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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Umbrellas and their History + +Author: William Sangster + + +Release Date: October, 2004 [EBook #6674] +This file was first posted on January 12, 2003 +Last Updated: June 29, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UMBRELLAS AND THEIR HISTORY *** + + + + +Text file produced by Avinash Kothare, Steve Schulze, Charles Franks +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. This file +was produced from images generously made available by the +CWRU Preservation Department Digital Library + +HTML file produced by David Widger + + + + +</pre> + + <div style="height: 8em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h1> + UMBRELLAS AND THEIR HISTORY + </h1> + <h2> + By William Sangster + </h2> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h4> + "Munimen ad imbres." + </h4> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <p> + <b>CONTENTS</b> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_TOC"> DETAILED CONTENTS. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0001"> CHAPTER I. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0002"> CHAPTER II. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0003"> CHAPTER III. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0004"> CHAPTER IV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0005"> CHAPTER V. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0006"> CHAPTER VI. </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_TOC" id="link2H_TOC"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CONTENTS. + </h2> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0001"> CHAPTER I. </a> + </p> + <p> + CHAPTER I. <br /> INTRODUCTORY <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0002"> CHAPTER II. </a> + </p> + <p> + CHAPTER II. <br /> THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE UMBRELLA <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0003"> CHAPTER III. </a> + </p> + <p> + CHAPTER III. <br /> THE UMBRELLA IN ENGLAND <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0004"> CHAPTER IV. </a> + </p> + <p> + CHAPTER IV. <br /> THE STORY OF THE PARACHUTE <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0005"> CHAPTER V. </a> + </p> + <p> + CHAPTER V. <br /> UMBRELLA STORIES <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0006"> CHAPTER VI. </a> + </p> + <p> + THE REGENERATION OF THE UMBRELLA <br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0001" id="link2HCH0001"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER I. + </h2> + <h3> + INTRODUCTORY. + </h3> + <p> + Can it be possibly believed, by the present eminently practical + generation, that a busy people like the English, whose diversified + occupations so continually expose them to the chances and changes of a + proverbially fickle sky, had ever been ignorant of the blessings bestowed + on them by that dearest and truest friend in need and in deed, the + UMBRELLA? Can you, gentle reader, for instance, realise to yourself the + idea of a man not possessing such a convenience for rainy weather? + </p> + <p> + Why so much unmerited ridicule should be poured upon the head (or handle) + of the devoted Umbrella, it is hard to say. What is there comic in an + Umbrella? Plain, useful, and unpretending, if any of man's inventions ever + deserved sincere regard, the Umbrella is, we maintain, that invention. + Only a few years back those who carried Umbrellas were held to be + legitimate butts. They were old fogies, careful of their health, and so + on; but now-a-days we are wiser. Everybody has his Umbrella. It is both + cheaper and better made than of old; who, then, so poor he cannot afford + one? To see a man going out in the rain umbrella-less excites as much + mirth as ever did the sight of those who first—wiser than their + generation—availed themselves of this now universal shelter. Yet + still a touch of the amusing clings to the "Gamp," as it is sarcastically + called. 'What says Douglas Jerrold on the subject? "There are three things + that no man but a fool lends, or, having lent, is not in the most helpless + state of mental crassitude if he ever hopes to get back again. These three + things, my son, are—BOOKS, UMBRELLAS, and MONEY! I believe a certain + fiction of the law assumes a remedy to the borrower; but I know of no case + in which any man, being sufficiently dastard to gibbet his reputation as + plaintiff in such a suit, ever fairly succeeded against the wholesome + prejudices of society. Umbrellas may be 'hedged about' by cobweb statutes; + I will not swear it is not so; there may exist laws that make such things + property; but sure I am that the hissing contempt, the loud-mouthed + indignation of all civilised society, 'would sibilate and roar at the + bloodless poltroon who should engage law on his side to obtain for him the + restitution of a—lent Umbrella!" + </p> + <p> + Strange to say, it is a fact, melancholy enough, but for all that too + true, that our forefathers, scarce seventy years agone, meekly endured the + pelting of the pitiless storm without that protection vouchsafed to their + descendants by a kind fate and talented inventors. The fact is, the + Umbrella forms one of the numerous conveniences of life which seem + indispensable to the present generation, because just so long a time has + passed since their introduction, that the contrivances which, in some + certain degree, previously supplied their place, have passed into + oblivion. + </p> + <p> + We feel the convenience we possess, without being always aware of the + gradations which intervened between it and the complete inconvenience of + being continually unsheltered from the rain, without any kind friend from + whom to seek the protection so ardently desired. + </p> + <p> + Fortunately a very simple process will enable the reader to realise the + fact in its full extent; he need only walk about in a pelting shower for + some hours without an Umbrella, or when the weight of a cloak would be + insupportable, and at the same time remember that seventy years ago a + luxury he can now purchase in almost every street, was within the reach of + but very few, while omnibuses and cabs were unknown. + </p> + <p> + But, apart from considerations of comfort, we may safely claim very much + higher qualities as appertaining to the Umbrella. We may even reckon it + among the causes that have contributed to lengthen the average of human + life, and hold it a most effective agent in the great increase which took + place in the population of England between the years 1750 and 1850 as + compared with the previous century. The Registrar-General, in his + census-report, forgot to mention this fact, but there appears to us not + the slightest doubt that the introduction of the Umbrella at the latter + part of the former, and commencement of the present century, must have + greatly conduced to the improvement of the public health, by preserving + the bearer from the various and numerous diseases superinduced by exposure + to rain. + </p> + <p> + But perhaps we are a little harsh on our worthy ancestors; they may have + possessed some species of protection from the rain on which they prided + themselves as much as we do on our Umbrellas, and regarded the new-fangled + invention (as they no doubt termed it) as something exceedingly absurd, + coxcombical, and unnecessary; while we, who are in possession of so many + life-comforts of which those of the good old times were supremely ignorant—among + these we give the Umbrella brevet rank—can afford to smile at such + ebullitions as we have come across in those books of the day we have + consulted, and to which we shall presently have an opportunity of + referring. + </p> + <p> + We can happily estimate the value of such a friend as the Umbrella, the + silent companion of our walks abroad, a companion incomparably superior to + those slimy waterproof abominations so urgently recommended to us, for, at + the least, the Umbrella cannot be accused of injuring, the health as <i>they</i> + have been, as it appears, with very good reason. In fact, so long as the + climate of England remains as it is, so long will Umbrellas hold their + ground in public esteem, and we do not believe that the clerk of the + weather will allow himself to be bribed into any alteration, at least for + trade considerations. + </p> + <p> + Another remarkable proof of the utility of the Umbrella may be found in + the universality of its use. It has asserted its sway from Indus to the + Pole, and is to be met with in every possible variety, from the Napoleon + blue silk of the London exquisite, to the coarse red or green cotton of + the Turkish rayah. Throughout the Continent it forms the peaceful armament + of the peasant, and no more curious sight can be imagined than the wide, + uncovered market-place of some quaint old German town during a heavy + shower, when every industrial covers himself or herself with the aegis of + a portable tent, and a bright array of brass ferrules and canopies of all + conceivable hues which cotton can be made to assume, without losing its + one quality of "fast colour," flash on the spectator's vision. + </p> + <p> + The advantages of the Umbrella being thus recognised, it must be confessed + that it has hitherto been treated in a most ungrateful and step-motherly + fashion. We fly to the Umbrella when the sky is overcast—it affords + us shelter in the hour of need—and the service is forgotten as soon + as the necessity is relieved. We make abominable jokes upon the Umbrella; + we borrow it without compunction from any confiding friend, though with + the full intention of never returning it—in fact, it has often been + a matter of surprise to us that any one ever does buy an Umbrella, for + where can the old Umbrellas go to? Although that question has often been + asked concerning the fate of pins, the fact as regards the former, looking + at their size, is more curious—and yet, for all that, we treat it + with shameful neglect, as if ashamed of a crime we have committed and + anxious to conceal the evidences of our guilt. + </p> + <p> + Let us then strive to afford such reparation as in our power lies, by + giving a slight description of THE UMBRELLA AND ITS HISTORY, making up for + any deficiencies of our pen by the assistance of the artist's pencil. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0002" id="link2HCH0002"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER II. + </h2> + <h3> + THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE UMBRELLA. + </h3> + <p> + The Umbrella is derived from a stately family, that of the Parasol, the + legitimate use of the Umbrella, though sufficiently obvious, being almost + ignored in those countries whence it derives its being, since it was as a + protection against the scorching heat of the sun that it was first used. + The Parasol, then, or Umbrella—since for all practical purposes the + two are really identical—dates from the earliest ages, some + commentators on the Bible fancying they can discover it in places where a + shade protecting from the sun is mentioned. This is not unlikely, but it + is certain that the Parasol has been in use from a very early period. + </p> + <p> + Chinese history goes a very long way back, inasmuch as it places the + invention of these elegant machines many thousand years anterior to the + Mosaic date of the world's creation. Their antiquity among the Hindoos is + more satisfactorily proved by the following passage from the dramatic poem + of <i>S'akuntâla</i>, the date of which is supposed to be the 6th century + of the Christian era:— + </p> + <p> + ("The cares of supporting the nation harass the sovereign, while he is + cheered with a view of the people's welfare, as a huge Umbrella, of which + a man bears the staff in his own hand, fatigues while it shades him. The + sovereign, like a branching tree, bears on his head the scorching + sunbeams, while the broad shade allays the fever of those who seek shelter + under him.") + </p> + <p> + The origin of the Parasol is wrapped in considerable obscurity. Some + profound investigators have supposed that large leaves tied to the + branching extremities of a bough suggested the first idea of the + invention. Others assert that the idea was probably derived from the tent, + which remains in form unaltered to the present day. Dr. Morrison, <i>however</i>, + tells us that the tradition existing in China is, that the <i>San</i>, + which signifies a shade for sun and rain, originated in standards and + banners waving in the air. As this is a case in which we may quote the + line—"Who shall decide when doctors disagree?"—we may with + safety assume that all are in the right, and that the Parasol owed its + origin to all or any of the above-mentioned fortuitous circumstances. + </p> + <p> + In the Ninevite sculptures the Umbrella or Parasol appears frequently. + Layard gives a picture of a bas-relief representing a king in his chariot, + with an attendant holding an Umbrella over his head. It has a curtain + hanging down behind, but is otherwise exactly like those in use at the + present time, the stretchers and sliding runner being plainly represented. + To quote the words of that indefatigable traveller:— + </p> + <p> + "The Umbrella or Parasol, the emblem of royalty so universally accepted by + eastern nations, was generally carried over the king in time of peace, and + sometimes even in time of war. In shape it resembled, very closely, those + in common use; but it is always open in the sculptures. It was edged with + tassels, and was usually ornamented at the top by a flower or some other + ornament. On the later bas-reliefs, a long piece of embroidered linen or + silk falling from one side like a curtain, appears to screen the king + completely from the sun. The parasol was reserved exclusively for the + monarch, and is never represented as borne over any other person." + </p> + <p> + In Egypt again, the Parasol is found in various shapes. In some instances + it is depicted as a <i>flabellum</i>, a fan of palm-leaves or coloured + feathers fixed on a long handle, resembling those now carried behind the + Pope in processions. Sir Gardner Wilkinson, in his work on Egypt, has, an + engraving of an Ethiopian princess travelling through Upper Egypt in a + chariot; a kind of Umbrella fastened to a stout pole rises in the centre, + bearing a close affinity to what are now termed chaise Umbrellas. To judge + from Wilkinson's account, the Umbrella was generally used throughout + Egypt, partly as a mark of distinction, but more on account of its useful + than its ornamental qualities. + </p> + <p> + The same author is rather doubtful whether, in the picture given by him of + a military chief in his chariot, the frame which an attendant holds up + behind the rider is a shield or a screen, but the latter is the more + probable supposition, as it has all the appearance of an Umbrella without + the usual handle. In some paintings on a temple wall, an Umbrella is held + over the figure of a god carried in procession, and altogether we may, + perhaps, consider it decided, beyond dispute, that the Umbrella in its + modern shape was used in Egypt. [Footnote: To silence captious critics, + who may find fault with the designs of our artist, we may once for all + remark that an idealised conception of the figures only is given. The + style of the ancient draughtsmen was by no means so perfect that we, who + live in a more civilised age, should be entirely fettered by their + conceptions, and the records of ancient life are not nearly full enough to + justify any one who may Assert that the pictures in our pages are not as + accurate as those in the British Museum. Anyhow, what they ought to have + been, rather than what the ancient were, our artist has striven to + delineate.] + </p> + <p> + In Persia the Parasol is repeatedly found in the carved work of + Persepolis, and Sir John Malcolm has an article on the subject in his + "History of Persia." In some sculptures—of a very Egyptian + character, by the way—the figure of a king appears attended by a + slave, who carries over his head an Umbrella, with stretchers and runner + complete. In other sculptures on the rock at Takht-i-Bostan, supposed to + be not less than twelve centuries old, a deer-hunt is represented, at + which a king looks on, seated on a horse, and having an Umbrella borne + over his head by an attendant. + </p> + <p> + This combination of business and comfort forcibly reminds us of a certain + wet day in Carlsruhe, where we witnessed from the window of the Hôtel + d'Angleterre a stout, martial-looking national guardsman marching to the + exercising-ground with an Umbrella over his head, and a maid-servant + diligently tramping through the mud behind him, bearing his musket. + </p> + <p> + As in Assyria, so in most other Eastern countries, this use of the Parasol + carried with it a peculiar and honourable significance. The tradition + relating to its origin in China has been already alluded to, and we can + trace notices of its use a very long way back indeed. + </p> + <p> + According to Dr. Morrison, Umbrellas and Parasols are referred to in books + printed about A.D. 300, but their use has been traced still further back + than this. A very ancient book of Chinese ceremonies, called "Tcheou-Li, + or The Rites of Tcheou," directs that upon the imperial cars the dais + should be placed. "The figure of this dais contained in the Chinese + edition of Tcheou-Li, and the particular description of it given in the + explanatory commentary of Lin-hi-ye, both identify it with an Umbrella. + The latter describes the dais to be composed of 28 arcs, which are + equivalent to the whalebone ribs of the modern instrument, and the staff + supporting the covering to consist of two parts, the upper being a rod + 3/18ths of a Chinese foot in circumference, and the lower a tube 6/10ths + in circumference, into which the upper half is capable of sliding." + </p> + <p> + In the second Tartar invasion of China the emperor's son was taken + prisoner by the Tartar chief, and made to carry his Umbrella when he went + out hunting. + </p> + <p> + Starting from the royal significance attached to the Umbrella, came a + feeling of veneration for it, very different from the contempt with which + we are now-a-days too apt to regard it. It was represented by many ancient + nations as shading their gods. In the Hindoo mythology Vishnu is said to + have paid a visit to the infernal regions with his Umbrella over his head. + One would think that in few places could an Umbrella have been less + appropriate, but doubtless Vishnu knew what he was about, and had his own + reasons for carrying his <i>Parapluie</i> under his arm. Perhaps like Mrs. + Gamp he could not be separated from it. So much for the ancient history of + our subject in the East. We may now go on to countries about which we know + a little more than of ancient China and Assyria. + </p> + <p> + In Greece, as Becker tells us in his "Charicles," the Parasol was an + indispensable adjunct to a lady of fashion. It had also its religious + signification. In the Scirophoria, the feast of Athene Sciras, a white + Parasol was borne by the priestesses of the goddess from the Acropolis to + the Phalerus. In the feasts of Dionysius (in that at Alea in Arcadia, + where he was exposed under an Umbrella, and elsewhere) the Umbrella was + used, and in an old has-relief the same god is represented as descending + ad <i>inferos</i> with a small Umbrella in his hand, like Vishnu before + mentioned. + </p> + <p> + There was also another festival in which they appeared, though without any + mystical signification. In the Panathenæa, the daughters of the Metceci, + or foreign residents, carried Parasols over the heads of Athenian women as + a mark of inferiority, + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "tas parthenons ton metoikon skiadaephorein en tais rompais + aenankazon." + —<i>OElian, V. H.</i>, vi. 1. +[Footnote: "They compelled the maidens of the Metceci to act as +umbrella-bearers in the processions."] +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +Its use seems to have been confined to women. In Pausanias there is +a description of a tomb near Pharæ, a Greek city. On the tomb was the +figure of a woman— + + "themapaina de autae prosestaeke skiadeion pherousa." +—<i>Pausanias</i>, lib. vii., cap. 22, Section 6. +[Footnote: "And by her stood a female slave, bearing a parasol."] +</pre> + <p> + Aristophanes seems to mention it among the common articles of female use— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "aemin men gar son eti kai nun tantion, o kanon, oi kalathiokoi, + to skiadeion." +—<i>Aristophanes, Thesmoph.</i>, 821. +[Footnote: "For now our loom is safe, our weaving-beam, our baskets +and umbrella."] +</pre> + <p> + It occurs frequently on vases, and is in shape like that now used. It + could be put up and down. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "ta d' ota g'an son, nae AL', exepetannuto osper skiadeion, kai + palin xunaegeto." +—<i>Arist. Eq.</i>, 1347. +[Footnote: "But your ears, by Jove, are stretched out like a +parasol, and now again shut up."] +</pre> + <p> + Which the Scholiast explains, <i>ekteinetai de kai systelletai pros ton + katepeigonta kairon.</i> [Footnote: "Are opened and shut as need + requires."] For a man to carry one was considered a mark of effeminacy, as + appears from the following fragment of Anacreon:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "<i>skiadiskaen elephantinaen phorei gunaixin autos.</i>" + <i>Athenaeus</i>, lib. xii., cap. 46, Section 534. +[Footnote: "He carries an ivory parasol, as women do."] +</pre> + <p> + Plutarch makes Aristides speak of Xerxes as sitting under a canopy or + Umbrella looking at the sea-fight— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "<i>kathaeenos hupd skiadi chrysae.</i>" + <i>Plut. Therm., c. 16</i> (p. 120), +[Footnote: "Sitting under a golden canopy."] +</pre> + <p> + and of Cleopatra in like manner— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "<i>upo skiadi chrysopasto.</i>" + <i>Plut. Anton., c. 26</i> (p. 927). +[Footnote: "Under a gold-wrought canopy."] +</pre> + <p> + From Greece it is probable that the use of the Parasol passed to Rome, + where it seems to have been commonly used by women, while it was the + custom even for effeminate men to defend themselves from the heat by means + of the <i>Umbraculum</i>, formed of skin or leather, and capable of being + lowered at will. We find frequent reference to the Umbrella in the Roman + Classics, and it appears that it was, not unlikely, a post of honour among + maid-servants to bear it over their mistresses. Allusions to it are + tolerably frequent in the poets. Virgil's "Munimen ad imbres" [Footnote: + "A shelter for the shower."] probably has nothing to do with Umbrellas, + but more definite mention of them is not wanting. Ovid speaks of Hercules + carrying the Parasol of Omphale:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Aurea pellebant rapidos umbracula soles, + Quæ tamen Herculeæ sustinuere manus." +—<i>Ov. Fast.</i>, lib. ii., 1. 31 I. +[Footnote: "A golden umbrella warded off the keen sun, which even +the hands of Hercules have borne."] +</pre> + <p> + Martial speaks of a servant carrying the Parasol:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Umbellam lusca, Lygde feras Dominæ." +—<i>Mart.</i>, lib. xi., ch. 73. +[Footnote: "Mayst thou, Lygde, be parasol-carrier for a publind +mistress."] +</pre> + <p> + Juvenal mentions an Umbrella as a present:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "En cui tu viridem umbellam cui succina mittas" +—<i>Juv.</i>, ix., 50. +[Footnote: "See to whom it is sent a green umbrella and amber +ornaments"] +</pre> + <p> + Ovid advises a lover to make himself agreeable by holding his mistress's + Parasol:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Ipse tene distenta suis umbracula virgis" +<i>Ov. Ars.</i> Am., ii., 209. +[Footnote: "Yourself hold up the umbrella spread out by its rods"] +</pre> + <p> + This shows that the Umbrella was of much the same construction as ours. + </p> + <p> + A very common use for it was in the theatre, whenever, from wind or other + cause, the <i>velarium</i> or huge awning stretched over the building + (always open to the air) could not be put up:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Accipe quæ nimios vincant umbracula soles, + Sit licet, et ventus, te tua vela tegont." +—<i>Mart.,</i> lib. xiv., Ep. 28. +[Footnote: "Take this, which may shield you from the sun's excessive +rays. So may your own sail shield you, even should the breeze blow."] +</pre> + <p> + By <i>tua vela</i> is to be understood "your own Umbrella." And elsewhere + the same writer gives the advice:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Ingrediare viam coelo licet usque sereno + Ad subitas nunquam scortea desit aquas." +—Man'., lib. xiv. Ep. 130. +[Footnote: "Though with a bright sky you begin your journey, let +this cloak ever be at hand in case of unexpected showers."] +</pre> + <p> + It will be noticed from the above extracts that the Umbrella does not + appear to have been used among the Romans as a defence from rain; and this + is curious enough, for we know that the theatres were protected by the <i>velarium</i> + or awning, which was drawn across the arena whenever a sudden shower came + on; strange that this self-evident application of the Umbrella should not + have occurred to a nation generally so ingenious in the invention of every + possible luxury. Possibly the expense bestowed in the decoration of the <i>umbraculum</i> + was a reason for its not being applied to what we cannot but regard as its + legitimate use. + </p> + <p> + After the founding of Constantinople, the custom of great people carrying + an Umbrella seems to have arisen, but in Rome it appears only to have been + used as a luxury, never as a mark of distinction, Pliny speaks of + Umbrellas made of palm-leaves, but from other sources we may gather that + the Romans—at all events in the days of the empire—lavished as + much splendour on their Umbrella as on all the articles of their dress. + Ovid (as above quoted) speaks of an Umbrella inwrought with gold, and + Claudian in the same way has:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Neu defensura calorem + Aurea submoveant rapidos umbracula soles." +—<i>Claud.</i>, lib. viii., De. iv. cons. Honorii, 1. 340. +[Footnote: "Nor to protect you from the heat, let the golden +umbrella ward off the keen sun's rays."] +</pre> + <p> + From this we may conclude that the carrying an Umbrella was in some sort a + mark of effeminacy. In another place carrying the Umbrella is alluded to + as one of the duties of a slave:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Jam non umbracula tollunt + Virginibus," etc. +[Footnote: "<i>Now</i> they do not carry girls' parasols."] +</pre> + <p> + Gorius says that the Umbrella came to Rome from the Etruscans, and + certainly it appears not infrequently on Etruscan vases, as also on later + gems. One gem, figured by Pacudius, shows an Umbrella with a bent handle, + sloping backwards. Strabo describes a sort of screen or Umbrella worn by + Spanish women, but this is not like a modern Umbrella. + </p> + <p> + Very many curious facts are connected with the use of the Umbrella + throughout the East, where it was nearly everywhere one of the insignia of + royalty, or at least of high rank. + </p> + <p> + M. de la Loubère, who was Envoy Extraordinary from the French King to the + King of Siam in 1687 and 1688, wrote an account entitled a "New Historical + Relation of the Kingdom of Siam," which was translated in 1693 into + English. According to his account the use of the Umbrella was granted to + some only of the subjects by the king. An Umbrella with several circles, + as if two or three umbrellas were fastened on the same stick, was + permitted to the king alone, the nobles carried a single Umbrella with + painted cloths hanging from it. The Talapoins (who seem to have been a + sort of Siamese monks) had Umbrellas made of a palm-leaf cut and folded, + so that the stem formed a handle. The same writer describes the + audience-chamber of the King of Siam. In his quaint old French, he says:—"Pour + tout meuble il n'y a que trois para-sol, un devant la fenêtre, a neuf + ronds, & deux à sept ronds aux deux côtéz de la fenêtre. Le para-sol + est en ce Pais-la, ce que le Dais est en celui-ci." + </p> + <p> + Tavernier, in his "Voyage to the East," says that on each side of the + Mogul's throne were two Umbrellas, and also describes the hall of the King + of Ava as decorated with an Umbrella. The Mahratta princes, who reigned at + Poonah and Sattara, had the title of Ch'hatra-pati, "Lord of the + Umbrella." Ch'hatra or cháta has been suggested as the derivation of <i>satrapaes</i> + (<i>exatrapaes</i> in Theopompus), and it seems a probable derivation + enough. The cháta of the Indian and Burmese princes is large and heavy, + and requires a special attendant, who has a regular position in the royal + household. In Ava it seems to have been part of the king's title, that he + was "King of the white elephant, and Lord of the twenty-four Umbrellas." + Persons of rank in the Mahratta court, who were not permitted the right of + carrying an Umbrella, used a screen, a flat vertical disc called + AA'-ab-gir, carried by an attendant. Even now the Umbrella has not lost + its emblematic meaning. In 1855 the King of Burmah directed a letter to + the Marquis of Dalhousie in which he styles himself "His great, glorious, + and most excellent Majesty, who reigns over the kingdoms of Thunaparanta, + Tampadipa, and all the great Umbrella-wearing chiefs of the Eastern + countries," &c. + </p> + <p> + Thus we see that the same signification which was attached to the Umbrella + by the ancient people of Nineveh, still remains connected with it even in + our own time. + </p> + <p> + In the Great Exhibition of 1851 was the splendid Umbrella belonging to his + Highness the Maharajah of Najpoor. The ribs and stretchers, sixteen in + number, divided the Umbrella into as many segments, covered with silk, + exquisitely embroidered with gold and silver ornaments. The upper part of + the design was complete in each department, but at the lower, it was + formed into a graceful running border, to which a fringe was attached. The + handle was hollow and formed of thick silver plates. + </p> + <p> + In Bengal it appears that no distinction is attached to the Umbrella, + since the poorer classes there use a cháta or small Umbrella, made of + leaves of the <i>Licerata peltata</i>. These are of conical form and have + numerous ribs and stretchers. The higher class in Assam use a similar + Umbrella. + </p> + <p> + In China the use of the Umbrella does not appear to have been confined, as + in India and Persia, to royalty; but it was always, as it is now, a mark + of high rank, though not exclusively so. There seems to have been no + particular rule about it, but it carried with it some peculiar + distinction; for, on one occasion at least, we hear of twenty-four + Umbrellas being carried before the Emperor when he went out hunting. Here + it is, what it appears to be in no other Eastern country, a defence + against rain rather than sun, and while the richer people do not go out + much while it is wet, the poorer classes wear a dress that protects them + from the weather. In the rainy season, for instance, a Chinese boatman + wears a coat of straw, and a hat of straw and bamboo. Such a dress, of + course, renders an Umbrella superfluous, and it matters little to the + wearer how hard the rain may pelt. Nevertheless great numbers of Umbrellas + are exported from China to India, the Indian Archipelago, and even South + America. In the 1851 Exhibition two only were shown. Of them the report + says, "They present nothing remarkable beyond the great number of ribs, + which amount to forty-two. The ribs are formed of wood; and instead of + being embraced by the fork of the stretcher, as in the case of European + Umbrellas, they have a groove cut out in the middle of their lengths, into + which the stretcher is secured by a stud of wood. The head of each rib + fits into a notch formed in the ring of wood, which is fastened on to the + top of the stick, there being a separate, notch for each rib. The slide is + of wood, and has forty-two notches, namely, one for each stretcher, which + like the ribs, is formed of wood. The covering of the Umbrellas exhibited + is of oiled paper coarsely painted." + </p> + <p> + But the use of the Umbrella travelled westward, and with it the custom of + regarding it as a mark of dignity. + </p> + <p> + Amongst the Arabs the Umbrella was a mark of distinction. Niebuhr, who + travelled in Southern Arabia, describes a procession of the Iman of Sanah. + In it the Iman and each of the princes of his numerous family, caused a <i>madalla,</i> + or large Umbrella, to be carried by his side; and it is a privilege which, + in this country, is appropriated to princes of the blood, just as the + Sultan of Constantinople permits none but his vizier to have his caique, + or gondola, covered behind, to keep him from the heat of the sun. The same + writer goes on to say that many independent chiefs of Yemen carried <i>madallas</i> + as a mark of their independence. + </p> + <p> + In Morocco, according to a passage quoted by a writer in the <i>Penny + Magazine</i> from the Travels of Ali Bey, the emperor alone and his family + are allowed to use it. "The retinue of the Sultan was composed of a troop + of from fifteen to twenty men on horseback. About a hundred steps behind + them came the Sultan, who was mounted on a mule with an officer bearing + his Umbrella, who rode by his side also on a mule. The Umbrella is a + distinguishing sign of the sovereign of Morocco. Nobody but himself, his + sons, or his brothers dare to make use of it." In Turkey the Umbrella is + common. A vestige of the reverence once attached to it remains in the + custom of compelling everybody who passes the palace where the Sultan is + residing to lower his Umbrella as a mark of respect. And—at all + events some years back, before the Crimean war had introduced so many + Europeans to Constantinople—any one neglecting to pay the required + reverence, stood in considerable danger of a lively reminder from the + sentry on duty. + </p> + <p> + Before concluding this chapter, it may not be out of place to make a few + remarks as to the origin of the word Umbrella, as we have done regarding + the thing itself. The English name is borrowed from the Italian <i>Ombrella</i>. + The Latin term <i>Umbella</i> is applied by botanists to those blossoms + which are clustered at the extremities of several spokes, radiating from + the common stem like the metallic props of the Umbrella. The name, as is + seen, does not give the slightest idea of the use of the article + designated, as is often the case with words we practical folk employ; and + we might well take a lesson from our cousins German or French, who have + invented distinct names for the weapon used to ward off the rays of the + sun, and that employed against rain, namely,—Regenschirm, <i>parapluie;</i> + Sonnenschirm, <i>parasol.</i> These are better than our names, even though + both the French words labour under the disadvantage of being hybrids, half + Greek and half Latin. + </p> + <p> + Such, then, is the ancient history of the Umbrella, as far as our research + has enabled us to trace it, and, indeed, we are now not a little surprised + at the result of those labours which have enabled us to discover so much. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0003" id="link2HCH0003"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER III. + </h2> + <h3> + THE UMBRELLA IN ENGLAND. + </h3> + <p> + As a canopy of state, Umbrellas were generally used in the south of + Europe; they are found in the ceremonies of the Byzantine Church; they + were borne over the Host in procession, and formed part of the Pontifical + regalia. + </p> + <p> + A mediæval gem represents a bishop, attended by a cross-bearer, and a + servant who carries behind him an Umbrella. + </p> + <p> + In the Basilican churches of Rome is suspended a large Umbrella, and the + cardinal who took his title from the church has the privilege of having an + Umbrella carried over his head on solemn processions. It is not, + altogether impossible that the cardinal's hat may be derived from this + Umbrella. The origin of this custom of hanging an Umbrella in the + Basilican churches is plain enough. The judge sitting in the basilica + would have it as part of his insignia of office. On the judgment hall + being turned into a church, the Umbrella remained, and in fact occupied + the place of the canopy over thrones and the like in our own country. + Beatiano, an Italian herald, says that "a vermilion Umbrella in a field + argent symbolises dominion." + </p> + <p> + References crop up now and then throughout the middle age records, to + Umbrellas; but the extreme paucity of such allusions goes to show that + they were not in common use. In an old romance, "The Blonde of Oxford," a + jester makes fun of a nobleman for being out in the rain without his + cloak. "Were I a rich man," says he, "I would bear my house about with + me." By this very valiant joke he meant, as he afterwards explained, that + the nobleman should wear a cloak, not that he ought not to forget his + Umbrella So it is clear, we find, that our forefathers depended on their + cloaks, not on their Umbrellas, for protection against storms. + </p> + <p> + Careful research has enabled us to light on a solitary instance of an + ancient English Umbrella, for Wright, in his "Domestic Manners of the + English," gives a drawing from the Harleian MS., No. 603, which represents + an Anglo-Saxon gentleman walking out attended by his servant, the servant + carrying an Umbrella with a handle that slopes backwards, so as to bring + the Umbrella over the head of the person in front. It probably, therefore, + could not be shut up, but otherwise it looks like an ordinary Umbrella, + and the ribs are represented distinctly. + </p> + <p> + Whether this earliest Jonas Hanway (the reputed first importer of the + Umbrella, of whom more hereafter) was peculiarly sybaritic in his notions, + or whether, like the mammoth of Siberia, he is the one remaining instance + of a former "umbrelliferous" race, must, at least for the present, remain + undecided. The general use of the Parasol in France and England was + adopted, probably from China, about the middle of the seventeenth century. + At that period, pictorial representations of it are frequently found, some + of which exhibit the peculiar broad and deep canopy belonging to the large + Parasol of the Chinese Government officials, borne by native attendants. + </p> + <p> + John Evelyn, in his Diary for the 22nd June, 1664, mentions a collection + of rarities shown him by one Thompson, a Catholic priest, sent by the + Jesuits of Japan and China to France. Among the curiosities were "fans + like those our ladies use, but much larger, and with long handles, + strangely carved and filled with Chinese characters," which is evidently a + description of the Parasol. + </p> + <p> + In the title-page of Evelyn's "Kalendarium Hortense," also published in + the same year, we find a black page represented, bearing a closed Umbrella + or Sunshade. It is again evident that the Parasol was more an article of + curiosity than use at this period, from the fact that it is mentioned as + such in the catalogue of the "<i>Museum Tradescantium</i>, or Collection + of Rarities, preserved at South Lambeth, by London, by John Tradescant." + </p> + <p> + In Coryat's "Crudities," a very rare and highly interesting work, + published in 1611, about a century and a half prior to the general + introduction of the Umbrella into England, we find the following curious + passage:— + </p> + <p> + After talking of fans he goes on to say, "And many of them doe carry other + fine things of a far greater price, that will cost at the least a duckat, + which they commonly call in the Italian tongue umbrellas, that is, things + which minister shadow veto them for shelter against the scorching heate of + the sunne. These are made of leather, something answerable to the forme of + a little cannopy, & hooped in the inside with divers little wooden + hoopes that extend the umbrella in a pretty large cornpasse. They are used + especially by horsemen, who carry them in their hands when they ride, + fastening the end of the handle upon one of their thighs, and they impart + so large a shadow unto them, that it keepeth the heate of the sunne from + the upper parts of their bodies." + </p> + <p> + Reference to the same custom, of riders in Italy using umbrellas, is made + in Florio's "Worlde of Wordes" (1598), where we find "Ombrella, a fan, a + canopie, also a festoon or cloth of State for a prince, also a kind of + round fan or shadowing that they use to ride with in sommer in Italy, a + little shade." + </p> + <p> + In Cotgrave's "Dictionary of the French and English Tongues," the French + Ombrelle is translated, "An umbrello; a (fashion of) round and broad + fanne, wherewith the Indians (and from them our great ones) preserve + themselves from the heat of a scorching sunne; and hence any little + shadow, fanne, or thing, wherewith women hide their faces fro the sunne." + </p> + <p> + In Fynes Moryson's "Itinerary" (1617) we find a similar allusion to the + habit of carrying Umbrellas in hot countries "to auoide the beames of the + sunne." Their employment, says the author, is dangerous, "because they + gather the heate into a pyramidall point, and thence cast it down + perpendicularly upon the head, except they know how to carry them for + auoyding that danger." This is certainly a fact not generally known to + those who use Parasols too recklessly. + </p> + <p> + "Poesis Rediviva," by John Collop, M.D. (1656), mentions Umbrellas. + Michael Drayton, writing about 1620, speaks of a pair of doves, which are + to watch over the person addressed in his verses:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Of doves I have a dainty pair, + Which, when you please to take the air, + About your head shall gently hover, + Your clear brow from the sun to cover; + And with their nimble wings shall fan you, + That neither cold nor heat shall tan you; + And, like umbrellas, with their feathers + Shall shield you in all sorts of weathers." +</pre> + <p> + Beaumont and Fletcher have an allusion to the umbrella (1640);— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Now are you glad, now is your mind at ease, + Now you have got a shadow, an umbrella, + To keep the 'scorching world's opinion + From your fair credit." +—<i>Rule a Wife and Have a Wife</i>, Act iii, sc. I. +</pre> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +Ben Jonson, too, once mentions it (date 1616), speaking of a mishap +which befel a lady at the Spanish Court:— + + "And there she lay, flat spread as an umbrella." +—<i>The Devil is an Ass</i>, Act iv., SC. I. +</pre> + <p> + Of the fact that Umbrellas' were known and used in Italy long prior to + their introduction into France, we find a confirmation in old Montaigne, + who observes, <i>lib</i>. iii. <i>cap</i>. ix. :—"Les Ombrelles, de + quoy depuis les anciens Remains l'Italie se sert, chargent plus le bras, + qu'ils ne deschargent la teste." + </p> + <p> + Kersey's Dictionary (1708) describes an Umbrella as a "screen commonly + used by women to keep off rain." + </p> + <p> + The absence of almost all allusion to the Umbrella by the wits of the + seventeenth century, while the muff, fan, &c., receive so large a + share of attention, is a further proof that it was far from being + recognised as an article of convenient luxury at that day. The clumsy + shape, probably, prevented its being generally used. In one of Dryden's + plays we find the line:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "I can carry your umbrella and fan, your Ladyship." +</pre> + <p> + Gay, addressing a gentleman, in his "Trivia, or the Art of Walking the + Streets of London" (1712), says:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Be thou for every season justly dress'd, + Nor brave the piercing frost with open breast: + And when the bursting clouds a deluge pour. + Let thy surtout defend the gaping shower." +</pre> + <p> + And again:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "That garment best the winter's rage defends + Whose shapeless form in ample plaits depends; + By various names in various countries known, + Yet held in all the true surtout alone. + Be thine of kersey tine, though small the cost, + Then brave, unwet, the rain, unchilled, the frost." +</pre> + <p> + These passages lead us to the belief that the Umbrella was not used by + gentlemen for a long time after its merits had been recognised by the fair + sex. + </p> + <p> + The following lines from the same author have often been quoted:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Good housewives all the winter's rage despise + Defended by the riding-hood's disguise: + Or underneath the umbrella's oily shed + Safe through the wet on clinking pattens tread. + Let Persian dames th' umbrellas rich display, + To guard their beauties from the sunny ray, + Or sweating slaves support the shady load, + When Eastern monarchs show their state abroad, + Britain in winter only knows its aid + To guard from chilly showers the walking maid." +—<i>Trivia</i>, B. 1. +</pre> + <p> + Dean Swift, also, in the <i>Tatler</i>, No. 228, in describing a City + shower, thus alludes to the common use of the Umbrella by women:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Now in contiguous drops the floods come down, + Threatening with deluge the devoted town: + To shops in crowds the draggled females fly, + Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy: + The Templar spruce, while every spout's abroach, + Stays till 'tis fair, yet seems to call a coach: + The tucked-up sempstress walks with hasty strides, + While streams run down her oiled umbrella's sides." +</pre> + <p> + About this time the custom obtained of keeping an Umbrella in the halls of + great houses, to be used in passing from the door to the carriage. At + coffee-houses, too, the same was done. + </p> + <p> + That the use of the Umbrella was considered far too effeminate for man, is + seen from the following advertisement from the <i>Female Tatler</i> for + December 12th, 1709:—"The young gentleman borrowing the Umbrella + belonging to Wills' Coffee-house, in Cornhill, of the mistress, is hereby + advertised, that to be dry from head to foot on the like occasion, he + shall be welcome to the maid's pattens." + </p> + <p> + Defoe's description of Robinson Crusoe's Umbrella is, of course, familiar + to all our readers. He makes his hero say that he had seen Umbrellas used + in Brazil, where they were found very useful in the great heats that were + there, and that he constructed his own instrument in imitation of them, "I + covered it with skins," he adds, "the hair outwards, so that it cast off + the rain like a pent-house, and kept off the sun so effectually, that I + could walk out in the hottest of the weather with greater advantage than I + could before in the coolest." We may also add, that from this description + the original heavy Umbrellas obtained the name of "Robinson," which they + retained for many years, both here and in France. + </p> + <p> + In the "Memoir of Ambrose Barnes," published for the Surtees Society, + under date 1718, appears an entry, "Umbrella for the Church's use, 25s." A + similar entry is also found in the churchwarden's accounts for the + parochial chapelry of Burnley, Surrey, for A.D. 1760, "Paid for Umbrella 2<i>l</i>. + 10<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>." Both these Umbrellas were in all likelihood + intended for the use of clergymen at funerals in the churchyard, as was + that alluded to in Hone's <i>Year-Book</i> (1826) which was kept for the + same purpose in a country church. This last had "an awning of green oiled + canvas, such as common Umbrellas were made of, forty years ago." + </p> + <p> + Bailey's <i>Encyclopædia</i> (1736) has "Umbrello, a sort of wooden frame, + covered with cloth, put over a window to keep out the sun; also a screen + carried over the head to defend from sun or rain." Also "Parasol, a little + umbrella to keep off sun." + </p> + <p> + There is at Woburn Abbey a picture, painted about 1730, of the Duchess of + Bedford, with a black servant behind her, who holds an Umbrella over her, + and a sketch of the same period attached to a song called "The Generous + Repulse," shows a lady seated on a flowery bank holding a Parasol with a + long handle over her head, while she gently checks the ardour of her + swain, and consoles him by the following touching strain:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Thy vain pursuit, fond youth, give o'er, + What more, alas! can Flavia do? + Thy worth I own, thy fate deplore, + All are not happy that are true." + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "But if revenge can ease thy pain, + I'll soothe the ills I cannot cure, + Tell thee I drag a hopeless chain, + And all that I inflict endure!" +</pre> + <p> + Rather cold consolation, but an unexceptionable and moral sentiment. + </p> + <p> + The idea, therefore, that the Duchess of Rutland devised Parasols in 1826 + for the first time is obviously incorrect, whatever her grace may have + done towards rendering them fashionable. Captain Cook, in one of his + voyages, saw some of the natives of the South Pacific Islands, with + Umbrellas made of palm-leaves. + </p> + <p> + We have thus seen that the use both of the Umbrella and Parasol was not + unknown in England during the earlier half of the eighteenth century. That + it was not very common, is evident from the fact that General (then + Lieut.-Colonel) Wolfe, writing from Paris in 1752, speaks of the people + there using Umbrellas for the sun and rain, and wonders that a similar + practice does not obtain in England. + </p> + <p> + Just about the same time they do seem to have come into general use, and + that pretty rapidly, as people found their value, and got over the shyness + natural to a first introduction. Jonas Hanway, the founder of the Magdalen + Hospital, has the credit of being the first man who had the courage to + carry one habitually in London, since it is recorded in the life of that + venerable philanthropist, the friend of chimney-sweeps and sworn foe to + tea, that he was the first man who ventured to dare public reproach and + ridicule by carrying an Umbrella. He probably felt the benefit of one + during his travels in Persia, where they were in constant use as a + protection against the sun, and it is also said that he was in ill health + when he first made use of it. It was more than likely, however, that Jonas + Hanway's neatness in dress and delicate complexion led him, on his return + from abroad, to appreciate a luxury hitherto only confined to the ladies. + Mr. Pugh, who wrote his life, gives the following description of his + personal appearance, which may be regarded as a gem in its way:— + </p> + <p> + "In his dress, as far as was consistent with his ideas of health and ease, + he accommodated himself to the prevailing fashion. As it was frequently + necessary for him to appear in polite circles on unexpected occasions, he + usually wore dress clothes with a large French bag. His hat, ornamented + with a gold button, was of a size and fashion to be worn as well under the + arm as on the head. When it rained, a small <i>parapluie</i> defended his + face and wig." + </p> + <p> + As Hanway died in 1786, and he is said to have carried an Umbrella for + thirty years, the date of its first use by him may be set down at about + 1750. For some time Umbrellas were objects of derision, especially from + the hackney coachmen, who saw in their use an invasion on the vested + rights of the fraternity; just as hackney coaches had once been looked + upon by the watermen, who thought people should travel by river, not by + road. John Macdonald, perhaps the only footman (always excepting the great + Mr. James Yellowplush) who ever wrote a memoir of himself, relates that in + 1770, he used to be greeted with the shout, "Frenchman, Frenchman! why + don't you call a coach?" whenever he went out with his "fine silk + umbrella, newly brought from Spain." Records of the Umbrella's first + appearance in other English works have also been preserved. In Glasgow + (according to the narrative in Cleland's "Statistical Account of Glasgow + ") "the late Mr. John Jamieson, surgeon, returning from Paris, brought an + Umbrella with him, which was the first seen in this city. The doctor, who + was a man of great humour, took pleasure in relating to me how he was + stared at with his Umbrella." In Edinburgh Dr. Spens is said to have been + the first to carry one. In Bristol a red Leghorn Umbrella appeared about + 1780, according to a writer in <i>Notes and Queries</i>, and created there + no small sensation. The trade between Bristol and Leghorn may account for + this. Some five-and-thirty years ago it is said that an old lady was + living in Taunton who recollected when there were only two Umbrellas in + the town, one of which belonged to the clergyman. When he went to church, + he used to hang the Umbrella up in the porch, to the edification and + delight of his parishioners. + </p> + <p> + Horace Walpole tells how Dr. Shebbeare (who was prosecuted for seditious + writings in 1758) "stood in the pillory, having a footman holding an + umbrella to keep off the rain." For permitting this indulgence to a + malefactor, Beardman, the under-sheriff, was punished. + </p> + <p> + It is difficult to conceive how the Umbrella could come into general use, + owing to the state in which the streets of London were up to a + comparatively recent period. The same amusing author to whom we owe the + description of Jonas Hanway, gives the following account of them at the + time his work was published:— + </p> + <p> + "It is not easy to convey to a person who has not seen the streets of + London before they were uniformly paved, a tolerable idea of their + inconvenience and uncleanliness; the signs extending on both sides of the + way into the streets, at unequal distances from the houses, that they + might not intercept each other, greatly obstructed the view; and, what is + of more consequence in a crowded city, prevented the free circulation of + the air. The footpaths were universally incommoded—even when they + were so narrow as only to admit one person passing at a time—by a + row of posts set on edge next the carriage-way. He whose urgent business + would not permit of his keeping pace with the gentleman of leisure before + him, turned out between the two posts before the door of some large house + into the carriage-way. When he perceived danger moving toward him, he + wished to return within the protection of the row of posts; but there was + commonly a rail continued from the top of one post to that of another, + sometimes for several houses together, in which case he was obliged to run + back to the first inlet, or climb over, or creep under the railing, in + attempting which, he might be fortunate if he escaped with no other injury + than what proceeded from dirt; if, intimidated by the danger he escaped, + he afterwards kept within the boundary of the posts and railing, he was + obliged to put aside the travellers before him, whose haste was less + urgent than his, and, these resisting, made his journey truly a warfare. + </p> + <p> + "The French are reproached, even to a proverb, for the neglect of the + convenience of foot-passengers in their metropolis, by not providing a + separate path for them; but, great as is the exposure to dirt in Paris, + for want of a footpath, which their many <i>porte-cochères</i> seem likely + for ever to prevent, in the more important article of danger, the City of + London was, at this period, at least on a par. How comfortless must be the + sensations of an unfortunate female, stopped in the street on a windy day + under a large old sign loaded with lead and iron in full swing over, her + head? and perhaps a torrent of rain and dirty water falling near from a + projecting spout, ornamented with the mouth and teeth of a dragon. These + dangers and distresses are now at an end; and we may think of them as a + sailor does of a storm, which has subsided, but the advantages derived + from the present uniformity and cleanliness can be known only in their + full extent by comparing them with the former inconveniences." + </p> + <p> + When to this description is added the fact that the hoop petticoat and + another article of dress monopolised the whalebone, it will be seen how + much had to be got over before an Umbrella could be carried out by the + citizens of London, as a walking-staff, with satisfactory assurance of + protection in case of a shower. The earliest English Umbrellas, we must + also remember, were made of oiled silk, very clumsy and difficult to open + when wet; the stick and furniture were heavy and inconvenient, and the + article very expensive. + </p> + <p> + At the end of the century allusions to the Umbrella are not infrequent. + Cowper, in his "Task" (1780), twice mentions it, but seems to mean a + Parasol:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "We bear our shades about us; self-deprived + Of other screen, the thin umbrella spread, + And range an Indian waste without a tree." +—B. i. +</pre> + <p> + And again:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Expect her soon, with footboy at her heels, + No longer blushing for her awkward load, + Her train and her umbrella all her care." +—B. iv, +</pre> + <p> + The Rev. G. C. Renouard, writing in 1850 to Notes and Queries, says:— + </p> + <p> + "In the hall of my father's house, at Stamford, in Lincolnshire, there + was, when I was a child, the wreck of a large green silk umbrella, + apparently of Chinese manufacture, brought by my father from Scotland, + somewhere between 1770 and 1780, and, as I have often heard, the first + umbrella seen at Stamford. I well remember, also, an amusing description + given by the late Mr. Warry, so many years consul at Smyrna, of the + astonishment and envy of his mother's neighbours, at Sawbridgeworth, in + Hants, where his father had a country house, when he ran home and came + back with an umbrella, which he had just brought from Leghorn, to shelter + them from a pelting shower which detained them in the church porch, after + the service, on one summer Sunday. From Mr. Warry's age at the time he + mentioned this, and other circumstances in his history, I conjecture that + it occurred not later than 1775 or 1776. As Sawbridgeworth is so near + London, it is evident that even then umbrellas were at that time almost + unknown." + </p> + <p> + Since this date, however, the Umbrella has come into general use, and in + consequence numerous improvements have been effected in it. The transition + to the present portable form is due, partly to the substitution of silk + and gingham for the heavy and troublesome oiled silk, which admitted of + the ribs and frames being made much lighter, and also to the many + ingenious mechanical improvements in the framework, chiefly by French and + English manufacturers, many of which were patented, and to which we + purpose presently to allude. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0004" id="link2HCH0004"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IV. + </h2> + <h3> + THE STORY OF THE PARACHUTE. + </h3> + <p> + In giving an account of the Umbrella, it would not be right to omit + mentioning another, and far from legitimate use in which it has been + employed by notoriety-hunting <i>artistes</i>—we allude to the + Parachute; and a short narration of its origin and progress may not be + uninteresting to our readers. + </p> + <p> + The Parachute commonly in use is nothing more or less than a huge + Umbrella, presenting a surface of sufficient dimension to experience from + the air a resistance equal to the weight of descent, in moving through the + fluid at a velocity not exceeding that of the shock which a person can + sustain without danger or injury. It is made of silk or cotton. To the + outer edge cords are fastened, of about the same length as the diameter of + the machine (24 to 28 feet). A centre cord is attached to the apex and + meets the cords from the margin, acting, in fact, as the stick of the + Umbrella. The machine is thus kept expanded during descent. The car is + fastened to the centre cord, and the whole attached to the balloon in such + a manner that it may be readily and quickly detached, either by cutting a + string, or pulling a trigger. Consequently, in the East, where the + Umbrella has been from the earliest ages in familiar use, it appears to + have been occasionally employed by vaulters, to enable them to jump safely + from great heights. Father Loubère, in his curious account of Siam, + relates, that a person famous in that country for his dexterity, used to + divert the King and Court by the extraordinary leaps he took, having two + Umbrellas with long slender handles, fastened to his girdle. In 1783 M. le + Normand demonstrated the utility of the Parachute; by lifting himself down + from the windows of a high house at Lyons. His idea was that it might be + made a sort of fire-escape. + </p> + <p> + Blanchard was the first person who constructed a Parachute to act as a + safety-guard to the aeronaut in case of any accident. During an excursion + he made from Lille, in 1785, when he traversed, without stopping, a + distance of 300 miles, he let down a Parachute with a basket fastened to + it containing a dog. This he suffered to fall from a great height, and it + reached the ground in safety. + </p> + <p> + The first Parachute descent from a balloon, however, was made by Jacques + Garnerin, on the 22nd of October, 1797, in the Park of Monceau. De la + Lande, the celebrated astronomer, has furnished a detailed and highly + interesting account of this foolish experiment. + </p> + <p> + Garnerin resided in London during the short peace of 1802, and made two + ascents with his balloon, in the second of which he let himself fall, at + an amazing height, with a Parachute of 23 feet diameter. He started from + an enclosure near North Audley Street, and descended after having been + seven or eight minutes in the air. After cutting himself away, he floated + over Marylebone and Somers Town, and fell in a field near St. Pancras Old + Church. The oscillation was so great, that he was thrown out of the + Parachute, and narrowly escaped death. He seemed a good deal frightened, + and said that the peril was too great for endurance. One of the stays of + the machine having given way, his danger was increased. The next person + who tried this dangerous experiment was his niece, Eliza Garnerin, who + descended several times in safety. Her Parachute had a large orifice in + the top, in order to check the oscillation, and this appears to have been + tolerably successful. + </p> + <p> + The next experimentalist was a person of the name of Cocking, who ended + his days in a manner unworthy his talents, through a series of lamentable + mistakes. His Parachute was constructed on the opposite principle, of a + wedge-like form, and was intended to cleave through the air, instead of + offering a resistance to it. It has not yet been proved that the principle + was wrong, but the defect lay in the weakness of the materials employed in + the formation of the Parachute. + </p> + <p> + On the 29th July, 1837, Mr. Cocking ascended in his new Parachute, + attached to the Great Nassau Balloon. Mr. Cocking liberated himself from + the balloon, the Parachute collapsed and fell, at a frightful rate, into a + field near Lea, where poor Cocking was found with an awful wound on his + right temple. He never spoke, but died almost immediately afterwards. It + is much to be regretted that the descent was ever allowed to take place. + The aeronauts themselves were for some time in a state of imminent peril. + Immediately the Parachute was cut away, the balloon ascended with + frightful velocity, owing to the ascending power it necessarily gained by + being freed from a weight of nearly 500 pounds; and had it not been that + its occupants applied their mouths to the air-bags previously provided, + they must have been suffocated by the escaping gas. When the re-action + took place, the balloon had lost its buoyancy, and fell, rather than + descended, to the ground. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Hampton was the next person who attempted the experiment, and made + three descents in a Parachute in succession without injury. Undeterred by + the awful fate of his predecessor, this gentleman determined on making a + Parachute descent which should prove the correctness of the theory, and + the Montpellier Gardens at Cheltenham were selected as the scene of the + exploit. Owing to the censure which was attached to the proprietors of the + Vauxhall Gardens, for permitting docking's ascent, the owners of the + Gardens at Cheltenham would not suffer the experiment to be made, and Mr. + Hampton was obliged to have recourse to stratagem. As he was permitted to + display his Parachute in the manner he intended to use it, the idea + suddenly flashed across his mind that, he could carry out his long-nursed + wishes. He suddenly cut the rope which kept him down, and went off, to the + astonishment of the spectators: the last cheering sound that reached him + being—"He will be killed to a dead certainty!" + </p> + <p> + After attaining an altitude of nearly two miles, Mr. Hampton proceeded to + cut the rope that held him attached to the balloon. He paused for a second + or two, as he remembered that it would soon be life or death with him, but + at length drew his knife across the rope. The first feelings he + experienced were both unpleasant and alarming; his eyes and the top of his + head appeared to be forced upwards, but this passed off in a few seconds, + and his feelings subsequently became pleasant, rather than disagreeable. + </p> + <p> + So steady and slow was the descent that the Parachute appeared to be + stationary. Mr. Hampton remembered that a bag of ballast was fastened + beneath the car, he stooped over and upset the sand, he also noted by his + watch the time he occupied in descending. The earth seemed coming up to + him rapidly; the Parachute indicated its approach to <i>terra, firma</i> + by a slight oscillation, and he presently struck the ground in the centre + of a field, where he was first welcomed by a sheep, which stared at this + visitor from the clouds in utter amazement. Mr. Hampton repeated the + experiment twice in London, though on both occasions with considerable + danger to himself, the first time falling on a tree in Kensington Gardens, + the second on a house, which threw him out of the basket. + </p> + <p> + After this experiment there was a lull in the Parachute folly until some + twenty years ago, when Madame Poitevin startled the Metropolis from its + propriety by her perilous escapes both in life and limb. Although + considerable ingenuity was displayed in the plan of expanding the + Parachute by the sudden discharge of gas from the balloon; still the very + fact of a woman being exposed to such danger by her husband, will, we + trust, hereafter prevent Englishmen from countenancing such an exhibition + by their presence. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0005" id="link2HCH0005"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER V. + </h2> + <h3> + UMBRELLA STORIES. + </h3> + <p> + Who could for a moment suppose that so important an article as the + Umbrella would be without its lighter as well as its more serious history? + Umbrellas are still, we regret to say, regarded rather in a comic than a + serious light; so, if any of the following anecdotes seem to treat of + Umbrellas in too mocking or frivolous a vein, it is the fault of the bad + taste of the British public, not ours, who have merely compiled. However, + we may commence with a very neat little French riddle. + </p> + <p> + "Quel est l'objet que l'on recherche le plus quand on s'en dégoûte?" + </p> + <p> + A mysterious inquiry, and all sorts of horrible but needful abominations + occur to the mind in answer. But the answer is not so bad after all. + Change the spelling without altering the pronunciation, and you get <i>quand + on sent des gouties,</i> and, lo! you have it at once—le Parapluie—the + faithful friend whose presence we most desire when we wish least for the + necessity of it; the burden of our fine days, the shelter of our wet ones. + </p> + <p> + Or again, would you like a verse or two on the same subject? + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + "Pour étrenne, on veut à l'envie + Du frais et du neuf et du beau, + Je dis que c'est un parapluie, + Que l'on doit donner en <i>cas d'eau.</i>" +</pre> + <p> + The author of these two <i>jeux de mots</i> unhappily we do not know, or + we would thank him for them. The English poet of the Umbrella has yet to + be born. + </p> + <p> + The next story relates to the early history of the Umbrella in Scotland, + and may probably be referred to the time when good Dr. Jamieson was + walking about Glasgow with his new-fangled sheltering apparatus, which he + had brought with him on his return from Paris. As it was the first ever + seen in that city, it attracted universal attention, and a vast amount of + impudence from the "horrid boys." The following anecdote, then, which we + borrow from a Scotch paper, most probably refers to the same period, or + thereabouts :— + </p> + <p> + "When Umbrellas were first marched into Blairgowrie, they were sported + only by the minister and the laird, and were looked upon by the common + class of people as a perfect phenomenon. One day Daniel M— went to + Colonel McPherson, at Blairgowrie House; when about to return, a shower + came on, and the colonel politely offered him the loan of an Umbrella, + which he gladly accepted, and Daniel, with his head two or three inches + higher than usual, marched off. Not long after he had left, however, the + colonel again saw Daniel posting towards him with all possible haste, + still o'ertopped by his cotton canopy (silk Umbrellas were out of the + question in those days), which he held out, saluting him with—' Hae, + hae, Kornil, this'll never do! there's nae a door in all my house that'll + tak it in; my very barn-door winna' tak it in.'" + </p> + <p> + In the veracious "History of Sandford and Merton," if our memory serves us + aright, there is an instance quoted of remarkable presence of mind + relating to an Umbrella and its owner. The members of a comfortable + pic-nic party were cosily assembled in some part of India, when an + unbidden and most unwelcome guest made his appearance, in the shape of a + huge Bengal tiger. Most persons would, naturally, have sought safety in + flight, and not stayed to hob-and-nob with this denizen of the jungle; not + so, however, thought a lady of the party, who, inspired by her innate + courage, or the fear of losing her dinner —perhaps by both combined + seized her Umbrella, and opened it suddenly in the face of the tiger as he + stood wistfully gazing upon brown curry and foaming Allsop. The astonished + brute turned tail and fled, and the lady saved her dinner. Not many years + ago the Umbrella was employed in an equally curious manner, though not so + successfully as in the former instance. In the campaign of 1793, General + Bournonville, who was sent with four commissioners by the National + Convention to the camp of the Prince of Saxe-Coburg, was detained as a + prisoner with his companions, and confined in the fortress of Olmütz. In + this situation he made a desperate attempt to regain his liberty. Having + procured an Umbrella, he leaped with it from a window forty feet above the + ground, but being a very heavy man, it did not prove sufficient to let him + down in safety. He struck against an opposite wall, fell into a ditch and + broke his leg, and, worse than all, was carried back to his prison. + </p> + <p> + One of the most remarkable instances on record, in which the Umbrella was + the agency of a man's life being saved, occurred, according to his own + statement, to our old friend Colonel Longbow. Of course our kind readers + know him as well as we do, for not to do so "would be to argue yourselves + unknown." At any Continental watering place, Longbow, or one of his family—for + it is a large one—can be met with. He is, indeed, a wonderful man—on + intimate terms with all the crowned heads of Europe, and proves his + intimacy by always speaking of them by their Christian names. + </p> + <p> + He is at once the "guide, philosopher, and friend" of every stranger who + happens to form his acquaintance—a very easy task, be it remarked—and, + though so great a man, is not above dining at your expense, and charming + you by the terms of easy familiarity with which he imbibes your champagne + or your porter, for all is alike to him, so long as he has not to pay for + it: he can take any given quantity. + </p> + <p> + Well, the other day we happened to meet the Colonel, and he speedily + contrived to discover that we were on the point of going to dine, and so + invited him to share our humble meal, as a graceful way of making a virtue + of necessity, for had we not done so, he would have had no hesitation in + inviting himself. During dinner, conversation, of course, turned upon one + all-engrossing subject, the war, and the Colonel proceeded to give us his + experiences of former wars, including his adventures in the Crimea, and + the miraculous escape he owed to an Umbrella. + </p> + <p> + It appeared that he had gone out with his friend, Lord Levant, on a + yachting excursion in the Mediterranean, and they eventually found their + way into the Black Sea. Stress of weather compelled them to put into the + little port of Yalta, on the north coast, where they went on shore. The + Colonel, on the Lucretian principle of "Suave mari magno," &c., + proceeded the next morning to the verge of the precipice to observe the + magnificent prospect of a sea running mountains high. As it was raining at + the time, he put up a huge gingham Umbrella he happened to find in the + hotel. Suddenly, however, a furious blast of wind drove across the cliff, + and lifted the Colonel bodily in the air. Away he flew far out to sea, the + Umbrella acting as a Parachute to let him fall easy. + </p> + <p> + Now to most men this would only have been a choice of evils, a progress + from Scylla to Charybdis: not so to our Colonel. On coming up to the + surface after his first dip, he found that swimming would not save him; so + he quietly emptied out the water contained in the Umbrella, seated himself + upon it, and sailed triumphantly into the harbour, like Arion on his + dolphin. + </p> + <p> + Our face, on hearing this anecdote, must have betrayed the scepticism we + felt, for the Colonel proceeded to a corner of the room, and produced the + identical Umbrella. Of course, such a proof was irresistible, and we were + compelled to do penance for our unbelief by lending the gallant Colonel a + sovereign, for "the Bank was closed." We thought the anecdote cheap at the + price. + </p> + <p> + There is a story told of one of our City bankers, that he owed an + excellent wife to the interposition of an Umbrella. It appears that on + returning home one day in a heavy shower of rain, he found a young lady + standing in his doorway. Politeness induced him to invite her to take + shelter under his roof, and eventually to offer her the loan of an + Umbrella. Of course, the gallant banker called for it the next day, and + the acquaintance thus accidentally made, soon ripened into mutual + affection. This species of Umbrella courtship has been immortalised in + more than one song, none of which, however, are quite worth quoting. + </p> + <p> + A worthy little Frenchman of our acquaintance was ordered by his medical + man to take a course of shower-baths. Such things being unknown to him in + his fatherland, he of course found the first essay remarkably unpleasant, + but with native ingenuity he soon discovered a remedy. On our asking him + how he liked the hydropathic system, he replied, "Oh, mais c'est charmant, + mon ami; I always take my parapluie wid me into de bath." + </p> + <p> + Douglas Jerrold, in his well-known "Punch's Letters to his Son," gives an + anecdote of which we can only say, si non <i>è vero, è ben trovato</i>. It + at all events illustrates the frightful morality that exists with regard + to borrowing Umbrellas. + </p> + <p> + "Hopkins once lent Simpson, his next-door neighbour, an Umbrella. You will + judge of the intellect of Hopkins, not so much from the act of lending an + Umbrella, but from his insane endeavour to get it back again. + </p> + <p> + "It poured in torrents, Hopkins had an urgent call. Hopkins knocked at + Simpson's door. 'I want my Umbrella.' Now Simpson had also a call in a + directly opposite way to Hopkins; and with the borrowed Umbrella in his + hand, was advancing to the threshold. 'I tell you,' roared Hopkins, 'I + want my Umbrella.' 'Can't have it,' said Simpson. 'Why, I want to go to + the East-end; it rains in torrents; what'—screamed Hopkins—'what + am I to do for an Umbrella?' + </p> + <p> + "'Do!' answered Simpson, darting from the door, 'do as I did—BORROW + ONE.'" + </p> + <p> + The Umbrella has been most successfully introduced on the stage. What, for + instance, would Paul Pry have been without that valuable implement for + which to inquire with his stereotyped "Hope I don't intrude?" Or his + French successor, the nobleman in "The Grand Duchess," who inquires, in + plaintive accents, for "Le parapluie de ma mere," just after Schneider has + been declaiming about her father's sabre? Merely to bring a big Umbrella + on the stage is an acknowledged way of raising a laugh. Mrs. Gamp again, + with her receptacle for unconsidered trifles, cannot be realised apart + from her Umbrella. And then, those hired waiters who come into our houses + with an Umbrella of graceful proportions, and emerge towards the small + hours with a most plethoric parapluie, which looks as if it had been + regaling on the good things as well as its master! It used to appear to us + a comical sight, years back, in the old city of Paris, to see the National + Guard going to exercise with a musket in one hand and an Umbrella in the + other, and we dare say it was a very sensible plan after all, and might + have been imitated with success before Sebastopol. A stout steel Umbrella + would offer no contemptible shelter to a rifleman. This circumstance, too, + may throw a light on a hitherto obscure passage in "Macbeth," where Birnam + Wood moves to Dunsinane—for it is just possible that the soldiers + cut down the branches to serve them as a protection from the rain. We + throw out this as a hint to any enterprising manager. + </p> + <p> + In Germany, on the other hand, a soldier is—or used to be—strictly + forbidden from carrying an open Umbrella, unless he is accompanied by a + civilian or a lady. A worthy corporal, on one occasion, was sent to fetch + an Umbrella his Major's lady had left at a friend's house, and at the same + time took her lapdog for an airing. On the road home a violent shower came + on, and, to avoid committing a breach of the regulations, under his arm he + tucked the dog, which was contained, according to his ideas, in both the + above categories, put up the Umbrella, and marched very comfortably to + barracks. + </p> + <p> + With one more characteristic anecdote we will close our budget. One + evening, while Rowland Hill was preaching, a shower came on, and his + chapel was speedily filled with devotees. With that peculiar sarcastic + intonation which none could assume so successfully as himself, he quietly + remarked, "My brethren, I have often heard that religion can be made a <i>cloak</i>, + but this is the first occasion on which I ever knew it could be converted + into an <i>Umbrella</i>." + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0006" id="link2HCH0006"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VI. + </h2> + <h3> + THE REGENERATION OF THE UMBRELLA. + </h3> + <p> + Our task is now nearly completed: we have described the history of the + Parasol, and its near relation the Umbrella, as far as our space permits + us to treat of this interesting subject. + </p> + <p> + All that remains for us to do is to give an account of the principal + improvements effected in the Umbrella during later years. + </p> + <p> + It is certain that France was some way ahead of us with regard to the use + of Umbrellas, for they were comparatively common there before they were at + all known <i>l'autre côté 'de la Manche</i>. This was but natural, + considering that they were, as we have seen, used in Italy, and + consequently the folk of southern France would not be likely to be far + behind their neighbours in availing themselves of the protection from the + sun, whether or no they had sufficient genius to shelter themselves from + the rain by the aid of an Umbrella. + </p> + <p> + In France Parasols and Umbrellas used to be amongst the articles made by + the corporate body of Boursiers. M. Natalis Rondot quotes from the <i>Journal + du Citoyen</i>, of 1754, the price of Parasols. It ranged from 7s. 3<i>d</i>. + to 17s. 6<i>d</i>., according to the construction, and to whether they + were made to fold up or not. In Diderot and D'Alembert's Encyclopédic, is + figured an Umbrella, which is described as follows, in the excellent + introduction to the "Abridgements of Specifications relating to + Umbrellas," lately published by the Commissioners of Patents:— + </p> + <p> + "The ribs bear about the same proportion (as in modern umbrellas) as + regards length, to the stick, but the stretchers are much shorter, being + less than a quarter of the length of the ribs. They are double, each rib + having a pair joined, one on each side of the rib, at the same point. The + ribs are joined at the top by being strung on a ring, as in old English + umbrellas, but the runner is made of precisely similar construction to the + modern runner, and seems almost identical with that described in Caney's + Specification (patent No. 5761, A.D. 1829). Ribs and sticks are jointed, + the latter in two places. There is no catch to hold the umbrella closed, + but this upper catch is the ordinary bent wire one. The upper joint of the + stick is made with a screw, the lower of a hinge with a slide, as in a + modern parasol. The slide has a catch, resembling the ordinary runner + catch. At the top is a ring for carrying or suspending the umbrella." + </p> + <p> + Such was the old French Umbrella, and that used in England was of much the + same sort. The old French folding Parasol is thus described in the "Report + of the Jurors for the Exhibition of 1851:"— + </p> + <p> + "The folding parasol was constructed with jointed ribs so as to fold back, + and was likewise self-opening. The rod was a metallic tube, and contained + a spiral spring which acted upon and pressed upwards an inner rod. To this + inner rod were jointed the stretchers, which in this construction were + placed above the ribs instead of below, as in the ordinary form, beside + which they were much shorter, so as to admit of their being concealed by + the covering. By the elasticity of the spiral spring contained in the + hollow stem, the inner rod was pressed outwards and lifted the stretchers, + and by their means raised the ribs also, so that in its ordinary or + natural state the umbrella was always open, and would continue so unless + constrained to remain closed by a catch. On releasing the catch it + consequently sprang open. In order that it might be easily closed, four + cords were attached to four of the ribs and passed to the handle; and a + loop embracing these cords passed down by the side of the handle, and + enabled the possessor to close his umbrella without difficulty. From the + authority already quoted, we learn that whalebone was employed for the + ribs, and that their number varied with their length; for example, when 24 + inches long the number employed was 8; when 25 inches, 9; and when 26, 28 + and 30 inches, 10 were used. Calico was employed to cover umbrellas, and + silk to cover parasols. The use of parasols was common in Lyons at that + period (1786); they were carried by men as well as women; they were + rose-coloured, white, and of other colours, and were so light as to be + carried without inconvenience." + </p> + <p> + The "Encyclopedic Méthodique" gives some interesting particulars as to the + manufacture of Parasols and Umbrellas at the end of the eighteenth + century. From it, it appears that the ribs were occasionally made of + metal. "On étend cette couverture portative par le moyen de quelques brins + de baleine, ou de fils de cuivre ou de fer qui la soutiennent." This is + interesting, as showing that metal ribs are not a very modern invention. + </p> + <p> + The following statement of the comparative weights and sizes of Umbrellas + was prepared by M. Farge for the French Exposition of 1849:— + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Umbrellas Length of ribs. Weight, + of inches. Lb. oz. + + 1645 31 1/2 3 8 1/2 + 1740 29 1 13 + 1780 28 3/4 1 8 1/2 + 1840 27 1/2 0 13 1/4 + 1849 27 0 8 3/4 +</pre> + <p> + From 1808 to 1848, eighty patents were taken out in France for inventions, + three of importation, and forty-one for improvements in Umbrellas. + </p> + <p> + In England, after their first introduction, the manufacture of Umbrellas + increased rapidly. The first patent is dated 1780, and was taken up by + Mark Bull for "A machine for supporting an Umbrella, which may be fixt to + any saddle or wheel'd carriage, being far more compleat than any hitherto + invented." The invention is described in the following words :— + </p> + <p> + "There is a ball and socket of steel or iron, or any other metal or + composition. The ball moves in any direction, and is fixed by one, two, + three, or more points, which are forced against it either by a screw or + spring, The ball is made with small cavities to receive the points which + press against it. In order to secure it the more effectually in the ball, + there is a hole which receives the one end of the staff of the umbrella, + which is secured in it either by a spring or screw, or a sliding or a + spring bolt. The umbrella may be taken away from the staff; and either put + under the seat of the saddle, or fix'd before the rider. The staff may be + made whole or in two pieces, the one to slide within the other, in order + to raise or lower the umbrella, and be fix'd either by a spring or screw. + They are fix'd in the head of the saddle and cover'd by a top, without + making the saddle appear in the least different to what they are now + made." + </p> + <p> + The next is of the date of 1786, and was taken out by John Beale for "An + umbrella with joints, flat springs, and stops, worm springs and bolts, + slip bolts, screws, slip rivet, and cross stop and square slips, and the + manner in which the same are performed is particularly described in the + several plans, figures, or drawings annexed." The drawings referred to are + not easily intelligible, from the briefness of the explanation attached, + but show an Umbrella with a jointed handle, opening by a spring. + </p> + <p> + In the next year (1787) we find an advertisement put out by Thomas + Folgham, of Cheapside, stating that he has "a great assortment of his + much-approved pocket and portable umbrellas, which for lightness, + elegance, and strength, far exceed anything of the kind ever imported or + manufactured in this kingdom. All kinds of common umbrellas prepared in a + particular way, that will never stick together." + </p> + <p> + A description of the Umbrellas which, in all probability, Mr. Thomas + Folgham made, we extract from the source mentioned above. + </p> + <p> + "The early Umbrellas were made of oiled silk, or glazed cotton cloth, and + were very cumbrous and inconvenient. To judge from a picture of Hanway, + and from the other old pictures mentioned above, they were small, with a + very long handle. They were not used for walking, and consequently instead + of the ferrule had a ring at the top, by which they were hung up. The + stretchers were of cane, and the ribs of cane or whalebone. Instead of the + present top-notch and runner, both ribs and stretchers were simply strung + on a ring of wire, and the inequality of the friction and the weakness of + such an arrangement cause the Umbrella to be always getting out of order. + The ribs and stretchers were jointed together very roughly, by a pin + passing through the rib, on which the forked end of the stretcher hinged. + The first improvement in this respect was by Caney (patent No. 5761, A.D. + 1829), who invented a top-notch and runner in which each rib or stretcher + has a separate hinge. The top-notch was made of a notched wheel or disc, + into each slot of which an axis fixed on the top of the stretchers worked. + The runner was made on a similar principle. At the point of the rib where + the stretcher joined it, Caney fixed a middle bit, consisting of a small + fork, in which the end of the stretcher was hinged. This construction was + much stronger, and the forked ends of the stretchers were thus prevented + from wearing out the cover, as before. With modifications, more or less + important, this construction is the same as that now in general use." + </p> + <p> + The principal object of all those who have devoted their attention to the + task has been to reduce the weight of the Umbrella without, at the same + time, diminishing its strength. In its primitive form the ribs were formed + of whalebone, which possessed very grave inconveniences; in the first + place, it was cumbersome to a degree, lost its elasticity after any + continuous exposure to rain, and if dried without very great care, was + extremely liable to crack. In the next place, the price was very high, + and, consequently, the masses remained unrepresented in the Umbrella + market. The most important improvement dates from the introduction of + steel instead of whalebone, which took place about thirty years ago, for + although a few Umbrellas were occasionally made and used of this material + prior to that time, it had not come into general use. Amongst other + improvements have been the following:— + </p> + <p> + The tips are now made in one piece with the rib, instead of being made of + bone, japanned metal or other material, and then fastened on. The long + six-inch runners have given way to the short one two inches long, and the + ferrules are also much shorter than formerly. To keep the Umbrella closed + the old-fashioned plan was a ring fastened by a string. A tape and cotton + superseded this, and in its turn gave way to the elastic now in use. + Sliding caps to fit over the ends of the ribs and hold the Umbrella + closed, have been invented, but until quite recently do not seem to have + come much into use. + </p> + <p> + Simple as the construction of an Umbrella may appear, there have been + altogether upwards of three hundred patents taken out for various + improvements in their manufacture, in addition to numerous alterations + which have been registered according to the Act, Vic. 6 & 7, Cap. 65. + With very few exceptions the inventors have not been repaid the cost of + their patents. This has arisen, partly from the delicacy of their + mechanical construction, unfitted for the rough usage to which Umbrellas + are exposed; but chiefly in consequence of the increased cost of + manufacture not being compensated by the improvements effected. + </p> + <p> + The introduction of steel vice whalebone, was opposed by the trade and the + public in general, like many other great improvements; and it required + several years in order to convince purchasers that steel would not only + last much longer than whalebone, but would not be so liable to break, + provided it was properly made and tempered. The misfortune was that, at + the outset, a great number of inferior articles were introduced, and + consequently the public naturally lost confidence, and it demanded great + exertions on the part of the more respectable members of the trade, ere + the merits of the new invention were recognised. At present, it is + generally allowed that a good steel-rib Umbrella can be as easily procured + as a carefully tempered razor or sword. + </p> + <p> + A Swiss watch-spring maker, named Sanguinede, had discovered a secret of + tempering steel which gave it great strength, and he had made some, very + light umbrellas, but they were immensely dear. On his death the secret + died with him, and Mr. Fox set to work to discover a method which should + combine strength and lightness. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Fox's Paragon frame, simple in its construction, half the weight of + whalebone, but equally strong, is admitted to be the greatest improvement + yet introduced in the manufacture of an Umbrella. The ribs are made in the + form of a trough with flat sides, by which shape the greatest amount of + strength is obtained. The same principle, as is well known, has been + successfully applied in the construction of the Great Tubular Bridge over + the Menai Straits, from which Mr. Fox took the idea. + </p> + <p> + The weight of the Umbrella having been thus reduced, the next question + was, whether some amendment could not be made in the covering material. + For a long time, Umbrellas were only covered with two materials—silk + and cotton, and the want of some substance, which would resist the greater + friction and consequent wear than an Umbrella invariably undergoes, formed + a subject of anxious attention to the writer of this little book. Several + materials were tried without success, until a fabric called Alpaca, made + of the wool of the Chilian and Peruvian sheep, presented itself, and for + this a patent was immediately taken out. Of its merits it becomes us not + to speak, but we may be permitted to quote the following remarks from the + Grand Jury Report of the Great Exhibition of 1851:— + </p> + <p> + "SANGSTER, WILLIAM AND JOHN. Prize Medal for Silk Parasols and Umbrellas + of excellent quality, 'and for their application of Alpaca cloth to the + coverings of Parasols and Umbrellas." + </p> + <p> + To the above flattering testimonial the following remarks were appended:— + </p> + <p> + "Alpaca cloth is made of undyed wool of the Peruvian and Chili sheep, and + it is therefore is not liable to fade, nor is it acted upon by salt water; + hence Alpaca Parasols and Umbrellas are much used at watering-places. + </p> + <p> + "The demand for the Paragon Umbrella is so great, that the patentee is + able to supply them at a price not much exceeding the ordinary sorts. The + frames are guaranteed for two years, but in consequence of the superior + quality of the article, the number found to require repair is much less + than the average of other kinds. In the course of the two years succeeding + their introduction, upwards of 50,000 Paragon Umbrellas mere sold. + </p> + <p> + "Nor was the progress of the Alpaca Umbrella less cheering. Though the + material is in some respects inferior to silk, it has been found to wear + so much longer, and to cost so much less, that its use is now becoming + general among that numerous class with whom economy and an Umbrella are + equally indispensable. The sale of Alpaca Umbrellas, in the year 1854, + amounted to upwards of 45,000." + </p> + <p> + Since this time W. & J. S. have sold, under their patent, Umbrellas to + the number of nearly four millions. + </p> + <p> + These facts we will leave to our readers to draw their own inference from; + but the very kind reception which the Alpaca Umbrellas have hitherto + received, justifies us in asserting, that no material has yet been brought + forward which has so thoroughly fulfilled the required conditions. The + weight of the Umbrella has also been diminished, and, last not least, the + price has decreased in a corresponding ratio. This latter fact is of the + very greatest importance, when we remember the immense quantity of + Parasols and Umbrellas manufactured during the year in London, and + estimated at the enormous value of 500,000 Pounds. In addition, a very + great number are made in Manchester and Birmingham. + </p> + <p> + To those who wish to keep their Umbrellas safe and sound, we may commend + the following extract from Cassell's <i>Household Guide</i>:— + </p> + <p> + "Umbrellas are articles which generally suffer more from careless + treatment than from legitimate wear and tear; an Umbrella, when properly + treated, will last twice as long as one that is not so used. When wet, an + Umbrella should neither be distended to dry, which will strain the ribs + and covering, and prevent its ever afterwards folding up neatly, nor at + once rolled and tied up, which would tend to rust the frame and rot the + textile fabric; neither should it, if of silk, be carelessly thrust into + an Umbrella-stand, nor allowed to rest against a wall, which would + probably discolour, and certainly crease the silk injuriously. It should + be shut, but not tied up, and hung from the handle, with the point + downwards, till it is nearly, but not quite dry. It should then be neatly + and carefully rolled up and tied. In walking with an Umbrella, the hands + should be confined to the handle, and not allowed to grasp the silk; + otherwise that portion which is held will become greased and discoloured, + and the material will be frayed out round the tips, which are points where + there is always much stress, and where if will always have a tendency to + give way. When not in use, the Umbrella should be protected from dust and + injury of any kind by its silk or oilcloth case. When dirty, alpaca + umbrellas are best cleaned with a clothes-brush; but brushing is useless + for those of silk. Ordinary dirt may be removed from a silk umbrella by + means of a clean sponge and cold water, or if the soil should be so + tenacious that this will not remove it, a piece of linen rag, dipped in + spirits of wine or unsweetened gin, will generally effect the desired + end." + </p> + <p> + Having thus given our readers all the information on the subject in our + power; even down to the last quoted paragraph, which may teach them how to + preserve their Umbrellas, we may wish them a hearty farewell, hoping they + may—long live to use these promoters of comfort and of health, and + that they may always be as well shielded by fate from the metaphorical + tempests of life, as they are from its physical storms by a good modern + Umbrella. + </p> + <h3> + FINIS + </h3> + <div style="height: 6em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Umbrellas and their History, by William Sangster + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UMBRELLAS AND THEIR HISTORY *** + +***** This file should be named 6674-h.htm or 6674-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/6/6/7/6674/ + + +Text file produced by Avinash Kothare, Steve Schulze, Charles Franks +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. 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