foreign productions, expensive stuffs, elegant
-utensils, and other things not known in the good old
-times. Since Gongen, gold, silver, and copper have
-been abundantly produced; unfortunately the greater
-part of this wealth has gone for things we could have
-done quite as well without. The successors of Gongen
-ought to reflect upon this, in order that the wealth of
-the empire may be as lasting as the heavens and the
-earth.” Ideas like those broached in this tract seem to
-be the basis of the existing policy of Japan on the subject
-of foreign trade; and, independently of this, the
-failure of the Japanese mines renders any return to the
-old system of the Portuguese and Dutch traffic quite
-out of the question. Japan has no longer gold and silver
-to export, and if a new trade is to be established with
-her, it must be on an entirely new basis, the exports to
-consist of something else than metallic products.</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XXXIX">CHAPTER XXXIX</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>Thunberg’s Visit to Japan—Searches and Examinations—Smuggling—Interpreters—Deshima—Imports
-and Exports—Unicorn’s Horn and
-Ginseng—Soy—The Dutch at Deshima—Japanese Mistresses—Japanese
-Women—Studying the Language—Botanizing—Clocks—New
-Year’s Day—Trampling on Images—Departure for Yedo—Journey
-through the Island of Shimo—Japanese Houses and Furniture—Manufacture
-of Paper—Practice of Bathing—Shimonoseki—Voyage
-to Ōsaka—Children—From Ōsaka to Miyako—Agriculture—Animals—A.D.
-1775-1776.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">From</span> the time of Kämpfer’s departure from
-Deshima, of all the Dutch residents and visitors
-there, none, for a period of upwards of eighty
-years, favored the world with their observations. They
-went to Japan in pursuit of money, not to obtain knowledge,
-either for themselves or others.</p>
-
-<p>At length, in 1775, Charles Peter Thunberg, a
-Swedish physician, naturalist, and traveller, to gain an
-opportunity of seeing Japan, obtained the same official
-situation which Kämpfer had held before him. Being
-an enthusiastic botanist, he was sent to the East by
-some wealthy merchants of Amsterdam to obtain new
-trees and plants, as well for the medical garden of that
-city as for their own private collections. Circumstances
-caused him to spend three years at the Cape of Good
-Hope, whence he proceeded to Batavia. He left that
-port June 20, 1775, and arrived off Nagasaki the 14th
-of the following August. From an experience of more
-than a hundred years, the Company reckoned on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</span>
-loss of one out of every five ships sent to Japan, though
-care was taken to select the best and strongest vessels.<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p>
-
-<p>The searches and examinations previous to landing
-were the same described by Kämpfer. Hitherto it had
-been usual to allow the captains of the vessels to pass at
-pleasure to and from their ships without being searched;
-they, with the directors of the Dutch factory, being the
-only persons exempt from that ceremony. The captains
-had taken advantage of this exemption to dress themselves
-out, for the convenience of smuggling, in a
-showy, blue silk, silver-laced coat, made very wide and
-large, in which dress they generally made three trips a
-day to and from Deshima, being often so loaded down
-with goods that they had to be supported by a sailor
-under each arm. Thunberg’s captain rigged himself
-out in the same style; but, much to his disappointment
-and that of the other Dutchmen, whose private goods
-the captains had been accustomed to smuggle for a
-commission, the Japanese officers who boarded the ship
-brought orders that the captain should dress like the
-rest; that he and the director also should be searched
-when they landed, and that the captain should either
-stop on board, or, if he landed, should remain on shore,
-being allowed to visit the ship only twice during her
-stay. “It was droll enough,” says Thunberg, “to see
-the astonishment which the sudden reduction in the
-size of our bulky captain excited in the major part of
-the ignorant Japanese, who before had always imagined
-that all our captains were actually as fat and lusty as
-they appeared to be.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span></p>
-
-<p>In the year 1772, one of the Dutch ships from Batavia,
-disabled in a violent storm, had been abandoned
-by her crew, who, in their haste, or believing that she
-would speedily sink, had neglected the standing order
-of the Company, in such cases, to set her on fire. Some
-days after she drifted to the Japanese shore, and was
-towed into the harbor of Nagasaki, when the Japanese
-found on board a number of chests marked with the
-names of the principal Dutch officers, and full of prohibited
-goods,—and it was to this discovery that the
-new order was ascribed.</p>
-
-<p>The examination of the clothes and persons of all
-who passed to and from the ship was very strict. The
-large chests were emptied, and the sides, top, and bottom
-sounded to see if they were not hollow. Beds were
-ripped open and the feathers turned over. Iron spikes
-were thrust into the butter-tubs and jars of sweetmeats.
-A square hole was cut in the cheeses, and a
-thick, pointed wire thrust through them in every direction.
-Even some of the eggs brought from Batavia were
-broken, lest they might be shams in which valuables
-were concealed.</p>
-
-<p>Formerly, according to Thunberg, the Dutch took
-the liberty to correct with blows the Japanese <i>kuri</i> employed
-as laborers on board the ships; but in his time
-this was absolutely prohibited. He adds, that the
-respect of the Japanese for the Dutch was a good deal
-diminished by observing “in how unfriendly and unmannerly
-a style they usually behave to each other,
-and the brutal treatment which the sailors under their
-command frequently experience from them, together
-with the oaths, curses, and blows with which the poor
-fellows are assailed by them.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span></p>
-
-<p>The interpreters would seem to have adopted, since
-the time of Kämpfer (as he makes no mention of it), the
-practice of medicine among their countrymen after
-the European manner. This made them very inquisitive
-as to matters of physic and natural history, and
-very anxious to obtain European books, which they
-studied diligently. Kämpfer speaks of the interpreters
-with great indignation as the most watchful and hateful
-of spies. Thunberg appears to have established very
-good terms with them. New restrictions, however, had
-been placed on their intercourse with the resident
-Dutchmen, whom, to prevent smuggling, they were not
-allowed to visit, except in company with one or two
-other officers.</p>
-
-<p>Deshima, from Thunberg’s description of it, appears
-to have altered very little since Kämpfer’s residence
-there, though glass windows had lately been brought
-from Batavia, by some of the Dutch residents, as a
-substitute for the paper windows of the Japanese.</p>
-
-<p>The permanent residents were now twelve or thirteen
-(there had been but seven in Kämpfer’s time), besides
-slaves brought from Batavia, of whom each Dutchman
-had one.</p>
-
-<p>The goods sent out by the Company at the time of
-Thunberg’s visit were sugars (almost the only article
-of consumption which the Japanese do not produce for
-themselves), elephants’ teeth, sappan-wood for dyeing,
-tin, lead, bar-iron, fine chintzes of various sorts, Dutch
-broadcloths, shalloons, silks, cloves, tortoise-shell, China-root,
-and <i>Costus Arabicus</i>. The goods of private adventurers
-were saffron, Venice treacle, Spanish liquorice,
-rattans, spectacles, looking-glasses, watches, Ninjin-root
-or ginseng, and unicorns’ horns. This latter article,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span>
-the horn of the <i>Monodon monoceros</i>, a product of the
-Greenland fishery, had been lately introduced. The
-Japanese ascribed to it wonderful virtues as a medicine,
-believing it to have the power to prolong life, strengthen
-the animal spirits, assist the memory, and cure all sorts
-of complaints. Thunberg had carried out as his venture
-thirty-seven katties (about fifty pounds) of this horn,
-which sold for five thousand and seventy-one taels, or
-upwards of six thousand dollars; so that, after paying
-the advances made to him at Batavia, he had a handsome
-surplus to expend in his favorite pursuit of natural
-history.</p>
-
-<p>The genuine Chinese ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolium</i>)
-sold at a price full as high as that of unicorn’s horn.
-The American article, being regarded as not genuine,
-was strictly prohibited, but was smuggled in to mix
-with the Chinese.<a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p>
-
-<p>Scientific works in the Dutch language, though not
-a regular article of sale, might be often exchanged to
-advantage with the interpreters.</p>
-
-<p>The Company imported a quantity of silver coin, but
-private persons were not allowed to do so, though a
-profit might have been made on it. The sale by kamban
-continued exactly as Kämpfer had described it. No
-Japanese money came into the hands either of the Company
-or of individuals from the sale of their goods by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span>
-kamban. They only acquired a credit, which they were
-able to exchange for Japanese articles.</p>
-
-<p>The chief articles of export were copper, camphor,
-and lackered goods; porcelain, rice, sake, soy,<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> were
-also exported. The profits of this trade had been
-greatly curtailed. “Formerly,” says Thunberg, “it was
-so very profitable to individuals that hardly anybody
-but favorites were sent out as chiefs, and when these
-had made two voyages, it was supposed that they were
-rich enough to be able to live on the interest of their
-fortunes, and that, therefore, they ought to make room
-for others. At present a chief is obliged to make many
-voyages. His success is now no more to be envied, and
-his profits are thought to be very inconsiderable.”</p>
-
-<p>Of the general enjoyment of a residence at Deshima
-Thunberg does not speak very highly. “An European
-that remains here is, in a manner, dead and buried in
-an obscure corner of the globe. He hears no news of
-any kind; nothing relative to war or other misfortunes
-and evils that plague and infest mankind; and neither
-the rumors of inland or foreign concerns delight or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span>
-molest his ear. The soul possesses here one faculty
-only, which is the judgment (if, indeed, it be at all
-times in possession of that). The will is totally debilitated,
-and even dead, because, to an European there is
-no other will than that of the Japanese, by which he
-must exactly square his conduct.</p>
-
-<p>“The European way of living is, in other respects,
-the same as in other parts of India, luxurious and irregular.
-Hence, just as at Batavia, we pay a visit every
-evening to the chief, after having walked several times
-up and down the two streets. These evening visits
-generally last from six o’clock till ten, and sometimes
-eleven or twelve at night, and constitute a very disagreeable
-way of life, fit only for such as have no other
-way of spending their time than droning over a pipe of
-tobacco and a bottle.”</p>
-
-<p>The Europeans remaining at Deshima had each two
-or three handsome rooms, besides the store-rooms in the
-lower story. These they occupied without rent, the only
-expense being that of furnishing them. As the winter
-set in, the cold, with an easterly or northerly wind, was
-quite piercing, and they had fires of charcoal in a large
-copper kettle with a broad rim. Placed in the middle
-of the room it warmed the whole apartment for hours
-together. The looseness of the doors and windows
-prevented any ill consequences from the gases. As the
-residents all dined and supped at a common table, kept
-at the Company’s expense, their outlays did not amount
-to much—“except,” says Thunberg, “they squander
-away their money on the fair sex, or make expensive
-entertainments and give suppers to each other.”</p>
-
-<p>The account which Thunberg gives of the Japanese
-mistresses of the Dutch is very much the same with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span>
-that given by Kämpfer. These women, when spoken
-for to an officer appointed for that purpose, come attended
-by a little serving-maid,—one of the young
-apprentices of the houses to which they belonged,—who
-brought daily from the town her mistress’ food,
-made her tea, kept her things in order, and ran on
-errands. One of these female companions could not be
-had for less than three days, but might be kept a year,
-or even several years. The price was eight mas, or one
-dollar a day, besides her maintenance and presents of
-silk dresses, girdles, head-ornaments, etc. According
-to Thunberg, children were very seldom born of these
-connections. He was assured, but did not credit it,
-that if such a thing happened, the child, if a boy, would
-be murdered; and that, if a girl, it would be sent at
-fifteen to Batavia; but of this he knew of no instance.
-There was, in his time, one girl about six years old,
-born of a Japanese mother, living on the island with
-her father. Later accounts go to show that Dutch-Japanese
-children are by no means such rarities as
-Thunberg represents.<a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p>
-
-<p>The women painted their lips with colors, made of
-the <i>Catharinus tinctorius</i>, or bastard saffron, rubbed on
-little porcelain bowls. If laid on very thin, the lips
-appeared red; if thick, it gave them a violet hue,
-esteemed by the Japanese as the more beautiful. The
-married women were distinguished by blacking their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span>
-teeth with a fœtid mixture, so corrosive that the lips
-had to be protected from it while it was laid on. It ate
-so deeply into the teeth that it took several days and
-much trouble to scrape it away. “To me at least,” says
-Thunberg, “a wide mouth with black shining teeth had
-an ugly and disagreeable appearance.” The married
-women distinguished themselves also by pulling out their
-eyebrows; and another distinction was that they knotted
-their girdles before, and the single women behind.</p>
-
-<p>Thunberg noticed that venereal diseases, which he
-ascribed to European intercourse, were very common,<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>
-and he congratulated himself on the questionable service
-of having introduced the mercurial treatment.</p>
-
-<p>As he had plenty of leisure and little taste for the
-Dutch fashion of killing time, he endeavored to find
-more rational and profitable employment. The residents
-were still allowed native servants, who, though
-not interpreters, had learned to speak the Dutch language.
-But the Dutch were strictly prohibited from
-learning the Japanese; and though the interpreters were
-sufficiently well inclined, Thunberg encountered many
-difficulties in his study of that language. It was only
-after many inquiries that he found at last an old dictionary,
-in the Latin, Portuguese, and Japanese, in
-quarto, containing nine hundred and six pages. The
-title-page was gone, but the book purported to have
-been compiled by the joint labors of the Jesuits at
-Japan, as well European as natives. It belonged to
-one of the interpreters, who possessed it as legacy from
-his ancestors, and he refused to sell it for any price.<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span></p>
-
-<p>Afterwards, at Yedo, he saw a book in long quarto,
-about an inch thick, printed on Japanese paper, entirely
-in Japanese characters, except the title-page, which bore
-the imprint of the Jesuits, with the date, Nagasaki,
-<span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1598.</p>
-
-<p>“Through incapacity in some and indolence in others,”
-the Dutch possessed no vocabulary of the Japanese, and
-all the knowledge the Dutch residents had of it did
-not go beyond calling by name a few familiar articles.
-Thunberg has annexed to his Travels a short Japanese
-vocabulary, but he does not appear to have made any
-great progress in the language.</p>
-
-<p>With much difficulty he obtained, about the beginning
-of February, leave to botanize.<a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> Every excursion
-cost him sixteen or eighteen taels, as he was obliged to
-feast from twenty to thirty Japanese officials, by whom
-he was always attended. On the neighboring hills he
-noticed many burying-grounds, containing tombstones
-of various forms, sometimes rough, but more frequently
-hewn, with letters, sometimes gilt, engraved upon them.
-Before these stones were placed vessels, made of large
-bamboos, containing water, with branches of flowers.</p>
-
-<p>He also noticed, both around Nagasaki and afterwards
-on his journey to Yedo, the pits, or rather large earthen
-jars, sunk by the road-side for the collection of manure,
-both liquid and solid. To the fœtid exhalations from
-these open pits, and to the burning of charcoal without
-chimneys, he ascribed the red and inflamed eyes very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</span>
-common in Japan. In the gardens he saw growing the
-common red beet, the carrot, fennel, dill, anise, parsley,
-and asparagus; leeks, onions, turnips, radishes, lettuce,
-succory, and endive. Long ranges of sloping ground,
-at the foot of the mountains, were planted with the
-sweet potato. Attempts were also made to cultivate
-the common potato, but with little success. Several
-kinds of yams (<i>Dioscoreæ</i>) grew wild in the vicinity of
-Nagasaki, of which one species was used for food, and,
-when boiled, had a very agreeable taste.<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> Buckwheat,
-Windsor beans (<i>Vicia faba</i>), several species of French
-beans (<i>Phascolus</i>), and peas (<i>Pisun sativum</i>), were commonly
-cultivated; also, two kinds of cayenne pepper
-(<i>Capsicum</i>), introduced probably by the Portuguese.
-Tobacco was also raised, for the use and the name of
-which the Japanese were indebted to the Portuguese.
-He observed also hemp, the <i>Acorus</i>, strongly aromatic;
-a kind of ginger (<i>Amomum miōga</i>); the <i>Mentha piperita</i>;
-the <i>Alcea rosea</i> and <i>Malva Mauritiana</i>, cultivated
-for their flowers; the <i>Celastrus alatus</i>, a branch of
-which, stuck at a young lady’s door, is thought by the
-Japanese to have the power of making her fall in love
-with you; the common juniper-tree; the bamboo and
-the box, also the ivy; the China-root (<i>Smilax China</i>);
-wild figs, with small fruit like plums (<i>Fiscus pumila</i>
-and <i>erecta</i>); the pepper bush (<i>Figara peperita</i>); a
-species of madder (<i>Rubia cordata</i>), and several species
-of the <i>Pologonum</i>, used for dyeing. Also, two species
-of nettles, the bark of which furnished cordage and
-thread, and the seeds of one species an oil. The yellow
-flowers of the colewort (<i>Brassica orientalis</i>), which was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span>
-largely cultivated for the oil afforded by its seeds, presented
-through the spring a beautiful appearance. This
-oil was used for lamps. Oil for food, used, however,
-but sparingly, was expressed from the <i>Sesamum orientale</i>
-and the mustard seed. Solid oils, for candles, were
-obtained from the nuts of the varnish-tree (<i>Rhus vernix</i>),
-and from those of the <i>Rhus succedanea</i>, the camphor-tree,
-the <i>Melea azedarach</i>, and the <i>Camellia sasankwa</i>.<a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p>
-
-<p>In striking fire a tinder is used made of the woolly
-part of the leaves of the common wormwood. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</span>
-famous moxa [<i>mogusa</i>], spoken of hereafter, is a finer
-preparation of the same root. Instead of soap the meal
-of a species of bean is employed.</p>
-
-<p>The bark of the <i>Shikimi</i>, or anise-tree (a near relation
-of the mangolia tribe, and whose flowers and leaves are
-much employed in religious ceremonies), is used as a
-time-measurer. A box a foot long is filled with ashes,
-in which are marked furrows, in parallel lines, strewed
-with fine powder of this bark. The lid being closed,
-with only a small hole left to supply air, the powder is
-set on fire at one end, and consumed very slowly, and
-the hours, marked beforehand on these furrows, are
-proclaimed in the daytime by striking the bells in the
-temples, and in the night by the watch striking together
-two pieces of wood. Another method of measuring
-time is by burning slow match, divided into knots to
-mark the hours. The Japanese also have a clock, the
-mechanism of which is described in a subsequent
-chapter.</p>
-
-<p>“The first of January, according to custom,” says
-Thunberg, “most of the Japanese that had anything to
-do at the Dutch factory came to wish us a happy new
-year. Dressed in their holiday clothes, they paid their
-respects to the director, who invited them to dine with
-him. The victuals were chiefly dressed after the European
-manner, and, consequently, but few of the dishes
-were tasted by the Japanese. Of the soup they all
-partook, but of the other dishes, such as roasted pigs,
-hams, salad, cakes, tarts, and other pastries, they ate
-little or nothing, but put on a plate a little of every
-dish, and, when it was full, sent it home, labelled with
-the owner’s name; and this was repeated several times.
-Salt beef, and the like, which the Japanese do not eat,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span>
-were set by, and used as a medicine. The same may
-be said of the salt butter, of which I was frequently
-desired to cut a slice for some of the company. It is
-made into pills, and taken daily in consumptions and
-other disorders. After dinner, warm sake was handed
-round, which was drank out of lackered wooden cups.</p>
-
-<p>“On this festive occasion the director invited from
-the town several handsome girls, partly for the purpose
-of serving out the sake, and partly to dance and bear
-the girls company who were already on the island.
-After dinner, these girls treated the Japanese to several
-of their own country messes, placed on small square
-tables, which were decorated with an artificial fir-tree,
-the leaves of which were made of green silk, and in
-several places sprinkled over with white cotton, in imitation
-of the winter’s snow. The girls never presented
-the sake, standing, but, after their own fashion, sitting.
-In the evening they danced, and about five o’clock the
-company took their leave.”</p>
-
-<p>The 19th of February, 1776, on which fell the beginning
-of the Japanese year, was celebrated according
-to the Japanese custom, all of them going visiting,
-dressed up in their holiday clothes, and wishing their
-neighbors joy; and, indeed, this interchange of congratulations
-is kept up, more or less, through the first
-month.</p>
-
-<p>On the two last days of the year a general settlement
-of accounts takes place. Fresh credit is then given for
-six months, when a new settlement takes place. The
-rate of interest was high, ranging from eighteen to
-twenty per cent. Thunberg was told that, after new-year’s
-day, there was no right to demand settlement of
-the last year’s accounts.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span></p>
-
-<p>Shortly after the Japanese new year, took place the
-trampling of images, which ceremony, according to the
-information obtained by Thunberg, was still performed
-by all the inhabitants of Nagasaki, exactly as in Kämpfer’s
-time.</p>
-
-<p>On the 4th of March the director set out for the emperor’s
-court, accompanied, as usual, by the secretary
-of the factory, and by Thunberg as physician. In
-Kämpfer’s day these two latter persons had been obliged
-to make the journey on horseback, exposed to cold, rain,
-and all the inclemencies of the weather. Since then
-they had obtained the privilege of travelling in norimono,
-equally with the director. Dr. Thunberg seems
-to have been well satisfied with his vehicle, which he
-describes as both handsome and convenient. Each
-norimono traveller had with him a bottle of red wine,
-and another of Dutch ale, taken daily from the large
-stock provided for the journey, and preferred by the
-Europeans to tea, which they regarded as a “great
-relaxer of the stomach.” Each traveller had also an
-oblong lackered box, containing “a double slice of
-bread and butter.” In order to support the dignity of
-the Dutch East India Company, the bed equipage which
-they carried with them, consisting of coverlids, pillows,
-and mattresses, was covered with the richest open-work
-velvets and silks. Their retinue, on horseback and on
-foot, was numerous and picturesque. They were received
-everywhere with the honor and respect paid to
-the princes of the land; and, besides, says Thunberg,
-were so well guarded “that no harm could befall us,
-and, at the same time, so well attended that we had no
-more care upon our minds than a sucking child; the
-whole of our business consisting in eating and drinking,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span>
-or in reading or writing for our amusement, in sleeping,
-dressing ourselves, and being carried about in our
-norimono.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_128f" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_128f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Ear-Mound at Kyōtō</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>At setting out, each of the three Dutchmen received
-from the purveyor fifty taels, for their individual expenses.
-This was the first Japanese money which
-Thunberg had seen, and this, with other sums doled
-out to them from time to time, was chiefly spent in
-presents to their attendants. The disbursement on this
-score, at starting, amounted to ten taels each.</p>
-
-<p>In the early part of their journey, they followed a
-somewhat different road from Kämpfer’s, all the way
-by land, not crossing either the bay of Ōmura, nor that
-of Shimabara. They passed, however, through Shiota,
-as Kämpfer had done, famous for its large water-jars,
-and visited the hot springs in that neighborhood, and
-also Saga, capital of the province of Hizen, remarkable
-for its handsome women, its rice and its fine porcelain.
-The roads were found such as Kämpfer had described
-them. Proceeding onward, still by Kämpfer’s route,
-they reached Kokura on the ninth of March. The following
-description of Japanese houses corresponds sufficiently
-well with that of Kämpfer, while it gives a
-rather more distinct, and somewhat less flattering, idea
-of them. “The houses are very roomy and commodious,
-and never more than two stories—at most twenty feet—high,
-of which the lower one is inhabited, and the
-upper serves for lofts and garrets, and is seldom occupied.
-The mode of building in this country is curious
-and peculiar. Every house occupies a great extent of
-ground, and is built in general of wood and plaster,
-and whitewashed on the outside so as to look exactly
-like stone. The beams all lie horizontal or stand<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span>
-perpendicular. Between these beams, which are square
-and far from thick, bamboos are interwoven, and the
-space filled up with clay, sand, and lime. The roofs
-are covered with tiles of a singular make, very thick
-and heavy. The more ordinary houses are covered
-with chips [shingles], on which are frequently laid
-heavy stones to secure them. In the villages and
-meaner towns I sometimes saw the sides of the houses,
-especially behind, covered with the bark of trees, which
-was secured by laths nailed on it to prevent the rain
-from damaging the wall.</p>
-
-<p>“The whole house makes but one room, which can
-be divided according as it may be found necessary, or
-thought proper, into many smaller ones. This is done
-by moving slight partitions, consisting of wooden frames,
-pasted over with thick painted paper, which slide with
-great ease in grooves made in the beams of the floor
-and roof for that purpose. Such rooms were frequently
-partitioned off for us and our retinue, during our journey;
-and when a larger apartment was wanted for a
-dining-room, or any other purpose, the partitions were
-in an instant taken away. One could not see, indeed,
-what was done in the next room, but one frequently
-overheard the conversation that passed there.</p>
-
-<p>“In each room there are two or more windows, which
-reach from the ceiling to within two feet of the floor.
-They consist of light frames which may be taken out,
-put in, and slid behind each other, at pleasure, in two
-grooves made for this purpose in the beams above and
-below them. They are divided by slender rods into
-panes of a parallelogrammatic form, sometimes to the
-number of forty, and pasted over on the outside with
-fine white paper, which is seldom if ever oiled, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</span>
-admits a great deal of light, but prevents any one from
-seeing through it. The roof always projects a great
-way beyond the house, and sometimes has an addition
-which covers a small projecting gallery that stands
-before each window. From this little roof go slanting
-inwards and downwards several quadrangular frames,
-within which hang blinds made of rushes, which may
-be drawn up and let down, and serve not only to hinder
-people that pass by from looking into the house, but
-chiefly when it rains to prevent the paper windows from
-being damaged. There are no glass windows here; nor
-have I observed mother-of-pearl or muscovy talc (mica,
-or isinglass) used for this purpose.</p>
-
-<p>“The houses have neither the elegant appearance nor
-the convenience and comfort of ours in Europe. The
-rooms are not so cheerful and pleasant, nor so warm in
-the winter, neither are they so safe in case of fire, nor
-so durable. Their semi-transparent paper windows, in
-particular, spoil the houses, as well in their inside as
-outside appearance. Neither chimneys nor stoves are
-known throughout the whole country, although the
-cold is very intense, and they are obliged to make fires
-in their apartments from October to March. The fires
-are made in copper kettles, of various sizes, with broad
-projecting edges. This mode of firing is liable, however,
-to this inconvenience, that the charcoal sometimes
-smokes, in consequence of which the apartment becomes
-dirty and black, and the eyes of the company suffer
-exceedingly.</p>
-
-<p>“The floors are always covered with mats made of a
-fine species of rush (<i>Juncus effusus</i>), cultivated in low
-spots for that purpose, and interwoven with rice straw.
-These mats are from three to four inches thick, and of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</span>
-the same size throughout the country, viz., two yards
-long and one broad. The insides of the houses, both
-ceiling and walls, are covered with a handsome, thick
-paper, ornamented with various flowers. These hangings
-are either green, yellow, or white; and sometimes
-embellished with silver and gold. As the paper is
-greatly damaged by the smoke in winter, it is renewed
-every third or fifth year.<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</span></p>
-
-<p>“The furniture in this country is as simple as the
-style of building. Neither cupboards, bureaus, sofas,
-beds, tables, chairs, clocks, looking-glasses, nor anything
-else of the kind, is to be seen. To the greater part of
-these the Japanese are utter strangers. Their soft
-floor-mats serve them for chairs. A small table, or
-rather salver, about twelve inches square and four high,
-is set before each person in company at every meal, of
-which there are three a day. The food (rice, soup, and
-fish being the principal articles) is served in lackered
-wooden cups. Most other nations of the East sit with
-their legs laid across before them,—the Chinese and
-Japanese lay their feet under their bodies, and make a
-chair of their heels. When the hour of rest approaches,
-a soft mattress, stuffed with cotton, is spread out on
-the mats. The Japanese have no pillows, instead of
-which they use oblong lackered pieces of wood. With
-the above apparatus for sleeping, the Japanese bed-chamber
-is put in order, and he himself up and dressed,
-in the twinkling of an eye; as, in fact, scarcely a longer
-time is requisite for him to throw the gown over him,
-which serves for dress by day and bedclothes at night,
-and to gird it round his waist.</p>
-
-<p>“Though mirrors do not decorate the walls, they are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</span>
-in general use at the toilet, made not of glass, but of a
-composition of copper and zinc highly polished, and
-fixed obliquely in a stand of wood made for that purpose.
-Cleanliness is a constant object with these people,
-and not a day passes in which they do not wash themselves,
-whether they are at home or on a journey. In
-all towns and villages, inns and private houses, there
-are baths.” He adds, however, what goes rather
-against this alleged cleanliness, that as the poor, to
-save expense, are accustomed to use water in which
-others have repeatedly bathed, they are apt in that way
-to take infectious disorders. Neither do their open
-manure vaults, placed by the roadsides and in the very
-fronts of their houses, agree so well with this eulogy.</p>
-
-<p>At Kokura the Dutch bespoke, against their return,
-rice and charcoal for the factory at Deshima. Having
-crossed to Shimonoseki, they embarked, on the 12th of
-March, in a large Japanese junk, for Ōsaka; but, having
-made less than half the voyage, they encountered
-contrary winds, which drove them a long distance back,
-and detained them for near three weeks. The weather
-was so cold as to make fires comfortable, and colds and
-catarrhs, endemical to Japan from the changeability of
-its climate, were very prevalent. All this time they
-slept on board, but had several times an opportunity to
-go on shore to amuse themselves at the inns and temples,
-the Japanese sailors being always anxious to land
-in order to bathe.</p>
-
-<p>The country all along this coast was mountainous,
-which was the reason of going by sea instead of by land,
-the land road being very difficult. This coast seemed,
-nevertheless, to be highly cultivated, the mountains in
-many places resembling beautiful gardens.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</span></p>
-
-<p>At the places where they landed, the children were
-very numerous. “I observed,” says Thunberg, “that
-the chastisement of children was very moderate. I
-very seldom heard them rebuked or scolded, and hardly
-ever saw them flogged or beaten, either in private families
-or on board the vessels; while, in more civilized
-and enlightened nations, these compliments abound.<a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>
-In the schools one might hear the children read all at
-once, and so loud as almost to deafen one.”</p>
-
-<p>Whenever the Japanese went on shore, they killed
-geese and ducks for the Dutchmen to eat; but at sea
-they had scruples about killing them, though in fine
-weather the Chinese teal (<i>Anas galericulata</i>), and several
-sorts of ducks, fairly covered the water, so as to
-look at a distance like great islands. But, though
-scrupulous themselves, they made no objections to
-Thunberg’s killing them; though, not being allowed
-the use of fire-arms, it does not appear how he did it.</p>
-
-<p>At length, on the seventh of April, after a disagreeable
-and dangerous passage of twenty-six days, they reached
-the harbor of Hiōgo, whence the next day, partly by
-land and partly in small boats, they proceeded to Ōsaka.
-Here each of the travellers disbursed sixteen taels in
-presents to the captain and crew of the vessel, for the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</span>
-hire of which the sum of four hundred and eighty taels
-was paid by the East India Company. They stayed at
-Ōsaka only a single night, during which they bespoke
-from some merchants, who visited them<a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> with samples,
-several articles, such as insects of copper, artificial trees
-varnished, fans of various kinds, writing paper, paper
-hangings, etc. They left Ōsaka early in the morning,
-by torchlight, and, following the same road which
-Kämpfer had taken, reached Miyako at night. “Except
-in Holland,” says Thunberg, “I never made so
-pleasant a journey as this, with regard to the beauty
-and delightful appearance of the country. The whole
-country, on both sides of us, as far as we could see, was
-nothing but a fertile field, and the whole of our long
-day’s journey extended through villages, of which one
-began where the other ended.”</p>
-
-<p>The farmers were now preparing their lands for rice.
-The fields, by means of a raised border, lay almost entirely
-under water. This was the case even with those
-sides of the hills intended for rice. They were laid out
-in terraces, the water collected on the higher grounds
-being regulated by means of walls or dams, so as to be
-let on or shut off at pleasure. There were, also, reservoirs,
-constructed to retain the contents of the flooded
-streams, against occasions of drought. The rice was
-sown first very close and thick, and when about six
-inches high was transplanted into the fields, in tufts of
-several plants, placed about six inches apart. This was
-done by the women, who waded about in water at least
-six inches deep, the men having first turned up the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</span>
-ground with a hoe. Beautiful white herons followed
-the laborers, and cleared the fields of worms. The rice
-thus planted was reaped in November.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp50" id="i_136f" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_136f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Kwannon, Goddess of Mercy</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Fields of wheat, barley (used to feed the horses),
-buckwheat, East India kale (<i>Brassica orientalis</i>), and
-mustard (the two latter for oil) were also seen. These
-crops, planted in November or December, and ripe in
-May or June, were in beds about a foot broad, and separated
-from each other by a deep furrow or trench of
-about the same breadth. Sometimes they were planted
-across these narrow beds, and sometimes in two rows,
-lengthwise. Thunberg noticed that when the ear was
-about to put forth, the plants being grown to the height
-of a foot, the earth was taken out from the intervening
-trenches, and drawn up to the roots of the plants.
-About the same time, or a little earlier, the liquid
-manure collected in the jars already described, and
-mingled with all sorts of refuse, was carried out by the
-farmers, in large pails, and poured with a ladle on the
-roots of the plants; a method which avoids the waste
-incident to spreading the manure on unplanted fields,
-to be dried up by the sun, or to lose by evaporation its
-volatile salts and oily particles.</p>
-
-<p>The fields were kept so free of weeds as to afford,
-much to Thunberg’s disappointment, very little chance
-to botanize. Animals were little used in agriculture.
-Only such of the rice-fields as lay low, and quite under
-water, were ploughed by oxen,—cows being kept for
-draft and breeding only, and never milked. The only
-wheel carriages seen were a few carts, and these only in
-and about Miyako, some with three wheels,<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> one before<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</span>
-the other two, and some two-wheeled. These carts
-were long and narrow, the wheels, some with spokes
-and fellies, but without any tire, except a rope tied
-about them, and others of a solid piece, sawed from a
-log. They were drawn by an ox, by cows, or a buffalo.
-Horses were chiefly for the use of their princes, though
-occasionally employed by others for travelling and carrying
-burdens. They were not numerous, but Thunberg
-seems to make rather a close estimate in saying that all
-Japan has scarcely as many horses as a single province
-of Sweden. There was no occasion for meadows or
-pastures, the cattle and horses being fed at home all
-the year, so that all the land, not too steep or rocky for
-cultivation, was devoted to the raising of crops; nor
-did the fields require fences. All the manure of the
-animals kept was carefully preserved, old men and
-children following the horses of travellers, with a shell
-fastened to the end of a stick, and a basket in which to
-put what they collected. Of course the small number
-of domestic animals made it the more necessary to
-resort to the other means of providing manure already
-noticed.</p>
-
-<p>A few swine were to be seen, but only in the neighborhood
-of Nagasaki. There were no sheep nor goats.
-A supply of these animals, and also of cattle and hogs,
-for the Dutch at Deshima, was brought annually from
-Batavia. Dogs, “the only idlers in the country,” were
-kept from superstitious motives, and cats were the general
-favorites of the women. Hens and ducks were
-kept about the houses, chiefly for their eggs, of which
-the Japanese make great use, boiled hard and chopped
-into small pieces.</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XL">CHAPTER XL</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>Japanese Merchants—Journey from Miyako to Yedo—Botany of the
-Mountains—Rainy Weather—Coverings for the Head and Feet—Yedo—Astronomers
-and Physicians—Acupuncture—Moxa [Mogusa]—Other
-Japanese Remedies—Method of wearing the Hair—Visits
-to the Emperor and his Chief Officers—Japanese Dress—Books
-and Maps—Succession of Emperors—Departure from Yedo—Gnats—Fire-flies—Threshing—Vegetables
-and Fruits—Condition
-of the Japanese Farmer—Casting Copper—Actors and Dancers—Thunberg’s
-Opinion of the Japanese—A. D. 1775-1776.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">The</span> travellers remained four days at Miyako, during
-which the accustomed visits were paid to the
-chief justice and to the two governors. A new
-advance of money was also made to them here, Thunberg’s
-share being three hundred taels, in gold koban,
-to be charged against the kamban money standing to
-his credit from the sale of his private goods, and to be
-laid out in the purchase of such rarities and merchandise
-as he chose. Here, again, the Dutch were waited on by
-the merchants, from whom they bespoke several articles
-in sowas (?) and lackered ware, to be ready against their
-return. Of these Japanese merchants, Thunberg observes
-that they are the only persons in the country,
-except the emperor, who can become rich, and that they
-sometimes accumulate very considerable sums; but they
-cannot, as in Europe, purchase titles, or raise themselves
-by their money to a higher rank. The position of the
-trading and manufacturing class seems, indeed, almost
-precisely the same with that which they held in Europe
-during the prevalence of feudal ideas.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</span></p>
-
-<p>Commerce, however, was free from any embarrassments
-by tolls or duties, and a considerable internal
-trade, of which Miyako was the centre (several annual
-fairs being held there), was carried on in tea, silk goods,
-porcelain, rice, lackered ware, etc.</p>
-
-<p>Setting out from Miyako on the fourteenth of April,
-the travellers, in passing lake Ōtsu, were treated to a
-delicious fish, of the salmon kind, the largest of which
-seen by Thunberg weighed about ten pounds. Finding,
-in the course of their journey, that this species of fish
-was often served up, they ordered some to be smoked,
-against their return; but they did not prove equal to
-European salmon, either in size, fatness, or style of
-curing. The country still continued as populous as before.
-In the villages were many almond, peach, and
-apricot trees, which now presented a very beautiful appearance,
-blossoming on the bare branches before the
-leaves unfolded. These, as well as the plum, cherry,
-apple, and pear<a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> trees, sometimes bore double flowers,
-upon which the Japanese put a high value.</p>
-
-<p>The road having brought them to the sea-shore,
-Thunberg observed the <i>Fucus saccharinus</i>, called by the
-Japanese <i>Kombu</i>, or sometimes <i>Noshi</i>. Cleansed and
-dried, it is eaten, though very tough, either boiled or
-raw,—in the latter case cut into strips, which are folded
-in little squares, a considerable number of which are
-usually strewed on the little tables, or salvers, on which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</span>
-the complimentary presents, so common with the Japanese,
-are offered. These presents, generally of trifling
-value, are always accompanied with a complimentary
-paper (so called), folded in a peculiar manner, and having
-slips of this fucus pasted to both ends of it.</p>
-
-<p>The mountain, Fuji, was now in sight, and presently
-the mountainous tract of Hakone was entered, separating
-the bays of Tōtōmi and Yedo. It took a day to
-cross these mountains, which were covered with bushes
-and forest trees, and were the only hills in Japan, except
-those close to Nagasaki, which Thunberg was permitted
-freely to wander over and examine. “This day,” he
-says, “I was seldom in my norimono; but in the same
-degree as I eased my bearers of their burden, I rendered
-the journey troublesome to the interpreters, and more
-particularly to the inferior officers, who, by rotation,
-were to follow my steps. I was not allowed, indeed, to
-go far out of the road, but having been previously used
-to run up rocks in the African mountains, I frequently
-got to a considerable distance before my anxious and
-panting followers, and thereby gained time to gather a
-great many of the most curious and scarcest plants,
-which had just begun to flower, and which I put in my
-handkerchief.”</p>
-
-<p>Among the trees growing in this tract was the <i>Thuya
-dolebrata</i>, planted everywhere by the road-side, tall,
-straight, and with leaves of silver-white on their under
-sides,—in Thunberg’s opinion the handsomest of the
-fir tribe. There were no less than six peculiar species of
-maple, all of great beauty. Cedars (<i>Cupressus japonica</i>),
-a common tree throughout the country, grew here in
-great perfection. The straightest and tallest of the firs,
-their trunks ran up straight as a candle, and, being both<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</span>
-light and very durable, the timber was employed for all
-sorts of constructions, and also for cabinet work, the
-veins showing to advantage when covered with varnish.
-The wood of this tree, next to the <i>Pinus silvestris</i>, is
-that most employed by carpenters, etc. He also observed
-several species of oaks,<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> the common barberry, in full
-blossom, several species of the <i>Vaccinia</i>, or whortleberry,
-a wild pear-tree, a shrub with leaves so rough that they
-are used for polishing by the joiners, the <i>Oryris japonica</i>,
-bearing its flowers at the middle of its leaves; also,
-several beautiful flowering shrubs, <i>Viburna</i>, with double
-as well as single flowers, two species of <i>Spirea</i>, the
-<i>Citrus tripoliata</i>, and the <i>Gardenia Florida</i>, of which
-the seed-vessels afforded a yellow dye. The dragon lily
-(<i>Arum dracontium</i>), and the edible species of the same
-plant (<i>Arum esculentum</i>), the eddo, or tania, of the West
-Indies, and taro, of the Sandwich Islands (<i>Caladium</i> in
-more recent classifications), were cultivated in some
-spots.</p>
-
-<p>By night the sea-shore was again reached, at Odawara,
-whence two days’ journey took them to Yedo,
-where they arrived, on account of the delay in the sea
-voyage, at a period unusually late, but which Thunberg
-notes as an advantage, since it gave him, both going and
-returning, a better opportunity to observe the vegetation
-of the country. During the journey there had been rain
-sometimes, but not too often, and the cold had been such
-as occasionally to make fires very comfortable. The
-Japanese, he observed, bore the cold better than the
-rain, which did not altogether agree with their bare feet
-and heads. For the feet they used only slippers of rice<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</span>
-straw,<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> left at the door whenever they entered a house,
-consisting of a sole, without upper leather or hind-piece
-(kept on by a thong, or strap, held fast between the toes),
-and soon soaked and spoiled by the rain, on which occasion,
-indeed, high wooden clogs were sometimes substituted.
-Ordinarily, even while travelling, no covering
-for the head was worn, but in hard rains they used an
-umbrella, a hat of plaited grass, and a cloak of oil-paper,
-for which the poorer class substituted a piece of straw
-matting, thrown over their backs.</p>
-
-<p>The weather, during a stay of twenty-six days at
-Yedo, from April 28 to May 25, was often damp, almost
-every day cloudy, with sometimes drizzling, and sometimes
-heavy, rain. Several slight shocks of earthquake
-were felt. Several fires occurred, which were soon extinguished.
-A great fire, during the Dutch visit of 1772,
-had burned from noon till eight at night, spreading over
-a vast space, and making it necessary to remove the
-Dutch three times.</p>
-
-<p>Down to the day of audience, which did not take place
-till the 18th of May, the Dutch were not suffered to go
-out. Numbers of persons obtained, however, permission
-to visit them. The first who called were five physicians
-and two astronomers, prompted especially by Thunberg’s
-scientific reputation, which the interpreters had noised
-abroad, and who were very inquisitive on various points
-of science. The questions of the astronomers related
-principally to eclipses, which it appeared they could not
-calculate to minutes, and frequently not even to hours;
-but besides the difficulty of carrying on this conversation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</span>
-through interpreters, another arose, from the fact that
-Thunberg’s astronomy had grown a little rusty, and that
-neither he nor the Japanese had any books to which they
-could refer.</p>
-
-<p>In matters of medicine<a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> he felt more at home, especially
-as two of the Japanese doctors could speak Dutch,—one
-of them tolerably well. They also had some
-knowledge of natural history, collected partly from
-Chinese and Dutch books, and partly from the Dutch
-physicians who had visited Yedo, but who frequently
-had not been very well able to instruct them, as they
-were often, to use Thunberg’s expression, “little better
-than horse-doctors.” One of the two Japanese, quite a
-young man, was the emperor’s body-physician; the other,
-somewhat older and better informed, was physician to one
-of the chief princes. Both were good-natured, acute, and
-lively. They attached themselves to Thunberg with
-great zeal, coming to see him every day, and often staying
-late at night. Though wearisome with their questions,
-yet so insinuating were they in their manners and
-anxious to learn, that our traveller found much pleasure
-in their society. They had a number of Dutch works on
-botany, medicine, and surgery, and Thunberg sold them
-some others. They were particularly struck with the
-fine set of surgical instruments which he had brought
-from Amsterdam and Paris. These medical friends were
-of great use to him in his studies in natural history.
-Among the botanical specimens which they brought him
-were the pine of Europe (<i>Pinus abies</i>), of which, as
-well as of the <i>Pinus silvestris</i>, he had seen several on
-his journey to court, the chestnut, which he saw afterwards
-at Miyako, on his return, and the walnut (<i>Jugulans<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</span>
-nigra</i>). They also brought him a variety of ores and
-minerals, and specimens of fishes and insects.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_144fa" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_144fa.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Reeling</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_144fb" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_144fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Culture of the Worms<br />
-Scenes among the Silk Workers</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The Japanese, he found, knew nothing of anatomy or
-physiology. They were ignorant of the circulation of
-the blood, feeling the pulse for a quarter of an hour, first
-in one arm and then in the other, not knowing that both
-beat alike. Bleeding they very seldom practised; of the
-use of mercury they knew nothing; and, notwithstanding
-what Thunberg relates of the cures effected under his
-direction, by the use of corrosive sublimate, it may be
-doubted how much benefit he conferred by the introduction
-of that remedy, or by the present which he made to
-his “beloved pupils” of “his silver-spring lancet,” with
-instructions how to use it.</p>
-
-<p>The two great remedies of the Japanese are acupuncture
-and burning with the moxa [<i>mogusa</i>], the former chiefly
-practised in a violent colic endemic to the country.
-According to the Japanese theory, it is caused by wind,
-and to let out this wind several small holes—nine being
-a favorite number—are made with needles, prepared for
-the purpose, generally in the muscles of the stomach or
-abdomen, though other fleshy parts of the body are, in
-some cases, chosen for the operation. These needles are
-nearly as fine as a hair, made of gold and silver generally,
-but sometimes of steel, by persons who profess a
-particular skill in tempering them. The bony parts,
-nerves, and blood-vessels are carefully avoided, and while
-they are passed through the skin and muscle, they are
-twirled about in a peculiar manner. There are many
-practitioners who confine themselves to this practice
-alone.<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</span></p>
-
-<p>A still more favorite and universal remedy, employed
-quite as much for prevention as cure, is burning with
-the moxa [<i>mogusa</i>],—the finer woolly part of the young
-leaves of the wormwood (<i>Artemisia</i>), of which the
-coarser kind is used for ordinary tinder. It is procured
-by ribbing and beating the leaves till the green
-part separates and nothing remains but the wool, which
-is sorted into two kinds. When applied, it is made up
-in little cones, which, being placed on the part selected
-for the operation, are set fire to from the top. They
-burn very slowly, leaving a scar or blister on the skin,
-which, some time after, breaks and discharges. The
-operation is not very painful, except when repeated in
-the same place, as it sometimes is, or when applied to
-certain tender parts. It is thought very efficacious in
-pleurisies, toothache, gout, and rheumatism,—disorders
-which, like the colic above mentioned, are rapid in their
-operation, and of which the paroxysms tend to a speedy
-termination under any medical treatment or none at all.
-The Japanese have very elaborate treatises as to the
-effects produced by the moxa, according to the part to
-which it is applied, and its application forms a science
-and profession by itself. The fleshy parts, especially of
-the back, are ordinarily selected. It is used still more
-by way of prevention than for cure, every person, young
-and old, male and female, even prisoners in the jails,
-submitting to the operation at least once in six months<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>.
-Another remedy is friction, applied by certain professors,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</span>
-and which proves of great use in pains of the limbs,
-arising from the prevailing vicissitudes of the weather.
-Internal remedies are generally exhibited in the form of
-simple decoctions, diuretic or sudorific. Wonderful virtues
-are ascribed to certain drugs; and, on the whole,
-the Japanese appear, as in the use of unicorn’s horn and
-ginseng, to have been not less deluded by quack medicines
-and medical theories than more enlightened nations.<a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
-
-<p>The doctors, like the priests, are distinguished from
-other people by the fashion of wearing their hair. Thunberg
-states in one place that they shaved the whole head;
-in another, that they had the option of retaining all their
-hair, like the boys and women. According to Titsingh,
-physicians shave the head, and surgeons wear the hair.
-Of surgery, however, they know next to nothing.</p>
-
-<p>All the male Japanese who are neither priests nor
-physicians, from the time the beard begins to grow, shave
-the head from the forehead to the nape of the neck. The
-little hair left about the neck and on the temples is well
-oiled, turned up in a cue, and tied with several rounds of
-white string made of paper. The hair above the tie is
-cut off, leaving about the length of a finger, which, being
-stiffened with a sort of pomatum, is so bent that the tip
-of it is made to stand against the crown of the head.
-This arrangement is strictly attended to, the head being
-shaved every day, that the stumps of the growing hair
-may not disfigure it.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</span></p>
-
-<p>Women who have parted with their husbands also
-shave their heads—at least Thunberg met with one
-such instance; but, in general, the women retain all their
-hair, which they make smooth with oil and mucilaginous
-substances, and either put close to the head all round, or
-else (in the case of single women and serving-maids)
-make it stand in puffs on each side of the face. The
-ends are fastened together in a knob at the crown of the
-head, just before which is stuck a large comb, made, in
-the case of the poorer people, of lackered boxwood, and
-among the richer of tortoise-shell. The rich wear also
-several long ornaments of tortoise-shell, stuck through
-this knob, which, with a few flowers, constitute the whole
-of their head decorations. “Vanity,” says Thunberg,
-“has not yet taken root among them to that degree as to
-induce them to wear rings or other ornaments in their
-ears. No caps, hats, or bonnets are worn, except a conical
-cap, made of reeds, when travelling. Otherwise the
-parasol or fan is all the shelter they use against the sun
-or the rain.”</p>
-
-<p>The official visits are thus described by Thunberg:
-“We were dressed in the European fashion, but in costly
-silks, interwoven with silver and laced with gold. On
-account of the festivity of the day it was requisite for
-us to wear our swords and a very large black silk cloak.
-We were carried a considerable distance through the
-town before we arrived at the emperor’s residence. This
-is surrounded by fosses and stone walls, and separated
-by draw-bridges. It forms a considerable town of itself,
-and is said to be five leagues in circumference, comprising
-the emperor’s private palace, as also that of the
-hereditary prince, each separated from the other by wide
-fosses, stone walls, gates, and other bulwarks. In the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</span>
-outermost citadel, which was the largest of all, were
-large and handsome covered streets and great houses,
-which belonged to the princes of the country, the privy
-councillors, and other officers of state. Their numerous
-families, who were obliged likewise to remain at the
-court the whole year throughout, were also lodged here.
-At the first gate there was a strong guard. That at the
-second gate was said to consist of a thousand men.<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> As
-soon as we had passed through this gate, having previously
-quitted our norimono, we were conducted to an
-apartment, where we waited a full hour. At last, having<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</span>
-obtained leave to approach the imperial palace, we passed
-through a long lane of soldiers, who were posted on both
-sides quite up to the door of the palace, all armed and
-well clothed.</p>
-
-<p>“The emperor’s private palace was situated on an
-eminence, and although it consisted of one story only,
-still it was much higher than any other house, and covered
-a large tract of ground. We were immediately
-conducted into an antechamber, where we again waited
-at least an hour. Our officers sat down in the Japanese
-manner on one side, and the Dutchmen, together with
-the interpreters, on the other. It proved extremely
-fatiguing to us to sit in their manner; and, as we could
-not hold it out long thus, we put our legs out on one
-side and covered them with our long cloaks, which in
-this respect were of great service to us.</p>
-
-<p>“The time we waited here did not appear long, as
-great numbers of people passed in and out, both in order
-to look at us and talk with us. We were visited by several
-princes of the country, but constantly <i>incognito</i>,
-though we could always perceive when they were coming,
-from the murmuring noise which was at first heard from
-the inner rooms, and the silence that ensued upon it.
-Their curiosity was carried to a great length in everything;
-but the chief employment they found for us was
-to let them see our mode of writing. We were thus
-induced to write something either on paper or on their
-fans. Some of them showed us fans on which the Dutch
-had formerly written, and which they had carefully
-treasured up as great rarities.</p>
-
-<p>“At last the instant arrived when the ambassador was
-to have audience, at which the ceremony was totally
-different from that which was used in Kämpfer’s time,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</span>
-we remaining in the apartment into which we had been
-ushered.</p>
-
-<p>“After the return of the ambassador we were again
-obliged to stay a long while in the antechamber, in
-order to receive the visits and answer the questions
-of several of the courtiers, several times during whose
-entrance a deep silence prevailed. Among these, it
-was said, his imperial majesty had likewise come <i>incognito</i>,
-in order to have a nearer view of the Dutch
-and their dress.<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> The interpreters and officers had
-spared no pains to find out, through the medium of
-their friends, everything that could tend to our information
-in this respect. The emperor was of a middle
-size, hale constitution, and about forty and odd years
-of age.</p>
-
-<p>“At length, after all the visits were ended, we obtained
-leave to see several rooms in the palace, and
-also that in which the ambassador had had audience,
-and which has already been described.</p>
-
-<p>“The ambassador was conducted by the outside of
-the anteroom and along a boarded passage to the audience-room,
-which opened by a sliding-door. The inner
-room consisted, in a manner, of three rooms, one a step
-higher than the other, and, according to the measure
-I took of them by my eye, when afterwards permitted
-to view them, of about ten paces each in length, so
-that the distance between the emperor and the ambassador
-might be about thirty paces. The emperor,
-as I was informed, stood during the audience, in the
-most interior part of the room, as did the hereditary<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</span>
-prince likewise, at his right hand. To the right of
-this room was a large saloon, the floor of which was
-covered by a hundred mats, and hence called the hundred-mat
-saloon. It is six hundred feet long and
-three hundred broad,<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> and is occupied by the most
-dignified men of the empire, privy councillors, and
-princes, who all, on similar occasions, take their seats
-according to their different ranks and dignity. To
-the left, in the audience-room, lay the presents, sent
-beforehand, and piled up in heaps. The whole of the
-audience consists merely in this, that, as soon as the
-ambassador enters the room, he falls on his hands, lays
-his hand on the mat, and bows his head down to it,
-in the same manner as the Japanese themselves are
-used to testify their subjection and respect. After this
-the ambassador rises, and is conducted back to the
-anteroom the same way that he came.</p>
-
-<p>“The rest of the rooms which we viewed had no
-furniture in them. The floors were covered with large
-and very white straw mats; the cornices and doors
-were handsomely lackered, and the locks, hinges, etc.,
-well gilt.</p>
-
-<p>“After having thus looked about us, we were conducted
-to the hereditary prince’s palace, which stood
-close by, and was separated only by a bridge. Here we
-were received and complimented in the name of the
-hereditary prince, who was not at home; after which
-we were conducted back to our norimono.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_152fa" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_152fa.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">An Umbrella-Maker</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i_152fb" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_152fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Charcoal Vender<br />
-Industrial Workers</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“Although the day was already far advanced, and
-we had had sufficient time to digest our early breakfast,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</span>
-we were nevertheless obliged to pay visits to all the
-privy councillors, as well to the six ordinary as to
-the six extraordinary, at each of their respective
-houses. And as these gentlemen were not yet returned
-from court, we were received in the most polite
-manner by their deputies, and exhibited to the view
-of their ladies and children. Each visit lasted half
-an hour; and we were for the most part so placed in
-a large room that we could be viewed on all sides
-through thin curtains, without having the good fortune
-to get a sight of these court beauties, excepting
-at one place, where they made so free as not only
-to take away the curtain, but also desired us to advance
-nearer. In general we were received by two gentlemen
-in office, and at every place treated with green tea,
-the apparatus for smoking, and pastry, which was set
-before each of us, separately, on small tables. We
-drank sometimes a cup of the boiled tea, but did not
-touch the tobacco, and the pastry was taken home
-through the prudent care of our interpreters.</p>
-
-<p>“I shall never forget the delightful prospect we
-had during these visits, from an eminence that commanded
-a view of the whole of this large and extensive
-town, which the Japanese affirm to be twenty-one
-leagues, or as many hours’ walk, in circumference.
-The evening drew nigh by the time that we returned,
-weary and worn out, to our inn.</p>
-
-<p>“On the following day (May 19) we paid our respects
-to the temple lords, as they are called, the two
-governors of the town, and the two commissaries of
-strangers. A few days elapsed after this before we
-received our audience of leave. This was given, in a
-very summary manner, on the 23d following, and only<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</span>
-before the lords in council appointed for this purpose.
-The intervening days were employed in receiving presents
-and preparing for our departure. At the audience
-of leave the gowns or Japanese dresses, intended as
-presents for the Dutch East India Company, were delivered.
-The presents destined for us were carried to
-our inns. Every ordinary privy councillor gives, the day
-after the audience of leave, ten gowns; every extraordinary
-privy councillor, six; every temple lord, five;
-and every commissary, and the governor of Nagasaki,
-two. Of these our <i>banjoshu</i> (the officers called by
-Kämpfer bugiō and deputy-bugiō,—the conductors of
-the journey) received two; the secretary and myself,
-two apiece; and the ambassador, four. The rest are
-packed up for the company’s account.”<a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
-
-<p>Of these gowns, the universal and almost only article
-of Japanese dress<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>, Thunberg, in another place, gives
-the following account: “They are long and wide,
-and worn, one or more of them, by people of every
-age and condition in life. The rich have them of the
-finest silk, and the poor of cotton. The women wear
-them reaching down to their feet, and the women of
-quality frequently with a train. Those of the men
-come down to their heels; but travellers, together with
-soldiers and laboring people, either tuck them up or
-wear them so short that they only reach to their knees.
-The men generally have them made of plain silk of
-one color; but the silken stuffs worn by the women
-are flowered, sometimes in gold. In the summer they<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</span>
-are either without any lining at all, or else with a thin
-lining only. In winter, by way of defence against
-the cold weather, they are quilted with cotton or silk
-wad. The men seldom wear many of them, but the
-women often from thirty to fifty or more, and all so
-thin that together they hardly weigh more than four
-or five pounds. The undermost serves for a shirt,
-and is therefore either white or bluish, and for the
-most part thin and transparent. All these gowns are
-fastened about the waist by a belt, which for the men
-is about the breadth of a hand, and for the women of
-twelve inches, and of such length as to go twice round
-the body, with a large knot and rose. The knot worn
-by the fair sex, which is larger than that worn by
-the men, shows immediately whether the woman is
-married or not; as the married women wear the knot
-before, and the single behind. The men fasten to
-this belt their sabres,<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> fan, tobacco pipe and pouch.
-The gowns are rounded off about the neck, without a
-cape, open before, and show the bare bosom, which is
-never covered, either with a handkerchief or anything
-else. The sleeves are ill-shaped, wide and long, the
-openings partly sewed up, so as to form a bag, into
-which they put their hands in cold weather, or use
-it as a pocket to hold their papers and other things.<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>
-Young girls, in particular, have the sleeves of their
-gowns so long as frequently to reach quite down to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</span>
-the ground. On account of the width of their garments,
-they are soon dressed and undressed, as they have
-nothing more to do than to untie their girdle and
-draw in their arms when the whole of their dress instantly
-falls off of itself. The gowns serve also for
-bedclothes. The common people, when at work, are
-frequently seen naked, with only a girdle about them,
-or with their gowns taken off the upper part of their
-bodies, and hanging down loose from their girdles.
-Men of a higher rank wear over the long gowns a
-shorter one, made of some thin stuff, such as gauze.
-As to the neck and sleeves of it, they are like those
-of the other, but it reaches only to the waist, and is
-not fastened with a girdle, but tied before and at
-the top with a string. This half-gown is sometimes
-of a yellow, but most frequently of a black color, and
-is laid aside at home, or in any place where no superior
-is present.”</p>
-
-<p>As the Japanese ordinarily wear no covering for the
-legs, feet, or head, the above-described gowns constitute
-their entire dress, except upon occasions of ceremony,
-when a complimentary dress, or honor-gown, <i>kamishimo</i>
-as they call it, is added to it. This complimentary dress
-consists of a frock, generally of a blue stuff, with white
-flowers about half the length of the gown, and made
-much in the same way, but carried on each side back
-over the shoulders, so as to give a very broad-shouldered
-appearance to the wearer. To this, with persons of a
-certain rank, is added, as part of the dress of ceremony,
-a garment half breeches, half petticoat, as if it were a
-petticoat sewed up between the legs, but left open at the
-sides for two thirds their length, fastened about the waist
-by a band, and reaching to the ankles.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</span></p>
-
-<p>Before leaving Yedo, Thunberg purchased a number
-of botanical books, containing very indifferent figures of
-plants, as did another botanical work, in twenty thin
-octavo volumes, presented to him by one of his medical
-pupils. But a large printed<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> quarto, which he purchased,
-contained figures of Japanese fishes, engraved
-and colored in such superior style as to be able to compete
-with similar European works. He also procured,
-though the selling such things to strangers was strictly
-prohibited, a map of Japan, with plans of Yedo, Miyako,
-and Nagasaki, exactly like those brought away by Kämpfer,
-and engraved in his work. Just before his departure,
-at the request of his two pupils in medicine, he gave them
-a certificate in Dutch, of their proficiency, with which
-they were as highly delighted as ever a young doctor was
-with his diploma. A warm friendship had sprang up
-between him and them, and, even after Thunberg’s
-return to Europe, a correspondence was kept up and
-presents exchanged for some years, down at least to the
-publication of his travels.</p>
-
-<p>According to Thunberg, the personages composing the
-imperial court were in his time so little known that very
-few people in the whole empire were acquainted with
-their names. M. Feith, the director whom he accompanied
-to Yedo, and who had been on the same embassy
-four times before, and had lived in Japan fourteen years,
-was obliged to confess at table, after their return to
-Batavia, being inquired of as to the name of the reigning
-emperor, that he did not know it, and never had heard
-it.<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> It was only through the friendship of his medical<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</span>
-pupils at Yedo, and of the chief interpreter, that he
-obtained a knowledge of it, and also a list of the emperors
-since Kämpfer’s time, which he gives as follows:</p>
-
-<p>1681, <span class="smcap">Tsunayoshi</span> (reigning when Kämpfer left
-Japan, and for twelve or thirteen years previously).</p>
-
-<p>1709, <span class="smcap">Iyenobu</span>.</p>
-
-<p>1713, <span class="smcap">Iyetsugu</span>.</p>
-
-<p>1716, <span class="smcap">Yoshimune</span>.</p>
-
-<p>1745, <span class="smcap">Iyeshige</span>.</p>
-
-<p>1760, <span class="smcap">Iyeharu</span>,<a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> who continued to reign at the time of
-Thunberg’s departure, being the forty-first in succession
-from Yoritomo, and ninth from Iyeyasu, otherwise Daifu-Sama,
-and Ōgosho-Sama, or, as he was called after his
-death, Gongen-Sama, by whom the reigning dynasty had
-been established.</p>
-
-<p>Thunberg left Yedo on his return the 25th of May.
-The weather being rainy, they were a good deal molested
-by gnats, against which they had to protect themselves
-by gauze curtains. The Japanese fire-flies, so much more
-brilliant and active than the European glow-worm, were
-noticed with admiration.</p>
-
-<p>At this season the first gathering was made of the tea-leaves,
-yet quite young and yielding the finer kinds of
-tea. He observed in some places the leaves carelessly
-spread before the houses on mats to dry. He also
-observed the farmers, in several places, threshing barley,
-wheat, and mustard seed on similar mats, with flails
-having three swingels, or sometimes by beating the ears<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</span>
-against a tub. To separate the exterior husk from the
-rice, it was pounded by hand in a kind of mortar, or by
-means of a machine consisting of a number of pestles set
-in motion by a water-wheel, or by a man’s foot. After
-the wheat and barley were gathered, French beans (<i>Phaseoli</i>)
-were sown for a second crop. He observed many
-kinds of peas and beans cultivated, especially the <i>Dolichos
-soia</i>, not only used for making soy, but the chief
-ingredients of a soup, a daily dish with most classes.
-The <i>Dolichos polystachos</i>, which ran winding like scarlet
-beans, was employed for arbors. Its flowers, hanging
-down from long stalks, were very ornamental, and
-appeared in succession for a long period. He mentions,
-also, lettuce, melons both with red and white pulp,
-pumpkins, cucumbers, eaten both raw and pickled,
-gourds, employed for flasks, mushrooms, very much used,
-especially for soups and sauces, Seville and China
-oranges, lemons, shaddocks, medlars (<i>Mespillus japonica</i>),
-a large sort of persimmon (<i>Dyosperos kaki</i>), grapes, pomegranates,
-Spanish figs (<i>Cactus ficus</i>), chestnuts, and
-walnuts.<a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> The condition of the Japanese farmer Thunberg
-contrasts very favorably with that of the Swedish
-agriculturalist, overloaded as the latter was with feudal
-burdens, though doubtless he knew better these burdens,
-which he indignantly enumerates, than he did the grievances
-of the Japanese cultivator.</p>
-
-<p>At Ōsaka he saw the smelting of copper from the ores
-obtained in that neighborhood, and the method of casting
-it into bars. A mould was made for this purpose, by
-digging a hole in the ground a foot deep, across which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</span>
-were laid ten square iron bars, barely a finger’s breadth
-apart. A strip of sail-cloth was spread over these bars
-and forced down. The hole was then filled with water,
-and the melted metal, smelted from the ore, was dipped
-up in iron ladles and poured into this mould, thus forming
-each time ten or eleven thin plates. To this method
-of casting he ascribes its high color.</p>
-
-<p>Thunberg had an opportunity of seeing Japanese plays,
-both at Ōsaka, on his return from Miyako, and at Nagasaki,
-during the annual Matsuri in honor of Suwa, which
-he attended. “The spectators,” he says, “sit in houses
-of different dimensions, on benches. Facing them, upon
-an elevated but small and narrow place, stands the theatre
-itself, upon which seldom more than one or two actors
-perform at a time. These are always dressed in a very
-singular manner, according as their own taste and fancy
-suggest, insomuch that a stranger would be apt to believe
-that they exhibited themselves not to entertain, but to
-frighten, the audience. Their gestures as well as their
-dress are strangely uncouth and extravagant, and consist
-in artificial contortions of the body, which it must have
-cost them much trouble to learn and perform. In general
-they represent some heroic exploit, or love story, of
-their idols and heroes, which are frequently composed
-in verse, and are sometimes accompanied with music. A
-curtain may, it is true, be let fall between the actors and
-the spectators, and some necessary pieces be brought
-forward upon the theatre; but in other respects these
-small theatres have no machinery nor decorations which
-can entitle them to be put in comparison with those of
-Europe.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_160f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_160f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Interior View of a Typical Japanese House</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“When the Japanese wish at any time to entertain
-the Dutch, either in the town of Nagasaki, or more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</span>
-particularly during their journey to the imperial court,
-they generally provide a band of female dancers, for the
-amusement of their guests. These are generally young
-damsels, very superbly dressed, whom they fetch from
-the inns; sometimes young boys likewise are mixed
-among them. Such a dance requires always a number
-of persons, who turn and twine, and put themselves into
-a variety of artificial postures, in order to represent an
-amorous or heroic deed, without either speaking or singing.
-Their steps are, however, regulated by the music
-which plays to them. These girls are provided with a
-number of very fine and light gowns, made of silk, which
-they slip off one after another, during the dance, from
-the upper part of their body, so as frequently to leave
-them, to the number of a dozen together, suspended from
-the girdle which encircles their loins.”</p>
-
-<p>Though the view taken by Thunberg of the Japanese
-presents them perhaps not quite so high in the scale of
-civilization as Kämpfer’s, yet he is scarcely less their
-admirer, coinciding, indeed, in this respect, with most of
-the Europeans who have left any memorials of their
-observations in Japan. He notes especially their courtesy,
-friendly disposition, ingenuity, love of knowledge,
-justice, honesty, frugality, cleanliness, and self-respect;
-and he emphatically repudiates the conclusion that,
-because the laws are severe and strictly executed, the
-people are therefore to be regarded as slaves. These
-laws are for the public good, and their severity ensures
-their observance. “The Japanese,” he tells us, “hate
-and detest the inhuman traffic in slaves carried on by the
-Dutch, and the cruelty with which these poor creatures
-are treated.”</p>
-
-<p>In common with Kämpfer he admires and extols the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</span>
-immutability of the Japanese laws and customs; but
-this seems hardly so legitimate a subject of eulogy
-as the peace in which the empire is kept, the plenty
-which is said to prevail,<a id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> and its freedom as well from
-internal feuds, political or religious, as from foreign
-encroachments.</p>
-
-<p>Thunberg’s “Flora Japonica” describes about a thousand
-species, of which upwards of three hundred were
-new. In the preface to it he speaks of the Japanese
-Islands as chiefly hills and valleys, with high mountains.
-Plains and meadows are rare. The soil is now clayey and
-now sandy. The summer heat is great, especially in July
-and August, sometimes one hundred degrees of Fahrenheit,
-and scarcely tolerable but for the breeze. In winter
-the thermometer, even in the most southern parts, falls
-many degrees below the freezing-point, especially with
-the wind from the north and west, with ice and snow,
-which on the highest mountains remains all the year
-round. The changes in the weather are great and sudden;
-violent storms with thunder and lightning are
-common. The rains are abundant throughout the year,
-and especially so in spring and summer, whence in part
-the fertility of Japan, mainly due, however, to careful
-cultivation.</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XLI">CHAPTER XLI</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>Isaac Titsingh—His Residence in Japan—Translations from the Japanese—Annals
-of the Dairi—Memoirs of the Shōgun—Liberal Ideas
-in Japan—Marriage Ceremonies—Funeral Ceremonies—Mourning—Feast
-of Lanterns—A. D. 1779-1791.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Soon</span> after Thunberg’s departure, he had a worthy
-successor in the person of Mr. Isaac Titsingh, the
-first director at Deshima since the time of Caron
-to whom we are indebted for any information about
-Japan. Born about 1740, Titsingh had entered early
-into the service of the Dutch East India Company.
-After seven years’ residence at Batavia, he was sent to
-Deshima, as director, where he arrived August 15, 1779,
-and remained till November 29, 1780, when he returned
-to Batavia. He came back again to Japan August 12,
-1781, and remained till November 6, 1783, the war between
-Holland and England, growing out of the American
-revolution, having prevented the arrival of any ships
-from Batavia during the year 1782,—an event of which
-Titsingh took advantage to stipulate for a considerable
-advance in the price of Dutch imports, for a term of
-fifteen years. He reached Nagasaki a third time, August
-18, 1784, but left again November 26 of the same year.
-During his first and second visits he made the journey
-to Yedo as Dutch ambassador, where he succeeded in
-making several friends, particularly Kuchiki Samon,
-prince of Tamba, who had learned Dutch, which he
-wrote tolerably well, with whom, and other Japanese<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</span>
-friends, Titsingh kept up a correspondence for some
-time after leaving the country.</p>
-
-<p>During his residence in Japan he made a valuable collection
-of Japanese curiosities, including many Japanese
-books, and he also brought home with him translations
-of some of these books, made by aid of Japanese interpreters
-attached to the factory at Deshima, whose interpretations,
-given <i>viva voce</i>, he wrote out in Dutch; for
-though Titsingh knew enough of Japanese for the purposes
-of conversation, he does not seem to have acquired
-the written language, nor to have been able to read Chinese,
-of which the characters are largely, and, indeed,
-chiefly, employed in most Japanese works of much pretensions.
-“I found,” he says, “among the interpreters
-belonging to our factory four individuals sufficiently well-informed
-for my purpose; a fifth had devoted himself
-chiefly to medicine, in which he had made rapid progress,
-in consequence of the instruction given to him by Dr.
-Thunberg. Far from finding them suspicious and reluctant,
-as Europeans are usually pleased to represent these
-persons, in order to palliate their own indolence, they
-manifested, on the contrary, an eagerness to procure for
-me every practicable information, to consult, in various
-matters beyond their capacity, the best-informed individuals
-among the magistrates and clergy, and to furnish me
-with books which might serve as a guide to my labors.”</p>
-
-<p>After leaving Japan, Titsingh was governor at the
-Dutch factory at Chinsurah, in Bengal, where he became
-acquainted with Sir William Jones. In 1794 he was
-sent, with Van Braam, on a Dutch embassy to Pekin,
-with the design to counterwork the English embassy of
-Lord Macartney; but this residence in China was limited
-to a few months.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</span></p>
-
-<p>Returning to Europe, after a residence in the East of
-thirty-three years, Titsingh designed to publish the result
-of his Japanese researches, in both Dutch and French;
-but, before having done it, he died at Paris, in 1812,
-leaving his large fortune and his collections and manuscripts
-to an only child of his, by an Eastern woman, by
-whom the fortune was soon spent, and the manuscripts
-and curiosities sold and scattered, though some of them
-ultimately fell into appreciating hands.<a id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
-
-<p>Among his translations, the one to which Titsingh
-ascribed the greatest importance was that of the “Nippon
-Ōdai Ichiran,” an abridged Japanese chronicle, from
-600 <span class="smcap">B. C.</span> to <span class="smcap">A. D.</span> 1611, compiled in the year 1652, and
-printed at Miyako. Having been carefully compared by
-Klaproth with the original,—a task, as he says, from the
-manifold defects of Titsingh’s version, almost equivalent
-to a new translation,—and having been enriched
-with an introduction, a supplement and notes, this work
-was published in 1834, in French, at the expense of the
-Oriental Translation Fund, under the title of “Annales
-des Empereurs du Japan.”</p>
-
-<p>Though highly valuable as a specimen of what Japanese
-histories are, and though Klaproth’s introduction
-and notes contain some curious information, this performance
-is, on the whole, exceedingly dry, while it adds
-but little to the abstract given by Kämpfer of this or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</span>
-some other similar work. A criticism which Titsingh
-himself makes upon it, in a letter to the prince of
-Tamba, to whom he had intended to dedicate his translation,
-is worthy of notice, as going to show how little,
-with all its formal precision of years and months, the
-earlier Japanese chronology is entitled to historical
-respect.</p>
-
-<p>“Must we not suppose,” says Titsingh, “that the
-Japanese, so jealous of their neighbors, the Chinese,
-have, in writing their own history, endeavored to fill up
-many gaps in it by prolonging the reigns of their earlier
-Dairi? There is in your history a period of one thousand
-and sixty-one years occupied by the reigns of only
-sixteen Dairi. The duration of the life of Jimmu, of
-the reigns of Kōan, of Suijin, and the life of Ōjin,
-appear altogether improbable. The first died at the age
-of one hundred and twenty-seven years. The second
-reigned one hundred and two years, the third ninety-nine
-years. The last lived one hundred and ten years.
-These statements are too extraordinary to be blindly
-believed. Grant, even, that a chaste and frugal way
-of living may have secured for these princes a very
-advanced age, but how does it happen that, after Nintoku
-Tennō (the seventeenth Dairi), none exceeded the ordinary
-limit of human life?</p>
-
-<p>The Japanese still cling with tenacity to the formal
-recognition of the absolute rights of the Dairi. With
-as much warmth as a loyal Englishman would exhibit
-in maintaining the actual sovereignty of Queen Victoria,
-they insisted to Titsingh—and the same thing afterwards
-occurred to Golownin—that Europeans were mistaken
-in applying the term “emperor” to the Shōgun,
-the Dairi being the only legal emperor, and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</span>
-Shōgun but an officer to whom the Dairi had entrusted
-the administration.<a id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p>
-
-<p>The annual visit of the Shōgun to the Dairi, made
-in Caron’s time, had been discontinued; but mutual
-embassies are still exchanged, and the envoys sent from
-the Dairi are received by the Shōgun as if they were
-the Dairi himself. The Shōgun goes to meet them,
-and conducts them to the hall of audience, where he
-performs the kitō, bending before them till his head
-touches the mats, as if they were the very Dairi.
-This homage finished, the Shōgun resumes his rank,
-and the ambassadors then perform the kitō to him.
-During their stay they are entertained by two persons,
-who, from the allowance made for it, find this office
-very lucrative. The ambassadors also receive rich presents,
-not only at Yedo, but all along the route, and
-the attendance upon this service, even in an inferior
-capacity, is so lucrative as to be eagerly coveted by
-the poor courtiers of the Dairi. Titsingh encountered
-one of these embassies on his return from Yedo, in
-1782, and was obliged to stop a whole day, and to lodge
-in a citizen’s house, all the horses, porters, and inns
-being taken up by the embassy. However poor and
-powerless, the courtiers of the Dairi still enjoy all
-the outward observances of superior rank. The first<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</span>
-princes of the empire must pay them the homage of
-the kitō, and must lay aside their two swords in their
-presence. For this reason, these princes, in going and
-returning to Yedo, carefully avoid passing through
-Miyako.</p>
-
-<p>A more interesting publication, from the manuscript
-of Titsingh, and one which appeared earlier, is “Memoirs
-of the Djogouns” [Shōguns], which had itself been preceded
-by a number of other pieces, translations and
-originals.<a id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> These memoirs profess to be compiled from
-Japanese manuscripts, of which Titsingh gives the following
-account: “Since the accession of Gongen, founder
-of the present dynasty, the printing of any work relating
-to the government has been prohibited. The curious,
-however, possess manuscript accounts of all the remarkable
-events that have occurred. These manuscripts
-are in great request. The conduct of persons of elevated
-rank is sometimes as freely censured in them as
-it would be in any country in Europe. The obstructions
-which the government throws in the way of the
-publication of historical works prevent these works
-from being known, and thus obviate whatever might
-make an obnoxious impression on the minds of the
-people, and endanger the interests of the reigning
-dynasty, as well as the tranquillity of the empire. From
-some of these manuscripts are extracted the particulars
-here submitted to the public. The Japanese, to whom
-they belong, keep them carefully concealed, so that it
-is difficult to procure a sight of them. If I was fortunate
-enough to obtain the communication of those<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</span>
-from which I have extracted such curious notes, I am
-indebted for it to the ardent zeal with which my friends
-assisted me in all my researches.” M. Abel Rémusat,
-the learned Orientalist, who, at the request of the
-French publisher, prefixed some preliminary observations
-to this publication, observes that, “Thanks to
-the pains M. Titsingh has taken, we shall outstrip
-the Japanese themselves, and, by an extraordinary singularity,
-we shall be earlier and better informed than
-they concerning the events of their own history.”
-This publication in Europe of Japanese history is not,
-however, so much a singularity as M. Rémusat seems
-to suppose. The letters of the Jesuit missionaries furnished
-contemporary details of Japanese history extending
-over a period of more than seventy years, and
-including the establishment of the present system of
-government, far more full and authentic, we may well
-believe, than anything which the Japanese themselves
-possess, and far exceeding anything contained in this
-book of Titsingh’s whom M. Rémusat, perhaps in
-rather too complimentary a spirit, places on a level
-with Kämpfer, and in advance of Thunberg, as a contributor
-to our knowledge of Japan.</p>
-
-<p>The memoirs of the Shōguns, made up of detached
-fragments, in general very jejune, contain, however, a
-few anecdotes, which serve to illustrate the ideas and
-manners of the Japanese. The Kubō-Sama reigning
-in Kämpfer’s time is stated to have been stabbed, in
-1709, by his wife, a daughter of the Dairi, because,
-being childless, he persisted in selecting as his successor
-a person very disagreeable to all the princes—an act
-which causes her memory to be held in high honor.</p>
-
-<p>One of the longest of these fragments relates to an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</span>
-alleged conspiracy, in the year 1767, against the reigning
-Shōgun, for which a number of persons suffered
-death. There is, also, an account of an extensive
-volcanic eruption, which took place in September, 1783,
-in the interior of the island of Nippon, in the province
-of Shinano, northwest of Yedo and north of Ōsaka.
-The mountain Asama vomited sand, ashes, and pumice-stones;
-the rivers flowing from it were heated boiling-hot,
-and their dammed-up waters inundated the country.
-Twenty-seven villages were swallowed up, and many
-people perished.</p>
-
-<p>The councillor of state, Tanuma Yamashiro-no-Kami,
-was assassinated the next year (1784), in the emperor’s
-palace; but of this event, and of others connected with
-it, Titsingh gives a fuller explanation in his Introduction
-to the Japanese “Marriage Ceremonies.” He there informs
-us that “though many Japanese of the highest
-distinction, and intimately acquainted with matters of
-government, still consider Japan as the first empire
-of the world, and care but little for what passes out
-of it, yet such persons are denominated by the more
-enlightened <i>I no uchi no Kayeru</i>,—that is, ‘Frogs in
-a well,’—a metaphorical expression, which signifies that
-when they look up they can see no more of the sky
-than what the small circumference of the well allows
-them to perceive.” Of this more enlightened party
-was the extraordinary councillor, Matsudaira Tsu, who
-proposed, in 1769, the building of ships, and junks
-suitable for foreign voyages; but this plan was put a
-stop to by his death.</p>
-
-<p>Tango-no-Kami, the governor of Nagasaki, one of
-this more liberal party, with whom Titsingh, while
-director, kept up a secret intercourse, proposed to him,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</span>
-in 1783, to bring carpenters from Batavia, to instruct
-the Japanese in building vessels, especially for the
-transport of copper from Ōsaki to Nagasaki, in which
-service many Japanese vessels had been lost, with their
-cargoes; but this Titsingh knew to be impossible, as
-skilful carpenters were too rare at Batavia to be spared.
-He therefore proposed to take with him, on his return
-to Batavia, a number of Japanese to be instructed
-there; but the prohibition against any native leaving
-the country proved an insurmountable obstacle. He
-then promised to have a model ship built at Batavia,
-and conveyed to Nagasaki, which was done by himself,
-on his last visit to Japan; but the assassination
-of Tanuma, above mentioned, which had happened
-during his absence at Batavia, put an end to all hopes
-that had been formed of a modification in the exclusive
-policy of the Japanese.</p>
-
-<p>This Tanuma (uncle of the Shōgun) was, according
-to Titsingh’s account, a young man of uncommon merit
-and liberal ideas, and the anti-frog-in-a-well party flattered
-themselves that, when he should succeed his father,
-he would, as they expressed it, “widen the road.”
-After his appointment as extraordinary councillor, he
-and his father incurred, as Titsingh states, the hatred
-of the grandees of the court, by introducing various
-innovations, which the “Frogs in a well” censured
-as detrimental to the empire. It was to this feeling
-that his assassination was ascribed, a crime which put
-an end to the hopes which had begun to be entertained
-of seeing Japan opened to foreigners, and of
-its inhabitants being allowed to visit other countries.</p>
-
-<p>The appetite for foreign knowledge which Thunberg
-had noticed was also observed by Titsingh.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</span>
-“During my residence in Japan,” so he writes in the
-above-quoted Introduction, “several persons of quality,
-at Yedo, Miyako, and Ōsaka, applied themselves assiduously
-to the acquisition of the Dutch language and
-the reading of our books. The prince of Satsuma,
-father-in-law of the present Shōgun, used our alphabet
-to express in his letters what he wished a third person
-not to understand. The surprising progress made by
-the prince of Tamba, by Katsuragawa Hozan, physician
-to the Shōgun, and Nakagawa Junan, physician to
-the prince of Wakasa,<a id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> and several others, enabled
-them to express themselves more clearly than many
-Portuguese born and bred among us at Batavia. Considering
-the short period of our residence [he means,
-apparently, the stay of the Dutch embassy] at Yedo,
-such proficiency cannot but excite astonishment and
-admiration. The privilege of corresponding with the
-Japanese, above mentioned, and of sending them back
-their answers corrected, without the letters being opened
-by the government, allowed through the special favor
-of the worthy governor, Tango-no-Kami, facilitated to
-them the learning of Dutch.”</p>
-
-<p>In 1786, the reigning Shōgun, Iyeharu, died, and was
-succeeded by an adopted son, Iyenari, who was his distant
-cousin, being a great-grandson of his great-grandfather.
-This prince was married to a daughter of the prince of
-Satsuma, and that is stated to have been a principal reason
-for his adoption, it being the policy of the Shōguns
-thus to secure the attachment of the most powerful
-princes. The reigning family is thus allied to the princes
-of Kaga, Satsuma, Yechizen, Nagato, and Ōshū, while<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</span>
-the houses of Owari, Kishū, and Mito are descended from
-the sons of Gongen, from among whom, in case of failure
-of heirs, the Shōgun is selected. These princes of the
-first class, notwithstanding the jealous supremacy of the
-emperors, still retain certain privileges. According to
-Titsingh, they enjoy absolute power in their own palaces,
-with the right of life and death over their dependents;
-nor, in case they commit crimes, has the emperor any
-authority to put them to death. He can only, with the
-Dairi’s assistance, compel them to resign in favor of
-their sons.</p>
-
-<p>In 1788, a terrible fire occurred at Miyako, by
-which almost the entire city, including the palace of
-the Dairi, was destroyed. The particulars of this
-event were communicated to Titsingh by his Japanese
-correspondents.</p>
-
-<p>Early in 1792, the summit of the Onsen-ga-Take
-(High mountain of warm springs), in the province of
-Hizen, west of Shimabara, sank entirely down. Torrents
-of boiling water issued from all parts of the deep cavity
-thus formed, and a vapor arose like thick smoke. Three
-weeks after, there was an eruption from a crater, about
-half a league from the summit. The lava soon reached
-the foot of the mountain, and in a few days the country
-was in flames for miles around. A month after, the
-whole island of Kiūshiū was shaken by an earthquake,
-felt principally, however, in the neighborhood of Shimabara.
-It reduced that part of the province of Higo
-opposite Shimabara to a deplorable condition, and even
-altered the whole outline of the coast, sinking many vessels
-which lay in the harbors. This is the event of the
-latest date mentioned by Titsingh. A plan of the eruption,
-furnished by one of his Japanese correspondents,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</span>
-also one of the eruption in Shinano in 1783, is given
-in the “Illustrations of Japan.”</p>
-
-<p>The matter upon which Titsingh throws the most light
-is the marriage and funeral ceremonies of the Japanese,
-as to which he gives a translation, or rather an abridgment,
-of two Chinese works, received as authority in
-Japan, as to the etiquette to be observed on these occasions,
-at the same time noting the variations introduced
-by the Japanese.</p>
-
-<p>The system of Japanese manners, being based on that
-of the Chinese, abounds in punctilios, and the higher the
-rank of the parties concerned, the more these punctilios
-are multiplied. This applies to marriages<a id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> as to other
-things. The treatise which Titsingh follows relates only
-to the marriages of what we should call the middle class
-(including merchants, artisans, etc.), who, though often
-possessed of considerable wealth, hold in Japan much
-the same subordinate position held prior to the French
-revolution by the corresponding class in France.</p>
-
-<p>With persons of high rank, marriages are made entirely
-from family convenience; even with those of the
-middle class they are also much based on prudential considerations.
-Formerly, the bridegroom never saw the
-bride till she entered his house, which she does, preceded
-by a woman bearing a lantern, which originally served
-the bridegroom to catch his first glimpse of the bride,
-and, if he did not like her looks, the match might be
-broken off, and the bride sent home. “Such cases,” says
-Titsingh, “formerly occurred; but, at present, beauty is
-held in much less estimation than fortune and high birth,—advantages
-to which people would once have been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</span>
-ashamed to attach so much value, and the custom has
-been by degrees entirely laid aside, on account of the
-mortification which it must give to the bride. At present,
-when a young man has any intention of marrying a
-female, whom he deems likely, from the situation of her
-parents, to be a suitable match, he first seeks to obtain a
-sight of her. If he likes her person, a mediator, selected
-from among his married friends, is sent to negotiate a
-match. People of quality have neither lantern nor mediator,
-because the parents affiance the children in infancy,
-and marriage always follows. Should it so happen that
-the husband dislikes the wife, he takes as many concubines
-as he pleases. This is also the case among persons
-of the inferior classes. The children are adopted by the
-wife, who is respected in proportion to the number of
-which she is either the actual or nominal mother.”</p>
-
-<p>Formerly the bride was not allowed, in case of the
-bridegroom’s death before the consummation of the
-nuptials, to marry again. A moving story is told of a
-romantic Japanese young lady, who, being urged by her
-friends to a second betrothal, to avoid such a sacrifice of
-her delicacy, cut off her hair, and, when that would not
-answer, her nose also. But this antique constancy has,
-in these latter depraved times,—depraved in Japan as
-well as elsewhere,—entirely disappeared, as well among
-the nobility as the common people.</p>
-
-<p>The match having been agreed upon, the bridegroom’s
-father sends a present—nothing is done in Japan without
-presents—to the bride’s father. The bearer, accompanied
-by the mediator, delivers not only the presents
-and a written list or invoice of them, but a complimentary
-message also. For these presents a written
-receipt is given, and, three days after, the bearer and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</span>
-those who attended him are complimented by a counter
-present.</p>
-
-<p>The following articles are then got ready at the bride’s
-house by the way of outfit: A white wedding-dress,
-embroidered with gold or silver; four other dresses, one
-with a red, a second with a black ground, one plain
-white; a fourth plain yellow; a number of gowns, both
-lined and single, and all the other requisites of a wardrobe,
-as girdles, bathing-gowns, under robes, both fine
-and coarse, a thick-furred robe for a bed-gown; a mattress
-to sleep on; bedclothes; pillows; gloves; carpets;
-bed-curtains; a silk cap; a furred cotton cap; long and
-short towels; a cloak; a covering for a norimono; a bag
-with a mixture of bran, wheat, and dried herbs, to be used
-in washing the face; also a bag of tooth-picks, some
-skeins of thin twine, made of twisted paper, for tying
-up the hair; a small hand-mirror; a little box of medicines;
-a small packet of the best columbac, for painting
-the lips; several kinds of paper for doing up packages;
-also paper for writing letters; a <i>koto</i> (a kind of harp);
-a <i>samisen</i> (a sort of guitar); a small chest for holding
-paper; an inkhorn; a pin-cushion; several sorts of
-needles; a box of combs; a mirror with its stand; a
-mixture for blacking the teeth (the distinguishing mark
-of married women in Japan, some blackening them the
-moment they are married, and others when they become
-pregnant); curling-tongs for the hair; scissors; a letter-case;
-a case of razors; several small boxes, varnished or
-made of osier; dusters; a case of articles for dressing
-the hair; an iron for smoothing linen; a large osier
-basket to hold the linen; a tub with handles; a small
-dagger, with a white sheath, in a little bag (thought to
-drive away evil spirits and to preserve from infectious<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</span>
-exhalations,—a quality ascribed also to the swords worn
-by the men); complimentary cards, made of paper, variously
-colored, and gilt or silvered at the ends, to tie
-round presents; <i>noshi</i>, a species of edible sea-weed, of
-which small pieces are attached to every congratulatory
-present; silk thread; a small tub to hold flax; several
-slender bamboos, used in hanging out clothes to dry;
-circular fans; common fans; fire-tureens; and—what
-certainly ought to form a part of the bridal outfit of our
-city belles—a small bench for supporting the elbows
-when the owner has nothing to do! Several books are
-also added, poems and stories, moral precepts, a book on
-the duties of woman in the married state, and another—the
-very one we are now giving an abstract of—on the
-etiquette of the marriage ceremony. Two different kinds
-of dressing-tables are also provided, containing many of
-the above-mentioned articles; also a number of other
-housekeeping utensils.</p>
-
-<p>When these things are ready, the mediator and his
-wife are invited to the house of the bride’s father, and
-entertained there. A lucky day is selected for sending
-the above-mentioned articles, accompanied by a written
-list, to the bridegroom’s house. The mediator is present
-to assist in receiving them, and a formal receipt is given,
-as well as refreshments and presents to the bearers in
-proportion to the value of the articles brought.</p>
-
-<p>On the day fixed for the marriage, an intelligent
-female servant of the second class<a id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> is sent to the house<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</span>
-of the bride to attend her, and the bride’s father, having
-invited all his kinsfolk, entertains them previous to the
-bride’s departure.</p>
-
-<p>The bridal party sets out in norimono, the mediator’s
-wife first, then the bride, then the bride’s mother, and,
-finally, her father. The mediator has already preceded
-them to the bridegroom’s house. The bride is dressed
-in white (white being the color for mourning among the
-Japanese), being considered as thenceforward dead to
-her parents.</p>
-
-<p>If all the ceremonies are to be observed, there should
-be stationed, at the right of the entrance to the house of
-the bridegroom, an old woman, and on the left an old
-man, each with a mortar containing some rice-cakes. As
-the bride’s norimono reaches the house, they begin to
-pound their respective mortars, the man saying, “A
-thousand years!” the woman, “Ten thousand!”—allusions
-to the reputed terms of life of the crane and
-the tortoise thus invoked for the bride. As the norimono
-passes between them, the man pours his cakes into the
-woman’s mortar, and both pound together. What is
-thus pounded is moulded into two cakes, which are put
-one upon another and receive a conspicuous place in
-the toko<a id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> of the room where the marriage is to be
-celebrated.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_178f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_178f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Scene in the House of a Noble</span><br />
-From <i>Official History of Japan</i></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The norimono is met within the passage by the bridegroom,
-who stands in his dress of ceremony ready to
-receive it. There is also a woman seated there with a
-lantern, and several others behind her. It was, as already
-mentioned, by the light of this lantern that formerly the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</span>
-groom first saw his bride, and, if dissatisfied with her, exercised
-his right of putting a stop to the ceremony. The
-bride, on seeing the bridegroom, reaches to him, through
-the front window of her norimono, her <i>mamori</i>,<a id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> and he
-hands it to a female servant who takes it into the apartment
-prepared for the wedding and hangs it up. The
-bride is also led to her apartment, the woman with the
-lantern preceding.</p>
-
-<p>The marriage being now about to take place, the bride
-is led by one of her waiting-women into the room where
-it is to be celebrated, and is seated there with two female
-attendants on either side. The bridegroom then leaves
-his room and comes into this apartment. No other persons
-are present except the mediator and his wife. The
-formality of the marriage consists in drinking sake after
-a particular manner. The sake is poured out by two
-young girls, one of whom is called the male butterfly,
-and the other the female butterfly,—appellations derived
-from their <i>susu</i>, or sake-jugs, each of which is adorned
-with a paper-butterfly. As these insects always fly about
-in pairs, it is intended to intimate that so the husband
-and wife ought to be continually together. The male
-butterfly always pours out the sake to be drank, but,
-before doing so, turns a little to the left, when the female
-butterfly pours from her jug a little sake into the
-jug of the other, who then proceeds to pour out for the
-ceremony. For drinking it, three bowls are used, placed
-on a tray or waiter, one within the other. The bride
-takes the uppermost, holds it in both hands, while some
-sake is poured into it, sips a little, three several times,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</span>
-and then hands it to the groom. He drinks three times
-in like manner, puts the bowl under the third, takes the
-second, hands it to be filled, drinks out of it three times,
-and passes it to the bride. She drinks three times, puts
-the second bowl under the first, takes the third, holds it
-to be filled, drinks three times, and then hands it to the
-groom, who does the same, and afterwards puts this bowl
-under the first. This ceremony constitutes the marriage.
-The bride’s parents, who meanwhile were in another
-room, being informed that this ceremony is over, come
-in, as do the bridegroom’s parents and brothers, and seat
-themselves in a certain order. The sake, with other
-refreshments interspersed, is then served, by the two butterflies,
-to these relations of the married parties in a
-prescribed order, indicated by the mediator; the two
-families, by this ceremony, extending, as it were, to each
-other the alliance already contracted between the bride
-and bridegroom.</p>
-
-<p>Next follows the delivery of certain presents on the
-part of the bride to the bridegroom, his relatives, and the
-servants of the household. These are brought by a
-female, who arranges them in order in an adjoining room,
-and hands written lists of them to the mediator, who
-passes it to the bridegroom’s father, who, having received
-the paper, returns thanks, then reads the lists aloud, and
-again returns thanks.</p>
-
-<p>The bridegroom then presents the bride with two robes,
-one with a red and the other with a black ground, embroidered
-with gold or silver. The bride retires, puts on these
-robes, and again returns. Refreshments of a peculiar kind
-then follow, the bride, to spare her bashfulness, being suffered
-to eat in a room by herself.</p>
-
-<p>This entertainment over, the parents of the bride<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</span>
-prepare to leave her. They are accompanied by those of
-the bridegroom, and by the bride herself, to the door; the
-bridegroom with two servants bears candles, shows the
-way, and takes leave with compliments.</p>
-
-<p>Sometimes the bridegroom proceeds, that same night,
-with his parents and the mediator, to the house of the
-bride’s father, where the contracting of relationship by
-drinking sake is again gone through with, the bride
-remaining behind in her husband’s house, where she is
-meanwhile entertained by his brothers. On this occasion
-the father of the bride presents his new son-in-law with
-a sabre. Presents are also delivered on the part of the
-bridegroom to the bride’s relations.</p>
-
-<p>The feasting over, the bridegroom and his parents
-return home, and are received at the door by the bride.</p>
-
-<p>In making the bed for the bride, her pillow is placed
-towards the north (the practice followed with the dead,
-for she is thenceforward to be considered as dead to her
-parents). Such is stated to have been the ancient custom,
-though now generally disused.</p>
-
-<p>The beds having been prepared, the bride is conducted
-to hers by one of the women appointed to attend her, and
-the same person introduces the bridegroom into the apartment.
-The young couple are waited on by the male
-and female butterflies. One of the bride’s women sleeps
-secretly in the adjoining chamber.</p>
-
-<p>The bridal chamber is abundantly furnished with all
-the numerous articles of the Japanese toilet, including a
-greater or less quantity, according to their rank, of wearing
-apparel, hung on movable racks or clothes-horses.</p>
-
-<p>In families of the rank of the governors of Nagasaki
-the bride is portioned with twelve robes, each upon a
-distinct horse; namely, a blue robe, for the first month,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</span>
-embroidered with fir-trees or bamboos; a sea-green robe
-for the second month, with cherry flowers and buttercups;
-a robe of light red, for the third month, with willows and
-cherry-trees; a robe of pearl color, for the fourth month,
-embroidered with the cuckoo, and small spots representing
-islands; a robe of faint yellow, for the fifth month,
-embroidered with waves and sword-grass; a robe of
-bright orange, for the sixth month, embroidered with
-melons and with an impetuous torrent,—the rainy season
-falling in this and the previous month; a white robe,
-for the seventh month, with <i>kikyō</i> flowers, white and
-purple; a red robe, for the eighth month, sprinkled with
-sloe-leaves; a violet robe, for the ninth month, embroidered
-with flowers of the <i>Chrysanthemum indicum</i> [<i>Kiku</i>],
-a very splendid flower; an olive-colored robe, for the
-tenth month, with representations of a road and ears of
-rice cut off; a black robe, for the eleventh month, embroidered
-with emblems of ice and icicles; a purple robe
-for the twelfth month, embroidered with emblems of
-snow. Beyond some personal outfit of this sort, it is
-said not to be the custom to portion daughters.</p>
-
-<p>Next morning the young couple take a warm bath,
-and then breakfast together. Soon after numerous presents
-come in, of which a careful account is kept; the
-bride also receives visits of congratulation. The day
-after, all the bridegroom’s people are treated with cakes
-in the apartment of the bride; and rice-cake, put up in
-boxes, is sent to all the near relations who did not attend
-the wedding.</p>
-
-<p>After the expiration of three days the bride pays a
-visit to her parents preceded by a present from her husband,
-one corresponding to which is sent back when the
-bride returns. All the preceding ceremonies over, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</span>
-bride, accompanied by her mother-in-law, or some aged
-female relative, pays a visit to all who have sent her
-presents, thanks them, and offers a suitable return,—a
-supply of suitable presents for this purpose having been
-provided for her before she left her father’s house.
-Seven days after the wedding, the bridegroom and four
-or five of his intimate friends are invited by the parents
-of the bride to a grand entertainment. A few days
-after, the bridegroom invites the relatives of the bride
-to a similar entertainment, and so the matrimonial
-solemnities terminate.</p>
-
-<p>The Japanese have two ways of disposing of the dead,—<i>dosō</i>,
-or interment; <i>kwasō</i>, or burning,—and persons
-about to die generally state which method they prefer.</p>
-
-<p>Of the funeral ceremonies<a id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> observed at Nagasaki, Titsingh
-gives the following account: The body, after being
-carefully washed by a favorite servant, and the head
-shaved, is clothed according to the state of the weather,
-and (if a female, in her best apparel) exactly as in life,
-except that the sash is tied, not in a bow, but strongly
-fastened with two knots, to indicate that it is never
-more to be loosed. The body is then covered with a
-piece of linen, folded in a peculiar manner, and is placed
-on a mat in the middle of the hall, the head to the
-north. Food is offered to it, and all the family lament.</p>
-
-<p>After being kept for forty-eight hours, the body is
-placed on its knees in a tub-shaped coffin, which is enclosed
-in a square, oblong box, or bier, the top of which
-is roof-shaped, called <i>kwan</i>. Two <i>ihai</i> are also prepared,—wooden
-tablets of a peculiar shape and fashion, containing
-inscriptions commemorative of the deceased, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</span>
-time of his decease, and the name given to him since
-that event.</p>
-
-<p>The ihai and kwan, followed by the eldest son and the
-family, servants, friends, and acquaintances, are borne
-in a procession, with flags, lanterns, etc., to one of the
-neighboring temples, whence, after certain ceremonies, in
-which the priests take a leading part, they are carried, by
-the relatives only, to the grave, where a priest, while
-waiting their arrival, repeats certain hymns. The moment
-they are come, the tub containing the body is
-taken out of the kwan and deposited in the grave, which
-is then filled with earth and covered with a flat stone,
-which again is covered with earth, and over the whole
-is placed the kwan and one of the ihai, which is removed
-at the end of seven weeks, to make room for the <i>hiseki</i>,<a id="FNanchor_79" href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>
-or gravestone. If the deceased had preferred to be
-burnt, the kwan is taken to the summit of one of two
-neighboring mountains, on the top of each of which is a
-sort of furnace, prepared for this purpose, enclosed in
-a small hut. The coffin is then taken from the kwan,
-and, being placed in the furnace, a great fire is kindled.
-The eldest son is provided with an earthen urn, in which
-first the bones and then the ashes are put, after which
-the mouth of the urn is sealed up. While the body is
-burning, a priest recites hymns. The urn is then carried
-to the grave, and deposited in it, and, the grave
-being filled up, the kwan is placed over it.</p>
-
-<p>The eldest son and his brothers are dressed in white,
-in garments of undyed hempen stuff, as are the bearers,
-and all females attending the funeral, whether relatives
-or not; the others wear their usual dresses. The females
-are carried in norimono, behind the male part of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</span>
-the procession, which proceeds on foot, the nearest relatives
-coming first. The eldest daughter takes precedence
-of the wife. The eldest son and heir, whether by
-blood or adoption, who is the chief mourner, wears also
-a broad-brimmed hat, of rushes, which hang about his
-shoulders, and in this attire does not recognize nor
-salute anybody.</p>
-
-<p>It is a remarkable circumstance that relatives in the
-ascending line and seniors never attend the funerals of
-their junior kindred, nor go into mourning for them.
-Thus, if the second son should die, neither father,
-mother, uncle, aunt, elder brother, nor elder sister
-would attend the funeral.</p>
-
-<p>The laboring classes are not required to go into
-mourning; yet some of them do for two, three, or four
-days. With them the burial takes place after twenty-four
-hours. With the upper class the mourning is fixed
-at fifty days. It used to be twice that time, but is said
-to have been cut down by Iyeyasu (founder of the reigning
-dynasty), that the business of the public functionaries
-might suffer the less interruption. Persons in
-mourning stay at home, abstain from animal food of any
-description, and from sake, and neither cut their nails
-nor shave their heads.</p>
-
-<p>One of the ihai is left, as has been mentioned, at the
-grave; the other, during the period of mourning, is set
-up in the best apartment of the house of the deceased.
-Sweetmeats, fruit, and tea are placed before it, and
-morning, noon, and night food is offered to it, served
-up as to a living person. Two candles, fixed in candlesticks,
-burn by it night and day, and a lighted lantern
-is hung up on either side. The whole household, of both
-sexes, servants included, pray before it morning and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</span>
-evening. This is kept up for seven weeks, and during
-each week, from the day of the death, a priest attends
-and reads hymns for an hour before the ihai. He is
-each time supplied with ornaments, and paid a fee of
-from five to six mas.</p>
-
-<p>During these seven weeks the son goes every day, be
-the weather what it may, and says a prayer by the grave.
-He wears his rush hat, through which he can see without
-being seen, speaks to nobody, and is dressed in
-white. With this exception, and a ceremonious visit,
-in the third, fourth, or fifth week, to the relatives and
-friends, he remains in his house, with the door fastened.
-It is customary to erect a small hut near the grave, in
-which a servant watches, noting down the names of all
-who come to visit it.</p>
-
-<p>When the seven weeks are over, the mourner shaves
-and dresses, opens his door, and goes, if an officer, to
-inform the governor that his days of mourning are over.
-He next pays a complimentary visit to all who attended
-the funeral, or have visited the grave, sending them also
-a complimentary present. The hiseki, or gravestone
-(almost precisely like those in use with us), is placed
-over the grave, and two ihai, varnished black and superbly
-gilt, are provided, one of which is sent to a
-temple. The other remains at home, kept in a case in
-a small apartment appropriated for that purpose, in
-which are kept the ihai of all the ancestors of the family.
-It is customary every morning, after rising and dressing,
-to take the ihai out of its case, and to burn a little incense
-before it, bowing the head in token of respect.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_186f" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_186f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Japanese Bed</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Though the wearing of white garments and other formalities
-of the special mourning, called imi, cease at the
-end of fifty days at the longest, bright colors are not to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</span>
-be worn, or a Shintō temple to be entered, for thirteen
-months, and this is called <i>buku</i>. For a husband, imi
-lasts thirty days and buku thirteen months; for a
-wife, imi twenty days and buku three months; for
-grandparents and uncles, the periods are thirty days
-and five months; for an eldest brother or sister, or aunt
-on the father’s side, and great-grandparents, twenty
-days and three months; for great-great-grandparents
-and aunts on the mother’s side, fathers and mothers-in-law,
-brother-in-law or sister-in-law, or eldest grandchild,
-ten days and one month; for other grandchildren, and
-for cousins of either sex, and their children, three days
-and seven days. For children under the age of seven
-years, whatever the relationship, there is no mourning.</p>
-
-<p>The great dignitaries must wear mourning for the
-Shōgun; all officers, civil and military, for their princes;
-and whoever derives his subsistence from another must
-mourn for him as for a father. Pupils also must mourn
-for their teacher, education being esteemed equivalent to
-a livelihood. The sons of a mother repudiated by her
-husband and expelled from his house mourn for her as
-if dead.</p>
-
-<p>In case of persons holding office, who die suddenly
-without previously having resigned in favor of their
-heirs, it is not unusual to bury them the night after their
-death, in a private manner. The death, though whispered
-about, is not officially announced. The heir, who
-dresses and acts as usual, notifies the authorities that his
-father is sick and wishes to resign. Having obtained the
-succession, he soon after announces his father’s death,
-and the formal funeral and mourning then take place.</p>
-
-<p>The honors paid to deceased parents do not terminate
-with the mourning. Every month, on the day of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</span>
-ancestor’s decease, for fifty, or even for a hundred years,
-food, sweetmeats, and fruit are set before the ihai. One
-hundred days after the decease of a father or mother, an
-entertainment is to be given to all the intimate friends,
-including the priest who presided at the funeral. This
-is to be repeated a year from the death; and again on
-the third, seventh, thirteenth, twenty-fifth, thirty-third,
-fiftieth, hundredth, and hundred and fiftieth anniversary,
-and so on, as long as the family exists. To secure the
-due payment to themselves of funeral honors, those who
-have no sons of their own adopt one. If any accident, fortunate
-or disastrous, happens to the family, it is formally
-communicated to the ihai, such as the birth of a child, a
-safe return from a journey, etc. In case of floods or fires,
-the ihai must be saved in preference to everything else,
-their loss being regarded as the greatest of misfortunes.</p>
-
-<p>The fifteenth day of the seventh Japanese month is a
-festival, devoted to the honor of parents and ancestors.
-Every Japanese whose parents are still living considers
-this a happy day. People regale themselves and their
-children with fish. Married sons and daughters, or
-adopted sons, send presents to their parents. On the
-evening of the 13th, the ihai are taken from their cases,
-and a repast set before them of vegetables and the fruits
-then ripening. In the middle is set a vase, in which
-perfumes are burnt, and other vases containing flowers.
-The next day, meals of rice, tea, and other food are
-regularly served to the ihai, as to living guests.</p>
-
-<p>Towards evening, lanterns, suspended from long bamboos,
-are lighted before each hiseki, or gravestone, and
-refreshments are also placed there. This is repeated on
-the fifteenth. Before daylight of the sixteenth the articles
-placed at the graves are packed into small boats<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</span>
-of straw, provided with sails of paper or cloth, which
-are earned in procession, with vocal and instrumental
-music and loud cries, to the waterside, where they are
-launched, by way of dismissing the souls of the dead,
-who are supposed now to return to their graves. “This
-festival,” says Titsingh, speaking of its celebration at
-Nagasaki, “produces a highly picturesque effect. Outside
-the town, the view of it from the island Deshima is
-one of the most beautiful. The spectator would almost
-imagine that he beheld a torrent of fire pouring from the
-hill, owing to the immense number of small boats that are
-carried to the shore to be turned adrift on the sea. In
-the middle of the night, and when there is a brisk wind,
-the agitation of the water causing all these lights to dance
-to and fro, produces an enchanting scene. The noise and
-bustle in the town, the sound of gongs and the voices of
-the priests, combine to form a discord that can scarcely
-be conceived. The whole bay seems to be covered with
-<i>ignes fatui</i>. Though these barks have sails of paper,
-or stronger stuff, very few of them pass the place where
-our ships lie at anchor. In spite of the guards, thousands
-of paupers rush into the water to secure the small
-copper coin and other things placed in them. Next day,
-they strip the barks of all that is left, and the tide carries
-them out to sea. Thus terminates this ceremony.”<a id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XLII">CHAPTER XLII</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>Exploration of the Northern Japanese Seas—First Russian Mission to
-Japan—Professorship of Japanese at Irkutsk—New Restrictions on
-the Dutch—Embarrassments growing out of the War of the French
-Revolution—American Flag at Nagasaki—Captain Stewart—Ingenuity
-of a Japanese Fisherman—Heer Doeff, Director at Deshima—Suspicious
-Proceedings of Captain Stewart—Russian Embassy—Klaproth’s
-Knowledge of Japanese—Doeff’s First Journey to Yedo—Dutch
-Trade in 1804 and 1806—An American Ship at Nagasaki—The
-British Frigate “Phaeton”—No Ships from Batavia—The
-Dutch on Short Allowance—English Ships from Batavia—Communication
-again suspended—Dutch and Japanese Dictionary—Children
-at the Factory—A. D. 1792-1817.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Till</span> comparatively a recent period Europe was
-very much in the dark as to the geography of
-northeastern Asia. Through the explorations
-and conquests of the Russians, Kamtchatka (long before
-visited by the Japanese) first became known to Europeans,
-about the year 1700. The exploration of the
-Kurile Islands, stretching from the southern point of
-that peninsula, led the Russians towards Japan. In
-1713, the Cossack Kosierewski reached Kunajiri (the
-twentieth Kurile, according to the Russian reckoning,
-beginning from Kamtchatka), close to the northeastern
-coast of Yezo, and claimed by the Japanese. In 1736,
-Spagenburg, a Dane in the Russian service, visited all
-the southern Kuriles, coasted the island of Yezo, made
-the land of Nippon, and entered several harbors on its
-eastern coast. These explorations were renewed by
-Potonchew in 1777; but it was not till 1787 that La<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</span>
-Perouse obtained for Europe the first distinct knowledge
-of the outline of the Sea of Japan, of the relative situations
-of Sakhalin and Yezo, and of the strait between
-them, which still bears his name.</p>
-
-<p>In 1791, the “Argonaut,” an English ship employed in
-the fur trade on the northwest coast of America, made
-the western coast of Japan, and attempted to trade; but
-she was immediately surrounded by lines of boats; all
-intercourse with the shore was prevented, and she was
-dismissed with a gratuitous supply of wood and water.
-In 1795-97, Captain Broughton, in an English exploring
-vessel, coasted the southern and eastern shore of
-Yezo, sailed among the southern Kuriles, and touched
-at several places on the southern part of Sakhalin. Besides
-the natives, he found a few Japanese, who treated
-him with much attention, but were very anxious for his
-speedy departure. Japanese officers came from Yezo,
-expressly to look after him, to restrict his communications,
-and to send him off, with all civility indeed, but as
-speedily as possible.</p>
-
-<p>Previous to Broughton’s voyage, Russia had already
-made a first attempt at a commercial and diplomatic
-intercourse with Japan. The crew of a Japanese vessel,
-shipwrecked in the Sea of Okhotsk, had been saved
-by the Russians, about 1782, and taken to Irkutsk, in
-Siberia, where they lived for ten years. At length
-the governor of Siberia was directed, by the empress
-Catherine II, to send home these Japanese, and with
-them an envoy, not as from her, but from himself.
-Lieutenant Laxman, selected for this purpose, sailed
-from Okhotsk in the autumn of 1792, landed on the
-northern coast of Yezo, and passed the winter there.
-The next summer he entered the harbor of Hakodate,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</span>
-on the northern coast of the Strait of Sangar. From
-that town he travelled by land to the city of Matsumae,
-three days’ journey to the west, and the chief Japanese
-settlement on the island, the authorities of which, after
-communicating with Yedo, delivered to him a paper to
-the following effect: “That although it was ordained
-by the laws of Japan, that any foreigners landing anywhere
-on the coast, except at Nagasaki, should be seized
-and condemned to perpetual imprisonment; yet, considering
-the ignorance of the Russians, and their having
-brought back the shipwrecked Japanese, they might be
-permitted to depart, on condition of never approaching,
-under any pretence, any part of the coast except Nagasaki.
-As to the Japanese brought back, the government
-was much obliged to the Russians; who, however,
-were at liberty to leave them or take them away again,
-as they pleased, it being the law of Japan that such
-persons ceased to be Japanese, and became the subjects
-of that government into whose hands destiny had cast
-them. With respect to commercial negotiations, those
-could only take place at Nagasaki; and a paper was sent
-authorizing a Russian vessel to enter that port for that
-purpose; but as the Christian worship was not allowed
-in Japan, any persons admitted into Nagasaki must
-carefully abstain from it.”</p>
-
-<p>Laxman was treated with great courtesy, though kept
-in a sort of confinement; he was supported, with his
-crew, by the Japanese authorities, while he remained,
-and was dismissed with presents and an ample supply of
-provisions, for which no payment would be received.</p>
-
-<p>Here the matter rested for several years, but into a
-school for teaching navigation, which Catherine II established
-at Irkutsk, the capital of Eastern Siberia, she<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</span>
-introduced a professorship of the Japanese language, the
-professors being taken from among the Japanese shipwrecked
-from time to time on the coast of Siberia.
-Meanwhile, even the Dutch commerce to Japan had
-undergone some new restrictions. Whether from the
-prevalence of the “frog-in-a-well” policy, or from apprehensions,
-as it was said, of the exhaustion of the
-copper mines, the Dutch in 1790 were limited to a single
-ship annually, while to accommodate their expenditures
-to this diminished trade, the hitherto yearly embassy to
-Yedo was to be sent only once in four years, though
-annual presents to the emperor and his officers were still
-required as before.</p>
-
-<p>The occupation of Holland by the French armies not
-only exposed Dutch vessels to capture by the English,
-it cost Holland several of her eastern colonies, and thus
-placed new obstacles in the way of the Japanese trade.
-It was no doubt to diminish the danger of capture by
-the British, that, in the year 1797, the ship despatched
-from Batavia sailed under the American flag, and carried
-American papers, while the commander, one Captain
-Stewart, though in reality an Englishman from Madras
-or Bengal, passed for an American, and his ship as the
-“Eliza,” of New York. That the crew of this vessel spoke
-English, and not Dutch, was immediately noticed by the
-interpreters at Nagasaki, and produced a great sensation
-among the Japanese officials; but at last, after vast difficulty,
-they were made to understand that though the
-crew spoke English, they were not “the English,” but
-of another nation, and, what was a still more essential
-point, that they had nothing to do with the trade, but
-were merely hired to bring the goods in order to save
-them from capture; as a result of which explanation it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</span>
-was finally agreed that the “Eliza” should be considered
-as a Dutch ship.</p>
-
-<p>The same vessel and captain returned again the next
-year; but in leaving the harbor for Batavia, loaded with
-camphor and copper, she struck a hidden rock, and sunk.
-The first scheme hit upon for raising the vessel was to
-send down divers to discharge the copper; but two of
-them lost their lives from the suffocating effect of the
-melting camphor, and this scheme had to be abandoned.
-Heavily laden as she was, every effort at raising her
-proved abortive, till at last the object was accomplished
-by a Japanese fisherman, who volunteered his services.
-He fastened to each side of the sunken vessel some fifteen
-of the Japanese boats used in towing, and a large
-Japanese coasting craft to the stern, and, taking advantage
-of a stiff breeze and a spring tide, dragged the
-sunken vessel from the rock, and towed her into a spot
-where, upon the ebbing of the tide, she could be discharged
-without difficulty. For this achievement the
-fisherman was raised, by the prince of Hizen, to which
-province he belonged, to the rank of a noble, being privileged
-to wear two swords, and to take as his insignia or
-arms a Dutch hat and two tobacco pipes.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_194fa" style="max-width: 56.25em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_194fa.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Threshing and Cleaning Grain</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_194fb" style="max-width: 56.25em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_194fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Coolies in a Rice Field</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_194fc" style="max-width: 56.25em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_194fc.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Women carrying Rice<br />
-The Cultivation of Grain</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>When repaired and reloaded, the “Eliza” sailed again;
-but being dismasted in a storm, returned to refit, by
-reason of which she was detained so long, that the ship
-of 1799, also under American colors, and this time it
-would seem a real American, the “Franklin,” Captain
-Devereux, arrived at Nagasaki, and was nearly loaded
-before Captain Stewart was ready to sail. In this ship
-of 1799 came out, to be stationed as an officer at the
-factory, Heer Hendrick Doeff, who remained there for
-the next seventeen years, and to whose “Recollections of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</span>
-Japan,” written in Dutch, and published in Holland in
-1835, we are greatly indebted for what we know of the
-occurrences in Japan during that period. It was, however,
-a very unfortunate circumstance, tending considerably
-to diminish the value of his book, that all his papers
-were lost by the foundering of the ship in which he sailed
-from Batavia for Holland, in 1819, the crew and passengers
-escaping barely with their lives; after which he
-allowed near fifteen years more to pass before he drew
-upon his memory for the materials of his book, which
-was only published at length to correct some misapprehensions,
-upon matters personal to himself, likely to arise,
-as he feared, from publications which preceded his own.
-His book, indeed, is mainly devoted to the defence of the
-Dutch nation and the affairs of the factory, against the
-strictures of Raffles and others, throwing only some
-incidental light upon the Japanese, the knowledge of
-whom, so far as it is accessible to residents at Deshima,
-had indeed been pretty well exhausted by previous
-writers.</p>
-
-<p>Captain Stewart, refusing to wait for the other ship,
-set sail at once; but he did not arrive at Batavia. He
-reappeared, however, the next year at Nagasaki, representing
-himself as having been shipwrecked, with the
-loss of everything; but as having found a friend at
-Manila, who had enabled him to buy and lade the brig
-in which he had now come back, for the purpose, as he
-said, of discharging, out of the sale of her cargo, his debt
-due to the factory for the advances made for the repairs
-of his lost vessel. Heer Wadenaar, the director, saw,
-however, or thought he saw, in this proceeding, a scheme
-for gaining a commercial footing at Nagasaki, independent
-of the regular trade from Batavia. He caused the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</span>
-goods to be sold and applied to the discharge of Stewart’s
-debt; but he declined to furnish any return cargo for the
-brig, and he arrested Stewart, and sent him a prisoner to
-Batavia; whence, however, soon after his arrival there,
-he made his escape. He reappeared again at Nagasaki
-in 1803, still under the American flag, but coming now
-from Bengal and Canton, with a cargo of Indian and
-Chinese goods. He solicited permission to trade and to
-supply himself with water and oil. With these latter
-he was gratuitously furnished, but liberty to trade was
-refused, and he was compelled to depart; nor was anything
-further heard of him. Doeff seems to have supposed
-him a real American, and his last expedition an
-American adventure; but in a pamphlet on Java and its
-trade, published at Batavia in 1800, by Heer Hagendorp,
-and quoted by Raffles in his history of Java, Stewart is
-expressly stated to have been an Englishman from
-Madras or Bengal,—a statement which seems to be
-confirmed by his coming from Bengal on his last arrival
-at Nagasaki, and a fact as to which Hagendorp, who held
-a high official position, would not have been likely to be
-mistaken.<a id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p>
-
-<p>The next circumstance of importance mentioned by
-Doeff was the arrival in October, 1804, in the harbor of
-Nagasaki, of a Russian vessel, commanded by Captain
-Krusenstern, and having on board Count Resanoff, sent
-as ambassador from the Czar, in somewhat late prosecution
-of the negotiation commenced by Laxman in 1792.
-This vessel brought back a number of shipwrecked<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</span>
-Japanese,<a id="FNanchor_82" href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> and her coming had been notified to the governor
-of Nagasaki, through the medium of the Dutch
-authorities at Batavia and Deshima. There are two
-Russian narratives of this expedition, one by Krusenstern,
-the other by Langsdorff, who was attached to the
-embassy. Both ascribe the failure of the mission to the
-jealous opposition of the Dutch. Doeff, on the contrary,
-insists that he did everything he could—for by this time
-he was director—to aid the Russians, and that they had
-only to blame their own obstinacy in refusing to yield
-to the demands of the Japanese.</p>
-
-<p>The dispute began upon the very first boarding of the
-Russian ship, on which occasion the Japanese officers
-took the Dutch director with them. Resanoff consented
-to give up his powder, but insisted upon retaining his
-arms; he also refused those prostrations which the
-boarding-officers demanded as representatives of the
-emperor. These points were referred to Yedo; but,
-meantime (Doeff says, through his solicitations) the ship
-with the arms on board was permitted to anchor. The
-Dutch and Russians were allowed to pass the first evening
-together, but afterwards they were jealously separated,
-though they contrived to keep up an occasional
-intercourse through the connivance of the interpreters.
-The annual ship from Batavia, this year Dutch, then at
-Deshima, was removed to another and distant berth.
-When she left, no letters were allowed to be sent by
-the Russians, except a bare despatch, first inspected by
-the governor, notifying the ambassador’s arrival, and the
-health of his company. Nor were the Dutch allowed in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</span>
-passing even to return the salutation of the Russians.
-The Dutch captain put his trumpet to his lips, but was
-under strict orders from the director not to speak a word,—a
-discourtesy, as they thought it, which the Russians
-highly resented. Of the Russians, none were allowed to
-land till two months and a half after their arrival, the
-matter having first been referred to Yedo. Finally, a
-fish-house, on a small island, closely hedged in with bamboos,
-so that nothing could be seen, was fitted up for the
-ambassador. All the arms were given up, except the
-swords of the officers and the muskets of seven soldiers
-who landed with the ambassador, but who had no powder.
-The ship was constantly surrounded by guard-boats.</p>
-
-<p>After a detention of near six months, a commissioner
-from Yedo made his appearance, with the emperor’s
-answer. The ambassador, having been carried on shore
-in the barge of the prince of Hizen, was conveyed to the
-governor’s house in the norimono of the Dutch director,
-borrowed for the occasion; but all his suite had to walk,
-and, in order that they might see nothing, the doors and
-windows of the houses, wherever they passed, were
-closed; the street gates were fastened, and the inhabitants
-were ordered to keep at home. A second interview
-took place the next day, when a flat refusal was returned
-to all the ambassador’s requests, and even the presents
-for the emperor were declined.</p>
-
-<p>In the midst of all these annoyances everything was
-done with the greatest show of politeness. The emperor’s
-answer, which Doeff was called upon to assist in translating
-into Dutch, placed the refusal to receive the
-ambassador or his presents on the ground that, if they
-were received, it would be necessary to send back an
-ambassador with equal presents, to which not only the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</span>
-great poverty of the Japanese was an obstacle, but also
-the strict law, in force for a hundred and fifty years past,
-against any Japanese subject or vessel going to foreign
-countries. It was also stated that Japan had no great
-wants, and little occasion for foreign productions, of
-which the Dutch and Chinese already brought as much
-as was required, and that any considerable trade could
-only be established by means of an intercourse between
-foreigners and Japanese, which the laws strictly forbade.</p>
-
-<p>The ambassador did not depart without bitter reproaches
-against Doeff, whom he charged as the author
-of his miscarriage. He arrived at Okhotsk in May,
-1805, afterwards passed over to Sitka, on the American
-coast, and the next year, having returned again to
-Okhotsk, despatched two small Russian vessels to make
-reprisals on the Japanese. They landed on the coast of
-Sakhalin, in the years 1806 and 1807, plundered a Japanese
-settlement, loaded their vessels with the booty,
-carried off several Kurile and two Japanese prisoners,
-and left behind written notifications, in Russian and
-French, that this had been done in revenge for the slights
-put upon Resanoff.<a id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p>
-
-<p>In 1805 and 1806, Klaproth, the learned Orientalist,
-passed some months at Irkutsk, as secretary to a Russian
-embassy to China. He found the Japanese professorship,
-established there by Catherine II, filled by a Japanese,
-who had embraced the Greek religion, and, from him and
-the books which he furnished, Klaproth acquired such
-knowledge as he had of the Japanese tongue.</p>
-
-<p>In the spring of 1806, Deoff made his first journey to
-Yedo. In the arrangements of the journey and the audi<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</span>ence,
-there seems to have been no change since the time
-of Thunberg. While he was at Yedo a tremendous fire
-broke out. It began, at a distance from his lodgings, at
-ten in the morning. At one the Dutch took the alarm,
-and began to pack. At three they fled. “On issuing
-into the street,” says Doeff, “we saw everything in
-flames. There was great danger in endeavoring to escape
-before the wind, in the same direction taken by the
-fire. We, therefore, took a slanting direction, through
-a street already burning, and thus succeeded in reaching
-an open field. It was studded with the standards of
-princes whose dwellings had been destroyed, and whose
-wives and children had fled thither for refuge. We
-followed their example, and marked out a spot with our
-Dutch flags. We had now a full view of the fire, and
-never did I see anything so terrific. The terrors of this
-ocean of flame were enhanced by the heart-rending cries
-of the fugitive women and children.” The fire raged
-till noon the next day, when it was extinguished by a
-fall of rain.<a id="FNanchor_84" href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> The Dutch learned from their host, that,
-within five minutes after they left, the fire took his house,
-and destroyed everything—as an indemnity for which,
-the Dutch East India Company allowed him annually
-for three years from twelve to fourteen hundred-weight
-of sugar. The palaces of thirty-seven princes had been
-destroyed. The weight of fugitives broke down the
-famous Nihonbashi, or bridge of Japan, so that, besides
-those burned to death, many were drowned, including a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</span>
-daughter of the prince of Awa. Twelve hundred lives
-were said to have been lost.</p>
-
-<p>On this occasion the Dutch were greatly aided by a
-wealthy Japanese merchant, who sent forty men to
-assist them in removing. He lost his shop, or store,
-and a warehouse, containing a hundred thousand pounds
-of spun silk, yet the day after the fire was engaged in
-rebuilding his premises.</p>
-
-<p>The Dutch, burnt out of their inn, were lodged at first
-in the house of the governor of Nagasaki; but, four
-days after, procured a new inn. This was in a more
-public place than the old obscure lodging. The appearance
-of the Dutch on the balcony attracted crowds of
-curious spectators, and soon drew out an order, from
-the governor of Yedo, that they should keep within
-doors. But Doeff refused to obey this order, on the
-ground that, during their entire embassy, the Dutch
-were under the authority only of the governor of Nagasaki;
-and in this position he was sustained by that
-personage.</p>
-
-<p>After the audience the Dutch received many visits,
-particularly from physicians and astronomers. On the
-subject of astronomy Doeff was more puzzled than even
-Thunberg had been, for, since Thunberg’s time, the
-Japanese would seem to have made considerable advances
-in that science. They had a translation of La Lande’s
-astronomy, and the chief astronomer, Takaro Sampei (?)
-(to whom Doeff, at his special request for a name,
-gave that of <i>Globius</i>, and who proved, on subsequent
-occasions, a good friend of the Dutch), could calculate
-eclipses with much precision. To a grandson of one
-of Thunberg’s medical friends, who was also a physician,
-Doeff gave the name of <i>Johannis Botanicus</i>. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</span>
-honor of a Dutch name, exceedingly coveted by the
-Japanese, was solicited even by the prince of Satsuma
-and his secretary. Being attacked with colic on his
-return from Yedo, Doeff submitted to the Japanese
-remedy of acupuncture; but he does not give any high
-idea of its efficacy.</p>
-
-<p>Two accounts current of the trade of Japan for the
-years 1804 and 1806, published by Raffles, will serve to
-show its condition at this time. The articles sent to
-Japan were sugar, spices, woollens, cottons, tin, lead,
-quicksilver, sapan-wood, saffron, liquorice, elephant’s-teeth,
-catechu, and ducatoons, sugar forming about half
-the cargo in value. The prime cost at Batavia was,
-in 1804, 211,896, in 1806, 161,008 rix dollars, to which
-were to be added freight and charges at Batavia, amounting
-in 1804 to 150,000, in 1806 to 106,244 rix dollars,
-making the whole cost in 1804, 361,807, in 1806, 266,252
-rix dollars. The sales at Deshima amounted in 1804 to
-160,378, in 1806 to 108,797 rix dollars; but this included,
-in 1804, 3,333 rix dollars from old goods, and, in 1806,
-5,428 rix dollars borrowed of the Japanese to complete
-the cargo. From these amounts were to be deducted
-the expenses of the establishment at Deshima, and loss
-in weight on the sugar, viz., in 1804, 67,952,<a id="FNanchor_85" href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> and in
-1806, 39,625 rix dollars, leaving to be employed in the
-purchase of copper and camphor, in 1804, 92,426, in
-1806, 69,172 rix dollars, to which were added 13,125 rix
-dollars from the sale of old goods. The copper brought
-back by the ship of 1804 having been coined at Batavia,
-the entire profit of the voyage amounted to 507,147 rix
-dollars, but the larger part of this profit belonged, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</span>
-fact, to the mint, the copper being coined at a rate above
-its intrinsic value. In 1808, the copper being sold, the
-balance in favor of the voyage was but 175,505 rix
-dollars, deducting the amount borrowed in Japan. It
-was only the low rate at which copper was furnished
-by the Japanese government that enabled these voyages
-to pay.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_202fa" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_202fa.jpg" alt="caption below" />
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_202fb" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_202fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Processes of Weighing and Pounding Rice</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>In 1807, the “Eclipse,” of Boston, chartered at Canton
-by the Russian American Company, for Kamtchatka and
-the northwest coast of America, entered the bay of
-Nagasaki under Russian colors,<a id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> and was towed to the
-anchorage by an immense number of boats. A Dutchman
-came on board, and advised them to haul down their colors,
-as the Japanese were much displeased with Russia.
-The Japanese declined to trade, and asked what the ship
-wanted. Being told water and fresh provisions, they
-sent on board a plentiful supply of fish, hogs, vegetables,
-and tubs of water, for which they would take no
-pay. Finding that no trade was to be had, on the third
-day the captain lifted his anchors, and was towed to sea
-by near a hundred boats.</p>
-
-<p>In October, 1808, about the time that the annual
-Dutch vessel was expected, a ship appeared off Nagasaki,
-under Dutch colors, and, without any suspicion,
-two Dutchmen of the factory, followed by the usual
-Japanese officers in another boat, proceeded to board her.
-The Dutchmen were met by a boat from the vessel, and
-were requested in Dutch to come into it. Upon their
-proposal to wait for the Japanese boat, the strangers
-boarded them with drawn cutlasses, and forced them on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</span>
-board the ship, which proved to be the English frigate
-“Phaeton,” Captain Pellew. The Japanese rowed back
-with the news of what had happened, by which Nagasaki
-and all its officers were thrown into a state of the
-greatest agitation.</p>
-
-<p>While the governor of Nagasaki was exchanging
-messages with director Doeff as to what could be the
-meaning of this occurrence, Captain Pellew, who was in
-search of the annual Dutch ship, stood directly into the
-harbor, without a pilot. The director, fearing to be
-himself taken, fled, with the other Dutchmen, to the
-governor’s house. “In the town,” he says, “everything
-was in frightful embarrassment and confusion. The
-governor was in a state of indescribable wrath, which
-fell, in the first instance, upon the Japanese officers for
-having returned without the Dutchmen, or information
-as to what nation the ship belonged to. Before I could
-ask him a question, he said to me, with fury in his face,
-‘Be quiet, director; I shall take care that your people
-are restored.’ But the governor soon learned, to his
-consternation, that at the harbor guard-house, where a
-thousand men ought to have been stationed, there were
-only sixty or seventy, and those uncommanded.”</p>
-
-<p>After a while came a letter from one of the detained
-Dutchmen, in these words: “A ship is arrived from
-Bengal. The captain’s name is Pellew; he asks for
-water and provisions.” The governor was little disposed
-to yield to this demand, and, about midnight, his secretary
-waited on Doeff to inform him that he was going
-to rescue the prisoners. Being questioned as to
-the manner how, he replied, “Your countrymen have
-been seized by treachery; I shall, therefore, go alone,
-obtain admission on board by every demonstration of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</span>
-friendship, seek an interview with the captain, and, on his
-refusal to deliver his prisoners, stab him first, and then
-myself.” It cost Doeff a good deal of trouble to dissuade
-the secretary and the governor from this wild scheme.
-The plan finally adopted was to manage to detain the
-ship till vessels and men could be collected to attack
-her.</p>
-
-<p>The next afternoon one of the detained Dutchmen
-brought on shore the following epistle from the English
-captain: “I have ordered my own boat to set Goseman
-on shore, to procure me provisions and water; if
-he does not return with such before evening, I will sail
-in to-morrow early, and burn the Japanese and Chinese
-vessels in the harbor.” The provisions and water were
-furnished, though the Japanese were very unwilling to
-have Goseman return on board. This done, the two
-Dutchmen were dismissed.</p>
-
-<p>The governor, however, was still intent upon calling
-the foreign ship to account. One scheme was to prevent
-her departure by sinking vessels, laden with stones,
-in the channel. The prince of Ōmura proposed to burn
-her, by means of boats filled with reeds and straw,
-offering himself to lead; but while these schemes were
-under discussion, the frigate weighed and sailed out of
-the harbor. The affair, however, had a tragical ending.
-Within half an hour after her departure, the governor,
-to save himself from impending disgrace, cut himself
-open, as did several officers of the harbor-guard. The
-prince of Hizen, though resident at Yedo at the time,
-was imprisoned a hundred days, for the negligence of
-his servants in the maintenance of the guard, and was
-also required to pay an annual pension to the son of
-the self-executed governor, whom Doeff, on again<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</span>
-visiting Yedo in 1810, found to be in high favor at
-court.<a id="FNanchor_87" href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p>
-
-<p>Up to 1809,<a id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> the ships from Batavia had arrived regularly;
-but from that time till 1818 neither goods nor
-news reached the lonely Dutchmen at Deshima. The
-first and second failure they bore with some resignation,
-looking confidently forward to the next year; “but,
-alas!” says our by this time very thirsty, and somewhat
-ragged, director, “it passed away without relief
-or intelligence, either from Europe or Batavia! All our
-provision from Java was by this time consumed. Butter
-we had not seen since the supply of 1807, for the ship
-“Goede Frouw” (good wife, but not good housewife)
-“had brought us none in 1809. To the honor of the
-Japanese, I must acknowledge that they did everything
-in their power to supply our special wants.... The inspector,
-Shige Dennozen, among others, gave himself
-much trouble to distil gin for us, for which purpose I
-supplied him with a still-kettle and a tin worm, which I
-chanced to possess. He had tolerable success, but could
-not remove the resinous flavor of the juniper. The corn
-spirit (whiskey), which he managed to distil, was excellent.
-As we had also been without wine since the supply
-of 1807, with the exception of a small quantity brought
-by the “Goede Frouw,” he likewise endeavored to press
-it for us from the wild grapes of the country, but with
-less success. He obtained, indeed, a red and fermented<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</span>
-liquor, but it was not wine. I myself endeavored to make
-beer; and, with the help of the domestic dictionaries of
-Chaud and Bays, I got so far as to produce a whitish
-liquor, with something of the flavor of the white beer of
-Haerlem, but which would not keep above four days, as
-I could not make it work sufficiently, and had no bitter
-with which to flavor it. Our great deficiency was in
-the articles of shoes and winter clothing. We procured
-Japanese slippers of straw, and covered the instep with
-undressed leather, and thus draggled along the street.
-Long breeches we manufactured from an old carpet
-which I had by me. Thus we provided for our wants
-as well as we could. There was no distinction among
-us. Every one who had saved anything threw it into
-the common stock, and we thus lived under a literal
-community of goods.”</p>
-
-<p>Great was the delight of our disconsolate director,
-when, in the spring of 1813, two vessels appeared in
-the offing of Nagasaki, displaying the Dutch flag, and
-making the private signals agreed upon in 1809. A
-letter was brought on shore, announcing the arrival from
-Batavia of Heer Waardenaar, Doeff’s predecessor as director,
-to act as warehouse master, of Heer Cassa, to
-succeed Doeff as director, and of three assistants or
-clerks. A Japanese officer and one of the Dutch clerks
-were sent on board. The Japanese speedily returned,
-saying that he had recognized Waardenaar, who had
-declined, however, to deliver his papers except to Doeff
-personally, and that all the officers spoke English, whence
-he concluded that the ships must be chartered Americans.
-Doeff went on board, and was received by Waardenaar
-with such evident embarrassment, that Doeff declined to
-open the package of papers which he presented, except at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</span>
-Deshima, whither he was accompanied by Waardenaar.
-This package being opened was found to contain a paper
-signed “Raffles, Lieutenant-governor of Java and its
-Dependencies,” appointing Waardenaar and a Dr. Ainslie
-commissioners in Japan. In reply to his question, “Who
-is Raffles?” Doeff learned that Holland had been annexed
-to France, and Java occupied by the English. But the
-annexation of Holland to France, Doeff patriotically refused
-to believe, and, in spite of all the efforts of Waardenaar
-to shake his resolution, he declined obedience to
-an order coming from a colony in hostile occupation.</p>
-
-<p>His mind thus made up, Doeff called in the Japanese
-interpreters, and communicated to them the true state of
-the case. Alarmed for their own safety, they made to
-Waardenaar frightful representations of the probable
-massacre of the crews and burning of the vessels, should
-this secret go any further,—especially considering the
-hostile feelings towards the English, excited by the proceedings
-of the “Phaeton” in 1808; and finally the commissioners
-were persuaded to enter into an arrangement
-by which Doeff was to remain as director, and was to
-proceed to dispose of the cargoes as usual, first paying
-out of the proceeds the debt which, since 1807, the
-factory had been obliged to contract for its sustenance.
-Ainslee was also to remain as factory physician, but
-passing as an American.<a id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p>
-
-<p>The cost of the cargoes, as given by Raffles, with freight<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</span>
-and charges, amounted to two hundred and seventy-three
-thousand one hundred and fifty Spanish dollars. Out of
-the proceeds in Japan had to be paid forty-eight thousand
-six hundred and forty-eight dollars, debts of the factory;
-and twenty-five thousand dollars for copper to make up
-the cargo, bought of Doeff at a higher rate than was
-paid the Japanese. There were left at the factory four
-thousand six hundred and eighty-eight dollars in cash,
-and fifteen thousand dollars in woollens, and advances
-were made to persons on board, to be repaid in Batavia, to
-the amount of three thousand six hundred and seventy-eight
-dollars; thus swelling the whole expenses to three
-hundred and seventy thousand one hundred and sixty-four
-dollars; whereas the copper and camphor of the
-return cargo produced only three hundred and forty-two
-thousand one hundred and twenty-six dollars, thus leaving
-an outgo on the voyage of twenty-eight thousand
-and thirty-eight dollars, which the credits in Japan and
-Batavia were hardly sufficient to balance. These ships
-carried out an elephant as a present to the emperor;
-but, though it excited great curiosity, the Japanese declined
-to receive it, alleging the difficulty of transporting
-it to Yedo.</p>
-
-<p>In 1814, a single ship was sent from Batavia with
-Heer Cassa again on board. He brought tidings of the
-insurrection in Europe against France, and relied upon
-the probable speedy restoration of Java as an argument
-for inducing Doeff to submit temporarily to the English,—an
-object which Sir Stamford Raffles had very much
-at heart. When Doeff refused, Cassa resorted to intrigue.
-He gained over two of the interpreters, through whom
-he endeavored to induce at Yedo a refusal to allow Doeff
-(whose term of office had already been so unusually<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</span>
-protracted) to remain any longer as director. Doeff,
-however, got wind of this intrigue, frightened the two
-interpreters by threatening to tell the whole story to the
-governor of Nagasaki, and finally carried the day. He
-paid, however, rather dearly for his obstinacy, as Raffles
-sent no more ships, and director Doeff was obliged to
-pass three years more without either goods or news,
-cooped up and kept on short allowance in his little island,
-with the satisfaction, however, that there, if nowhere else
-in the world, the flag of Holland still continued to wave.</p>
-
-<p>The Japanese government, obliged to advance the
-means for the support of the factory, did not leave the
-director entirely idle. He was set to work, with the aid
-of ten Japanese interpreters, in compiling a Dutch and
-Japanese dictionary, for the use of the Japanese men of
-science and the imperial interpreters. A copy of this
-work was deposited in the imperial library at Yedo;
-another, made by Doeff for his own use, lost, with
-all his other papers and effects, on his return to Europe.
-The original rough draft of the work was found afterwards,
-however, at Deshima, by Herr Fisscher, and
-having made a transcript, though less perfect than the
-original, he brought it home in 1829, and deposited it in
-the royal museum at Amsterdam.<a id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_210f" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_210f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Coolie with Straw Raincoat</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Thunberg, as we have seen, could hear nothing of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</span>
-semi-Dutch children born in Japan. There were such,
-however, in Doeff’s time; and it appears, from an incidental
-remark of his, that although no birth was allowed
-to take place at Deshima, yet that the Japanese female
-inmates of the factory were permitted to nurse their
-infants in the houses of their Dutch fathers. At a very
-early age, however, these children were taken away to
-be educated as pure Japanese, being allowed to visit
-their fathers only at certain specified intervals. The
-fathers, however, were expected to provide for them,
-and to obtain for them, by purchase, some government
-office.</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XLIII">CHAPTER XLIII</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>Golownin’s Capture and Imprisonment—Conveyance to Hakodate—Reception
-and Imprisonment—Interpreters—Interviews with the Governor—Removal
-to Matsumae—A Pupil in Russian—A Japanese Astronomer—Escape
-and Recapture—Treatment afterwards—Savans
-from Yedo—Japanese Science—European News—A Japanese
-Free-thinker—Soldiers—Their Amusements—Thoughts on a Wedding—Domestic
-Arrangements—New Year—Return of the “Diana”—Reprisals—A
-Japanese Merchant and his Female Friend—Second
-Return of the “Diana”—Third Return of the “Diana”—Interview
-on Shore—Surrender of the Prisoners—Japanese Notification—The
-Merchant at Home—The Merchant Class in Japan—A.D.
-1811-1813.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">While</span>, by the first interruption of the communication
-with Batavia, Doeff and his
-companions were secluded at Deshima, a
-number of Europeans were held in a still stricter imprisonment
-at the northern extremity of Japan.</p>
-
-<p>Captain Golownin, an educated and intelligent Russian
-naval officer, had been commissioned in 1811, as
-commander of the sloop of war “Diana,” to survey the
-southern Kurile Islands, in which group the Russians
-include both Sakhalin and Yezo, which they reckon as
-the twenty-first and twenty-second Kuriles. At the
-southern extremity of Etorofu, the nineteenth Kurile,
-some Japanese were first met with (July 13). Soon
-after, Golownin, with two officers, four men, and a
-Kurile interpreter, having landed at a bay on the southern
-end of Kunashiri, the twentieth Kurile, where the
-Japanese had a settlement and a garrison, they were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</span>
-invited into the fort, and made prisoners. Thence they
-were taken, partly by water and partly by land, to
-Hakodate, already mentioned as a Japanese town at the
-southern extremity of Yezo. This journey occupied
-four weeks, in which, by Golownin’s calculation, they
-travelled between six and seven hundred miles. The
-Japanese stated it at two hundred and fifty-five of their
-leagues. The route followed was along the east coast
-of the island. Every two miles or so there was a populous
-village, from all of which extensive fisheries were
-carried on, evidently the great business of the inhabitants.
-The fish were caught in great nets, hundreds at
-once. The best were of the salmon species, but every
-kind of marine animal was eaten. The gathering of
-sea-weeds for food (of the kind called by the Russians
-sea-cabbage<a id="FNanchor_91" href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>) also constituted a considerable branch of
-industry. In the northern villages the inhabitants were
-principally native Kuriles, with a few Japanese officers.
-Within a hundred and twenty or thirty miles of Hakodate
-the villages were inhabited entirely by Japanese,
-and were much larger and handsomer than those further
-north, having gardens and orchards, and distinguished
-by their scrupulous neatness; but even the Kurile inhabitants
-of Yezo were far superior in civilization and
-comforts to those of the more northern islands belonging
-to Russia.</p>
-
-<p>When first seized by the Japanese, the Russians were
-bound with cords, some about the thickness of a finger,
-and others still smaller. They were all tied exactly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</span>
-alike (according to the prescribed method for binding
-those arrested on criminal charges), the cords for each
-having the same number of knots and nooses, and all at
-equal distances. There were loops round their breasts
-and necks; their elbows were drawn almost into contact
-behind their backs, and their hands were firmly bound
-together. From these fastenings proceeded a long cord,
-the end of which was held by a Japanese, who, on the
-slightest attempt to escape, had only to pull it to make
-the elbows come in contact with great pain, and so to
-tighten the noose about the neck as almost to produce
-strangulation. Their legs were also tied together above
-the ankles and above the knees. Thus tied, they were
-conveyed all the way to Hakodate, having the choice,
-for the land part of the route, either to be carried in a
-rude sort of palanquin formed of planks, on which they
-were obliged to lie flat, or to walk, which they generally
-preferred as less irksome, and for which purpose
-the cords about the ankles were removed, and those
-above the knees loosened. The cords were drawn so
-tight as to be very painful, and even after a while to cut
-into the flesh; yet, though in all other respects the
-Japanese seemed inclined to consult the comfort of the
-prisoners, they would not, for the first six or seven days,
-be induced to loosen them, of which the chief reason
-turned out to be their apprehension lest the prisoners
-might commit suicide,—that being the Japanese resource
-under such extremities.</p>
-
-<p>Their escort consisted of from one hundred and fifty
-to two hundred men. Two Japanese guides from the
-neighboring villages, changed at each new district, led
-the way, bearing handsomely-carved staves. Then came
-three soldiers, then Captain Golownin with a soldier on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</span>
-one side, and on the other an attendant with a twig to
-drive off the gnats, which were troublesome, and against
-which his bound hands prevented him from defending
-himself. Behind came an officer holding the ends of the
-ropes by which the prisoner was bound, then a party of
-Kuriles, bearing his kago, followed by another relief
-party. The other captives followed, one by one, escorted
-in the same manner. Finally came three soldiers,
-and a number of Japanese and Kurile servants carrying
-provisions and baggage. Each of the escort had a
-wooden tablet, suspended from his girdle, on which
-were inscribed his duties and which prisoner he was
-stationed with; and the commanding officer had a corresponding
-list of the whole. The prisoners had the
-same fare with the escort,—three meals a day, generally
-of rice boiled to a thick gruel, two pieces of pickled
-radish<a id="FNanchor_92" href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> for seasoning, soup made of radishes or various
-wild roots and herbs, a kind of macaroni, and a piece
-of broiled or boiled fish. Sometimes they had stewed
-mushrooms, and each a hard-boiled egg. Their general
-drink was very indifferent tea, without sugar, and sometimes
-sake. Their conductors frequently stopped at the
-villages to rest, or to drink tea and smoke tobacco, and
-they also rested for an hour after dinner. They halted
-for the night an hour or two before sunset, usually in a
-village with a small garrison. They were always conducted
-first to the front of the house of the officer in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</span>
-command, and were seated on benches covered with
-mats, when the officer came out to inspect them. They
-were then taken to a neat house (which generally, when
-they first entered, was hung round with striped cotton
-cloth), and were placed together in one apartment, the
-ends of their ropes being fastened to iron hooks in the
-walls. Their boots and stockings were pulled off, and
-their feet bathed in warm water with salt in it. For
-bedding they had the Japanese mattresses—quilts with
-a thick wadding—folded double.</p>
-
-<p>After the first six or seven days their bonds were
-loosened, and they got on more comfortably. The
-Japanese took the greatest care of their health, not
-allowing them to wet their feet, carrying them across
-the shallowest streams, and furnishing them with
-quilted Japanese gowns as a protection against the
-rain.</p>
-
-<p>At Hakodate they were received by a great crowd,
-among which were several persons with silk dresses
-mounted on horses with rich caparisons. “Both sides of
-the road,” says Golownin, “were crowded with spectators,
-yet every one behaved with the utmost decorum.
-I particularly marked their countenances, and never
-once observed a malicious look, or any sign of hatred
-towards us, and none showed the least disposition to
-insult us by mockery or derision.” He had observed
-the same thing in the villages through which they had
-passed, where the prisoners had received, as they did
-afterwards, from numerous individuals, many touching
-instances of commiseration and sympathy.</p>
-
-<p>At Hakodate they were confined in a prison, a high
-wooden enclosure, or fence, surrounded by an earthen
-wall somewhat lower (and on their first approach to it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</span>
-hung with striped cloth),<a id="FNanchor_93" href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> inside of which was a long,
-barn-like building. Within this building were a number
-of small apartments, scarcely six feet square, formed of
-thick spars, and exactly like cages, in which the prisoners
-were shut up, the passages and other spaces being occupied
-by the guards.<a id="FNanchor_94" href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> Their food was much worse
-than on the journey (probably Japanese prison fare),
-boiled rice, soup of warm water and grated radish, a
-handful of finely chopped young onions with boiled
-beans, and one or two pickled cucumbers or radishes.
-Instead of the radish-soup, puddings of bean-meal and
-rancid fish-oil were sometimes served. Very rarely they
-had half a fish, with soy. Their drink was warm water,
-and occasionally bad tea.</p>
-
-<p>Their only means of communicating with the Japanese
-had been, at first, a Kurile, one of the prisoners,
-who knew a little Russian, and probably about as much
-Japanese. At Hakodate another interpreter presented
-himself; but he, a man of fifty, naturally stupid, and
-knowing nothing of any European language, except a
-little Russian, did not prove much better.</p>
-
-<p>The second day they were conducted through the
-streets, by a guard of soldiers (the prisoners each with
-a rope round his waist held by a Japanese), to a fort or
-castle, which was surrounded by palisades and an earthen
-wall. Within was a court-yard, in the centre of which
-was a brass cannon on a badly constructed carriage.
-From this court-yard Golownin, and after him each of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</span>
-the others, was conducted through a wide gate, which
-was immediately shut behind them, into a large hall, of
-which half had a pavement of small stones. The other
-half had a floor, or platform, raised three feet from the
-ground, and covered with curiously wrought mats. The
-hall was fifty or sixty feet long, of equal breadth, eighteen
-feet high, and divided by movable screens, neatly
-painted, from other adjoining rooms. There were two
-or three apertures for windows, with paper instead of
-glass, admitting an obscure, gloomy light. The governor
-sat on the floor, in the middle of the elevated platform,
-with two secretaries behind him. On his left (the
-Japanese place of honor) was the next in command; on
-his right, another officer; on each side of these, other
-officers of inferior rank. They all sat, in the Japanese
-fashion, with their legs folded under them, two paces
-apart, clothed in black dresses, their short swords in
-their girdles, and their longer ones lying at their left.
-The new interpreter sat on the edge of the raised floor,
-and an inferior officer at each of the corners of it. On
-the walls hung irons for securing prisoners, ropes, and
-various instruments of punishment. The Russian prisoners
-stood in front of the raised floor, the officers in a
-line, the sailors behind. The Kurile was seated on the
-stones. They underwent a very rigorous and particular
-examination, all their answers being written down. The
-questions related to their birthplaces; their families (and,
-when it appeared that they came from different towns,
-how it happened that they served on board the same
-ship); the burden and force of their vessel; their own
-rank; their object; their route since leaving St. Petersburg,
-which they were required to trace on a chart, etc.,
-etc.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_218fa" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_218fa.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Coolies carrying Bamboo Baskets; An Irrigation System</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_218fb" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_218fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">An Irrigation System<br />
-Farm Scenes</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</span></p>
-
-<p>Among other things, the governor remarked that Laxman
-(who had visited Japan in 1792) wore a long tail,
-and covered his hair with flour; whereas the prisoners
-(powder and queues having gone out of fashion in the
-interval) had their hair cut short and unpowdered; and
-he asked if some change of religion had not taken place
-in Russia. When told that in Russia there was no connection
-between religion and the way of wearing the
-hair, the Japanese laughed, but expressed great surprise
-that there should not be some express law on the
-subject.</p>
-
-<p>Eighteen days after, they had a second examination,
-on which occasion a letter, of which the Japanese wanted
-an interpretation, was delivered to them. It had been
-sent on shore from their ship along with their baggage,
-expressing a determination to return to Okhotsk for
-reinforcements, and never to quit the coast of Japan till
-the prisoners were rescued. This reexamination was
-continued for two days, in which many inquiries were
-made about Chwostoff, and the papers he had left behind
-him, one of which was produced. The Russian prisoners
-tried to make out that the proceedings of Chwostoff
-were without authority from the Russian government;
-but the Japanese evidently did not believe them.</p>
-
-<p>After one or two more examinations they were removed
-to Matsumae, guarded, as before, by soldiers, but
-furnished with horses, as well as litters or kagos, on or
-in which the prisoners were suffered to ride, the Japanese,
-however, retaining the end of a rope by which they
-were still bound. Near Matsumae, they were shown a
-battery on a high hill, intended to command the harbor,
-but ill adapted for that purpose. It had three or four
-small brass pieces on carriages, and an eighteen or a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</span>
-twenty-four pounder, apparently cast in Europe, mounted
-on cross-beams. Matsumae lies on a large, open bay,
-with four fathoms of water at low tide; and according
-to the Japanese, is about two hundred of their leagues
-(five hundred miles) from Yedo, the land journey thither,
-after crossing the strait, being made in twenty-three
-days.</p>
-
-<p>A great crowd collected to see them enter the town,
-ropes being stretched to keep the passage clear. Confined
-in a prison much like the one at Hakodate, and
-close under the ramparts of the castle, they underwent
-many more examinations before the bugiō or governor
-of Matsumae. The inquisitiveness of their questioners,
-which seemed to be without limit, proved a great torment
-to the Russians, and sometimes put them into a
-passion; but the Japanese were always cool and polite.
-They were supplied with much better food than at Hakodate,
-fresh and salt fish, boiled or fried in poppy-seed
-oil, with soy for sauce. They also had, after the winter
-set in, flesh of sea-dogs, hares, and bears, and attempts
-were even made to cook for them after the Russian
-fashion. For drink they had tea<a id="FNanchor_95" href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> and warm sake.
-They were furnished with warm clothing, both their
-own which had been sent on shore for them; and Japanese
-gowns, for which a tailor was sent to measure
-them; and, when the weather grew colder, they had
-hearths, after the Japanese fashion, made in the prison,
-at a little distance from each cage, on which charcoal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</span>
-fires were kept burning. A physician visited them
-daily to look after their health, and if anything serious
-appeared he brought a consulting physician with
-him.</p>
-
-<p>After a time their accommodations were much improved.
-Instead of confinement in separate cages, they
-had a large room covered with mats. A young man,
-named Murakami Teisuke, was now brought to them,
-whom they were requested to instruct in the Russian
-language. He proved a very apt scholar, made rapid
-progress, soon learned to speak, read and write Russian,
-and became very much attached to his instructors. They
-in their turn learned something of Japanese; but it was
-forbidden to teach them the written characters. Teisuke
-was exceedingly anxious to collect statistical information
-concerning Russia. A Japanese man of science, who
-had an English sextant, a compass, a case of mathematical
-instruments, etc., also paid them a visit. He knew
-how to find the latitude by observing the sun’s altitude
-at noon, using in his calculations some tables obtained,
-as he said, from a Dutch book; and he was exceedingly
-anxious to gain additional information, especially how
-to find the longitude by lunar observations; but this,
-for want of the necessary tables, the Russians, much to
-his disgust, were unable to teach him.</p>
-
-<p>The first snow fell about the middle of October, but
-soon melted. The winter set in about the middle of
-November, with deep snows, which lasted till April.</p>
-
-<p>As the spring opened they were permitted to take
-walks and excursions in the vicinity of the town, and
-were presently removed to a house, composed of three
-apartments, separated by screens; but were still closely
-watched and guarded. Tired of this confinement, of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</span>
-which they could see no end, the Russians succeeded in
-getting out of their prison, and in gaining the mountains
-back of the town, whence they descended to the coast,
-hoping to find some means of escape by sea. But, after
-seven days’ wanderings and many sufferings, they were
-retaken. The island was found to be composed of steep
-hills, separated by precipitous ravines, with hardly any
-plain land, except near the coast. The interior was uninhabited,
-except by wood-cutters employed in getting
-timber and preparing charcoal.</p>
-
-<p>When retaken, they were confined in the common jail
-of the town, but their accommodations were not worse
-than they had been in the other two prisons. No ill-will
-was shown towards them by any of the officials, not
-even by those whose lives their flight had endangered.
-The soldier who was held the most responsible for their
-escape, and who had been degraded in consequence
-to the rank of a common servant, showed even more
-alacrity than before in their behalf. In a month or two
-they were removed back to their former prison, where
-they were visited the next spring (1814) by an interpreter
-of the Dutch language, who had come from Yedo,
-and by a learned man from the same capital, who was
-indeed no other than Doeff’s astronomer Globius, but
-known to the Russians as Adachi Sanai, both of whom
-desired to learn the Russian language. The interpreter,
-a young man of twenty-seven, and already acquainted
-with the rules of European grammar, made rapid progress,
-and soon applied himself to translate a treatise on
-vaccination, which one of the returned Japanese had
-brought from Russia. The astronomer busied himself
-in translating a Russian school treatise on arithmetic,
-carried to Japan by one of the Japanese conveyed home<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</span>
-by Laxman in 1792. It was evident that he had considerable
-mathematical learning. The Japanese astronomers
-had made decided progress since the time of Thunberg.
-Globius understood the Copernican system, was
-acquainted with the orbit and satellites of Uranus;
-knew the nature and doctrine of sines and tangents, and
-was familiar with the difference between the old and
-new styles. He assured Golownin that the Japanese
-could calculate eclipses with much exactness, and he
-studied with great attention a treatise on physics, which,
-with other books, had been sent on shore in Golownin’s
-chest.</p>
-
-<p>Nor were the Japanese without knowledge of the
-revolutions going on in Europe. The Russians were
-told the news of the taking of Moscow, brought to
-Nagasaki by the two vessels from Batavia; but with
-patriotism equal to that shown by Doeff, in relation to
-the annexation of Holland to France, they refused to
-believe it. The Japanese gave them a minute description
-of these two vessels, and also of the elephant which
-they brought, his length, height, thickness, food, etc.
-A native of Sumatra, the keeper of the elephant, was
-described with equal minuteness.</p>
-
-<p>Teisuke, whom Golownin had taught Russian, was
-found to be quite a free-thinker, both in politics and
-religion; but, in general, the Japanese seemed very
-superstitious, of which, presently, we shall see some
-instances.</p>
-
-<p>The soldiers Golownin observed to be of two classes,
-those of the local administration, and others whom he
-calls imperial soldiers, and who appear, by his description,
-to be precisely the same with those whom Kämpfer
-describes under the name of Dōshin, as attached to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</span>
-service of the governor of Nagasaki, and indeed, this
-same name, in a modified form, is given to them by
-Golownin. They took precedence of the others, and
-were so handsomely clothed and equipped as to be mistaken
-at first for officers. The profession of arms, like
-most others in Japan, is hereditary. The arms of the
-soldiers, besides the two swords, were matchlocks,—which,
-when they fired, they placed, not against the
-shoulder, but the right cheek,—bows and arrows, and
-long pikes, heavy and inconvenient.</p>
-
-<p>They could all read, and spent much time in reading
-aloud, which they did much in the same droning, half-chanting
-tone in which the psalms are read at funerals
-in Russia. Great surprise was expressed that the Russian
-sailors were unable to read and write; and, also,
-that but one Russian book was found in the officer’s
-baggage, and that on much worse paper, and much
-worse bound, than those they had in French and other
-languages. It was shrewdly asked if the Russians did
-not know how to print books?</p>
-
-<p>Playing at cards and draughts was a very common
-amusement. The cards were at first known to the
-Japanese by their European names, and were fifty-two
-in the pack. Owing, however, to the pecuniary losses—for
-the Japanese were great gamesters—and fatal
-disputes to which cards gave rise, they were strictly
-prohibited. But this law was evaded by the invention
-of a pack of forty-eight cards much smaller than those
-of Europe. Their game at draughts was extremely
-difficult and complicated. They made use of a large
-board, and four hundred men, which they moved about
-in many directions, and which were liable to be taken in
-various ways. The Russian sailors played at draughts<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</span>
-in the European way, which the Japanese soon learned
-to imitate, so that the game, and the Russian terms
-employed in playing it, soon became familiar throughout
-the city of Matsumae.</p>
-
-<p>The following anecdote throws some light on Japanese
-domestic relations: “Our interpreter, Uyehara
-Kumajirō (this was the first interpreter), visited us the
-day after the marriage of his daughter, and having mentioned
-the marriage, said that he had wept very much.
-‘Why wept,’ said we, ‘since on such occasions it is
-usual only to rejoice?’ ‘Certainly,’ he answered, ‘I
-should have rejoiced, were I but convinced that the man
-will love my daughter and make her happy; but, as the
-contrary often happens in the married state, a father who
-gives his daughter to a husband cannot be indifferent,
-for fear of future misfortunes.’ He spoke this with tears
-in his eyes, and in a voice which affected us.”</p>
-
-<p>Of the value which the Japanese put upon female
-society the following curious instance occurred. The
-prisoners’ meals were at one time superintended by an
-old officer of sixty, who was very civil, and frequently
-consoled them with assurances that they should be sent
-home. One day he brought them three portraits of
-Japanese ladies, richly dressed, which, after examining,
-they handed back; but the old man insisted they should
-keep them, and, when asked why, he observed that,
-when time hung heavy on their hands, they might console
-themselves by looking at them!</p>
-
-<p>For the first fortnight of the new year all business
-was suspended. Nothing was thought of except visiting
-and feasting. In the latter half of the month the
-more industrious resumed their employments. All who
-can, procure new clothes on this occasion, and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</span>
-Japanese insisted upon furnishing their prisoners in the
-same way. “Custom requires,” says Golownin, “that
-each person should visit all his acquaintances in the
-place in which he resides, and send letters of congratulation
-to those who are at a distance. Our interpreters
-and guards were accordingly employed, for some days
-previous to the festival, in writing letters of that kind
-and visiting-cards. On the latter the names of the
-person from whom the card comes, and for whom it is
-intended, are written, and the opportunity by which it is
-presented is also noted. Teisuke translated for us one
-of his congratulatory letters, addressed to the officer at
-Kunashiri by whom we had been entrapped, and which
-was to the following effect: “Last year you were happy,
-and I greatly desire that this new year you may enjoy
-good health, and experience happiness and prosperity in
-every undertaking. I still respect you as formerly, and
-request that you will not forget me.</p>
-
-<p>
-<span class="smcap">Teisuke.</span>”<br />
-</p>
-
-<p>It is evident, from Golownin’s narrative, that the
-houses, furniture, and domestic arrangement, at Matsumae,
-notwithstanding the coldness of the climate, differed
-in nothing from those in use in the more southerly
-islands. The Japanese, Golownin observed, were, compared
-with the Russians, very small eaters. They were
-also much more temperate in drinking, it being looked
-upon as disgraceful to be drunk in the daytime, or at
-any time, extraordinary festivities excepted.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_226fa" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_226fa.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Repairing Wooden Clogs</span></div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_226fb" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_226fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Repairing Tatami</span>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Late in the summer following the capture of Golownin
-and his companions, the “Diana,” now under the command
-of Captain Rikord, came back to Kunashiri. Of
-the two Japanese seized by Chwostoff, one had died.
-The other, who called himself Ryōzayemon, Rikord
-had on board, along with six other Japanese, lately
-shipwrecked on Kamtschatka, hoping to exchange these
-seven for the seven Russians. On reaching the bay
-where Golownin had been taken, he saw a new battery
-of fourteen guns. All the buildings were covered with
-striped cloth, the boats were drawn up on the shore, and
-not a person appeared.</p>
-
-<p>Ryōzayemon, in his six years’ captivity, had learned
-some Russian, and he was employed to write a short letter
-from Captain Rikord to the commander on shore,
-stating his having brought back the seven Japanese, and
-requesting the restoration of his countrymen. From
-some circumstances, the good faith of Ryōzayemon was
-suspected, and the contents of the letter written by him
-rather distrusted; still it was finally sent on shore by
-one of the Japanese, upon whom the batteries fired as
-he landed, and who returned no more.</p>
-
-<p>Three days after, a second Japanese was sent with a
-written message in the Russian language; but he came
-back, saying that the governor had refused to receive it,
-and that he had been himself thrust out of the castle.
-As a last resource, Ryōzayemon—who represented himself
-as a merchant, and a person of some consequence,
-though in fact he had been only a fishing agent—was
-sent on shore, with another Japanese, on his promise to
-return with such information as he could obtain. He
-did return, without the other, and stated that the Russians
-were all dead. Sent on shore to obtain in writing
-a confirmation of this verbal statement, he came back no
-more.</p>
-
-<p>Rikord now determined to seize any Japanese vessel
-that might be entering or leaving the harbor. A large
-Japanese ship soon appeared, from which, as the Russian
-boats approached her, several of her crew of sixty men<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</span>
-jumped into the water. Nine were drowned, some escaped
-to the shore, and others were picked up by the
-Russian boats. The captain, who was taken on board
-the “Diana,” appeared, from his rich yellow dress, his
-swords, and other circumstances, to be a person of distinction.
-Being interrogated in Japanese, of which
-Rikord had picked up a little from Ryōzayemon, he
-answered with great frankness that his name was Takataya
-Kahei, that he was the owner of ten ships, and
-bound from Yetorofu (the nineteenth Kurile) to Hakodate
-with a cargo of dried fish, but had been obliged by
-contrary winds to put into the bay of Kunashiri.</p>
-
-<p>Being shown the letter written by Ryōzayemon, he
-exclaimed, “Captain Moor<a id="FNanchor_96" href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> and five Russians are now
-in the city of Matsumae.” This information was hardly
-credited, and Rikord finally resolved to convey his captive
-to Kamtschatka, hoping, in the course of the winter,
-to obtain through him some information respecting the
-fate of the Russians, and the views of the Japanese government,
-especially as he seemed far superior to any of
-the Japanese with whom they had hitherto met, and
-therefore more likely to understand the policy of those
-who ruled in Japan.</p>
-
-<p>“I informed him,” says Rikord, “that he must hold
-himself in readiness to accompany me to Russia, and explained
-the circumstances which compelled me to make
-such an arrangement. He understood me perfectly,
-and when I proceeded to state my belief that Captain
-Golownin, Mr. Moor, and the rest of the Russian prisoners
-had been put to death, he suddenly interrupted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</span>
-me, exclaiming, ‘That is not true. Captain Moor and
-five Russians are living in Matsumae, where they are
-well treated, and enjoy the freedom of walking about
-the city, accompanied by two officers.’ When I intimated
-that we intended to take him with us, he replied,
-with astonishing coolness, ‘Well, I am ready’; and
-merely requested that, on our arrival in Russia, he might
-continue to live with me. This I promised he should do,
-and likewise that I would carry him back to Japan in
-the ensuing year. He then seemed perfectly reconciled
-to his unlooked-for destiny.</p>
-
-<p>“The four Japanese, who still remained on board the
-ship, understood not a word of Russian, and were, besides,
-so afflicted with the scurvy<a id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> that they would, in
-all probability, have perished had they wintered in
-Kamtschatka. I therefore thought it advisable to set
-them at liberty, and, having furnished them with every
-necessary, I ordered them to be put on shore, hoping
-that they would, in gratitude, give a good account of
-the Russians to their countrymen.<a id="FNanchor_98" href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> In their stead, I
-determined to take four seamen from the Japanese vessel,
-who might be useful in attending on Kahei, to
-whom I left the choice of the individuals. He earnestly
-entreated that none of the seamen might be taken,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</span>
-observing that they were extremely stupid, and that he
-feared they would die of grief, owing to the dread they
-entertained of the Russians. The earnestness of his solicitations
-led me in some measure to doubt that our comrades
-were really living in Matsumae, and I repeated, in
-a decided manner, my determination to take four of the
-seamen. He then begged that I would accompany him
-to his ship. When he went on board, he assembled the
-whole of his crew in the cabin, and, having seated himself
-on a long cushion, which was placed on a fine mat,
-requested that I would take my place beside him. The
-sailors all knelt down (seated themselves on their heels?)
-before us, and he delivered a long speech, in which he
-stated that it would be necessary for some of them to
-accompany us to Russia.</p>
-
-<p>“Here a very affecting scene was exhibited. A number
-of the seamen approached him, with their heads bent
-downwards, and, with great eagerness, whispered something
-to him. Their countenances were all bathed in
-tears; even Kahei, who had hitherto evinced calmness
-and resolution, seemed now to be deeply distressed, and
-began to weep. I for some time hesitated to carry my
-resolution into effect, and was only induced to adhere to
-it by the consideration that I would hereafter have the
-opportunity of interrogating each individual separately,
-and probably thereby ascertaining whether or not our
-comrades were really alive in Matsumae. I had, however,
-in other respects, no reason to repent of this
-determination, for the Japanese merchant, who was
-accustomed to live in a style of Asiatic luxury, would
-have experienced serious inconvenience on board our
-vessel without his Japanese attendants, two of whom
-were always, by turns, near his person.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</span></p>
-
-<p>“Kahei, and the sailors he selected, soon behaved as
-though our ship had been their own, and we, on our
-side, employed every means to convince them that we
-considered the Japanese, not as a hostile, but as a
-friendly nation, with whom our good understanding was
-only accidentally interrupted.</p>
-
-<p>“The same day we received on board, at my invitation,
-from the captured vessel, a Japanese lady, who had
-been the inseparable companion of Kahei on his voyage
-from Hakodate, his place of residence, to Etorofu. She
-was extremely desirous of seeing our ship, and the
-strange people and polite enemies, as she styled us, and
-to witness our friendly intercourse with her countrymen.
-A Japanese lady was also, to us, no slight object of
-curiosity. When she came on board, she appeared very
-timid and embarrassed. I requested Kahei to conduct
-her into my cabin, and, as she advanced, I took her by
-the other hand. On reaching the cabin-door, she wished
-to take off her straw shoes; but, as there were neither
-mats nor carpets in my cabin, I explained to her, by
-signs, that this singular mark of politeness might be dispensed
-with among us.</p>
-
-<p>“On entering the cabin, she placed both hands on her
-head, with the palms outwards, and saluted us by bending
-her body very low. I conducted her to a chair, and
-Kahei requested her to sit down. Fortunately for this
-unexpected visitor, there was on board our vessel a
-young and handsome woman, the wife of our surgeon’s
-mate. The Japanese lady seemed highly pleased on
-being introduced to her, and they quickly formed an
-intimacy. Our countrywoman endeavored to entertain
-the foreigner with what the women of all countries delight
-in—she showed her her trinkets. Our visitor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</span>
-behaved with all the ease of a woman of fashion; she
-examined the ornaments with great curiosity, and expressed
-her admiration by an agreeable smile. But the
-fair complexion of our countrywoman seemed most of
-all to attract her attention. She passed her hands over
-the Russian woman’s face, as though she suspected it
-had been painted, and, with a smile, exclaimed, ‘<i>Yoi!
-yoi!</i>’ which signifies <i>good</i>. I observed that our visitor
-was somewhat vain of her new ornaments, and I held a
-looking-glass before her that she might see how they
-became her. The Russian lady placed herself immediately
-behind her, in order to show her the difference of
-their complexions, when she immediately pushed the
-glass aside, and said, ‘<i>-Warui! warui!</i>’—<i>not good</i>. She
-might herself have been called handsome; her face was
-of the oval form, her features regular, and her little
-mouth, when open, disclosed a set of shining black
-lackered teeth. Her black eyebrows, which had the
-appearance of having been pencilled, overarched a pair
-of sparkling dark eyes, which were by no means deeply
-seated. Her hair was black, and rolled up in the form
-of a turban, without any ornament, except a few small
-tortoise-shell combs. She was about the middle size,
-and elegantly formed. Her dress consisted of six wadded
-silk garments, similar to our night-gowns, each fastened
-round the lower part of the waist by a separate
-band, and drawn close together from the girdle downwards.
-They were all of different colors, the outer one
-black. Her articulation was slow, and her voice soft.
-Her countenance was expressive and interesting, and
-she was, altogether, calculated to make a very agreeable
-impression. She could not be older than eighteen. We
-entertained her with fine green tea and sweetmeats, of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</span>
-which she ate and drank moderately. On her taking
-leave, I made her some presents, with which she appeared
-to be much pleased. I hinted to our countrywoman
-that she should embrace her, and when the
-Japanese observed what was intended, she ran into her
-arms, and kissed her with a smile.”</p>
-
-<p>The Japanese merchant, at Rikord’s request, wrote a
-letter to the commander at Kunashiri, detailing the state
-of affairs. No answer was returned, and when an attempt
-was made to land for water, the boats were fired
-upon, as was the “Diana” herself, whenever she approached
-the shore; but the aim was so bad as to excite
-the derision of the Russians.</p>
-
-<p>During the winter passed in Kamtschatka, the Japanese
-merchant continued to gain in the good opinion of
-his captors, whose language he so far mastered as to be
-able to converse in it even on abstract subjects. He
-seemed to interest himself much in arranging the misunderstanding
-between the Russian and Japanese governments,
-and expressed his wish, which he said was
-shared by others of his class, to see a commercial intercourse
-opened between the two nations; and it was at
-his suggestion that Rikord sent to the governor of
-Irkutsk for a disavowal of the hostile acts of Chwostoff.</p>
-
-<p>Kahei remained in good health and spirits till the
-middle of winter, when the death of two of his Japanese
-attendants greatly affected him. He became melancholy
-and peevish, asserted that he had the scurvy, and told
-the surgeon he should certainly die; but his real disorder
-was home-sickness, aggravated by apprehensions of
-being detained at Okhotsk, whither Rikord had intended
-to sail before proceeding to Japan, in order to get the
-disavowal above referred to. As Kahei’s assistance<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</span>
-seemed essential, Rikord, fearing lest he might die, resolved
-to sail direct for Japan as soon as the vessel
-could be cut from the ice,—a resolution by which
-Kahei’s spirits were greatly raised.</p>
-
-<p>They arrived in Kunashiri bay in June, 1813. The
-buildings were, as formerly, concealed by striped cotton
-cloth, but no guns were fired, and not a living being was
-to be seen. When the two Japanese sailors were about
-to be sent on shore, Rikord, somewhat excited at their
-master’s declining to pledge himself for their return,
-bade them say to the governor, that if he prevented
-them from returning, or sent back no information, their
-master should be carried to Okhotsk, whence some ships
-of war should immediately come to demand the liberation
-of the Russians.</p>
-
-<p>“At these words,” says Rikord, “Kahei changed countenance,
-but said, with much calmness, ‘Commander of
-the imperial ship’—he always addressed me thus on
-important occasions—‘thou counsellest rashly. Thy
-orders to the governor of Kunashiri seem to contain
-much, but according to our laws they contain little. In
-vain dost thou threaten to carry me to Okhotsk; my
-men may be detained on shore, but neither two, nor yet
-two thousand sailors can answer for me. Therefore I
-give thee previous notice that it will not be in thy
-power to take me to Okhotsk. But tell me whether
-it be under these conditions only that my sailors are
-to be sent on shore?’ ‘Yes,’ said I; ‘as commander of
-a ship of war, I cannot under these circumstances act
-otherwise.’</p>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_234fa" style="max-width: 50em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_234fa.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Doctor’s Call</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp80" id="i_234fb" style="max-width: 37.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_234fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Hair-Dressing</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_234fc" style="max-width: 50em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_234fc.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Blind Masseur<br />Scenes in the Home</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“‘Well,’ replied he,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</span> ‘allow me to give my sailors my
-last and most urgent instructions, as to what they must
-communicate from me to the governor of Kunashiri.’
-He then rose up—for during this conversation he sat,
-according to the Japanese custom, with his legs under
-him—and addressed me very earnestly in the following
-terms: ‘You know enough of Japanese to understand
-all that I may say in plain and easy words to my sailors.
-I would not wish you to have any ground to suspect me
-of hatching base designs.’ He then sat down again,
-when his sailors approached him on their knees, and
-hanging down their heads, listened with deep attention
-to his words. He reminded them circumstantially of the
-day on which they were carried on board the ‘Diana,’
-of the manner in which they had been treated on board
-that ship and in Kamtschatka, of their having inhabited
-the same house with me, and being carefully provided
-for, of the death of their two countrymen, notwithstanding
-all the attention bestowed upon them by the Russian
-physician, and, finally, that the ship had hastily
-returned to Japan on account of his own health. All
-this he directed them faithfully to relate, and concluded
-with the warmest commendations of me, and earnest
-expressions of gratitude for the care that I had taken of
-him by sea and on land. He then sank into a deep
-silence and prayed, after which he delivered to the
-sailor whom he most esteemed, his picture to be conveyed
-to his wife, and his large sabre, which he called
-his paternal sword, to be presented to his only son and
-heir. This solemn ceremony being finished, he stood up,
-and with a frank and indeed very cheerful expression of
-countenance, asked for some brandy to treat his sailors
-at parting. He drank with them, and accompanied them
-on deck, when they were landed, and proceeded without
-interruption towards the fortress.”</p>
-
-<p>Rikord was a good deal troubled and alarmed at the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</span>
-air and manner of Kahei; and finally, after consulting
-with his officers concluded to dismiss him unconditionally,
-trusting to his honor for his doing his best to
-procure the release of the Russians.</p>
-
-<p>Kahei was greatly delighted at this mark of confidence,
-though he declined to go on shore till the next
-day, as it would not conform to Japanese ideas of
-etiquette for him to land on the same day with his
-sailors. He confessed to Rikord that he had been
-greatly wounded by the threat to carry him to Okhotsk.
-It was not consistent with Japanese ideas, that a man of
-his position should remain a prisoner in a foreign country,
-and he had therefore made up his mind to prevent
-it by cutting himself open. He had accordingly cut off
-the tuft of hair from his head,—and he showed that it
-was gone,—and had laid it in the box with his picture;
-it being customary with those about to die honorably, by
-their own hands, in a distant place, to send this token
-to their friends, who bury the tuft of hair with all the
-ceremonies which they would have bestowed upon the
-body. And he even intimated that previous to doing
-this execution on himself, he might first have stabbed
-Rikord and the next in command.</p>
-
-<p>Kahei exerted himself with the greatest energy in the
-matter of the negotiation, and he soon was able to produce
-a letter, in the hand-writing of Golownin, and
-signed by him and Moor, but which the jealousy of their
-keepers had limited to the simple announcement that
-they were alive and well at Matsumae. Afterwards one
-of the imprisoned Russian sailors was brought on board
-the ship, being sent from Matsumae for that purpose;
-but, though allowed to spend his days on board the
-“Diana,” he was required to return to the fort every night.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</span>
-In spite, however, of all the watchfulness of the Japanese,
-he had brought sewed up in his jacket a letter from
-Golownin, in which he recommended prudence, civility,
-candor, and especially patience, and entreated that no
-letters nor anything else should be sent him which
-might cause him to be tormented with questions and
-translations.</p>
-
-<p>The Japanese would not deliver up their prisoners till
-the “Diana” first sailed to Okhotsk, and brought from
-the authorities there a formal written disavowal of the
-hostilities of Chwostoff. At Okhotsk was found the letter
-from the governor of Irkutsk, previously sent for at
-Kahei’s suggestion, and with this document and another
-letter from the commander at Okhotsk, the “Diana”
-reached Hakodate towards the end of October.</p>
-
-<p>“As we approached the town,” says Rikord, “we
-observed that cloth was hung out only at a few places
-on the hill, or near it, and not over the whole buildings,
-as at Kunashiri. With the assistance of our telescopes,
-we observed six of these screens of cloth, probably
-intended to conceal fortifications. There were, beside,
-five new fortifications at short distances from each other,
-and from two to three hundred fathoms from the shore.</p>
-
-<p>“We no sooner entered the roads than we were surrounded
-by a number of boats, of all descriptions and
-sizes, filled with the curious of both sexes. A European
-ship must indeed have been to them an object of uncommon
-interest; for, as far as I could ascertain, they
-had seen none since they were visited twenty-two years
-before by Laxman.<a id="FNanchor_99" href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> Many of the inhabitants, therefore,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</span>
-had never beheld a European vessel of any kind, and
-still less a ship of war; they accordingly thronged about
-us in vast numbers, and their curiosity frequently gave
-rise to disputes among themselves. The Dōshin (soldiers),
-who were stationed in the watch-boats, continually called
-to them to keep at a further distance; but so great was
-the confusion that, though the people generally showed
-great respect to the soldiers, their orders were on this
-occasion disregarded. The military, therefore, were
-under the necessity of using the iron batons which they
-wear fastened to their girdles by long silken strings.
-They spared neither rank nor sex; old persons alone
-experienced their indulgence, and we had various opportunities
-of observing that the Japanese, in all situations,
-pay particular respect to old age. In this case blows
-were freely dealt out to the young, of every description,
-who ventured to disobey the commands of the soldiers,
-and we were at length delivered from a multitude of
-visitors, who would have subjected us to no small degree
-of inconvenience.”</p>
-
-<p>Kahei came on board the next morning, and the letter
-from the governor of Okhotsk was given to him to be
-transmitted to the governor of Matsumae; but Captain
-Rikord refused to deliver the other letter, except in
-person. After much negotiation the ceremonial for an
-interview was arranged. The Japanese even conceded
-that the ten men who landed with Rikord as his guard
-of honor should be allowed to take their muskets with
-them; he, on his part, agreeing to land in the Japanese<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</span>
-governor’s barge, and, before entering the audience
-chamber, to substitute, instead of his boots, shoes, which
-Kahei undertook to pass off as leather stockings. Rikord
-had for his interpreter a Japanese whom he had brought
-from Okhotsk, sent thither from Irkutsk, and who bore
-the Russian name of Kesseleff. The Japanese had
-Teisuke, who had learnt Russian of Golownin. The
-governor of Matsumae, Hattori-Bingo-no-kami, was represented
-on this occasion by the governor of Hakodate,
-and by an academician sent for the express purpose of
-making observations on the Russian ship of war, and
-collecting particulars respecting European science,—no
-other, indeed, than Doeff’s friend, “Globius.”</p>
-
-<p>The letter of the governor of Irkutsk was delivered,
-with great formality, in a box covered with purple cloth.
-Rikord took it out, read the address aloud, and returned
-it. Kesseleff, Rikord’s interpreter, then handed the box
-to Teisuke, who raised it above his head, and placed it
-in the hands of the junior commissioner, who delivered
-it to the senior commissioner, who promised to deliver it
-to the bugiō, or governor. An entertainment followed
-of tea and sweetmeats, during which a Japanese was
-placed beside Rikord to receive and hand to him his
-share of the eatables.</p>
-
-<p>From the moment of the departure of the “Diana”
-for Okhotsk, Golownin and his companions had begun
-to be treated rather as guests than prisoners. They were
-soon conveyed back to Hakodate, and at length, after a
-confinement of more than two years, were delivered up
-to Rikord, with a paper of which the following are the
-material parts:</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-<p class="center">NOTIFICATION FROM THE GIMMIYAKU, THE CHIEF COMMANDERS
-NEXT TO THE BUGIŌ, OF MATSUMAE.</p>
-
-<p>“Twenty-two years ago a Russian vessel arrived at Matsumae,
-and eleven years ago another came to Nagasaki.
-Though the laws of our country were on both those occasions
-minutely explained, yet we are of opinion that we have not
-been clearly understood on your part, owing to the great
-dissimilarity between our languages and writing. However,
-as we have now detained you, it will be easy to give you an
-explanation of these matters. When you return to Russia,
-communicate to the commanders of the coasts of Kamtschatka,
-Okhotsk, and others, the declaration of our bugiō,
-which will acquaint them with the nature of the Japanese
-laws with respect to the arrival of foreign ships, and prevent
-a repetition of similar transgressions on your part.</p>
-
-<p>“In our country the Christian religion is strictly prohibited,
-and European vessels are not suffered to enter any
-Japanese harbor except Nagasaki. This law does not extend
-to Russian vessels only. This year it has not been enforced,
-because we wished to communicate with your countrymen;
-but all that may henceforth present themselves will be driven
-back by cannon-balls. Bear in mind this declaration, and
-you cannot complain if at any future period you should experience
-a misfortune in consequence of your disregard of it.</p>
-
-<p>“Among us there exists this law: ‘If any European
-residing in Japan shall attempt to teach our people the
-Christian faith, he shall undergo a severe punishment, and
-shall not be restored to his native country.’ As you, however,
-have not attempted to do so, you will accordingly be
-permitted to return home. Think well on this.</p>
-
-<p>“Our countrymen wish to carry on no commerce with
-foreign lands, for we know no want of necessary things.
-Though foreigners are permitted to trade to Nagasaki, even
-to that harbor only those are admitted with whom we have for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</span>
-a long period maintained relations, and we do not trade with
-them for the sake of gain, but for other important objects.
-From the repeated solicitations which you have hitherto made
-to us, you evidently imagine that the customs of our country
-resemble those of your own; but you are very wrong in
-thinking so. In future, it will be better to say no more
-about a commercial connection.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>In all this business the efforts of Kahei had been
-indefatigable. At first he was treated by his own countrymen
-with the suspicion and reserve extended to all,
-even native Japanese, who come from a foreign country.
-For a long time he was not permitted to visit Golownin.
-A guard was set over him, and even his friends and
-relations could not see him except in presence of an
-imperial soldier. In fact, according to the Japanese
-laws, as a person just returned from a foreign country,
-he ought to have been allowed no correspondence at all
-with his friends. The governor of Hakodate, having a
-letter for him from his only son, said not a word to him
-about it, but having sent for him to convey a letter from
-Golownin on board the “Diana,” while walking up and
-down the room, threw his son’s letter towards him, as if
-it had been a piece of waste paper taken out of his sleeve
-accidentally with the other letter, and then turned his
-back to give him time to pick it up.<a id="FNanchor_100" href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></p>
-
-<p>Kahei’s abduction had thrown his family into great
-distress. A celebrated priest, or spirit-medium, at Hakodate,
-to the question whether he ever would return, had
-answered, “Kahei will return the ensuing summer, with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</span>
-two of his companions; the remaining two have perished
-in a foreign land.” This answer was communicated to
-Golownin, who laughed at it; but when, on Kahei’s
-return, it appeared that two of his Japanese attendants
-had actually died, the Japanese believers were greatly
-edified, and highly indignant at Golownin’s persistence
-in maintaining that there was more of luck than foresight
-in the prophecy. Kahei’s wife—another probably
-than the young female with whom we are already acquainted—in
-her grief made a vow to go on a pilgrimage
-through the whole of Japan; and Kahei assured
-Captain Rikord that scarcely had she returned from her
-pilgrimage, when she received his letter from Kunashiri,
-announcing his return.</p>
-
-<p>Kahei had a bosom friend, who, on learning his fate,
-divided his large property among the poor, and took up
-his residence in the mountains as a hermit. As appeared
-on various occasions, Kahei was a strict disciplinarian,
-and very punctilious. He had a daughter, whom, owing
-to some misconduct, he had discarded. She was dead to
-him, so he said; and to Rikord, to whom he had told the
-story, and who had taken an interest in the girl, he had
-insisted that a reconciliation would be inconsistent with
-his honor. Yet, to show his hermit friend that in the
-way of self-sacrifice he was not to be outdone, he made
-up his mind to the great effort of calling his daughter
-into life, and forgiving her. His friend would, he said,
-when this communication was made to him, at once
-understand it.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_242f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_242f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Scene in a Common School</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>During Kahei’s absence his mercantile affairs had
-prospered, and before Rikord’s departure he brought
-on board the “Diana,” with all the evidence of paternal
-pride, his son, who seemed, indeed, to be a promising<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</span>
-youth. He was very liberal in his distribution of silk
-and cotton wadded dresses to the crew, to all of whom
-he gave one or more, to his favorites the best ones, taking
-especial care to remember the cook. He then begged
-to be allowed to treat them. “Sailors, captain,” so he
-said to Rikord, “are all alike, whether Russian or Japanese.
-They are all fond of a glass; and there is no
-danger in the harbor of Hakodate.” So the sailors had
-a night of it, being plentifully supplied with sake and
-Japanese tobacco.</p>
-
-<p>Though he refused all presents of value, as being
-indeed prohibited by Japanese law, Kahei accepted with
-pleasure a Russian tea-set, as it would enable him, in
-entertaining his friends, to call to mind his Russian
-hosts; and he expressed much regret that the custom
-of his country did not allow him to invite Rikord to
-his own house. Finally, he brought a number of boats
-to help tow the “Diana” out of the harbor.</p>
-
-<p>This is the only full-length portrait we possess of a
-Japanese merchant; and, if it represents the class, the
-fraternity have reason to be proud of their Japanese
-brethren. “The class of merchants in Japan,” says
-Golownin, “is very extensive and rich, but not held in
-honor. The merchants have not the right to bear arms;<a id="FNanchor_101" href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</span>
-but though their profession is not respected, their wealth
-is; for this, as in Europe, supplies the place of talents
-and dignity, and attains privileges and honorable places.
-The Japanese told us that their officers of state and men
-of rank behave themselves outwardly with great haughtiness
-to the merchants, but in private are very familiar
-with the rich ones, and are often under great obligations
-to them. We had with us for some time a young officer,
-who was the son of a rich merchant, and who, as the
-Japanese said, owed his rank not to his own merit, but
-to his father’s gold. Thus, though the laws do not favor
-the mercantile profession, yet wealth raises it; for even
-in Japan, where the laws are so rigorously enforced, they
-are often weighed down by the influence of gold.”</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XLIV">CHAPTER XLIV</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>Renewal of the Dutch Trade—Captain Gordon in the Bay of Yedo—Fisscher—Meylan—Siebold—British
-Mutineers—Voyage of the
-Morrison—Japanese Edict—The “Saramang” at Nagasaki—The
-“Mercator” in the Bay of Yedo—Commodore Biddle in the Bay of
-Yedo—Shipwrecked Americans—French Ships of War at Nagasaki—The
-“Preble” at Nagasaki—Surveying ship “Mariner” in the
-Bays of Yedo and Shimoda—New Notification through the Dutch—A.D.
-1817-1850.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Great</span> was the delight of Heer Doeff, when, in the
-year 1817, two vessels arrived at last from Batavia,
-bringing news of its restoration to the Dutch;
-also—what was hardly less welcome—a supply of
-butter, wine, and other European creature comforts;
-together with goods for renewing the trade, and a decoration
-of the order of the Lion for Doeff, whose conduct
-in holding out against the English had been highly
-approved in Holland.</p>
-
-<p>On board these ships were several women, among
-others the wife of Herr Blomhoff, appointed to succeed
-Doeff as director, who had with her an infant child.
-This novelty greatly disturbed the Japanese. It was
-with the utmost difficulty that permission was obtained
-for the wife of the new director to land; her remaining
-was a thing not to be listened to, and she was obliged to
-leave her husband and to return to Batavia in the
-departing ships.<a id="FNanchor_102" href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</span></p>
-
-<p>Shortly after this renewal of the old Dutch intercourse,
-a new English attempt was made at commerce
-with Japan. Captain Gordon of the British navy, entered,
-in June, 1818, the bay of Yedo, in a little trading
-brig, from Okhotsk, of sixty-five tons’ burden. He was
-immediately visited by two officers, to whom he said that
-he had come merely to obtain permission to return with
-a cargo of goods for sale. They insisted upon unshipping
-his rudder, and required all his arms to be given up.
-The vessel was then surrounded by a circle of some
-twenty boats, and beyond by a circle of sixty larger ones,
-besides two or three junks, mounting a number of guns.
-Two interpreters came on board, one speaking Dutch,
-the other some Russian, and both a little English. They
-inquired if the vessel belonged to the East India Company,
-if the English were friends of the Dutch, and if
-Captain Golownin was at Okhotsk. They asked after
-the king of Holland, the king of France, and Bonaparte.
-They knew the names and uses of the various nautical
-instruments, and said that the best were made at London.
-In a subsequent visit they told Captain Gordon that
-permission could not be granted for his trading to Japan,
-as by their laws all foreign intercourse was interdicted,
-except at Nagasaki, and there only allowed with the
-Dutch and Chinese, and he was requested to depart the
-moment the wind was fair. The interpreters declined
-any presents, being prohibited, they said, from accepting
-any. Captain Gordon was much struck with the polite
-and affable conduct of the Japanese, both towards him
-and towards each other. Everything that had been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</span>
-taken on shore was carefully returned, and thirty boats
-were sent to tow the vessel out of the bay. The shores
-were lined with spectators, and as soon as the guard-boats
-had left, not less than two thousand visitors came
-on board in succession, all eager to barter for trifles.<a id="FNanchor_103" href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></p>
-
-<p>In 1820, J. F. Van Overmeer Fisscher arrived at
-Nagasaki, as a member of the factory. He resided there
-for seven years, and after his return to Holland published,
-in 1833, a work in the Dutch language, entitled
-“Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Japanese
-Empire,” embellished with engravings from Japanese
-drawings, so superior to former specimens as to give
-occasion for some suspicion of aid from the European
-engraver.</p>
-
-<p>In 1822, Fisscher accompanied Blomhoff in the quadrennial
-embassy to Yedo, which, from its long intermission,
-appears to have excited unusual attention. It had been
-proposed to make the embassy annual, as formerly; but to
-this change the Japanese authorities would not assent.
-Fisscher’s account of the journey does not differ materially
-from that given by Kämpfer and Thunberg. The
-entrance into Yedo, notwithstanding the absence of carriages,
-reminded him, from the noise and the throng of
-people, of the commercial parts of London. The shops
-had signs, as in Europe; the goods were exhibited from
-the doors and windows under the charge of boys, who
-rivalled each other in calling by loud cries the attention
-of purchasers. Long before entering Shinagawa, they
-found themselves in the midst of a vast crowd, marching
-along broad streets, paved at the sides, formed of houses,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</span>
-regularly built, among which were many large buildings.
-From the suburb to their hotel, called <i>Nagasakiya</i>,
-and in the immediate vicinity of the palace, it was two
-hours’ march; and, as the palace was said to occupy a
-space half a Japanese mile in diameter, Fisscher estimates
-the diameter of the whole city at not less than five or six
-hours’ walk at an ordinary step.</p>
-
-<p>After the audience and the official visits were over, the
-Dutch spent twelve days in receiving visits. Among
-the crowds who obtained the privilege of seeing them,
-were several princes or their secretaries, and many savans,
-Doeff’s Globius among the rest. Several of these visitors
-had more or less knowledge of the Dutch language, and
-great eagerness was exhibited to obtain new scientific
-information. To a party given to the Dutch by the
-master of the mint and the conductor of the embassy,
-many of the Japanese guests came rigged out in Dutch
-clothes; and as these had been collected through long
-intervals and preserved as curiosities, they presented a
-very grotesque and antique appearance.<a id="FNanchor_104" href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> Fisscher’s own
-party were laid under contribution in the same way, their
-lady visitors unpacking and rummaging their trunks, and
-putting them to the necessity of giving away some of the
-most valuable articles. The greater part, however, were
-content with a few words written on their fans.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. G. F. Meylan, who first arrived in Japan shortly
-after Fisscher left it, and who subsequently died there,
-as director, has also contributed something to our knowledge
-of Japan, by a thin volume published in 1830,
-like Fisscher’s, in the Dutch language, with the title of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</span>
-“Japan; presented in Sketches of the Manners and
-Customs of that Realm, especially of the Town of
-Nagasaki.” One of the most original things in Meylan’s
-book is his apology for the custom of the Dutch in
-taking female companions from the Nagasaki tea-houses.
-None of the male Japanese servants are allowed to remain
-in Deshima over night. “How, then,” plaintively
-asks Mr. Meylan, “could the Dutch residents otherwise
-manage to procure any domestic comfort in the long
-nights of winter,—their tea-water, for instance,—were
-it not for these females?” He passes a high eulogy
-upon their strict fidelity and affectionate activity; and
-indeed the connection appears to be regarded by them
-not so much in the light in which we see it, as in that
-of a temporary marriage. The female inmates of the
-Japanese tea-houses hold, indeed, in the estimation of
-their own people, a very different position from that
-which our manners would assign to them; since not
-only is the custom of frequenting these houses, as
-places of relaxation and amusement, general among the
-men, but sometimes, according to Fisscher, they even
-take their wives along with them.</p>
-
-<p>Of the personal charms of these wives, with their
-teeth blackened, their eyebrows shaven, their faces
-white, Fisscher does not give a very high idea. The
-concubines do not shave their eyebrows, but the custom
-of blackening the teeth is so common as to be adopted
-by all females above the age of eighteen. The immoderate
-use of the warm bath causes them to look, at
-twenty-five, at least ten years older. Not content with
-the natural burdens of child-bearing, they augment them
-by several absurd customs, one of which is the wearing,
-during pregnancy, of a tight girdle round the body.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</span></p>
-
-<p>The works of Fisscher and Meylan are chiefly valuable
-for the confirmation they give of Kämpfer’s accounts,
-and as showing the Japanese very little altered
-from what they were when he described them. A visitant
-to Japan, and a writer of much higher pretensions,
-is Dr. Philipp Franz von Siebold, who was sent out, in
-1823, commissioned by the Dutch government, to make
-all possible investigations, as well into the language,
-literature, and institutions, as into the natural history
-of the country. The Japanese interpreters understood
-Dutch so well as to detect his foreign accent, but they
-were satisfied with the explanation that he was a Dutch
-mountaineer. He availed himself, as Kämpfer had done,
-of all means that offered to elude the restrictive laws;
-and he found, like Thunberg and Titsingh, a certain
-number of the natives very anxious to obtain information,
-and by no means unwilling secretly to impart it.</p>
-
-<p>In 1826, he accompanied Van Sturlen, the director, on
-the quadrennial journey to Yedo, taking with him a
-young native physician, a native artist, and several
-servants to assist his researches into natural history.
-Following, as Fisscher had done, nearly or quite in
-Kämpfer’s old route, he saw, in the passage across
-Kiūshiū, the same old camphor-tree, as flourishing, apparently,
-as it had been a hundred and thirty-five years
-before, but with a hollow in its trunk large enough to
-hold fifteen men. He visited the same hot springs, and
-descended some sixty feet into the coal mine, near Kokura,
-mentioned by Kämpfer. He saw only one thin
-seam of coal, but was told of thicker ones below,—an
-account which the coal drawn up seemed to confirm.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_250f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_250f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Wedding Ceremony</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>At Yedo he met with many Japanese physicians,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</span>
-astronomers, and others, of whose acquisitions he speaks
-with much respect.</p>
-
-<p>Besides the other means, already pointed out, of measuring
-time, he saw in use there Chinese clepsydras, or
-water-clocks; but the method most relied upon for
-scientific purposes was a clock of which the idea was
-derived from one introduced into China by the Jesuit
-Ricci, and brought thence to Japan. This clock is
-worked by two balances, one to act by day and the
-other by night. The arm of each balance is notched,
-to accord with the variations in the length of the hours.
-At the summer solstice the weights are hung respectively
-upon the outermost notch of the day-balance, and
-upon the innermost notch of the night-balance. At
-intervals of six days, four hours and twelve minutes,
-both weights are moved; that of the day-balance a notch
-inward, that of the night-balance a notch outward,
-until at the winter solstice their original positions are
-reversed.</p>
-
-<p>After Siebold’s return to Nagasaki, he continued diligently
-to follow out his object, keeping up, through
-means of the interpreters, a correspondence with his
-Yedo friends. In the course of five years he had not
-only made large collections for the government of specimens
-in natural history, but also, on his own account, of
-Japanese books and other curiosities, besides acquiring a
-considerable knowledge of the language. His collections
-in natural history had been shipped to Batavia; he
-was preparing himself to follow, when an unlucky disclosure
-took place. The imperial astronomer, notwithstanding
-the law to the contrary, had secretly sent him
-a copy of a new map of Japan, lately constructed on
-European principles. One of the draftsmen employed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</span>
-in making it having quarrelled with the astronomer,
-informed against him, in consequence of which the
-astronomer, his servants, the interpreters, several of
-Siebold’s pupils, and other Japanese suspected of being
-concerned in this affair, were arrested and subjected to
-a strict examination. Siebold himself was called upon
-to give up the map; and, when he hesitated about it,
-underwent a domiciliary visit, followed by an order to
-consider himself under arrest, and prohibition to leave
-Japan until the investigation was terminated. Finding
-thus not only the fruits of his own labor, but the lives
-of his Japanese friends in danger, he made a full confession
-as to the map, endeavoring thus to remove suspicions
-and to preserve some other documents in his
-possession, of which the Japanese yet had no knowledge,
-and which might have compromised other persons not
-yet suspected. Studiously concealing the connection of
-the Dutch government with his mission, he thought it
-best to represent himself as simply a private inquirer,
-whose researches into natural history and the physical
-sciences might be no less useful to the Japanese than
-they were interesting to himself. Of the particulars of
-this affair no account has ever been published. It is
-said that some of his Japanese friends found it necessary
-to cut themselves open, but Siebold himself was
-speedily released, with his entire collections, which he
-brought with him to Holland, and by means of which
-he converted his residence at Leyden into a very
-curious Japanese museum.</p>
-
-<p>The fruits of his researches, so far as zoölogy is concerned,
-and of those of Dr. Burger, left behind as his
-successor, have been published by the labors of some
-distinguished naturalists, and under the patronage of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</span>
-king of Holland, in a very splendid and expensive work,
-called “Fauna Japonica,” with colored plates of most of
-the animals described, and in the preparation of which
-the native works on the subject were largely consulted.
-This work includes three lizards, two tortoises, six
-snakes, eleven of the frog family, three hundred and
-fifty-nine fishes (Siebold describes the Japanese as a
-nation of fish-eaters), besides several whales, and two
-hundred and two birds. The principal quadrupeds,
-natives of Japan, and described in it, are a small deer,
-an antelope, in the most southern parts an ape, a wolf,
-a bear, and in Yezo another more ferocious species, like
-the Rocky Mountain bear, a wild hog, two foxes, and
-a number of smaller animals. There is no animal of
-the cat kind, except the domestic cat. The dogs used
-for hunting appear to be indigenous. There are pet
-house-dogs, derived from China, and troops of street-dogs—belonging
-to no individual, but denizens of particular
-streets—of a mongrel breed between the two.</p>
-
-<p>The “Flora Japonica,” prepared by Zaccarini, from
-Siebold’s collection containing descriptions and drawings
-of one hundred and twenty-four remarkable plants, was
-interrupted by the death of that botanist, as was also
-another, less costly, but fuller enumeration of Japanese
-plants, arranged in natural families. The latter work,
-so far as completed, contains four hundred and seventy-eight
-genera, and eight hundred and forty-seven species.
-Siebold states that, of five hundred plants most remarkable
-for ornament or utility, at least half are of foreign
-origin, chiefly from China.</p>
-
-<p>Siebold’s observations, during his residence in Japan,
-upon other subjects than natural history, have been
-principally embraced in a publication in numbers,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</span>
-originally in German, but a French translation of parts
-of which has appeared, entitled “Nippon, or Archives
-for the Description of Japan.” This work, projected
-like most of Siebold’s publications, on an extensive
-scale, contains many translations from Japanese historical
-works, and exhibits a great deal of erudition; at the
-same time it is diffuse, confused, incoherent, introducing
-a great deal of matter with only a remote bearing on
-the subject; and, whatever light it may throw upon
-some particular points, not, on the whole, adding a great
-deal to the knowledge we previously had of Japan, so
-far, at least, as the general reader would be likely to
-take an interest in it.<a id="FNanchor_105" href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p>
-
-<p>The same year in which Siebold was released, a party
-of English convicts, on their way to Australia in the
-brig “Cyprus,” mutinied and got possession of the vessel.
-After cruising about for five months, being in great
-distress for wood and water, they anchored on the coast<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</span>
-of Japan; but they were fired at from the shore, and
-obliged to depart without accomplishing their object.</p>
-
-<p>Not long after this occurrence, three Japanese, the
-only survivors of the crew of a junk, driven by storms
-across the Pacific, landed on Queen Charlotte’s Island,
-on the northwest coast of America. They were seized
-by the natives, but were redeemed by an agent of the
-English Fur Company, at the mouth of Columbia River,
-and sent to England. From England they were carried
-to Macao, where they were placed in the family of Mr.
-Gutzlaff, the missionary. Some time after, four other
-Japanese, who had been wrecked on the Philippines,
-were brought to Macao.</p>
-
-<p>The return of these men to their homes seemed a good
-opportunity for opening a communication with Japan, as
-well for mercantile as for missionary purposes, and an
-American mercantile house at Macao fitted out the brig
-“Morrison” for that purpose, in which sailed one of the
-partners, Dr. Parker, a missionary physician, and Mr.
-S. W. Williams, one of the editors of the “Chinese
-Repository,” and afterwards Chinese interpreter to Commodore
-Perry’s squadron. At Lew Chew [Riūkiū],
-where the vessel touched, Mr. Gutzlaff also came on
-board.</p>
-
-<p>On the 27th of July, 1837, the chain of islands was
-made leading up to the bay of Yedo, up which the
-“Morrison” proceeded some thirty miles, to Uraga, the
-west coast of the bay rising hill above hill, and the view
-terminating in the lofty peak of Fuji. Near Uraga, many
-of the hills were cultivated in terraces, but the general
-aspect of the shores was bleak and barren. Just above,
-the passage was narrowed by two points of land projecting
-from opposite directions.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</span></p>
-
-<p>Having anchored about three quarters of a mile from
-the shore, the ship was soon visited by a number of
-boats. Their crews, some two hundred in number, and
-evidently of the lower class, hardly seemed to understand
-the Chinese writing in which provisions, water,
-and a government officer to communicate with, were
-asked for. They seemed, however, to invite a landing;
-but during the night cannon were planted on the nearest
-eminence, and, though the firing was unskilful, the
-“Morrison” was obliged to weigh. She was pursued
-by three gun-boats, each with thirty or forty men, which
-bore down upon her, firing swivels; but when she lay
-to, to wait for them, they retired. A piece of canvas, on
-which was painted, in Chinese, that a foreign ship desired
-to return some shipwrecked natives, and to obtain
-some provisions and water, was thrown overboard; but,
-though it was picked up, no notice was taken of it. The
-Japanese on board, who had recognized the shores of
-their country with delight, were much mortified at the
-result, which they ascribed in part to their not having
-been allowed to communicate with their countrymen.</p>
-
-<p>For the purpose of making a second experiment, on
-the 20th of August the “Morrison” entered the bay of
-Kagoshima, in the principality of Satsuma. The shores,
-rising gradually from the water, were under high cultivation.
-A boat from the ship boarded a Japanese fishing
-vessel, and proceeded to a little village, where they
-found the people in great commotion. The “Morrison”
-followed, and when opposite the village, was visited by
-a richly dressed officer, with a number of almost naked
-attendants. He stated that, supposing the ship to be a
-pirate, preparations had been made to fire on her; but,
-satisfied by the representations of the Japanese on board<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</span>
-of the true state of the case, he received, with much apparent
-interest, the despatches prepared for the prince
-of Satsuma and the emperor, which he promised to deliver
-to a superior officer. He left a pilot on board; a
-supply of water was sent, and the ship was visited by
-many boat-loads of people, superior in appearance to
-those seen in the bay of Yedo; but they brought nothing
-to sell.</p>
-
-<p>The despatches were soon brought back by several
-officers, the superior officer, it was stated, declining to
-receive them. They added that the depositions of the
-Japanese passengers, who had landed for the purpose of
-giving them, had been forwarded to Kagoshima, and
-that a superior officer might be expected from that city.
-Provisions were promised, and that the vessel should be
-towed higher up the bay; early in the morning of the
-twelfth, the crew of a fishing-boat communicated to the
-Japanese on board a rumor that the ship was to be expelled.
-Warlike preparations were soon seen on shore,
-in strips of blue and white canvas stretched from tree to
-tree. The Japanese on board stated, with rueful faces,
-that these preparations portended war; nor, according to
-their description, were these cloth batteries so contemptible
-as they might seem, as four or five pieces of heavy
-canvas, loosely stretched, one behind another, at short
-intervals, would weaken the force of, indeed almost stop,
-a cannon ball.</p>
-
-<p>Officers on horseback, and several hundred soldiers,
-soon made their appearance, and a fire of musketry and
-artillery was commenced. The anchor was weighed,
-and the sails set, but there was no wind. For eighteen
-hours the ship was exposed, without any means of offering
-resistance, to two fires from opposite sides of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</span>
-bay, which was from three to five miles broad, till at
-last she was with difficulty conducted clear of the shoals
-and past the forts.</p>
-
-<p>All hope of friendly intercourse, or of returning the
-men, was now abandoned. The poor fellows suffered
-severely at this unexpected extinction of their prospect
-of revisiting their families. They expressed great indignation
-at the conduct of their countrymen, and two of
-them shaved their heads entirely in token, as it was understood,
-of having renounced their native soil. As it
-was not deemed expedient to go to Nagasaki, where the
-Japanese on board expressed their determination not to
-land, the “Morrison” returned to Macao.<a id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></p>
-
-<p>In 1843, probably in consequence of this visit of the
-“Morrison,” the Japanese authorities promulgated an
-edict, of which the following is a translation, as given
-by the Dutch at Deshima, who were requested to communicate
-to the other European nations,—the first
-attempt ever made to employ their agency for that
-purpose.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_258f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_258f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Buddhist Funeral</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</span></p>
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“Shipwrecked persons of the Japanese nation must not
-be brought back to their country, except on board of Dutch
-or Chinese ships, for, in case these shipwrecked persons
-shall be brought back in the ships of other nations, they will
-not be received. Considering the express prohibition, even
-to Japanese subjects, to explore or make examinations of
-the coasts or islands of the empire, this prohibition, for
-greater reason, is extended to foreigners.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The British opium war in China, of the progress of
-which the Japanese were well informed, if it increased
-the desire of the English to gain access to Japan, did
-not, by any means, diminish the Japanese dread of
-foreigners.<a id="FNanchor_107" href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p>
-
-<p>In 1845, the British surveying frigate “Saramang”
-entered the harbor of Nagasaki. As she approached she
-was surrounded by numerous guard-boats, from one of
-which a letter was handed, in Dutch and French, directing
-her to anchor off the entrance, till visited by the
-authorities. The Japanese officers who came on board
-stated that they had been apprised of this intended visit
-by the Dutch, and that they were acquainted with the
-recent visit of the “Saramang” to the Lew Chew and
-other islands, and of her operations there.</p>
-
-<p>With great difficulty permission was obtained to land,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</span>
-in order to make some astronomical observations, but the
-officers earnestly begged that this might not be repeated
-till they could consult their superiors; nor were they
-willing that the vessel should leave till such consultation
-had taken place. They asked, for this purpose, a stay of
-two days. The captain offered to wait four days, if they
-would allow his observations to be continued; but this
-they declined, urging as a reason their own danger of
-punishment. The vessel was freely supplied with such
-provisions as she needed, and the British officers were
-strongly impressed with the demeanor of the Japanese,
-as at once dignified and respectful.</p>
-
-<p>That same year, the American whaleship “Mercator,”
-Captain Cooper, while cruising among the northern
-islands of the Japanese group, fell in with a sinking
-junk, from which she took eleven Japanese sailors, and
-as many more from a rock to which they had escaped.
-Captain Cooper proceeded with these rescued men to the
-bay of Yedo, and on anchoring there was surrounded by
-near four hundred armed boats, which took the ship in
-tow, took all the arms out of her, and carried her in front
-of a neighboring town, probably Odawara. Here she
-was guarded for three days, being all the while an object
-of curiosity to great crowds. Orders presently came
-from Yedo, in these words:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“I am informed, by the mouths of some shipwrecked
-persons of our country, that they have been brought home
-by your ship, and that they have been well treated. But,
-according to our laws, they must not be brought home
-except by the Chinese or Dutch. Nevertheless, in the present
-case, we shall make an exception, because the return
-of these men by you must be attributed to your ignorance
-of these laws. In future, Japanese subjects will not be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</span>
-received in like circumstances, and will have to be treated
-rigorously when returned. You are hereby advised of this,
-and that you must make it known to others.</p>
-
-<p>“As, in consequence of your long voyage, provisions,
-and wood and water are wanting on board your ship, we
-have regard to your request, and whatever you want will be
-given to you.</p>
-
-<p>“As soon as possible after the reception of this order, the
-ship must depart and return directly to her own country.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>Immediately upon the receipt of this order, the ship
-was abundantly supplied with provisions, her arms were
-returned, and she was towed out of the bay by a file of
-boats more than a mile long. It would seem that since
-the visit of the “Morrison,” a fleet of guard-boats had
-been provided to take the bay of Yedo in charge.</p>
-
-<p>Commodore Biddle, sent soon after to the China Seas,
-with a considerable American naval force, was instructed,
-among other things, to ascertain if the ports of Japan
-were accessible. With this object in view, with the
-“Columbus” ship of the line, and “Vincennes” frigate,
-he anchored (July 20, 1848) in the bay of Yedo. Before
-the ships reached their anchorage, an officer with a Dutch
-interpreter came on board to inquire their object. He
-was told that the vessels came as friends to ascertain
-whether Japan had, like China, opened her ports to foreign
-trade; and, if she had, to negotiate a treaty of
-commerce. The officer requested that this statement
-should be reduced to writing, for transmission to the
-higher authorities. He also stated that all needed supplies
-would be furnished, but refused permission to land,
-and even wished to stop the passing of boats between
-the two vessels; but as the commodore would not agree
-to this, he did not persist in it. The vessel was soon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</span>
-surrounded by a multitude of boats, and as many Japanese
-as wished were allowed to come on board, both as
-a proof of friendship and to let them see the strength
-of the ships.</p>
-
-<p>Another officer, apparently of higher rank, came on
-board the following morning. He stated that foreign
-ships, on arriving in Japan, were required to give up their
-arms; but when told that only trading vessels could be
-expected to do that, he appeared to be satisfied. The
-emperor’s reply might be expected, he said, in five or six
-days. He was offered copies in Chinese of the late English,
-French, and American treaties with China, but declined
-to receive them, as did all the other Japanese
-officers to whom they were offered. To explain the
-concourse of guard-boats about the ship, he pretended
-that they were only waiting in readiness to tow the ships,
-if needed. These boats followed the ships’ boats when
-sent at some distance for sounding, but did not offer to
-molest them, nor did the crews of the ships’ boats make
-any attempt to land.</p>
-
-<p>The Japanese, who had undertaken to water the ships,
-sent off the first day less than two hundred gallons, and
-the next day not so much. As this was less than the
-daily consumption, the commodore stated that if they
-went on so, he should send his own boats. This was by
-no means acceptable, and in the next two days they
-furnished twenty-one thousand gallons.</p>
-
-<p>On the 28th, an officer with a suite of eight persons
-came on board with the emperor’s letter, which, as
-translated by the Dutch interpreter, read thus:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“According to the Japanese laws, the Japanese may not
-trade except with the Dutch and Chinese. It will not be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</span>
-allowed that America make a treaty with Japan or trade
-with her, as the same is not allowed with any other nation.
-Concerning strange lands all things are fixed at Nagasaki,
-but not here in the bay; therefore, you must depart as quick
-as possible, and not come any more to Japan.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The Japanese original, as translated at Canton, first
-into Chinese and from Chinese into English, runs as
-follows:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“The object of this communication is to explain the reasons
-why we refuse to trade with foreigners who come to
-this country across the ocean for that purpose.</p>
-
-<p>“This has been the habit of our nation from time immemorial.
-In all cases of a similar kind that have occurred
-we have positively refused to trade. Foreigners have come
-to us from various quarters, but have always been received
-in the same way. In taking this course with regard to you,
-we only pursue our accustomed policy. We can make no
-distinction between different foreign nations—we treat
-them all alike, and you as Americans must receive the same
-answer with the rest. It will be of no use to renew the
-attempt, as all applications of the kind, however numerous
-they may be, will be steadily rejected.</p>
-
-<p>“We are aware that our customs are in this respect different
-from those of some other countries, but every nation
-has a right to manage its affairs in its own way.</p>
-
-<p>“The trade carried on with the Dutch at Nagasaki is
-not to be regarded as furnishing a precedent for trade with
-other foreign nations. The place is one of few inhabitants
-and very little business, and the whole affair is of no
-importance.</p>
-
-<p>“In conclusion, we have to say that the emperor positively
-refuses the permission you desire. He earnestly
-advises you to depart immediately, and to consult your
-own safety in not appearing again upon our coast.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</span></p>
-
-<p>This paper, which had neither address, signature, nor
-date, was enclosed in an open envelope, on which was
-written, “Explanatory Edict.” With respect to the delivery
-of it, the following circumstance occurred, which will
-best be stated in the words of the commodore’s despatch:</p>
-
-<p>“I must now communicate an occurrence of an unpleasant
-character. On the morning that the officer
-came down in the junk with the emperor’s letter, I was
-requested to go on board the junk to receive it. I refused,
-and informed the interpreter that the officer must
-deliver on board this ship any letter that had been entrusted
-him for me. To this the officer assented; but
-added, that my letter having been delivered on board
-the American ship, he thought the emperor’s letter
-should be delivered on board the Japanese vessel. As
-the Japanese officer, though attaching importance to his
-own proposal, had withdrawn it as soon as I objected to
-it, I concluded that it might be well for me to gratify him,
-and I informed the interpreter that I would go on board
-the junk, and there receive the letter. The interpreter
-then went on board the junk, and in an hour afterwards
-I went alongside in the ship’s boat, in my uniform. At
-the moment that I was stepping on board, a Japanese on
-the deck of the junk gave me a blow or push, which
-threw me back into the boat. I immediately called to
-the interpreter to have the man seized, and then returned
-to the ship.” The interpreter and a number of Japanese
-followed, who expressed great concern at what had happened,
-and who succeeded in convincing the commodore
-that his intention of coming on board had not been understood.
-They offered to inflict any punishment he chose
-on the offender; but as to that matter he referred them
-to the laws of Japan; and being satisfied that it was an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</span>
-individual act, without authority from the officers, he
-concluded to be satisfied.<a id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> What interpretation was put
-upon his conduct by the Japanese will presently appear.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_264f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_264f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Shintō Funeral</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>At the very moment that these ships were thus unceremoniously
-sent away, eight American sailors were
-imprisoned in Japan, though possibly the fact was not
-then known at Yedo. They had escaped from the wreck
-of the whaleship “Lawrence,” to one of the Japanese
-Kuriles, where they had landed early in June. After an
-imprisonment of several months, they were taken to
-Matsumae, and finally to Nagasaki. One of them, in an
-attempt to escape, was killed. At last, after seventeen
-months’ confinement, they were given up to the Dutch
-at Deshima, and sent to Batavia in the ship of 1847.
-According to an account signed by the mate and published
-in the Serampore “Free Press,” their usage had
-been very hard.</p>
-
-<p>On the 28th of July, the day preceding the departure
-of the two American ships from the bay of Yedo, two
-French ships of war, the frigate “Cleopatra,” commanded
-by Admiral Cecille, and a corvette, on a surveying expedition,
-entered the harbor of Nagasaki, for the purpose,
-as the admiral stated, of letting the Japanese know that
-the French, too, had great ships of war; but being surrounded
-by boats and refused all intercourse with the
-shore, they departed within twenty-four hours. In consequence
-of these visits the Dutch at length communicated
-to the French and American governments copies of the
-edict of 1843, concerning the return of shipwrecked Japanese,
-and surveys of the Japanese coast, already given.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</span></p>
-
-<p>In September, 1848, fifteen foreign seamen arrived at
-Nagasaki, forwarded from Matsumae in a Japanese junk,
-from which they were carried in close kago to a temple
-prepared for their residence, and around which a high
-palisade was erected, no communication with them being
-allowed. Indeed, it was not without a good deal of
-difficulty that the director of the Dutch factory obtained
-leave to send them some articles of food and clothing.
-As none of the sailors understood Dutch, the Japanese
-officers who had them in charge found it difficult to
-communicate with them,—to aid in which the Dutch
-director was finally called in. Eight of the men, according
-to their own account, were Americans, all quite
-young, and seven of them Sandwich-Islanders. They
-stated themselves to have escaped from the wreck
-of the American whaler, “Ladoga,” which, according
-to their account, had struck a shoal in the Sea of
-Japan, and gone to pieces. The director wished to
-send them to Batavia in the annual Dutch vessel,
-then about to sail, but for this a reference to Yedo
-was necessary, which would take forty days, much
-beyond the time fixed by the Japanese rule for the
-departure of the ship.</p>
-
-<p>These facts having been communicated, under date of
-January 27, 1849, by the Dutch consul at Canton to the
-American commissioner there, Captain Geisenger, in
-command on that station, despatched the sloop-of-war
-“Preble,” Commander Glyn, to Nagasaki, to bring away
-these sailors.</p>
-
-<p>Glyn touched at Lew Chew, where he learned from the
-Rev. B. J. Bettelheim,<a id="FNanchor_109" href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> a missionary resident there, that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</span>
-very exaggerated reports had reached these islands of
-chastisement inflicted upon an American officer who had
-visited Yedo in a “big” ship. The missionary seemed
-even to think that these reports were not without their influence
-upon the authorities of Lew Chew, as the cause of
-a “want of accommodation” exhibited in their conduct
-towards the “Preble,”—a piece of information which
-had its influence in leading Captain Glyn to assume a
-very decided tone in his subsequent intercourse with the
-authorities of Nagasaki.</p>
-
-<p>The “Preble” made the land off Nagasaki on the 17th
-of April. Japanese boats, which soon came alongside,
-threw on board a bamboo, in the split of which were
-papers containing the customary notification to foreign
-vessels, as to their anchorage, and the conduct they were
-to observe, and certain questions which they were to
-answer. These papers (in English, with some Dutch
-variations) were verbatim as follows:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>1. <i>Warning to respective commanders, their officers and
-crew of the vessels approaching the coast of Japan, or anchoring
-near the coast in the bays of the empire.</i>—During the
-time foreign vessels are on the coast of Japan or near, as
-well as in the bay of Nagasaki, it is expected and likewise
-ordered, that every one of the <i>schip’s</i> company will behave
-properly towards and accost <i>civillen</i> the Japanese subjects<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</span>
-in general. No one may leave the <i>vessle</i>, or use her boats
-for cruising or landing on the islands or on the main coast,
-and ought to remain on board until further advice from the
-Japanese government has been received. It is likewise
-forbidden to fire guns, or use other fire-arms on board the
-<i>vessle</i>, as well as in their boats. Very disagreeable consequences
-might result in case the aforesaid <i>schould</i> not be
-strictly observed. (Signed.) The Governor of Nagasaki.</p>
-
-<p>2. <i>To the commanders of vessels approaching this empire
-under Dutch or other colors.</i>—By express orders of the
-governor of Nagasaki, you are requested, as soon as you
-have arrived near the northern Cavallos, to anchor there at
-a safe place, and to remain until you will have received
-further advice. Very disagreeable consequences might
-result in case this order should not be strictly observed.
-Deshima. (Signed.) The Reporters attached to the Superintendent’s
-office. (Seal.) Translated by the Superintendent
-of the Netherlands’ trade in Japan. (Qu. chief
-interpreter?)</p>
-
-<p>3. (This is addressed like No. 2, and contains the same
-orders about anchorage. It then proceeds as follows:)
-“Please to answer, as distinctly and as soon as possible,
-the following questions: What is the name of your vessel?
-What her tonnage? What is the number of her crew?
-Where do you come from? What is the date of your departure?
-Have you any wrecked Japanese on board?
-Have you anything to ask for, as water, firewood, etc. etc.?
-Are any more vessels in company with you bound for this
-empire? By order the governor of Nagasaki. Translated
-by the Superintendent of the Netherlands’ trade in Japan.
-Deshima.</p>
-
-<p class="psig">
-<span class="smcap">Upper Reporter.</span> (Seal.)<a id="FNanchor_110" href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a><br />
-<br />
-<span class="smcap">Under Reporter.</span> (Seal.)<br />
-</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</span></p>
-
-<p>The ship was soon after boarded by a Japanese interpreter
-with seven men, who gave directions in English
-as to her anchorage; but, as the captain persisted in
-selecting his own ground, the officer yielded. To
-another officer, who came on board to learn what he
-wanted, he stated his object, which led to many inquiries.
-The vessel was surrounded by guard-boats, and the usual
-offer was made of supplies, which were refused unless
-payment would be accepted. To an officer who came
-on board the next day, Captain Glyn complained of these
-guard-boats; and he gave him also a letter to the governor
-of Nagasaki, stating his object. The same officer
-having returned on the 22d, but only with promises of a
-speedy answer, Captain Glyn remonstrated with warmth.
-Finally, on the 26th, through the intervention of the
-Dutch director, who, being sick himself, sent one of his
-subordinates on board, the sailors were delivered up
-without waiting to send to Yedo, as had been proposed.
-The day before, a curious memorandum in Japanese
-Dutch, a sort of journal or history of the prisoners since
-their capture, was handed to the captain, who was very
-hard-pressed to say whether he would sail as soon as he
-received them. Another memorandum in Dutch was
-also handed to him, to the effect that, as all shipwrecked
-mariners were sent home by the Chinese or Dutch, this
-special sending for them was not to be allowed.</p>
-
-<p>It appears, from the statements of the men, that they
-were, in fact, deserters, having left the Ladoga near the
-Straits of Sangar. At a village on the coast of Yezo,
-where they landed, they were supplied with rice and
-firewood, but while they stayed were guarded by soldiers,
-and surrounded by a cloth screen, as if to keep them
-from seeing the country. Landing two days after at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</span>
-another village, they were detained as prisoners, and
-were confined in a house guarded by soldiers; but for
-some time were amused by promises that they should
-be released and furnished with a boat. Disappointed
-in this expectation, two of them escaped, but were
-speedily recaptured. A quarrel taking place between
-them, one of them was shut up in a cage, and two others,
-having made a second escape, after being retaken were
-shut up with him. A new quarrel happening in the cage,
-one of the prisoners was taken out and severely whipped.
-Two months after their capture, the whole number were
-put in a junk, the three close prisoners in one cage, the
-twelve others in another, and forwarded to Nagasaki.
-They were lodged at first in a palisaded and guarded
-house, and were subjected to several interrogations,
-being flattered with hopes of being sent home in the
-Dutch vessel then in the harbor. In order to get on
-board her, McCoy (who described himself as twenty-three
-years old, and born in Philadelphia, and who
-appears to have been the most intelligent of the party)
-made a third escape. Japanese jails, he observed, might
-do well enough for Japanese, but could not hold Americans.
-Being retaken, he was tied,—much as described
-in Golownin’s narrative,—put into a sort of stocks, and
-repeatedly examined under suspicion of being a spy.
-Thence he was taken to the common prison and confined
-by himself for three weeks; but, on threatening to starve
-himself, and refusing to eat for three days, he was
-restored to his companions, it would seem, through the
-intercession of the Dutch director, who endeavored to
-persuade the men to wait patiently, and not to quarrel
-among themselves.</p>
-
-<p>After a month’s longer detention, a new escape was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</span>
-planned, but only McCoy and two others succeeded in
-getting out. Being retaken they were tied, put in the
-stocks, and finally all were sent to the common prison,
-where they had very hard usage. It was stated, and no
-doubt truly enough, in the Dutch memorandum, respecting
-their treatment, handed in by the Japanese, that they
-gave so much trouble that the authorities hardly knew
-what to do with them. One of the Americans died, and
-one of the Sandwich-Islanders hung himself. McCoy,
-who had learned considerable Japanese, was secretly
-informed of the arrival of the “Preble” by one of the
-guards with whom he had established an intimacy.</p>
-
-<p>At the same time with these men another seaman from
-an American whaler was delivered up, who had landed
-a month or two later on some still more northerly Japanese
-island. As this man, named McDonald, and who
-described himself as twenty-four years old, and born at
-Astoria, in Oregon, had made no attempt at escaping,
-he had no occasion to complain of severity. In fact, he
-lived in clover, the Japanese having put him to use as a
-teacher of English. The very interpreter who boarded
-the “Preble” had been one of his scholars. All these
-men stated that they had been required to trample on the
-crucifix as a proof that they were not Portuguese, that
-reason being suggested to them when they showed some
-reluctance to do it.</p>
-
-<p>McCoy mentioned, and others confirmed it, that when
-he threatened the Japanese guards with vengeance from
-some American ship of war, they told him that they had
-no fears of that, as the year before, at the city of Yedo,
-a common soldier had knocked down an American commander,
-and no notice had been taken of it. McCoy and
-the others strenuously denied having ever heard this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</span>
-story (evidently referring to the occurrence described in
-a preceding page) before it was thus mentioned to them
-by the Japanese.</p>
-
-<p>McDonald, before his release, was requested by the
-Japanese to describe the relative rank of the commander
-of the “Preble,” by counting down in the order of succession
-from the highest chief in the United States. Like
-a true republican, he began with the people; but the
-Japanese, he says, could make nothing of that. He then
-enumerated the grades of president, secretary of the
-navy, commodore, post captain, and commander, which
-latter rank, being that of the officer in question, seemed
-so elevated as rather to excite the surprise of his
-auditors.</p>
-
-<p>Five weeks after the departure of the “Preble,” on the
-29th of May, Commander Matheson, in the British surveying
-ship “Mariner,” anchored in the bay of Yedo, off
-the town of Uraga, and three miles higher up, according
-to his statement, than any other vessel had been allowed
-to proceed. As he entered the bay, he was met by ten
-boats. A paper was handed up, in Dutch and French,
-requesting him not to anchor, nor cruise in the bay; but
-when the Japanese found he was determined to proceed,
-they offered to tow him. During the night he was
-watched by boats and from the shore. Having a Japanese
-interpreter on board, he communicated the object
-of his visit, and sent his card on shore to the governor
-of the town, with a note in Chinese, proposing to wait
-upon him; to which the governor replied that it was
-contrary to the law for foreigners to land, and that he
-should lose his life if he allowed Captain Matheson to
-come on shore, or to proceed any higher up the bay.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp90" id="i_272f" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_272f.jpg" alt="captio below" />
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_272fa" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_272fa.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Scenes in Japanese Cemeteries</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The survey of the anchorage having been completed,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</span>
-Matheson proceeded, on the 31st, to the bay of Shimoda,
-on the other side of the promontory of Izu, where he
-spent five days in surveying, and was detained two days
-longer by the weather. After the second day, he was
-visited by an interpreter, who understood Dutch, and by
-two officers from Uraga, apparently spies on each other,
-to watch his proceedings; and finally an officer of rank,
-from a town thirteen miles off, came on board. There
-were three fishing villages at the anchorage, and he landed
-for a short time, but the Japanese officers followed, begging
-and entreating him to go on board again. The ship
-was supplied with plenty of fish, and boats were furnished
-to tow her out.</p>
-
-<p>In 1850, the Japanese sent to Batavia, in the annual
-Dutch ship, three American sailors who had been left in
-1848 on one of the Kurile Islands, also thirty-one other
-sailors belonging to the English whaling-ship Edmund,
-of Robertstown, wrecked on the coast of Yezo. At the
-same time, probably in consequence of the numerous
-recent visits to their coasts, the Dutch were requested
-to give notice to other nations, that although it had
-been determined, in 1842, to furnish with necessary supplies
-such foreign vessels as arrived on the coast in distress,
-this was not to be understood as indicating the
-least change as to the policy of the rigorous exclusion of
-foreigners.<a id="FNanchor_111" href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XLV">CHAPTER XLV</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>Foreign Relations—New Shōgun—Dutch Trade—Chinese Trade—American
-Embassy—Its Object—Letter to the Emperor—Perry’s
-first visit to the Bay of Yedo—Death of the Shōgun—Perry’s second
-visit to the Bay of Yedo—Negotiation of a Treaty—The Treaty as
-agreed to—Shimoda—Hakodate—Additional Regulations—Japanese
-Currency—Burrow’s visit to the Bay of Yedo—Third visit of
-the American Steamers—Russian and English Negotiations—Exchange
-of Ratifications—Earthquake.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">We</span> have seen in the last chapter how the whale
-fishery, on the one hand, and the opening of
-China to foreign trade, on the other, had more
-and more drawn attention to Japan; in the conduct of
-whose functionaries, however, no indication appeared of
-any disposition to abandon their ancient exclusive policy.
-It has even been asserted<a id="FNanchor_112" href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> that a new Shōgun [Iyeyoshi],
-who had succeeded in 1837 (after a fifty years’ reign on
-the part of his predecessor), had imposed new restrictions
-on foreign products, and, by special encouragement
-to home productions of similar kinds, had endeavored
-to supersede the necessity of receiving anything from
-abroad. It is certain that the Dutch trade rather diminished
-than increased. The amount of that trade, from
-1825 to 1833, inclusive, is stated by Jancigny, from official
-returns, or those reputed to be such, at 289,150
-florins ($115,620) for importations, and 702,675 florins
-($281,078) for exportations. In 1846, the importations<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</span>
-reached only 231,117 fr. ($92,446), and the exportations
-552,319 fr. ($220,927); and those of the preceding year
-had been about the same. The private trade, and the
-attempts at smuggling connected with it, were very narrowly
-watched. Within the preceding ten years, one
-interpreter had been executed, and another had been
-driven to cut himself open, in consequence of complicity
-in smuggling. The private trade had been farmed out,
-for the benefit of those interested in it, at 30,000 fl.
-($12,000) annually,—the amount at which Kämpfer
-had reckoned the profits from that source of the director
-alone. Among the Dutch imports upon government
-account, woollens, silks, velvets, cotton goods, gold,
-silver, tin, lead, mercury, and a few other articles are
-mentioned. Sugar, formerly a leading article, no longer
-appears on the list. The returns continued to be exclusively
-in camphor and copper, the latter furnished by
-the Japanese government at the old rates, much below
-the current price, by which advantage alone was the
-Dutch trade sustained. Among the private importations
-were spices, chemicals, and a great variety of Paris
-trinkets, for which various Japanese manufactures and
-products were taken in exchange.</p>
-
-<p>The Chinese trade had declined not less than that of
-the Dutch. The ten junks a year, to which it was now
-restricted, all came from Sha-po (not far from Chusan),
-half of them in January and the other half in August—their
-cargoes, which include a great variety of articles,
-being partly furnished by private merchants who come
-over in them, but chiefly by a commercial company at
-Sha-po, for whom the captains of the junks act as supercargoes.
-Except as to some trifling articles, this trade
-seems, like that of the Dutch, to be pretty much in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</span>
-hands of the government, who, or some privileged company
-under them, purchase the imports and furnish a
-return cargo to each junk, two fifths in copper and the
-remainder in other articles. The Chinese, however, still
-continued to be allowed much more liberty than the
-Dutch of personal intercourse with the inhabitants of
-Nagasaki.</p>
-
-<p>The settlement of California, the new trade opened
-thence with China, and the idea of steam communication
-across the Pacific, for which the coal of Japan might
-be needed, combined with the extension of the whale
-fishery in the Northern Japanese seas to increase the
-desire in America for access to the ports of Japan.
-Shortly after the visit of the “Preble,” the American
-government resolved to send an envoy thither, backed
-by such a naval force as would ensure him a respectful
-hearing—the cases of Biddle and Glyn seeming to
-prove that the humoring policy could not be relied upon
-and that the only way to deal successfully with the Japanese
-was to show a resolution not to take no for an
-answer.</p>
-
-<p>Accordingly, Mr. Webster, as Secretary of State, prepared
-a letter from the President to the Emperor of
-Japan; also a letter of instructions to the American
-naval commander in the China seas, to whom it was resolved
-to entrust the duty of envoy, and whose force
-was to be strengthened by additional ships. The sailing,
-however, of these ships was delayed till after
-Mr. Webster’s death; and in the mean time Commodore
-Matthew C. Perry was selected as the head of the expedition.
-A new letter,<a id="FNanchor_113" href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> dated November 5, 1852, addressed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</span>
-from the State Department to the Secretary of the Navy,
-thus defined its objects:</p>
-
-<p>“1. To effect some permanent arrangement for the protection
-of American seamen and property wrecked on these
-islands, or driven into their ports by stress of weather.</p>
-
-<p>“2. The permission to American vessels to enter one
-or more of their ports, in order to obtain supplies of
-provisions, water, fuel, &amp;c.; or, in case of disasters, to
-refit so as to enable them to prosecute their voyage. It
-is very desirable to have permission to establish a dépôt
-for coal, if not on one of the principal islands, at least
-on some small, uninhabited one, of which it is said there
-are several in their vicinity.</p>
-
-<p>“3. The permission to our vessels to enter one or
-more of their ports for the purpose of disposing of their
-cargoes by sale or barter.”</p>
-
-<p>The mission was to be of a pacific character, as the
-President had no power to declare war; yet the show of
-force was evidently relied upon as more likely than anything
-else to weigh with the Japanese. The Dutch government,
-it was stated, had instructed their agents at
-Deshima to do all they could to promote the success of
-the expedition. Indeed, if we may believe Jancigny,<a id="FNanchor_114" href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>
-who speaks from information obtained during a residence
-at Batavia in 1844-45, the King of Holland had,
-as long ago as that time, addressed a letter to the Emperor
-of Japan, urging him to abandon the policy of
-exclusion. The letter of instructions disavowed any
-wish to obtain exclusive privileges; but, as a matter of
-policy, nothing was to be said about other nations.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</span></p>
-
-<p>A new letter to the Emperor of Japan was also prepared
-in the following terms:</p>
-
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Millard Fillmore, President of the United States
-of America, to his Imperial Majesty,
-the Emperor of Japan.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-“<span class="smcap">Great and Good Friend:</span><br />
-</p>
-
-<p>“I send you this public letter by Commodore Matthew
-C. Perry, an officer of the highest rank in the navy
-of the United States, and commander of the squadron now
-visiting your imperial majesty’s dominions.</p>
-
-<p>“I have directed Commodore Perry to assure your imperial
-majesty that I entertain the kindest feelings towards your
-majesty’s person and government, and that I have no other
-object in sending him to Japan but to propose to your imperial
-majesty that the United States and Japan should live in
-friendship and have commercial intercourse with each other.</p>
-
-<p>“The constitution and laws of the United States forbid
-all interference with the religious or political concerns
-of other nations. I have particularly charged Commodore
-Perry to abstain from every act which could possibly disturb
-the tranquillity of your imperial majesty’s dominions.</p>
-
-<p>“The United States of America reach from ocean to
-ocean, and our Territory of Oregon and State of California
-lie directly opposite to the dominions of your imperial
-majesty. Our steamships can go from California to Japan
-in eighteen days.</p>
-
-<p>“Our great state of California produces about sixty
-millions of dollars in gold every year, besides silver, quicksilver,
-precious stones, and many other valuable articles.
-Japan is also a rich and fertile country, and produces many
-very valuable articles. Your imperial majesty’s subjects are
-skilled in many of the arts. I am desirous that our two
-countries should trade with each other, for the benefit both
-of Japan and the United States.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“We know that the ancient laws of your imperial majesty’s
-government do not allow of foreign trade except with
-the Chinese and the Dutch; but, as the state of the world
-changes, and new governments are formed, it seems to be
-wise, from time to time, to make new laws. There was a
-time when the ancient laws of your imperial majesty’s
-government were first made.</p>
-
-<p>“About the same time America, which is sometimes
-called the New World, was first discovered and settled by
-the Europeans. For a long time there were but a few
-people, and they were poor. They have now become quite
-numerous; their commerce is very extensive; and they
-think that if your imperial majesty were so far to change
-the ancient laws as to allow a free trade between the two
-countries, it would be extremely beneficial to both.</p>
-
-<p>“If your imperial majesty is not satisfied that it would
-be safe altogether to abrogate the ancient laws, which forbid
-foreign trade, they might be suspended for five or ten years,
-so as to try the experiment. If it does not prove as beneficial
-as was hoped, the ancient laws can be restored. The
-United States often limit their treaties with foreign states
-to a few years, and then renew them or not, as they please.</p>
-
-<p>“I have directed Commodore Perry to mention another
-thing to your imperial majesty. Many of our ships pass
-every year from California to China; and great numbers
-of our people pursue the whale fishery near the shores of
-Japan. It sometimes happens, in stormy weather, that one
-of our ships is wrecked on your imperial majesty’s shores.
-In all such cases we ask, and expect, that our unfortunate
-people should be treated with kindness, and that their property
-should be protected, till we can send a vessel and bring
-them away. We are very much in earnest in this.</p>
-
-<p>“Commodore Perry is also directed by me to represent
-to your imperial majesty that we understand there is a great
-abundance of coal and provisions in the empire of Japan.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</span>
-Our steamships, in crossing the great ocean, burn a great
-deal of coal, and it is not convenient to bring it all the way
-from America. We wish that our steamships and other vessels
-should be allowed to stop at Japan and supply themselves
-with coal, provisions, and water. They will pay for
-them in money, or anything else your imperial majesty’s
-subjects may prefer; and we request your imperial majesty
-to appoint a convenient port, in the southern part of the
-empire, where our vessels may stop for this purpose. We
-are very desirous of this.</p>
-
-<p>“These are the only objects for which I have sent Commodore
-Perry, with a powerful squadron, to pay a visit to
-your imperial majesty’s renowned city of Yedo: friendship,
-commerce, a supply of coal and provisions, and protection
-for our shipwrecked people.</p>
-
-<p>“We have directed Commodore Perry to beg your imperial
-majesty’s acceptance of a few presents. They are
-of no great value in themselves; but some of them may
-serve as specimens of the articles manufactured in the
-United States, and they are intended as tokens of our
-sincere and respectful friendship.</p>
-
-<p>“May the Almighty have your imperial majesty in his
-great and holy keeping!</p>
-
-<p>“In witness whereof, I have caused the great seal of the
-United States to be hereunto affixed, and have subscribed
-the same with my name, at the city of Washington, in
-America, the seat of my government, on the thirteenth day
-of the month of November, in the year one thousand eight
-hundred and fifty-two.</p>
-
-<p>
-Your good friend.<br />
-<br />
-(Seal attached.)<br />
-<br />
-“<span class="smcap">Millard Fillmore.</span><br />
-<br />
-“By the President:<br />
-<span class="smcap">Edward Everett</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.”<a id="FNanchor_115" href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a><br />
-</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_280f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_280f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Players at the Game of “Go”</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</span></p>
-
-<p>Furnished with these orders, and this letter splendidly
-engrossed and enclosed in a gold box of the value of a
-thousand dollars, and provided also with a variety of
-presents, Commodore Perry, towards the end of 1852,
-sailed from the United States in the steam-frigate “Mississippi,”
-and, after touching at Madeira and the Cape of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</span>
-Good Hope, arrived at Hong Kong in April, 1853, whence
-he proceeded to Shanghai. The dispersion of the vessels
-of the squadron, delay in the arrival of others from the
-United States, difficulty in obtaining coal, and the claim
-of the American merchants in China, in consideration of
-existing civil commotions, to the protecting presence
-of a naval force, caused some delays. But, at length,
-after touching at Lew Chew [Riūkiū], and making a
-visit to the Bonin Islands,<a id="FNanchor_116" href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> Perry, with the steam-frigate
-“Susquehanna,” now the flag-ship, the “Mississippi,” and
-the sloops-of-war “Plymouth” and “Saratoga,” made
-Cape Izu about daybreak on the 8th of July. Many rumors
-had been current on the coast of China of extensive
-warlike preparations by the Japanese, aided by the Dutch,
-and the squadron was fully prepared for a hostile reception.
-Perry had made up his mind, instead of attempting
-to conciliate by yielding, to stand upon his dignity
-to the utmost, to allow no petty annoyances, and to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</span>
-demand as a right, instead of soliciting as a favor, the
-courtesies due from one civilized nation to another.</p>
-
-<p>The promontory constituting the province of Izu appeared,
-as the vessels ran along it, to be a group of high
-mountains, their summits scarred with slides, and their
-sides mostly wooded, though here and there a cultivated
-spot could be seen. By noon the ships reached Cape
-Sagami, which separates the inner from the outer bay of
-Yedo. The shores of this point rose in abrupt bluffs
-two hundred feet high, with green dells running down
-to the waterside. Further off were groves and cultivated
-fields, and mountains in the distance.</p>
-
-<p>Leaving behind some twelve or fifteen Japanese boats,
-which put off from Cape Sagami to intercept them, the
-vessels stood up through the narrowest part of the bay,
-not more than five to eight miles wide, but expanding
-afterwards to fifteen miles, having now also in sight the
-eastern shore, forming a part of the province of Awa.<a id="FNanchor_117" href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></p>
-
-<p>Within half an hour after passing Cape Sagami, they
-made another bold promontory from the west, forming a
-second entrance to the upper bay. In the bight formed
-by it lay the town of Uraga, visible from the ships,
-which, sounding their way, anchored within a mile and
-a half of the promontory,—a mile or more in advance
-of the anchorage ground of the “Columbus” and
-“Vincennes.”</p>
-
-<p>As the ships dropped their anchors two or three guns
-or mortars were fired from the second promontory, and
-four or five boats put off. They were of unpainted
-wood, very sharp, their greatest breadth well towards
-the stern, and propelled with great rapidity by tall,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</span>
-athletic rowers, naked, save a cloth about the loins, who
-shouted lustily as they pulled. In the stem of each
-boat was a small flag, with three horizontal stripes, the
-middle one black, the others white, and about it were
-four or five well-dressed men with two swords in their
-girdles.</p>
-
-<p>Some parley took place before anybody was admitted
-on board, that favor being refused except to the person
-highest in authority in the town. The conversation was
-carried on in Dutch, which the Japanese interpreter
-spoke very well; and, from what he said, it was evident
-that the vessels had been expected. After a long
-parley, in which the high rank of the commodore, and
-the necessity of his being met by persons of corresponding
-rank, were very much insisted upon, an officer, representing
-himself as second in command at the town in
-sight, was admitted on board. The commodore, however,
-declined to see him in person, and turned him over
-to Mr. Contee, the flag lieutenant, who, assisted by the
-two interpreters—one for Dutch, the other for Chinese<a id="FNanchor_118" href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>—had
-a long interview with him and his interpreter in
-the cabin. He was told that the object of the expedition
-was to deliver a letter from the President of the United
-States to the Emperor, and that some high officer must
-be sent on board to receive it; also, that the squadron
-would not submit to be watched and guarded, after the
-Japanese fashion, but that all the guard-boats must
-withdraw. The officer, as usual, was very inquisitive.
-He wanted to know whether the vessels came from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</span>
-Boston, New York, or Washington, how many men
-they had, etc., etc.; but these questions he was given
-to understand were regarded as impertinent.</p>
-
-<p>Seeing the determination evinced, the Japanese officer,
-by name <i>Nakashima Saburosuke</i>, <i>Yoriki</i> of the governor
-of Uraga, returned on shore, taking back his official
-notifications in French, Dutch, and English, addressed to
-ships arriving on the coast (like those given p. 267),
-which the lieutenant refused to receive. He was followed
-by the boats, which, after that, kept at a respectful
-distance. He came back in about an hour to excuse
-his superior from receiving the letter addressed to the
-emperor. He spoke of Nagasaki as the proper place for
-foreign ships to touch at, and doubted if the letter would
-be answered; but all this was cut short by the assurance
-that if his superior did not send for the letter, the ships
-would proceed still higher up the bay to deliver it themselves;
-upon which information, much agitated, he stipulated
-for permission to return in the morning. As he
-departed, looking at the long gun in the cabin, he exclaimed,
-with an interrogative look, “Paixhan?” showing
-that the Japanese were not ignorant of the modern
-improvements in gunnery any more than of American
-geography.</p>
-
-<p>It was noticed that, towards night, the boatmen put
-on their Japanese gowns, most of them blue, with white
-stripes on the sleeves, meeting angular-wise on the
-shoulders, and with a symbol or badge on the back.
-Others wore gowns of red and white stripes, with a
-black lozenge upon the back. A few had broad bamboo
-hats, like a shallow basin inverted; but most of them
-were bareheaded. The officers wore light and beautifully
-lackered hats, with a gilded symbol in front.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</span></p>
-
-<p>During the night watch-fires blazed along the coast,
-and bells were heard sounding the hours. The next
-morning (Saturday), <i>Koyama Yezaimon</i>, first in command
-at the town, came on board, and made another
-attempt to beg off from receiving the letter to the emperor.
-Finally, he proposed to send to Yedo for permission,
-and was allowed three days to do it in.</p>
-
-<p>Meanwhile surveying parties from the ships ran up
-the bay a distance of four miles, finding everywhere
-from thirty to forty fathoms of water. They sounded
-round the bight within which the ships lay, keeping
-about a cable’s length from the shore, and finding five
-fathoms. Yezaimon represented that this survey was
-against the Japanese laws, but was told that, if forbidden
-by the laws of Japan it was commanded by the
-laws of America. On approaching the forts, of which
-there were five, two apparently of recent construction,
-the soldiers, armed with matchlocks, came out; but, as
-the boats drew near, they retired again. These forts
-were very feeble, mounting only fourteen guns in the
-whole, none larger than nine-pounders. Of soldiers,
-about four hundred were seen, many of them armed
-with spears. There was also, as usual, a great show of
-canvas screens; but, on the whole, the warlike means of
-the Japanese seemed contemptible. From the town to
-the end of the promontory, a distance of a mile and a
-half, was an unbroken line of villages. At least a hundred
-small craft lay in the harbor. The hills behind,
-some five hundred feet high, were dotted with pines and
-other trees. In the morning and evening, when the air
-was clear, Mount Fuji might be seen in the west, sixty
-miles distant. The presence of the American ships did
-not seem to disturb the coasting trade. Sixty or sev<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</span>enty
-large junks, besides hundreds of boats and fishing-smacks,
-daily passed up and down the bay, to and from
-Yedo.</p>
-
-<p>On Monday, the 11th, the same surveying party proceeded
-up the bay some ten miles, followed by the
-“Mississippi.” They were constantly met by government
-boats, the officers on board which urged them
-by signs to return, but of which they took no notice.
-Deep soundings were everywhere obtained, with a bottom
-of soft mud. A deep bay was found on the western
-shore, with good and safe anchoring ground.</p>
-
-<p>In the evening Yezaimon returned on board, well
-pleased, apparently, to be able to give information of
-the probability of good news from Yedo, but rather
-troubled at the explorations by the boats. The flag
-lieutenant, with whom he had his interviews, describes
-him as “a gentleman, clever, polished, well-informed,
-a fine, large man, about thirty-four, of most excellent
-countenance, taking his wine freely, and a boon
-companion.”</p>
-
-<p>The next day (the 12th) he brought information that
-the emperor would send down a high officer to receive
-the letter. No answer would be given immediately, but
-one would be forwarded through the Dutch or Chinese.
-This latter proposition the commodore treated as an insult.
-As, however, if he waited for an answer, excuses
-might easily be found for protracting his stay in an inconvenient
-manner, and at last wearying him out, he
-agreed to allow time for its preparation, and to return
-to receive it. The following Thursday (the 14th) was
-appointed for the interview with the commissioners appointed
-to receive the letter, which was to take place
-two miles south of the town, at a picturesque spot, on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</span>
-the left side of a narrow valley, extending inland from
-the head of the bight. Its retired situation, and the
-facility it afforded for the display of a military force,
-were probably the motives of its selection.</p>
-
-<p>At the hour appointed for the meeting, as the two
-steamers approached the spot, long lines of canvas walls
-were seen stretching, crescent-wise, quite round the head
-of the bight, and in front files of soldiers with a multitude
-of brilliant banners. Near the centre of the crescent
-were nine tall standards, with broad scarlet pennons,
-in the rear of which could be seen the roof of the house
-prepared for the interview. On the right, a line of fifty
-or sixty boats was drawn up, parallel to the beach, each
-with a red flag at its stern.</p>
-
-<p>The foremost files of the Japanese soldiers stood about
-a hundred yards from the beach, in somewhat loose and
-straggling order. The greater part were behind the canvas
-screens. There were a number of horses to be seen,
-and in the background a body of cavalry. The Japanese
-stated the number of troops at five thousand. On the
-slope of the hill, near the village, was collected a crowd
-of spectators, of whom many were women.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_288fa" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_288fa.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">The “No” Dance</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_288fb" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_288fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Chrysanthemum Figures<br />
-Theatrical Representations</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>As soon as the steamers dropped their anchors, they
-were approached by two boats, containing their former
-visitors, the first and second officers of the town, with
-the interpreters, very richly dressed in silk brocade, bordered
-with velvet, and having on their garments of ceremony.
-The steamers lay with their broadsides to the
-shore, ready for action in case of treachery. Fifteen
-launches and cutters were got ready, from which three
-hundred and twenty persons, officers, seamen, marines,
-and musicians, were landed on an extemporaneous jetty
-which the Japanese had formed of bags of sand. Last<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</span>
-of all the commodore landed with due formality, when
-the whole body, preceded by the Japanese officers and
-interpreters, marched to the house of reception, carrying
-with them the president’s letter, the box which held it
-wrapped in scarlet cloth, as was also that containing the
-letter of credence. In front of the houses prepared for
-the interview were two old brass four-pounders, apparently
-Spanish, and on each side a company of soldiers,
-those on one side armed with matchlocks, those on the
-other with old Tower muskets, with flint locks and bayonets.
-The reception building was a temporary structure,
-evidently put up for the occasion. The first
-apartment, about forty feet square, was of canvas. The
-floor was covered with white cotton cloth, with a pathway
-of red felt leading across to a raised inner apartment,
-wholly carpeted with the same red felt. This
-apartment, of which the front was entirely open, was
-hung with fine cloth, stamped with the imperial symbols
-in white on a ground of violet. On the right was a
-row of arm-chairs for the commodore and his staff. On
-the opposite side sat the two commissioners appointed
-to receive the letters, and who were announced by the
-interpreters as the princes of Izu and Iwami [Toda
-Izu-no-kami, and Ido Iwami-no-kami, Bugiōs of Uraga].
-The former was a man about fifty, with a very pleasing
-and intelligent face. The latter was older by fifteen
-years or so, wrinkled with age, and of looks much less
-prepossessing. Both were splendidly dressed, in heavy
-robes of silk tissue, elaborately ornamented with threads
-of gold and silver. As the commodore entered, both
-rose and bowed gravely, but immediately resumed their
-seats and remained silent and passive as statues.</p>
-
-<p>At the end of the room was a large scarlet-lackered<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</span>
-box, standing on gilded feet, beside which Yezaimon and
-one of the interpreters knelt, at the same time signifying
-that all things were ready for the reception of the letters.
-They were brought in, and the boxes containing them
-being opened so as to display the writing and the golden
-seals, they were placed upon the scarlet box, and along
-with them translations in Dutch and Chinese, as well
-as an English transcript. The prince of Iwami then
-handed to the interpreters, who gave it to the commodore,
-an official receipt in Japanese, to which the
-interpreter added a Dutch translation, which translated
-literally into English was as follows:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“The letter of the President of the United States of North
-America, and copy, are hereby received and delivered to the
-emperor. Many times it has been communicated that business
-relating to foreign countries cannot be transacted here
-in Uraga, but in Nagasaki. Now, it has been observed that
-the admiral, in his quality of ambassador of the president,
-would be insulted by it; the justice of this has been acknowledged;
-consequently the above-mentioned letter is hereby
-received, in opposition to the Japanese law.</p>
-
-<p>“Because the place is not designed to treat of anything
-from foreigners, so neither can conference nor entertainment
-take place. The letter being received, you will leave here.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The commodore remarked, when this receipt was
-delivered to him, that he should return again, probably
-in April or May, for an answer. “With all the ships?”
-asked the interpreter. “Yes, and probably with more,”
-was the reply. Nothing more was said on either side.
-As the commodore departed, the commissioners rose and
-remained standing, and so the interview ended, without
-a single word uttered on their part.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</span></p>
-
-<p>The Japanese officers of the town, with the Japanese
-interpreters, accompanied the American party back to
-the “Susquehanna,” whose machinery they examined
-with much interest. When off the town, they were set
-ashore; but the steamers, to show how lightly the injunction
-to leave was regarded, proceeded up the bay,
-and anchored a short distance above the point reached
-by the “Mississippi.” In spite of the solicitude of the
-Japanese officers, who came again on board, the whole
-bight between the promontory of Uraga and another
-north of it was carefully surveyed. At the head a river
-was found. The shores were studded with villages,
-whose inhabitants offered to the surveying party cold
-water, and peaches from their gardens. To the place
-where the steamers lay the name was given of “American
-anchorage.”</p>
-
-<p>The next day (Friday, the 15th) the “Mississippi”
-proceeded on an excursion ten miles further up, and
-reached, as was supposed, within eight or ten miles of
-the capital. On the western shore were seen two large
-towns. On the extremity of a cape in front, some four
-miles distant, stood a tall white tower, like a lighthouse.
-Three or four miles beyond was a crowd of
-shipping, supposed to be the anchorage of Shinagawa,
-the southern suburb of Yedo. At the point where the
-steamer put about, she had twenty fathoms of water.
-On Saturday, the 16th, the vessels moved to a new
-anchorage, five or six miles down the bay, and much
-nearer the shore, and here the surveying operations
-were renewed. The same day an interchange of presents
-took place with Yezaimon, who, however, was
-induced to accept those offered to him only by the positive
-refusal of his own, except on that condition.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</span>
-Thus pressed, he finally took them, except some arms—articles,
-he said, which the Japanese neither gave
-nor received. In the afternoon he came again, in excellent
-humor, his conduct probably having been approved
-on shore, bringing a quantity of fowls, in light wicker
-coops, and three or four thousand eggs, in boxes, for
-which a box of garden-seeds was accepted in return.</p>
-
-<p>The next day, 17th, and the tenth since their arrival,
-the vessels weighed and stood for Lew Chew, the bay
-being covered with boats, to witness their departure.<a id="FNanchor_119" href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p>
-
-<p>Commodore Perry spent the remainder of the year on
-the coast of China, keeping one vessel, however, at
-Lew Chew, and prosecuting the survey of the Bonin
-Islands. Shortly after his visit, the Shōgun died, and
-an attempt was made to take advantage of that circumstance
-to delay or prevent the return of the American
-ships. A communication, forwarded to Batavia by the
-Dutch ship that left Nagasaki in November, and communicated
-by the Dutch governor-general at Batavia to
-the commodore, represented that the necessary mourning
-for the deceased sovereign, and other arrangements consequent
-on his death, as well as the necessity of consulting
-all the princes, must necessarily delay the answer
-to the president’s letter, and suggested the danger of
-confusion, or “broil,” should the squadron come back
-at so unseasonable a moment.</p>
-
-<p>Undeterred, however, by this representation, on the
-12th of February, 1854, Commodore Perry reappeared
-in the bay of Yedo, with three steam frigates, four
-sloops-of-war, and two store-ships, and the steamers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</span>
-taking the sailing vessels in tow, they all moved up to
-the American anchorage.</p>
-
-<p>About two weeks were spent here in fixing upon a
-place to negotiate, the Japanese importuning the commodore
-to go back to Kamakura, twenty miles below
-Uraga, or, at least, to the latter place, while he insisted
-upon going to Yedo. As he declined to yield, and
-caused the channel to be sounded out within four miles
-of Yedo, they proposed, as the place of meeting, the village
-of Yokohama,<a id="FNanchor_120" href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> containing about ten thousand people,
-and situated on the shore, just opposite the anchorage of
-the ships. To this the commodore agreed, and the ships
-drew in and moored in line, with broadsides bearing
-upon the shore, and covering an extent of five miles.</p>
-
-<p>“On the 8th of March,” says a letter dated on board the
-“Vandalia,” and published in the New York “Journal
-of Commerce,” “the day appointed for the first meeting,
-about nine hundred officers, seamen, and marines, armed
-to the teeth, landed, and, with drums beating and colors
-flying, were drawn up on the beach, ready to receive
-the commodore. As soon as he stepped on shore the
-bands struck up, salutes were fired, the marines presented
-arms, and, followed by a long escort of officers,
-he marched up between the lines and entered the house
-erected by the Japanese expressly for the occasion.
-Thousands of Japanese soldiers crowded the shore and
-the neighboring elevations, looking on with a good deal
-of curiosity and interest. The house was nothing but
-a plain frame building, hastily put up, containing one
-large room—the audience hall—and several smaller,
-for the convenience of attendants, etc. The floor was
-covered with mats, and very pretty painted screens<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</span>
-adorned the sides. Long tables and benches, covered
-with red woollen stuff, placed parallel to each other,
-three handsome braziers, filled with burning charcoal,
-on the floor between them, and a few violet-colored
-crape hangings suspended from the ceiling, completed
-the furniture of the room. As we entered, we took our
-seats at one of the tables. The Japanese commissioners
-soon came in, and placed themselves opposite to us, at
-the other table; while behind us both, seated on the
-floor on their knees<a id="FNanchor_121" href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> (their usual position, for they do
-not use chairs), was a crowd of Japanese officers, forming
-the train of the commissioners.</p>
-
-<p>“The business was carried on in the Dutch language,
-through interpreters, of whom they have several who
-speak very well, and two or three who speak a little
-English. They were on their knees, between the commissioners
-and the commodore. Our interpreter was
-seated by the side of the latter. It was curious to see
-the intolerable ceremony observed by them, quite humiliating
-to a democratic republican. A question proposed
-had to pass first through the interpreters, and
-then through several officers ascending in rank, before
-it could reach the commissioners, every one bowing his
-forehead to the floor before he addressed his superior.
-Refreshments were served in elegantly lackered dishes;
-first of all, tea, which, as in China, is the constant beverage;
-then different kinds of candy and sponge cake
-(they are excellent confectioners, and very fond of
-sugar); lastly, oranges and a palatable liquor distilled
-from rice, called sake. A flimsy banquet like this was
-not very agreeable to such hungry individuals as we,
-and we were the more disappointed, for, the Japanese<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</span>
-using only chopsticks, we had, previously to coming
-ashore, taken the precaution, as we shrewdly thought,
-to provide ourselves with knives and forks. Imagine,
-then, our chagrin when finding nothing substantial
-upon which to employ them. What was left on our
-plates was wrapped in paper, and given to us to carry
-away, according to the usual custom in Japan.</p>
-
-<p>“The commissioners were intelligent-looking men,
-richly dressed in gay silk petticoat pantaloons, and
-upper garments resembling in shape ladies’ short
-gowns. Dark-colored stockings, and two elegant
-swords pushed through a twisted silk girdle, finished
-the costume. Straw sandals are worn, but are always
-slipped off upon entering a house. They do not cover
-the head, the top and front part of which is shaved, and
-the back and side hair, being brought up, is tied so as
-to form a tail, three or four inches long, that extends
-forward upon the bald pate, terminating about half way
-between the apex and the forehead. It is a very comfortable
-fashion, and, were it not for the quantity of
-grease used in dressing it, would be a very cleanly one.</p>
-
-<p>“Two audiences a week were held, at which the same
-programme was performed as related above, except that
-we fared more luxuriously.<a id="FNanchor_122" href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> Becoming better acquainted
-with our taste, they feasted us with a broth
-made of fish, boiled shrimps, hard-boiled eggs, and very
-good raw oysters. At one of the interviews (March
-13), the presents from our government were delivered.
-They consisted of cloths, agricultural implements,
-fire-arms, etc., and a beautiful locomotive, tender, and
-passenger-car, one-fourth the ordinary size, which we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</span>
-put in motion on a circular track, at the rate of twenty
-miles an hour. A mile of magnetic telegraph was also
-erected on shore, and put in operation. The Japanese
-were more interested in it than anything else, but never
-manifested any wonder. So capable are they of concealing
-and controlling their feelings, that they would
-examine the guns, machinery, etc., of the steamers,
-without expressing the slightest astonishment. They
-are a much finer-looking race than the Chinese—intelligent,
-polite, and hospitable, but proud, licentious,
-unforgiving, and revengeful.”</p>
-
-<p>The death of a marine afforded an opportunity, at the
-first meeting with the commissioners, of demanding a
-burying-place. It was proposed to send the body to
-Nagasaki; but, as the commodore would not listen to
-that, a spot was assigned near one of their temples, and
-in view of the ships, where the body was buried, with
-all the forms of the English church service, after which
-the Japanese surrounded the grave with a neat enclosure
-of bamboo.</p>
-
-<p>A formal letter of reply to the propositions contained
-in the letters delivered at the former visit, repeated the
-story of a change of succession, and the necessity of
-delays. The justice, however, of the demands in relation
-to shipwrecked seamen, wood, water, provisions,
-and coal, was conceded; but five years were asked before
-opening a new harbor, the Americans, in the mean
-time, to resort to Nagasaki.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_296f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_296f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Japanese Wrestlers</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Of Nagasaki, however, the commodore would not
-hear, nor of any restrictions like those imposed on the
-Dutch and Chinese at that port. He demanded three
-harbors, one in Nippon, one in Yezo, and a third in
-Lew Chew. As to the two last, the Japanese pleaded<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</span>
-that they were very distant countries, and only partially
-subject to the emperor, especially the last, upon which
-the commodore did not insist. In Nippon he asked for
-Uraga, and for Matsumae in Yezo, but acceded to the
-Japanese offer of Shimoda and Hakodate, having first
-sent a ship to examine the former.</p>
-
-<p>The commissioners were exceedingly tenacious, even
-upon points of phraseology, but gave evidence of acting
-in entire good faith, and the commodore conceded
-everything which did not seem absolutely essential.
-The extent of the liberty to be allowed to American
-visitors was one of the greatest difficulties.</p>
-
-<p>Shortly before the treaty was concluded, the commodore
-gave an entertainment on board the “Powhatan” to
-the Japanese officials, about seventy in all. In conformity
-to their customs, two tables were spread, one
-in the cabin for the commissioners and the captains
-of the fleet, another on deck for the inferior officers.
-“They did full justice,” says the letter-writer already
-quoted, “to American cookery, and were exceedingly
-fond of champagne, under the influence of which they
-became so very merry and familiar that one of them
-vigorously embraced the commodore, who, until his
-epaulets began to suffer in the struggle, was very good-naturedly
-disposed to endure it.”</p>
-
-<p>Three copies of the treaty, in Japanese, signed by
-the commissioners, were delivered to the commodore,
-for which he exchanged three copies in English, signed
-by himself, with Dutch and Chinese translations. This
-method was adopted to satisfy the commissioners, who
-alleged that no Japanese could lawfully put his name
-to any document written in a foreign language. The
-<span class="allsmcap">TREATY</span> was as follows:</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“The United States of America and the Empire of Japan,
-desiring to establish, firm, lasting, and sincere friendship
-between the two nations, have resolved to fix, in a manner
-clear and positive, by means of a treaty or general convention
-of peace and amity, the rules which shall in future be
-mutually observed in the intercourse of their respective
-countries; for which most desirable object, the President of
-the United States has conferred full powers on his commissioner,
-Matthew Calbraith Perry, special Ambassador of the
-United States to Japan; and the august Sovereign of Japan
-has given similar full powers to his commissioners, Hayashi-Daigaku-no-kami,
-Ido, prince of Tsushima, Izawa, prince
-of Mimasaki, and Udono Mimbushōyu, member of the Board
-of Revenue.</p>
-
-<p>“And the said commissioners, after having exchanged
-their said full powers, and duly considered the premises,
-have agreed to the following articles:</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article I.</span>—There shall be a perfect, permanent, and
-universal peace, and a sincere and cordial amity, between
-the United States of America on the one part, and between
-their people, respectfully (respectively), without exception of
-persons or places.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article II.</span>—The port of Shimoda, in the principality of
-Izu, and the port of Hakodate, in the principality of Matsumae,
-are granted by the Japanese as ports for the reception
-of American ships, where they can be supplied with wood,
-water, provisions, and coal, and other articles their necessities
-may require, as far as Japanese have them. The time
-for opening the first-named port is immediately on signing
-this treaty; the last-named port is to be opened immediately
-after the same day in the ensuing Japanese year.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Note.</span>—A tariff of prices shall be given by the Japanese
-officers of the things which they can furnish, payment for
-which shall be made in gold and silver coin.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</span></p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article III.</span>—Whenever ships of the United States are
-thrown or wrecked on the coast of Japan, the Japanese
-vessels will assist them, and carry their crews to Shimoda or
-Hakodate, and hand them over to their countrymen appointed
-to receive them. Whatever articles the shipwrecked men
-may have preserved shall likewise be restored; and the
-expenses incurred in the rescue and support of Americans
-and Japanese who may thus be thrown upon the shores of
-either nation are not to be refunded.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article IV.</span>—Those shipwrecked persons, and other
-citizens of the United States, shall be free as in other
-countries, and not subjected to confinement, but shall be
-amenable to just laws.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article V.</span>—Shipwrecked men, and other citizens of the
-United States, temporarily living at Shimoda and Hakodate,
-shall not be subject to such restrictions and confinement as
-the Dutch and Chinese are at Nagasaki; but shall be free at
-Shimoda to go where they please within the limits of seven
-Japanese miles (or <i>ri</i>) from a small island in the harbor of
-Shimoda, marked on the accompanying chart, hereto appended;
-and shall, in like manner, be free to go where they
-please at Hakodate, within limits to be defined after the visit
-of the United States squadron to that place.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article VI.</span>—If there be any other sort of goods wanted,
-or any business which shall require to be arranged, there shall
-be careful deliberation between the parties in order to settle
-such matters.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article VII.</span>—It is agreed that ships of the United
-States resorting to the ports open to them, shall be permitted
-to exchange gold and silver coin, and articles of goods, for
-other articles of goods under such regulations as shall be
-temporarily established by the Japanese government for that
-purpose. It is stipulated, however, that the ships of the
-United States shall be permitted to carry away whatever
-articles they are unwilling to exchange.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article VIII.</span>—Wood, water, provisions, coal, and goods
-required, shall only be procured through the agency of
-Japanese officers appointed for that purpose, and in no
-other manner.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article IX.</span>—It is agreed, that if, at any future day,
-the government of Japanese shall grant to any other nation
-or nations privileges and advantages which are not herein
-granted to the United States and the citizens thereof, that
-these same privileges and advantages shall be granted likewise
-to the United States and to the citizens thereof without
-any consultation or delay.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article X.</span>—Ships of the United States shall be permitted
-to resort to no other ports in Japan but Shimoda and
-Hakodate, unless in distress or forced by stress of weather.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article XI.</span>—There shall be appointed by the government
-of the United States consuls or agents to reside in
-Shimoda, at any time after the expiration of eighteen months
-from the date of the signing of this treaty; provided that
-either of the two governments deem such arrangement
-necessary.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article XII.</span>—The present convention, having been
-concluded, and duly signed shall be obligatory, and faithfully
-observed by the United States of America and Japan, and
-by the citizens and subjects of each respective power; and it
-is to be ratified and approved by the President of the United
-States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate
-thereof, and by the august Sovereign of Japan, and the
-ratification shall be exchanged within eighteen months from
-the date of the signature thereof, or sooner if practicable.</p>
-
-<p>“In faith whereof, we, the respective plenipotentiaries of
-the United States of America and the empire of Japan,
-aforesaid, have signed and sealed these presents.</p>
-
-<p>“Done at Kanagawa<a id="FNanchor_123" href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> this thirty-first day of March, in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</span>
-year of our Lord Jesus Christ one thousand eight hundred
-and fifty-four, and of Kayei the seventh year, third month,
-and third day.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The day after the signing of the treaty a number of
-presents were sent on board for the president, the commodore,
-and other officers of the squadron.</p>
-
-<p>In agreeing to negotiate at Yokohama, Commodore
-Perry had stated his intention to carry the ships, at
-some future time, close up to Yedo, and to anchor
-them there, “as well to do honor to his imperial majesty
-by salutes as to be in full view of the palace,
-and convenient to be visited by such of the court as
-may desire to examine the steamers.” Accordingly,
-on the 8th of April, to the great distress of the Japanese
-officials, he got under way; but, as the Japanese
-interpreters threatened to cut themselves open if he
-proceeded, he presently turned about and took a lower
-anchorage down the bay. The published official letters
-of the commander say nothing of this movement; the
-letters from the fleet, published in the newspapers, do
-not agree as to how far up the commodore went. According
-to one letter, Yedo was full in sight.</p>
-
-<p>On the 18th of April the fleet sailed for Shimoda,
-one of the ports granted in the treaty, of which a letter
-dated on board the “Powhatan,” and published in the
-New York “Tribune,” gives this account:</p>
-
-<p>Shimoda is situated near Cape Fògu [?], sixty miles
-west from Point Sagami, at the entrance of the bay of
-Yedo. It is a good, commodious harbor, well sheltered
-by hills several hundred feet high, with a rock within<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</span>
-the entrance which affords a still more protected anchorage.
-The town, of about one thousand houses, is situated
-at the northwestern end of the harbor, on the banks
-of a small stream flowing down through a fertile valley,
-which is often not more than half a mile wide, but
-sometimes widens to one and a half miles. Several
-little brooks offer good watering-places for the ships.
-The larger Japanese junks mostly anchor at Kakizaki,
-a village of about three hundred houses, on the northeastern
-end and opposite Shimoda. There are eight
-temples, some of which are very large, in the town,
-and little chapels (<i>miya</i>) on almost every eminence,
-and by the roadsides.</p>
-
-<p>“The country is exceedingly picturesque, and resembles
-very much the lower ranges of the Alps.
-Along the little river of Shimoda are many villages,
-and numbers of rice-mills stamp and grind along its
-banks. About six miles above the bay this river separates
-into several branches. Following either of them,
-you pass through numerous gorges and glens, and finally
-reach the barren tops of mountains, some three thousand
-feet high. Their summits and the narrow tablelands
-are covered with bushy grass, among which a
-certain berry, upon which pheasants and partridges
-feed, grows very plentifully.</p>
-
-<p>“In one of the larger temples a place has been arranged
-for the daguerreotype, and Mr. Brown is actively
-at work. He has obtained many very fine daguerreotypes
-of the Japanese, and will have a fine collection to
-show when he reaches home. Mr. Heine continues his
-sketching, drawing, painting, gunning, skinning, pressing,
-and preserving plants. Lieutenants Murray, Bent,
-Whiting, Nicholson, etc., etc., have been busily en<span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</span>gaged
-in the survey, and deserve no small credit for
-their exertions and the important results they have
-obtained.”</p>
-
-<p>Of this visit to Shimoda, the officer of the “Vandalia”
-already quoted thus speaks:</p>
-
-<p>“Here we were permitted to go on shore and ramble
-about in a circuit for ten miles, much to our delight as
-we all felt the want of exercise. Excepting at Yokohama,
-where we were not allowed to go far from the
-audience house, we had not been on shore since we left
-Lew Chew. They watched us very closely at first,
-sending guards of soldiers to accompany us, shutting
-the shops, and concealing the women; but in a few
-days these restrictions were removed, and we were
-left undisturbed to wander where we pleased. The
-town, containing eight thousand people, is pleasantly
-situated in a well-cultivated valley, surrounded by high
-hills that conceal from view the entrance to its safe and
-picturesque harbor. The streets are wide and straight,
-and the better class of houses two stories high, plastered,
-and roofed with elegant tiles.<a id="FNanchor_124" href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> The interior is kept
-very clean and neat, and the rooms, covered with mats,
-are separated from each other by sliding screens, that
-are closed or removed at pleasure. There are no chimneys
-in Japan. A charcoal fire is built in a little sandpit
-in the middle of the floor, around which the family
-are usually found seated on their knees (qu. heels?),
-drinking tea and smoking their pipes. Not a chair or
-any other piece of furniture can be seen. Tubs of water
-are kept in front of each house, as well as on the roofs,
-in readiness against any fire, for conflagrations are so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</span>
-frequent and extensive that whole towns are sometimes
-burnt down.</p>
-
-<p>“The temples, chiefly Buddhist, are beautifully situated
-in the suburbs. The entrance to them leads generally
-through rows of elegant trees and wild camellias.
-They are large, plain structures, with high, peaked
-roofs, resembling the houses pictured on Chinese porcelain.
-In the space immediately in front is a large
-bell for summoning the faithful, a stone reservoir of
-holy water, and several roughly hewn stone idols. The
-doorway is ornamented with curious-looking dragons
-and other animals, carved in wood. Upon entering,
-there is nothing special about the buildings worth
-noting, the naked sides and exposed rafters having
-a gloomy appearance. The altar is the only object
-that attracts attention. It so much resembles the
-Roman Catholic, that I need not describe it. Some
-of the idols on these altars are so similar to those I
-have seen in the churches in Italy, that if they were
-mutually translated I doubt whether either set of worshippers
-would discover the change. The priests count
-beads, shave their heads, and wear analogous robes,
-and the service is attended by the ringing of bells, the
-lighting of candles, and the burning of incense. In
-fact, except that the cross is nowhere to be seen, one
-could easily imagine himself within a Roman Catholic
-place of worship.</p>
-
-<p>“I saw some very pretty girls here. They understand
-the art of applying rouge and pearl powder,
-as well as some of our ladies at home. The married
-women have a horrid and disgusting fashion of staining
-their teeth black.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_304f" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_304f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Commodore Perry</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>After remaining three weeks at Shimoda, which soon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</span>
-after was made an imperial city, the sailing-vessels departed
-for Hakodate, followed a few days after by the
-steamers. Of the island of Ōshima, near the entrance of
-the bay of Yedo, and close to which the “Powhatan”
-passed, the “Tribune” correspondent gives the following
-description:</p>
-
-<p>“About noon we were within three miles of the island
-of Ōshima, and had a fine opportunity of observing the
-traces of volcanic action which it presents. The whole
-island is one immense volcano, the top of which has
-fallen in and formed a great basin, which incessantly
-belches forth white smoke and ashes. The edges of
-the crater are black, as if charred by fire, and on the
-southwestern side of the island a stream of lava reaches
-from the summit to the sea. Some large crevices continue
-still smoking, and others are filled with ashes.
-A bluff near the sea, about two hundred feet high,
-appears to be of recent formation, for the bushes and
-trees along the edges of the lava have a yellow, burnt
-appearance. The slopes of the mountain are covered
-with luxuriant vegetation; and there are two towns, one
-on a narrow table-land, and the other on the top of a
-steep cliff, near a suspicious-looking crater. There is
-said to be a third village on the northwestern side of
-the island.”<a id="FNanchor_125" href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p>
-
-<p>Of Hakodate, in the island of Matsumae, already
-known to us by Golownin’s description, which the
-squadron visited in the month of May, the same letter
-affords the following account:</p>
-
-<p>“Hakodate is another Gibraltar. It has the same
-long, low isthmus, ending in the same mighty rock,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</span>
-with another city sitting at its feet. The bay is seven
-or eight miles wide, with an entrance of two or three
-miles in width; it is deep enough for ships-of-the-line
-to approach within a mile of the shore, and its clayey
-bottom, free from rocks or shoals, affords excellent
-anchorage, while it is defended from the sea by a
-sand-bank, a prolongation of the isthmus. Behind the
-bay the land is quite level, but at the distance of six
-or eight miles it rises into a range of hills from one to
-three thousand feet high. These hills, still covered
-with snow, send down several streams to the bay,
-furnishing the best of water for ships. The plain is
-finely cultivated, and fishing villages line the shore.
-We took fish plentifully,—one day twenty buckets,
-with more than twenty fine salmon, some weighing
-fifteen pounds.</p>
-
-<p>“The city has, I should guess, about four thousand
-houses, and perhaps five times as many inhabitants.
-The two main streets are parallel, and run along the
-foot of the mountain. Narrower streets run from the
-wharves up the mountain, crossing both the principal
-streets, one of which is about thirty feet higher than
-the other. The lower of these is almost as broad as
-Broadway, and infinitely cleaner. The houses on it
-are well built; most of them have two stories, with
-shops on the ground floor. The manner of building
-reminds one very strongly of Switzerland. A flat,
-projecting roof is covered with shingles, which are
-fastened by long poles, with stones laid upon them;
-broad galleries run quite around the upper story;
-before the door is a little wooden porch; this, too,
-with projecting gable, which, as well as the pillars
-that support it, are often adorned with rich carving.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</span>
-The temples, one of which is at least two hundred
-and fifty feet square, are profusely ornamented with
-carvings. Dragons, horses, bulls, and hares figure
-largely, but tortoises and cranes carry the day.”</p>
-
-<p>From Hakodate, where the intercourse with the local
-officials was entirely satisfactory, the ships returned to
-Shimoda, where, according to an appointment previously
-made, the commodore met the four commissioners,
-and three new ones, with whom he proceeded
-to negotiate the following <i>Additional Regulations:</i></p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article I.</span>—The imperial governors of Shimoda will
-place watch-stations wherever they deem best, to designate
-the limits of their jurisdiction; but Americans are at liberty
-to go through them, unrestricted, within the limits of seven
-Japanese ri, or miles (equal to sixteen English miles); and
-those who are found transgressing Japanese laws may be
-apprehended by the police and taken on board their ships.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article II.</span>—Three landing-places shall be constructed
-for the boats of merchant ships and whale ships resorting to
-this port; one at Shimoda, one at Kakizaki, and the third at
-the brook lying south-east of Centre Island. The citizens
-of the United States will, of course, treat the Japanese
-officers with proper respect.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article III.</span>—Americans, when on shore, are not allowed
-access to military establishments, or private houses,
-without leave; but they can enter shops and visit temples
-as they please.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article IV.</span>—Two temples, the Ryōsen-ji, at Shimoda,
-and the Gyokusen-ji at Kakizaki, are assigned as resting-places
-for persons in their walks, until public houses and
-inns are erected for their convenience.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article V.</span>—Near the Temple Gyokusen, at Kakizaki,
-a burial-ground has been set apart for Americans, where
-their graves and tombs shall not be molested.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article VI.</span>—It is stipulated in the treaty of Kanagawa,
-that coal will be furnished at Hakodate; but as it is
-very difficult for the Japanese to supply it at that port,
-Commodore Perry promises to mention this to his government,
-in order that the Japanese government may be relieved
-from the obligation of making that port a coal dépôt.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article VII.</span>—It is agreed that henceforth the Chinese
-language shall not be employed in official communications
-between the two governments, except when there is no Dutch
-interpreter.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article VIII.</span>—A harbor-master and three skilful
-pilots have been appointed for the port of Shimoda.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article IX.</span>—Whenever goods are selected in the
-shops, they shall be marked with the name of the purchaser
-and the price agreed upon, and then be sent to the Goyōsho,
-or government office, where the money is to be paid to Japanese
-officers, and the articles delivered by them.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article X.</span>—The shooting of birds and animals is
-generally forbidden in Japan, and this law is therefore to
-be observed by all Americans.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article XI.</span>—It is hereby agreed that five Japanese
-ri, or miles, be the limit allowed to Americans at Hakodate,
-and the requirements contained in Article I. of these Regulations
-are hereby made also applicable to that port within
-that distance.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Article XII.</span>—His Majesty the Emperor of Japan is
-at liberty to appoint whoever he pleases to receive the ratification
-of the treaty of Kanagawa, and give an acknowledgment
-on his part.</p>
-
-<p>“It is agreed that nothing herein contained shall in
-any way affect or modify the stipulations of the treaty of
-Kanagawa, should that be found to be contrary to these
-regulations.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>Another important matter, in which the Japanese
-seem entirely to have carried the day, was the settle<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</span>ment
-of the value of the American coins to be received
-in payment for goods and supplies—a subject referred
-to a commission composed of two United States pursers
-and nine Japanese.</p>
-
-<p>The Japanese circulating medium was found to consist
-of old kas, round, with a square hole in the middle,
-like the Chinese cash, but thinner, and containing more
-iron; of four-kas pieces, in weight equal to less than
-two of the others, probably, Kämpfer’s double zeni;
-but principally of a new coin rated at one hundred
-kas,—apparently a substitute for the strings of kas
-mentioned by Kämpfer and others. These are oval-shaped
-pieces of copper, about the size and shape of
-a longitudinal section of an egg, introduced within a
-recent period, and weighing only as much as seven
-of the old kas (or, compared with our cents, a little
-less than two of them). This over-valuation has, of
-course, driven the old kas out of circulation, and made
-this depreciated coin the integer of the currency. At
-the same time, it has raised the nominal value of everything,
-as is evident in the case of silver and gold. Instead
-of one thousand kas to the tael of silver, the rate
-in former times, the government, which appears to have
-the monopoly of the mines, sells silver bullion for manufacturing
-use at two thousand two hundred and fifty kas
-for the tael,—a rate fixed probably under some less depreciated
-state of the currency. But when coined, a
-tael’s weight of silver is reckoned in currency at six
-thousand four hundred kas, that is, at six tael and four
-mas, or precisely the valuation, in Kämpfer’s time, of
-the gold koban; and as the ichibu of his day, that is,
-<i>one fourth part</i>, as the word signifies in Japanese, represented
-sixteen hundred kas in real weight of silver,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</span>
-so the ichibu of the present day, of which there is both
-a silver and a gold one, represents sixteen hundred kas
-of currency. The bullion price of gold in Japan is
-only eight and a half times that of silver instead of
-sixteen times, as with us; while in currency the difference
-in value is only about as one to three and a half,
-the price in silver, or copper hundred-kas pieces, of a
-tael’s weight of gold bullion being nineteen taels, and
-the same when coined passing as twenty-three taels,
-seven mas and five kanderin. Besides the gold ichibu,
-the Japanese are represented as having three other gold
-coins, thin, oval pieces, of the currency value respectively
-of one, ten, and twenty taels;<a id="FNanchor_126" href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> also a coin, made
-of gold and silver, worth half an ichibu, or eight hundred-kas
-pieces, and a small silver piece, worth a quarter
-of an ichibu, or four hundred-kas pieces.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</span></p>
-
-<p>The Japanese commissioners insisted that our coin
-was but bullion to them, the effect of which is to put
-our silver dollar, so far as payments in Japan are concerned,
-precisely on a level with their silver ichibu,
-which weighs only one third as much. Our gold coins,
-compared with their gold coins, stand better, the relative
-weight of our gold dollar and their gold ichibu
-being as 65.33 to 52.25; but as the copper hundred-kas
-piece is their standard, and as its value in relation to
-gold is rated so much higher than with us, our gold
-dollar, estimated in this way, becomes worth only eight
-hundred and thirty-six kas, or little more than eight
-and a third hundred-kas pieces, or not much more than
-half an ichibu; the effect of all which is to give the
-Japanese government, through whose hands all payments
-are made, a profit, after recoinage, of sixty-six
-per cent, upon all payments in American coin. As
-the Japanese commissioners would not depart from this
-scheme, the commission dissolved without coming to
-any agreement on this point. But the supplies furnished
-to the squadron were paid for at the rate insisted
-upon by the Japanese; nor can private traders, as matters
-stand, expect any better terms.</p>
-
-<p>The rates of pilotage at Shimoda were fixed at fifteen
-dollars for vessels drawing over eighteen feet, five
-dollars for vessels drawing less than thirteen feet, and
-ten dollars for those of intermediate size; only half of
-these rates to be paid in case of anchorage in the outer
-harbor. Water was to be furnished at fourteen hundred
-kas the boat-load, the ship finding casks. Wood was
-to be delivered on board at seven thousand two hundred
-kas per cube of five American feet.</p>
-
-<p>The price put by the Japanese upon a few tons of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</span>
-inferior coal, brought to Shimoda, amounted, at their
-rate of exchange, to twenty-eight dollars the ton. It
-did not appear that coal was anywhere else mined
-except at the spot visited by Kämpfer and Siebold near
-Kokura, and another mine in the province of Awa, in
-the island Shikoku.</p>
-
-<p>The business thus completed, a parting entertainment
-was given on board the “Mississippi”; and, after
-an interchange of presents, the vessels on the 26th of
-June took their departure. Stopping at Lew Chew,
-Commodore Perry negotiated a compact with the authorities
-of that island, which, from all the information
-he could obtain, he concluded to be a nearly independent
-sovereignty.</p>
-
-<p>Within fifteen days after Commodore Perry’s departure
-from Shimoda, the clipper ship “Lady Pierce,”
-from San Francisco, fitted out for the express purpose
-of being the first American ship to arrive in Japan
-after the opening of commercial relations, entered the
-bay of Yedo, with the owner, Silas E. Burrows, on
-board.</p>
-
-<p>He had with him a Japanese seaman, the sole survivor
-of a crew of fifteen men, belonging to a junk
-which had been blown out to sea, and was picked up
-near the Sandwich Islands, after having drifted about
-for seven months. This man, who is represented as
-quite intelligent, and who had resided for some time
-at San Francisco, was received with lively demonstrations
-of pleasure by his countrymen.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_312f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_312f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Reception of Commodore Perry by the Japanese Emperor</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>With a party of the Uraga officials on board, the
-“Lady Pierce” proceeded to within ten miles of Yedo,
-and her owners expressed a desire to anchor off that
-city; but this was objected to by the officers, who<span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</span>
-said, “It is not good; Commodore Perry did not go
-there, and we hope you will not.”</p>
-
-<p>During the stay of the vessel, every part of her was
-crowded with visitors; and although at one time there
-must have been several thousands in and around the
-ship, and although everything, silverware included, was
-thrown open to their inspection, not a single article was
-stolen.</p>
-
-<p>Large presents of silk, porcelain, lackered ware, etc.,
-were made to Mr. Burrows, who, however, was informed
-that henceforward no foreign intercourse would be permitted
-with Yedo, but that all vessels must proceed
-either to Shimoda or Hakodate. Mr. Burrows himself
-proceeded to Shimoda, but does not seem to have formed
-a very high idea of the prospects of trade there.<a id="FNanchor_127" href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</span></p>
-
-<p>On the 18th of September, the steam-frigate “Susquehanna”
-again appeared at Shimoda, on her way home via
-the Sandwich Islands, followed on the 21st by the “Mississippi”;
-three days after which, the “Susquehanna”
-left, and the “Mississippi” on the 1st of October. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</span>
-reception given to the officers of both ships was very
-cordial, and their intercourse both with officials and the
-towns-people was almost entirely free from any marks
-of that restraint and apparent suspicion exhibited on
-former occasions. Besides an interchange of visits and
-dinners, several Japanese officials attended, on a Sunday,
-divine service on board the “Susquehanna.”</p>
-
-<p>“Many of us,” writes an officer of the “Mississippi,”
-“entered houses very frequently, and sat down with
-the people to smoke or drink tea. One day the sound
-of a guitar attracted me, and I found an olive girl, of
-some fifteen or sixteen years, who, not perceiving my
-presence, continued her play. It was a strange tune,
-wild and melancholy, and often abruptly interrupted
-by harsh accords. After a while some women that had
-assembled around us made the girl aware of my presence;
-she threw down her instrument and began to cry,
-and I could not induce her to play again. The guitar
-was made of wood, with the exception of the upper lid.
-Of the three strings, two were in the octave, the middle
-one giving the fifth. The strings were not touched by
-the fingers, but with a flat piece of horn, held between
-the thumb and third finger of the right hand, in shape
-not unlike the one painters use to clean their palettes
-and mix their colors.</p>
-
-<p>“On another occasion I heard a young man playing
-a flute. This instrument was of the most primitive
-description, consisting only of a piece of hollow bamboo,
-bored with seven finger-holes, and the hole for the
-mouth. The tunes were very strange, and appeared to
-me more like a mass of confused sounds, than a regular
-harmony.<a id="FNanchor_128" href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</span></p>
-
-<p>“At the beginning of the new moon, I saw in several
-houses a sort of domestic worship. A number of women
-had assembled before the shrine of the household god,
-and, divided in two parties, were singing hymns, one
-party alternately answering the other. Their song was
-accompanied by strokes upon a little bell or gong, with
-a small wooden hammer; and, as the bells were of different
-tones, the effect was by no means unpleasant.”</p>
-
-<p>“There are a number of temples near Shimoda,”
-writes an officer of the “Susquehanna,” “and attached
-to each is a graveyard. At one of these, situated
-near a village, there is a place set apart for Americans.
-Here Dr. Hamilton was buried, being laid by
-the side of two others who had died on the second
-visit of the ships. Each grave has its appropriate
-stone, as with us, and by many of them are evergreens
-set in vases, or joints of bamboo, containing
-water. Cups of fresh water are also set by the graves,
-and to these, birds of dazzling plumage and delightful
-song come and drink. The graves of the Americans
-were not forgotten.”</p>
-
-<p>The officers were permitted to go into the country
-any distance they wished, and the country people were
-found pleasant and sociable; but upon this second visit
-the advantages of Shimoda as a place of trade, or the
-prospects of traffic under the treaty, do not seem to have
-struck the visitors very favorably. “The harbor,” writes
-an officer of the “Susquehanna” to the “Tribune,” “is
-a small indentation of land, running northeast and southwest,
-about a half-mile in extent, and is capable of holding
-five or six vessels of ordinary size. It is, however,
-entirely unprotected from the southwest winds, which
-bring with them a heavy sea, and which renders the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</span>
-anchorage very unsafe. With the wind from the north
-and the east, the vessel rides at her ease at her anchorage.
-Good wood and sweet water, as well as a
-few provisions, were obtained from the authorities, for
-the use of the ships, at the most extravagant prices.
-Numerous articles, such as lackered and China ware, of
-a very fine and delicate quality, and far superior to that
-manufactured in China, were purchased by the officers;
-but every article had to pass through the hands of the
-Japanese officers, and the amount due the merchants
-had to be paid, not to them but to the Japanese officials
-who had been appointed for that very purpose by
-the mayor of the city and the governor of the province.
-This article of the treaty will be most scrupulously enforced;
-and this is decidedly its worst feature.”</p>
-
-<p>“Shimoda,” writes another officer, “does not appear
-well calculated, upon the whole, for a place of trade,
-and it can never become an active commercial town.
-Neither is it a manufacturing town. This, added to
-the fact that the harbor is a bad one, will make it
-appear evident that the Japanese commissioners got
-the better of us in the treaty, as far as this place is
-concerned.</p>
-
-<p>“The surrounding country (wherever nature will
-permit it) is highly cultivated. The valley of the
-creek is broad and well tilled, yielding rice, millet,
-Egyptian corn and maize.<a id="FNanchor_129" href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> The ears produced by
-the last are very small, being not more than from two
-to four inches in length. Sweet potatoes and the eggplant
-are also raised in great abundance. There are no
-horses about Shimoda, and bullocks are made to supply
-their places. Provisions, with the exception of eggs<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</span>
-and vegetables, cannot be obtained here. The shark
-and bonito are the only large fish found in the harbor.
-Small fish are plentiful, and they seem to form almost
-the only article of food of the inhabitants, besides
-rice.”</p>
-
-<p>The following description of the houses at Shimoda,
-by Mr. S. Wells Williams, will serve to illustrate the
-descriptions of Japanese houses already given from
-Kämpfer and Thunberg, and will show how little, as
-to that matter, Japan has altered since their time:</p>
-
-<p>“The houses in Shimoda are built merely of pine
-boards, or of plaster thickly spread over a wattled wall
-of laths, the interstices of which are filled in with
-mud. In some cases these modes of construction are
-combined—the front and rear being of boards, or sliding
-panels, and the sides of mud. When thoroughly
-dried, the mud is whitewashed, and the plain surface
-worked into round ridges, three inches high, crossing
-each other diagonally from the roof to the ground; the
-ridges are then washed blue, and give the exterior a
-checker-board look, which, though singular, is more
-lively than a blue mud wall. The plaster is excellent,
-and these walls appear very solid and rather
-pretty when new; at a distance one would even think
-them to be stone; but after a few years the ridges
-loosen, the rain insinuates itself beneath the outer
-coating, and the whole begins to scale and crack off,
-disclosing the mud and rushes, and then the tenement
-soon falls to pieces. Still the progress of decay is not
-so rapid as one would think, judging only by the nature
-of the materials, and the walls are well protected by the
-projecting eaves. No bricks are used in building, nor
-are square tiles for floors seen; and the manner of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</span>
-making walls common in southern China, by beating
-sanded clay into wooden moulds, is unknown.</p>
-
-<p>“Some of the best houses and temples have stone
-foundations, a few only of which are made of dressed
-stone. Half a dozen or more storehouses occur, faced
-entirely with slabs of stone, and standing detached from
-other buildings, and are doubtless fire-proof buildings.
-There are no cellars under the houses; the floors are
-raised on sleepers only two feet above the beaten ground,
-and uniformly covered with straw mats stuffed with
-chaff, or grass an inch thick. The frames are of pine,
-the joists four or five inches square, and held together
-by the flooring of the attic, as well as the plates and
-ridge-pole. The houses and shops join each other on
-the sides, with few exceptions, leaving the front and
-rear open. There is no uniformity in the width of the
-lots, the fronts of some shops extending twenty, thirty,
-or more feet along the street, while intermediate ones
-are mere stalls not over ten feet wide.</p>
-
-<p>“The shops succeed each other without any regular
-order as to their contents, those of the same sort not
-being arranged together, as is often the case in China.
-The finer wares are usually kept in drawers, so that,
-unless one is well acquainted with the place, he cannot
-easily find the goods he seeks. The eaves of the
-houses project about four feet from the front and are
-not over eight feet from the ground; the porch thus
-made furnishes a covered place for arranging crockery,
-fruits, etc., for sale, trays of trinkets on a movable
-stall, baskets of grain, or other coarse articles, to attract
-buyers. The entrance is on one side, and the
-path leads directly through to the rear. The wooden
-shutters of shops are all removed in the daytime, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</span>
-the paper windows closed, or thrust aside, according to
-the weather. On a pleasant day the doors are open,
-and in lieu of the windows a screen is hung midway
-so as to conceal the shopman and his customer from
-observation, while those goods placed on the stand
-are still under his eye. A case, with latticed or wire
-doors, to contain the fine articles of earthen ware, a
-framework, with hooks and shelves, to suspend iron
-utensils or wooden ware, or a movable case of drawers,
-to hold silks, fine lackered ware, or similar goods, constitute
-nearly all the furniture of the shops. Apothecaries’
-shops are hung with gilded signs and paper
-placards, setting forth the variety and virtues of their
-medicines, some of which are described as brought from
-Europe. The partition which separates the shop from
-the dwelling is sometimes closed, but more usually
-open; and a customer has, generally speaking, as much
-to do with the mistress as the master of the establishment.
-When he enters, his straw sandals are always
-left on the ground as he steps on the mats and squats
-down to look at the goods, which are then spread out
-on the floor. A foreigner has need of some thoughtfulness
-in this particular, as it is an annoyance to a
-Japanese to have his mats soiled by dirty feet, or
-broken through by coarse shoes.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_320f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_320f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Scene in the Harbor of Uraga</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“The rear of the building is appropriated to the
-family. Here the domestic operations are all carried
-on; here the family take their meals in the day; here,
-on the same mats, do they sleep at night; receiving
-visitors and dressing the children are also done here,
-and sometimes the cooking too. Usually this latter
-household task is performed in the porch in the rear,
-or in an out-house, so that the inmates are not so much<span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</span>
-annoyed with smoke as they are in Hakodate. No arrangements
-for warming the dwelling are to be found,
-except that of hand-braziers placed in the middle of the
-room with lighted charcoal, around which the family
-gather. In most of the houses there is a garret,
-reached by a ladder,—a dark and small apartment,
-where some goods can be stored, or servants can be
-lodged. There is not a house in the town whose
-occupants have arranged this attic with windows and
-stairways to make it a pleasant room; a few such were,
-however, seen near the capital, at Kanagawa, and in
-its vicinity.</p>
-
-<p>“The roofs of all the best buildings are hipped, and
-covered with bluish tiling, each tile being about eight
-inches square, shaped somewhat like a wedge; the thick
-side is so made that, when laid on the rafters, it laps
-sideways over the thin edge of the adjoining tile in
-the next row, and thus forms gutters somewhat like
-the Chinese roofs. They are washed in alternate rows
-of white and blue, which, with the checkered walls, imparts
-a lively aspect, and contrasts pleasantly with the
-more numerous dingy thatched roofs. The thatched
-roofs are made of a species of Arundo, grown and
-prepared for this purpose, and answering admirably as
-a cheap and light covering to the wooden tenements
-occupied by most of the people. It is matted into a
-compact mass eighteen inches thick, as it is laid on,
-and then the surface and the sides are neatly sheared.
-The ridge-pole is protected by laying the thatch over
-a row of hoops that enclose it enough to overlap the
-edges on both slopes, and prevent the rain finding entrance.
-One cannot feel surprise at the ravages fires
-make in Japanese towns, where the least wind must<span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</span>
-blow the flame upon such straw coverings, which, like
-a tinder-box, would ignite at the first spark. Wires
-are stretched along the ridges of some of the tiled roofs
-in Shimoda to prevent birds from resting on the houses.</p>
-
-<p>“In the rear yards, attached to a large number of
-the dwellings, are out-houses, and sometimes, as in the
-lodging-houses, additional sleeping-rooms. Kitchen-gardens
-are not unfrequently seen, and more rarely
-fancy fish-ponds, dwarfed trees, and even stone carvings.
-A family shrine, made like a miniature house,
-containing images of penates and lares, is met with in
-most of the yards. Only a few of them are adorned
-with large trees, and still fewer of them exhibit marks
-of care or taste, presenting in this respect an observable
-contrast to the neatness of the houses. High hedges
-or stone walls separate these yards when they are contiguous,
-but the depth of the lots is usually insufficient
-to allow room for both the opposite dwellings
-the luxury of a garden.</p>
-
-<p>“There is not much variety in the structure of the
-various buildings in Shimoda, and their general appearance
-denotes little enterprise or wealth. The
-paper windows and doors, not a few of them dirty
-and covered with writing, or torn by children to take
-a peep inside, impart a monotonous aspect to the streets.
-Dyers’, carpenters’, blacksmiths’, stone-cutters’, and
-some other shops, have latticed fronts to admit more
-light, which are elevated above the observation of persons
-passing by. In front of those dwellings occupied
-by officials, a white cotton curtain, three feet wide, is
-stretched along the whole length of the porch, having
-the coat of arms of the occupant painted on it in black;
-the names of the principal lodgers are also stuck on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</span>
-door-posts. Signs are mostly written on the doors, as
-the windows are drawn aside during the day; but only
-a portion of the shops have any. Lodging-houses, barbers’
-shops, restaurants, or tea-houses, apothecaries, and
-a few others, are almost always indicated by signs. One
-dealer in crockery and lackered ware has the sign of
-a celebrated medicine placed on a high pole, and, the
-more to attract attention, has written the name in
-foreign letters. As in China, placards for medicines
-were the most conspicuous of all, but none are pasted
-upon blank walls; all are suspended in the shops.
-However, no dwelling or shop is left unprotected from
-the ill-usage of malignant spirits, every one having a
-written or printed charm or picture (sometimes a score
-or more) over the door to defend the inmates from
-evil.”</p>
-
-<p>In the interval between Commodore Perry’s first and
-second visits to the bay of Yedo, Nagasaki was visited
-by a Russian squadron. On the 7th of September, 1854,
-just before the last visit of the “Mississippi” and “Susquehanna”
-to Shimoda, a British squadron of three
-steamers and a frigate arrived at Nagasaki under Admiral
-Sterling. These British vessels, which found the annual
-Dutch trading-ship, two large Chinese junks, also a
-Dutch steamer, lying in the harbor, encountered the
-usual reception, being served with notices, surrounded
-with boats, and denied liberty to land. At length,
-however, after a deal of negotiation and threats to
-proceed to Yedo, it was agreed to furnish supplies,
-tea, rice, pigs, etc., and to receive payment through
-the Dutch. On the 15th the admiral landed, and
-was conducted in state to the governor’s house. The
-guard-boats were withdrawn, and the men were allowed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</span>
-to land on an island to recreate themselves. Other interviews
-followed, presents were interchanged, and, on
-the 19th, the squadron left. These particulars are
-drawn from the published letter of a medical officer
-on board, who describes the supplies furnished as
-very good, and the Japanese soy as cheap and nice,
-but who does not seem to have relished the sake,
-which he likens in taste to acetate of ammonia water.</p>
-
-<p>The American war-steamer “Powhatan” visited Shimoda
-February 21, 1855, to complete the exchange of
-ratification, which done, she sailed again two days after.
-The town of Shimoda was found in a state of desolation
-and ruin, from the effects of a disastrous earthquake,
-on the 23d of December previous, in which the Russian
-frigate “Diana,” then lying in the harbor to complete
-the pending negotiations, was so damaged as to have
-sunk in attempting to make a neighboring port for
-repairs. Ōsaka and Yedo were reported to have suffered
-severely, and Yedo still more from a subsequent
-fire.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>[See also “Matthew Calbraith Perry” (Griffis) and the Official
-Report of Commodore Perry’s Expedition.—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span>]</p>
-</div>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XLVI">CHAPTER XLVI</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="hang"><i>New Dutch Treaty—Mr. Harris, American Consul at Shimoda—His
-Convention with the Japanese—His Journey to Yedo—Second Visit
-to Yedo—Conditional Treaty—British Treaty—French and Russian
-Treaties—Japanese Embassies to the United States, A.D. 1854-1860.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">The</span> success of the Americans in forming a treaty
-with Japan led to negotiations on the part of
-the Dutch, by which the narrow privileges enjoyed
-by that nation were considerably extended. By
-this treaty, which was signed January 30, 1856, the
-ports open to the Americans were opened also to the
-Dutch. They were allowed to exercise their religion,
-and to bring their wives and children to Japan. They
-were authorized to trade directly with Japanese merchants,
-and to hold free intercourse at Deshima with
-other foreigners. They, in their turn, undertook to
-supply the Japanese with a war steamer, and to give
-them instruction in naval matters.</p>
-
-<p>In August, 1856, the United States steamer “San
-Jacinto” arrived at Shimoda, bringing out Mr. Townsend
-Harris, a merchant of New York, who had been
-appointed consul to Japan; as it proved, a very judicious
-selection.<a id="FNanchor_130" href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> A temple near Shimoda was appointed
-for his residence, but the whole circumstances
-of his reception showed that the Japanese dislike of
-foreign intercourse remained almost as strong as ever.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</span>
-They had taken some steps, however, to execute the
-treaty. They had built a stone landing-place at Shimoda,
-had brought from the mines several hundred tons
-of coal, and had constructed a large bazaar for the sale
-to Americans of Japanese wares. But it was very apparent
-that Shimoda, from its situation, never could
-become a place of much trade; while the necessity of
-purchasing through a Japanese official, and the low
-valuation put upon American wares, as estimated in
-Japanese currency, were additional obstacles.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Harris obtained the confidence and good-will of
-the authorities at Shimoda, and succeeded in negotiating
-a convention, in March, 1857, by which American
-citizens were allowed to reside at Shimoda and Hakodate,
-and to trade at Nagasaki; and by which, also,
-it was hoped that the currency difficulty would be
-arranged.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Harris had brought with him a letter from the
-president to the emperor, and at length, after much
-importunity and more than a year’s delay, he obtained
-leave to visit Yedo to deliver it. Yedo is only eighty
-miles by land from Shimoda, yet it took several days
-to make the journey. Mr. Harris thus describes it in
-a private letter:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“My train numbered some one hundred and fifty persons,
-composed of guards, norimono-bearers, cooks, grooms, shoe-bearers,
-cane-bearers, fan-bearers, and last, though not least,
-a standard-bearer, and a large number of coolies. I had
-permitted the Japanese to arrange and dress my train according
-to their ideas of propriety, and what they conceived
-was due to the representative of the President of the United
-States. My guards, each with two swords in the girdle,
-and clad in new silk dresses, as they swelled and strutted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</span>
-about, appeared to be ‘mightily uplifted in heart,’ while they
-and my bearers and grooms appeared to have ‘broken out’
-all over their bodies with ‘spread eagles,’ as the back,
-breast, and sleeves of their dresses were sprinkled over
-with the arms of the United States, which were neatly
-painted on them. I performed the journey partly on horseback,
-and partly in a norimono, which is the Japanese name
-for a palanquin. The Japanese norimono will compare with
-the celebrated iron cage of Cardinal Balue, of France, in
-which the poor inmate could neither lie down nor stand up.
-In the norimono the Japanese kneel and place their feet
-close together, and then sit on their heels; if they wish to
-repose themselves they lean forward, and rest the chin on
-their knees, so that the body and limbs form three horizontal
-folds or piles—a position that they assume and keep
-without annoyance, from long practice, and from the great
-flexibility of their joints, but which is almost unattainable
-by a white man, and is absolutely unendurable.</p>
-
-<p>“I had a norimono made for me seven feet long, and in
-it I put a mattress and pillows, which made it as comfortable
-as the Indian palanquin; but, of all modes of travelling,
-the camel, the elephant, and the palanquin are the most
-fatiguing.</p>
-
-<p>“On the morning of Monday, November 23, I started
-for a long-desired goal of my wishes. Four lads, with small
-bamboo wands, led the way as harbingers, and their voices
-sounded quite musical as they sang the Japanese words for
-‘clear the way,’ ‘kneel down,’ ‘kneel down.’ Next followed
-a Japanese officer on horseback; then came a large
-lackered tablet, bearing my name and titles in immense
-Chinese characters. The tablet was supported by two huge
-transparent lanterns, which bore similar inscriptions. (When
-I halted, the tablet was placed in front of my quarters, and
-at night the lanterns were lighted and hung up over the gate
-of the house.) Next came a stout fellow, bearing the ‘stars<span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</span>
-and stripes,’ with four guards. I followed, either on horseback
-or in my norimono, and attended by twelve guards.
-Next came Mr. Heusken (interpreter), and after him I do
-not recollect how it was arranged, except that the Vice-Governor
-brought up the rear.</p>
-
-<p>“For the first three days the route was entangled among
-mountains and deep ravines which compose the peninsula of
-Izu. The path (for it could not be called a road) was narrow,
-and in many places was formed by cutting steps in the
-Fufa rocks, and sometimes it ran over mountains four thousand
-feet high. On the second day I reached Ugashima, and
-as I emerged from the gorges of Mount Amagi, I had my
-first view of ‘Fuji Yama,’ the ‘Matchless Mountain.’ The
-sight was grand beyond description. As viewed from the
-Temple at Ugashima, the mountain appears to be entirely
-isolated, and shoots up in a glorious and perfect cone ten
-thousand feet high! It was covered with snow, and in a
-bright sunlight it glittered like frosted silver. For the two
-nights I was lodged in temples, which had been fitted up
-for me with new bath-rooms, and other appliances to contribute
-to my comfort. On the evening of the third day I
-arrived at Mishima, a town on the Tōkaidō or great East
-Road, and from thence to Yedo the road is wide and good.
-On the great roads of Japan nice buildings are erected for
-the accommodation of the princes when they travel; they
-are called Honjin; and it was in them that I had my quarters
-for the remainder of my journey.</p>
-
-<p>“My first day’s journey on the Tō-kai-dō was over the
-mountain Hakone, which is some four thousand and five
-hundred feet high.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp70" id="i_328f" style="max-width: 50em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_328f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Townsend Harris</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>“The passage of Mount Hakone was not completed
-until after nightfall; but I did not regret being belated, as
-it afforded me the novel sight of my train brilliantly lighted
-by a large number of huge bamboo torches. As the train
-twisted and turned among the descents of the mountain, it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</span>
-looked like the tail of a huge fiery dragon. On reaching the
-plain I was met by the authorities of the city of Odawara,
-and a whole army of lanterns, of all imaginable sizes and
-colors, each being decorated with the arms of its owner, and
-the whole forming an <i>ensemble</i> that was lively and pleasing.
-I passed Sunday, the 29th of November, at Kawasaki.
-From my first arrival in Japan up to the present day, I
-have always refused to transact any business or to travel on
-Sunday. I soon got the Japanese to understand my motive,
-and I am sure it has increased their respect for me.</p>
-
-<p>“The roads were all repaired, and cleanly swept, on the
-whole of my route, before I passed; bridges were put in
-order, and many new ones built; all travel on the road was
-stopped, so that I did not see those crowds of travellers,
-priests, nuns, etc., described by Kämpfer; the shops in all
-the towns and villages were closed (except cook-shops and
-tea-houses), and the inhabitants, clad in their holiday clothes,
-knelt on mats spread in front of their houses; not a sound
-was heard, nor a gesture indicative of curiosity seen; all was
-respectful silence. The people were ordered to cast down
-their eyes as I passed, as I was too high even to be looked
-at; but this order was only partially obeyed, for the dear
-daughters of Eve would have a peep, regardless of consequences.
-The authorities of the towns and villages met me
-at their boundaries, and saluted me by kneeling and ‘knocking
-head’; they then led the way through their little jurisdictions,
-and took leave by similar prostrations.</p>
-
-<p>“On Monday, the 30th of November, I made my entry
-into Yedo. My followers put on their kamishimo, or dresses
-of ceremony, decorated with any quantity of eagles.</p>
-
-<p>“I should not have known when I passed the line which
-separates Shinagawa from Yedo, had the spot not been
-pointed out to me, as the houses form a continuous street
-for some miles before you reach the actual boundary of the
-city. From the gate by which I entered the city to my<span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</span>
-quarters was about seven miles. The streets of Yedo are
-divided into sections of one hundred and twenty yards, by
-gates and palisades of strong timber. This enables the
-police to isolate any portion of the city, or any line running
-through it, and thus prevent the assembling of crowds or
-mobs. When we approached a gate, it was opened, and
-as soon as the rear had passed through, it was closed. The
-gates of all the cross streets were also kept closed. I could
-see immense crowds beyond the gates, but the people on our
-actual line of march were those only that occupied the buildings
-on the route. Notwithstanding all this, the number
-that assembled was prodigious. The centre of the way was
-kept clear, and the crowd kept back by ropes stretched along
-each side of the street. The assemblage was composed of
-men, women, and children, of all ranks and conditions—the
-women being the larger number. I estimated the two lines
-of people that extended along the way, from my entrance
-into the city to the place provided for my residence, to have
-been full three hundred thousand. Yet in all this vast concourse
-I did not hear a word, except the constant cry of the
-harbingers, <i>Sátu, sátu!</i>[?].</p>
-
-<p>“You may think it impossible that silence could have
-been maintained among so large a number of women, but
-I assure you it was so.</p>
-
-<p>“The house prepared for me was situated within the
-fourth circle of the castle, or aristocratic portion of the city,
-and large enough to accommodate five hundred persons, in
-the Japanese manner.</p>
-
-<p>“On my arrival I was warmly welcomed by my good friend
-the Prince of Shinano [Inouye Shinano-no-kami], who showed
-me the various provisions that had been made for my accommodation
-and comfort, and which included chairs, tables,
-bedsteads, etc., none of which are used by the Japanese.</p>
-
-<p>“The following day the Prince of Tamba [Toki Tamba-no-kami]
-visited me in great state. He said he came as a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</span>
-‘special embassador’ from the Emperor to congratulate me
-on my arrival, and to ask after my health. After receiving
-these compliments, and making a suitable reply, the Prince
-pointed to a large box, which he said was a present to me
-from his Majesty. I found the box contained five large
-trays of bon-bons, weighing one hundred pounds.</p>
-
-<p>“I subsequently visited the hereditary Prince of Hotta
-[Hotta Bitchū-no-kami], Chief of the great Council of State
-and Minister for Foreign Affairs. The visit was a pleasant
-one, and the arrangements for my audience were completed.
-I gave the Prince a copy of my intended speech to the Emperor,
-and before I left, he gave a copy of the reply the
-Emperor would make to me. By this arrangement, the
-speeches being both translated beforehand, we would be
-enabled to dispense with the presence of interpreters at the
-audience. On the Monday week after my arrival, I set out
-for the Palace. My train blazed out in new silk dresses,
-and my guard wore their breeches rolled up to the middle
-of the thigh. You must know that the wearing of breeches
-in Japan is a mark of high rank, or, if worn by an inferior,
-that he is in the service of one of the highest rank. A new
-flag, made of Japanese crape, was carried before me. This
-flag is the first foreign banner that was ever carried through
-this great city, and I mean to preserve it as a precious relic.
-The distance from my residence to the Palace was over
-two miles. On arriving at the bridge over the third moat,
-or ditch, all my train left their horses and norimono, and
-proceeded on foot. I continued in my norimono, and was
-carried over three moats, and through as many fortified
-gateways, up to the gate of the Palace itself. I was received
-at the entrance by two chamberlains, who, having
-‘knocked head,’ conducted me to an apartment where I
-found a chair for my use. Tea, bon-bons, and other refreshments,
-were often offered to me. A large number of
-the princes came to be presented to me. At length I was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</span>
-told the Emperor was ready to receive me. I passed through
-a large hall, in which some three hundred to four hundred
-of the high nobles of Japan, all dressed in their court
-dresses, were kneeling, and as silent and as motionless as
-statues; and from this hall I entered the audience-chamber.
-At this moment a chamberlain called out, in a loud voice,
-‘Merrican Embassador,’ and the Prince of Shinano threw
-himself down and crawled along as I walked in. Mr.
-Heusken, my secretary, who carried the President’s letter,
-halted to the entrance; I advanced up the room, making
-three bows as I proceeded, and halted at the head of two
-lines of men, who were prostrate on their faces; those on my
-right were the five members of the Council of State, with
-the Prince of Bitchū at their head and those on the left
-were three brothers of the Emperor.</p>
-
-<p>“His Majesty was seated on a chair placed on a dais,
-elevated some three feet above the floor of the chamber. He
-was dressed in yellow silk, and wore a black lackered cap
-that utterly defies description. After a short pause, I made
-my address to him; and, after a similar pause, he replied to
-me in a clear and pleasant voice. When the Emperor had
-finished, Mr. Heusken brought the President’s letter to me.
-I removed the silk cover (striped, red and white), opened the
-box, and displayed the writing to the Prince of Bitchū, who
-now stood up. Then, closing the box, I handed it to the
-Prince, who placed it on a lackered stand, prepared for the
-purpose. Mr. Heusken having returned to his place, and
-the Prince being again prostrate, the Emperor bowed to me,
-smiling pleasantly at the same time. This ended my audience,
-and I backed out of the room, making three bows as I
-retired.</p>
-
-<p>“The usual dress of the Japanese nobles is of silk; but
-the court dress is made of a coarse yellow glass-cloth, and
-for a coronet they wear a black lackered affair that looks like
-a distracted night-cap. I did not see a single gem, jewel, or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</span>
-ornament of any kind, on the person of the Emperor, or on
-those of his courtiers, who comprised the great nobility of
-Japan.</p>
-
-<p>“From the audience-chamber I was taken to another room,
-when I found the five great Councillors of State, who, having
-been presented to me, congratulated me on my audience, and
-expressed their wonder and astonishment at what they called
-my ‘greatness of heart.’ When I asked for an explanation,
-they said that they were filled with admiration to see me
-stand erect, look the awful ‘Tycoon’ [<i>Taikun</i>] in the face,
-speak plainly to him, hear his reply—and all this without
-any trepidation, or any ‘quivering of the muscles of the
-side.’ I write all this to let you see that the Japanese princes
-understand the use of court compliments. I was then
-shown a present of fifteen silken robes from his Majesty,
-and was taken to a room where a banquet, set out on
-sixty trays, twelve inches high, was prepared for my single
-stomach. There was food enough for one hundred hungry
-men!</p>
-
-<p>“You must know that the dinner-trays (like the breeches)
-are a mark of rank in Japan; and the rank indicated by the
-height of the trays, which vary from three to twelve inches
-in height. Again, if the trays are lackered it diminishes the
-honor connected with the actual height of the tray, for it
-indicates that it can be used on another occasion; but if it
-be made of unpainted cypress wood, the honor is complete,
-for it says, as plain as words can do, ‘You are so sublime in
-your rank that no one can dare to eat from a tray that you
-have used!’ My attention was particularly called both to
-the height of the trays, and to the flattering fact, that, ‘by
-a special edict,’ they were made of unvarnished wood. You
-must know that this same dinner had been the subject of
-grave discussion, both in Shimoda and in Yedo. They were
-very anxious that I should eat at the Palace. I replied that
-I would do so cheerfully, provided a person or persons of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</span>
-suitable rank would eat with me; but said that self-respect
-would forbid my eating at a table where my host or his
-representative declined to sit down. When I had admired
-the very neat arrangement of the banquet, I was again asked
-to sit down. I then said, ‘Say to his Majesty that I thank
-him for his offered entertainment.’ At last the whole affair
-was sent to my quarters, where I distributed it among my
-Shimoda followers.</p>
-
-<p>“After the exhibition of the dinner I was reconducted to
-the room I first entered, and, after I had drank of the celebrated
-‘powdered tea,’ I left, being conducted to the entrance
-by the two chamberlains, who knocked head with all the
-force that was due to one who had ‘seen the king, and yet
-<i>lived</i>.’ By the way, I forgot to state that the old formula of
-an audience, which was ‘kneel down,’ ‘knock head, so that
-the by-standers can hear your skull crack,’ if it ever did exist
-at the court at Yedo, was not used in my case. A faint
-request was made to me, at Shimoda, that I would kneel,
-but I told them the request was offensive, and must not be
-repeated. That ended it.</p>
-
-<p>“My return to Shimoda was on a steamer presented to the
-Japanese by the Dutch.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>In April, 1858, Mr. Harris returned again to Yedo,
-and after three months spent in arguing with the Japanese
-that it would be impossible for them to maintain
-their policy of isolation, he succeeded in negotiating
-a new treaty. By this treaty, the port of Kanagawa,
-present Yokohama, a suburb of Yedo, was substituted
-for Shimoda as a place for American trade and residence;
-and in 1860, Hiōgo, the harbor of the most
-commercial city of Ōsaka, was also to be opened to
-them. American residents were to enjoy religious
-freedom, and the privilege of direct trade with the Japanese
-merchants. The right to have an ambassador<span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</span>
-resident at Yedo was also included; a position since
-filled by Mr. Harris himself.</p>
-
-<p>Within a few weeks after the negotiation of this
-treaty, Lord Elgin, British commissioner to China and
-Japan, arrived at Shimoda with a considerable British
-squadron. Mr. Harris went on board his ship, and
-accompanied him to the Bay of Yedo. On the 20th
-of August, a treaty was signed with the Japanese by
-Lord Elgin, on the basis of the American treaty. It
-contained the additional provision,—of which we also
-have the benefit to render the clause of our treaty
-giving us all privileges bestowed on other nations,—that
-no export duty should be charged higher than
-twenty per cent; certain articles, including cotton and
-woollen goods, to be admitted at five per cent. On the
-9th of October, a similar treaty was signed with Baron
-Gros, who had visited Yedo as French commissioner.
-Similar privileges, it is understood, are granted to the
-Dutch and Russians.</p>
-
-<p>With the signing of these treaties the Japanese authorities
-may be considered as having yielded the point
-of the re-establishment of foreign intercourse. But a
-great difference of opinion as to this policy is understood
-still to exist among the nobles and princes of the
-Empire; and it is not impossible that these concessions
-to foreigners may lead to internal commotions.</p>
-
-<p>By one of the articles of this new treaty, negotiated
-by Mr. Harris, the Japanese agreed to send an embassy
-to Washington, as bearers of the Emperor’s ratification.
-The fulfilment of this promise was for some
-time delayed, partly, perhaps, by reason of the caution
-and slowness characteristic of Japanese policy, but
-principally, it is supposed, on account of the strong<span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</span>
-opposition of a large party of the princes and nobles to
-the new scheme of foreign intercourse. At length, however,
-on the 27th of February, 1860, the ambassadors,
-three in number, with a suite of seventy-three persons,
-embarked on board the United States steamer, the “Powhatan,”
-the American government having undertaken
-to convey them to the United States, and to carry them
-back again. The “Kanrin-maru,” a war steamer of two
-hundred and fifty tons, built for the Japanese by the
-Dutch, and manned with a Japanese crew of seventy
-men, arrived at San Francisco on the 14th of March,
-after a passage of forty days from the Bay of Yedo, to
-give notice of the approach of the ambassadors. The
-“Powhatan,” after touching at the Sandwich Islands,
-reached Panama on the 25th of April. The ambassadors,
-with their attendants, were immediately conveyed
-on the railroad to Aspinwall, where, the next day, they
-embarked on board the U.S. steamer “Roanoke,” lying
-there to receive them. The “Roanoke” sailed for New
-York, but on arriving at Sandy Hook she was ordered
-to Norfolk, it having been determined that the embassy
-should be first received at Washington. At Norfolk
-the Japanese were transferred to the steamer “Philadelphia.”
-They reached Washington on the 14th of
-May, disembarked at the Navy Yard, and were then
-conveyed to quarters which had been provided for
-them at Willard’s Hotel. To protect them against
-imposition, and to provide for their comfort and security,
-three navy officers who had visited Japan were
-appointed to the general oversight of the embassy while
-it remained in this country. On the 14th they visited
-General Cass, the Secretary of State, and on the next
-day had a formal audience from the President. Though<span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</span>
-received as ministers plenipotentiary, their powers appeared
-to be limited to an exchange of the ratifications
-of the treaty, and to obtaining information as to the
-relative value of Japanese and foreign coins,—a point
-which still remained unsettled in Japan, and was the
-occasion of much complaint on the part of the foreign
-residents.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_336fa" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_336fa.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Junks</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_336fb" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_336fb.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">The New Battleship</span> <i>Mikasa</i><br />
-<span class="smcap">The Old and the New</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The Japanese remained in Washington till the 8th of
-June, spending their time in visits to the various public
-buildings, and a good deal of it in shopping, for which
-many of them seemed to have a great fancy. After
-passing through Baltimore, where they remained one
-night only, they spent a week in Philadelphia, where
-the Mint and its processes were special objects of interest.
-From Philadelphia they went on to New York,
-where they were received at the Battery by an escort of
-five or six thousand men of the New York militia, and
-conveyed through an immense crowd to the quarters
-which had been provided for them at the Metropolitan
-Hotel. Here they remained for two weeks, and on the
-1st of July embarked on board the United States steam-frigate
-“Niagara,” to return to Japan by the Cape of
-Good Hope, being thus the first of their nation to make
-the circumnavigation of the globe.</p>
-
-<p>The time of their stay in this country was limited
-by express orders brought with them from Japan, and
-they declined the numerous invitations which they received
-to visit other cities, and also an excursion which
-the government had planned to the Falls of Niagara.
-The short time they had to spend was no doubt more
-advantageously employed by restricting their observations
-to two or three places. Of the seventy-six persons,
-of which the embassy and its suite were composed,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</span>
-forty-six filled the position of attendants or servants to
-the remaining twenty, though some of them, directly
-attached to the person of the three ambassadors, were
-far above the rank of ordinary menials. The three
-ambassadors, though they bore the title of princes,
-were understood not to belong to the small class of
-hereditary nobles, but to owe their titles to the positions
-which they hold in the Emperor’s service. Among
-the seventeen persons next in rank to the ambassadors
-were a treasurer, having charge of the finances of the
-embassy,—though, except as to such purchases as they
-made, this office was a sinecure; a marshal, so to speak,
-charged with oversight and government of the servants;
-several secretaries, interpreters, and doctors, and others
-who might be called attachés. There was no priest or
-chaplain, nor any appearance of any formal worship.
-The three ambassadors affected a good deal of reserve;
-the others were inclined to sociability; but their ignorance
-of the language, and the necessity that all communications
-should undergo a double interpretation
-from English to Dutch, and then into Japanese, or
-<i>vice versa</i>, was a great obstacle to the communication
-of ideas.</p>
-
-<p>In New York, besides their visits to public places
-and institutions, the more curious of the Japanese were
-taken to visit a number of large manufactories of various
-kinds, in several of which they exhibited a good deal of
-interest. They made a good many purchases, and received
-a good many presents, the manufacturers of
-various articles hoping in this way to open a market for
-their wares in Japan.</p>
-
-<p>Though a good deal pressed upon at times by over-curious
-crowds, their reception was everywhere of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</span>
-most kindly character, and can hardly fail to leave upon
-them a strong impression of American good-will.</p>
-
-<p>Since the negotiation of the recent treaties, a number
-of Americans and Englishmen, agents of mercantile
-houses, have established themselves at the open ports.
-A few cargoes of Japanese products have been shipped,
-but the trade is still in its infancy, and the extent to
-which it can be carried remains very problematical.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX">APPENDIX</h2>
-</div>
-
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Note A</span><br />
-
-<small>(From Clement’s “Handbook of Modern Japan”)</small><br />
-
-<small>PROVINCES BY CIRCUITS</small></h3>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">The</span> following list gives in detail the divisions of Japan
-into Provinces (<i>Kuni</i>), according to “Circuits”:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p><i>Go-Kinai</i> (Five Home Provinces). Yamashiro,
-Yamato, Kawachi, Izumi (or Senshiu), Settsu (or Sesshiu).</p>
-
-<p><i>Tōkaidō</i> (Eastern Sea Road). Iga, Ise, Shima, Owari,
-Mikawa, Tōtōmi, Suruga, Kai, Izu, Sagami, Musashi,
-Awa (or Bōshiu), Kazusa, Shimōsa, Hitachi.</p>
-
-<p><i>Tōsandō</i> (Eastern Mountain Road). Ōmi, Mino, Hida,
-Shinano (or Shinshiu), Kōzuke (or Jōshiu), Shimozuke,
-Iwaki, Iwashiro, Rikuzen, Rikuchū, Mutsu, Uzen, Ugo.</p>
-
-<p><i>Hokurikudō</i> (North Land Road). Wakasa, Echizen, Kaga,
-Noto, Etchū, Echigo, Sado Island.</p>
-
-<p><i>Sanindō</i> (Mountain Shade Road). Tamba, Tango, Tajima,
-Inaba, Hōki, Izumo, Iwami, Oki Islands.</p>
-
-<p><i>Sanyōdō</i> (Mountain Sunlight Road). Harima (or Banshiu),
-Mimasaka, Bizen, Bitchū, Bingo, Aki, Suwō, Nagata (or
-Chōshiu).</p>
-
-<p><i>Nankaidō</i> (Southern Sea Road). Kii (or Kishiu), Awaji
-Island, Awa, Sanuki, Iyo, Tosa (or Toshiu), of which
-the last four are in the island of Shikoku.</p>
-
-<p><i>Saikaidō</i> (Western Sea Road). Chikuzen, Chikugo, Buzen,
-Bungo, Hizen, Higo, Hyūga, Ōsumi, Satsuma (or Sasshiu),
-Iki Island, Tsushima Island, of which all except
-the last two are on the island of Kyūshiu.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</span></p>
-
-<p><i>Hokkaido</i> (Northern Sea Road). Ōshima, Shiribeshi, Iburi,
-Ishikari, Hitaka, Tokachi, Teshio, Kushiro, Nemuro,
-Kitami (all on the island of Yezo), and Chishima, or the
-Kurile Islands.</p>
-
-<p><i>Ryūkyū</i> (Loo Choo or Lew Chew) Islands.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Note B</span><br />
-
-<small>BIBLIOGRAPHY</small></h3>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Murray</span>: “The Story of Japan” in the “Stories of the
-Nations” series.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Bird</span> (Miss): “Unbeaten Tracks in Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Griffis</span>: “Japanese Fairy World”; “Japan in History,
-Folk-lore and Art”; “Honda the Samurai”; “The
-Religions of Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Hearn</span>: All his books, but especially “Glimpses of Unfamiliar
-Japan” (2 vols.); “Kokoro”; “Japan—An
-Interpretation.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Lowell</span>: “Noto, An Unexplored Corner of Japan”; “The
-Soul of the Far East.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Nitobe</span>: “Bushido—The Soul of Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Gulick</span>: “The Evolution of the Japanese.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Mitford</span>: “Tales of Old Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Knox</span>: “Japanese Life in Town and Country.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Bacon</span> (Miss): “Japanese Girls and Women” (illustrated
-edition).</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Scherer</span>: “Young Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Knapp</span>: “Feudal and Modern Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Shigemi</span>: “A Japanese Boy.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Bramhall</span> (Mrs.): “The Wee Ones of Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Chaplin-Ayrton</span> (Mrs.): “Child Life in Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Riordan</span> and <span class="smcap">Takayanagi</span>: “Sunrise Stories.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Ozaki</span> (Miss): “The Japanese Fairy World.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Morse</span>: “Japanese Homes.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Hartshorne</span> (Miss): “Japan and her People” (2 vols.).</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_344f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_344f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Nihombashi, Tōkyō</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Reed</span>: “Japan” (2 vols.).</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Dickson</span>: “Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Aston</span>: “History of Japanese Literature.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Chamberlain</span>: “Classical Poetry of the Japanese.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">McClatchie</span>: “Japanese Plays.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Maclay</span>: “Mito Yashiki.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Kitchin</span>: “Parli, the Last of the Missionaries.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Gruy</span>: “A Captive of Love.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Suyematsu</span>: “Genji Monogatari.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Purcell</span>: “A Suburb of Yedo.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Harris</span> (Mrs.): “Log of a Japanese Journey.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Dickins</span>: “Chiushingura, the Loyal League.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Asakawa</span>: “Early Institutional Life of Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Mackay</span>: “From Far Formosa.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Campbell</span>: “Formosa under the Dutch.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Davidson</span>: “The Island of Formosa.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Batchelor</span>: “The Ainu of Japan”; “The Ainu and their
-Folk-lore.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Kinos[h]ita</span>: “The Past and Present of Japanese Commerce.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Huish</span>: “Japan and its Art.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Regamey</span>: “Japan in Art and Industry.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Okakura</span>: “The Ideals of the East.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Dresser</span>: “Japan, Its Architecture, Art and Art Manufactures.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Jarves</span>: “A Glimpse at the Art of Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Hartman</span>: “Japanese Art.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Dick</span>: “Arts and Crafts of Old Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Anderson</span>: “The Pictorial Arts of Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Audsley</span> and <span class="smcap">Bowes</span>: “Keramic Art of Japan.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Alcock</span>: “The Capital of the Tycoon” (2 vols.).</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Adams</span>: “History of Japan” (2 vols.).</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Black</span>: “Young Japan” (2 vols.).</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Dixon</span>: “The Land of the Morning.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Mossman</span>: “New Japan.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Hecr</span>: “The Narrative of a Japanese” (2 vols.).</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Official</span>: “History of the Empire of Japan”; “Japanese
-Education.” “Kojiki,”—English version by Chamberlain,
-Vol. X, Appendix, of the “Transactions of the Asiatic
-Society of Japan.”</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Note C</span><br />
-
-<small>USE OF FIRE-ARMS IN THE EAST</small></h3>
-
-<p>Even the inhabitants of southern India, notwithstanding
-the long intercourse carried on with them by Arab traders
-from the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, and the invasions
-of their country by Mahometans from the north, seem to
-have been mainly indebted for their first possession of fire-arms
-to Europeans; as witness the following extract from
-Rickard Eden’s translation, first published in 1576, of the
-“Navigations and Voyages of Lewis Vertomanus, Gentleman,
-of the city of Rome, to the Regions of Arabia, Egypt,
-Persia, Syria, Ethiopia, and East India, both within and
-without the river Ganges, &amp;c., in the year of our Lord,
-1503,” contemporary, that is, with the earliest Portuguese
-expeditions: “Entering into the city of Calicut, we found
-there two Christians, born in the city of Milan; the one
-named John Maria, the other Peter Antonio. These were
-jewellers, and came from Portugal with the king’s license to
-buy precious stones. When I had found these men I rejoiced
-more than I am able to express. At our first meeting
-them, seeing to be white men (for we went naked, after
-the manner of the inhabitants), I asked them if they were
-Christians. They said yea. Then said I that I was also a
-Christian, by the grace of God. Then, taking me by my
-hand, they brought me to their house, where, for joy of our
-meeting, we could scarcely satisfy ourselves with tears,
-embracing and kissing; for it seemed now to me a strange
-thing to hear men speak mine own language, or to speak it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</span>
-myself. Shortly after, I asked them if they were in favor
-with the king of Calicut. We are, said they, in great favor
-with him, and very familiar. Then again I asked them
-what they were minded to do. We desire, said they, to
-return to our country, but we know not the means how.
-Then, said I, return the same way that you came. Nay,
-said they, that may not be; for we are fled from the Portugals,
-because we have made many pieces of great ordinance
-and other guns for the king of Calicut, and therefore we
-have good cause to fear; and now especially, for that the
-navy of Portugal will shortly be here. I answered that if I
-might escape to the city of Canonor, I doubted not but that
-I would get their pardon of the governor of the navy. There
-is small hope of mercy, said they, we are so famous and
-well known to many other kings in the way, which favor the
-Portugals, and lay wait to take us. In which their talk I
-perceived how fearful a thing is a guilty conscience, and
-called to remembrance the saying of the poet:</p>
-
-<p class="center">
-‘Multa male timeo, qui feci multa proterve.’<br />
-</p>
-
-<p>That is, ‘I fear much evil because I have done much evil.’
-For they had not only made many such pieces of artillery
-for the infidels, to the great damage of Christians, and contempt
-of the holy name of Christ and his religion, but had
-also taught the idolaters both the making and use of them;
-and at my being there I saw them give a model or mould to
-certain idolaters, whereby they might make brazen pieces,
-of such bigness that one of them may receive the charge of a
-hundred and five tankards (cantoros) of powder. At the
-same time, also, there was a Jew, which had made a very
-fair brigantine, and four great pieces of artillery of iron.
-But God shortly afterwards gave him his due reward; for,
-when he went to wash him in the river, he was drowned.”</p>
-
-<p>Nor did the two Christians escape much better. The
-Portuguese commander agreed to pardon them; but, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</span>
-attempting to escape to him, they were killed. Maffei, in
-his Indian History, refers to the aid which the native princes
-derived from these and other Christian renegadoes.</p>
-
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Note D</span><br />
-
-<small>FERNAM MENDEZ PINTO</small></h3>
-
-<p>The ill fortune of which Pinto complained as having pursued
-him through life did not spare him even after he was
-laid in the grave, the narrative of his adventures which he
-left behind him having been assailed by the wits and critics
-with hardly less ferocity than poor Pinto himself was while
-alive by the corsairs, infidels, and barbarians, with whom he
-came in contact. He is indeed chiefly known to English
-readers by an ill-natured fling of Congreve, who, in his
-“Love for Love,” makes one of his characters address
-another in those oft-quoted words: “Ferdinand Mendez
-Pinto was but a type of thee, thou liar of the first magnitude!”
-It is said also that Cervantes, three or four years
-before whose death Pinto’s book was published, speaks of
-him somewhere as the “prince of liars.” I have not been
-able to find the passage; but likely enough Cervantes might
-have been a little vexed to find his “Persiles and Sigismunda,”
-a romance, under the guise of a book of travels,
-first published about the time with Pinto’s book, so much
-outdone by what claimed to be a true narrative of real
-adventures.</p>
-
-<p>As Pinto, however, in spite of all his ill luck, found, in
-writing his memoirs, some topics of consolation, so also his
-character as an author and a narrator has by no means been
-left entirely in the lurch. Though little read now, he has
-enjoyed, in his day, a popularity such as few authors attain
-to. To the first edition of his “Peregrinations,” in the
-original Portuguese, succeeded others in 1678, 1711, and
-1725; and second, third, and fourth editions are compliments
-which Portugal very rarely pays to her authors. A<span class="pagenum" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</span>
-Spanish translation appeared at Madrid in 1620, in which,
-however, great and very unwarrantable liberties were taken
-by the translator. A French translation was published at
-Paris in 1628, and an English translation in 1663. To the
-Spanish and French translations defences of Pinto’s veracity
-are prefixed, and both passed through several editions.
-Purchas, who gives a synopsis of that part of Pinto’s book
-relating to China and Japan, strongly defends his credibility,
-observing that he little spares his own company and nation,
-but often and eagerly lays open their vices. “I find in him,”
-says Purchas, “little boasting, except of other nations,
-none at all of himself, but as if he intended to express God’s
-glory, and man’s merit of nothing but misery. And, however
-it seems incredible to remember such infinite particulars
-as this book is full of, yet an easy memory holdeth strong
-impressions of good and bad, especially new-whetted, filed,
-furbushed, with so many companions in misery, their best
-music in their chains and wanderings being the mutual recounting
-of things seen, done, and suffered. More marvel
-is it, if a liar, that he should not forget himself and contradict
-his own relations.</p>
-
-<p>“I would not have an author rejected for fit speeches
-framed by the writer, in which many historians have taken
-liberty; nor if sometimes he doth <i>mendacia dicere</i> (say false
-things), so as that he doth not <i>mentiri</i> (lie); as I will not sware
-but of himself he might mistake, and by others be misled.
-The Chinese might, in relating their rarities to him, enlarge
-and <i>de magnis majora loqui</i> (exaggerate things really great),
-so as he still might be religious in a just and true delivery of
-what himself hath seen, and belei not his own eyes....
-All China authors, how diversified in their lines, yet all
-concur in a certain centre of <i>Admiranda Sinarum</i> (admirable
-things of the Chinese)<a id="FNanchor_131" href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>, which if others have not so largely<span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</span>
-related as this, they may thank God they paid not so dear a
-price to see them; and, for me, I will rather believe, where
-reason evicts not, <i>ejectione firma</i> (with a firm ejection), than
-seek to see at the author’s rate; and if he hath robbed the
-altars of truth, as he did those of the Calumplay idols, yet,
-in Pekin equity, we will not cut off his thumbs (according to
-Nanquin rigor), upon bare surmise, without any evidence
-against him.”</p>
-
-<p>The countries in which Pinto’s adventures chiefly lay, still
-remain, for the most part, very little known; but the more
-they have been explored, the more has the general correctness
-of Pinto’s statements been admitted. The editor of the
-great French collection, “Annales des Voyages,” who gives
-a full abstract of Pinto, remarks that, having had occasion,
-in preparing the volume of that work on China, to consult
-all accessible works about that country, he had been more
-and more confirmed in his opinion of the reality of Pinto’s
-adventures and the general correctness of his memory.
-Rémusat, the eminent Chinese scholar, cites Pinto as good
-authority for facts, and it was, I believe, by his procurement,
-or that of the “Société Asiatique,” that the French
-translation of his travels was reprinted at Paris in 1830.</p>
-
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Note E</span><br />
-
-<small>EARLIEST ENGLISH AND DUTCH ADVENTURERS IN THE
-EAST—GOA</small></h3>
-
-<p>Prior to the first Dutch and English India voyages, both
-Englishmen and Dutchmen had reached India, some by way
-of Lisbon and the Cape of Good Hope, others over land.
-Pinto speaks of Christians of various nations as among the
-adventurers with whom he acted. Hackluyt gives (Vol. II) a
-letter written by Thomas Stevens, an English Jesuit, dated
-in 1579, at Goa, which he had reached by way of Lisbon and
-the Cape of Good Hope. This curious letter was addressed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</span>
-by Stevens, who was attached to that very seminary of St.
-Paul (or the Holy Faith), of which we have had occasion to
-make mention, to his father in England. Hackluyt also
-gives in the same volume some very interesting memorials of
-the adventures of John Newbury, who, attended by Ralph
-Fitch, Story, a painter, Leeds, a jeweller, and others, was
-sent over land in 1583, simultaneously with the first English
-attempts at exploration and settlement in North America, by
-some London merchants of the Turkey company, as bearer
-of letters from Queen Elizabeth to Zelabdim Echabar, king
-of Cambia (Ackbar, the Great Mogul) and to the king of
-China—both which letters, proposing trade and commerce,
-Hackluyt gives at length. Newbury proceeded by way of
-Ormus, which he had visited before, and where he found
-merchants of almost all nations, not Portuguese only, but
-Frenchmen, Flemings, Germans, Hungarians, Greeks, Armenians,
-Turks, Arabs, Jews, Persians, Muscovites, and
-especially Italians, who seem by this time to have recovered
-a great share of the trade to the East. By one of these
-Italians Newbury and his company were accused as spies of
-Don Antonio (the claimant as against Philip II, of the
-Portuguese throne, and at that time a refugee in England).
-The fact also that Drake, in his recent voyage round the
-world, had, while at the Moluccas, fired two shots at a Portuguese
-galleon, was alleged against them. They were sent
-prisoners to the viceroy at Goa; but, by the good offices
-of the English Jesuit, Stevens, above-mentioned, and of John
-Huigen Van Linschoten, a Dutchman in the service of the
-archbishop, they were released on giving sureties not to
-depart without leave of the viceroy, which sureties they procured
-by placing goods in the hands of certain parties who
-became bound for them.</p>
-
-<p>Story, the painter, had indeed previously procured his
-discharge by joining the Jesuits of St. Paul, where he was
-admitted as a probationer, and was employed in painting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</span>
-the church. The others, finding that the viceroy would not
-discharge their sureties, left secretly, or, as Fitch expresses
-it, “ran from thence,” April, 1585, and, passing to Golconda,
-travelled north to Agra, then the capital of the Great Mogul.
-Here Leeds, the jeweller, entered into the Mogul’s service,
-who gave him “a house, five slaves, and every day six S. S.
-(qu. sequins?) in money.” Newbury went from Agra to
-Lahore, expecting to go thence to Persia, and, by way of
-Aleppo and Constantinople, to reach England; and he sent
-Fitch meanwhile to Bengal and Pegu, promising to meet him
-in Bengal in two years in a ship from England. Fitch passed
-on to Benares, and thence to Bengal, and November 28, 1586,
-sailed for Pegu, whence the next year he proceeded to Malacca.
-Returning again, in 1588, to Pegu, he went thence
-to Bengal in the following November; whence, in February,
-1589, he took shipping for Cochin, touching at Ceylon on the
-way, a “brave island,” where he spent five days. At Cochin
-he stayed eight months before he could get a passage to Goa.
-From Goa he proceeded to Ormus, whence, by way of Basora,
-Mosul, and Aleppo, he reached England April 29, 1591.</p>
-
-<p>Linschoten, mentioned above, who had arrived at Goa in
-1583, from Lisbon, as one of the archbishop’s suite, returned
-to Holland in 1589, where he published his travels in 1595,—the
-first Dutch account of the East. From him we learn
-that Story, the painter, after the departure of his companions,
-grew sick of the cloister of St. Paul, and, as he had
-not yet taken the vows, left and set up as a painter in Goa,
-where he had abundant employment, and, “in the end, married
-a mestizo’s daughter of the town, so that he made his
-account to stay there while he lived,”—the first permanent
-English resident in Hindoostan.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_352f" style="max-width: 75em;">
-  <img class="w100" src="images/i_352f.jpg" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">A Modern Street Scene in Tōkyō</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>There is in the “Asiatic Journal,” for December, 1838, a
-very striking description of the present ruinous state of the
-once splendid and magnificent city of Goa. It has been
-abandoned for Pongi, now known as New Goa, six miles<span class="pagenum" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</span>
-nearer the sea, and the present seat of the shrunken Portuguese
-viceroyalty. The only inhabitants of Old Goa are a
-few hundred monks, nuns, and their attendants, attached to
-the splendid churches and monasteries still standing, among
-which towers conspicuous the church of the Jesuits, in a
-beautiful chapel attached to which is the monument of St.
-Francis Xavier. His body, removed thither from the college
-of St. Paul, in which it was first placed, reposes upon a
-sarcophagus or bier of Italian marble, faced with bronzes,
-representing his missionary labors, and enclosed in a shrine
-of brass and silver. It is alleged still to be in as good
-preservation as ever, and is occasionally exhibited in public.
-The last of these exhibitions was in 1783.</p>
-
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Note F</span><br />
-
-<small>JAPANESE DARING AND ADVENTURE EXTERIOR TO THE LIMITS
-OF JAPAN</small></h3>
-
-<p>The same Davis who had been Houtman’s pilot in the
-first voyage to the East Indies sailed from England in 1604,
-as master of the “Tiger,” a ship of two hundred and forty tons.
-While on her course from Bantam to Batavia, the “Tiger”
-encountered a little junk of seventy tons, with ninety Japanese
-on board, “most of them in too gallant a habit for
-sailors.” They had left home, as it turned out, in a larger
-vessel, which had been “pirating along the coast of China
-and Cambodia,”—much the same business, by the way, in
-which the “Tiger” was herself engaged,—but, having lost
-their vessel by shipwreck, they had seized upon this little
-junk, laden with rice, and were trying to reach Japan in it.
-In hopes to get some information out of them, they were entertained
-for two days with “gifts and feasting”; but, at the
-same time, their junk was searched for treasure which might
-be concealed under the rice. While part of the “Tiger’s” men
-were employed in this search, the Japanese made a desperate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</span>
-attempt to get possession of that ship. Davis himself was
-killed in the first surprise, but the Japanese were finally
-forced into the cabin, where, by breaking down a bulkhead,
-some of the ship’s guns, loaded with bullets and case shot,
-were brought to bear upon them. They disdained to ask
-quarter, and all perished from effects of the shot except one,
-who jumped into the sea. The narrative of this affair, given
-by Purchas (Pilg., Part 1, p. 137), and apparently written
-by an officer of the “Tiger,” winds up as follows: “The
-Japanese are not suffered to land in any port of India with
-weapons, being accounted a people so desperate and daring
-that they are feared in all places where they come.”</p>
-
-<p>In conformity to this character of the Japanese is the
-account given by Floris, cape merchant of the “Globe,” an
-English ship, which touched at Siam in 1612, while performing
-the voyage mentioned Vol. I, p. 207 of the text. A short
-time previously, two hundred and eighty Japanese, the slave-soldiers
-of a principal Siamese noble, who had been put to
-death by the royal authority, had revenged their master by
-seizing on the king of Siam, whom they compelled to subscribe
-to such terms as they dictated, “after which, they
-had departed with great treasure, the Siamese not being able
-to right themselves.”<a id="FNanchor_132" href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></p>
-
-<p>The good service rendered to the Portuguese by Japanese
-mercenaries at the siege of Malacca, in 1606, is mentioned
-in the text, Vol. I, p. 182. It appears, from a curious tract
-concerning the Philippines, preserved by Thevenot, that when
-De Silva, governor of those islands, undertook, in 1608, to
-drive the Dutch from the Moluccas, he was obliged to send
-to Japan for saltpetre, metal, and even for founders to cast
-cannon. A body of Japanese formed, in 1619, a part of the
-Dutch garrison in their fort at Jacatara (named about that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</span>
-time Batavia), while besieged by the natives on the island, and
-blockaded at the same time by an English squadron, as mentioned
-Vol. I, p. 237 of the text. Of the Japanese settled on
-the island of Amboyna, and involved with the English in the
-massacre there, mention is made Vol. I, p. 240. Haganaar,
-who was at Cambodia in 1637, found among the inhabitants
-of that city seventy or eighty families of Japanese, whom he
-describes as not daring to return to their own country, with
-which, however, they carried on trade, by means of Chinese
-ships. They were in great favor with the king of Cambodia,
-to whom they had rendered valiant assistance in suppressing
-a dangerous rebellion, and were greatly feared by the other
-inhabitants of the city, whether Chinese or Malays. To this
-day one of the channels of the great river of Cambodia is
-known as “Japanese river”—a name given, indeed, on
-some maps, to the main river itself, and probably taking its
-origin from this Japanese colony.</p>
-
-<p>The conquest of the Lew Chew [Riūkiū] Islands, by the
-king of Satsuma, took place about 1610; and, much about
-the same time, some Japanese made an establishment on the
-island of Formosa, for the purpose of trading with the Chinese;
-but in this they were soon superseded by the Dutch.
-The narrative of Nuyts’ affair, as given in the text (Vol. I,
-p. 252), is derived from a detailed account appended in “Voyages
-au Nord,” Tom. IV., to Caron’s Memoir, addressed to
-Colbert, on opening an intercourse with Japan; but, from a
-paper embodied in the Voyage of Rechteren (“Voyages des
-Indes,” Tom. V.), and written, apparently, in 1632, by a
-person on the spot, it would appear that the conduct of
-Nuyts, instead of being prompted by personal antipathy, was
-merely an attempt to exclude the Japanese from the trade
-with the Chinese, and to engross it for the Dutch East India
-Company; “a desire good in itself,” so this writer observes,
-“but which should have been pursued with greater
-precaution and prudence.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</span></p>
-
-<p>In the Chinese writings, the Japanese figure as daring
-pirates; but, as the appellation bestowed on them is equally
-applied to other eastern and southeastern islanders, it is not
-so easy to say to whose credit or discredit the exploits
-referred to by these Chinese writers actually belong.</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</span></p>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Note G</span><br />
-
-
-<small>(From Clement’s “Handbook of Modern Japan”)</small><br />
-
-<small>LIST OF JAPANESE YEAR PERIODS[1]</small></h3>
-
-<p class="center"><small>The names of these periods are made by the various combinations of 68
-Chinese words of good omen.</small></p>
-
-
-<table class="standard" summary="">
-<tr>
-<th class="tdc_btrb"><span class="smcap">Name.</span></th>
-<th class="tdc_btrb"><span class="smcap">Japanese Era[2]</span></th>
-<th class="tdc_btrb"><span class="smcap">Christian Era</span></th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Taikwa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1305</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">645</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Hakuchi</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1310</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">650</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">(Blank)</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1315-1331</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">655-671</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Sujaku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1332</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">672</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Hakuhō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1332</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">672</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Shuchō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1346</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">686</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">(Blank)</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1347-1360</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">687-700</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Daihō [Taihō]</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1361</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">701</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Keiun</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1364</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">704</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Wadō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1368</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">708</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Reiki</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1375</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">715</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Yōrō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1377</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">717</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jinki</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1384</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">724</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tembiō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1389</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">729</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tembiō shōhō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1409</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">749</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tembiō hoji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1417</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">757</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tembiō jingo</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1425</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">765</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jingō keiun</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1427</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">767</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Hōki</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1430</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">770</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tenō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1441</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">781</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Enriaku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1442</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">782</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Daidō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1466</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">806</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kōnin</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1470</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">810</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tenchō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1484</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">824</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jōwa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1494</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">834</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kajō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1508</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">848</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ninju</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1511</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">851</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Saikō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1514</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">854</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ten-an</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1517</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">857</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jōgwan</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1519</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">859</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Gwangiō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1537</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">877</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ninna</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1545</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">885</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kwampei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1549</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">889</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Shōtai</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1558</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">898</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Engi</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1561</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">901</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Enchō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1583</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">923</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jōhei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1591</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">931</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tengiō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1598</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">938</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tenriaku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1607</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">947</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tentoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1617</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">957</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Owa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1621</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">961</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kōhō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1624</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">964</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Anna</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1628</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">968</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tenroku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1630</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">970</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ten-en</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1633</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">973</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jōgen</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1636</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">976</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tengen</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1638</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">978</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Eikwan</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1643</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">983</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kwanna</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1645</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">985</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Eien</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1647</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">987</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Eiso</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1649</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">989</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Shōriaku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1650</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">990</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Chōtoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1655</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">995</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Chōhō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1659</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">999</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kwankō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1664</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1004</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Chōwa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1672</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1012</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kwannin</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1677</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1017</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ji-an</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1681</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1021</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Manjū</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1684</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1024</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Chōgen</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1688</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1028</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Chōriaku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1697</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1037</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Chōkiū</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1700</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1040</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kwantoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1704</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1044</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Eijō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1706</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1046</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tengi</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1713</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1053</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kōhei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1718</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1058</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jiriaku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1725</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1065</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Enkiū</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1729</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1069</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jōhō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1734</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1074</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jōriaku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1737</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1077</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Eiho</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1741</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1081</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ōtoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1744</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1084</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kwanji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1747</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1087</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kahō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1754</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1094</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Eichō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1756</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1096</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jōtoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1757</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1097</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kōwa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1759</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1099</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Chōji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1764</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1104</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kajō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1766</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1106</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tennin</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1768</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1108</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ten-ei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1770</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1110</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Eikiū</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1773</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1113</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Gen-ei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1778</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1118</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Hōan</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1780</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1120</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3">
-[Note 1. From official sources.]<br />
-[Note 2. Beginning 660 <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>]
-
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<th class="tdc_btrb"><span class="smcap">Name.</span></th>
-<th class="tdc_btrb"><span class="smcap">Japanese Era[2]</span></th>
-<th class="tdc_btrb"><span class="smcap">Christian Era</span></th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tenji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1784</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1124</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Daiji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1786</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1126</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tenjō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1791</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1131</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Chōjō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1792</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1132</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Hōen</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1795</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1135</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Eiji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1801</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1141</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kōji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1802</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1142</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ten-yō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1804</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1144</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kiū-an</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1805</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1145</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Nimbiō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1811</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1151</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kiūju</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1814</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1154</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Hōgen</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1816</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1156</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Heiji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1819</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1159</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Eiriaku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1820</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1160</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ōhō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1821</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1161</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Chōkwan</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1823</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1163</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Eiman</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1825</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1165</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Nin-an</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1826</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1166</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ka-o</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1829</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1169</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jō-an</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1831</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1171</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Angen</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1835</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1175</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jishō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1837</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1177</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Yōwa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1841</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1181</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ju-ei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1842</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1182</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Genriaku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1844</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1184</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Bunji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1845</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1185</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kenkiū</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1850</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1190</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Shōji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1859</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1199</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kennin</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1861</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1201</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Genkiū</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1864</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1204</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ken-ei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1866</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1206</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jōgen</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1867</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1207</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kenriaku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1871</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1211</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kempō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1873</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1213</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jōkiū</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1879</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1219</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jō-ō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1882</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1222</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Gennin</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1884</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1224</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Karoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1885</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1225</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Antei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1887</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1227</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kwangi</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1889</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1229</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jō-ei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1892</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1232</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tempuku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1893</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1233</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Bunriaku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1894</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1234</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Katei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1895</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1235</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Riakunin</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1898</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1238</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">En-o</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1899</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1239</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ninji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1900</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1240</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kwangen</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1903</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1243</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Hōji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1907</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1247</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kenchō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1909</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1249</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kōgen</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1916</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1256</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Shōka</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1917</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1257</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Shōgen</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1919</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1259</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Bun-ō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1920</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1260</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kōchō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1921</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1261</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Bun-ei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1924</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1264</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kenji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1935</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1275</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kōan</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1938</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1278</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Shō-ō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1948</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1288</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Einin</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1953</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1293</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Shōan</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1959</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1299</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kengen</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1962</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1302</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kagen</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1963</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1303</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Tokuji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1966</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1306</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Enkiō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1968</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1308</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ōchō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1971</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1311</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Shōwa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1972</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1312</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Bumpō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1977</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1317</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Gen-ō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1979</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1319</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Genkō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1981</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1321</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Shōchū</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1984</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1324</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kariaku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1986</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1326</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Gentoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1989</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1329</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Shōkiō [Genkō]</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1992</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1332</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kemmu</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1994</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1334</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Rekiō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1998</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1338[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kōei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2002</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1342[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jōwa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2005</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1345[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kwan-ō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2010</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1350[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Bunna</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2012</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1352[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Embun</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2016</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1356[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kōan</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2021</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1361[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Jōji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2022</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1362[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Ōan</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2028</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1368[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Eiwa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2035</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1375[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kōreki</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2039</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1379[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Eitoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2041</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1381[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Shitoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2044</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1384[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kakei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2047</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1387[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Koō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2049</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1389[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Engen</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1996</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1336[2]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">Kōkoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1999</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1339[2]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3">
-(Note 1: Northern Dynasty.)<br />
-(Note 2: Southern Dynasty.)
-
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Shōhei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2006</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1346[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kentoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2030</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1370[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Bunchū</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2032</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1372[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Tenju</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2035</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1375[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kōwa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2041</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1381[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Genchū</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2044</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1384[1]</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Meitoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2050</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1390</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">O-ei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2054</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1394</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Shōchō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2088</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1428</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Eikiō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2089</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1429</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kakitsu</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2101</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1441</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Bun-an</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2104</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1444</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Hōtoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2109</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1449</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kōtoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2112</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1452</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kōshō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2115</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1455</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Chōroku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2117</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1457</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kwanshō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2120</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1460</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Bunshō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2126</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1466</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Ō-nin</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2127</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1467</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Bummei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2129</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1469</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Chōko</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2147</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1487</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Entoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2149</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1489</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Mei-ō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2152</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1492</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Bunki</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2161</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1501</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Eishō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2164</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1504</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Dai-ei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2181</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1521</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kōroku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2188</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1528</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Tembun</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2192</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1532</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kōji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2215</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1555</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Eiroku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2218</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1558</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Genki</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2230</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1570</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Tenshō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2233</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1573</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Bunroku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2252</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1592</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Keichō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2256</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1596</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Genna</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2275</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1615</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kwan-ei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2284</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1624</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Shōhō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2304</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1644</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kei-an</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2308</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1648</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Jō-ō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2312</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1652</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Meireki</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2315</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1655</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Manji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2318</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1658</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kwambun</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2321</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1661</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Empō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2333</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1673</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Tenna</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2341</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1681</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Jōkiō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2344</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1684</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Genroku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2348</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1688</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Hō-ei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2364</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1704</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Shōtoku</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2371</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1711</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kiōhō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2376</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1716</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Gembun</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2396</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1736</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kwampō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2401</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1741</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Enkiō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2404</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1744</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kwan-en</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2408</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1748</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Hōreki</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2411</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1751</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Meiwa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2424</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1764</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">An-ei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2432</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1772</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Temmei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2441</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1781</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kwansei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2449</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1789</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kiōwa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2461</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1801</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Bunkwa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2464</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1804</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Bunsei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2478</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1818</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Tempō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2490</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1830</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kōkwa</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2504</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1844</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Ka-ei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2508</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1848</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Ansei</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2514</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1854</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Man-en</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2520</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1860</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Bunkiū</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2521</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1861</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Genji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2524</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1864</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Kei-ō</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2525</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1865</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl">Meiji</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">2528</td>
-<td class="tdc_br">1868</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tdc" colspan="3">(Note 1: Southern Dynasty.)
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</span></p>
-
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Note H</span></h3>
-
-<p>(From Clement’s “Handbook of Modern Japan”)</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Chronological Table of Emperors and Empresses</span>[1]</p>
-
-<table class="standard" summary="">
-<tr>
-<td class="tdl_br">
-<ul>
-<li>1. Jimmu (660-585 <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span>)</li>
-
-<li>2. Suizei (581-549)</li>
-
-<li>3. Annei (548-511)</li>
-
-<li>4. Itoku (510-477)</li>
-
-<li>5. Kōshō (475-393)</li>
-
-<li>6. Kōan (392-291)</li>
-
-<li>7. Kōrei (290-215)</li>
-
-<li>8. Kōgen (214-158)</li>
-
-<li>9. Kaikwa (157-98)</li>
-
-<li>10. Sujin (97-30)</li>
-
-<li>11. Suinin (29 <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span>-70 <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span>)</li>
-
-<li>12. Keikō (71-130 <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span>)</li>
-
-<li>13. Seimu (131-190)</li>
-
-<li>14. Chūai (192-200)</li>
-
-<li>[15. <i>Jingō</i>[1] (201-269)</li>
-
-<li>16. Ōjin (270-310)</li>
-
-<li>17. Nintoku (313-399)</li>
-
-<li>18. Richū (400-405)</li>
-
-<li>19. Hanzei (406-411)</li>
-
-<li>20. Ingyō (412-453)</li>
-
-<li>21. Ankō (454-456)</li>
-
-<li>22. Yūryaku (457-479)</li>
-
-<li>23. Seinei (480-484)</li>
-
-<li>24. Kensō (485-487)</li>
-
-<li>25. Ninken (488-498)</li>
-
-<li>26. Muretsu (499-506)</li>
-
-<li>27. Keitai (507-531)</li>
-
-<li>28. Ankan (534-535)</li>
-
-<li>29. Senkwa (536-539)</li>
-
-<li>30. Kimmei (540-571)</li>
-
-<li>31. Bidatsu (572-585)</li>
-
-<li>32. Yōmei (586-587)</li>
-
-<li>33. Sujun (588-592)</li>
-
-<li>34. <i>Suiko</i> (593-628)</li>
-
-<li>35. Jomei (629-641)</li>
-
-<li>36. <i>Kōgyoku</i> (642-645)</li>
-
-<li>37. Kōtoku (645-654)</li>
-
-<li>38. <i>Saimei</i> (655-661)</li>
-
-<li>39. Tenchi (668-671)</li>
-
-<li>40. Kōbun (672)</li>
-
-<li>41. Temmu (673-686)</li>
-
-<li>42. <i>Jitō</i> (690-696)</li>
-
-<li>43. Mommu (697-707)</li>
-
-<li>44. <i>Gemmyō</i> (708-715)</li>
-
-<li>45. <i>Genshō</i> (715-723)</li>
-
-<li>46. Shōmu (724-748)</li>
-
-<li>47. <i>Kōken</i> (749-758)</li>
-
-<li>48. Junnin (758-764)</li>
-
-<li>49. <i>Shōtoku</i> (765-770)</li>
-
-<li>50. Kōnin (770-781)</li>
-
-<li>51. Kwammu (782-806)</li>
-
-<li>52. Heizei (806-809)</li>
-
-<li>53. Saga (810-823)</li>
-
-<li>54. Junna (824-833)</li>
-
-<li>55. Nimmyō (834-850)</li>
-
-<li>56. Montoku (851-858)</li>
-
-<li>57. Seiwa (859-876)</li>
-
-<li>58. Yōzei (877-884)</li>
-
-<li>59. Kōkō (885-887)</li>
-
-<li>60. Uda (888-897)</li>
-
-<li>61. Daigo (898-930)</li>
-
-<li>62. Shujaku (931-946)</li>
-
-<li>63. Murakami (947-967)</li>
-
-<li>64. Reizei (968-969)</li>
-
-<li>65. Enyu (970-984)</li>
-
-<li>66. Kwazan (985-986)</li>
-
-<li>67. Ichijō (987-1011)</li>
-
-<li>68. Sanjō (1012-1016)
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</span></li>
-</ul>
-</td>
-<td class="tdl">
-<ul>
-<li>69. Go-Ichijō[1] (1017-1036)</li>
-
-<li>70. Go-Shujaku (1037-1045)</li>
-
-<li>71. Go-Reizei (1046-1068)</li>
-
-<li>72. Go-Sanjō (1069-1073)</li>
-
-<li>73. Shirakawa (1073-1086)</li>
-
-<li>74. Horikawa (1087-1107)</li>
-
-<li>75. Toba (1108-1123)</li>
-
-<li>76. Shutoku (1124-1141)</li>
-
-<li>77. Konoye (1142-1155)</li>
-
-<li>78. Go-Shirakawa (1156-1158)</li>
-
-<li>79. Nijō (1159-1165)</li>
-
-<li>80. Rokujō (1166-1168)</li>
-
-<li>81. Takakura (1169-1180)</li>
-
-<li>82. Antoku (1181-1185)</li>
-
-<li>83. Go-Toba (1186-1198)</li>
-
-<li>84. Tsuchimikado (1199-1210)</li>
-
-<li>85. Juntoku (1211-1221)</li>
-
-<li>86. Chūkyō (1222)</li>
-
-<li>87. Go-Horikawa (1222-1232)</li>
-
-<li>88. Shijō (1233-1242)</li>
-
-<li>89. Go-Saga (1243-1246)</li>
-
-<li>90. Go-Fukakusa (1247-1259)</li>
-
-<li>91. Kameyama (1260-1274)</li>
-
-<li>92. Go-Uda (1275-1287)</li>
-
-<li>93. Fushimi (1288-1298)</li>
-
-<li>94. Go-Fushimi (1299-1301)</li>
-
-<li>95. Go-Nijo (1302-1307)</li>
-
-<li>96. Hanazono (1308-1318)</li>
-
-<li>97. Go-Daigo (1319-1338)</li>
-
-<li>98. Go-Murakami (1339-1367)</li>
-
-<li>[99. Chōkei (1368-1383)]</li>
-
-<li>100. Go-Kameyama (1383-1392)</li>
-
-<li>101. Go-Komatsu (1392-1412)</li>
-
-<li>102. Shōkō (1413-1428)</li>
-
-<li>103. Go-Hanazono (1429-1464)</li>
-
-<li>104. Go-Tsuchimikado (1465-1500)</li>
-
-<li>105. Go-Kashiwabara (1501-1526)</li>
-
-<li>106. Go-Nara (1527-1557)</li>
-
-<li>107. Ōgimachi (1558-1586)</li>
-
-<li>108. Go-Yōzei (1587-1611)</li>
-
-<li>109. Go-Mizuno-o (1612-1629)</li>
-
-<li>110. <i>Myōshō</i> (1630-1643)</li>
-
-<li>111. Go-Kōmyō (1644-1654)</li>
-
-<li>112. Go-Saiin (1655-1663)</li>
-
-<li>113. Reignen (1663-1686)</li>
-
-<li>114. Higashiyama (1687-1709)</li>
-
-<li>115. Nakano-mikado (1710-1735)</li>
-
-<li>116. Sakuramachi (1736-1746)</li>
-
-<li>117. Momozono (1747-1762)</li>
-
-<li>118. <i>Go-Sakuramachi</i> (1763-1770)</li>
-
-<li>119. Go-Momozono (1771-1779)</li>
-
-<li>120. Kōkaku (1780-1817)</li>
-
-<li>121. Ninkō (1817-1846)</li>
-
-<li>122. Kōmei (1847-1867)</li>
-
-<li>123. Mutsuhito (1867-  )</li>
-
-<li>N. B.—Nos. 36 and 38 were the
-same empress; likewise Nos. 47 and
-49.</li>
-<li>[Note 1: Empresses in Italics. Bracketed names (Nos. 15 and 99) are omitted
-from some lists.]</li>
-
-
-<li>We append also a list of the sovereigns
-of the “Northern Court”
-during the separation, as follows:</li>
-
-<li>
-1. Kōgon (1332-1335)</li>
-
-<li>2. Kōmyō (1336-1348)</li>
-
-<li>3. Shukō (1349-1352)</li>
-
-<li>4. Go-Kōgon (1352-1371)</li>
-
-<li>5. Go-Enyu (1372-1382)</li>
-
-<li>6. Go-Komatsu (1383-1392)</li>
-<li>In 1392 Go-Komatsu became emperor
-over the reunited empire.</li>
-</ul>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p>[Note 1: <i>Go</i> is a prefix signifying the second of the name.]</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</span></p>
-
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Note I</span>
-
-<small>OMITTED DOCUMENTS</small></h3>
-
-
-<h4>I. Letter of the Emperor Iyeyasu (Ōgosho-Sama) to the
-king of England—(James I.).<a id="FNanchor_133" href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></h4>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“Your majesty’s kind letter, sent me by your servant,
-Captain John Saris (who is the first that I have known to
-arrive in any part of my dominions), I heartily embrace,
-being not a little glad to understand of your great wisdom
-and power, as having three plentiful and mighty kingdoms
-under your powerful command. I acknowledge your majesty’s
-great bounty in sending me so undeserved a present
-of many rare things, such as my land affordeth not, neither
-have I ever before seen; which I receive not as from a
-stranger, but as from your majesty, whom I esteem as
-myself. Desiring the continuance of friendship with your
-highness, and that it may stand with your good liking to
-send your subjects to any part or port of my dominions,
-where they shall be most heartily welcome, applauding much
-their worthiness, in the admirable knowledge of navigation,
-having with much facility discovered a country so remote,
-being no whit amazed with the distance of so mighty a gulf,
-nor greatness of such infinite clouds and storms from prosecuting
-honorable enterprises of discoveries and merchandising,
-wherein they shall find me to further them according
-to their desires. I return unto your majesty a small token
-of my love (by your said subject), desiring you to accept
-thereof as from one that much rejoiceth in your friendship.
-And whereas your majesty’s subjects have desired certain
-privileges for trade and settling of a factory in my dominions,
-I have not only granted what they demanded, but have
-confirmed the same unto them under my broad seal, for
-better establishing thereof. From my castle in Suruga,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</span>
-this fourth day of the ninth month, in the eighteenth year
-of our Dairi, according to our computation. Resting your
-majesty’s friend, the highest commander in the kingdom of
-Japan:</p>
-
-<p class="psig">
-“[Signed]<br />
-
-<span class="smcap">Minna. Montono Yer. Ye. Yeas</span><br />
-
-[<span class="smcap">Minamoto-no-Iyeyasu</span>].”
-</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<h4>II. An ordinance of the Emperor of Japan sent to all the
-governors of the maritime districts to prevent the landing
-of Portuguese:<a id="FNanchor_134" href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></h4>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“The express and reiterated commandments against the
-promulgation of the religion and doctrine of the Christians
-have been duly published and everywhere proclaimed; but
-it being found that these edicts were not efficacious, they
-(that is, the Christians) were forbidden to approach the
-coasts of Japan with their galliots and other sea vessels;
-and some of them, in contempt of this prohibition, having
-come to Nagasaki, orders were given, in punishment of this
-offence, to put them to death. It was commanded, last year,
-by a special edict, that in case any sea vessel were seen on
-the coasts of Japan or entered any port, it might be permitted
-to anchor, with a strong guard on board, till what
-they proposed was sent to the emperor. This commandment
-is now revoked; and it is ordered instead that these
-vessels (that is, Portuguese and Spanish vessels), without
-hearing a word which those on board have to say, shall be
-destroyed and burnt, whatever pretence they may set up,
-and all their crews to the last man be put to death.</p>
-
-<p>“It is also commanded to erect watch-towers on the
-mountains and all along the coast, and to keep constant
-watch to discover Portuguese vessels, so that news of their
-arrival may at once be spread everywhere; and if such a
-vessel shall first be discovered from a more distant point, it
-shall be imputed as a crime to those in charge of the nearer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</span>
-watching places, and the governors thus guilty of negligence
-shall be deprived of their offices. As soon as a Portuguese
-vessel shall be discovered, news shall be sent express to all
-the neighborhood, to the governors of Nagasaki and Ōsaka,
-and to the lord of Arima.</p>
-
-<p>“It is expressly forbidden to attack or molest any Portuguese
-vessel at sea, but only in some road, port, or haven
-of the empire, as to which you will conform to the orders
-that may be sent you from the governors of Nagasaki or
-the lord of Arima, except where necessity obliges instant
-action, in which case you will act as already commanded.</p>
-
-<p>“As to vessels of other nations, you will, according to
-the tenor of former ordinances, visit and examine them;
-and, after placing a strong guard on board, without allowing
-a single person to land, send them in all safety to
-Nagasaki.”</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<h4>III. Letter from Louis XIV to the Emperor of Japan:<a id="FNanchor_135" href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a></h4>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“To the sovereign and highest emperor and regent of the
-great empire of Japan, over subjects very submissive and
-obedient, the king of France wishes a long and happy life
-and a most prosperous reign:</p>
-
-<p>“Many wars, carried on by my ancestors, the kings of
-France, and many victories gained by them, as well over
-their neighbors as over distant kingdoms, having been followed
-by profound peace, the merchants of my kingdom,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</span>
-who trade throughout Europe, have taken occasion very
-humbly to beg me to open for them the way into other parts
-of the world to sail and to trade thither like the other European
-nations; and I have the rather inclined to accede to
-their request, from its being seconded by the wishes of the
-princes and nobles among my subjects, and by my own curiosity
-to be exactly informed of the manners and customs
-of the great kingdoms exterior to Europe, of which we
-have hitherto known nothing but from the narratives of our
-neighbors who have visited the East. I have, therefore, to
-satisfy as well my own inclination as the prayers of my
-subjects, determined to send deputies into all the kingdoms
-of the East; and as my envoy to your high and sovereign
-majesty, I have selected <i>Francis Caron</i>, who understands
-Japanese, and who has many times had the honor of paying
-his respects to your majesty, and of audience from you.
-For that express purpose I have caused him to come into
-my kingdom, knowing him very well to be of good extraction,
-though by misfortunes of war stripped of his property;
-but re-established by me in his former condition, and even
-elevated in honor and dignity, to make him more worthy to
-approach your high and sovereign majesty with all due respect.
-An additional motive for selecting him was fear lest
-another person, from ignorance of the wise ordinances and
-customs established by your majesty, might do something
-in contravention of them, and so might fall under your
-majesty’s displeasure; whence I have judged the said Francis
-Caron the most capable to present my letter and my
-requests, with such solemnities as might secure for them
-the best reception on the part of your majesty, and to make
-known my good affection and my frank desire to grant to
-your sovereign majesty whatever you may ask of me, in
-return for the grant of what I ask: which is, that the merchants
-of my kingdoms, who have united themselves into
-a company, may have free commerce throughout your maj<span class="pagenum" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</span>esty’s
-empire, without trouble or hindrance. I send you
-the present of trifling value here noted.... I hope it
-may be agreeable to your majesty, and that some things
-useful to your majesty may be found in my country, of
-which I voluntarily leave open and free all the ports.</p>
-
-<p>“At Paris, the twenty-fourth year of my reign [1666].</p>
-
-<p class="psig">
-“<span class="smcap">The King Louis.</span>”<br />
-</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—What is said above of Caron’s good extraction, of his
-having lost his fortune by the chances of war, and of his re-establishment
-in his former position by the favor of the king, was, it is
-probable, merely intended to reconcile the Japanese to receiving as
-an envoy from the king of France a man whom they had known
-only in the—according to their ideas—low character of a Dutch
-merchant.</p>
-
-<p>In the instructions drawn up for the bearer of this letter, the
-following curious directions were given as to the answer to be made
-to the inquiries of the Japanese on the topic of religion: “As to
-the article of religion you will say, that the religion of the French
-is of two kinds—one the same with that of the Spaniards, the
-other the same with that of the Dutch;<a id="FNanchor_136" href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> and that his majesty,
-knowing that the religion of the Spaniards is disliked in Japan,
-has given orders that those of his subjects who go thither shall
-be of the Dutch religion; that this distinction will be carefully
-attended to; and that no Frenchman will ever be found wishing
-to contravene the imperial orders.<a id="FNanchor_137" href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> Should they advance as an
-objection, that the king of France depends upon the Pope, like the
-king of Spain, you will answer, that he does not depend upon him;
-that the king of France acknowledges no superior, and that the
-nature of his dependence upon the Pope may easily be seen in
-what has happened within two years, in consequence of an outrage
-at Rome upon the person of his majesty’s ambassador. The Pope
-not making a sufficiently speedy reparation, his majesty had sent
-an array into Italy, to the great terror of all the Italian princes,
-and of the Pope himself, who sent a legate to him charged with the
-most humble and pressing supplications, whereby his majesty was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</span>
-induced to recall his troops, which already had encamped in the
-Pope’s territories. So that the king is not only sovereign and absolute
-in his own domain, but also gives the law to many other
-potentates; being a young prince, twenty-five years of age, valiant,
-wise, and more powerful than any of his ancestors; and, withal,
-so curious that, besides a particular knowledge of all Europe, he
-eagerly seeks to know the constitution of the other countries of the
-world.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</span></p>
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX">INDEX</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="index">
-<ul class="index">
-<li class="ifrst">Abegawa, River, i., 385.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Acorns, Edible, ii., <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Acorus</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Actors, i., 212, 360-365; ii., <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Acupuncture, ii., <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Adams, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Adams, Captain Robert, i., 240.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Adams, Thomas, i., 172.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Adams, William, i., 169-179, 192, 199-204, 206, 207, 210, 211, 213, 224, 225, 239, 240.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ainslie, Dr., ii., <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Ainu and their Folk-lore, The,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Ainu of Japan, The,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Akechi Mitsuhide, i., 116, 117.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Alcea rosea</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Alcock, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Almeida, Louis, i., 93, 95, 96, 153, 165.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Alphabets in use, i., 78; ii., <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Alvarez, George, i., 38, 50.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ambassadors to the Pope, i., 103-115, 121, 122, 126, 128, 132.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ambergris, i., 329.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Amboyna, Massacre of, i., 240, 241; ii., <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“America in the East,” ii., <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“American anchorage,” ii., <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">American relations with Japan. <i>See</i> United States’ relations with Japan.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Amida, the god and his idols, i., 399; ii., <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Amiot, Père, i., 7.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Amœnitates Exoticae,” i., 289, 315.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Amomum miōga</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Anas galericulata</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ancestor worship, ii., <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Anderson, W., ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Angelis, Jerome de, i., 220, 265.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Animals and birds eaten for food, i., 54, 75, 187; ii., <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">those not eaten, ii., <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Anise-tree, i., 401; ii., <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Anjirō, i., 38, 39, 41, 49-54, 82, 359.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Annales des Voyages,” ii., <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Annals des Dairi,” ii., <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Annals des Empereurs du Japon,” i., 257, 391; ii., <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Annals of the Dairi,” i., 357.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Apples, ii., <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Arai, ii., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Arai Hakuseki, ii., <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Aratame</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Architecture, domestic, i., 77, 187, 218, 339, 340, 390-392, 395; ii., <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>-131, 306, 318-322.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Archives of Japan,” i., 8.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Argonaut</i>, English ship, ii., <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Arima, King of, i., 98, 102, 126.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Armies and soldiery, i., 59, 215, 258.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Armor, i., 139.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Arms, or mark, upon clothing, etc., i., 116, 188, 371, 373; ii., <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Artemisia</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Wormwood.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Arts and Crafts of Old Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Arum dracontium</i> and <i>esculentum</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Asakawa, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Asiatic Journal,” i., 195; ii., <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Aston, W. G., i., 8, 145; ii., <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Astronomers, ii., <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Asukagawa, River, i., 385.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Atlas Japonensis,” i., 266.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Atotsuke</i>, i., 370, 372.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Atsuta (Miya), ii., <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Audiences with emperor and princes, i., 175, 189-191, 217; ii., <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>-62, 85-104, 149-153, 331-334.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Audsley, ——, and Bowes, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Austerities practised by both bonzes and Jesuits, i., 71, 88.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Autographs of travellers, i., 218.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Awa, Provinces of, ii., <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Azuchiyama, i., 103, 116.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Bacon, Miss, ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Baggage, i., 370-377.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Baker, Edmund, i., 177.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Baptiste, Father Pierre, i., 242.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Barley, i., 76.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Batchelor, John, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Baths, ii., <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Batoli, Father Daniel, i., 115.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bedding, ii., <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Beechey, Captain, ii., <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Beer, ii., <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Beggars, ii., <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>-28, 58.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bell in Miyako temple, ii., <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Benriū, River, i., 385.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bent, Lieut., ii., <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bettelheim, Rev. B. J., ii., <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Biddle, Commodore, ii., <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>-265.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bidinger, Mr., ii., <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Bikuni</i> (nuns), ii., <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Binding of prisoners, ii., <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bird, Miss, ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Birds eaten for food, ii., <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Biscanio, Sebastian, i., 270.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Biwa, Lake, ii., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="indx">Black, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Blindness, ii., <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Blomhoff, Herr, ii., <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Blomhoff, Mme., ii., <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Blossom</i>, English ship, ii., <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bonin Islands, ii., <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Books, i., 77; ii., <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bōshū (Awa) Province, ii., <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Botanical Magazine” (Curtis), ii., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Botany, i., 374, 375; ii., <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bowes, ——, and Audsley, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bowmen, ii., <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bramhall, Mrs., ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Brassica orientalis</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Breskens</i>, Dutch ship (1643), i., 262-264.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bridges, i., 385; ii., <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Brixiano, Father Organtino, i., 149.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Broadcloth, English, i., 224.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Broughton, Captain, i., 265; ii., <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Brown, Mr., ii., <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Buddha, The great, ii., <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Buddhism, i., 65, 70-74, 139, 275-277, 342, 343; ii., <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Buddhist clergy, i., 72-74, 275-277, 342, 343; ii., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Buddhist temples (<i>Tera</i>), i., 71, 275, 342, 397, 398; ii., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Buke</i> (military nobility), i., 63.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Buku</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bullocks, ii., <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Oxen.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Bungo, Kingdom of, i., 25-29, 34-36, 84-86, 93, 98, 102, 118-120, 124, 125, 145.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Burger, Dr., ii., <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Burial service, Jesuit, i., 88.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Burrows, Silas E., ii., <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>-314.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Burying-grounds, ii., <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Bushido—The Soul of Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</span></li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Cabot, Sebastian, i., 167.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cabral, Father, i., 97, 98, 100-101.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Cactus ficus</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Caladium</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Calendar, Japanese, i., 32, 357.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">California, ii., <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>, <a href='#Page_278'>278</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Call to arms, i., 34, 35.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cambodia River, ii., <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Camellia sasankwa</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Campbell, ——, i., 302; ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Campbell, Archibald, ii., <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Camphor-tree, i., 76; ii., <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Candles, ii., <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Canvas batteries, ii., <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Capital of the Tycoon, The,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Capsicum</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Captive of Love, A,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Captivity in Japan,” i., 33.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Carac of Macao, Cargo of, i., 153, 154, 269, 270.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Card games, ii., <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Caron, Francis, i., 224, 240, 243, 253-257, 260, 261, 266, 267, 273, 343, 352, 368, 373; ii., <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>, <a href='#Page_366'>366</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Carvilho, Father Valentine, i., 227, 242.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cassa, Heer, ii., <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Castles, i., 186, 392-394; ii., <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>-83, 86-88.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Castricoom</i>, Dutch ship (1643), i., 262, 264, 265.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Casuar, rare Batavian bird, i., 265, 368; ii., <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Catechists, Native, i., 100, 127, 128, 231.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Catholic Church in the East, i., 40, 41, 45-47, 65, 205, 235, 261, 267, 277, 396.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Missionaries <i>and</i> Xavier, Francis.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cats, ii., <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cavendish, Thomas, i., 167, 271.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cecille, Admiral, ii., <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cedar-trees, ii., <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Celastrus alatus</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cevicos, Don Jean, i., 245, 246.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Chamberlain, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Chaplin-Ayrton, Mrs., ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Charlevoix, Father, i., 20, 85, 101, 115, 154, 232, 246, 265, 290.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Charms against evil spirits, ii., <a href='#Page_323'>323</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cherry-trees, ii., <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Child Life in Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Children, i., 259, 260, 353; ii., <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">China trade, i., 12, 270, 273-275, 277-281; ii., <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Chinese Repository,” ii., <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Chiushingura, the Loyal League,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Chronicles, Japanese, i., 1, 64.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Citrus tripoliata</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Civility of Japanese, i., 287; ii., <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Classical Poetry of the Japanese,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Clement, Ernest W., i., 78; ii., <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#Page_357'>357</a>, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Cleopatra</i>, French frigate, ii., <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Climate, ii., <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Clocks, ii., <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coal, ii., <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cocks, Richard, i., 213, 223-225, 229, 234, 236, 239, 240; ii., <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coimbra (Portugal) University, i., 45;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Jesuit college, i., 46, 85.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Coins and currency, i., 59, 60, 257, 272, 273, 277, 278, 322, 372; ii., <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>-111, 309-311, 337.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Coins of Japan, The,” ii., <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Colbert, ——, i., 266, 368; ii., <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Colds and catarrh, ii., <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Colewort, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Colic, Treatment of, ii., <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Collado, Father, i., 244-246.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Columbus</i>, American ship, ii., <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>-265, 283.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Company of Jesus.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Order of Jesuits <i>and</i> Missionaries, Jesuit.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Company’s Island, i., 124, 265.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Compliments, i., 27.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Concubines and courtesans, i., 260, 279, 292, 310, 340, 341, 356; ii., <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Conder, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Contee, Mr., ii., <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Japanese Empire,” ii., <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Converts, native, i., 84, 85, 88, 94-98, 100, 102, 103, 118-121, 124-129, 134, 140, 141, 145, 155-158, 162-164, 195, 207, 211, 222, 227-234, 243-248, 267, 268.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Missionaries.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cook-shops, ii., <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cooper, Captain, ii., <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Copper, i., 329; ii., <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Corean expedition, i., 128, 140, 141, 144, 145, 151, 162; ii., <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Corvailho, Father.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Same as</i> Carvilho, Father Valentine.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Couros, Father Matthew de, i., 159.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cows, ii., <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Craftsmen segregate, i., 187, 217.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Credit on accounts, ii., <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Crucifixion, i., 156.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Crusado</i>, i., 17.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Cuello, Father Gaspard, i., 102, 119, 126.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Cupressus japonica</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Cyprus</i>, English brig, ii., <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Daguerreotypes, ii., <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Daibutsu Temple, ii., <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Daifu-Sama.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Iyeyasu.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Daikoku</i>, i., 359.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dairi, or Mikado, i., 60-66; ii., <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dale, Sir Thomas, i., 237, 238.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Date Masamune, i., 204.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Davidson, J. W., i., 302; ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Davis, pilot of Dutch vessel, i., 169, 177; ii., <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dee-yee-no-skee, Japanese seaman, ii., <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>-314.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">De Jancigny, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dening, ——, i., 150.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Deshima, Island of, i., 248, 262, 291-294; ii., <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Devereux, Captain, ii., <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Diana</i>, Russian sloop, ii., <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>-243, 324.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Diary of Richard Cocks,” i., 226, 267.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dick, Stewart, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dickins, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dickson, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dictionary, Japanese-Dutch, ii., <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Dioscorea Japonica</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Distance, Measures of, i., 382, 391; ii., <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dixon, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Doeff, Heer Hendrick, ii., <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>-212, 245.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dogs, ii., <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Dolichos polystachos</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Dolichos soia</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dominicans in Japanese missions.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Missionaries, Catholic, other than Jesuit.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dosha powder, ii., <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dōshin, or imperial soldiers, i., 257, 346; ii., <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Drake, Sir Francis, i., 167; ii., <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Draughts, Game of, ii., <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dress, i., 105, 210-212, 276, 375, 376; ii., <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>-156, 248, 285, 331, 332.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dress, ease of adjustment, ii., <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dresser, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Drinking, i., 343; ii., <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dutch East India Company, i., 169, 209, 238, 251-253, 261, 272, 283-336, 366; ii., <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>-41, 101, 109-111, 114-120, 122, 123, 126-129, 136, 139, 193-209, 245, 246.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Dutch in Japan.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Dutch in Japan, i., 165, 167-175, 177, 179, 181-185, 191, 192, 195-204, 206-209, 220, 221, 223, 228, 233-238, 240, 241, 251-256, 261-267, 271-273, 277-281, 284-301; ii., <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Dutch East India Company.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Dyosperos kaki</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">“Early Institutional Life of Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Early Study of Dutch in Japan, The,” ii., <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Earthquakes, i., 77, 151, 391, 392; ii., <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Eclipse</i>, American ship, ii., <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Eclipses, ii., <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Edicts, i., 395, 396.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Edmund</i>, English whaler, ii., <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Education, i., 77, 88.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Elephant, ii., <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Elgin, Lord, ii., <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Eliza</i>, American ship, ii., <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Elserak, Dutch director, i., 264.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Embassy to Washington, ii., <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>-339.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Emperor, Castle of, ii., <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>-83, 86-91, 148-153.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Emperors, Chronology of, ii., <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a>, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Empress, ii., <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">English East India Company, i., 178, 219, 220, 225, 236-241, 267.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> English in the East.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">English in the East, i., 167, 169, 175, 178, 179, 207-209, 219-221, 228, 230, 233-240, 278; ii., <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#Page_323'>323</a>, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> English East India Company.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Enoshima, Island of, ii., <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Essay on the Commerce of Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Everett, Hon. Edward, ii., <a href='#Page_280'>280</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Evolution of the Japanese, The,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Examiner” (London), ii., <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Executions and tortures, i., 156, 214, 246, 247, 333-335, 349, 353, 354, 396; ii., <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Eye diseases, ii., <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Fans, i., 376.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Farming class, ii., <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Fauna Japonica,” ii., <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Feith, M., ii., <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fernandes, Jean, i., 52.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ferreyra, Father Christopher, i., 247, 248, 264.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ferry-boats, i., 385.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Festivals, i., 69, 223, 224, 356-365; ii., <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Feudal and Modern Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Figara peperita</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Figure-treading, Ceremony of, i., 298, 352, 396; ii., <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fillmore, President, ii., <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>-281.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Firearms, i., 24, 25, 33; ii., <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>-348.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fire-extinguishers, i., 367; ii., <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fire-flies, ii., <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Firemen, ii., <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fires, i., 77; ii., <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fir-trees, ii., <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fischer, ——, i., 33.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Fiscus pumila</i> and <i>erecta</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fishermen, i., 214; ii., <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fisscher, Herr, ii., <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>-250.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fitch, Ralph, i., 269, 270; ii., <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Flora Japonica” (Siebold and Zaccarini), ii., <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Flora Japonica” (Thunberg), ii., <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Floris, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Flower-arrangements, ii., <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Flute, ii., <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Food, i., 54, 75, 76, 187, 216, 286, 343; ii., <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>,
-102-104, 126, 127, 140, 159, 215, 217, 220, 317, 318, 333, 334.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Foot-coverings, ii., <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fords, i., 384, 385.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Foreigners, Antipathy to, i., 214.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Forestry regulations, i., 381.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Formosa, i., 252-255, 262, 271, 274, 302; ii., <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Formosa under the Dutch,” i., 302; ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fowls, Domestic, ii., <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Foxes, i., 75; ii., <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Franciscans in Japanese missions.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Missionaries, Catholic, other than Jesuit.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Franklin</i>, American ship, ii., <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Free Press” (Serampore), ii., <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">French East India Company, i., 266.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">French in Japanese affairs, i., 266; ii., <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Frisius, of the Dutch East India Company, i., 265, 266.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Froez, Father Louis, i., 95, 96, 131, 133, 141, 159, 165, 266; ii., <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Frog-in-a-well” policy, ii., <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“From Far Formosa,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fruits, ii., <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fuchū, i., 25, 27, 35, 36.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Fucus saccharinus</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fujigawa, River, i., 385; ii., <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fuji-jedagawa, River, i., 385.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fuji-no-Yama, ii., <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#Page_328'>328</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Funeral customs, ii., <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>-189.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Furniture and interiors, i., 340, 391, 392; ii., <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>-8, 52, 55, 62, 130, 131, 133, 303, 330.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Fushimi, i., 140, 151, 215; ii., <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="indx">Gago, Balthaza, i., 87, 90, 93.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Galvano, Antonio, i., 13, 14, 40, 41, 56.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Gardenia Florida</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gardens, i., 194; ii., <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>-12, 52, 82, 322.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gate Guard, Nagasaki, i., 312.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Gate of the two kings,” ii., <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gaubil, Father, i., 8.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Gege</i> (plebeians), i., 62.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Geisenger, Captain, 266.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Genji Monogatari,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gin, ii., <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ginseng, ii., <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Glimpse at the Art of Japan, A,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Globe</i>, English ship, ii., <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Globius (Takaro Sampei), ii., <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Glyn, Commander, ii., <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>-269, 271.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gnecchi, Father, i., 97, 103, 119, 146, 155, 159, 164.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Goa, i., 12, 38, 41, 48; ii., <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>-353.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Godō, i., 277.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Goede Frouw</i>, Dutch ship, ii., <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Go-kirai (The Tenza), i., 164.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Golownin, Vassili, i., 21, 22, 33, 59, 66, 124, 162, 221, 265; ii., <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>-244, 246.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gomez, Father, i., 126.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gongen-Sama (Iyeyasu, <i>which see</i>), i., 230.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gordon, Captain, ii., <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Goseman, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gotō Shōzaburō, treasurer to Emperor Hashiba, i., 199, 200.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Governors of Nagasaki, i., 347.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gowns presented to Company, ii., <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">to U. S. Consul, ii., <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Griffis, William Elliot, i., 74; ii., <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gros, Baron, ii., <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Grote, George, i., 275.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gruy, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Guitar” (samisen), ii., <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gulick, Sidney, ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gusman, Father Luys de, i., 115, 131.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gutzlaff, Mr., ii., <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Gysbert (or Guysbert), Roger, i., 243, 244, 352, 354.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Hackluyt’s translations, i., 14, 122, 150, 152, 165, 177, 178, 270; ii., <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hagenaar, ——, i., 247, 253-255, 261, 343; ii., <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hagendorp, Heer, ii., <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hair, Manner of wearing, ii., <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hakata, Island of Shimo, i., 82, 213, 214.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hakodate, Island of Matsumae, i., 221; ii., <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hakone pass, ii., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_328'>328</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hamamatsu, ii., <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hamilton, Dr., ii., <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Hanashikimi</i> (anise-tree), i., 401.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Shikimi.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Handbook of Modern Japan, A,” i., 78; ii., <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>, <a href='#Page_357'>357</a>, <a href='#Page_360'>360</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Handkerchiefs, ii., <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Harada Kiyemon, i., 134, 135, 142, 148.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hara-kiri, i., 78, 79, 229, 260.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Harbors, i., 386, 387.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Harper’s Magazine,” i., 166.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Harris, Mrs., ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Harris, Townsend, ii., <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>-335.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hartman, S., ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hartshorne, Miss, ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hashiba (Taikō-Sama), i., 117-121, 123, 124, 126-144, 147-151, 155, 158-161, 193; ii., <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hatch, Arthur, i., 240.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hawkins, Sir Richard and Sir John, i., 167.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hay’s (John) translations, i., 115, 132, 150, 165, 205.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Healthfulness of houses, i., 392.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hearn, Lafcadio, ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Heating of houses, ii., <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hecr, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Heine, Mr., ii., <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hemmi, Adams’s estate, i., 225, 240.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hemp, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Heusken, Mr., ii., <a href='#Page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#Page_332'>332</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Hibiscus manihot</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hidetsugu (Kwambacudono), i., 140, 149.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hideyori, son of Taikō-Sama, i., 150, 161, 163, 197, 198, 229.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Hideyoshi’s Invasion of Korea,” i., 145.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hieizan, Mountain of, i., 98; ii., <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Highways, i., 189, 216, 380-384; ii., <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_328'>328</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Higo, Castle of, ii., <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hildreth, Richard, i., 10; ii., <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hiōgo, ii., <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hirado, i., 254, 261.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hirado, Prince of, i., 177, 184, 185, 196, 197, 210, 213.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“His Pilgrimes” (or “His Pilgrimage”), i., 177, 178, 220, 225, 232; ii., <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Hist. Gen. des Voyages,” i., 198.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Histoire de la Dynastie des Mongoux,” i., 8.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Histoire du Japon,” i., 20, 115, 246.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Histoire Général de la China,” i., 7.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Histoire Mythologique,” i., 357.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Historia de la Compagnia de Gesu,” i., 115.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“History of Greece,” i., 275.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“History of Japan” (Adams), ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“History of Japan” (Charlevoix), i., 290.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“History of Japan” (Kämpfer), i., 289-291.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“History of Japanese Literature,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“History of Java,” i., 272; ii., <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>-112.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“History of Plants,” ii., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“History of the Empire of Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“History of the English Factory at Hirado,” i., 226.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">“History of the United States,” ii., <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hizen, Province of, i., 82, 120.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hoffman, assistant to Siebold, i., 8.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hōin-Sama.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Hirado, Prince of.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Homicide, Punishment for, i., 354.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Honda the Samurai,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Horseback-riding, i., 370-377.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Horse-shoes, i., 373.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Horses, i., 215; ii., <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Hotei</i>, i., 359.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Hotoke</i>, or idols, i., 399.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Houtman, Cornelius, i., 168, 169, 177; ii., <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Huish, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hyōgo, Province Settsu, ii., <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">“Ideals of the East, The,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Idols, i., 193, 399, 400; ii., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>-108.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Temples.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Illustrations of Japan,” i., 79; ii., <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Image-trampling.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Figure-treading.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Imhoff, author of Dutch memoir, i., 272; ii., <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Imi</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Incomes of princes, i., 240, 256-259.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Indian History,” i., 14.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Indulgence-boxes, i., 401.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ingen, Buddhist priest, i., 275-277.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Inns, i., 187, 216; ii., <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>-13, 29, 36-41, 328.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Intercourse between the United States and Japan, The,” ii., <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Interest, ii., <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Interpreters, i., 302-306, 369, 370; ii., <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ise Temple, i., 68, 69; ii., <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Island of Formosa, The,” i., 302; ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Iyeyasu (Tokugawa Iyeyasu), i., 161-163, 175-177, 190-193, 200, 201, 218-223, 230.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Izu, Cape, ii., <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>, <a href='#Page_328'>328</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Jacatra (Batavia), i., 237; ii., <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jancigny.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> De Jancigny.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japan” (De Jancigny), ii., <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japan” (Dickson), ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japan” (Reed), ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japan—An Interpretation,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japan and her People,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japan and its Art,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japan in Art and Industry,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japan in History, Folk-lore, and Art,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japan, its Architecture, Art, and Art Manufactures,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japan: presented in Sketches of the Manners and Customs of that Realm, especially of the Town of Nagasaki,” ii., <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Japan Society, London, i., 8.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Armour,” ii., <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Art,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Boy, A,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Calendars,” i., 352.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Costume,” ii., <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Education,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Fairy World” (Griffis), ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Fairy World, The” (Ozaki), ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Fans,” i., 376.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Funeral Rites,” ii., <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Girls and Women,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Heraldry,” i., 117.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Homes,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Japanese in America, i., 152.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Life in Town and Country,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Plays,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Japanese Rituals,” i., 66.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jarves, J. J., ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jesuits.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Order of Jesuits.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jewels, ii., <a href='#Page_332'>332</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jizō, Idol of, i., 399; ii., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jodogawa, River, ii., <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Johannis Botanicus, ii., <a href='#Page_201'>201</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jones, Sir William, ii., <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jontoux, Father, ii., <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Journal of Commerce” (New York), ii., <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Jūdo, i., 74, 277.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Jugulans nigra</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Junrei</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst"><i>Kago</i>, i., 377-379.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kahei, Takataya, ii., <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>-243.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kakegawa, ii., <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kamakura image of Buddha, i., 218.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kamakura, Island of, ii., <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Kamban</i>, i., 323-325.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kamel, George Joseph, ii., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Kami</i>, i., 66.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Shintō.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kämpfer’s account of Japan, i., 8, 27, 32, 59, 64, 66, 196, 202, 225, 240, 244, 249, 256, 257, 267, 272, 274-401; ii., <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>-109, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kanagawa, ii., <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Kanrin-maru</i>, Japanese steamer, ii., <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Keramic Art of Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kinosita, Yetaro, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kitchin, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Kitō</i>, i., 60, 276; ii., <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kiūshiū.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Shimo.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Klaproth, Heinrich, i., 32, 69, 181, 257, 357, 359, 391; ii., <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Knapp, A. M., ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Knox, Dr., ii., <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Knox, G. W., ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kōbō, saint and sage, ii., <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kochebecker, of the Dutch East India Company, i., 261.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Kojiki,” i., 359; ii., <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Kokoro,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Koku</i>, i., 240.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kokura, capital of Buzen, ii., <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Konishi Settsu-no-Kami, i., 163.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kōshi (Confucius), ii., <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Koxinga, Chinese pirate, i., 302.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Koya, near Miyako, i., 292.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kōzukeno-Suke, secretary to Emperor Hashiba, i., 199, 200.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kramer, Conrad, i., 252.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Krusenstern, Captain, ii., <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kublai Khan, i., 2, 4, 8-10.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kubō-Sama, i., 58, 61, 62, 64.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kuchiki Samon, ii., <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kuchinotsu, i., 94, 102.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Kuge</i> (patricians), i., 62, 66; ii., <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kuno, Fortress of, ii., <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Kuri</i>, i., 300, 308.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kurile Islands, i., 123, 221, 265; ii., <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kurume, Castle of, ii., <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kuwana, Province of Owari, ii., <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kwambacudono, i., 118, 123, 140, 149, 150.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kwannon Temple, ii., <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Kyōto (Miyako, <i>which see</i>), i., 215.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst"><i>Ladoga</i>, American whaler, ii., <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Lady Pierce</i>, American ship, ii., <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>-314.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Lady Rowena</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lampacau Island, i., 19.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lancaster, Captain, i., 167, 177.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Land of the Morning, The,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Langsdorff, Attaché, ii., <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lanterns, i., 373; ii., <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">La Perouse, Voyage of, i., 124, 221, 265; ii., <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">La Salle, ii., <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lattices, ii., <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Lawrence</i>, American whaler, ii., <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Laws, i., 78, 206, 260, 354; ii., <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Laxman, Lieut., ii., <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lay, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Leeds, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lepers, i., 164.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Letters Written by the English Residents in Japan, 1611-1623,” i., 178, 207, 219.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lew Chew Islands, i., 31, 124, 181, 281; ii., <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Liano, Spanish gentleman, i., 142.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Linschooten, Hugh, i., 168.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Liverwort used as charm, i., 401.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Log of a Japanese Journey,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Lowell, P., ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Loyola, Ignatius, i., 42, 43, 90.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“L’univers, ou Histoire et Description de tout les Peuples,” ii., <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Macartney, Lord, ii., <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mackay, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Maclay, A. C., ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Maffei, ——, i., 14, 81, 165.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mahay, Jacques, i., 169, 170.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Maize, ii., <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Makino Bingo-no-Kami, ii., <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Malela, Father, i., 7.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Malva Mauritiana</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Mamori</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Manchu dynasty, i., 274.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Manjū</i>, a cake, ii., <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Mankoku</i>, i., 240.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Manners, ii., <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Civility of Japanese.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Manners and Customs of the Japanese in the Nineteenth Century,” ii., <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Manufactures, i., 77;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of Miyako, ii., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of Suruga, ii., <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Manuscript history, ii., <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Maple-trees, ii., <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Maps, ii., <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Marco Polo, i., 1-6, 13.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Mariner</i>, English ship, ii., <a href='#Page_272'>272</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Marriage Ceremonies,” ii., <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Marriages, i., 259; ii., <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>-183, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Marsden, ——, translator, i., 2, 4, 6.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Matheson, Commander, ii., <a href='#Page_272'>272</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mats, Floor, i., 391; ii., <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Matsumae, ii., <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Matsumae Island.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Matsumaye Island.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Matsumaye (Yezo or Matsumae) Island, i., 123, 124, 220, 221, 262-265; ii., <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Matsuri</i> (public spectacle at Nagasaki), i., 296, 356-365.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Matsuura Hoin.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Hirado, Prince of.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Matthew Galbraith Perry,” ii., <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">May, Henry, i., 178.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">McClatchie, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">McCoy, American seaman, ii., <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">McDonald, Ranald, American seaman, ii., <a href='#Page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Meals, ii., <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Measures and weights, i., 23, 59, 249, 272.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Medhurst, Mr., ii., <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Medicine and surgery, i., 26, 28, 77; ii., <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>-147.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Melea azedarach</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Melis, Thomas, i., 169.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Memoir on the Trade of Japan, and the Causes of its Decline,” i., 272; ii., <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Mémoires concernant les Chinois,” i., 7.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Memoirs of the Shōguns” (or Djoguns), i., 98; ii., <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Memorable Embassies of the Dutch to the Emperors of Japan,” i., 266, 272; ii., <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Memorials of the Empire of Japan,” i., 225.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Mentha piperita</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Mercator</i>, American whaler, ii., <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Merchant class, ii., <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Merchant marine of Japan, i., 180, 181.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Trade.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mermaids, ii., <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Mespillus japonica</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Messengers, ii., <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Meylan, G. F., ii., <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>-250.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mimitsuka Chapel, ii., <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mindanao, Island of, i., 55, 56.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mines, ii., <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Mirror of Yedo,” i., 257.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mirrors, ii., <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Miseratsie</i>, or wall adornments, ii., <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>-8.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Missionaries, Catholic, other than Jesuit, i., 147-149, 151, 152, 155-160, 163, 164, 179, 223, 228-232, 241-248, 268.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Missionaries, Jesuit, i., 38-41, 45-56, 60, 63-65, 67, 70-72, 81-91, 93-98, 100-103, 116-121, 124-136, 138, 142, 143, 145-149, 151-160, 162-164, 175, 179, 205, 222, 227-234, 241-248, 263, 264, 268, 269, 279, 280; ii., <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Missionaries, Protestant, i., 147; ii., <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Mississippi</i>, American frigate, ii., <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>, <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mitford, A. B. F., ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Mito Yashiki,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mitsukuri, Dr., ii., <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Miya (Atsuta), ii., <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Miya</i> (Shintō temples), i., 67-69, 398, 399; ii., <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Miyako, i., 61, 83, 96, 97, 155, 161, 163, 164, 192, 222; ii., <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>-66, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>-108, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mongols, i., 2, 6-10.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Moniteur des Indes,” ii., <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Monsoons, i., 316.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Moor, Captain, ii., <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mōri Motonari, i., 90, 95, 103.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Morrison</i>, American brig, ii., <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>-258, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Morse, E. S., ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Morus papyrifira</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="indx">Mossman, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mountain priests, i., 74; ii., <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>-25, 72.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mountains, i., 386, 387; ii., <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mourning, ii., <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>-187.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Moxa, ii., <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mulberry-trees, i., 76; ii., <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Munro, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Murakami, N., i., 226.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Murakawn, K., i., 178.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Murray, D., ii., <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Murray, Lieut., ii., <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mushrooms, ii., <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Music and musicians, i., 212, 213, 357, 362; ii., <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Nabores, Hieronymo de, i., 270.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Nagasaki, i., 97, 102, 125, 128, 143, 145, 156-160, 164, 234, 235, 244, 275, 284, 285, 291-294, 337-353, 355-365, 397.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Naibun</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Namida</i> (Sanscrit prayer), i., 344; ii., <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Narrative of a Japanese, The,” ii., <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Natural history researches, ii., <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>-253.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Nettles, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“New Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“New Life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi,” i., 150.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">New Moon ceremonies, ii., <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">New Year’s Day (European), ii., <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">New Year’s Day (Japanese), i., 357; ii., <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“New York Times,” ii., <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“New York Tribune,” ii., <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Newbury, John, ii., <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Niagara</i>, U. S. frigate, ii., <a href='#Page_337'>337</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Nicholson, Lieut., ii., <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Nihombashi</i>, or great bridge at Yedo, i., 380; ii., <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Nikkō Temple, i., 230, 253.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ningpo, i., 13.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ni-ō-mon, “gate of the two kings,” ii., <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Nippon, i., 1, 27, 57, 124.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Nippon Ōdai Ichiran,” ii., <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Nippon, or Archives for the Description of Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Nitobe, I. O., ii., <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Nobles, i., 240, 256-260; ii., <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>-153.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Nobunaga (Oda Nobunaga), i., 96-98, 102, 103, 116, 117, 139.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Noises of the town, i., 344; ii., <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Noort, Oliver, i., 169, 171.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Norimono</i>, i., 347, 377-379; ii., <a href='#Page_327'>327</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Noshi</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Notes on the Intercourse between Japan and Siam in the Seventeenth Century,” ii., <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits,” ii., <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Noto, an Unexplored Corner of Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Nouveau Journal Asiatique,” i., 181; ii., <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Nouveau Mélanges Asiatique,” ii., <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Nugnes Barreto, Father, i., 88-90.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Nuyts, Peter de, i., 252-254; ii., <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Oaks, ii., <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Oars, i., 389.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ōbaku, papal residence of Ingen, i., 276.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Odawara, ii., <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Official life at Nagasaki, i., 345-350.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ōgosho-Sama, i., 163.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Iyeyasu.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Oharai</i>, or indulgence, ii., <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ōigawa, River, i., 384, 385; ii., <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ōita, i., 27.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Okakara, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Okasaki, ii., <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ōmura, town and bay, ii., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Opium war, ii., <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Order of Jesuits, i., 41-46, 54.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Missionaries, Jesuit.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Orfanel, Father Fray Jacinto, i., 246.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Oriental Translation Fund, ii., <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Oriental Travels,” Marco Polo, i., 1-6.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Origin of Spanish and Portuguese Rivalry in Japan, The,” i., 135.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Origin of the Riches of Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Oryris japonica</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ōsaka, i., 118, 127, 155, 161, 164, 175, 195, 214, 215, 230, 382; ii., <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>-54, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ōshima, Island of, ii., <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ōtsu, town and lake, ii., <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Outcast Japanese, i., 249; ii., <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Oxen, ii., <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ozaki, Miss, ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Pacheco, Father, i., 245.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pack-horses and travellers’ equipment, i., 370-377.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Palaces, i., 188, 189, 340; ii., <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Castles <i>and</i> Emperor, Castle of.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Palanquins, i., 216.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Paper, ii., <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Paper-hangings, i.,340, 392; ii., <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Parish priests, i., 180, 229.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Parker, Dr., ii., <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Parli, the Last of the Missionaries,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Past and Present of Japanese Commerce, The,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Paul of the Holy Faith.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Anjirō.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pazio, Father Francis, i., 163.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pearls, ii., <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pears, ii., <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Peel’s Island, ii., <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pellew, Captain, ii., <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Peregrinations in the East,” i., 14, 15; ii., <a href='#Page_348'>348</a>-350.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Perry, Commodore, ii., <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>-324.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Persecution of Catholic missionaries, i., 119, 120, 125, 126, 155-160, 164, 205, 222, 227-234, 240-251, 261.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Phaeton</i>, English frigate, ii., <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Phascolus</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Philadelphia</i>, U. S. steamer, ii., <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Philippine Islands, i., 56, 134, 135, 152, 166.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Physicians, i., 28, 29; ii., <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>-147, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Pictorial Arts of Japan, The,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pilgrimages, i., 69; ii., <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>-22, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pillows, ii., <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pilotage rates, ii., <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pilots, i., 387.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pinkerton’s collection, i., 261, 267.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pinto, Fernam Mendez, i., 14-31, 34-38, 49, 52, 84, 88, 89, 91, 92;</li>
-<li class="isub1">ii., <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_348'>348</a>-350.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Pinus abies</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Pinus silvestris</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Pisum sativum</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Plane-trees, ii., <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ploughing, i., 216.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Plymouth</i>, American sloop, ii., <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Police protection, i., 188, 214, 349-353, 356.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Pologonum</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Population, i., 186, 190, 192, 195, 257; ii., <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Portraits, i., 33.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Portuguese in the East, i., 11-34, 36-41, 45, 48, 49, 57, 58, 64, 71, 84, 90, 91, 102, 103, 120, 127, 134-136, 138, 139, 142, 145, 147, 153, 154, 158, 159, 164, 166, 167, 174-176, 179, 181, 182, 196-199, 208, 209, 221, 228, 248-251, 255, 261-265, 269-271, 278.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Post-houses, ii., <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Potatoes, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Poverty, i., 77, 87, 395; ii., <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Powhatan</i>, United States ship, ii., <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Prayers for the dead, i., 344.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Preble</i>, American ship, ii., <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>-269, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#Page_272'>272</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Precious metals, Export of, ii., <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Presents, i., 217, 367, 368; ii., <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Pring, Martin, i., 237-239.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Printing, ii., <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Prisons, ii., <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>-222.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Protestants in Japanese missions.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Missionaries, Protestant.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Provinces, as found by Portuguese, i., 57, 58;</li>
-<li class="isub1">division by “Circuits, “vii., <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Purcell, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Purchas, ——, i., 165, 177, 184, 220, 225, 232, 236, 240; ii., <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Pure Shintō,” i., 66.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">“Quarterly Review,” ii., <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Radishes, i., 286, 383; ii., <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Raffles, Sir Stamford, i., 272; ii., <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>-112, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>-210.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rain-coats, i., 375; ii., <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rain-maker, Priestly, i., 276.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rank, The distinction of, i., 60.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rationalists.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Jūdo.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Rebecca</i>, American ship, ii., <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Recollections of Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Reed, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Regamey, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Relation du Japon,” i., 224.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Religions of Japan, The,” i., 74; ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Religious sects and beliefs, i., 65-74, 138, 139, 194, 195, 207, 261, 291; ii., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rémusat, Abel, i., 70; ii., <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Resanoff, Count, ii., <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>-199.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Rhus succedanea</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Rhus vernix</i>, i., 76; ii., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rice, i., 76, 257, 343; ii., <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Riess, Dr. L., i., 178, 240.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rikord, Captain, ii., <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>-243.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Riordan, R., and Takayanagi, T., ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rivers, i., 384, 385; ii., <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Road-books, i., 376; ii., <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Roanoke</i>, U. S. steamer, ii., <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rodriguez, Father, i., 32, 60, 63, 133, 136, 156, 158, 162, 165.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Roofs, i., 339, 392; ii., <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rowing, Method of, i., 389.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Rubia cordata</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Rundall, ——, i., 225, 230, 240.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Russian American Company, ii., <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Russian relations with Japan, ii., <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>-192, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>-199, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>-244, <a href='#Page_323'>323</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ryōzayemon, a Russian prisoner, ii., <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>-229.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Saddles, i., 371, 377.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sadono-Kami, president of Prince Hideyori’s council, i., 201.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Saga, capital of Hizen, ii., <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sagami, Cape, ii., <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Saguer</i>, a rare tree, ii., <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Saikaidō</i>, i., 381.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sakai, i., 95, 118, 215; ii., <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Sakana</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Sake</i>, i., 76, 216, 343; ii., <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sakhalin, i., 123, 124, 265; ii., <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Salt butter as a remedy, ii., <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Salutation, Ceremony of, i., 210.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Samisen, i., 212; ii., <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sancian Island, i., 13.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“San Francisco Herald,” ii., <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>San Jacinto</i>, American steamer, ii., <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>San Philip</i>, Spanish galleon, i., 151, 152, 154, 159, 160, 180.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Santvoort, Melichor von, i., 203, 244.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sao harbor, ii., <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Saramang</i>, English frigate, ii., <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Saratoga</i>, American sloop, ii., <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Saris, Captain John, i., 196, 207-225, 229, 232, 343.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Satow, ——, i., 66, 86, 135; ii., <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sawaas (or Sowas), i., 330, 344.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sayer, agent of English East India Company, i., 230.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Scherer, J. A. B., ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Scheuchzer, Dr. I. G., i., 290.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Schools, ii., <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Science, Study of, i., 77.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Scurvy, ii., <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sea-weeds, Edible, ii., <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Segaki, ii., <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Seimei, and the table of unfortunate days, ii., <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>-44.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Seminary at Goa, i., 41, 49, 55.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Serfs, i., 59.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Serqueyra, Father Louis (Bishop of Japan), i., 227, 242.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Servants, i., 354; ii., <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Sesamum orientale</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Settsu-no-Kami, governor of Nagasaki, i., 347; ii., <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Seven Gods of Happiness,” i., 359.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shaëp, Captain, i., 263, 265.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shigemi, S., ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Shikimi</i> (anise-tree), ii., <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also Hanashikimi</i>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shikoku Island, i., 123, 124.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Same as</i> Sikoku Island.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shimabara Fortress, i., 94, 248, 261.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shimada, ii., <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shimo, i., 27, 57, 93, 97, 98, 119, 124, 125, 145, 164, 213, 228.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shimoda, town and river, ii., <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>-324, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shimonoseki, i., 368, 381; ii., <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shinagawa, ii., <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shintō, i., 66-70, 138, 139, 342, 359, 360, 399; ii., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shintō clergy, i., 74, 342, 359, 360, 398; ii., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shintō temples (Miya), i., 67, 342, 399; ii., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shiota, ii., <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Shiwota.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ships and Harbor Guard, Nagasaki, i., 312, 348.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Ships and boats, i., 77, 387-390; ii., <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shōgun-Sama, i., 230, 247.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shōguns, The, i., 58; ii., <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>-173.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shooting of birds, ii., <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shops, i., 394; ii., <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>-323.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Shotten, Timothy, i., 169.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Sidney Gazette,” ii., <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Siebold, Dr. Philipp Franz von, i., 8, 9, 31, 33, 123, 338, 351; ii., <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>-254, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Signs, ii., <a href='#Page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#Page_323'>323</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sikoku Island, i., 57, 119.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Same as</i> Shikoku.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Silk, i., 76, 101, 321.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sitting posture, ii., <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sloane, Sir Hans, i., 290.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Small-pox, i., 400.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Smilax China</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Smoke-holes, i., 3.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Smoking articles, ii., <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Smuggling, i., 300, 314, 328, 332, 333, 353, 397; ii., <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Soap, ii., <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Soil, i., 76.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Soldiers, ii., <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Armies and Soldiery.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Solis, Jean de, i., 135, 136, 142, 143.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sotelo, Father Louis, i., 203-205, 245, 246.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Soul of the Far East, The,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sowaas.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Sowas.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sowas (<i>or</i> Sawaas), i., 330, 344, 377.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Soy, ii., <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Spanish in the East, i., 56, 134-136, 142, 143, 147, 148, 151-154, 159, 160, 166, 167, 179, 180, 191, 197, 199, 202-204, 208, 209, 221, 228, 237, 241, 261, 270, 271.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Spex, Jacob, i., 197, 198, 202, 203, 206.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Spinola, ——, i., 241.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Spirea</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Springs, ii., <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Spy Guard, Nagasaki, i., 312, 348.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">State’s Island, i., 124, 265.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sterling, Admiral, ii., <a href='#Page_323'>323</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Stevens, Thomas, ii., <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Stewart, Captain, ii., <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>-196.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">St. Michael, patron saint of Japan, i., 98.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Stockings, ii., <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Story, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Story of Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Street-government of cities, i., 188, 349-353, 356, 361-363; ii., <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Suburb of Yedo, A,” ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sugar, ii., <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sun-Goddess (Tenshō-daijin), i., 66, 67, 69, 224, 357-359.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Sunrise Stories,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Superstitions, i., 48, 74, 207, 401; ii., <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Suruga, i., 163, 186, 190, 217; ii., <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Susquehanna</i>, American frigate, ii., <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Suwa, Festivals of, i., 296, 356-365.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Suwa, Temple of, i., 356, 357.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Suyematsu, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sweetmeats, ii., <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_331'>331</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Swine, ii., <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Swords, i., 59, 106, 185, 210, 290, 349, 369; ii., <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Taikō-Sama. <i>See</i> Hashiba.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Taikō-Sama, Castle of, i., 118; ii., <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Taikō-Sama, Temple and Tomb of, i., 193.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Takayanagi, T., and Riordan, R., ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Tales of Old Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tanners, i., 334, 349.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tartars, i., 5-10.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tashima, Legend of, ii., <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Taxes, i., 258, 355, 356.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tea, i., 76, 216; ii., <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Teisuke, Murakami, ii., <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Temples, i., 67, 68, 71, 161, 193, 194, 216, 218, 222, 275, 342, 356, 357, 397-399; ii., <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>-108, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Temples of Riches,” i., 275.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tennōji, ii., <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tenriū, River, i., 385.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tenshō-daijin.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Sun-Goddess.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tenza, The, i., 164.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Tera</i> (Buddhist temples), i., 71, 275, 342, 397, 398; ii., <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Terazawa, i., 145, 146, 156.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Theatrical representations, i., 77, 212, 213, 360-365; ii., <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Thevenot, ——, i., 243, 261, 265; ii., <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Threshing, ii., <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Thunberg, Charles Peter, i., 60, 290, 376, 391, 392; ii., <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>-163, 169, 210, 213, 254.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Thuya dolebrata</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Tiger</i>, English ship, ii., <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tillage of the soil, i., 76, 381, 386, 387; ii., <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>-138, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Time, Division of, i., 351.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Time-measurers, ii., <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Titsingh, Isaac, i., 59, 79, 98, 230, 240, 257, 276, 281, 351, 357, 376; ii., <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>-189.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tobacco culture, ii., <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Tōkaidō</i>, i., 382; ii., <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Toko</i>, or cupboard, ii., <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Tokowaki</i>, or side cupboard, ii., <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tolls, i., 385.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Tomb of Ears,” ii., <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tomb of Taikō-Sama, i., 193, 194.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Torey (Stewart, Captain), ii., <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Torment of the Fosse, i., 246, 247.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Torres, Cosme de, i., 52, 54-56, 87, 91, 97.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Toshitoku</i>, i., 359.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Towns and villages, i., 394, 395; ii., <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Townsend Harris,” ii., <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Toyohashi (Yoshida), ii., <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Toyotomi Hideyoshi, ii., <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See also</i> Hashiba.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Trade, i., 77; ii., <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society, London, i., 376.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, i., 32, 66, 86, 117, 135, 145, 178, 204, 226, 257, 290, 352, 359; ii., <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_346'>346</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Translations, i., 121, 122, 158, 222, 223, 280; ii., <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Transportation in the interior, i., 216, 347, 371-385.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Travellers on the highways, ii., <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>-36, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Trays, ii., <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Trial by torture, i., 353, 354.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Trials, i., 78, 355; ii., <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Trigault, Nicholas, i., 232.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tsadanil trees, ii., <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Tsubaki</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tsuchi Yama, ii., <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Tsuitachi</i>, or first day of the month, ii., <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Tsuni Yoshi, Emperor, ii., <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Turks, i., 16.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Ukondono, i., 117-119, 129, 229.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Umenoki, ii., <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Unbeaten Tracks in Japan,” ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Unicorns’ horns, ii., <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">United States’ relations with Japan, ii., <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>-196, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>-258, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>-273, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>-339.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Uraga, i., 218.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Utensils and dishes, ii., <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst"><i>Vaccinia</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Valignani, Father Alexander, i., 100-103, 121, 126-136, 138, 143, 162, 165; ii., <a href='#Page_349'>349</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Van Braam, ——, ii., <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Vandalia</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Van Linschoten, John Huigen, ii., <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Van Sturlen, director of the Company, ii., <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Varnish-tree, i., 76; ii., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Vasco da Gama, i., 11.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Vault, for fire protection, ii., <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Vaz, Alvares, i., 49, 50.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Vega, Lopo de, Spanish poet, i., 231.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Vegetables, i., 76; ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Verhagen’s fleet (Dutch), i., 169-177.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Verhœven fleet (Dutch), i., 182, 196, 198.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Viburna</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Vicia faba</i>, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Vilela, Father Gaspard, i., 89, 94, 95, 97, 133, 165; ii., <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Vincennes</i>, American frigate, ii., <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>-265, 283.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Vivero, Don Rodrigo de, governor of Manila, i., 180, 185-261, 265, 266; ii., <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Volcanoes, ii., <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_305'>305</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Voyage around the World, A,” ii., <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Voyages au Nord,” i., 250, 254, 261, 265, 266; ii., <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Voyages Curieuse,” i., 261.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Voyages des Indes,” i., 243, 252, 254, 261; ii., <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">Waardenaar, Heer, ii., <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wada Iga-no-kami, i., 96, 97.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wadenaar, Heer, ii., <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Waganaar, of the Dutch East India Company, i., 265, 266.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Walnuts, ii., <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Warm drinks, i., 216.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Water-clocks, ii., <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Water supply, i., 293, 343; ii., <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Weapons, ii., <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Webster, Daniel, ii., <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>-281.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Weddell, Admiral, i., 255.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Wee Ones of Japan, The,” 344.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Weights and measures, i., 23, 59, 249, 272.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Whale fishery, i., 255.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wheat, i., 76, 216.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wheeled vehicles, ii., <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Whiskey, ii., <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Whiting, Lieut., ii., <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Whitney, Dr., ii., <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Williams, S. W., ii., <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <a href='#Page_258'>258</a>, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>-323.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Windows, i., 391; ii., <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wine, ii., <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wittert, Admiral, i., 197.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Women, i., 98, 120, 127, 149, 161, 211, 212, 214, 243, 259, 260, 279, 292, 340, 341, 345, 361; ii., <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>-122, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>-156, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>-183, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>-233, <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Wormwood, ii., <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Written language, i., 77, 78.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Xavier, Francis, i., 38, 39, 41-43, 46-55, 64, 71, 72, 81-88, 98; ii., <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Yakushi, patron of physicians, ii., <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Yamabu.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Yamabushi.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Yamabushi</i>, or mountain priests, i., 74; ii., <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>-25, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</span></li>
-
-<li class="indx">Yamaguchi, capital of Nagato, i., 82, 89, 90, 96.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Yams, ii., <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Yebisu, patron of fishermen, i., 359.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Yebumi</i> (figure-treading, <i>which see</i>), i., 352.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Yedo, i., 163, 186, 187, 218, 230, 265, 380; ii., <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>-83, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Yedo Kagami” (“Mirror of Yedo”), i., 257.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Yezo Island.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Matsumaye Island.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Yodo, ii., <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Yokkaichi, ii., <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Yokohama.</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>See</i> Kanagawa.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Yoritomo, Prince, ii., <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>-30.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Yoshida, ii., <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Yoshimune, i., 119, 120, 125, 127, 144, 145.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Young Japan” (Black), ii., <a href='#Page_345'>345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">“Young Japan” (Scherer), ii., <a href='#Page_344'>344</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Zelandia, Fort, in Formosa, i., 262, 302.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><i>Zeni</i>, i., 372, 373; ii., <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Zipangu, i., 1, 3-6, 14.</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="BOOKS_ON">BOOKS ON
-JAPANESE SUBJECTS</h2>
-</div>
-
-
-<p>A HANDBOOK OF MODERN JAPAN</p>
-
-<p>By <span class="smcap">Ernest W. Clement</span>. With two maps and over
-sixty illustrations from photographs. Fourth Edition.
-Cloth, 12mo. $1.40 <i>net</i>.</p>
-
-
-<p>JAPAN AS IT WAS AND IS</p>
-
-<p>A Handbook of Old Japan. By <span class="smcap">Richard Hildreth</span>.
-Edited by Ernest W. Clement, with an Introduction by
-William Elliot Griffis. With maps and numerous rare
-illustrations. In two vols., cloth, 12mo. $3.00 <i>net</i>.</p>
-
-
-<p>ARTS AND CRAFTS OF OLD JAPAN</p>
-
-<p>By <span class="smcap">Stewart Dick</span>. With thirty illustrations. Gray
-boards, 8vo. $1.20 <i>net</i>.</p>
-
-
-<p>FAR EASTERN IMPRESSIONS</p>
-
-<p>Japan, Corea, and China. By <span class="smcap">Ernest F. G. Hatch</span>,
-M. P. With three maps and eighty-eight illustrations
-from photographs. Cloth, 12mo. $1.40 <i>net</i>.</p>
-
-
-<p>KAKEMONO</p>
-
-<p>Japanese sketches. By <span class="smcap">A. Herbage Edwards</span>. With
-frontispiece. Cloth, 8vo. $1.75 <i>net</i>.</p>
-
-
-<p>THE MAKERS OF JAPAN</p>
-
-<p>By <span class="smcap">J. Morris</span>. A series of biographies of great
-Japanese statesmen and soldiers. With twenty-four
-illustrations. Large 8vo. $3.00 <i>net</i>.</p>
-
-
-<p>McDONALD OF OREGON</p>
-
-<p>A Tale of Two Shores. By <span class="smcap">Eva Emery Dye</span>. The
-chronicle of the earliest Japanese refugees to land in
-America, and of the first Americans who visited Japan,
-later to act as interpreters to Perry. Illustrated by
-W. J. Enright. 8vo. $1.50.</p>
-
-
-<p>A. C. McCLURG &amp; CO., <span class="smcap">Publishers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</span></span></p>
-
-
-<p>RECENT PRESS COMMENTS ON</p>
-
-<p>A HANDBOOK
-OF MODERN JAPAN</p>
-
-
-<p>“One of the most valued, because fruitful, members of the Asiatic
-Society of Japan, and with the advantage of over fifteen years’ residence
-in the provinces and capital of the Mikado’s Empire, Professor
-Clement is probably the best fitted to give us not only a handbook of
-Japan, but <i>the</i> Handbook. His twenty-one chapters, with appendix
-and index, abundant bibliography, rich discussion of varied topics,
-make this the best book-picture of the Japan of to-day. Besides
-readableness, one has the sense, while enjoying it, to know that it is
-perfectly trustworthy. A laborious and conscientious student has
-patiently sifted and tested his facts, and with judicial mind presented
-them. No subject of importance concerning the Japanese
-and their country is left without treatment.... This is the book for
-the library and the busy man in 1903—whether there be peace or
-war with Russia.”—<i>The Outlook.</i></p>
-
-<p>“Just what Americans wish to know of Japan.... The ‘Handbook’
-is a veritable storehouse of information. It is surprising how
-much can be crammed into so small a space, and how conveniently
-and attractively it can be done. The volume is copiously and artistically
-illustrated, and plentifully supplied with maps which show
-clearly just what one wants to know about the Empire of the Mikado.
-Great familiarity with his subject is shown by Mr. Clement’s work.”—<i>Chicago
-Journal.</i></p>
-
-<p>“The book is evidently written by an authority on Modern Japan,
-and is just what its title indicates—a handbook of the Japan of to-day.”—<i>Denver
-Republican.</i></p>
-
-<p>“We feel no hesitation in affirming that for one seeking within the
-pages of one book the most information of Japan and its people, and
-of a reliable character, there has been nothing heretofore produced
-that excels this Handbook of Modern Japan by Professor Clement.”—<i>Japan
-Evangelist.</i></p>
-
-<p>“The immediate charm and sterling value of Prof. Ernest W.
-Clement’s ‘Handbook of Modern Japan’ lie in the fact that he
-speaks for the most part from immediate knowledge and experience,
-and from an inside view.... Likely to be wanted constantly on
-the table of most intelligent people interested in the Far East and its
-possibilities.”—<i>The Nation</i>, New York.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</span></p>
-
-
-<p>RECENT PRESS COMMENTS ON</p>
-
-<p>A HANDBOOK
-OF MODERN JAPAN</p>
-
-
-<p>“This is the book for the hour when Russia looms and Korea
-shrivels, or for the year and decade when the map of Eastern Asia
-may be arranged.”—<i>The Dial</i>, Chicago.</p>
-
-<p>“For those who would acquire exact information concerning the
-‘Yankees of the Orient,’ and who cannot obtain it at first hand, no
-better book has been issued than Ernest W. Clement’s ‘Handbook of
-Modern Japan.’ ... The reliability and completeness of his information
-cannot be questioned.”—<i>Chicago Evening Post.</i></p>
-
-<p>“Perhaps there is no other single book in which may be found
-such varied, compact, and up-to-date information.”—<i>Springfield
-Republican.</i></p>
-
-<p>“Just what Japan will develop into no one can say. What Japan
-is now, is most ably described by Mr. Clement, whose book is illustrated
-with photographs which really illustrate, and help one to realize
-the extraordinary progress made in the land of the Rising Sun.”—<i>New
-York Times.</i></p>
-
-<p>“Will appeal especially to the intelligent American reader who
-desires to get into closer touch with the Mikado’s Empire.”—<i>Review
-of Reviews</i>, New York.</p>
-
-<p>“Alike for the traveller, the new resident, and the reader at a distance,
-it provides just the essential facts about Japanese life, public
-and private, while its well-chosen bibliography affords guidance for
-further study.”—<i>The Churchman</i>, New York.</p>
-
-<p>“Will probably be for some time to come the authority in this
-country as to those conditions of Japan which affect our interest in
-her.... It is an admirable book, and the reader who reads this from
-beginning to end, especially the statistics and notes at the close, can
-say that he knows Japan as a world power. The illustrations are
-many and excellent.”—<i>Minneapolis Times.</i></p>
-
-<p>“It is no exaggeration to say that this book probably contains
-more practical information about Japan and the Japanese than any
-other volume of the same size. This is no disparagement of a number
-of excellent and informative works written by English and American
-authors, but is a tribute to the conciseness of Mr. Clement’s book
-and the manner of arrangement. Of all the books published upon
-Japan there is hardly one which covers the same ground in the same
-way that Mr. Clement’s book does.”—<i>Chicago Tribune.</i></p>
-
-
-<p>A. C. McCLURG &amp; CO., <span class="smcap">Publishers</span></p>
-
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> It is also used as a toilet-box, in which to keep combs, brushes, etc.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> See Conder’s illustrated paper in vol. xvii of the Transactions of
-the Asiatic Society of Japan.—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> The most recent visitors to Japan all agree in representing the
-common tea of the country as an inferior article, not suited for
-exportation.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> These great retinues are thus accounted for by Thunberg: “As
-both the monarch himself and all the princes of the country are clothed
-and dress their hair in the same manner as the rest of the inhabitants,
-and being destitute of thrones, jewels, and other like paraphernalia,
-cannot be so distinguished from others, they have adopted the expedient
-of exhibiting themselves on journeys and festive occasions according
-to their condition in life, and the dignity of their respective
-offices, with a great number of people, officers, and attendants hovering
-about them.” The statement already quoted from Caron (see
-vol. i, p. 259) as to the numbers composing these princely retinues, is
-much less than that given above, and probably nearer the truth.</p>
-
-<p>[The numbers of the retinues which Kämpfer gives are too large.—K.
-M.]</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> This is the Sanscrit.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> The letters of the Jesuit missionaries contain accounts of Buddhist
-devotees who went so far as to drown or otherwise destroy themselves.
-Kämpfer, and the writers since his time, make no mention of such
-extreme fanaticism, which, however, is a natural outgrowth from the
-doctrine of the Buddhists.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> Great numbers of the Japanese musicians, as Kämpfer tells us in
-another place, are blind men, who constitute a sort of order or society
-which boasts as its legendary founder a certain general of the family
-of the Heiji, who, at the time of the civil war which ended in the destruction
-of that family, was taken prisoner by Yoritomo. Notwithstanding
-repeated attempts at escape, he was very kindly treated, and
-was pressed to enter into the service of his captor. But, not being able
-to look upon the destroyer of the Heiji without an irresistible desire to
-kill him, not to be outdone in generosity, he plucked out his eyes and
-presented them to Yoritomo on a plate!</p>
-
-<p>There is another—more ancient, but less numerous—order of the
-blind, composed exclusively of ecclesiastical persons, and claiming as
-its founder a legendary prince, who cried himself blind at the death of
-his beautiful mistress.</p>
-
-<p>The blind are numerous, and disorders of the eyes are very common
-in Japan.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> Froez, in one of his letters, defines this Japanese word as signifying
-a kind of salted vegetable, like olives. It seems to include all kinds
-of refreshment occasionally offered to visitors.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> The total expense of the entire journey, including the presents to
-the emperor and others, is estimated by Kämpfer at twenty thousand
-rix dollars, equivalent to about the same number of our dollars.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> The fox is regarded by the Japanese as a sort of divinity, though,
-according to Siebold, they seem in doubt whether to reckon it a god or
-devil. If a Japanese is placed in circumstances of doubt or difficulty,
-he sets out a platter of rice and beans as a sacrifice to his fox; and if
-the next day any of it is gone, that is regarded as a favorable omen.
-Wonderful stories (equal to any of our spirit-rapping miracles) are told
-of the doings of these foxes. Titsingh gives the following by way of
-specimen: The grandfather of his friend, the imperial treasurer of
-Nagasaki, and who had in his time filled the same office, despatched
-one day a courier to Yedo with very important letters for the councillors
-of state. A few days after he discovered that one of the most
-important of the letters had been accidentally left out of the package,—a
-forgetfulness which exposed him to great disgrace. In his despair
-he recurred to his fox and offered him a sacrifice. The next morning
-he saw, to his great satisfaction, that some of it had been eaten; after
-which, upon going into his cabinet, the letter which he had forgotten
-to send was nowhere to be found. This caused him great uneasiness,
-till he received a message from his agent at Yedo, who informed him
-that, upon opening the box which contained the despatches, the lock
-of it appeared to have been forced by a letter pressed in between the
-box and its cover from without,—the very same letter, as it proved,
-left behind at Nagasaki. The more intelligent, says Titsingh, laugh at
-this superstition, but the great body of the people have firm faith in it.
-There are in Japan, according to Siebold, two species of foxes, very
-much like the ordinary ones of Europe and America, and, from the
-immunity which they enjoy, great nuisances. The white fox, of which
-the skin is much prized, is found only in the Kurile Islands.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> Of these pearls Kämpfer says, in another place, that they are
-found almost everywhere about Kiūshiū in oysters and several other
-sea shells. Everybody is at liberty to fish for them. Formerly the
-natives had little or no value for them till they were sought for by the
-Chinese. The Japanese pretend, as to one particular kind, that when
-put into a box full of a peculiar sort of complexion-powder made of
-another shell, one or two young pearls will grow out at the sides, and
-when they come to maturity, as they do in two or three years, will
-drop off; but Kämpfer, having never seen this phenomenon, is not
-willing to vouch for its reality.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> The same tree Kämpfer found on his return (May 6) in full blossom,
-and a very beautiful sight. It was noticed as still standing in
-1826, by Siebold, who found it by measurement to be fifty feet in
-circumference.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> Caron also speaks of these springs, some of which he describes as
-intermittent. Some are boiling hot, and their waters had been used, as
-we have seen, in the torture of the Catholics. They are all found in a
-volcanic mountain, having several craters which eject black sand and
-smoke. In the interior of the province of Higo, on the opposite shore
-of the gulf of Shimabara, is another volcano. The province of Satsuma
-is entirely volcanic, and off its southern extremity is an island that
-burns incessantly.—<i>Klaproth</i>, from Japanese authorities, “<i>Asiatic
-Journal</i>,” vol. xxx.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> On Kämpfer’s second journey to Yedo (1692), the second night
-was passed at Kurume, which they reached by crossing the bay of Shimabara
-in boats, thus leaving the principality of Ōmura and the city
-of Saga on their left. The next day at noon they struck into the road
-followed on the first journey.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> “Some years ago,” says Kämpfer, “our East India Company sent
-over from Batavia a Casuar (a large East India bird, who would swallow
-stones and hot coals) as a present to the emperor. This bird having
-the sad ill luck not to please our rigid censors, the governors of
-Nagasaki, and we having thereupon been ordered to send him back to
-Batavia, a rich Japanese assured us that if he could have obtained
-leave to buy him, he would have willingly given a thousand taels for
-him, as being sure within a year’s time to get double that money only
-by showing him at Ōsaka.” The mermaids exhibited in Europe and
-America to the great profit of enterprising showmen, have been of
-Japanese manufacture.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> A mistake for Yamashiro.—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> Name of a town on Lake Biwa.—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> The <i>Aratame</i> is a sort of an inquisition into the life and family of
-every inhabitant, the number of his children and domestics, the sect
-he professes or the temples he belongs to, made very punctually, once
-every year, in every city and district, by commissioners appointed for
-this purpose.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> The worshippers of Amida were the most numerous, amounting to
-159,113. The other principal sects had, respectively, 99,728, 99,016,
-54,586. Caron had noticed and mentioned this division into twelve
-sects, or observances. He states, and other subsequent authors have
-repeated, that, notwithstanding this division, they have no controversies
-or religious quarrels; but this does not agree with the accounts of
-the Catholic missionaries. Every resident of Miyako, except the
-Shintō priests, and, perhaps, the household of the Dairi, would seem to
-belong to some Buddhist sect.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> According to Klaproth, following Japanese authorities, it is
-seventy-two and one-half English miles long, and twenty-two and one-quarter
-at its greatest breadth. [The lake Biwa is meant.]</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> Kōshi is the Japanese name for Confucius, who, however, can
-scarcely be meant here.—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> Fuji-no-yama, in the province of Suruga, on the borders of Kai, is
-an enormous pyramid, generally covered with snow, detached from
-and southerly of the great central chain of Nippon. It is the largest
-and most noted of the volcanoes of Japan. In the year 1707 there was
-an eruption from it which covered all the neighborhood with masses of
-rock, red-hot sand, and ashes, which latter fell, even in Yedo, some
-inches deep.—<i>Klaproth</i> (from Japanese authorities), in “Asiatic
-Journal,” vol. xxxii.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> A mistake for Enoshima.—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">[24]</a> At the date of these travels, and indeed at a much later period
-similar exhibitions might have been seen in Europe.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">[25]</a> See papers on Yedo in vols. i and vii of the “Transactions of the
-Asiatic Society of Japan.”—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> One of these Japanese plans is published as a frontispiece to Titsingh’s
-“Illustrations of Japan.” This plan would seem to embrace
-only what Kämpfer speaks of, further on, as “the palace itself.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> The 23d a considerable shock of an earthquake was felt. The
-weather that day was excessively hot. The next day it was very cold,
-with snow.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">[28]</a> The reigning emperor was Tsuni Yoshi, who had succeeded to the
-empire in 1681, the fourth in succession from Gongen-Sama, the founder
-of the dynasty. The Japanese accounts, according to Titsingh,
-give him but a bad character.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">[29]</a> <i>Sen</i> is not a hundred, but a thousand. According to Klaproth
-(<i>Annals des Dairi</i>, p. 184), <i>ken</i> does not signify a mat, as Kämpfer
-translates it (though mats were made of that length), but a space
-between columns. It was a measure of length divided into six Japanese
-feet, but equal to seven feet four inches and a half, Rhineland
-measure.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">[30]</a> In his account of his second visit to Yedo, a year later, Kämpfer
-gives the following account of this second audience: “Soon after we
-came in, and had, after the usual observances, seated ourselves in the
-place assigned us, Bingo-sama welcomed us in the emperor’s name, and
-then desired us to sit upright, to take off our cloaks, to tell him our
-names and age, to stand up, to walk, to turn about, to sing songs, to
-compliment one another, to be angry, to invite one another to dinner, to
-converse one with another, to discourse in a familiar way like father
-and son, to show how two friends or man and wife compliment or take
-leave of one another, to play with children, to carry them about in
-our arms, and to do many more things of a like nature. They made us
-kiss one another like man and wife, which the ladies, by their laughter,
-showed themselves to be particularly well pleased with. It was already
-four in the afternoon when we left the hall of audience, after having
-been exercised after this manner for two hours and a half.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">[31]</a> This is what Kämpfer, in another place, describes as a sort of round
-cakes, which the Japanese had learned to make of the Portuguese, as
-big as a common hen’s egg, and sometimes filled within with bean flour
-and sugar.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">[32]</a> See the character given of Settsu-no-kami, as a harsh enemy of the
-Dutch, or at least, a strict disciplinarian over them; vol. i 347, 348.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">[33]</a> “Annals des Empereurs du Japan,” p. 405, note, and in the “Asiatic
-Journal” for September, 1831.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">[34]</a> The history of this image, derived from the same source, is given
-in a note on p. 193. The roof of the temple is supported on ninety-two
-columns, each upwards of six feet in diameter.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">[35]</a> In one thousand parts, eight hundred and fifty-four were pure gold.
-The pure metal in our American coins is nine hundred parts in one
-thousand; or, in the old phraseology, they are twenty-one carats and
-twelve grains fine.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">[36]</a> Having been discovered by Sir Stamford Raffles among the public
-documents at Batavia, he published an abstract of it in the appendix
-B to his “History of Java.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">[37]</a> Yet Pinto, whose knowledge of Japan preceded the time of Nobunaga,
-represents silver as very abundant there; and, indeed, it seems to
-have been this abundance which first attracted the Portuguese trade.
-On the whole, one does not derive a very high idea, from this tract,
-of the extent or correctness of the knowledge possessed by the Japanese
-of their own history, even the more recent periods of it.</p>
-
-<p>[See Dr. Knox’s paper on Arai Hakuseki in vol. xxx of the “Transactions
-of the Asiatic Society of Japan.”—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span>]</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">[38]</a> This was a considerable improvement upon the state of things in
-the time of Xavier, when every third vessel was expected to be lost.
-See p. 51.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">[39]</a> Kämpfer had seen the ginseng cultivated in gardens in Japan, but
-it was not supposed to possess the virtues of the Chinese article.
-Father Jontoux, one of the Jesuit missionaries in China, employed by
-the emperor in preparing a map of the region north of the great wall,
-had an opportunity to see the ginseng growing wild. He sent home, in
-1711, a full account of it, with drawings (which may be found in “Voyages
-au Nord,” vol. iv), and suggested, from the similarity of the
-climate, that the same plant might be found in Canada, as it soon was
-by the Jesuit missionaries there.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">[40]</a> This sauce, used in great quantities in Japan, and exported to
-Batavia by the Dutch, whence it has become known throughout the
-East Indies and also in Europe, is made from the soy bean (<i>Dolichos
-Soia</i>), extensively used by the Japanese in the making of soup. The
-soy is prepared as follows: the beans are boiled till they become rather
-soft, when an equal quantity of pounded barley or wheat is added.
-These ingredients being mixed, the compound is set away for twenty-four
-hours in a warm place to ferment. An equal quantity of salt is
-then added, and twice and a half as much water. It is stirred several
-times a day for several days, and then stands well covered for two
-or three months, when the liquid portion is decanted, strained, and
-put in wooden casks. It is of a brown color, improves with age, but
-varies in quality, according to the province where it is made. The
-Dutch of Deshima cork up the better qualities in glass bottles, boiling
-the liquor first in an iron kettle, to prevent fermentation, by which it is
-liable to be spoiled.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">[41]</a> The murdering of the children may be explained by the following
-passage from one of the letters of Cocks, the English factor, written at
-Hirado, in December, 1614: “James Turner, the fiddling youth, left a
-wench with child here, but the w—e, the mother, killed it so soon as
-it was born, although I gave her two taels in plate (silver) before to
-nourish it, because she should not kill it, it being an ordinary thing
-here.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">[42]</a> Cocks also had noticed their existence a century and a half earlier.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> This was doubtless the lexicon printed at Amakusa in 1595. See
-note, p. 158.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">[44]</a> A precedent of a similar permission, formerly granted to the medical
-men of the factory, was found, but, upon a critical examination of
-Thunberg’s commission, he appeared to be a surgeon, whereas he to
-whom permission had formerly been granted had been surgeon’s mate,
-and it took three months to get over this difficulty, and to persuade
-the Japanese that these two officers were in substance the same.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">[45]</a> This species, the <i>Dioscorea Japonica</i> (confounded sometimes with
-the sweet potato), has been lately introduced into the United States.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">[46]</a> Kämpfer who describes the Camellia under the Japanese name of
-<i>Tsubaki</i>, speaks of it as a large shrub, almost a tree. Thunberg represents
-it as attaining the size of a large tree, exceedingly common in
-groves and gardens, and a very great favorite, as well for its polished,
-evergreen leaves as from the size, beauty, and variety of its blossoms,
-which appear from April to October, single and red in the wild ones,
-but double and of several colors, red, purple, white, etc., in the cultivated
-varieties, of which the Japanese assured Kämpfer there were
-several hundreds. Siebold describes the wild kind as a small tree,
-growing in clumps and thickets, often with many shoots from the
-same root, from fifteen to twenty feet high; while a much larger
-size is attained by the cultivated kinds. The name of Camellia was
-given to the genus by Linnæus, in honor of George Joseph Kamel,
-a Jesuit missionary, who sent to Ray descriptions of the plants of
-the Philippine Islands, published by him at the end of his “History
-of Plants.” The single-flowering variety was introduced into England,
-about 1739, by Lord Petre probably from China, of which it is a
-native, in common with quite a number of plants, to which the specific
-epithet <i>Japanese</i> has been applied. As late as 1788 (as appears
-from Curtis’ “Botanical Magazine,” vol. i) it was very rare and costly.
-Down to that time it had been treated as a stove-plant, but soon after,
-on Curtis’ suggestion, it was introduced into conservatories, of which it
-soon became the pride, and was even found hardy enough to bear the
-winter in the open air. Previous to 1806 a number of varieties were
-imported from China; many others were produced in Europe, and
-already by 1825 these varieties had become very numerous (see
-“Botanical Magazine,” vols. xl and lvi). The <i>Camellia sasankwa</i> is
-smaller, with smaller leaves and flowers, very closely resembling the
-tea-plant; and, in packing their teas, the Chinese are in the habit of
-putting some of the blossoms into the chests. It is extensively cultivated
-for its oil, in China as well as in Japan.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">[47]</a> The Japanese paper, as well for writing and printing as for the
-household uses to which it is so extensively put, is manufactured from
-the bark of the young twigs of the paper mulberry (<i>Morus papyrifira</i>).
-Kämpfer has given a particular account of it in the appendix to his
-work. That account, which, now that so many experiments are on
-foot for the manufacture of paper, may suggest some useful hints, is
-abridged by Thunberg as follows:</p>
-
-<p>“After the tree has shed its leaves in the month of December, they
-cut off the young shoots about three feet in length, which they tie up
-in bundles and boil in a lye of ashes, standing inverted in a copper
-kettle till the bark is so shrunk that half an inch of the woody part is
-seen bare at the ends. If the twigs grow dry before they can be boiled,
-they are first soaked in water for four-and-twenty hours. When sufficiently
-boiled, they are taken out and the bark cut lengthwise and
-stripped off. After being soaked in water for three hours, the exterior
-black skin and the green part beneath it is scraped off with a knife,
-and the bark is then sorted into qualities; that which is a full year’s
-growth makes the best paper, and the less mature an inferior quality.
-Thus prepared and sorted, it is again boiled in a clear lye, being perpetually
-stirred, and fresh lye supplied to make up for the evaporation;
-and this process is continued till the bark is dissolved, as it were, separating
-into flocks and fibres. It must then be washed,—a process
-requiring care and judgment, as, if not carried far enough, the paper
-will be coarse, and if too far, thin and slazy. This is done in a running
-stream, by means of a sieve containing the material, which is perpetually
-stirred till it is diluted into a delicate, soft pap. For the finer
-kinds this washing is repeated, a piece of linen being substituted for
-the sieve, to prevent the finer parts from being carried away. After
-being washed, it is beaten with sticks of hard wood, on a wooden table,
-till it is brought to a pulp, which if put into water will dissolve and
-disperse like meal.</p>
-
-<p>“It is then mixed in a tub with a clammy infusion, obtained by
-soaking rice in cold water, and with another mucilaginous infusion,
-obtained in the like manner from the root of Oreni (<i>Hibiscus manihot</i>).
-This mixture, upon which much depends, and the proportions of which
-vary with the season of the year, succeeds best in a narrow tub, and
-requires perpetual stirring. The whole is then put into a larger tub,
-from which the sheets are taken out and put between mats made of
-delicate grass straw, and laid one upon another in heaps, being pressed
-at first lightly, but gradually harder and harder, till the water is
-squeezed out. They are then laid upon a board to dry in the sun;
-after which they are packed in bundles for sale and use.</p>
-
-<p>“For the coarser kinds of paper other sorts of bark are sometimes
-used.</p>
-
-<p>“The Japanese paper is very close and strong. It will bear being
-twisted into ropes, and is occasionally used even for dresses.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">[48]</a> Caron, whose opportunities of knowledge upon this point were
-much superior to those of Thunberg or any subsequent observer, is
-very explicit upon this point. “The parents educate their children
-with great care. They are not forever bawling in their ears, and they
-never use them roughly. When they cry they show a wonderful patience
-in quieting them, knowing well that young children are not of
-an age to profit by reprimands. This method succeeds so well, that
-Japanese children, ten or twelve years old, behave with all the discretion
-and propriety of grown people. They are not sent to school till
-they are seven or eight years old, and then they are not forced to study
-things for which they have no inclination.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">[49]</a> In Kämpfer’s time no personal intercourse was allowed with those
-of whom articles were bought at Ōsaka, Miyako, and Yedo. In this
-respect there would seem to have been a relaxation.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">[50]</a> Kämpfer had noticed similar three-wheeled carts, made very low,
-and employed in drawing stone from a quarry. In unloading, the single
-wheel was taken off, when the cart formed an inclined plane.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">[51]</a> Kämpfer says that the European apple-tree is unknown in Japan,
-and that they have only one kind of pears, such as we call winter
-pears. The fruit grows to a great size, but must be cooked to be eaten.
-Cherry-trees are cultivated only for the flowers, as apricots and plums
-often are, the blossoms being brought by art to be as big as roses.
-Golownin, however, ate apples in northern Japan, though of an inferior
-quality.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">[52]</a> Kämpfer says there are two species peculiar to Japan, the acorns
-of which are boiled and eaten.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">[53]</a> Later accounts represent cloth or cotton stockings, or socks, as
-frequently worn in cold weather, resembling mittens, in having a separate
-accommodation for the great toe, so as to permit the introduction
-between that and the others of the shoe-holding strap.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">[54]</a> See paper by Dr. Whitney, in vol. xii of the “Transactions of the
-Asiatic Society of Japan.”—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">[55]</a> There have not been wanting attempts to introduce acupuncture
-into European practice. See a sensible article on this subject by
-Rémusat (“Nov. Mélanges Asiat.,” vol. i), in which he gives an analysis
-of a Japanese treatise on acupuncture, which, with a translation of
-it, was brought home by Titsingh.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">[56]</a> Kämpfer treats at length on the acupuncture and moxa, and gives
-in his appendix a translation of a Japanese treatise on the parts to be
-selected to be burned, according to the object to be accomplished.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">[57]</a> Of the Dosha powder, to which the Japanese ascribe singular
-effects, M. Titsingh has given a curious account. “Illustrations,”
-p. 283. It was the invention of <i>Kōbō</i>, a great saint and sage, who, by
-profound meditation on the writings both of his own sect and others,
-had discovered that the great scourges of mankind are four; namely,
-<i>Jigoku</i>, hell; <i>Gaki</i>, hungry demon, woman; <i>Chikushō</i>, the man with a
-perverse heart; and <i>Shura</i>, war.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">[58]</a> From Thunberg’s account of the arms of the Japanese, they cannot
-be regarded as very formidable soldiers. He mentions bows and
-arrows, scymitars, halberts, and guns. Their bows are very large and
-their arrows long, like those of the Chinese. The bowman, in order to
-shoot, places himself on one knee, a position which renders it impossible
-to discharge his arrows with any great rapidity. Guns were not
-ordinarily employed. Thunberg saw them, apparently matchlocks,
-only as articles of show in the houses of the imperial officers, displayed
-upon a stand in the audience chamber. The few cannon at Nagasaki,
-which once belonged to the Portuguese, were discharged only once in
-seven years, the Japanese knowing little or not at all the proper management
-of them, and fixing the match to a long pole, so as to touch
-them off at a safe distance. Their longer swords are broad-backed, a
-little curved, a yard long, and of excellent temper; the hilts somewhat
-roundish and flat, furnished with a round substantial guard without
-any bow. The scabbard is thick and rather flat, made of wood, and
-sometimes covered with shagreen and lackered. The shorter sword is
-straight. These swords are costly and rated at a high value.</p>
-
-<p>From a Japanese work, Siebold states their method of making
-sword-blades: “The blades, forged out of good bar-steel, are plastered
-over with a paste of potash, porcelain clay, and powdered charcoal,
-and dried in the sun. They are next exposed to the fire and heated
-till the mass assumes a white hue. The glowing blades are then
-plunged into luke-warm water, three-fifths boiling to two-fifths cold,
-and cooled gradually. Often the edge only is heated, and then the
-cooling is with cold water. The reforging of old blades is not uncommon.”
-Of the two swords worn by the Japanese, one is long and
-slightly curved, the other short and straight. [See also paper on
-“Japanese Armour,” in vol. ix of the Transactions of the Asiatic
-Society of Japan.—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span>]</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">[59]</a> This appears to have been the substitute for those private interviews
-in which the doctor and secretary were expected to show off for
-the entertainment of the Dutch, and of which Kämpfer has given so
-curious an account.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">[60]</a> It would take a thousand of the ordinary Japanese mats to cover
-such a floor; but Thunberg says the mats upon it were of an extra
-size.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">[61]</a> This was a different arrangement from that which prevailed in
-Kämpfer’s time, when the ambassador had the whole, except those presented
-by the emperor himself.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">[62]</a> See paper on “Japanese Costume,” in vol. viii of the “Transactions
-of the Asiatic Society of Japan.”—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">[63]</a> The two swords, the badge of nobility, are worn stuck into the
-belt, on the left side, with no belt of their own, a little crosswise, and
-with the edge upwards. When a person is seated, the longer sword is
-taken from the belt and laid on the ground by him.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">[64]</a> The bosom of the gown is also used for the same purpose. For
-pocket-handkerchiefs, the Japanese carry about them a supply of
-small, square bits of soft paper, which they throw away as they use
-them.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">[65]</a> The Japanese print entirely from stereotype plates. They do not
-employ movable types, and they print on one side of the paper only.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">[66]</a> The emperors are seldom or never spoken of, in the Jesuit letters
-and other contemporary memorials, by their personal or family names,
-but only by some title, as Kubō-Sama; Kwambaku-dono,—the Kwambaku
-(or bonnet-keeper) being a high dignitary in the court of the
-Dairi, regent in case of a minority or a female Dairi;—Taikō-Sama,
-mighty lord; Shōgun-Sama, etc., etc.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">[67]</a> For a complete list of Shōguns, see Appendix III of Murray’s
-“Story of Japan.”—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">[68]</a> Kämpfer represents the Japanese strawberry as entirely insipid,
-and the raspberries and brambleberries as not agreeable; and Golownin,
-from his own experience, agrees with him in this statement.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">[69]</a> This plenty is in strong contrast with the famine, scarcity, and
-distress frequently noted by the Jesuit missionaries, as prevailing
-during the civil wars of their time; yet, even at present, occasional
-seasons of scarcity seem to occur.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">[70]</a> See a notice of Titsingh’s collection, by Rémusat, in “Nouveau
-Mélanges Asiatique,” vol. i. It included, besides the works since published,
-a manuscript history of Japan, in eighty volumes (Japanese
-volumes are quite thin), also a Chinese Japanese encyclopædia, several
-copies of a large map of Japan, colored drawings of plants, several
-botanical treatises, with wood-cuts, very well done, etc., etc. The
-encyclopædia was presented to the <i>Bibliothèque au Roy</i>, and Rémusat
-has given a full analysis of it in “Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits,”
-vol. xi.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">[71]</a> Theoretically the Shōgun is but an inferior officer at the court of
-the Dairi. The first rank belongs to the Kwambaku, who represents
-the Dairi when that dignity devolves on a woman or a child. The
-Shōgun, it is said, cannot hold this office. It was assumed, however,
-by Taikō-sama, and even conferred by him on his presumptive heir.
-Ordinarily the Daijō daijin, or president of the council, is the first
-officer; then follow the Sadaijin and Udaijin, officers of the left and
-of the right hand. These constitute the Dairi’s council, and theoretically
-the Shōgun can do nothing without their consent. It is esteemed
-a great honor to the Shōgun to receive even the third of these titles.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">[72]</a> There is no such consonant as Dj in Japanese, and the proper
-reading is not Djogoun, but Shōgun. An English translation, including
-both the Memoirs of the Djogouns and the other pieces, was published
-at London, in 1822, with the title of “Illustrations of Japan.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> These two were the very pupils of Thunberg, though he writes
-their names somewhat differently.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">[74]</a> See also paper in vol. xiii of the “Transactions of the Asiatic Society
-of Japan.”—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">[75]</a> There are three classes of women-servants. Those of the first
-class make the clothes of the mistress, dress her hair, and keep her
-apartments in order. Those of the second wait on her at meals, accompany
-her when she goes abroad, and attend to other domestic
-duties. Those of the third are employed in cooking and various menial
-offices.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">[76]</a> The toko, as already described in Chapter XXXII, is a sort of recess,
-or open closet, opposite the entrance, considered the most honorable
-place in the room. The above ceremony might call to mind the
-<i>confarratio</i> of the ancient Roman marriage.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">[77]</a> This is a small, square or oblong bag, containing a small image
-of metal, wood, or stone, supposed to operate as a sort of amulet, something
-like the medicine-bag of our North American Indians.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">[78]</a> See Lay’s paper on “Japanese Funeral Rites,” in vol. xix of the
-Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan.—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">[79]</a> Better <i>sekihi</i>.—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">[80]</a> Father Vilela, in a letter written from Sakai, 1562, in the month
-of August (at which time this festival happens), describes it in a very
-lively manner. He represents the people as going out two days before,
-as if to meet their dead relations, spreading a feast to refresh them
-after their long journey, escorting them to their houses, talking to
-them as if they were present, and, finally, dismissing them with torches,
-lest they might stumble in the dark, or miss their way. This, Vilela
-adds, is a great time for the bonzes, the very poorest offering them
-some gift for their religious aid on this occasion.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81" class="label">[81]</a> Krusenstern, in his narrative of the Russian embassy of Resanoff
-(as to which see next paragraph of the text), speaks of the last expedition
-of Stewart as fitted out by some English merchants in Calcutta,
-and gives to the captain the name of Torey. Very likely he had both
-names.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82" class="label">[82]</a> The whole party consisted of fifteen, but of these only five, and
-those the most worthless, were willing to return home. The others
-preferred to remain in Siberia.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83" class="label">[83]</a> See also Aston’s paper in vol. i of the “Transactions of the Asiatic
-Society of Japan.”—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84" class="label">[84]</a> Golownin was informed, during his captivity at Matsumae, that it
-is part of the duty of the Japanese soldiers to assist in extinguishing
-fires, for which purpose they are provided with a fireman’s dress of
-varnished leather. To extinguish a fire is stated to be considered a
-glorious achievement. But, though fire is almost the only element the
-Japanese soldiers have to contend with, they do not seem to be very
-expert at subduing it.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85" class="label">[85]</a> The expenses of the visits to Yedo, in 1804, were sixteen thousand
-six hundred and sixty-six rix dollars.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86" class="label">[86]</a> See “A Voyage Round the World,” by Archibald Campbell, a
-Scotchman, who served as a common sailor on board this ship. Doeff
-also mentions her arrival.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87" class="label">[87]</a> See also Aston’s paper in vol. vii of the Transactions of the Asiatic
-Society of Japan.—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88" class="label">[88]</a> The ships of 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, and 1803 had been Americans.
-The renewal of the war in Europe having again driven the Dutch flag
-from the ocean, the ships of 1806 had been an American and a Bremener;
-and those of 1807 an American and a Dane. One of the ships
-of 1809 was also an American, the “Rebecca.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_89" href="#FNanchor_89" class="label">[89]</a> This is Doeff’s account, but, according to Golownin, at that time
-a prisoner in the north of Japan (see next chapter), and who learned
-from the Japanese the arrival of the two vessels above mentioned, he
-communicated to the Japanese the fact of the capture of Batavia by
-the English, which fact, it was afterwards reported to him, the Dutch
-had confessed. Baffles also, in his memoirs, in speaking of Ainslie and
-his good treatment by the Japanese, clearly implies that he was known
-to be English.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_90" href="#FNanchor_90" class="label">[90]</a> Mr. Medhurst, English missionary at Batavia, who has published
-an English and Japanese vocabulary, enumerates, in a letter written
-in 1827, as among his helps to the knowledge of the language, besides
-five different Japanese and Chinese dictionaries, a Dutch, Japanese,
-and Chinese one, in two thick 8vo volumes; also a corresponding one
-in Japanese, Chinese, and Dutch. These were printed in Japan, and
-were, perhaps, fruits of Doeff’s labors.</p>
-
-<p>[See also paper on “The Early Study of Dutch in Japan,” by Dr.
-Mitsukuri, in vol. v of the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of
-Japan.—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span>]</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_91" href="#FNanchor_91" class="label">[91]</a> The English translator of Golownin’s narrative mentions a species
-of sea-weed collected for eating, on the northern coast of Scotland and
-Ireland, and there called <i>dhulish</i>, or, when boiled, <i>sloak</i>, and which, he
-says, answers exactly to Thunberg’s description of the edible fucus of
-the Japanese.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92" class="label">[92]</a> “The Japanese radish,” says Golownin, “is in form and taste very
-different from ours. It is thin and extremely long. The taste is not
-very acrid, but sweetish, almost like our turnips. Whole fields are
-covered with it. A great part of the crop is salted, the remainder is
-buried in the ground for winter, and boiled in soup. Not even the
-radish-leaves remain unused; they are boiled in soup, or salted and
-eaten as salad. They manure the radish fields with night-soil; this we
-ourselves saw at Matsumae.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93" class="label">[93]</a> The fort on the island where they were taken prisoners, when first
-seen from the ship, was hung round with striped cloths, which concealed
-the walls. These cloths had embrasures painted on them, but
-in so rough a manner that the deception could be perceived at a considerable
-distance.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_94" href="#FNanchor_94" class="label">[94]</a> The description of this prison corresponds very well to Kämpfer’s
-description of the one at Nagasaki.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_95" href="#FNanchor_95" class="label">[95]</a> The tea in common use, Golownin, like other travellers in Japan,
-observed to be of a very inferior quality. Green tea was used as a
-luxury on occasions of ceremony. Sugar was rare and costly, being
-brought from Batavia by the Dutch, and packed for retail in small
-baskets. Golownin saw also a very inferior kind, which he concluded
-to be of domestic manufacture.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_96" href="#FNanchor_96" class="label">[96]</a> This was the name of one of Golownin’s fellow-prisoners, who
-had made himself quite famous among the Japanese by his skill as a
-draftsman.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_97" href="#FNanchor_97" class="label">[97]</a> Golownin mentions the scurvy as a prevailing disease among the
-Japanese, perhaps occasioned by their thin diet.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_98" href="#FNanchor_98" class="label">[98]</a> These released Japanese were sent to Matsumae, and, after remaining
-about a week, were forwarded to Yedo. The shipwrecked men
-did not give, so Golownin was informed, a very favorable account of
-their entertainment in Kamtschatka. Ryōzayemon praised Irkutsk,
-but represented eastern Siberia and Okhotsk as a miserable country,
-where scarce anybody was to be seen except beggars and government
-officers. He thought very meanly of the Russians, a few individuals
-excepted. From their military spirit, even the boys in the street playing
-soldier, he thought they must meditate conquest, probably that of
-Japan.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_99" href="#FNanchor_99" class="label">[99]</a> There has been a great alteration in the last twenty years. Siebold
-states that sixty-eight square-rigged vessels—mostly, no doubt,
-American whalers—had been counted by the Japanese as passing
-Matsumae and Hakodate in one year. According to a memorandum
-furnished to Commodore Perry during his recent visit to Hakodate
-(May 3, 1854), there had been, in the years 1847-1851, no less than
-five foreign vessels wrecked in that vicinity.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_100" href="#FNanchor_100" class="label">[100]</a> In Japan, as elsewhere, etiquette requires a good many things to
-be done under feigned pretences, and on many occasions an affected
-ignorance of what everybody knows. The Japanese have a particular
-term (<i>naibun</i>) to express this way of doing things.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_101" href="#FNanchor_101" class="label">[101]</a> Yet Kahei wore two swords, though perhaps he did it in the character
-of a ship-master, or as an officer in authority in the island to
-which he traded from Hakodate, carrying on the fishery there chiefly
-by means of native Kuriles. These islands appear to have been farmed
-out by the government to certain mercantile firms, which thus acquire
-a certain civil authority over the inhabitants. The privilege of wearing
-swords, like other similar privileges elsewhere, is probably rather
-encroached upon by the unprivileged. On festival days, even the
-poorest inhabitants of Nagasaki decked themselves out, according to
-Kämpfer, with at least one sword. The present of a sword as a marriage
-gift—and it is ceremonies practised among the mercantile class,
-to which reference is made—is mentioned on p. 181.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102" class="label">[102]</a> The old East India Company having become extinct, the Dutch
-trade to Japan had been revived as a government affair. A new Dutch
-East India Company having been formed, it was handed over to that
-company in 1827, but, after a two years’ trial, was restored again to the
-government, in whose hands it still remains.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_103" href="#FNanchor_103" class="label">[103]</a> See London “Quarterly Review,” for July, 1819, in a note to an
-article on Golownin’s narrative. The statement about bartering is
-questionable.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_104" href="#FNanchor_104" class="label">[104]</a> Siebold represents the Dutch at Deshima as humoring the Japanese
-antipathy to change, by adhering in their dress to the old fashion,
-and as rigged out in velvet coats and plumed hats, in the style of Vandyke’s
-pictures.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105" class="label">[105]</a> A series of numbers, professing to give the substance of the recent
-works on Japan, principally Fisscher’s, Meylan’s, and Siebold’s,
-appeared in the “Asiatic Journal” during the years 1839 and 1840, and
-were afterwards collected and published at London in a volume, and
-reprinted in Harper’s Family Library, with the title of “Manners and
-Customs of the Japanese in the Nineteenth Century.” The same numbers,
-to which some others were subsequently added in the “Asiatic
-Journal,” were reprinted in the “Chinese Repository,” with notes, derived
-from the information given to the editor by the shipwrecked
-Japanese, whom, as mentioned above, it was attempted to carry home
-in the “Morrison.” In the index to the “Chinese Repository” these
-numbers are ascribed to a lady, a Mrs. B.</p>
-
-<p>A still more elaborate and comprehensive work, based mainly on
-the same materials, and often drawing largely from the one above referred
-to, but rendered more complete by extracts from Kämpfer and
-Thunberg, is De Jancigny’s “Japan,” published at Paris, in 1850, as a
-part of the great French collection, entitled “L’univers, ou Histoire et
-Description de tout les Peuples.”</p>
-
-<p>Neither of these works contains any account of the Portuguese
-missions.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106" class="label">[106]</a> Three accounts of this voyage have been published: one by
-Williams (“Chinese Repository,” Nov. and Dec. 1837); a second by
-Parker, London, 1838, and a third by King, New York, 1839. It is possible
-that outrages by whaling vessels, which had begun to frequent
-the seas of Japan in considerable numbers, might have somewhat increased
-the antipathy of the Japanese towards foreigners. Of transactions
-of that kind we should be little likely to hear, but that they
-did sometimes occur seems to be proved by a paragraph in the “Sidney
-Gazette” of February, 1842, warning mariners to be cautious how
-they landed on Japan, as a Japanese village on the east coast of the
-islands, somewhere near 43° north latitude, had been recently destroyed
-by the crew of the Lady Rowena, then in the harbor of Sidney, and
-whose captain openly boasted of the fact.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107" class="label">[107]</a> Had the Japanese been readers of the London newspapers, they
-might have found in the following paragraph, which appeared in the
-“Examiner” of January 21, 1843, fresh motives for persisting in their
-exclusive policy: “<span class="smcap">Missionaries to China.</span>—One of the largest
-meetings, perhaps, ever held in Exeter Hall was held on Tuesday
-evening, convened by the London Missionary Society, to consider the
-means of extending and promoting in China the objects of the society.
-Wm. T. Blair, Esq., of Bath, presided. Dr. Liefchild moved the first
-resolution, <i>expressive of thanksgiving to God for the war between China and
-Great Britain</i> (the infamous opium war), and for the greatly enlarged
-facilities secured by the treaty of peace for the introduction of Christianity
-into that empire. This resolution was seconded by the Rev.
-Dr. Adler, and was carried unanimously.” I have met with nothing in
-the letters of the Jesuit missionaries, nor in the Jesuit missions, that
-can be compared with this specimen of Protestant zeal.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108" class="label">[108]</a> His instructions cautioned him not to do anything “to excite a
-hostile feeling, or distrust of the United States.” The official papers relating
-to this expedition, and to the subsequent one of the “Preble,” will
-be found in “Senate Documents,” 1851-1852, vol. ix (Ex. Doc. No. 59).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_109" href="#FNanchor_109" class="label">[109]</a> Dr. Bettelheim is at this moment in this country, anxious to be
-employed as a missionary to Japan, for which his experience, derived
-from a nine years’ residence in Lew Chew, gives him peculiar qualifications.
-His treatment there was characteristic. The authorities were
-anxious to get rid of him, but afraid to send him away by force, while
-he was determined not to go. The inhabitants were ordered to keep
-away from his house, to sell him nothing beyond a supply of food, and
-to avoid him whenever he came near; while officers were appointed to
-watch and to follow him wherever he went. See “Glyn’s Letter” in
-Senate Documents, 1851-1852, vol. ix No. 59. There are also two
-curious pamphlets on the subject, written by Dr. Bettelheim, and
-printed at Canton.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_110" href="#FNanchor_110" class="label">[110]</a> The same officers probably, designated by Kämpfer as deputies of
-the governor, called by Thunberg, Banjoshū, and by the more recent
-Dutch writers, Gobanjoshū.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_111" href="#FNanchor_111" class="label">[111]</a> See also “America in the East” (Griffis) and “The Intercourse
-between the United States and Japan” (Nitobe).—<i>Edr.</i></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112" class="label">[112]</a> By Siebold, in “Moniteur des Indes,” vol. ii, p. 346, in his “Essay
-on the Commerce of Japan.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113" class="label">[113]</a> The official documents relating to this expedition were printed
-by order of U. S. Senate, 33d Cong., 2d Sess. Ex. Doc. No. 34.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_114" href="#FNanchor_114" class="label">[114]</a> Japan, p. 197. Perry, to judge by his letters (Dec. 14, 1852,
-May 6, 1853), did not place much reliance on the aid of the Dutch.
-The British Admiralty showed their good will by furnishing the latest
-charts and sailing directions for the Eastern seas.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_115" href="#FNanchor_115" class="label">[115]</a> As some persons may feel a curiosity to see Mr. Webster’s original
-letter, and as it is not to be found in the edition of Mr. Webster’s
-writings edited by Mr. Everett, I have copied it from the Senate Documents
-1851-1852, vol. ix. The expansion given to it in the letter
-actually sent was not according to Japanese taste, which greatly affects
-brevity.</p>
-
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">To His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Japan</span>.</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Great and Good Friend</span>:</p>
-
-<p>“I send you this letter by an envoy of my own appointment, an
-officer of high rank in this country, who is no missionary of religion.
-He goes by my command to bear to you my greeting and good wishes,
-and to promote friendship and commerce between the two countries.</p>
-
-<p>“You know that the United States of America now extend from sea
-to sea; that the great countries of Oregon and California are parts of
-the United States, and that from these countries which are rich in gold,
-and silver, and precious stones, our steamers can reach the shores of
-your happy land in less than twenty days.</p>
-
-<p>“Many of our ships will now pass in every year, and some perhaps
-in every week, between California and China. These ships must pass
-along the coast of your empire; storms and winds may cause them to
-be wrecked on your shores, and we ask and expect from your friendship
-and your greatness, kindness for our men and protection for our property.
-We wish that our people may be permitted to trade with your
-people; but we shall not authorize them to break any laws of your
-empire.</p>
-
-<p>“Our object is friendly commercial intercourse, and nothing more.
-You have many productions which we should be glad to buy; and we
-have productions which might suit your people.</p>
-
-<p>“Your empire has a great abundance of coal; this is an article
-which our steamships, in going from California to China, must use.
-They would be glad that a harbor in your empire should be appointed
-to which coal might be brought, and where they might always be able
-to purchase it.</p>
-
-<p>“In many other respects, commerce between your empire and our
-country would be useful to both. Let us consider well what new interests
-arise from these recent events which have brought our two
-countries so near together, and what purposes of friendship, amity,
-and intercourse, they ought to inspire in the breasts of those who
-govern both countries. Farewell.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">(<span class="smcap">L. S.</span>)</div>
-
-<p>“Given under my hand and seal, at the city of Washington, the 10th
-day of May, 1851, and of the independence of the United
-States the seventy-fifth.</p>
-
-<p>
-“<span class="smcap">M. Fillmore.</span><br />
-<br />
-“By the President:<br />
-<br />
-“<span class="smcap">D. Webster</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.”<br />
-</p>
-</div>
-
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116" class="label">[116]</a> These islands lie between 26° 30´ and 27° 45´ north latitude, about
-five hundred miles west of Lew Chew and the same distance south of
-Yedo, on the direct route from the Sandwich Islands to Shanghai, three
-thousand three hundred miles from the former, and about one thousand
-one hundred from the latter. They consist of three groups. The
-largest island is about forty miles in circumference. There are nine
-others, diminishing down to five or six miles of circumference, and
-about seventy rocky islets, all evidently of volcanic origin. The extent
-of the whole is about two hundred and fifty square miles. The
-name is Japanese, and signifies “uninhabited,” descriptive of the state
-in which they were found when discovered by a Japanese vessel in
-1675; and, except some ineffectual attempts at penal colonization by
-the Japanese, so they remained till occupied, in 1830, by a colony from
-the Sandwich Islands, partly Americans and Europeans, and partly
-Sandwich Islanders. They had been visited and claimed for the British
-crown in 1827, by Captain Beechey, in the surveying ship “Blossom.”
-The larger ones are fertile and well watered, but scantily wooded.
-The largest, called Peel’s Islands by Beechey, has a good harbor, and
-here Perry bought a piece of land from a squatter for a coal depot.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_117" href="#FNanchor_117" class="label">[117]</a> There is another province of the same name in the island of Shikoku.
-That above-mentioned is otherwise called Bōshū.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_118" href="#FNanchor_118" class="label">[118]</a> The squadron had as Chinese interpreter Mr. S. W. Williams, an
-American, long resident at Macao, one of the editors of the “Chinese
-Repository,” and one of the party of the “Morrison,” to carry back the
-shipwrecked Japanese, from whom he had obtained some knowledge
-of that language.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119" class="label">[119]</a> The account of this visit is drawn partly from Commodore Perry’s
-official reports, and partly from the letters of Lieutenant Contee and
-others, published in the newspapers.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_120" href="#FNanchor_120" class="label">[120]</a> Mistake for Kanagawa.—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121" class="label">[121]</a> Rather on their heels.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_122" href="#FNanchor_122" class="label">[122]</a> The number of American officers present at these interviews was
-from twenty to fifty.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_123" href="#FNanchor_123" class="label">[123]</a> The treaty is dated at Kanagawa, probably because it was the
-nearest town. See Kämpfer’s mention of it, p. 74. Mr. Bidinger,
-chaplain of the squadron, in one of his excursions on shore, managed
-to reach and pass through it. He found it a large town.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_124" href="#FNanchor_124" class="label">[124]</a> See, as to the roofs in Hakodate, p. 306, and employ these two
-passages to reconcile the discrepancy noticed in vol. i, p. 392, note.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_125" href="#FNanchor_125" class="label">[125]</a> There is a volcanic island similar to this, off the south coast of
-Satsuma, and another near Hirado.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_126" href="#FNanchor_126" class="label">[126]</a> It is said that these coins are called koban, but that ancient name
-can hardly be applied at the same time to three coins, of such different
-values. The old koban of Kämpfer would be worth at present rates
-about eleven taels; the new koban of 1708 not quite six taels. For the
-above account of the Japanese coins and monetary system, on which
-subject the official report of the two American commissioners is rather
-blind, I have been much indebted to an elaborate paper on the trade
-to Japan, written by S. Wells Williams, the Chinese interpreter to the
-embassy, and originally published in the “N. Y. Times.” No person
-in the fleet was so well prepared by previous studies and the experience
-of a long residence in China and familiarity with Chinese literature
-to make intelligent observations in Japan. Japan has, like
-Europe, its numismatology. Jancigny mentions a Japanese treatise
-on this subject, published at Yedo in 1822, in seven volumes, which
-describes five hundred and fifty coins, with colored prints (the color
-being given in the impression) of most of them. The Japanese coins
-are not struck, but cast in a mould. They are, however, exceedingly
-well finished, and the impression sharp. Siebold speaks of halfs,
-quarters, and sixteenths of a koban in gold; and of eighths and sixteenths
-of a koban in silver; and, according to his account, there are
-in some provinces zeni, and eighths of a koban in paper notes. This
-practice might have been borrowed from the Chinese—paper money
-being one of the numerous inventions in which they anticipated us of
-the West. [See also “The Coins of Japan” (Munro).—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span>]</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_127" href="#FNanchor_127" class="label">[127]</a> The following is given in the “San Francisco Herald” as a copy
-of the address presented to Mr. Burrows on this occasion:</p>
-
-<p>“With pleasure we welcome you to Yedo Bay, and in doing so, can
-assure you that your ship, the ‘Lady Pierce,’ is the first foreign vessel
-that has been received by us with pleasure.</p>
-
-<p>“Commodore Perry brought with him too many large guns and
-fighting men to be pleasing to us; but you have come in your beautiful
-ship, which is superior to any we have before seen, to visit us, without
-any hostile weapons, and the Emperor has ordered that you shall have
-all the kindness and liberty extended to you that Commodore Perry
-received.</p>
-
-<p>“You have, Mr. Burrows, come here, relying on our friendship and
-hospitality, and we assure you that, although we have been shut out
-for ages from other nations of the world, yet you shall bear with you,
-when returning to your country, the knowledge that our Emperor and
-the Japanese his subjects will never fail of extending protection to
-those who come as you do to Japan. But the Emperor is particularly
-desirous that you should extend the terms of the treaty made
-with Commodore Perry, wherever you may go, to prevent any more
-ships coming to Yedo Bay, as all must hereafter go to Shimoda or
-Hakodate.</p>
-
-<p>“It has given the Emperor and all the Japanese great pleasure that
-you have returned to Japan our countryman, Dee-yee-no-skee[This name is unintelligible, except that “skee” stands for “suke.”—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span>], who
-was shipwrecked, and who has been residing for some time in your
-country, where he states he has been treated with the greatest kindness,
-and particularly so on board your ship, the ‘Lady Pierce.’ That
-you should have made a voyage to Japan to restore him to his friends
-and home, without any other inducement, as you say, except to see
-Japan, and to form a friendship with us, merits and will ever receive
-our most friendly feelings; and be assured, if any of your countrymen,
-or other people, are shipwrecked on our shores, we will extend the
-same kindness to them that you have to our countrymen, and place
-them at Shimoda or Hakodate, and thus open to the world that our
-religion, which is so different from yours, governs the Japanese, in all
-their dealings, by as correct principles as yours governs you. We
-understand what ships of war are; also what whaling ships and merchant
-ships are; but we never before heard, till you came here, of
-such a ship as yours,—a private gentleman’s pleasure ship,—coming
-so far as you have, without any money-making business of trade, and
-only to see Japan, to become acquainted with us, and bring home one
-of our shipwrecked people, the first that has returned to his country
-from America or foreign land.</p>
-
-<p>“You offer us, as presents, all the rare and beautiful articles you
-have in your ship; but have received orders from the Emperor that
-we must not tax your kind feelings by taking anything from you, as
-you have already been sufficiently taxed in returning Dee-yee-no-skee.</p>
-
-<p>“The Emperor also directs that all the gold pieces you have presented
-to the Japanese must be collected and returned to you, and to
-say that he alone must make presents in Yedo Bay. He has directed
-presents to be made to you, in the Emperor’s name, by the governor
-of Shimoda, where he desires you will proceed in your ship, the ‘Lady
-Pierce,’ and land Dee-yee-no-skee, which will be in compliance with
-the treaty.</p>
-
-<p>“Your visit to Japan in the ‘Lady Pierce’ has been attended with
-great interest to us, and you will not be forgotten by the Japanese.
-We hope we may meet you again, and we hope you will come back to
-Japan.</p>
-
-<p>“The Emperor has directed that two ships like yours shall be built,
-and we thank you for having allowed us to take drawings of the ‘Lady
-Pierce,’ and of all that we desired on board.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128" class="label">[128]</a> See papers on Japanese music in vol. xix of the “Transactions of
-the Asiatic Society of Japan.”—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129" class="label">[129]</a> This, probably, is one of the Portuguese legacies to Japan.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130" class="label">[130]</a> See also “Townsend Harris” (Griffis).—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131" class="label">[131]</a> The title of a work ascribed to Valignani, the same visitor of the
-Jesuit missions in the East, repeatedly mentioned in the text, vol. i,
-pp. 100 <i>et seq.</i>, and whom Purchas elsewhere calls the “great Jesuit.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_132" href="#FNanchor_132" class="label">[132]</a> See Satow’s “Notes on the Intercourse between Japan and Siam
-in the Seventeenth Century” in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society
-of Japan.—<span class="smcap">Edr.</span></p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_133" href="#FNanchor_133" class="label">[133]</a>
-See vol. i, p. 221.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_134" href="#FNanchor_134" class="label">[134]</a>
-Sec vol. i, p. 250.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_135" href="#FNanchor_135" class="label">[135]</a> See vol. i, p. 266. Colbert’s East India Company and scheme of
-opening the commerce of China and Japan was simultaneous with his
-West India Company, and his attempts to strengthen and build up the
-establishments of the French in the Carribee Islands and in Canada.
-La Salle, who immortalized himself as the discoverer of the Upper
-Mississippi, and as first having traced that river to its mouth in the
-Gulf of Mexico, came originally to Canada with a view to the discovery
-of an overland western passage to China and Japan. See Hildreth’s
-“History of the United States,” vol. ii, p. 113. The Japan enterprise,
-however, proved a failure, and the letter given above never actually
-reached Japan.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_136" href="#FNanchor_136" class="label">[136]</a>
-This was before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_137" href="#FNanchor_137" class="label">[137]</a>
-This reads very much like the third clause in the American letter.</p>
-
-</div>
-</div>
-
-
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HILDRETH'S "JAPAN AS IT WAS AND IS", VOLUME II (OF 2) ***</div>
-<div style='text-align:left'>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Updated editions will replace the previous one&#8212;the old editions will
-be renamed.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG&#8482;
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
-the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
-of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
-copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
-easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
-of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
-Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
-do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
-by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
-license, especially commercial redistribution.
-</div>
-
-<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br />
-<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br />
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-To protect the Project Gutenberg&#8482; mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase &#8220;Project
-Gutenberg&#8221;), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
-or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.B. &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (&#8220;the
-Foundation&#8221; or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg&#8482; mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg&#8482; work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country other than the United States.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg&#8482; work (any work
-on which the phrase &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; appears, or with which the
-phrase &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-</div>
-
-<blockquote>
-  <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-    at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
-    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
-  </div>
-</blockquote>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase &#8220;Project
-Gutenberg&#8221; associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg&#8482; License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg&#8482;.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; License.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg&#8482; work in a format
-other than &#8220;Plain Vanilla ASCII&#8221; or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg&#8482; website
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original &#8220;Plain
-Vanilla ASCII&#8221; or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg&#8482; works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-provided that:
-</div>
-
-<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'>
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &#8226; You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-        the use of Project Gutenberg&#8482; works calculated using the method
-        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg&#8482; trademark, but he has
-        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-        Section 4, &#8220;Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-        Literary Archive Foundation.&#8221;
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &#8226; You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-        works.
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &#8226; You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-        receipt of the work.
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &#8226; You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-        distribution of Project Gutenberg&#8482; works.
-    </div>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
-the Project Gutenberg&#8482; trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
-forth in Section 3 below.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain &#8220;Defects,&#8221; such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the &#8220;Right
-of Replacement or Refund&#8221; described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you &#8216;AS-IS&#8217;, WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg&#8482; work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg&#8482; work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg&#8482;&#8217;s
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg&#8482; collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg&#8482; and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation&#8217;s EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state&#8217;s laws.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Foundation&#8217;s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
-Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
-to date contact information can be found at the Foundation&#8217;s website
-and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
-public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
-visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg&#8482; eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
-facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This website includes information about Project Gutenberg&#8482;,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-</div>
-
-</div>
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/cover.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3af9765..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/cover.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_008f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_008f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e42b29..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_008f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_016fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_016fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1ae9336..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_016fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_016fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_016fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 09b541e..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_016fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_032f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_032f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c9067fc..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_032f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_040f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_040f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ca35db8..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_040f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_048f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_048f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 474426c..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_048f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_056f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_056f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 62b7ba9..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_056f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_064f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_064f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 7292961..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_064f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_072f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_072f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5640179..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_072f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_072fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_072fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c93748e..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_072fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_080f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_080f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 91796cf..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_080f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_088fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_088fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ab34fc1..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_088fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_088fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_088fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 342be55..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_088fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_100fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_100fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fdc3574..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_100fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_100fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_100fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 53d9444..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_100fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_104f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_104f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 7b5278c..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_104f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_112fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_112fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index a46cc6c..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_112fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_112fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_112fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 36a5833..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_112fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_128f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_128f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0cf556f..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_128f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_136f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_136f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 72d4ead..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_136f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_144fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_144fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index acd5d82..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_144fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_144fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_144fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index a4224fc..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_144fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_152fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_152fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bb695e5..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_152fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_152fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_152fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e37bfc..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_152fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_160f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_160f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d29ef6..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_160f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_178f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_178f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c94a685..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_178f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_186f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_186f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5bfa533..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_186f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_194fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_194fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index a796ca5..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_194fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_194fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_194fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 300fc49..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_194fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_194fc.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_194fc.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 30de2a5..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_194fc.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_202fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_202fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1cf0a71..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_202fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_202fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_202fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ad2a31..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_202fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_210f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_210f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a9a619..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_210f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_218fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_218fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c306db..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_218fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_218fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_218fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f5a005a..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_218fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_226fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_226fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8cb5193..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_226fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_226fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_226fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6337790..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_226fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_234fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_234fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 14f0c25..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_234fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_234fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_234fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 74b1e39..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_234fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_234fc.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_234fc.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3dc8558..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_234fc.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_242f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_242f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index eb1d794..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_242f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_250f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_250f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f6467e..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_250f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_258f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_258f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e2c9f92..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_258f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_264f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_264f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e4072ad..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_264f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_272f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_272f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2efeaee..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_272f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_272fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_272fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e97112..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_272fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_280f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_280f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d47ab4..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_280f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_288fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_288fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bf9e36f..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_288fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_288fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_288fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d3715a..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_288fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_296f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_296f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c9276f..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_296f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_304f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_304f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index afdecfd..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_304f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_312f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_312f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1ff658a..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_312f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_320f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_320f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e5d180..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_320f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_328f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_328f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c0fcbf..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_328f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_336fa.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_336fa.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ac85a7e..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_336fa.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_336fb.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_336fb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ce0e560..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_336fb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_344f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_344f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 808548b..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_344f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_352f.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_352f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index af96a3a..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_352f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_frontis.jpg b/old/66914-h/images/i_frontis.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 91da514..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_frontis.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/66914-h/images/i_title.png b/old/66914-h/images/i_title.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6070742..0000000
--- a/old/66914-h/images/i_title.png
+++ /dev/null