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L. Nesbitt</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Grammar-land</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Grammar in Fun for the Children of Schoolroom-shire</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: M. L. Nesbitt</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Illustrator: F. Waddy</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: November 11, 2021 [eBook #66712]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: MFR and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GRAMMAR-LAND ***</div> - -<hr class="divider" /> -<h1>GRAMMAR-LAND<br /> -<span class="p60">OR,</span><br /> -<span>Grammar in Fun for the Children of<br /> -Schoolroom-shire</span></h1> -<hr class="divider2" /> - -<div class="x-ebookmaker-drop figcenter width500" id="cover2"> - <img src="images/cover2.jpg" width="500" height="669" alt="Cover" /> -</div> - - -<div class="section"> -<hr class="x-ebookmaker-drop divider" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii"></a>ii</span> - -<div class="figcenter width800" id="i_frontis"> - <img src="images/i_frontis.jpg" width="800" height="576" alt="Frontispiece" /> - <div class="caption">COURT GRAMMARLAND</div> -</div> -</div> - - -<div class="section"> -<hr class="x-ebookmaker-drop divider" /> - -<p class="center p180 lh2">GRAMMAR-LAND<br /> -<span class="smcap p60">OR,</span><br /> -<span class="smcap">Grammar in Fun for the Children of -Schoolroom-shire</span></p> - -<p class="center p120 mt3 lh2">BY<br /> -M. L. NESBITT</p> - -<p class="center mt3"><span class="italic">With Frontispiece and Initials by</span> -<span class="smcap">F. Waddy</span>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter width200" id="i_title"> - <img src="images/i_title.png" width="200" height="219" alt="Colophon" /> -</div> - -<p class="center">NEW YORK<br /> -HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY<br /> -1885.</p> -</div> - - -<div class="section"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="figcenter width400" id="i_iv-head"> - <img src="images/i_iv-head.png" width="400" height="162" alt="" /> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="center lh3"> -TO ALL LITTLE CHILDREN<br /> -WHO THINK GRAMMAR HARD AND DRY,<br /> -<span class="ornate">This Book is Dedicated</span>,<br /> -BY ONE WHO LOVES TO SEE<br /> -SUNSHINE IN SCHOOLROOM-SHIRE.</p> - -<div class="figcenter width200" id="i_iv-bottom"> - <img src="images/i_iv-bottom.png" width="200" height="134" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<div class="section"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="i_v"> - <img src="images/i_v.jpg" width="500" height="93" alt="" /> -</div> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Preface">PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.</h2> - -<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">The</span> favourable reception that the former Editions of -this little book have met with, calls for a word of -acknowledgment. It seems that not only the little -folks for whom it was intended, but children of a -larger growth have read it with interest; and students, -who spend days and nights “with weary -eyesight poring over miserable books,” have condescended -to turn over these pages, and laughingly -admit that the imagination may sow even the -dustiest of book-shelves with flowers.</p> - -<p>Teachers of the younger classes in schools have -found this little volume extremely useful; and it is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v"></a>v</span> -suggested, that though children will often read it -with pleasure by themselves, they will derive much -more profit from it when it is made the text-book -for a lesson. The simple exercises appended to each -chapter will then be found both useful and entertaining.</p> - -<div class="figcenter width200" id="i_vi"> - <img src="images/i_vi.png" width="200" height="112" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<div class="section"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vi"></a>vi</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="i_vii"> - <img src="images/i_vii.jpg" width="500" height="90" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Contents">CONTENTS.</h2> - -<p class="center">―♦―</p> - -<table summary=""> -<tr> -<td class="tdr"> </td> -<td class="tdr2"><small>PAGE</small></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Introduction—Judge Grammar and his Subjects</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#introduction">1</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER I.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Mr. Noun</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#i">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER II.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Little Article</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#ii">15</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER III.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Mr. Pronoun</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#iii">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER IV.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Serjeant Parsing’s Visit to Schoolroom-shire</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#iv">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER V.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Mr. Adjective</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#v">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER VI.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Mr. Adjective Tried for Stealing</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#vi">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER VII.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">The Quarrel between Mr. Pronoun and Mr. Adjective, -and Little Interjection</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#vii">45</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vii"></a>vii</span> -CHAPTER VIII.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Dr. Verb</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#viii">54</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER IX.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Dr. Verb’s Three Tenses, Number, and Person</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#ix">62</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER X.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Serjeant Parsing in Schoolroom-shire again</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#x">70</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XI.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">The Nominative Case</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#xi">73</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XII.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Adverb</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#xii">80</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XIII.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Preposition</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#xiii">86</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XIV.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Prepositions Govern the Objective Case</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#xiv">93</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XV.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Conjunction</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#xv">99</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XVI.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">Active Verbs Govern the Objective Case</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#xvi">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XVII.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdl smcap">The Possessive Case; and Who’s to have the Prize?</td> -<td class="tdr2"><a href="#xvii">114</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter width200" id="i_viii"> - <img src="images/i_viii.png" width="200" height="82" alt="" /> -</div> - - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>1</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="head-intro"> - <img src="images/head-intro.jpg" width="500" height="104" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="center p180">GRAMMAR-LAND.</p> - -<p class="center">―♦―</p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="introduction">INTRODUCTION.<br /> -<span>JUDGE GRAMMAR AND HIS SUBJECTS.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="drop-intro"> - <img src="images/drop-intro.jpg" width="200" height="334" alt="W" /> - <div class="caption">JUDGE GRAMMAR RULES IN EVERY LAND.</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">WHAT is Grammar-land? Where -is Grammar-land? Have you -ever been to Grammar-land? -Wait a minute and you shall -hear. You will not find Grammar-land -marked on the globe, -and I never saw a map of it; -but then, who ever saw a map -of Fairy-land? and yet you -have all heard of that, and -know a great deal about it, of -course. Well, Grammar-land -is a place every bit as real as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>2</span> -Fairy-land, and much more important. The Fairy Queen -is all very well, and a very great little queen in her way; -but Judge Grammar! great, stern, old Judge Grammar, is -far mightier than any Fairy Queen, for he rules over real -kings and queens down here in Matter-of-fact-land. Our -kings and queens, and emperors too, have all to obey -Judge Grammar’s laws, or else they would talk what is -called <em>bad grammar</em>; and then, even their own subjects -would laugh at them, and would say: “Poor things! When -they were children, and lived in Schoolroom-shire, they can -never have been taken to Grammar-land! How shocking!” -And Judge Grammar himself—well, I cannot say what he -would do, as I suppose such a thing never really happened; -for who could imagine a king or queen saying, “<em>I is</em>,” or -“<em>you was</em>,” or “<em>it wasn’t me</em>.” No one speaks in that way -except people who have never heard of Judge Grammar.</p> - -<p>Ah! I wish you could see him—this great Judge—sitting -on his throne in his court, and giving orders about his -precious words, which are the riches of Grammar-land. For -Judge Grammar says that all the words that you can say -belong really to him, and he can do what he likes with -them; he is, in fact, King as well as Judge over Grammar-land. -Now, you know that when William the Conqueror -conquered England he divided the land among his nobles, -and they had it for their own so long as they obeyed the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>3</span> -king and helped him in his wars. It was just the same -with Judge Grammar when he took possession of Grammar-land; -he gave all the words to his nine followers, to take -for their very own as long as they obeyed him. These -nine followers he called the nine Parts-of-Speech, and to -one or other of them every word in Grammar-land was -given.</p> - -<p>They are funny fellows, these nine Parts-of-Speech. You -will find out by-and-by which you like best amongst them -all. There is rich Mr. Noun, and his useful friend Pronoun; -little ragged Article, and talkative Adjective; busy -Dr. Verb, and Adverb; perky Preposition, convenient Conjunction, -and that tiresome Interjection, the oddest of -them all.</p> - -<p>Now, as some of these Parts-of-Speech are richer, that is, -have more words than others, and as they all like to have -as many as they can get, it follows, I am sorry to say, that -they are rather given to quarrelling; and so it fell out that -one day, when my story begins, they made so much noise, -wrangling and jangling in the court, that they woke Judge -Grammar up from a long and very comfortable nap.</p> - -<p>“What is all this about?” he growled out, angrily. -“Brother Parsing! Dr. Syntax! here!”</p> - -<p>In an instant the Judge’s two learned counsellors were by -his side.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>4</span> -Serjeant Parsing (Brother Parsing, the Judge calls him) -has a sharp nose, bright eyes, a little round wig with a tail -to it, and an eye-glass. He is very quick and cunning in -finding out who people are and what they mean, and making -them tell “the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the -truth.” It is of no use to say “I don’t know” to Serjeant -Parsing. He will question you, and question you, till -somehow or other he makes you know, and finds out all -about you. When I say he will question <em>you</em>, of course I -mean he will question the Parts-of-Speech, for that is his -business, and that is why Judge Grammar summoned him. -For whenever there is a fuss in Grammar-land, Serjeant -Parsing has to find out all about it, and Dr. Syntax has to -say what is right or wrong, according to the law.</p> - -<p>“Brother Parsing,” said the Judge, “this racket must be -stopped. What are they fighting about? I divided the -words clearly enough once amongst the nine Parts-of-Speech. -Why cannot they keep the peace?”</p> - -<p>“My lord,” answered Serjeant Parsing, “the fact is that -it is a long time since you portioned out the words, and the -Parts-of-Speech since then have been left to do pretty much -as they like. Some of them are greedy, and have stolen -their neighbours’ words. Some of them have got hold of -new words, which the others say they had no right to make; -and some of them are even inclined to think that Dr.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>5</span> -Syntax is old-fashioned, and need not be obeyed. In fact, -unless your lordship takes the matter in hand at once, I am -afraid the good old laws of Grammar-land will all go to -wreck and ruin.”</p> - -<p>“That must never be,” said the Judge, solemnly shaking -his wig: “that must never be. We must stop it at once. -Go and summon all my court before me.”</p> - -<p>“Certainly, my lord,” answered Serjeant Parsing; “but -may I ask if there is any Part-of-Speech you wish for in -particular?”</p> - -<p>“I wish for them all, sir, every one,” replied the Judge. -“They shall all come before me, and you shall question -them in turn, and make them say what right they have to -the titles and the words which they claim; and then if there -is any disagreement between them, I will settle the matter -once for all.”</p> - -<p>“Quite so, my lord,” said Serjeant Parsing; “and shall -I invite our friends in Schoolroom-shire?”</p> - -<p>“Our friends in Schoolroom-shire? By all means let -them come,” replied the Judge. “If we wish to have peace -among the Parts-of-Speech it is most important that the -people of Matter-of-fact-land should know how to use them -well. And as the people of Matter-of-fact-land generally -spend at least a part of their lives in Schoolroom-shire, we -cannot do better than send our invitation there. Go,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>6</span> -Brother Parsing, and request them to come, and to bring -their slates and pencils with them, that they may keep an -account of what we do, and let our Parts-of-Speech prepare -to come before us at once.”</p> - -<p>Away went Serjeant Parsing, as quick as thought, and -soon the whole court was assembled. There was Judge -Grammar on his throne, with a long flowing wig and gorgeous -robes. At the table below him sat his two counsellors, -Serjeant Parsing and Dr. Syntax. Dr. Syntax is -very tall and thin and dark. He has a long thin neck -covered up with a stiff black tie, which looks as though it -nearly choked him. When he speaks he stands up, looks -straight through his spectacles, sticks out his chin, and says -his say in a gruff and melancholy voice, as if he were repeating -a lesson. He is the terror of all little boys, for he -never smiles, and he is so very, very old, that people say he -never was young like other folks; that when he was a baby -he always cried in Greek, and that his first attempt at talking -was in Latin. However that may be, there he sat, side -by side with Serjeant Parsing, while the company from -Schoolroom-shire, armed with slates and pencils, prepared -to listen to the examination that was to take place, and the -Parts-of-Speech crowded together at the end of the court, -waiting for their names to be called.</p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>7</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap1-head"> - <img src="images/chap1-head.jpg" width="500" height="118" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="i">CHAPTER I.<br /> -<span>MR. NOUN.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap1-dropt"> - <img src="images/chap1-dropt.jpg" width="200" height="323" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="underline">COMMON NOUNS</span><br /> - BIRD<br /> - HORSE<br /> - CAT<br /> - <span class="underline">PROPER NOUNS</span><br /> - VENUS<br /> - ALICE<br /> - BOB<br /> - FIDO</div> -</div> - - -<p class="noi">THE first Part-of-Speech that was -called was Mr. Noun. He is -a stout big fellow, very well -dressed, for he does not mind -showing that he is very rich.</p> - -<p>As Mr. Noun came forward, -Serjeant Parsing rose, put his -pen behind his ear, arranged -his papers on the table before -him, and looking at Mr. Noun -through his eye-glass, asked: -“What is your name?”</p> - -<p>“Name,” answered Mr. Noun.</p> - -<p>“Yes, your name?” repeated Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>8</span> -“Name,” again answered Mr. Noun.</p> - -<p>“Do not trifle, sir,” said the Judge, sternly; “what is -your name? Answer at once, and truly.”</p> - -<p>“I have answered truly,” replied Mr. Noun. “My -name is <em>Name</em>, for <em>noun</em> means <em>name</em>. The name of everything -belongs to me, so I am called Mr. Name, or Mr. -Noun, which means the same thing, and all my words are -called <em>nouns</em>.”</p> - -<p>“The name of <em>everything</em> belongs to you?” asked Serjeant -Parsing, in surprise.</p> - -<p>“Yes,” answered Mr. Noun, “the name of everything.”</p> - -<p>“What? Do you mean to say that the name of everything -I can see round me now is one of your words, and is -called a noun?”</p> - -<p>“I do indeed,” said Mr. Noun. “The name of everything -you can see, or touch, or taste, or smell, or hear, belongs -to me.”</p> - -<p>“What,” said Serjeant Parsing, “is this <em>desk</em> yours then, -and the <em>ink</em> and the <em>pen</em> and the <em>window</em>?”</p> - -<p>“The <em>words</em> that <em>name</em> them are all mine,” said Mr. -Noun. “Of course I have nothing to do with the <em>things</em>. -No gentleman in Grammar-land has anything to do with -<em>things</em>, only with words; and I assure you, you cannot -<em>name</em> anything that you can see, or touch, or taste, or -smell, or hear, without using one of my words. <em>Desk</em>, <em>pen</em>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>9</span> -<em>ink</em>, <em>window</em>, <em>water</em>, <em>wine</em>, <em>fire</em>, <em>smoke</em>, <em>light</em>, <em>lightning</em>, <em>thunder</em>, -a <em>taste</em>, a <em>smell</em>, a <em>noise</em>, all these words belong to me, -and are called nouns.”</p> - -<p>“I see,” said Serjeant Parsing; “you can <em>hear</em> thunder, -and <em>smell</em> smoke, and <em>taste</em> wine. And I suppose <em>dinner</em> -and <em>tea</em> are yours also?”</p> - -<p>“Certainly, the <em>words</em> breakfast, dinner, and tea, are -mine,” replied Mr. Noun. “The <em>things</em> are what the -people live upon in Schoolroom-shire, but they could not -name what they eat without using my words. The servant -would have to make signs to let people know that dinner -was ready; she could not <em>say</em> so unless I allowed her to -use my noun <em>dinner</em>.”</p> - -<p>“Well,” said Serjeant Parsing, “if you have the name of -everything we can see, touch, taste, smell, or hear, all I can -say is, I hope you are satisfied, and do not claim any more -words besides.”</p> - -<p>“Indeed,” replied Mr. Noun, drawing himself proudly -up, “I have not mentioned nearly all my words. I told -you at first that I have the name of <em>everything</em>, and there -are plenty of things that you know about, although you -cannot see, or touch, or taste, or smell, or hear them. For -instance, <em>love</em>, or <em>anger</em>, or <em>happiness</em>. You can feel them -in your heart, and know they are there, although you -cannot touch them with your fingers, or taste them<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>10</span> -with your tongue, or find them out by any of your five -senses.”</p> - -<p>“Do you mean to say, then,” asked Serjeant Parsing, -“that when a child feels naughty in its heart——?”</p> - -<p>“Naughtiness is mine,” said Mr. Noun; “the <em>word</em> -naughtiness, for it is the <em>name</em> of the something bad that -the child feels.”</p> - -<p>“And when it is kind?”</p> - -<p>“Kindness is mine, because it is the <em>name</em> of the something -kind and nice it feels <em>there</em>. I have a good many -more words that end in <em>ness</em>, and that are the names of -things you can find out about, and talk about, though you -cannot tell what shape or colour or smell or taste they -have; like <em>cleverness</em>, <em>silliness</em>, <em>idleness</em>, <em>ugliness</em>, <em>quickness</em>.”</p> - -<p>“I see,” said Serjeant Parsing. “You cannot tell what -shape or colour cleverness is, but you can soon find out -whether a boy has any of it by the way in which he does -his lessons.”</p> - -<p>“Yes,” said Mr. Noun; “and the names of his lessons -are mine too, for the lessons are things that you can learn -about; <em>geography</em>, <em>history</em>, <em>writing</em>, <em>arithmetic</em>, all these -names belong to me.”</p> - -<p>“Really Mr. Noun,” said Serjeant Parsing, “you do -claim a big share of words. You will be making out that -the names of <em>persons</em> belong to you next.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>11</span> -“So they do,” replied Mr. Noun; “no matter who the -persons are, their names belong to me. I have the name -of every person in the world from good Queen Victoria on -her throne to the raggedest beggar-boy in the street. There -is not a child in Schoolroom-shire whose name is not a -noun. And I have not the names of <em>people</em> only, but of all -pet dogs, cats, birds, horses, or rabbits: <em>Fido</em>, <em>Tabby</em>, -<em>Bright-eye</em>, <em>Tiny</em>, <em>Shag</em>, and any other pet names you can -think of. Indeed, I am very particular about such names. -I call them <em>proper nouns</em>, and expect them always to be -written with a capital letter.”</p> - -<p>“Proper nouns?” repeated Serjeant Parsing. “Then -what are the other nouns called?”</p> - -<p>“They are only <em>common</em> nouns,” answered Mr. Noun, -carelessly.</p> - -<p>“Then all names are common nouns, except the names -of persons or animals, are they?” asked Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“No, no, no,” said Mr. Noun, quite crossly: “the name -of an animal is not a proper noun unless it is the own -special name of one animal, that marks it from other -animals of the same kind. <em>Dog</em> is the name given to all -dogs, they have the name in common between them; but -<em>Fido</em> is the name of one particular dog, his own proper -name by which his master calls him. So <em>dog</em> is a common -noun, <em>Fido</em> is a proper noun.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>12</span> -“Oh, I see,” said Serjeant Parsing. “Then the particular -name of any person or animal is a proper noun, and all -other names are common nouns.”</p> - -<p>“I never said that,” exclaimed Mr. Noun. “How very -stup—— I mean, you do not understand me, my dear sir. -I never said that the particular name of a place or thing -was not a proper noun too. Every particular and special -name, whether of a person, an animal, a place, or a thing, -is a proper noun. Every place has its own proper name, -or should have. Every country and mountain and river -and town in Europe is named with a <em>proper</em> noun. Why, -you would not call <em>England</em> a common noun, I should -hope? There are plenty of countries in the world, but -there is only one country that is called by the proper -name of dear old England. <em>Country</em> is a common noun, all -countries have it in common, but when you want to speak -of any particular country you use the proper nouns, <em>England</em>, -<em>Scotland</em>, <em>Ireland</em>, <em>France</em>, -<abbr title="etcetera">etc.</abbr>, <abbr title="etcetera">etc.</abbr>”</p> - -<p>“Well, I think we can understand that the particular -names of <em>places</em> are proper nouns,” said Serjeant Parsing; -“but you spoke about <em>things</em> also. Surely things have -no proper names? You do not give names to chairs -and tables, and call them Mr. Leanback or Squire Mahogany?”</p> - -<p>“Not exactly,” answered Mr. Noun; “we do not name<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>13</span> -chairs and tables with proper names, but what do you say -to houses? They are <em>things</em>, are they not? And you may -have heard of such names as <em>Marlborough House</em>, <em>Springfield -Cottage</em>, <em>Ivy Lodge</em>.”</p> - -<p>“Well, no other things besides houses have proper -names, have they?” said Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“Books are things,” said Mr. Noun, “and they all have -proper names. So have ships and boats, <em>Warrior</em>, <em>Seafoam</em>, -<em>Fairy</em>, or something of that sort. I have heard of -a cannon which was called <em>Roarer</em>, and you ought to know -that King Arthur’s sword was named <em>Excalibur</em>. Indeed, -you can give a proper name to anything you like that you -want to distinguish from other things of the same sort.”</p> - -<p>“And all such proper names, or proper nouns, as you -call them, must be written with a capital letter, must they? -Whether they are the names of persons, animals, places, -or things, little or big?”</p> - -<p>“Sir,” answered Mr. Noun, “littleness or bigness makes -no difference. If you had a pet fly, and called it Silver-wing, -Silver-wing must be written with a capital S, because -it is a proper noun.”</p> - -<p>“Well, Mr. Noun,” said Serjeant Parsing, “your ideas -of what is <em>proper</em> seem to me rather peculiar, but I suppose -Dr. Syntax has no objection, so I will say nothing.”</p> - -<p>Dr. Syntax silently bowed his head.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>14</span> -The Judge then spoke. “Mr. Noun, you have claimed -a great many words, and it remains to be seen whether all -the other Parts-of-Speech agree to these words being yours. -In order to find out whether they do or no, I will ask our -friends from Schoolroom-shire to write out, each of them, -a list of twenty names, the names of anything they can <em>see</em>, -<em>hear</em>, <em>touch</em>, <em>taste</em>, <em>smell</em>, or <em>think about</em>, or the <em>proper</em> names -of any persons, animals, places, or things they know; and -when next we meet I will read out what they have written, -and we shall hear whether any one has any good reason to -give why they should not be called nouns.”</p> - -<p>The Judge then rose from his seat, and every one left the -court.</p> - -<div class="figcenter width400" id="i_014"> - <img src="images/i_014.png" width="400" height="144" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>15</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap2-head"> - <img src="images/chap2-head.jpg" width="500" height="100" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="ii">CHAPTER II.<br /> -<span>LITTLE ARTICLE.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap2-dropw"> - <img src="images/chap2-dropw.jpg" width="200" height="319" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="p180">the   a</span><br /> - <span class="underline">LITTLE·ARTICLE</span></div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">WHEN Judge Grammar next took -his seat in court, a number of -papers covered with words were -handed up to him by Serjeant -Parsing.</p> - -<p>“They are the lists of names, -my lord,” he said, “which you -asked the people of Schoolroom-shire -to write for you.”</p> - -<p>“Very good,” said the Judge. -“I will read some of the words -aloud, and if any one thinks -that they are not <em>nouns</em>, let -him come forward and say so. And he began to read:<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>16</span> -<em>the garden</em>, <em>the house</em>, <em>the sky</em>, <em>a book</em>, <em>a bird</em>, -<a id="fly"></a><ins title="Original doesn't have ending quotation mark"><em>a fly</em>,”</ins> when -suddenly he was interrupted by a sound of bitter sobbing -and crying.</p> - -<p>“What is the matter?” he asked. “Who dares to interrupt -the court?”</p> - -<p>“It is this tiresome little Article, your lordship,” said -Serjeant Parsing, pushing forward a ragged little fellow, -who was rubbing both fists into his eyes and crying -bitterly. “He says he is being cheated, my lord; that -he has only two words of his own in all Grammar-land, -and that they are being used on these lists as if they -belonged to Mr. Noun.”</p> - -<p>“Bring him up before me,” said the Judge. “What is -your name, sir?”</p> - -<p>“My name is Article, or Little-joint,” replied the little -fellow. “I have only two words in all Grammar-land, <em>a</em> and -<em>the</em>. I lend them to Mr. Noun whenever he asks for them -fairly; but, your lordship, it is very hard,” and here he -began to cry again, “that they should be read as your -lordship was reading them just now, as if they belonged to -Mr. Noun, when he is so rich, and I am so very, very -poor.”</p> - -<p>“Is it true, Brother Parsing,” asked the Judge, “that -little Article is always ready to wait upon Mr. Noun?”</p> - -<p>“Quite true, my lord,” answered Serjeant Parsing.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>17</span> -“Indeed, I have often been able to discover Mr. Noun -by catching sight of little Article running before him, for -whenever you see an <em>a</em> or a <em>the</em>, you may be sure that Mr. -Noun will have a word of his own in somewhere near. The -chief use of little Article is to point out that a noun is -coming, for you may be sure that if you can put an <em>a</em> or a -<em>the</em> before a word, that word is a noun, as <em>a bird</em>, <em>the sky</em>.”</p> - -<p>“And do you use him as much before your pet proper -nouns, sir?” asked Judge Grammar of Mr. Noun.</p> - -<p>“No, your lordship,” replied Mr. Noun, “that I do not. -Indeed, <em>I</em> cannot see that little Article is of much use to -me at any time; but he has an old habit of coming with -me wherever I go, and when I have no one else I do not -mind having him.”</p> - -<p>“Well,” said Judge Grammar, “if you do have him, take -care that you use him well; and pray, Brother Parsing, tell -the Schoolroom-shire children to give him a separate mark -for himself, and not to put his words with Mr. Noun’s.”</p> - -<p>“Certainly, my lord,” said Serjeant Parsing, “but I -have one question to ask first. This little Article said that -he had only two words in all Grammar-land, <em>a</em> and <em>the</em>. I -wish to ask him what he says to <em>an</em>, as you say <em>an</em> egg, <em>an</em> -apple? Surely <em>an</em> belongs to him also.”</p> - -<p>Article was just beginning to answer when he suddenly -stopped, turned pale, trembled, and looked as if he would<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>18</span> -have tumbled to pieces in terror, for he saw Dr. Syntax -rise.</p> - -<p>Dr. Syntax stood upright, looking very tall and thin and -black: he spoke in very stern voice, but all he said was, -“<em>An</em> is only used before a vowel or an <em>h</em> mute.” Then he -sat down again.</p> - -<p>“Ah!” said Serjeant Parsing, drawing a long breath, -“thank you. Now, little Article, say what you have to say.”</p> - -<p>“I have only to say,” remarked Article, recovering his -courage, “that <em>a</em> and <em>an</em> are really one and the same word; -<em>a</em> is only <em>an</em> with his coat off. I like to use it best as <em>a</em> -without its coat, but before a vowel or an <em>h</em> mute I am -obliged,” and here Article gave a frightened look at Dr. -Syntax, “I am obliged to keep its coat on and call it <em>an</em>.”</p> - -<p>“And do you know what you mean by a vowel or an <em>h</em> -mute?” asked Judge Grammar.</p> - -<p>“O yes, my lord: there are five vowels, <em>a</em>, <em>e</em>, <em>i</em>, <em>o</em>, <em>u</em>,” -answered Article.</p> - -<p>“And what is an <em>h</em> mute?” asked the Judge.</p> - -<p>“An <em>h</em> that is not sounded, as in <em>an hour</em>, <em>an honour</em>,” -answered Article, rather impatiently, for he was getting very -tired of being questioned.</p> - -<p>“And you are to use <em>an</em> before any word that begins -with a vowel, <em>a</em>, <em>e</em>, <em>i</em>, <em>o</em>, or <em>u</em>, or an <em>h</em> mute, are you?” asked -the Judge.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>19</span> -“Yes, my lord,” said Article, “I told you so before.”</p> - -<p>“Give us some examples of words beginning with each -of these,” said the Judge, “and show us how you use <em>an</em> -before them.”</p> - -<p>Article held up one hand, with the thumb and four -fingers stretched out, and pointing to each one in turn, -beginning with the thumb, he answered: “<em>An</em> apple, <em>an</em> -eagle, <em>an</em> idol, <em>an</em> ox, and <em>an</em> ugly, uncomfortable, unkind -old Judge, to keep me here so long answering questions.” -Saying which, little ragged Article turned and scampered -off as fast as his legs could carry him.</p> - -<p>Serjeant Parsing then said that as Article had behaved -so badly, he hoped the Judge would give him a severe -punishment, by allowing the children of Schoolroom-shire -to use his words as often as they liked in their new lists.</p> - -<p>“Certainly,” said Judge Grammar. “I request that each -of you will write six new nouns, and will use an article -before every one of them.”</p> - -<p>The court then rose, after Serjeant Parsing had handed -the Schoolroom-shire children the following verse, begging -them to find out all the nouns and articles in it:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">Once there was a little boy,</div> - <div class="line indent2">With curly hair and pleasant eye;</div> - <div class="line indent0">A boy who always spoke the truth,</div> - <div class="line indent2">And never, never told a lie.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>20</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap3-head"> - <img src="images/chap3-head.jpg" width="500" height="98" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="iii">CHAPTER III.<br /> -<span>MR. PRONOUN.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap3-dropw"> - <img src="images/chap3-dropw.jpg" width="200" height="319" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Allow me to go<br /> - instead of you—Mr.<br /> - Noun,<br /> - it will save trouble<br /> - NOUNS<br /> - M<sup>R.</sup> PRONOUN SPEAKS</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">WHEN the court next assembled, -the Judge read aloud all the -nouns and articles on the lists, -casting a stern glance at little -Article at each <em>a</em>, <em>an</em>, or <em>the</em> that -he came to, in order to show -that they were put in as a punishment -for Article’s impudent -behaviour the day before. Poor -little Article said nothing, and -no one having objected to any -of the words, the Judge said: -“Mr. Noun and Article, since -no one finds fault with the words that you claim, I declare<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>21</span> -them to be lawfully yours. Now, stand aside, and let Mr. -Pronoun come forward.”</p> - -<p>At these words Mr. Pronoun stood before the Judge. -He is something like Mr. Noun, only he is thinner, and -looks as if he worked harder.</p> - -<p>“Mr. Pronoun?” said Serjeant Parsing, standing up to -begin his questioning.</p> - -<p>Mr. Pronoun bowed.</p> - -<p>“Why are you called Pronoun, sir, and what words do -you possess?”</p> - -<p>“I am called Pronoun, because I often do the work for -my rich neighbour, Mr. Noun. <em>Pro</em> means <em>instead of</em>, so -<em>pronoun</em> means <em>instead of noun</em>, and my words are called -<em>pronouns</em> because they stand <em>instead of nouns</em>. Mr. Noun, -though he is so rich, does not like to have his words used -over and over again—he says it wears them out; so to save -trouble I put in <em>my</em> little words, which do just as well.”</p> - -<p>“And you are not afraid of <em>your</em> words being worn out?” -asked the Judge.</p> - -<p>“O dear no! my lord,” answered Pronoun. “I -think my words are like the iron rails on the railway—the -more they are used the brighter they look; it is only the -idle ones that get rusty and spoilt. And it is not many -of <em>my</em> words that get rusty, I can tell you, my lord. -Serjeant Parsing knows how he was one day trying to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>22</span> -make sense of Dr. Faustus without me, and what a muddle -he made of it. If he will kindly repeat it now, I will show -you.”</p> - -<p>So Serjeant Parsing said:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">Dr. Faustus was a good man;</div> - <div class="line indent0">Dr. Faustus whipped Dr. Faustus’s scholars now and then</div> - <div class="line indent0">When Dr. Faustus whipped the scholars Dr. Faustus made the scholars dance</div> - <div class="line indent0">Out of England into France.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>“There!” said Pronoun. “Let any one try to sing that, -and he will find how awkward it is. Now, if you will use -my little <em>he</em> or <em>his</em>, instead of saying Dr. Faustus so often, -and put <em>them</em> instead of scholars, it will sound much better. -Just listen. Please, Mr. Parsing, say it again, and I will -come in when I am wanted.”</p> - -<p>So Serjeant Parsing said: “Dr. Faustus was a good -man.”</p> - -<p>“<em>He</em> whipped <em>his</em>,” shouted Pronoun.</p> - -<p>“He whipped his scholars now and then. When——”</p> - -<p>“<em>He</em> whipped <em>them</em>,” shouted Pronoun.</p> - -<p>“When he whipped them,” continued Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“<em>He</em> made <em>them</em> dance,” cried Pronoun.</p> - -<p>“When he whipped them he made them dance,” repeated -Serjeant Parsing, “out of England into France.”</p> - -<p>“Ah,” said the Judge, “yes! It is certainly better so. -Mr. Noun’s words are not used so often, and all parties are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>23</span> -pleased. Then <em>he</em>, <em>his</em>, and <em>them</em>, are pronouns, as they -stand instead of nouns. Now tell us what other words you -have, Mr. Pronoun.”</p> - -<p>“First of all, my lord, I have words which are used -instead of the names of people when they are talking of -themselves, such as <em>I</em> or <em>me</em>, <em>we</em> or <em>us</em>. When a person is -speaking of himself he does not name his own name, but -says instead, <em>I</em> or <em>me</em>. Except, indeed, very little children, -who say, ‘Baby wants more,’ or, ‘Give baby milk.’ Reasonable -persons say, ‘<em>I</em> want more,’ ‘Give <em>me</em> some -milk.’”</p> - -<p>“The Queen says <em>we</em> in speaking of herself,” remarked -the Judge.</p> - -<p>“Yes, my lord,” said Pronoun, “the Queen is of course -allowed to use <em>we</em> or <em>us</em> when she means only herself; but -other people do not use <em>we</em> or <em>us</em> unless they mean more -than one person.”</p> - -<p>“Then <em>I</em> or <em>me</em>, <em>we</em> or <em>us</em>, are the pronouns used instead -of the names of people speaking of themselves, are they, -Mr. Pronoun?” inquired Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“Certainly,” replied Pronoun: “and the words used -instead of the names of persons you are <em>speaking to</em> -are <em>thou</em>, or <em>thee</em>, and <em>you</em>. When I am speaking to you, -Mr. Parsing, I say, I tell <em>you</em>; I do not say, I tell Serjeant -Parsing.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>24</span> -“Quite so,” answered Serjeant Parsing; “but why do -you not say, I tell <em>thee</em>.”</p> - -<p>“Why, the fact is,” replied Mr. Pronoun, “that <em>thou</em> and -<em>thee</em> really stand for one person only, and <em>you</em> stands for -more than one. But long ago people took it into their -heads to fancy that it would be <em>very</em> polite to talk to one -person as if he were at least as good as two. It is a very -vulgar thing to be only one person, but to be two people -rolled into one would be very grand indeed. So when a -man was talking to a grand neighbour he called him <em>you</em> -instead of <em>thou</em>, and the grand neighbour was so much -pleased that it came to be the fashion to say <em>you</em> to every -one, and my poor little <em>thou</em> and <em>thee</em> were quite set -aside.”</p> - -<p>“And are they never used now?” said Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“O yes, they are used,” said Mr. Pronoun; “but as -people neglected them in former days, I won’t have them -used in common now. <em>You</em> is quite good enough for everyday -talk.”</p> - -<p>“Well,” said Serjeant Parsing, “you have shown that <em>I</em> -or <em>me</em>, <em>we</em> or <em>us</em>, <em>thou</em> or <em>thee</em>, and <em>you</em>, are all your words. -Have you any others?”</p> - -<p>“Plenty more,” answered Pronoun. “I have <em>he</em>, <em>she</em>, -<em>it</em>, and <em>they</em>, to stand instead of persons or things you are -talking about.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>25</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">Tom took Maria on the ice;</div> - <div class="line indent2"><em>It</em> broke, and <em>she</em> fell in;</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>He</em> got a rope, and in a trice</div> - <div class="line indent2"><em>He</em> pulled <em>her</em> out again.</div> - <div class="line indent0">If <em>they</em> had both been drowned, you know,</div> - <div class="line indent0">Folks would have said, “I told you so.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>“There <em>it</em> stands for <em>ice</em>, and <em>she</em> for <em>Maria</em>, and <em>he</em> for -<em>Tom</em>, and <em>they</em> for <em>Tom</em> and <em>Maria</em> together. So you see -clearly that <em>he</em>, <em>she</em>, <em>it</em>, and <em>they</em> are pronouns.”</p> - -<p>“I do not think any one could deny it,” said Serjeant -Parsing. “Have you any other words?”</p> - -<p>“O yes, there are plenty more words that stand instead -of nouns. <em>My</em>, <em>thy</em>, <em>his</em>, <em>our</em>, <em>your</em>, <em>their</em>, which are used to -show that something belongs to the person these words stand -instead of. Just as instead of saying <em>Dr. Faustus’s</em> scholars, -we said <em>his</em> scholars; and as in speaking to you, my lord, -I should not say Judge Grammar’s wig, but <em>your</em> wig.”</p> - -<p>“You need not say anything about my wig,” said the -Judge, rather testily. “Mind your own words, sir, and tell -us what others you have.”</p> - -<p>“I have <em>who</em> and <em>which</em>,” replied Pronoun. “Instead of -saying, ‘I met a man, the man had no eyes,’ you say, ‘I -met a man <em>who</em> had no eyes;’ so my little <em>who</em> saves Mr. -Noun’s man. Instead of saying, ‘I will tell you a tale, a -tale was told to me,’ you can say, ‘I will tell you a tale -<em>which</em> was told to me;’ so <em>which</em> stands instead of <em>tale</em>.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>26</span> -“We understand,” said the Judge. “No more of your -tales now, if you please. You have no more words, I suppose?”</p> - -<p>“Indeed I have, my lord. <em>This</em> and <em>that</em>, <em>these</em> and -<em>those</em>, are pronouns. For when you say, ‘Look at <em>this</em>,’ you -mean a picture, or a sum, or anything else that <em>this</em> may -happen to stand for; and when you say, ‘Take <em>that</em>,’ <em>that</em> -stands for a halfpenny, or a kick, or anything else you -may be giving at the time. And if you sing to a child—if -your lordship ever does sing—which does not seem very -likely——”</p> - -<p>“Mind your words, sir,” said the Judge, again. “If we -sing what?”</p> - -<p>“If you sing ‘<em>This</em> is the way the lady goes,’ then <em>this</em> -stands for the jogging up and down of my knee, the -way the lady goes.”</p> - -<p>“Really, Mr. Pronoun,” said the Judge, “you are very -childish. The Schoolroom-shire people are quite ashamed -of you. We shall ask for no more of your words to-day, -for I suppose, after all, they are easy enough to find -out.”</p> - -<p>“All words that stand instead of nouns belong to me,” -said Pronoun; “but they are not quite so easy to find -out as you suppose. Those that stand instead of persons, -like <em>I</em>, <em>thou</em>, <em>he</em>, <em>we</em>, <em>you</em>, <em>they</em>, any one can find out. I have<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>27</span> -told you about a good many others, and if Serjeant Parsing -wishes to discover the rest for himself——”</p> - -<p>“He does, sir,” said the Judge, who was getting very -tired and hungry. “You may go. I will only ask you to -assist our Schoolroom-shire friends in making the following -verses right. They read very queerly at present; but if -you can set them right, I think we shall agree that what you -have been saying of your words is true.”</p> - -<p>The Judge then wished them all good-morning, and went -to lunch off a few pages of dictionary.</p> - -<p>Here are the verses.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">There was a man, the man had no eyes,</div> - <div class="line indent0">And the man went out to view the skies;</div> - <div class="line indent0">The man saw a tree with apples on,</div> - <div class="line indent0">The man took no apples off, and left no apples on.</div> - </div> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">Little Bo-peep has lost Bo-peep’s sheep,</div> - <div class="line indent0">And does not know where to find the sheep;</div> - <div class="line indent0">Leave the sheep alone till the sheep come home,</div> - <div class="line indent0">And bring the sheep’s tails behind the sheep.</div> - </div> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">Matilda dashed the spectacles away</div> - <div class="line indent0">To wipe Matilda’s tingling eyes;</div> - <div class="line indent0">And as in twenty bits the spectacles lay,</div> - <div class="line indent0">Matilda’s grandmamma Matilda spies.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>28</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap4-head"> - <img src="images/chap4-head.jpg" width="500" height="95" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="iv">CHAPTER IV.<br /> -<span>SERJEANT PARSING’S VISIT.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap4-drops"> - <img src="images/chap4-drops.jpg" width="200" height="326" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">SERGEANT<br /> - PARSING</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">SERJEANT PARSING paid a -visit to Schoolroom-shire.</p> - -<p>“My young friends,” he said, -in his most amiable voice, “may -I trouble you with a little piece -of business for Judge Grammar -to-day. I have here a story, -and the Judge requests that you -will kindly find out how many -of the words in it belong to Mr. -Noun, how many to Mr. Pronoun, -and how often little ragged -Article comes in. The best -way to do this is to get your slates, and mark off a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>29</span> -piece for Mr. Noun, another for Mr. Pronoun, and a -corner somewhere for little Article. Write their names in -each. Now I will read the story, and whenever I come -to a noun, give Mr. Noun a mark; whenever I read a -pronoun, give a mark to Mr. Pronoun; and if I read an -<em>a</em>, <em>an</em>, or <em>the</em>, put down a mark to little Article. When -it is finished we will count up and see who has the most -marks.”</p> - -<p>Serjeant Parsing then read the following story:—</p> - -<p>“Some sailors belonging to a ship of war had a monkey -on board. The monkey had often watched the men firing -off a cannon, so one day when they were all at dinner he -thought he should like to fire it too. So he took a match, -as he had seen the men do, struck it, put it to the touch-hole, -and looked into the mouth of the cannon, to see the -ball come out. The ball did come out, and alas! alas! the -poor little monkey fell down dead.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter width200" id="i_029"> - <img src="images/i_029.png" width="400" height="117" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>30</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap5-head"> - <img src="images/chap5-head.jpg" width="500" height="94" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="v">CHAPTER V.<br /> -<span>MR. ADJECTIVE.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap5-dropt"> - <img src="images/chap5-dropt.jpg" width="200" height="335" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">A BRAVE PRINCE<br /> - A GOOD QUEEN<br /> - ADJECTIVES<br /> - QUALIFY<br /> - NOUNS</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">THE next Part-of-Speech called -up before Judge Grammar was -Mr. Adjective.</p> - -<p>“My young friends in Schoolroom-shire,” -said Serjeant Parsing, -“must know Mr. Adjective -well. He is the greatest chatterbox -and the veriest gossip that -ever lived. You never in all your -life, my lord, knew any one who -could say so much about one thing -as Mr. Adjective. Mr. Noun cannot -mention a word, but Mr. Adjective -is ready to tell all about it, whether it is <em>little</em> or <em>big</em>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>31</span> -<em>blue</em> or <em>green</em>, <em>good</em> or <em>bad</em>, and mischief enough he does in -Schoolroom-shire. For instance, if Noun mentions Willy’s -pen—‘<em>Nasty</em>, <em>spluttering</em>, <em>cross-nibbed</em> thing,’ whispers Adjective, -and Willy thinks that is why he wrote such a bad -copy, and did not dot his <em>i</em>’s. If Mr. Noun points out -pussy, who is coming into the room, purring and rubbing her -head against the leg of each chair as she passes, Adjective -whispers that she is a ‘<em>dear</em>, <em>sweet</em>, <em>soft</em>, <em>warm</em>, <em>little</em> pet,’ so -Milly leaves off her sums to pick her up and play with her. -Ann, the housemaid, finds dirty boot-marks on her nice -clean stairs, and as soon as she sees Tom she tells him he -is a ‘<em>tiresome</em>, <em>untidy</em>, <em>disobedient</em>, and <em>naughty</em> boy,’ not -knowing that Mr. Adjective was whispering all those words -in her ear. Indeed, Mr. Adjective causes more quarrels in -Schoolroom-shire, and other places too, than any one can -tell. Only yesterday Jane and Lucy had a quarrel, I hear, -because Jane pulled the arm off Lucy’s doll. If Adjective -had not put into Lucy’s head to call Jane <em>naughty</em> and -<em>unkind</em>, Jane would not have answered that Lucy was -<em>cross</em> and <em>disagreeable</em>. She would most likely have said, -‘I beg your pardon, I did not mean to do it,’ and they -would have been friends again directly. See how much -mischief is caused by talkative, gossiping Mr. Adjective.”</p> - -<p>“Really, Mr. Parsing,” remarked Adjective, now putting -in his word for the first time, “you have made a long<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>32</span> -speech to show how mischievous I am. Pray, have you -nothing to say about the good that my kind, loving words -do?”</p> - -<p>“Oh, certainly, my dear sir,” said Serjeant Parsing, -suddenly changing his tone. “When you like any one you -are a very good-natured fellow, and can say all sorts of -sweet things. I heard you in Schoolroom-shire telling Mary -that her mamma is her <em>own</em> <em>dearest</em>, <em>kindest</em>, <em>sweetest</em> mother—that -baby is a <em>bright</em>, <em>bonny</em> <em>little</em> darling—that Fido is a -<em>good</em>, <em>faithful</em> <em>old</em> doggie—and that home is the <em>happiest</em> -place in the <em>whole wide</em> world. Oh, yes,” continued Serjeant -Parsing, “you can call people good names as well -as bad.”</p> - -<p>“I do not call people names,” said Adjective, indignantly. -“I <em>qualify</em> them. I could qualify you, Mr. Parsing, and -say you are an <em>impertinent</em>, <em>rude</em>——”</p> - -<p>“That will do, Mr. Adjective,” interrupted the Judge. -“We understand what you mean by <em>qualifying</em>. But tell -us, are your words always placed <em>before</em> nouns?”</p> - -<p>“Oh, no, my lord,” answered Adjective. “They <em>can</em>, -almost all of them, be used before a noun, but they are -often used after it, in this way:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">The sky is <em>blue</em>,</div> - <div class="line indent2">The sun is <em>bright</em>,</div> - <div class="line indent0">My words are <em>true</em>,</div> - <div class="line indent2">The snow is <em>white</em>.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>33</span> -“You could also say, <em>blue sky</em>, <em>bright sun</em>, <em>true words</em>, -<em>white snow</em>, but it does not sound so well, I think. And -when a pronoun stands instead of a noun, and my words -qualify it——”</p> - -<p>“Oh, you qualify pronouns as well as nouns, do you?” -asked Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“I am obliged to do so sometimes,” said Mr. Adjective, -rather sulkily. “I will not have my words used before a -pronoun, as they are before a noun. You can say:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent2"><em>I</em> am <em>right</em>,</div> - <div class="line indent0">And <em>you</em> are <em>wrong</em>;</div> - <div class="line indent2"><em>It</em> is <em>late</em>,</div> - <div class="line indent0">And <em>we</em> are <em>strong</em>.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">But you must not say: <em>right I</em>, <em>wrong you</em>, <em>late it</em>, or <em>strong we</em>.”</p> - -<p>“I should think not,” said Serjeant Parsing, laughing. -“Then we are to understand that adjectives are used to -qualify nouns and pronouns, and that they may be used -before a noun or after it, but not before a pronoun.”</p> - -<p>“Quite right, so far,” said Mr. Adjective; “but I can do -other things besides qualifying nouns.”</p> - -<p>“What can you do?”</p> - -<p>“I can tell how many there are of the thing the noun -names, <em>one</em>, <em>two</em>, <em>three</em>, <em>four</em>, and so on. And whether the -thing is the <em>first</em>, <em>second</em>, <em>third</em>, or <em>fourth</em>, and so on. And<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>34</span> -whether there are <em>some</em> things, <em>many</em> things, <em>few</em> things, -<em>more</em> things, <em>no</em> things.”</p> - -<p>“And all these words are adjectives, are they?”</p> - -<p>“Yes,” answered Adjective. “All words that can be put -before <em>thing</em> or <em>things</em> are adjectives.”</p> - -<p>“<em>A</em> thing, <em>the</em> thing,” remarked little Article, looking up -with a cunning smile at Adjective. “<em>A</em> and <em>the</em> are both -articles.”</p> - -<p>“<em>A</em> and <em>the</em> don’t count, of course,” said Adjective, impatiently. -“Besides, they were adjectives once, people -say, only they got so worn out, that I let my ragged little -cousin Article have them. But except <em>a</em> and <em>the</em>, there is -no word that you can put before <em>thing</em> or <em>things</em> that is not -an adjective. A <em>beautiful thing</em>, an <em>ugly thing</em>, <em>bad things</em>, -<em>good things</em>, <em>green things</em>, <em>yellow things</em>, <em>large things</em>, <em>little -things</em>; and so you can say, <em>one thing</em>, <em>two things</em>, <em>some -things</em>, <em>any things</em>; and also, <em>this thing</em>, <em>that thing</em>, <em>these -things</em>, <em>those things</em>.”</p> - -<p>“That seems a very easy way of finding out an adjective,” -remarked the Judge. “I hope it is a correct way.”</p> - -<p>“Indeed it is, my lord,” said Adjective, earnestly. -“See, I can give you many more examples.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">A <em>lovely</em>, <em>graceful</em>, <em>beautiful</em> thing,</div> - <div class="line indent0">A <em>useful</em>, <em>homely</em>, <em>dutiful</em> thing;</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>Foolish</em>, <em>childish</em>, <em>useless</em> things;</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>Handsome</em>, <em>rich</em>, and <em>priceless</em> things.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>35</span> -“My lord,” said Mr. Noun, coming forward and speaking -in a solemn voice, “I accuse Mr. Adjective of stealing, -and wish him to be sent to prison.”</p> - -<p>“Indeed!” said the Judge; “but he must be tried first, -and you must prove him guilty before I have him punished. -What do you say he has stolen?”</p> - -<p>“My lord, he is constantly stealing my words, and only -just now he used these without my leave, in open court: -<em>love</em>, <em>grace</em>, <em>beauty</em>, <em>use</em>, <em>home</em>, <em>duty</em>.”</p> - -<p>“Enough,” said the Judge. “I certainly heard him use -some such words only just now. Critics,” he called to the -policemen, for that is the name they have in Grammar-land, -“seize Mr. Adjective, and keep him safe until the court -meets again, when he shall be tried for stealing.” Then -turning to the people of Schoolroom-shire, the Judge continued, -“My friends, I shall be much obliged if you -will look over the following story, and strike out of -it all the words belonging to Mr. Adjective. I cannot -allow them to remain side by side with other words, until -it is proved that Mr. Adjective is not guilty of stealing -them.”</p> - -<p>The Judge then rose, and poor Mr. Adjective was led out -of the court, with his hands bound.</p> - -<p>The following is the story which the Judge sent to the -people of Schoolroom-shire.</p> - -<p class="center mt3"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>36</span> -THE MAIDEN PRINCE.</p> - -<p>A long, long time ago, there lived in a grey old castle, -a widowed queen, who had one only child, a beautiful -bright boy. “My good husband was killed in the terrible -war,” said the timid queen, “and if my dear son grows up -to be a strong man, I fear that he will go to the cruel wars, -too, and be killed. So he shall learn nothing about rough -war, but shall be brought up like a simple maiden.” So she -taught him all maidenly duties, to spin, and to weave, and -to sew, and she thought he was too simple and quiet to wish -to go to war; but one day there came to the great castle -gate a noble knight riding a gallant charger. “Come,” he -cried to the young prince, “come, follow me. I ride to fight -with the wicked and strong who are oppressing the weak -and the poor.” Up sprang, in a moment, the fair young -boy, flung aside his girlish work, seized his father’s battered -sword, and leaped into the saddle behind the noble knight. -“Farewell, dear mother,” he cried, “no more girlish work -for me. I must be a brave man, as my father was, and -conquer or die in the rightful cause.” Then the foolish -queen saw that it was useless to try to make a daring boy -into a timid maiden.</p> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>37</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap6-head"> - <img src="images/chap6-head.jpg" width="500" height="99" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="vi">CHAPTER VI.<br /> -<span>MR. ADJECTIVE TRIED FOR STEALING.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap6-dropt"> - <img src="images/chap6-dropt.jpg" width="200" height="308" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">ful<br /> - like<br /> - ly<br /> - y<br /> - ous<br /> - less<br /> - en<br /> - ern<br /> - CLEVER M<sup>R.</sup> ADJECTIVE</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">THERE was great excitement -in the court the next day; -and when every one was assembled, -except Adjective, -the Judge called out: “Bring -the prisoner in;” and poor -Adjective was led in between -two Critics, with his hands -tied behind him, and placed -before the Judge.</p> - -<p>Serjeant Parsing rose, and -began to question him.</p> - -<p>“Is your name Adjective?” -he said. “It is,” answered Adjective.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>38</span> -“And you possess all the adjectives in Grammar-land?”</p> - -<p>“I do.”</p> - -<p>“What is an adjective?”</p> - -<p>“A word used to qualify a noun.”</p> - -<p>“What is a noun?”</p> - -<p>“Please, my lord, need I answer that?” asked Adjective.</p> - -<p>“Certainly,” replied the Judge.</p> - -<p>“It is not fair,” said Adjective; “nouns are not my -words.”</p> - -<p>“But you must know what a noun is, in order that you -may use your adjectives properly.”</p> - -<p>“Of course I know what a noun is—it is a <em>name</em>, the -name of anything.”</p> - -<p>“Then do you know the difference between a noun and -an adjective?” asked Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“Certainly. A <em>noun</em> is the name of a thing. An <em>adjective</em> -tells you something about the thing the noun has -named; whether it is large or small, or what colour it is, -or how much there is of it, or whether there are few -things or many, or something of that sort.”</p> - -<p>“Quite so; but can you find out at once, without much -thinking, whether a word is a noun or an adjective?”</p> - -<p>“If you can put an article before a word, then it is a -noun,” answered Adjective; “as, <em>a</em> man, <em>the</em> dog.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>39</span> -“Then when I say, ‘Pity the poor,’ of course <em>poor</em> is a -noun, is it?”</p> - -<p>“No,” said Adjective, quickly; “<em>poor</em> is my word, I know, -for you can say <em>poor</em> child, a <em>poor</em> thing. ‘Pity the poor’ -really means, ‘Pity the poor people;’ but Mr. Noun is so -stingy, that when he thinks the sentence will be understood -without his word, he just leaves it out, and then people say -the noun is <em>understood</em>.”</p> - -<p>“Exactly so; but your way of finding out a noun does -not answer, you see, for the first time I try it, you tell me -the word I have found is an adjective.”</p> - -<p>“It always answers unless there happens to be a word -understood,” replied Adjective, “and then it answers if you -use your reason; for any one would know that you are -not asked to pity a thing called a <em>poor</em>, but to pity poor -people. But it is not fair, my lord,” continued Adjective, -turning to the Judge. “Here am I, a poor prisoner, unjustly -accused of stealing, and Mr. Parsing is trying to puzzle me -as much as he can.”</p> - -<p>“Not at all,” replied Serjeant Parsing. “I only want -you to be sure that you know clearly the difference between -a noun and an adjective.”</p> - -<p>“I do,” answered Adjective, “quite clearly.”</p> - -<p>“Well, then, answer this question. What is the word -<em>beauty</em>?”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>40</span> -“Beauty?” repeated Adjective, getting rather red; -“<em>beauty</em> is a noun.”</p> - -<p>“Yes,” said Serjeant Parsing; “and <em>grace</em>, and <em>home</em>, and -<em>duty</em>?”</p> - -<p>“They are all nouns,” answered Adjective, looking uncomfortable.</p> - -<p>“Yes; now another question. What is <em>beautiful</em>?”</p> - -<p>“Beautiful?” repeated Adjective, looking <em>very</em> red now; -“<em>beautiful</em> is an adjective.”</p> - -<p>“Very well. Now, Mr. Adjective,” said Serjeant Parsing, -“kindly tell me how you got the adjective <em>beautiful</em>?”</p> - -<p>“I made it,” answered Adjective, with his eyes on the -ground.</p> - -<p>“How did you make it?”</p> - -<p>“I stuck <em>ful</em> on to <em>beauty</em>. When I want to say a thing -is full of beauty I call it <em>beautiful</em>.”</p> - -<p>“And how did you get <em>beauty</em>, since it belongs to Mr. -Noun?” asked Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“I took it,” replied Adjective, still looking down.</p> - -<p>“Which means to say that you stole it. It is quite clear -that you stole it, and that you did the same to <em>grace</em>, <em>home</em>, -<em>duty</em>, and others, to make <em>graceful</em>, <em>homely</em>, <em>dutiful</em>, and the -rest. My lord, I think I need say nothing more: the prisoner -himself owns that he took these words; it only remains -for you to give him his punishment.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>41</span> -The Judge looked very grave, and was beginning to -say, “Mr. Adjective, I am very sorry——” when Serjeant -Parsing interrupted him, and said:—</p> - -<p>“Please, my lord, I am going to take the other side -now. Will you order Mr. Noun to come forward to be -questioned?”</p> - -<p>“Certainly,” said the Judge; and Mr. Noun approached.</p> - -<p>“Mr. Noun?” said Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“The same, sir,” said Mr. Noun; “all nouns belong to -me.”</p> - -<p>“You know a noun when you see it?”</p> - -<p>“Of course I know my own words.”</p> - -<p>“And you know an adjective?”</p> - -<p>“Yes; an adjective is a word that tells something about -one of my nouns.”</p> - -<p>“Very good. Now can you tell me whether <em>happy</em> is -a noun?”</p> - -<p>“Certainly not. It is an adjective. You can say a -happy boy, a happy thing.”</p> - -<p>“Exactly so. Now will you tell me what <em>happiness</em> is?”</p> - -<p>“Happiness,” repeated Mr. Noun, getting suddenly very -red, for he saw what was coming; “happiness is a noun, -it is mine.”</p> - -<p>“Oh!” said Serjeant Parsing; “how did you get it?”</p> - -<p>“I made it.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>42</span> -“How?”</p> - -<p>“I joined <em>happy</em> and <em>ness</em> together.”</p> - -<p>“H’m!” said Serjeant Parsing. “I will not ask you -where you found such a silly word as <em>ness</em>, but <em>happy</em> you -said just now belongs to Mr. Adjective, so of course you -took it from him.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Noun did not answer, but looked down, exceedingly -red and uncomfortable.</p> - -<p>“My lord,” said Serjeant Parsing to the Judge, “need -I say any more. This Mr. Noun, who would have Adjective -put in prison for stealing, has been doing the very -same thing himself. <em>Happiness</em>, <em>prettiness</em>, <em>silliness</em>, <em>cleverness</em>, -and almost all the words that end in <em>ness</em>, are nouns -made from adjectives. If Mr. Noun would give them all -up, I have no doubt Mr. Adjective would then give up his -<em>beautiful</em>, <em>useful</em>, <em>graceful</em>, and other adjectives that are made -from nouns.”</p> - -<p>“No, no,” said the Judge; “I will have no giving up. -When a word is once made it is made for good, and instead -of blaming those who take their neighbour’s words -to make new ones for themselves, I consider that they are -very much to be praised. Critics, untie Mr. Adjective’s -hands. Mr. Adjective, I am glad to hear you are so clever -in making new words, and I give you full permission to -make as many more as you can, by borrowing either from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>43</span> -Mr. Noun or from any other Part-of-Speech. Have you any -other ending to put on besides <em>ful</em>?”</p> - -<p>“My lord,” said Adjective, whose hands were now untied, -and who was standing free and upright before the -Judge, “my lord, I have a whole string of tails which I -keep ready to make adjectives with. Here are some of -them: <em>ful</em>, <em>like</em>, <em>ly</em>, <em>y</em>, <em>ous</em>, <em>less</em>, <em>en</em>, and <em>ern</em>; and this is the -way I stick them on: <em>beautiful</em>, <em>ladylike</em>, <em>manly</em>, <em>dirty</em>, <em>poisonous</em>, -<em>careless</em>, <em>golden</em>, <em>western</em>, and with your lordship’s -kind permission, I will make such words as often as I -can.”</p> - -<p>“Do so,” replied the Judge. “And you, Mr. Noun, remember, -that you are to allow Adjective to take your words -whenever he requires them, for you ought to know that -words in Grammar-land are not like pennies in Matter-of-fact-land. -<em>There</em>, if some one steals a penny from you, he -has it and you have not; but <em>here</em>, in Grammar-land, when -any one takes your words to make new ones, it makes him -richer, but you are none the poorer for it. You have <em>beauty</em> -still, although Mr. Adjective has made <em>beautiful</em>; and you -have <em>lady</em>, and <em>man</em>, and <em>gold</em>, although Mr. Adjective -has made <em>ladylike</em>, and <em>manly</em>, and <em>golden</em>. You ought to -have known this, Mr. Noun, and not to have accused Mr. -Adjective of stealing. Therefore, as a punishment, I require -you to send into Schoolroom-shire a list of nouns that may<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>44</span> -be made into adjectives by the addition of some of Mr. -Adjective’s tails.”</p> - -<p>The Judge then left the court, and this is the list that -Mr. Noun sent into Schoolroom-shire.</p> - -<p class="center pt1"><em>Nouns to be made into Adjectives.</em></p> - -<div class="column-container"> - <div class="column"> - <div class="column column1"> - <p class="noi">Truth</p> - <p class="noi">Faith</p> - <p class="noi">Hope</p> - </div> - <div class="column column1"> - <p class="noi">Lady</p> - <p class="noi">Man</p> - <p class="noi">Love</p> - </div> - <div class="column column1"> - <p class="noi">Child</p> - <p class="noi">Baby</p> - <p class="noi">Fool</p> - </div> - <div class="column column1"> - <p class="noi">Dirt</p> - <p class="noi">Wood</p> - <p class="noi">Fire</p> - </div> - </div> - - <div class="column"> - <div class="column column1"> - <p class="noi">Care</p> - <p class="noi">Sleep</p> - <p class="noi">Sense</p> - </div> - <div class="column column1"> - <p class="noi">Gold</p> - <p class="noi">Wood</p> - <p class="noi">Silk</p> - </div> - <div class="column column1"> - <p class="noi">North</p> - <p class="noi">East</p> - <p class="noi">West</p> - </div> - <div class="column column4"> - <p class="noi">Poison</p> - <p class="noi">Danger</p> - <p class="noi">Virtue</p> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class="center clear-left pt2"><em>Adjective endings that may be added to Nouns.</em></p> - -<div class="column-container"> - <div class="column"> - <div class="column column1"> - <p class="noi"><em>ful</em></p> - <p class="noi"><em>less</em></p> - </div> - <div class="column column2"> - <p class="noi"><em>like</em> or <em>ly</em></p> - <p class="noi"><em>en</em></p> - </div> - <div class="column column3"> - <p class="noi"><em>ish</em></p> - <p class="noi"><em>ern</em></p> - </div> - <div class="column column4"> - <p class="hang"><em>y</em></p> - <p class="hang"><em>ous</em> (meaning full of)</p> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width200 clear-left pt2" id="i_044"> - <img src="images/i_044.png" width="400" height="310" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>45</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap7-head"> - <img src="images/chap7-head.jpg" width="400" height="70" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="vii">CHAPTER VII.<br /> -<span>THE QUARREL BETWEEN MR. ADJECTIVE AND MR. PRONOUN -AND LITTLE INTERJECTION.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap7-dropi"> - <img src="images/chap7-dropi.jpg" width="200" height="304" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">ADJECTIVE-PRONOUN<br /> - A | P</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">IT is sad to tell that nearly the -first thing Mr. Adjective did -when he was set free was to -have a quarrel with Pronoun.</p> - -<p>When the Judge came into -court the next day he found -them both much excited.</p> - -<p>“It is mine, I know it is,” -said Pronoun.</p> - -<p>“And I know it is mine,” -cried Adjective. “I’ll ask the -Judge if it is not.”</p> - -<p>“I’ll ask him, too,” said -Pronoun. “My lord,” he continued, coming forward,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>46</span> -“<em>her</em> is mine, and Adjective wants to take it from me. But -when I claimed it in court before, he said nothing -about it.”</p> - -<p>“I thought the more,” returned Adjective, “but I supposed -that you would give it up quietly without all this fuss -in court.”</p> - -<p>“I would willingly give it up if it were yours,” said Pronoun; -“but it is not.”</p> - -<p>“It is,” cried Adjective, angrily; “I tell you it is.”</p> - -<p>“Silence!” said the Judge, sternly. “Brother Parsing, -be kind enough to question both Adjective and Pronoun, -that we may know the cause of this quarrel, and hear what -each has to say for himself.”</p> - -<p>“Certainly, my lord,” answered Serjeant Parsing. “Adjective, -what words do you claim?”</p> - -<p>“<em>My</em>, <em>thy</em>, <em>his</em>, <em>her</em>, <em>its</em>, <em>our</em>, <em>your</em>, and <em>their</em>,” replied Adjective.</p> - -<p>“Well, Mr. Pronoun, tell us how you make them out to -be yours.”</p> - -<p>“Nothing is easier,” answered Pronoun. “These words -stand instead of nouns, and therefore they must be pronouns. -When you say ‘<em>my thumb</em>,’ my lord, you mean -Judge Grammar’s thumb, so <em>my</em> stands instead of the noun -Judge Grammar. And when you say, ‘Little Bo-peep has -lost <em>her</em> sheep,’ you mean <em>little Bo-peep’s</em> sheep, therefore<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>47</span> -<a id="her"></a><ins title="Original does not have italic"><em>her</em></ins> stands instead of <em>little Bo-peep</em>. So <em>my</em> and <em>her</em> are -clearly pronouns; and <em>thy</em>, <em>his</em>, <em>its</em>, <em>our</em>, <em>your</em>, <em>their</em>, are used -in just the same way, and therefore must be pronouns -too.”</p> - -<p>“It would seem so,” said the Judge. “What has Mr. -Adjective to say to that?”</p> - -<p>“I will soon tell you, my lord,” replied Adjective. -“You will, of course, allow that an adjective is a word that -may be used before a noun, to tell something about the -thing that the noun names. It has been said that if you -can put thing or things after a word, that word (not counting -<em>a</em> or <em>the</em>, of course) is sure to be an adjective; as, a -<em>good thing</em>, a <em>bad thing</em>, <em>large things</em>, <em>little things</em>, and so -on. Well, I am sure you can say <em>my</em> thing, <em>thy</em> thing, <em>his</em> -thing, <em>her</em> thing, <em>its</em> thing, <em>our</em> thing, <em>your</em> thing, and <em>their</em> -thing. Therefore, <em>my</em>, <em>thy</em>, <em>his</em>, <em>her</em>, <em>its</em>, <em>our</em>, <em>your</em>, and -<em>their</em>, must be adjectives.”</p> - -<p>“H’m! It is all very well to say <em>must</em>,” remarked the -Judge, “but then Pronoun says they <em>must</em> be pronouns. -Are there any more of your words, Mr. Pronoun, that Adjective -claims in the same way?”</p> - -<p>“My lord,” answered Pronoun, “he claims all the words -of mine that may be used before a noun. <em>This</em>, <em>that</em>, <em>these</em>, -and <em>those</em>, for instance.”</p> - -<p>“Of course I do,” said Adjective; “for when you say<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>48</span> -<em>this</em> bird, <em>that</em> horse, <em>these</em> rabbits, <em>those</em> people; <em>this</em>, <em>that</em>, -<em>these</em>, and <em>those</em> are clearly used with a noun, but do not -stand instead of one.”</p> - -<p>“Ah!” said Pronoun, “but when you say ‘look at <em>this</em>,’ -‘take <em>that</em>,’ ‘may I have <em>these</em>?’ ‘burn <em>those</em>;’ <em>this</em>, <em>that</em>, <em>these</em>, -and <em>those</em> are <em>not</em> used <em>with</em> a noun, but clearly stand <em>instead -of</em> one, and therefore they are pronouns.”</p> - -<p>“It seems to me,” said the Judge, half to himself, “that -sometimes they are adjectives, and sometimes they are -pronouns.”</p> - -<p>“That is just what I say, my lord,” cried Adjective, -“and if you will allow it, I think I know of a way that will -make peace between us directly. Let us call them <em>Adjective-Pronouns</em>, -and have them between us. When they are used, -not with a noun, but instead of one, then Pronoun may have -them all to himself; but when they are used like adjectives, -before a noun, then we will have them between us, and call -them <em>Adjective-Pronouns</em>.”</p> - -<p>“That seems very fair,” replied the Judge, “and I certainly -allow it. Mr. Pronoun, be kind enough to give us a -list of your words, and Mr. Adjective will point out any that -may be used as <em>Adjective-Pronouns</em>.”</p> - -<p>So Mr. Pronoun began: “<em>I</em>, <em>thou</em>, <em>he</em>, <em>she</em>, <em>it</em>, <em>we</em>, <em>you</em>, <em>they</em>, -<em>mine</em>, <em>thine</em>, <em>his</em>, <em>hers</em>, <em>its</em>, <em>ours</em>, <em>yours</em>, <em>theirs</em>; <em>my</em>, <em>thy</em>, <em>his</em>, <em>her</em>, -<em>its</em>, <em>our</em>, <em>your</em>, <em>their</em>.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>49</span> -“Those last eight are between us,” said Adjective, “for -they can all be used before a noun.”</p> - -<p>“<em>Myself</em>, <em>thyself</em>, <em>himself</em>, <em>herself</em>, <em>itself</em>, <em>ourselves</em>, <em>yourselves</em>, -or <em>yourself</em>, <em>themselves</em>,” said Pronoun, with a little toss -of his head, “those, at least, are all mine, Mr. Adjective.”</p> - -<p>“Continue repeating your words, sir,” said the Judge, -sternly; “do not stop to talk.”</p> - -<p>“<em>This</em>, <em>that</em>, <em>these</em>, <em>those</em>,” continued Pronoun.</p> - -<p>“Adjective-pronouns, all four of them,” remarked Mr. -Adjective; “we have shown that already.”</p> - -<p>“<em>Each</em>, <em>either</em>, <em>neither</em>, <em>one</em>, <em>other</em>,” continued Pronoun.</p> - -<p>“Stop,” said the Judge; “we have not had these words -before. You must give us some sentences to show that they -are pronouns.”</p> - -<p>Pronoun replied:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">Two sparrows had a fight to-day,</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>Each</em> wished to take a worm away;</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>One</em> pulled at it, so did the <em>other</em>,</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>Neither</em> would yield it to his brother.</div> - <div class="line indent0">Had <em>either</em> given up at least,</div> - <div class="line indent0">His brother would have had the feast;</div> - <div class="line indent0">But while they fought a thrush came by,</div> - <div class="line indent0">And with the worm away did fly.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>“There, my lord,” continued Pronoun, “all the words, -<em>each</em>, <em>one</em>, <em>other</em>, <em>neither</em>, <em>either</em>, stand for sparrow in those -lines, and as sparrow is a noun, they must be pronouns.”</p> - -<p>“They are adjective-pronouns sometimes,” remarked Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>50</span> -Adjective, “for you can say, ‘<em>each</em> boy,’ ‘the <em>other</em> day,’ -‘on <em>either</em> side.’”</p> - -<p>“Certainly,” said the Judge. “Have you any more, Mr. -Pronoun?”</p> - -<p>“<em>Who</em>, <em>which</em>, <em>what</em>,” continued Pronoun.</p> - -<p>“You must show that they are pronouns,” said the Judge.</p> - -<p>“‘Here is the man <em>who</em> shot the tiger,’” said Pronoun. -“‘Here are two apples; <em>which</em> do you choose?’ ‘I know -<em>what</em> I want.’ <em>Who</em> stands instead of the <em>man</em>, because you -could say, ‘Here is the man; the man shot the tiger.’ -<em>Which</em> stands instead of one of the apples, and <em>what</em> stands -instead of the thing that I want, whatever it may be.”</p> - -<p>“Yes,” said Serjeant Parsing. “But if <em>who</em> and <em>what</em> -are used to ask questions, as, ‘<em>who</em> is there?’ ‘<em>what</em> is that?’ -then what do <em>who</em> and <em>what</em> stand instead of?”</p> - -<p>“If you will answer the questions, and tell me who was -really there, and what that really was, then I will tell you -what nouns <em>who</em> and <em>what</em> stand instead of; but if you do -not know any answer to your own questions, then of course -I cannot tell you what noun my little pronouns stand for; -I can only tell you they stand instead of something, and -therefore are pronouns.”</p> - -<p>“<em>Which</em> and <em>what</em> are used before nouns sometimes,” -cried Adjective: “‘<em>which</em> way are you going?’ ‘<em>what</em> bell -is that?’ therefore they are adjective-pronouns too.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>51</span> -“At any rate,” said Pronoun, haughtily, “<em>who</em> is altogether -mine, for you cannot say, ‘who way,’ ‘who book,’ -‘who man,’ or anything of that sort.”</p> - -<p>“Hoo! hoo! hoo! ha! ha! ha! he! he! he!” cried a -voice among the crowd. “Old Adjective beaten! hurrah! -bravo!”</p> - -<p>Every one in the court looked round to see where such -strange sounds came from.</p> - -<p>“It is Interjection,” said Serjeant Parsing, angrily, -making a dive at the crowd behind him, to try and catch -hold of some one in -<a id="it"></a><ins title="Original has extraneous quotation mark">it.</ins></p> - -<p>“Critics,” cried the Judge, “seize that fellow, and bring -him here.”</p> - -<p>But that was more easily said than done, for little Interjection -was as quick and active as any street boy in London. -He dodged in and out amongst the other Parts-of-Speech, -and was here, there, and everywhere, till at last he tumbled -up against Serjeant Parsing, who held him fast till the -Critics came up. He is such an odd little creature, that -you could hardly tell what he is like. One moment he -is crying bitterly, and the next he is in fits of laughter; -when you look at him again he is perhaps shrieking for -fear, and in another minute he is standing on his head for -joy. He is so fond of standing on his head, that people -say he had his portrait taken so once (!), and that is why<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>52</span> -they put a note of exclamation (!) after his words; but that -is all nonsense, of course.</p> - -<p>“Interjection!” said the Judge, sternly, “you are the -last of all the Parts-of-Speech, and have no business to interrupt -the court now. Let me not hear you again until -your turn comes.”</p> - -<p>“Alas! alas!” cried Interjection, wringing his hands. -“Mr. Parsing says I am only a poor little fellow thrown in -(that is what my name interjection means, <em>thrown in</em>), to -express surprise or fear, joy or sorrow. When folks do -not know what to say next, one of my little words pops -in, and poor Mr. Parsing is at his wit’s end to know what -to do with it, ah! ah! Off! off!” he cried, changing his -tone, and suddenly jerking himself out of the policeman’s -hold. “Away! away!” he shouted, springing to the door; -and before they could catch him he was indeed away, and -they heard his “ha! ha! ha!” die away in the distance.</p> - -<p>Serjeant Parsing then turned to the Schoolroom-shire -folks, and asked them to mark off on their slates places -for Mr. Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, and little Article, and a -corner somewhere for tiresome Interjection; and while he -read to them, to put down a stroke in the right place for -each word that they knew. “And when you come to an -adjective-pronoun used <em>with</em> a noun,” continued Serjeant -Parsing, “put a stroke on the line that divides Adjective’s<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>53</span> -ground from Pronoun’s. That will be like a little man -sitting astride on the wall, with one leg for Pronoun to -pull and one for Adjective. Of course if it is used <em>instead</em> of -a noun, and <em>not</em> with one, then Mr. Pronoun must have the -stroke all to himself. Whichever Part-of-Speech gets the -most strokes gains the game.”</p> - -<p>This is what Serjeant Parsing read.</p> - -<p>“Alas! alas! that naughty boy,” said Harry’s mother, -as she waited for him to come back from school. “He -must have gone to play with the other boys at the big pond, -and he will certainly fall in, for the boys are sure to try the -ice, and it is too thin to bear them yet. Oh! my poor, dear -boy! what shall I do? If he falls into the black, cold -water, he will certainly be drowned. My darling Harry! -ah! why does he not come home? If I had any one to -send.... Why, there he is, I declare, with his hands -full of oranges. Oh! the naughty boy! I will give him a -great scolding. To give me a fright, and keep me waiting -while he was buying oranges! Harry, you are a naughty, -careless, tiresome—— What! kissing me, you little -rogue, to stop my mouth. There! there! do not pull -down my hair, and never give your poor mother such a -fright again; and now come in and see the lovely Christmas-box -I have for you.”</p> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>54</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap8-head"> - <img src="images/chap8-head.jpg" width="500" height="102" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="viii">CHAPTER VIII.<br /> -<span>DR. VERB.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap8-dropt"> - <img src="images/chap8-dropt.jpg" width="200" height="302" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">VERBS<br /> - ARE OF 3 KINDS<br /> - ACTIVE·PASSIVE<br /> - & NEUTER—<br /> - LINDLEY MURRAY</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">THE next Part-of-Speech called -up before Judge Grammar, to -give an account of himself, -was Dr. Verb.</p> - -<p>He came bustling up with -an air of great importance.</p> - -<p>“My lord, my name is -Verb. I am called Verb because -<em>verb</em> means <em>word</em>, and -the verb is the most important -word, <em>the</em> word, in fact, in -every sentence.”</p> - -<p>“The <em>most important word</em>!” -cried Mr. Noun, interrupting him. “My lord, he says<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>55</span> -the verb is the most important word in every sentence! -Why, Dr. Verb, you know that <em>you</em> cannot give the name of -a single thing, for all names are nouns, and belong to me. -The <em>verb</em> the most important word, indeed, when I have -the name of everything!”</p> - -<p>“I know that,” answered Dr. Verb, “I know very well -that when people want to name a thing they must use a -noun. But do you suppose that when they have simply -named a thing they have made a sentence? Not a bit of -it. To make a sentence you must tell something about the -thing that you have named; you must say whether it <em>is</em> or -<em>has</em> or <em>does</em> anything, as: ‘Ice <em>is</em> cold,’ ‘Puss <em>has</em> a tail,’ -‘Blackbirds <em>sing</em>.’ <em>Is</em>, <em>has</em>, <em>sing</em>, are verbs, and so are all -words that speak of <em>being</em>, <em>having</em>, or <em>doing</em>, and without -some such word you cannot make a sentence.”</p> - -<p>“You think so, Dr. Verb,” said the Judge, “but I should -like it to be proved. Brother Parsing, just call some of the -other Parts-of-Speech forward, and let them try to make a -sentence without Dr. Verb.”</p> - -<p>“I will, my lord,” answered Serjeant Parsing. “Noun, -Adjective, and Article, be kind enough to step forward, and -each of you give me a word.”</p> - -<p>“<em>Sun</em>,” said Mr. Noun.</p> - -<p>“<em>Bright</em>,” said Adjective.</p> - -<p>“<em>The</em>,” said little Article.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>56</span> -“Very good,” said Serjeant Parsing, “now I will put -them together; ‘<em>sun bright the</em>;’ ‘<em>the bright sun</em>;’ ‘<em>the -sun bright</em>.’ They do not seem to make quite a proper -sentence, my lord, any way.”</p> - -<p>“Of course not,” said Dr. Verb, interrupting; “for when -you say ‘<em>the bright sun</em>,’ which sounds the best of the three -ways, you still have not made a sentence, for you have not -said whether the bright sun is shining, or is not shining, -or whether you can see it, or what it does. ‘<em>The sun -bright</em>’ of course is nonsense; but say the sun <em>is</em> bright, -and then you tell a fact about the sun, and you have made -a sentence fit to set before the king.”</p> - -<p>“You had better try Mr. Noun again, Brother Parsing,” -said Judge Grammar. “Perhaps he can give you a more -convenient word.”</p> - -<p>Serjeant Parsing turned again to Mr. Noun, and asked -for another word.</p> - -<p>“<em>Hippopotamus</em>,” answered Mr. Noun. Mr. Adjective -gave <em>fat</em>.</p> - -<p>“Now, little Article, give me <em>a</em>,” said Serjeant Parsing, -“and I will put them together. ‘<em>Hippopotamus fat a</em>;’ -‘<em>a fat hippopotamus</em>;’ ‘<em>a hippopotamus fat</em>.’ H’m! it -sounds odd.”</p> - -<p>“‘<em>A fat hippopotamus</em>’ does not sound wrong,” put in -Mr. Noun.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>57</span> -“Not wrong, of course,” answered Dr. Verb. “You -may mention a fat hippopotamus, if you like, or any other -animal, but unless you tell something about it you have not -made a sentence. Say that it <em>is</em>, or <em>has</em>, or <em>did</em> something, -if you want to make a sentence; like ‘a fat hippopotamus -is here;’ or ‘a hippopotamus has a fat body;’ or, ‘a hippopotamus -ate me up,’ or, ‘swam away,’ or something of that -sort. Then you will have some famous sentences, but you -will have had to use verbs to make them, for <em>is</em>, <em>has</em>, <em>ate</em>, -<em>swam</em>, are all verbs, for they are all words that speak of -<em>being</em>, <em>having</em>, or <em>doing</em>.”</p> - -<p>“How can we always find out if a word is a verb?” -asked Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“It is sure to be a verb if you can put a little <em>to</em> before -it,” answered Dr. Verb; “<em>to be</em>, <em>to have</em>, <em>to do</em>, <em>to eat</em>, <em>to -drink</em>, <em>to swim</em>, <em>to fly</em>, <em>to speak</em>, <em>to think</em>, <em>to run</em>, <em>to dance</em>, <em>to -play</em>, <em>to sing</em>, <em>to sleep</em>, <em>to wake</em>, <em>to laugh</em>, <em>to cry</em>, <em>to call</em>, <em>to -fall</em>;” and Dr. Verb stopped, quite out of breath.</p> - -<p>“That sounds very easy,” said Serjeant Parsing. “Let -me try it with the words that you said were verbs; <em>to is</em>, <em>to -has</em>, <em>to ate</em>, <em>to swam</em>.”</p> - -<p>“Stop, stop,” cried Dr. Verb; “not like that. You -must not put <em>to</em> before any part of the verb you like. -<em>Is</em> is part of the verb <em>to be</em>, <em>has</em> is part of the verb <em>to -have</em>.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>58</span> -“<em>Is</em>, part of the verb <em>to be</em>?” said Serjeant Parsing. -“What do you mean? why, the two words have not a -single letter alike.”</p> - -<p>“True; but still they mean the same sort of thing. -When a countryman says ‘he <em>be</em> a brave lad,’ he means the -same thing as ‘he <em>is</em> a brave lad;’ or when he says, ‘I <em>be</em> -too tired,’ he means, ‘I <em>am</em> too tired.’ <em>Is</em> and <em>am</em> ought -to be used according to the laws of Grammar-land instead -of <em>be</em>, but as they both express something about <em>being</em> they -are said to be parts of the verb <em>to be</em>. In the same way -<em>has</em> is part of the verb <em>to have</em>, <em>ate</em> is part of the verb <em>to eat</em>, -and <em>swam</em> is part of the verb -<a id="swim"></a><ins title="Original doesn't have quotation mark"><em>to swim</em>.”</ins></p> - -<p>“That is very learned, I daresay,” said Serjeant Parsing, -“but will you kindly tell us, Dr. Verb, how we are to -guess that <em>am</em>, or any other word that has neither a <em>b</em> nor -an <em>e</em> in it, is part of the verb <em>to be</em>?”</p> - -<p>“You cannot <em>guess</em>, of course,” retorted Dr. Verb, -sharply. “I never said you were to guess. You must -use your reason, to find out whether they have the same -sort of meaning. Or if you like it better, learn the song -that Mr. Pronoun and I have made up, to bring in all the -different parts of the verb.”</p> - -<p>“A song?” said Judge Grammar, in surprise. “I did -not know that you could sing, Dr. Verb; but let us hear -your song, by all means.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>59</span> -“If you will not interrupt me, my lord, I will give you -three verses of it,” answered Dr. Verb.</p> - -<p>“No, we will not interrupt,” said the Judge.</p> - -<p>So Dr. Verb began:—</p> - -<p class="center pt1">THE SONG OF THE VERB “TO BE.”</p> - -<p class="center pt1"><em>Present Tense.</em></p> - -<div class="column-2-container"> - <div class="column-2"> - <div class="column column4"> - <p class="noi">I am</p> - <p class="noi">Thou art</p> - <p class="noi">He is</p> - </div> - <div class="column column2"> - <p class="noi">We are</p> - <p class="noi">You are</p> - <p class="noi">They are</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p class="center clear-left pt2"><em>Past Tense.</em></p> - - <div class="column-2"> - <div class="column column4"> - <p class="noi">I was</p> - <p class="noi">Thou wast</p> - <p class="noi">He was</p> - </div> - <div class="column column1"> - <p class="noi">We were</p> - <p class="noi">You were</p> - <p class="noi">They were</p> - </div> - </div> - -<p class="center clear-left pt2"><em>Future Tense.</em></p> - - <div class="column-2"> - <div class="column column4"> - <p class="noi">I shall be</p> - <p class="noi">Thou wilt be</p> - <p class="noi">He will be</p> - </div> - <div class="column column1"> - <p class="noi">We shall be</p> - <p class="noi">You will be</p> - <p class="noi">They will be</p> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class="clear-left pt2">When he had finished, every one burst out laughing.</p> - -<p>“And you call that singing, do you, Dr. Verb?” said -the Judge.</p> - -<p>“Dr. Syntax, there, calls it <em>conjugating</em>, I believe,” said -Dr. Verb; “but I think <em>singing</em> is a prettier and easier -name for it.”</p> - -<p>“But it is not a song at all,” said the Judge, nearly -laughing again; “there is no tune in it, and no rhyme.”</p> - -<p>“It is the best that Pronoun and I could make alone,”<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>60</span> -said Dr. Verb, angrily. “But it can be easily made to -rhyme if the other Parts-of-Speech will help. Listen.</p> - -<p class="center pt1">PRESENT TENSE.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0"><em>I am</em> an Englishman merry and bold,</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>Thou art</em> a foreigner out in the cold,</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>He is</em> a beggar-man hungry and old;</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>We are</em> not happy to see you out there,</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>You are</em> too snug and warm ever to care,</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>They are</em> at home with us now, I declare.”</div> - </div> -</div></div> - -<p>“That will do,” interrupted the Judge; “we do not -want to hear any more to-day. Another day I shall want -to know what you mean by calling the verses <em>Present Tense</em>, -<em>Past Tense</em>, and <em>Future Tense</em>—why you have just six of -your words in each tense,—and whether other verbs can be -<em>conjugated</em> in the same way.”</p> - -<p>“I can answer at once that they can, my lord,” said -Dr. Verb. “Indeed, very few verbs change as much as -the verb <em>to be</em>, so that they are all easier to <em>conjugate</em>; as, -<em>I have</em>, <em>thou hast</em>, <em>he has</em>; <em>we have</em>, <em>you have</em>, <em>they have</em>. -<em>I live</em>, <em>thou livest</em>, <em>he lives</em>; <em>we live</em>, <em>you live</em>, <em>they live</em>.”</p> - -<p>“Enough for to-day, Dr. Verb,” interrupted the Judge -once more; “we will hear about them next time. Meanwhile, -as we shall have further examination of this verb <em>to -be</em>, I should like my friends in Schoolroom-shire to make -a copy of it, to bring with them. I shall also request them -to find out all the verbs in the following verses:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>61</span> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line outdent">“Sit to your task,” a father said,</div> - <div class="line indent0">“Nor play nor trifle, laugh nor talk,</div> - <div class="line indent0">And when your lesson well is read,</div> - <div class="line indent2">You all shall have a pleasant walk.”</div> - <div class="line indent0">He left the room, the boys sat still,</div> - <div class="line indent2">Each gravely bent upon his task,</div> - <div class="line indent0">But soon the youngest, little Will,</div> - <div class="line indent2">Of fun and nonsense chose to ask.</div> - <div class="line outdent">“My ball is lost,” the prattler cried,</div> - <div class="line indent0">“Have either of you seen my ball?”</div> - <div class="line outdent">“Pray mind your book,” young Charles replied.</div> - <div class="line indent0">“Your noisy words disturb us all.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>The court then rose.</p> - -<div class="figcenter width200" id="i_061"> - <img src="images/i_061.png" width="200" height="210" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>62</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap9-head"> - <img src="images/chap9-head.jpg" width="500" height="91" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="ix">CHAPTER IX.<br /> -<span>DR. VERB’S THREE TENSES AND NUMBER AND PERSON.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap9-dropn"> - <img src="images/chap9-dropn.jpg" width="200" height="312" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">TENSE OR TIME<br /> - TIME<br /> - FUTURE<br /> - PAST<br /> - PRESENT</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">“NOW, Dr. Verb,” said Judge -Grammar, the next day, “we -have well examined this that -you call your ‘Song of the -verb To be.’”</p> - -<p>“Conjugation, my lord, if -you like,” said Dr. Verb, bowing.</p> - -<p>“I <em>do</em> like, certainly,” replied -the Judge. “Conjugation -is a much better word -than <em>song</em>—longer and more -respectable, and in every way<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>63</span> -more suited to Grammar-land. Con-ju-ga-tion—this conjugation -of the verb ‘to be.’ We require you to explain it.”</p> - -<p>“With pleasure, my lord. You see, it is divided into -three verses.”</p> - -<p>“Verses!” exclaimed Serjeant Parsing. “You know it -is not to be called a song, Dr. Verb.”</p> - -<p>“Quite so, quite so,” said Dr. Verb, bowing again. -“Well, Tenses, then. It is divided into three tenses, the -Present Tense, the Past Tense, and the Future Tense, which -mean the present time, the past time, and the future time; -and your lordship knows that all time must be either present -time, or past time, or future time. Just as when you -are reading a book. There is the part you have read, that -is the past; the part you are going to read, that is the future; -and the part you are reading now, that is the present.”</p> - -<p>“We understand,” said Judge Grammar; “but pray explain -why you divide your <em>verbs</em> into these three parts.”</p> - -<p>“To show how my verbs change when they have to -mark the present, past, or future time. You see, the verb -‘to be’ takes <em>am</em> for the present, <em>was</em> for the past, and -adds on <em>will</em> or <em>shall</em> for the future. <em>I am</em> in the present -time talking to your lordship. I <em>was</em> in the past time -talking to your lordship. I <em>shall be</em> in the future time -talking to your lordship.”</p> - -<p>“Indeed, I hope not,” cried the Judge, putting his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>64</span> -hands to his ears. “Pray do not go on forever talking -to me. I have heard quite enough of your voice already. -Step back, and allow Mr. Pronoun to take your place, and -explain the rest of the conjugation to us.”</p> - -<p>“Allow me to say one thing more,” said Dr. Verb. -“Please, Mr. Parsing, whenever you see a <em>will</em> or <em>shall</em>, or -any other little verb put in to show the time, will you -remember that it is only a little helping verb, used to -make up the tense of some other verb, and therefore to be -counted in with that, and not taken alone.”</p> - -<p>“Just give an example of what you mean,” said Serjeant -Parsing; “I do not quite understand.”</p> - -<p>“I mean to say that when you see ‘he will go,’ you must -take <em>will go</em> as part of the verb <em>to go</em>; and when you see -<em>am coming</em>, <em>was dancing</em>, <em>has eaten</em>, <em>had fought</em>, you must -take them as parts of the verbs to come, to dance, to -eat, to fight. The first words, <em>am</em>, <em>was</em>, <em>has</em>, <em>had</em>, are very -good and respectable words by themselves, of course; but -when they are used with another verb, they are never offended -if you just take them as part of that other verb.”</p> - -<p>“Thank you. I will remember,” said Serjeant Parsing, -laughing. “Now please to stand back, and allow Mr. Pronoun -to answer.—Mr. Pronoun, pray why do you use these -particular six words, <em>I</em>, <em>thou</em>, <em>he</em>, <em>we</em>, <em>you</em>, and <em>they</em>, to make -up Dr. Verb’s tenses?”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>65</span> -“I use <em>I</em> and <em>we</em>,” answered Pronoun, “to stand for the -first person; <em>thou</em> and <em>you</em> to stand for the second person; -and <em>he</em> and <em>they</em> to stand for the third person.”</p> - -<p>“What do you mean by the first person?” asked Serjeant -Parsing.</p> - -<p>“My lord,” answered Mr. Pronoun, turning to Judge -Grammar, “may I ask you who is the first person in Grammar-land?”</p> - -<p>“<em>I</em> am, of course,” answered the Judge.</p> - -<p>“That is what I find all my friends answer,” said Pronoun. -“When I ask them who is the most important, the -first person in the world to them, they say <em>I</em> am; so my -little <em>I</em> stands for the person who is speaking about himself, -and I call it the <em>first</em> person.”</p> - -<p>“Then who is the <em>second</em> person?” asked the Judge.</p> - -<p>“<em>You</em> are, my lord,” answered Pronoun, bowing politely.</p> - -<p>“You said just now that <em>I</em> was the <em>first</em> person,” said the -Judge.</p> - -<p>“Yes, my lord,” replied Mr. Pronoun, putting his hand -on his breast; “<em>I</em> first, and <em>you</em> second.”</p> - -<p>“But it ought to be <em>I</em> first, and <em>you</em> second,” said the -Judge, angrily.</p> - -<p>“That is exactly what I said, my lord,” repeated Pronoun. -“<em>I</em> first, and <em>you</em> second.”</p> - -<p>The Judge was getting so angry, that Pronoun’s friends<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>66</span> -began to tremble for his head, when suddenly Dr. Syntax -rose and said: “The first person is always the person -speaking, and the second is the person spoken to. Let -every one in the court say, ‘<em>I</em> am the first,’ and we shall -all be right, and all satisfied.”</p> - -<p>“<em>I</em> first, <em>we</em> first,” they all shouted; “and <em>you</em>, <em>you</em>, <em>you</em>, -only the second.”</p> - -<p>The noise was tremendous, and the Judge, finding -himself only one against a number, thought he had better -turn the subject; and clapping his hands loudly, to call -for silence, he called out:</p> - -<p>“But if we are all firsts and seconds, pray where is the -third person to go?”</p> - -<p>“Oh, the third person,” said Pronoun, contemptuously, -“is only the one we are talking about. He may not be -here, so it cannot matter if we call him only the third person.”</p> - -<p>“And what is the use of your having pronouns to stand -for all these three persons in Dr. Verb’s tenses?” asked -Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“Dr. Verb and I agree together to alter our words according -to the person they represent,” said Mr. Pronoun. -“When my pronoun is in the first person, Dr. Verb has to -make his verb in the first person too. He has to say <em>am</em> -when I have put <em>I</em>, and <em>are</em> when I have put <em>we</em>. <em>I is</em>, or -<em>we art</em>, would make Dr. Syntax there very angry.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>67</span> -“And he would be rightly angry,” replied the Judge. -“You know that very well.”</p> - -<p>“Oh, I am not complaining, my lord,” answered Pronoun; -“I was merely stating a fact. Of course I am rather -pleased than otherwise that Dr. Verb should have to alter -his words to make them agree with mine. My pronouns -show the person (that is why, you know, they are called -personal pronouns), and then Dr. Verb has to make his -words agree with them.”</p> - -<p>“Very fine!” remarked Serjeant Parsing, “But tell us, -Mr. Pronoun, why, when there are only three different -persons, you should have six different pronouns in each -tense?”</p> - -<p>“Three of them are for the singular number, standing for -only one—<em>I</em>, <em>thou</em>, <em>he</em>,” replied Pronoun; “and the other -three are for the plural number, standing for as many as -you like—<em>we</em>, <em>you</em>, and <em>they</em>.”</p> - -<p>“Singular number only one, <em>I</em>, <em>thou</em>, <em>he</em>; plural number -more than one, <em>we</em>, <em>you</em>, <em>they</em>;—that is it, is it not, Mr. Pronoun?” -asked Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“Yes, sir,” replied Pronoun, “that is it exactly; I could -not have explained it better myself. And whatever number -the pronoun is, that the verb must be also.”</p> - -<p>“You mean that when the pronoun only stands for one -thing or person, then both it and the verb that comes after<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>68</span> -it are said to be in the singular number: is it not so?” said -Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“Quite so, Mr. Parsing,” said Pronoun, delighted; “the -verb has to agree with the pronoun in number, just as it has -to do in person. If my pronoun stands for only one, then it -and the verb are called singular number; but if my pronoun -stands for more than one thing, then it and the verb are said -to be in the plural number. You quite understand me, I -see, my dear Mr. Parsing, and I am sure you will take care -to see that the verb always agrees with me in number and -person.”</p> - -<p>“Whenever it is proper that it should,” replied Serjeant -Parsing, gravely.</p> - -<p>“But it ought always to agree with my words when we -are conjugating a verb together,” said Pronoun, eagerly; -“that is the very reason why it is useful to conjugate verbs. -In every tense you have the first person, second person, and -third person in the singular number; and the first person, -second person, and third person in the plural number; and -then you see how the verb alters each time to agree with -the pronoun.”</p> - -<p>“It does not alter every time,” put in Dr. Verb; “in -some tenses it hardly alters at all. Just listen,—‘I had, -thou hadst, he had, we had, you had, they had; I lived, -thou livedst, he lived, we lived, you lived, they lived; I<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>69</span> -sang, thou sangest, he sang, we sang, you sang, they sang; -I rang, thou rangest, he rang, we rang, you rang, they -rang.’”</p> - -<p>“That will do, that will do, Dr. Verb,” cried the Judge. -“We have had your talking in the past tense, we do not -want it in the present tense, and if we should happen to -require it in the future tense, we will let you know another -time. Instead of talking here, you had much better go to -Schoolroom-shire, and help the people there to write out the -present, past, and future tenses of the verbs you have mentioned—<em>to -have</em>, <em>to live</em>, <em>to sing</em>, <em>to ring</em>; and show them -how the words alter, not only to mark the different times, -but to agree with Mr. Pronoun’s words in number and -person.”</p> - -<p>“I shall be most happy, my lord,” said Dr. Verb; “but -Mr. Pronoun must come too, to help me.”</p> - -<p>“With great pleasure, my dear Doctor,” said Mr. Pronoun, -gaily: “there is no one in Grammar-land I can -work with so easily as you, because you agree with me so -beautifully.”</p> - -<p>Then, bowing to the Judge, he and Dr. Verb walked out -of the court, arm-in-arm, humming the present tense of the -verb <em>to be</em>, and the Schoolroom-shire people, with their help, -easily wrote out the four verbs mentioned,—<em>to have</em>, <em>to live</em>, -<em>to sing</em>, and <em>to ring</em>.</p> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>70</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap10-head"> - <img src="images/chap10-head.jpg" width="500" height="114" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="x">CHAPTER X.<br /> -<span>SERJEANT PARSING IN SCHOOLROOM-SHIRE AGAIN.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap10-dropb"> - <img src="images/chap10-dropb.jpg" width="200" height="294" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">A · GOOD ♥<br /> - IS · BETTER<br /> - THAN · RICHES</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">Before the court met again, -Serjeant Parsing paid another -visit to Schoolroom-shire.</p> - -<p class="noi">“MY dear young friends,” -he said, “will you kindly get -your slates, and divide them -into four parts, writing at the -top of each part, the name -of Mr. Noun, Mr. Pronoun, -Mr. Adjective, and Dr. Verb. -Then cut off two corners -somewhere, for little ragged -Article and Interjection. -Then listen to the following story, and when any word that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>71</span> -you know is read out, give a mark to the Part-of-Speech to -whom it belongs. If you come to an adjective-pronoun, -of course you must put a little man astride between Mr. -Pronoun’s ground and Mr. Adjective’s; and whenever -you come to a verb, please to say whether it is in the -present, past, or future tense. When you have done, we -will count up, and see which Part-of-Speech has gained -the most marks.</p> - -<p>“This is the story:—</p> - -<p class="center pt1">“THE TWO NEIGHBOURS.</p> - -<p>“A man lived by his labour; and as he had strong arms -and a brave heart, he supported, easily, his wife, his little -children, and himself.</p> - -<p>“But a famine came upon the land, and work failed.</p> - -<p>“The man spent all the money which he had saved, -until he had not a penny to buy food for his children.</p> - -<p>“Then he went to a rich neighbour, and said: ‘My little -children are crying for food, and I have no bread to give -them. Help me.’</p> - -<p>“And the rich man said:—</p> - -<p>“‘I am a just man; I always pay my debts; but I owe -you no money. Go! I cannot give you charity.’</p> - -<p>“Then the poor man went to another neighbour, almost -as poor as himself.</p> - -<p>“‘Give me food for my little children,’ he said.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>72</span> -“‘Brother,’ said the poorer neighbour, ‘we have not much -ourselves, but you shall share with us as long as a crust of -bread remains.’</p> - -<p>“Then they divided between them the little food that -was left, and that food lasted until the hard times had -passed.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter width400" id="i_072"> - <img src="images/i_072.png" width="400" height="137" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>73</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap11-head"> - <img src="images/chap11-head.jpg" width="500" height="93" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="xi">CHAPTER XI.<br /> -<span>THE NOMINATIVE CASE.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap11-dropt"> - <img src="images/chap11-dropt.jpg" width="200" height="294" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">THE<br /> - NOMINATIVE<br /> - CASE<br /> - THE·STAG·RUNS</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">THE next day, Dr. Verb came -bustling into the court, looking -very cross, and calling out -loudly for justice.</p> - -<p>“What is the matter?” -asked the Judge; “state your -case quietly.”</p> - -<p>“It is not <em>my</em> case, it is -Pronoun’s case, that is the -matter,” answered Dr. Verb; -“though I do not say it is his -fault. We should get on very -well if people would only mind their own business.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>74</span> -“If you will not tell me the state of the case clearly, I -cannot help you,” said the Judge.</p> - -<p>“Well, my lord, if you will listen for a minute, I will try -to explain it, so that every one can understand. As you -know very well, I am constantly agreeing with Mr. Pronoun. -I showed you how I alter to suit his number and -person, and it is only fair that he should alter sometimes to -suit me. I only agree with him when he is in the ‘Nominative -Case.’”</p> - -<p>At the words “Nominative Case” there was a real cry -of horror from nearly every one in court. You might have -thought they had all turned into interjections, they made -such a fuss.</p> - -<p>“Nominative Case!” cried Noun; “shame, shame!”</p> - -<p>“Shameful! awful! shocking!” cried Adjective.</p> - -<p>“Fie! fie! fie!” cried Interjection, and turned three -times over head and heels.</p> - -<p>“Pray do not use such words, Dr. Verb,” said Judge -Grammar, “but tell us what you mean.”</p> - -<p>“Really, my lord,” said Dr. Verb, “I did not mean any -harm. Nominative is not such a <em>very</em> long word, that people -should make such a fuss about it. I am sure the ladies and -gentlemen of the jury will not be angry at my using it.”</p> - -<p>“That depends on how you explain it,” said the Judge; -“What does it mean?”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>75</span> -“It means the person or thing that <em>is</em> or <em>does</em> whatever -my verb says about him. <em>The cat purrs</em>. It is the <em>cat</em> -that does what the verb mentions. You have only to put -‘who’ before the verb in any sentence, and the answer -will give you the Nominative. ‘Who purrs?’ The answer -is the <em>cat</em>, so <em>cat</em> is the nominative to the verb <em>purrs</em>. That -is the way that <em>I</em> find out whom I am to make my verb -agree with.”</p> - -<p>“Is that <em>your</em> way, Brother Parsing?” asked the -Judge.</p> - -<p>“Yes, my lord,” answered Serjeant Parsing, “that is -my way, and therefore, of course, it is the best way. My -way is always the best way. Now there is a sentence -all ready for you: <em>My way is always the best way.</em> I’ll -find the nominative before you can dot an <em>i</em>. ‘<em>What</em> is -always the best way?’ Answer, <em>my way</em> is always the best -way;—so <em>my way</em> is the Nominative.”</p> - -<p>“But you asked ‘what?’ not ‘who?’ there, Brother -Parsing,” remarked the Judge.</p> - -<p>“Because <em>way</em> is a thing, not a person, my lord. When -we are talking of a thing, then we ask ‘what?’ instead of -‘who?’ If you said ‘the pudding is boiling in the pot,’ I -should say ‘<em>what</em> is boiling?’ not ‘<em>who</em> is boiling?’ for I -should hope you would not be boiling a <em>person</em> in a pot, -unless you were the giant in Jack and the Beanstalk.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>76</span> -“Fi! fo! fum!” said Interjection, standing on his head, -and clapping his heels together.</p> - -<p>“Silence, sir!” cried the Judge. “Brother Parsing, -please not to talk about giants till we have done with the -Nominative Case. Has any gentleman anything more to -explain about it?”</p> - -<p>“Please, my lord,” said Pronoun, “Dr. Verb complains -that he has to agree with me when I am in the Nominative -Case. But he has to agree with Mr. Noun just as much. -It is no matter what part of speech stands as the Nominative -in a sentence, Dr. Verb must agree with it; so he need -not grumble at me more than at any one else.”</p> - -<p>“I am not grumbling at you——,” Dr. Verb began.</p> - -<p>“Wait a minute, Dr. Verb,” interrupted the Judge; “let -us first fully understand this case. You say there is a verb -in every sentence?”</p> - -<p>“Certainly, my lord,” said Verb.</p> - -<p>“And there is a Nominative in every sentence?”</p> - -<p>“Exactly so, my lord,” answered Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“And this Nominative may be a noun or a pronoun?” -continued the Judge.</p> - -<p>“It may, my lord,” chimed in both Mr. Noun and Mr. -Pronoun.</p> - -<p>“And this verb must agree with this Nominative, whether -it likes or not?” asked the Judge.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>77</span> -At that question Dr. Syntax suddenly started up like a -jack-in-the-box, and standing bolt upright, said, “A verb -must agree with its Nominative case in number and person. -A verb must agree with its Nominative case in number and -person;” and then sank down again.</p> - -<p>“Ah!” said the Judge. “Very good. So you see, Dr. -Verb, when you have a sentence like ‘ducks swim in ponds,’ -you are first to find your own word swim, then to put <em>who</em> -or <em>what</em> before it—‘who swim?’ or ‘what swim?’ The answer -will be <em>ducks</em>, the Nominative. Then you are to be sure -that the verb agrees with it. You must say ‘ducks swim,’ -not ‘ducks swims;’ and as ducks is the third person and -plural number, swim will be third person and plural number -too.”</p> - -<p>“Please, my lord,” said Pronoun, “when I am Nominative -you need very seldom take the trouble to ask any question -to find out the Nominative, for most of my words show at -once what they are in. <em>I</em>, <em>thou</em>, <em>he</em>, <em>she</em>, <em>we</em>, and <em>they</em> will -never allow themselves to be used except as Nominatives. -They were born Nominatives, they say, and will not degrade -themselves by being anything else. They are rather angry -with <em>you</em> for letting people use <em>him</em> in any way they like, but -he is a good-natured little fellow, and does not mind any -more about the case than he does about being called singular -when he is really plural. But <em>I</em>, <em>thou</em>, <em>he</em>, <em>she</em>, <em>we</em>, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>78</span> -<em>they</em>, are exceedingly particular, and always are and will be -Nominatives, so you need not ask any question when you -see one of them in a sentence.”</p> - -<p>“You may just as well make it a rule to ask ‘who?’ or -‘what?’ in every sentence, to find the Nominative,” said -Serjeant Parsing. “It is such an easy way of finding the -case that a baby in arms could understand it.”</p> - -<p>“Tut! tut! tut! tut!” laughed Interjection again.</p> - -<p>“Oh! be quiet, do!” said Serjeant Parsing; “and, my -lord, if the ladies and gentlemen of Schoolroom-shire like to -find out the Nominatives in these verses——”</p> - -<p>“Yes,” said the Judge; “hand them up, brother. No, -do not begin again, Dr. Verb; no more complaints to-day. -And remember, friends, that in these lines every verb must -have a Nominative, unless there is a little <em>to</em> before the -verb. Then it has none—it does not agree with anything. -And remember, too, that every noun or pronoun that is -in the Nominative case is to get an extra mark on your -slates. I wish you good-morning, gentlemen.”</p> - -<p>So saying, the Judge rose. The verses were handed to -the people of Schoolroom-shire, and the court was cleared.</p> - -<p class="center pt1">SERJEANT PARSING’S VERSES.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">The hen guards well her little chicks,</div> - <div class="line indent2">The useful cow is meek;</div> - <div class="line indent0">The beaver builds with mud and sticks,</div> - <div class="line indent2">The lapwing loves to squeak.</div><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>79</span> - </div> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">In Germany they hunt the boar,</div> - <div class="line indent2">The bee brings honey home;</div> - <div class="line indent0">The ant lays up a winter store,</div> - <div class="line indent2">The bear loves honeycomb.</div> - </div> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">I lost my poor little doll, dears,</div> - <div class="line indent2">As I played on the heath one day;</div> - <div class="line indent0">And I cried for her more than a week, dears,</div> - <div class="line indent2">But I never could find where she lay.</div> - </div> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">The maidens laughed, the children played,</div> - <div class="line indent2">The boys cut many capers,</div> - <div class="line indent0">While aunt was lecturing the maid,</div> - <div class="line indent2">And uncle read the papers.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width200" id="i_079"> - <img src="images/i_079.png" width="200" height="128" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>80</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap12-head"> - <img src="images/chap12-head.jpg" width="500" height="96" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="xii">CHAPTER XII.<br /> -<span>ADVERB.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap12-dropn"> - <img src="images/chap12-dropn.jpg" width="200" height="307" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">LUCY READS<br /> - VERY OFTEN<br /> - ADVERB</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">“NOW DR. VERB,” said Judge Grammar, -next day, “I am ready -to hear what is your great -complaint against Pronoun.”</p> - -<p>“Why, my lord, when he -is in the Objective Case——”</p> - -<p>“I object, I object!” exclaimed -the Judge, while a -general murmur of disapproval -ran through the court. “No, -no, we have had enough with -the Nominative Case; we will -not have another case brought -in. You ought to be ashamed of yourself, sir, to keep us<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>81</span> -listening to your nonsense about an Objective case, while -your devoted friend Adverb is waiting to be heard. Sit -down, and let Adverb speak.”</p> - -<p>“Devoted friend!” muttered Dr. Verb, as he obeyed. -“I am sure I often wish he would leave me alone. He -sticks on to me so tight sometimes, that we look like one -instead of two, and he is a good weight to carry. Besides, -he is always teasing by asking <em>why</em>, and <em>when</em>, and <em>how</em> -everything is done. Friend, indeed!”</p> - -<p>But Adverb did not hear what Dr. Verb was muttering. -He came forward, bowing politely, and rubbing his hands -together, as if he were washing them.</p> - -<p>“<em>Very much</em> obliged, indeed,” he said, smoothly; “<em>very</em> -kind of my friend Dr. Verb to give way to me! <em>So</em> like -him!”</p> - -<p>“You seem to be fonder of him than he is of you,” -remarked the Judge. “Pray, why do you follow him so -closely?”</p> - -<p>“I like to hear what he says, and to point out to others -<em>how exceedingly well</em> he speaks,” answered Adverb.</p> - -<p>“He is always exaggerating my words,” grumbled Dr. -Verb. “If I say I like anything, Adverb puts in <em>very much -indeed</em> or <em>extremely well</em>, or some such silly words; or, if he -is in a bad temper, then he flatly contradicts me, and says, -<em>no</em>, or <em>not</em>, or <em>never</em>. If I say <em>will</em>, he adds <em>not</em>, and makes<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>82</span> -it <em>will not</em>; if I say <em>can</em>, he makes it <em>cannot</em>, even sticking -his word on to mine as if it were part of it. Sometimes -he does worse. He actually dares to alter my word after -he has stuck his tail on to it, and so he makes <em>will not</em> into -<em>won’t</em>, <em>cannot</em> into <em>can’t</em>, <em>shall not</em> into <em>sha’n’t</em>, and so on. -The <em>wo’</em>, and <em>ca’</em>, and <em>sha’</em>, is all he has left me, and the <em>n’t</em> -is his.”</p> - -<p>“Has he always treated you in this way?” asked the Judge.</p> - -<p>“As long as I can remember, my lord,” answered Dr. -Verb. “That is why, when we were at school together, -the boys called him <em>Adverb</em>, because he was always <em>adding</em> -his words on to mine. And he has kept the name ever -since.”</p> - -<p>“Your lordship must remember,” remarked Adverb, in a -mild tone, still rubbing his hands very smoothly together, -“that Dr. Verb is <em>rather</em> out of temper this morning, and -is, <em>perhaps</em>, <em>not quite</em> just. For <em>indeed</em> it is a fact that I -make his words <em>much more</em> useful than they <em>otherwise</em> would -be. Besides, I treat Mr. Adjective in <em>much</em> the same way, -and he does not complain.”</p> - -<p>“It is quite true,” remarked Adjective, coming forward, -delighted to get a chance of using his tongue; “it is quite -true that Adverb has his word to say about me, just as -much as about Dr. Verb. He is always putting <em>very</em>, <em>quite</em>, -<em>more</em>, <em>most</em>, and words of that sort, before my adjectives, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>83</span> -exaggerating them: as, <em>very</em> beautiful, <em>quite</em> charming, <em>more</em> -obstinate, <em>most</em> provoking, and I do not complain of him for -that. But one thing I do complain of, my lord, and that -is, that Adverb will take my words, right good adjectives, -stick a <em>ly</em> on to them, and call them his adverbs. For -instance, he takes <em>bright</em>, puts <em>ly</em> to it, and makes it -<em>brightly</em>; he takes <em>bad</em>, and makes it <em>badly</em>; <em>nice</em>, and -makes it <em>nicely</em>; <em>beautiful</em>, and makes it <em>beautifully</em>.”</p> - -<p>Judge Grammar at this held up his forefinger, and solemnly -shook his head, till he nearly shook his wig off.</p> - -<p>“Mr. Adjective, Mr. Adjective!” he said, “I am surprised -at you. You complain of Adverb for doing the very -thing that you do yourself. We all know that you keep -your pockets full of tails ready to stick on to your neighbours’ -words—<em>ful</em>, <em>ous</em>, <em>able</em>, <em>like</em>, <em>ly</em>, and plenty more, and -you use them as often as you can with other people’s -words. But when Adverb uses his one little <em>ly</em> with <em>your</em> -words, then you are up in arms directly. And yet you -know very well that according to the laws of Grammar-land -every Part-of-Speech may make as many new words out of -old ones as he likes, and is to be praised, not blamed, for -it. Adverb may put his <em>ly</em> on to as many of your words -as he can, and you have no right to find fault. I wonder -at both you and Dr. Verb. You ought to agree with Adverb -better.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>84</span> -“We none of us agree with him,” remarked Pronoun, -“nor he with us.”</p> - -<p>“He certainly has no number, or person, or case,” replied -the Judge; “but he is none the worse for that. He -gives Serjeant Parsing less trouble than some of you. What -did you say about asking questions, Adverb?”</p> - -<p>“I teach the game of <em>how</em>, <em>when</em>, and <em>where</em>,” replied -Adverb; “<em>how</em>, <em>when</em>, and <em>where</em>, are all my words, and so -are the answers to them.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0"> - <a id="How"></a><ins title="Original does not have italic"><em>How</em></ins> do you like it? pray you tell?</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>Not too much</em>, <em>extremely well</em>.</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>When</em> do you like it, tell me <em>when</em>?</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>To-day</em>, <em>to-morrow</em>, <em>now</em>, and <em>then</em>.</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>Where</em> do you like it, answer fair?</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>Here</em> and <em>there</em> and <em>everywhere</em>.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">All these words that answer <em>how</em>, <em>when</em>, and <em>where</em>, are -mine,” continued Adverb, “and so are the forfeit words -<em>yes</em>, <em>no</em>, or <em>nay</em>.”</p> - -<p>“Ah! but <em>black</em>, <em>white</em>, and <em>grey</em> are mine,” said Adjective, -interrupting; “and please, your lordship, you were -mistaken in saying that Adverb has only one tail, <em>ly</em>, to put -on to other people’s words. What do you think of <em>upwards</em>, -<em>downwards</em>, <em>homeward</em>, <em>forward</em>?”</p> - -<p>“Yes, they are certainly adverbs,” said the Judge, “and -you might say that <em>wards</em> and <em>ward</em> are the tails he has -added on to <em>up</em>, <em>down</em>, <em>home</em>, <em>for</em>; but these words are -not yours, Mr. Adjective, so you have no right to interfere.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>85</span> -“Well, my lord,” replied Adjective, “at any rate I -have a right to speak about <em>once</em>, <em>twice</em>, <em>thrice</em>, for Adverb -has stolen them from my <em>one</em>, <em>two</em>, <em>three</em>.”</p> - -<p>“<em>Once</em>, <em>twice</em>, <em>thrice</em>,” repeated the Judge; “is that -all?”</p> - -<p>“He has not got a word for four times,” answered -Adjective; “<em>once</em>, <em>twice</em>, <em>thrice</em>, and <em>away</em>, is all that he can -say.”</p> - -<p>“Then I think,” said the Judge, “that you ought to be -ashamed to grudge them to him, when you have <em>one</em>, <em>two</em>, -<em>three</em>, and as many more as you can count; besides <em>first</em>, -<em>second</em>, <em>third</em>, <em>fourth</em>, and all that list. I do not like -such greedy ways, and as a punishment, I order you to -hand up a list of adjectives to be turned into adverbs. -Our friends may take them to Schoolroom-shire and put -a <em>ly</em> to each of them; then they will be adverbs, and -will answer to one of Adverb’s questions, <em>how</em>, <em>when</em>, -or <em>where</em>.”</p> - -<p>This is the list Mr. Adjective made out.</p> - -<div class="column-3-container"> - <div class="column-3"> - <div class="column column1"> - <p class="noi mb0">quick</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">bright</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">soft</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">strong</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">distinct</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">clear</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">neat</p> - <p class="noi mt0">sharp</p> - </div> - <div class="column column1"> - <p class="noi mb0">sudden</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">late</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">punctual</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">regular</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">sly</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">cunning</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">false</p> - <p class="noi mt0">true</p> - </div> - <div class="column column1"> - <p class="noi mb0">pretty</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">dainty</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">funny</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">free</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">happy</p> - <p class="noi mt0 mb0">awful</p> - </div> - </div> -</div> -<div class="mt3 clear-left"> </div> - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>86</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap13-head"> - <img src="images/chap13-head.jpg" width="500" height="93" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="xiii">CHAPTER XIII.<br /> -<span>PREPOSITION.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap13-dropt"> - <img src="images/chap13-dropt.jpg" width="200" height="323" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">UP<br /> - A - LADDER<br /> - DOWN - THE - HILL<br /> - PREPOSITIONS·</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">“<em>TO</em>, <em>from</em>, <em>of</em>, <em>for</em>, <em>over</em>, <em>under</em>, <em>on</em>, -<em>near</em>, <em>at</em>, <em>by</em>, <em>in</em>, <em>among</em>, <em>before</em>, -<em>behind</em>, <em>up</em>, <em>down</em>—— Pray, -who is the owner of all these -little creatures?” said Judge -Grammar, the next day. “Mr. -Noun, are they yours?”</p> - -<p>“No, indeed, my lord,” -answered Mr. Noun, “they -are not the names of any one -or anything that I ever heard -of.”</p> - -<p>“Dr. Verb, are they yours?”</p> - -<p>“I should not object to having them, my lord,”<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>87</span> -answered Dr. Verb, “if I could do anything with them; -but they seem to me neither <em>to be</em> nor <em>to do</em>, nor <em>to suffer</em> -any——”</p> - -<p>“That will do,” interrupted the Judge, afraid that Dr. -Verb was beginning one of his long speeches. “Mr. Adjective, -do you claim them?”</p> - -<p>“They do not qualify anything, my lord,” answered -Adjective; “indeed, they seem to me <em>poor</em>, <em>useless</em>, <em>silly</em>, -<em>little</em>——”</p> - -<p>“We do not want you to qualify them, thank you,” said -the Judge, “but to tell us if they are yours. Article, we -know, has only <em>a</em> or <em>an</em> and <em>the</em>, so they cannot be his. -Mr. Pronoun, do they belong to you?”</p> - -<p>“No, my lord,” answered Pronoun. “As Mr. Noun has -nothing to say to them, neither have I. They do not stand -instead of any name.”</p> - -<p>“Well,” said the Judge, “we know they do not belong -to that tiresome little Interjection. Are they yours, -Adverb?”</p> - -<p>“I should be <em>extremely</em> glad to have them, my lord,” -answered Adverb, smoothly washing his hands, as usual. -“I have no doubt I could make them <em>exceedingly</em> -useful——”</p> - -<p>“That is not what I asked,” said the Judge; “are they -yours?”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>88</span> -“I cannot say they are <em>exactly</em> mine,” said Adverb; -“but——”</p> - -<p>“That is all we want to know,” interrupted the Judge. -Then raising his voice, he continued: “If there is any one -in this court to whom these words, ‘to, from, of, for,’ -<abbr class="roman" title="etcetera">etc.</abbr>, -do belong, let him come forward.”</p> - -<p>At these words, a sharp, dapper little fellow stepped -forward, and looking around the court with a triumphant -air, exclaimed, “They belong to me.”</p> - -<p>“And who are you?”</p> - -<p>“Preposition, my lord. My position is just before a noun -or pronoun. My words point out to them their proper -position. I keep them in order.”</p> - -<p>“You keep them in order?” said Judge Grammar, looking -down at him through his spectacles; “how can a little mite -like you keep Mr. Noun in order?”</p> - -<p>“Little or big, my lord, that’s what I do,” said Preposition. -“I settle the position of every one and every thing, -and show whether they are to be <em>on</em> or <em>under</em>, <em>to</em> or <em>from</em>, <em>up</em> -or <em>down</em>.”</p> - -<p>“<em>Kindly</em> forgive me for interrupting you,” said Adverb, -coming forward. “I <em>really</em> must remark that <em>up</em> and <em>down</em> -are my words.”</p> - -<p>“How do you make out that?” asked the Judge.</p> - -<p>“I will show you <em>directly</em>, my lord,” answered Adverb.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>89</span> -“By the help of my questions <em>how</em>, <em>when</em>, and <em>where</em>, which, -you know, I alone can answer. If you say, ‘sit up,’ I ask, -‘<em>how</em> am I to sit?’ The answer is, ‘<em>up</em>.’ ‘Lie down;’ -‘<em>how</em> am I to lie?’ The answer is, ‘<em>down</em>.’ <em>Up</em> and <em>down</em>, -therefore, answer to my question <em>how</em>, and are mine.”</p> - -<p>“Stop a minute,” said Preposition. “I also can answer -to your favourite questions <em>how</em>, <em>when</em>, and <em>where</em>. Listen:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0"><em>How</em> do you like it? tell me true.</div> - <div class="line indent0">Made <em>of</em> sugar, dressed <em>in</em> blue.</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>When</em> do you like it? answer me.</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>At</em> my dinner; <em>after</em> tea.</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>Where</em> do you like it? say, if you’re able.</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>On</em> my lap or <em>under</em> the table?”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>“<em>Really</em>,” said Adverb, smiling politely, “that is <em>very -cleverly</em> done. But allow me to make <em>just</em> one remark. -You have not answered one single question without the -help of some other part of speech. Mr. Noun has helped -you with ‘sugar,’ ‘dinner,’ ‘tea,’ ‘lap,’ ‘table;’ Mr. Adjective -lent you ‘blue;’ Mr. Pronoun, ‘my;’ and so on. Now -I, without any help, answer the questions quite alone.”</p> - -<p>“You cannot expect a little fellow like me to stand quite -alone,” said Preposition; “I don’t pretend to do it. I -told you at first that my right position is before a noun -or pronoun, or some such word. All I mean is that I -help to answer the questions, and that neither Mr. Noun -nor Mr. Pronoun could answer them without me.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>90</span> -“Is that true, Brother Parsing?” asked the Judge.</p> - -<p>“Quite true, my lord,” answered the learned Serjeant. -“When I find the questions ‘how?’ ‘when?’ or ‘where?’ -answered by one word alone, I put that word down to -Adverb. But when I find them answered by Mr. Noun or -Mr. Pronoun, helped by another little word, then I know -that that other little word belongs to Preposition.”</p> - -<p>“Yes, my lord,” continued Preposition; “so if you say -‘<em>up</em> a ladder’ or ‘<em>down</em> a hill,’ <em>up</em> and <em>down</em> are mine; they -show your position on the ladder or the hill; they are the -little prepositions put before Mr. Noun’s words <em>ladder</em> and -<em>hill</em>. But, of course, if you were to ask how I am to step -<em>up</em> or <em>down</em>? then Adverb could call up and down <em>adverbs</em>, -because they are added on to the verb ‘step,’ and they have -nothing to do with a noun or a pronoun.”</p> - -<p>“<em>Precisely</em>,” said Adverb; “my friend Preposition is <em>perfectly</em> -correct. I <em>immensely</em> admire my young friend, although -he does not move in <em>quite so</em> select a circle as myself.”</p> - -<p>“Don’t I?” said Preposition, with a knowing little nod.</p> - -<p>“I think Mr. Noun quite as good company as Dr. Verb, -any day. Besides, even grand Dr. Verb is glad enough to -have my little <em>to</em> to put before his verbs. When he makes -up his ‘songs,’ as he calls them, he always puts my little <em>to</em> -before the name at the top. He is glad enough to have -it to point out his verbs, and does not despise me at all,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>91</span> -though I do not stick on to him like a leech, as some -people do;” and Preposition nodded his head very fast a -great many times at Adverb.</p> - -<p>“Dr. Verb does not agree with you, though,” remarked -Pronoun, quietly.</p> - -<p>“No,” said Preposition, “I do not alter for him, nor he -for me. But he does not agree with Adverb either. Poor -Adverb agrees with nobody, and nobody agrees with him; -and he, poor fellow! cannot govern anybody, either. Now -I govern every noun or pronoun that I come before, for I -put them in the Objective Case.”</p> - -<p>“I object,” cried the Judge. “I will not have that word -brought into court. I said so before, and I say so again. -Nominative Case is bad enough, but Objective Case is -enough to turn a brown wig grey in a single night. Break -up the court! Critics, clear the room!”</p> - -<p>And Judge Grammar rose hastily from his seat, and -stalked angrily out, while all the Parts-of-Speech stood -looking speechlessly at each other till the policemen came, -bundled them all out, and locked the doors behind them.</p> - -<p>In spite of the hurry, however, Serjeant Parsing managed -to hand up to the people of Schoolroom-shire the following -verses, begging the ladies and gentlemen there to find out -all the prepositions in them, and to count how many lines -there are in which Preposition has nothing to say.</p> - -<p class="center pt3"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>92</span> -THE FAIRY-RING.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">Beside a bluebell on the heath,</div> - <div class="line indent2">Among the purple heather,</div> - <div class="line indent0">A fairy lived, and crept beneath</div> - <div class="line indent2">The leaves in windy weather.</div> - </div> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">She drank the dewdrops from the stalk,</div> - <div class="line indent2"><a id="She"></a><ins title="Original has 'See'">She</ins> peeped into the flower;</div> - <div class="line indent0">And then she went to take a walk,</div> - <div class="line indent2">Or ride for half-an-hour.</div> - </div> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">She rode upon a cricket’s back,</div> - <div class="line indent2">She came before the Queen,</div> - <div class="line indent0">The fairy Queen, with all her court,</div> - <div class="line indent2">Within the forest green.</div> - </div> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">They had a dance upon the grass,</div> - <div class="line indent2">Till larks began to sing;</div> - <div class="line indent0">And where they danced, as all may know</div> - <div class="line indent2">They left a fairy-ring.</div> - </div> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">Oh, pretty fairies! why not stay,</div> - <div class="line indent2">That we at you may peep?</div> - <div class="line indent0">Why will you only dance and play</div> - <div class="line indent2">When we are fast asleep?</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width200" id="i_092"> - <img src="images/i_092.png" width="200" height="178" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>93</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap14-head"> - <img src="images/chap14-head.jpg" width="500" height="98" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="xiv">CHAPTER XIV.<br /> -<span>PREPOSITIONS GOVERN THE OBJECTIVE CASE.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap14-dropw"> - <img src="images/chap14-dropw.jpg" width="200" height="324" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">LOOK AT ME<br /> - PREPOSITIONS GOVERN<br /> - THE OBJECTIVE CASE</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">“WHEN the Parts-of-Speech found -themselves so suddenly turned -out of the court, they collected -in a group before the door, and -looked at each other in astonishment.”</p> - -<p>“Here is a pretty thing!” -said Mr. Noun, indignantly. -“Fine way to treat us, indeed!”</p> - -<p>“And after all, I only said -what is true,” said Preposition. -“I do put every noun or pronoun -that comes after my words -in the Objective Case, do I not, Dr. Syntax?”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>94</span> -“Prepositions govern the Objective Case,” said Dr. -Syntax, in his usual monotonous voice; then lifting his -spectacles, he twisted his head round to look at Preposition, -and actually deigned to explain his words by saying: -“Whatever noun or pronoun a preposition is placed before -and refers to, must be in the Objective Case.”</p> - -<p>“Speak to him,” murmured Serjeant Parsing, as if he -were talking to himself: “<em>him</em>, a pronoun, objective case, -governed by the preposition <em>to</em>.”</p> - -<p>“Mr. Pronoun, you hear that!” exclaimed Mr. Noun. -“This little Preposition is said to govern us, you and me, in -the Objective Case. Very impertinent, on my word!”</p> - -<p>“On my word!” again muttered Serjeant Parsing. “Word, -a noun, Objective Case, governed by the preposition <em>on</em>.”</p> - -<p>“However, it does not matter to me,” continued Mr. -Noun, without taking any notice of Serjeant Parsing. “It -will make no difference to me;” and he turned away, with -his hands in his pockets, and began to whistle a tune.</p> - -<p>“It does matter to me, though,” said Pronoun, “for I -have to alter my words according to the case they are in. -<em>I</em> is only in the nominative case, <em>me</em> in the objective; <em>we</em> -is nominative, <em>us</em> objective; <em>he</em> nominative, <em>him</em> objective, -and so on. You cannot say ‘look at <em>I</em>;’ you must say -‘look at <em>me</em>.’”</p> - -<p>“Look at me,” echoed Serjeant Parsing, in the same<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>95</span> -quiet tone: “<em>me</em>, Objective Case, governed by the preposition -<em>at</em>.”</p> - -<p>“Quite so,” continued Pronoun, turning to Serjeant -Parsing. “I am objective there, I cannot help it; I must -be objective after a preposition.”</p> - -<p>“Yes,” said Serjeant Parsing, aloud, “and it is very -convenient for me that you must. It often helps me to -find out whether a word is really a preposition or no. I -just try whether it wants <em>I</em> or <em>me</em> after it. Take <em>when</em> or -<em>if</em>, for instance. You can say, when <em>I</em> go, if <em>I</em> were; so -<em>when</em> and <em>if</em> are not prepositions. But you cannot say ‘for -I,’ or ‘from I;’ you must have the Objective Case, and -say for <em>me</em>, from <em>me</em>; so <em>for</em> and <em>from</em> are prepositions governing -the Objective Case.”</p> - -<p>“You had better take care,” said Preposition; “you keep -on saying Objective Case, and if you say it before Judge -Grammar, you know you will get us all into trouble again.”</p> - -<p>“Oh, never fear,” said Serjeant Parsing; “the Judge -will listen to us patiently enough, next time. Besides, he -must hear about Objective Case, whether he likes it or no, -because the prize will partly depend upon it.”</p> - -<p>“The prize! what prize?” cried every one.</p> - -<p>“Listen. There is to be a grand trial or examination -soon. All the Schoolroom-shire children are to be invited, -and all you Parts-of-Speech are to make up a story between<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>96</span> -you. You will each get a mark for every word you give, -and whoever gets the most marks will get——”</p> - -<p>“Yes, what? what will he get?” they all cried out -eagerly.</p> - -<p>“Ah! that is a secret. What I want to tell you is, that -any word that governs another will get an extra mark. For -instance, when I say ‘Listen to me,’ the preposition <em>to</em> puts -<em>me</em> in the Objective Case, so <em>to</em> will get an extra mark.”</p> - -<p>“That is splendid!” cried little Preposition, clapping -his hands and jumping about for joy. “I always govern a -noun or pronoun in the Objective Case, so I shall get two -marks every time I come in.”</p> - -<p>“Not quite so sure,” interrupted Dr. Verb. “Sometimes -you come before a verb, <em>to</em> eat, <em>to</em> sleep, <em>to</em> fly, and then you -can only get one mark, for you do not govern me, my little -dear, seeing that verbs do not have a case at all.”</p> - -<p>“Ah, but you have to agree with your Nominative Case, -Dr. Verb,” said Pronoun; “so I suppose, when I am -nominative, I shall have an extra mark, for I might be said -to govern you in a sort of way.”</p> - -<p>“No, no,” said Serjeant Parsing, putting in his word, -“you are not said to govern Dr. Verb; he agrees with you, -that is all; but the Nominative Case, being a very honourable -one, will always get two marks.”</p> - -<p>“Then,” said Mr. Noun, suddenly stopping his whistling<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>97</span> -and taking an interest in the conversation, “I am of course -to get two marks for every noun in the Nominative Case?”</p> - -<p>“Certainly,” answered Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“And in the Objective Case also?” asked Mr. Noun.</p> - -<p>“No, no,” said Serjeant Parsing, laughing; “that would -be too much of a good thing, since your words are -nearly always either nominative or objective. No, no; on -the contrary, the Objective Case, being governed by other -words (even such little trifles as prepositions), is not considered -at all an honourable case, and therefore will not -only give a noun or pronoun no extra marks, but will take -away one of those it already has. For instance, if I am -parsing ‘Come to me,’ and I give Mr. Pronoun a mark for -<em>me</em>, I must strike out that mark as soon as I find that <em>me</em> -is in the Objective Case, and must give it to Preposition for -his little word <em>to</em>, which governs <em>me</em>.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Noun and Mr. Pronoun both looked very dismal -at these tidings, and then Mr. Noun said:—</p> - -<p>“I hope no one else except Preposition can put me into -the Objective Case.”</p> - -<p>“O yes, indeed, I can,” cried Dr. Verb, bustling up, -eagerly; but Serjeant Parsing stopped him.</p> - -<p>“No, no, Dr. Verb,” he said, “we are not going to begin -that question. No notice will be taken of any noun or -pronoun’s being in the Objective Case, unless it is governed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>98</span> -by a preposition. That is the rule for this trial; another -time, perhaps, your rights will be considered.”</p> - -<p>Serjeant Parsing then took the following lines to Schoolroom-shire, -that every Objective Case governed by a preposition -might be found out:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">Tom called for me, I went with him,</div> - <div class="line indent2">We climbed upon a rock;</div> - <div class="line indent0">There over the sea we looked for thee,</div> - <div class="line indent2">Till seven of the clock.</div> - <div class="line indent0">And then a white sail over the main,</div> - <div class="line indent0">Brought back our sailor-boy again.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>Fill up the blanks with a noun or pronoun, and say -whether it will be nominative or objective.</p> - -<p>.... went for a walk yesterday, .... walked through a -dark .... under tall ....; suddenly, when .... were in a -very lonely ...., .... heard the steps of some .... crashing -through the .... “What can it be?” .... cried .... -stopped to listen; the .... came nearer, two bright eyes -gleamed at us through the ...., and in another .... out -bounded, with a deep .... that made echoes all round us, -our own dear old ...., who had broken his chain, escaped -from the ...., and had come out to look for ....</p> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>99</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap15-head"> - <img src="images/chap15-head.jpg" width="500" height="93" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="xv">CHAPTER XV.<br /> -<span>CONJUNCTION.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap15-dropm" style="width: 200px;"> - <img src="images/chap15-dropm.jpg" width="200" height="323" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">AND<br /> - BUT<br /> - SO<br /> - &c<br /> - BE GOOD AND YOU·WILL·BE·HAPPY - CONJUNCTION</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">“MY lord,” said Serjeant Parsing, -the next time that the court assembled, -“I must beg for your -assistance. I have here a story—a -very excellent story, as it -seems to me; but somehow or -other it will not go right—it -has what you might call a jerky -sound—as if you were riding -over a corduroy road in a cart -without springs, and were trying -to talk between the bumps. -I have asked all the Parts-of-Speech that are in court to -help me, but none of them can give me any assistance.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>100</span> -“Read the story aloud,” said the Judge, “and let us -hear it.”</p> - -<p>So Sergeant Parsing read—</p> - -<p class="center pt1">“THE EAGLE ... THE RAVEN.</p> - -<p>“An eagle pounced on a little lamb .... carried it off in -his claws. A raven saw him fly .... thought he could do -the same; .... he chose out the best .... biggest sheep of -the flock, .... pounced down upon it; .... lo! .... behold! -it was much too heavy .... it was much bigger .... himself, -.... poor Mr. Raven only got his claws entangled in the -wool .... when he tried to fly away he found it impossible -to get free .... he was struggling .... the shepherd came .... -caught him .... put him in a cage.”</p> - -<p>“I see, I see,” said the Judge, “you want some words to -join your sentences together. Noun, Pronoun, Article, Adjective, -Verb, Adverb, Preposition, none of these will do. I -have only two other Parts-of-Speech left on my list: that tiresome -Interjection, who is, of course, no use, and Con——”</p> - -<p>“Conjunction! Here you are, my lord,” said a bright -cheery voice at the door, and Conjunction walked into -court.</p> - -<p>He had on a coat with brass buttons, and a cap like a -railway guard’s, with C. J. marked on the front. Under -his arm he had a bundle of iron hooks or tools—at least -what you would have thought were iron hooks or tools, if<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>101</span> -you had seen them down in Matter-of-fact-land, and had -not known any better. They were really his words.</p> - -<p>“You are late, sir,” said the Judge, very sternly; “where -have you been?”</p> - -<p>“To tell you the truth, my lord,” answered Conjunction, -“I have been for a little holiday trip on the Grammar-land -Railway. The fact is, my turn was so long in coming, and -the last time I was here your lordship broke up the court -in such a temp——”</p> - -<p>“A what, sir?” interrupted the Judge, angrily.</p> - -<p>“A hurry, my lord,—in such a hurry, that I did not -think we should meet again for some time; and so I just -amused myself by a trip on the railway, where I am so often -at work.”</p> - -<p>“Very improper, indeed!” replied the Judge, “as if you -were made to amuse yourself. Such a thing was never -heard of before in Grammar-land. Ask Dr. Syntax whether -conjunctions are used for amusement.”</p> - -<p>“Conjunctions are used to connect words or sentences,” -said Dr. Syntax, in his solemn unchanging voice, standing -up to speak, and sinking down the moment he had finished.</p> - -<p>“There!” said the Judge, “you hear what you are used -for—to connect words or sentences—that is your work, and -that is just what we have been wanting you for. You have -kept the whole court waiting, while you have been taking<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>102</span> -a holiday, forsooth! Your very cap ought to shame you. -Pray what does C. J. stand for?”</p> - -<p>“Well, my lord, the folks in Matter-of-fact-land say that -it stands for Clapham Junction, which is a big station down -there, where a great many railways are joined together; and -they say that I am the pointsman, who moves the rails and -makes the trains run together, or apart, as the case may -be; and I don’t know but what that’s as good a description -of my work as the folks in Matter-of-fact-land could give. -Only they ought to understand that our trains in Grammar-land -are sentences, and my tools with which I join them -together are my words—<em>and</em>, <em>but</em>, <em>if</em>, <em>also</em>, and so on. And -here they are, Mr. Parsing, and heartily at your service, sir, -if you like to make use of them;” and pulling the bundle -from under his arm, Conjunction laid them down before -Serjeant Parsing, with a bow.</p> - -<p>“Thank you, my man,” said Serjeant Parsing, “one at a -time, if you please. I will read my story again, and do -you hand up a word that will fit, whenever I stop for it.”</p> - -<p>So he read it again, and Conjunction put in the words as -follows:—</p> - -<p class="center mt3">“THE EAGLE <em>AND</em> THE RAVEN.</p> - -<p>“An eagle pounced on a little lamb <em>and</em> carried it off in his -claws. A raven saw him fly, <em>and</em> thought he could do the -same; <em>so</em> he chose out the best <em>and</em> biggest sheep of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>103</span> -flock, <em>and</em> pounced down upon it; <em>but</em> lo! <em>and</em> behold! it -was much too heavy, <em>for</em> it was much bigger <em>than</em> himself, -<em>so</em> poor Mr. Raven only got his claws entangled in the -wool, <em>and</em> when he tried to fly away, he found it impossible -to get free; <em>and whilst</em> he was struggling, the shepherd -came <em>and</em> caught him <em>and</em> put him in a cage.”</p> - -<p>“Ah,” said Judge Grammar, “yes, that is an improvement. -I see, Conjunction, you have put in <em>and</em>, <em>so</em>, <em>but</em>, -<em>than</em>, <em>for</em>, <em>whilst</em>. What other words have you?”</p> - -<p>“I have <em>because</em>, my lord,” answered Conjunction. “Mr. -Adverb asks ‘why?’ but I answer ‘because,’ which is much -more useful. Any one can ask ‘why?’ but it is only a -fellow like me, that knows how things work, that can answer -‘because.’”</p> - -<p>“You need not boast,” said the Judge; “you only join -the trains together, you know; you do not make them. -<em>Because</em> is only useful on account of what comes after it; it -would not tell us much if it stood alone. But what others -have you?”</p> - -<p>“I have <em>if</em>, my lord; and though it is only a word of -two letters, it makes a mighty difference many a time. How -happy we should all be <em>if</em> we could get just what we -want.”</p> - -<p>“Yes, yes, we know,” said the Judge; “‘<em>if</em> wishes were -horses, beggars would ride;’ but it is a very good thing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>104</span> -they are not. Now, Conjunction, <em>if</em> you have any more -words, let us hear <a id="them"></a><ins title="Original doesn't have closing quotatation mark">them.”</ins></p> - -<p>“Except that I sometimes use my neighbours’ words as -conjunctions, my lord,” answered Conjunction, “I think I -have told you pretty well all. Here is a packet I put together:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0"><em>If</em>, <em>because</em>, <em>and</em>, <em>so</em>, <em>that</em>, <em>or</em>,</div> - <div class="line indent0"><em>But</em>, <em>although</em>, <em>as</em>, <em>also</em>, <em>nor</em>.”</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>“One more question,” said the Judge; “do you govern -or agree with any of your neighbours?”</p> - -<p>“Not I, my lord, I leave that for my betters. I am quite -satisfied to join them together, and then leave them alone,” -answered Conjunction.</p> - -<p>“Then that will do for to-day. Brother Parsing, be good -enough to send the following story to Schoolroom-shire, and -tell them to give Conjunction a place on their slates among -the other Parts-of-Speech, and mark down all his words for -him. When that is done, I shall have some good news to -tell you.”</p> - -<p>The court then rose.</p> - -<p class="center mt3">A NARROW ESCAPE.</p> - -<p>A traveller in India one day strayed away from his companions, -and went to sleep under a tree. When he awoke -he saw, to his horror, the two bright eyes of a tiger, ready -to spring upon him from a high bank. He leaped up to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>105</span> -run away, but fell back again directly, for a large crocodile -was coming towards him, with its great mouth open. He -shut his eyes and waited in terror, for he heard the tiger -spring. A tremendous noise followed; but he felt nothing. -He opened his eyes, and lo! the tiger had sprung into the -mouth of the crocodile; and while the two wild beasts -were struggling, the traveller sprang up and ran away.</p> - -<div class="figcenter width200" id="i_105"> - <img src="images/i_105.png" width="200" height="163" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>106</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap16-head"> - <img src="images/chap16-head.jpg" width="500" height="102" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="xvi">CHAPTER XVI.<br /> -<span>ACTIVE VERBS GOVERN THE OBJECTIVE CASE.</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap16-dropand"> - <img src="images/chap16-dropand.jpg" width="200" height="315" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"> ACTIVE·VERBS<br /> - ·GOVERN·<br /> - THE·OBJECTIVE·CASE</div> -</div> - - -<p class="noi">“AND now, gentlemen,” said Judge -Grammar, when next they -were assembled. “But what -is the matter, Dr. Verb? What -is this about?” he asked, interrupting -himself, for Dr. -Verb had gone down on one -knee before the Judge, and -was holding out a paper to him.</p> - -<p>“A petition, your lordship,” -said Dr. Verb, solemnly; “I -beg for justice. No, Preposition, -it is of no use to try to -hold me back, and to whisper that his lordship will be very<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>107</span> -angry. You have had your rights given you, and I am -going to claim mine. My lord, I beg for the right of an -extra mark whenever any word of mine governs a noun or -pronoun in the Objective Case.”</p> - -<p>At the words “Objective Case,” every one in the court -held his breath, expecting the Judge to burst into a rage; -and certainly a sudden flush did overspread his face, and -rise to the very roots of his wig. For a moment he sat -silent with compressed lips, then lifting his head haughtily, -he said:—</p> - -<p>“Do not apologise, Dr. Verb; I forgive you; but on -one condition—that you show clearly and at once how to -discover an Objective Case that is governed by a verb.”</p> - -<p>“Certainly, my lord,” said Dr. Verb, joyfully; “it is the -easiest thing in the world. Just as you have to ask the -question, ‘who?’ or ‘what?’ <em>before</em> the verb, to find out the -Nominative Case, so you must ask the question, ‘whom?’ or -‘what?’ <em>after</em> the verb, to find the Objective Case. For the -nominative tells you who did the thing, and the objective -tells you to whom the thing was done. Here is an example:—‘Harry -kicked the cat.’ You ask, ‘who kicked?’ -to find the nominative, and the answer is <em>Harry</em>. You ask, -‘Harry kicked what?’ to find the objective, and the answer -is, <em>the cat</em>. Is that clear?”</p> - -<p>“The cat would certainly object,” muttered the Judge;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>108</span> -“but I suppose that is not why it is called objective, because -if the verb had been <em>fed</em>, <em>cat</em> would have been objective all -the same. Well, Brother Parsing,” he continued aloud, -“did Dr. Verb explain the matter clearly? Could you find -out the objective in that way?”</p> - -<p>“Certainly, my lord,” answered Serjeant Parsing, readily. -“I will give you an example to prove it. ‘I ate my dinner.’ -I find the nominative by asking ‘who ate?’ answer: <em>I</em>. I -find the objective by asking ‘I ate what?’ answer: <em>dinner</em>; -and dinner is clearly the objective, for it was the object for -which I sat down to eat.”</p> - -<p>“Must all verbs have an Objective Case after them?” -asked the Judge.</p> - -<p>“They cannot all govern the objective,” Serjeant Parsing -began, when he was interrupted by a solemn voice near -him, as Dr. Syntax suddenly rose and said, “Active verbs -govern the Objective Case; active verbs govern the Objective -Case;” and then sat down again.</p> - -<p>“I know what he means by that,” said Dr. Verb. “Active -verbs are those whose action passes on to some one or -something else, as in the sentence, ‘Harry kicked the cat,’ -the action of kicking passed on to the poor cat; and in ‘I -ate my dinner,’ the action of eating passed on and consumed -the dinner; so <em>kick</em> and <em>eat</em> are both active verbs, and govern -an Objective Case.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>109</span> -“Well, then,” said the Judge, “must all <em>active</em> verbs have -an Objective Case?”</p> - -<p>“They should have one, my lord, if you want to make the -sentence complete. You must give them an <em>object</em> for their -activity. Every active boy can do <em>something</em>, though it may -not be Latin, and the same with every active verb. If it is -an active verb you can always put <em>some one</em> or <em>something</em> -after it; as to <em>eat</em> something, <em>drink</em> something, <em>see</em> something, -<em>love</em> somebody.”</p> - -<p>“And if the verb is not active?” asked the Judge.</p> - -<p>“Then it usually has a preposition between it and the -noun or pronoun after it, as, ‘I think <em>of</em> you.’ And the -preposition gets all the honour and glory of governing the -Objective Case, and gets an extra mark besides.”</p> - -<p>“Well,” said the Judge, “you have explained it pretty -clearly. I suppose I must allow you an extra mark for -every verb that governs an Objective Case.”</p> - -<p>“But, please, my lord,” said Mr. Noun, coming forward, -“I suppose that Pronoun and I are not to lose a mark for -every word of ours that is governed by a verb. That would -be very hard.”</p> - -<p>“No, no,” said the Judge. “There is no dishonour in -being governed by an active verb; it is only when you -allow yourselves to be governed by a little mite like Preposition, -that you are to lose a mark.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>110</span> -“Allow ourselves to be governed,” muttered Mr. Noun. -“As if we could help it, when Dr. Syntax has once made the -rule.”</p> - -<p>“Brother Parsing,” said the Judge, “let us have a sentence -to ‘parse,’ as you call it, that we may see clearly how -it is done.”</p> - -<p>“Certainly, my lord,” said Serjeant Parsing, turning over -his papers. “Here is an excellent sentence, or rather, I -should say, two sentences, for there are two verbs: ‘Jack -suddenly gave a loud cry, for lo! a tiger appeared before -him.’ Now let each Part-of-Speech claim the word as I -read it. <em>Jack.</em>”</p> - -<p>“Mine,” said Mr. Noun. “<em>Jack</em> is a proper noun.”</p> - -<p>“<em>Suddenly</em>,” said Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“Certainly <em>suddenly</em> is mine,” said Adverb, smoothly.</p> - -<p>“<em>Gave</em>,” said Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“<em>Gave</em> is mine,” said Dr. Verb, “and it agrees with its -nominative, <em>Jack</em>. For ‘who gave?’ <em>Jack</em> gave, so <em>Jack</em> -is the nominative; and please, Mr. Noun, what number and -person is <em>Jack</em>, for <em>gave</em> must be the same?”</p> - -<p>“<em>Jack</em> is singular number, of course,” said Mr. Noun, -“for there is only one Jack mentioned; and it is third -person, for you are talking about him, not <em>to</em> him, and, of -course, he is not talking of himself; my words never do that.”</p> - -<p>“Oh,” said Dr. Verb, “then <em>Jack</em> is third person singular,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>111</span> -is he? then <em>gave</em> is third person singular, too; and it is an -active verb, and has an Objective Case. ‘Jack gave what?’ -a <em>cry</em>—<em>cry</em> is the objective, governed by the active verb -gave; so an extra mark for me, please Serjeant Parsing.”</p> - -<p>“All right,” said the learned Serjeant. “<em>A</em> is the next -word.”</p> - -<p>“Mine,” said little Article.</p> - -<p>“<em>Loud,</em>” continued Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“<em>Loud</em> is mine,” said Adjective; “it qualifies cry—tells -what sort of a cry he gave.”</p> - -<p>“Good,” said Serjeant Parsing; “now, <em>cry</em>.”</p> - -<p>“Mine,” said Mr. Noun; “a common noun this time, -and Objective Case; but it does not lose a mark, as it is -governed by an active verb, not by a preposition.”</p> - -<p>“<em>For</em>,” continued Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“Mine, sir,” said Conjunction; “it joins the sentences. -‘Jack gave a loud cry,’ <em>for</em> ‘lo! a tiger appeared before -him.’”</p> - -<p>“Lo! lo! lo! that is mine,” cried little Interjection, -before Serjeant Parsing had time to continue.</p> - -<p>“<em>A</em>,” called out the Serjeant, without noticing him.</p> - -<p>“An article, again,” said little Article.</p> - -<p>“<em>Tiger</em>,” continued Serjeant Parsing.</p> - -<p>“Mine,” said Mr. Noun; “a common noun, but nominative -this time to the verb <em>appeared</em>.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>112</span> -“You should not tell my words, Mr. Noun,” said Dr. -Verb. “Please, sir, <em>appeared</em> is a verb, not active, because -it does not say that the tiger appeared to anybody or anything; -it appeared <em>before</em> somebody, and that little preposi——”</p> - -<p>“Now you’re telling, Dr. Verb,” cried Preposition. -“Please, sir, <em>before</em> is mine—a preposition, showing the -position of the tiger with regard to poor Jack, and governing -<em>him</em> in the Objective Case; so two marks for me, please, -sir.”</p> - -<p>“One more word,” said Serjeant Parsing; “<em>him</em>.”</p> - -<p>“<em>Him</em> is mine,” said Pronoun, sadly; “it is a personal -pronoun, third person and singular number, standing instead -of the noun <em>Jack</em>; but,” he added, with tears in his eyes, -“it is of no use to give me a mark for it, as I shall lose -it again on account of the case. <em>Him</em> is the objective case, -governed by the preposition <em>before</em>;” and Pronoun turned -away with a sob.</p> - -<p>“Well, gentlemen,” said Judge Grammar, “you see what -the learned Serjeant means by ‘parsing.’ Only let our -Schoolroom-shire friends parse a few sentences in the same -way, and they will be perfectly prepared for the great trial -that is coming on. Brother, pray hand them up a few.” -Then pulling out his watch, the Judge continued: “I find, -gentlemen, that the present time will soon be past, and we<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>113</span> -shall be stepping into the future if we go on much longer; -therefore I must put off, until the next time we meet, the -announcement I was going to make to you to-day.”</p> - -<p>The Judge then left the bench, and Serjeant Parsing prepared -the following sentences for parsing:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="verse"> - <div class="line indent0">We took a walk in the garden.</div> - <div class="line indent0">I see a bee in your bonnet.</div> - <div class="line indent0">The dragon ate a dragon-fly.</div> - <div class="line indent0">You never saw a blue rose.</div> - <div class="line indent0">Ah! I have a bone in my leg.</div> - <div class="line indent0">I will ride behind you on your horse.</div> - <div class="line indent0">Tom picked a flower for me.</div> - <div class="line indent0">Willy is riding on the rocking-horse.</div> - <div class="line indent0">A spider has eight legs.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width200" id="i_113"> - <img src="images/i_113.png" width="200" height="130" alt="" /> -</div> - - - - -<div class="chapter"> -<hr class="divider x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>114</span> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter width500" id="chap17-head"> - <img src="images/chap17-head.jpg" width="500" height="94" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="xvii">CHAPTER XVII.<br /> -<span>THE POSSESSIVE CASE; AND WHO’S TO HAVE THE PRIZE?</span></h2> - -<div class="figleft width200" id="chap17-dropt"> - <img src="images/chap17-dropt.jpg" width="200" height="294" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">‘S S’<br /> - THE QUEEN’S CROWN<br /> - TOM’S BAT<br /> - AMY’S PARASOL<br /> - THE POSSESSIVE CASE</div> -</div> - -<p class="noi">THE court was again assembled, -and the Judge was just going -to speak, when he stopped—for -there was Mr. Noun, who -had gone plop down on one -knee before him, just as Dr. -Verb did before, and was holding -out his petition.</p> - -<p>“Dear me,” exclaimed the -Judge, “you too! What can -you have to complain of?”</p> - -<p>“I have lost a Case, my -lord,” said Mr. Noun, still kneeling.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>115</span> -“Get up, sir,” said the Judge, “and say out quickly -what you mean. Am I never to have done with these tiresome -Cases?”</p> - -<p>“Please, my lord, it is just this,” said Mr. Noun, standing -up. “You have seen how my words can be Nominative -Case or Objective Case; but there is a case in which they -are neither of these two. For instance, in the sentence, -‘The monkey pulled the cat’s tail,’—<em>pulled</em> is the verb; -<em>monkey</em> is the nominative, for the monkey did the pulling; -<em>tail</em> is the objective, for ‘what did the monkey pull?’ The -<em>tail</em>—but then what case is <em>cat’s</em>? It is not nominative nor -objective.”</p> - -<p>“Don’t ask me what case it is,” said the Judge, indignantly; -“say out at once yourself.”</p> - -<p>“But you will be angry at the long word, my lord,” said -Mr. Noun.</p> - -<p>“Nonsense, sir,” said the Judge, getting very red. “Speak -at once, when I order you to do so.”</p> - -<p>“Then <em>cat’s</em> is said to be in the Possessive Case,” said -Mr. Noun, “because it shows who possessed the tail that -was pulled by the monkey. Any noun that shows to whom -a thing belongs—who is the possessor of it—is said to be in -the Possessive Case.”</p> - -<p>“Oh!” said the Judge. “Then if I say, ‘This knife belongs -to Harry,’ <em>Harry</em> will be in the Possessive Case, will it?”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>116</span> -“No, my lord,” said Mr. Noun, looking a little confused, -“because there is a little preposition <em>to</em> before Harry, and -prepositions——”</p> - -<p>“Prepositions govern the Objective Case,” said Dr. -Syntax, solemnly.</p> - -<p>“Yes, yes, we know,” said Mr. Noun, impatiently; “but -I mean any noun that shows possession, without the help of -any preposition, as if you said, ‘This is Harry’s knife.’ -<em>Harry’s</em> is in the Possessive Case, for it shows who possesses -the knife, not by the help of any preposition, but by making -it Harry’<em>s</em> instead of <em>Harry</em>. I might have said in the -other sentence, ‘The monkey pulled the tail belonging to -the cat,’ but it is much better and shorter to use a Possessive -Case, and say, ‘The monkey pulled the cat’s tail.’”</p> - -<p>“It certainly seems a convenient case,” said the Judge.</p> - -<p>“It is, my lord,” said Mr. Noun; “and, therefore, I -think I have a right to ask for an extra mark for it.”</p> - -<p>“Oh! that is what you want, is it?” said the Judge. -“Well, I will grant your request, provided you can show -me an easy way of finding the Possessive Case at once.”</p> - -<p>“You may always know it by the little apostrophe (’) -either before or after an <em>s</em> at the end of the word,” answered -Mr. Noun; “as, ‘Mary’s doll,’ ‘Tom’s dog,’ ‘the -baby’s milk,’ ‘the children’s toys,’ ‘the boys’ hats,’ ‘the -girls’ gardens.’ Is not that easy, my lord?”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>117</span> -“Yes, that is simple enough,” replied the Judge; “therefore, -although I think it rather impertinent of you to have -brought so many Cases before me, I will grant your request. -You are to have then an extra mark for every -Nominative Case and for every Possessive Case, but none -for the Objective Case; and you will lose a mark every -time you are governed by a preposition. Are you satisfied?”</p> - -<p>Mr. Noun bowed, and took his seat.</p> - -<p>“And now, gentlemen,” continued the Judge, addressing -the nine Parts-of-Speech, “as you have all appeared before -me, and shown clearly who and what you are——”</p> - -<p>“And me! oh! oh! poor little me!” cried Interjection.</p> - -<p>“I have not called you up before me,” said the Judge, -sternly, “because we have all heard quite enough about -you already. Once is quite enough to have heard such an -unruly, odd little creature as you are; and you have thrown -yourself in more than once while the people were speaking. -We all know that you neither govern nor are governed by -any one else, and that you agree with nobody. Therefore, -stand aside and be quiet.”</p> - -<p>“Ah, well!” chuckled Interjection, as he obeyed, “if I -do not govern any one, at least I can take my -<a id="neighbours"></a><ins title="Original doesn't have apostrophe">neighbours’</ins> -words, as other people can, and make them my own. -Marry! forsooth! indeed! that I can!”</p> - -<p>“<em>Marry</em> is mine,” said Dr. Verb, bustling up.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>118</span> -“Indeed, <em>indeed</em> is mine,” said Adverb, blandly.</p> - -<p>“Pray, do not quarrel with him,” said the Judge; “let -him have a few words to keep him quiet.”</p> - -<p>“There is one thing,” said Dr. Verb, laughing, “no one -would be in a hurry to steal Interjection’s words, for they -are not worth it. Who could ever make a decent word out -of <em>oh</em>! or <em>fie</em>! or <em>pshaw</em>! or <em>ugh</em>!”</p> - -<p>“Laugh as you like, Dr. Verb,” cried Interjection, “my -words can stand alone, and make sense all by themselves, -and mean as much as a whole string of other words. For -instance, when I say ‘Fie!’ that is as good as saying, -‘You ought to be ashamed of yourself;’ and when I say -‘Ah!’ that means, ‘I see through all your fine airs and -graces, Dr. Verb, and know all about you.’ Ha! ha! what -do you say to that?” And Interjection once more took a -turn over head and heels.</p> - -<p>“Keep him quiet, will you,” said the Judge. “And now, -gentlemen,” he continued, for the third time, “I hope we -shall all be prepared for the great trial that is to take place -this day week. The people of Schoolroom-shire are all -invited to attend, and to bring their slates and pencils with -them. You all, my nine Parts-of-Speech, will together make -up a story which Serjeant Parsing will have in his hand. -He will then carefully examine every word, and the children -of Schoolroom-shire, who will have a place for each of you<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>119</span> -on their slates, will put down a mark to each one who -deserves it. In the end, they will count up all the marks, -and the Part-of-Speech who has the most will get—will -get——”</p> - -<p>Just at this moment, when every one was listening most -anxiously to hear what the prize was to be, clouds of dust -were observed arising from behind his lordship’s throne. -In fact, the <a id="Critics"></a><ins title="Original has 'critics'">Critics</ins>, -tired of doing nothing, had begun to -turn out whole piles of mouldering old books, Murray’s -Grammars, old dictionaries, and I know not what; and the -venerable dust therefrom, getting into his lordship’s eyes, -nose, and mouth, brought on such a violent fit of coughing -and choking, that it was impossible to get another word -from him. He did not then, nor has he since, informed -his loving subjects what the prize was to be. Therefore, it -is left to the children of Schoolroom-shire to decide. In -examining the following story they must be both judge and -jury, and decide not only which Part-of-Speech deserves the -most marks, but also what is a fitting reward for the happy -being who shall win the great prize of Grammar-land.</p> - -<p class="center p140 mt3"><em>Serjeant Parsing’s Story for the Examination.</em></p> - -<p class="center">THE SAD FATE OF OUR SQUIRREL</p> - -<p>Once, when I was walking in the garden, I found a -young squirrel on the ground at the foot of a tall tree. It<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120"></a>120</span> -had fallen from the nest. I took the little soft warm -creature in my hand, and I carried it carefully into the -house. There we fed it with warm milk, and it quickly -revived. It soon sat up, with its pretty curly tail over its -back, and then it rubbed its nose with its paws. It seemed -to look to me as if it knew me for a friend. When night -came, I made a soft bed for it beside me, and it slept -cosily. In the morning, I took it to my cousin. “It -wants breakfast,” she said; “I will warm some milk for it in -my doll’s saucepan.” So she boiled some milk in a little -green saucepan, and we fed our pet. “Ah!” I cried, “is -it ill? It is struggling as if it were in pain.” We tried to -warm it, and we gave it another spoonful of milk; but, -alas! the poor little creature gave a pitiful moan, and we -soon saw that it was dead. The green paint on the doll’s -saucepan was poisonous, and we had killed our little squirrel -while it was lying in our arms.</p> - -<div class="figcenter width200" id="i_120"> - <img src="images/i_120.png" width="200" height="107" alt="" /> -</div> - - - -<div class="section"> -<hr class="x-ebookmaker-drop divider" /> -</div> -<div class="tn"> -<p class="center">Transcriber’s Note:</p> - -<p>The following changes have been made to the original publication:</p> - -<ul> -<li>Page 16<br /> -<em>a bird</em>, <em>a fly</em>, when suddenly -<span class="italic">changed to</span><br /> -<em>a bird</em>, <a href="#fly"><em>a fly</em>,”</a> when suddenly</li> - -<li>Page 47<br /> -therefore her stands <span class="italic">changed to</span><br /> -therefore <a href="#her"><em>her</em></a> stands</li> - -<li>Page 51<br /> -some one in it.” <span class="italic">changed to</span><br /> -some one in <a href="#it">it</a>.</li> - -<li>Page 58<br /> -of the verb <em>to swim</em>. <span class="italic">changed to</span><br /> -of the verb <a href="#swim"><em>to swim</em>.”</a></li> - -<li>Page 84<br /> -How do you like it <span class="italic">changed to</span><br /> -<a href="#How"><em>How</em></a> do you like it</li> - -<li>Page 92<br /> -See peeped into the flower; <span class="italic">changed to</span><br /> -<a href="#She">She</a> peeped into the flower;</li> - -<li>Page 104<br /> -let us hear them. <span class="italic">changed to</span><br /> -let us hear <a href="#them">them.”</a></li> - -<li>Page 117<br /> -I can take my neighbours words <span class="italic">changed to</span><br /> -I can take my <a href="#neighbours">neighbours’</a> words</li> - -<li>Page 119<br /> -In fact, the critics, tired of <span class="italic">changed to</span><br /> -In fact, the <a href="#Critics">Critics</a>, tired of</li> -</ul> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GRAMMAR-LAND ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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