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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #66595 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66595)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Monumentum Ancyranum, by Emperor Augustus
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Monumentum Ancyranum
-       The Deeds of Augustus
-
-Author: Emperor Augustus
-        William Fairley
-
-Release Date: October 22, 2021 [eBook #66595]
-[Most recently updated: July 16, 2022]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Turgut Dincer, Stephen Rowland, Brian Wilcox and the Online
-             Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
-             book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust
-             Digital Library.)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM ***
-
-Transcriber’s Notes:—
-
-Italic text has been marked _thus_.
-
-Bold text has been marked =thus=.
-
-The original accentuation, spelling, punctuation and hyphenation has
-been retained, except for apparent printer’s errors.
-
-A list of contents has been added.
-
-Further notes are given at the end of the book.
-
-
-
-
-    CONTENTS
-    Preface
-    Introduction
-    Latin Inscriptions
-    Greek Inscriptions
-    English Descriptions
-    Supplement
-    Chronological Table
-    Bibliography
-    Notes
-
-
-
-  Vol. V.      No. 1.
-
-
-  Translations and Reprints
-
-  FROM THE
-
-  =Original Sources of European History=
-
-
-  MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM
-
-  THE DEEDS OF AUGUSTUS
-
-
-  EDITED BY WILLIAM FAIRLEY, PH.D.
-
-
-  PUBLISHED BY
-
-  The Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania.
-
-
-  Philadelphia, Pa., 1898.
-
-  ENGLISH AGENCY: P. S. KING & SON, 12-14 King Street, London, S. W.
-
-
-
-
-  Copyright, 1898,
-  WILLIAM FAIRLEY.
-
-
-  PHILADELPHIA
-  ANVIL PRINTING COMPANY
-  1898
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE
-
-
-The method employed in this edition of the _Monumentum Ancyranum_
-is suggested by the purpose for which it is intended. That purpose
-is primarily to adapt it as one of the series of _Translations and
-Reprints from the Original Sources of European History_, published
-by the Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania.
-The English version is the core of the work. At the same time the
-opportunity has been seized to present the original texts in such form
-as to be of real philological service. That there is room for such
-an edition of the _Monumentum Ancyranum_ there can be no doubt.
-The critical edition published by Mommsen in 1883, _Res Gestæ Divi
-Augusti_, must long remain for scholars the sufficient hand-book for
-the study of the greatest of inscriptions. But that edition, with its
-Latin notes, is not adapted for ordinary school or college use, or for
-historical study by those who do not readily use Latin. And although
-Roman histories constantly refer to this great source for the life and
-times of Augustus, there has been no accessible English translation. It
-is true that the English translation of Duruy’s _History of Rome_
-contains a version of the _Monumentum_, but it is not in full
-accord with the latest text as set forth by Mommsen, and is hidden away
-in the ponderous volumes of that expensive work.
-
-Aside from Mommsen’s edition of 1883, the only recent edition is a
-French one of 1886 by C. Peltier. But this is simply a condensation of
-Mommsen. While the present edition depends very largely on Mommsen’s
-work, it is more than a condensation. Not only is the English version
-given, but all the known studies of the text published since 1883,
-and in criticism of Mommsen, have been collated. The emendations thus
-suggested have been placed as footnotes to the Latin and Greek texts.
-Moreover, the notes have been carefully revised. For the most part they
-are much reduced in compass, but in many cases they are added to; and
-a large number of typographical errors in Mommsen’s edition have been
-corrected. Most of these errors were reproduced in the French edition
-above mentioned. In a work with such a multitude of references it is
-too much to hope that all errors have been avoided, and the editor will
-be greatly indebted if users of the book will report them to him.
-
-  W. FAIRLEY.
-
-_University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa._
-
-
-
-
-INTRODUCTION
-
-
-I. HISTORY OF THE INSCRIPTION.
-
-Suetonius in his _Life of Augustus_ tells us that that Emperor had
-placed in charge of the Vestal virgins his will and three other sealed
-documents; and the four papers were produced and read in the senate
-immediately after his death. One of these additional documents gave
-directions as to his funeral; another gave a concise account of the
-state of the empire; the third contained a list of “his achievements
-which he desired should be inscribed on brazen tablets and placed
-before his mausoleum.” These tablets perished in the decline of Rome.
-Centuries passed; men had ceased to ask about them, and there was no
-idea that they would ever be brought to light. Nor were the original
-tablets ever found. But in 1555 Buysbecche, a Dutch scholar, was sent
-on an embassy from the Emperor Ferdinand II. to the Sultan Soliman
-at Amasia in Asia Minor; and a letter of his, published among others
-at Frankfort in 1595, tells the story of the discovery of a copy of
-this epitaph of Augustus. He writes: “On our nineteenth day from
-Constantinople we reached Ancyra. Here we found a most beautiful
-inscription, and a copy of those tablets on which Augustus had placed
-the story of his achievements.” From this situation of the copy comes
-the common title, _Monumentum Ancyranum_. Buysbecche made some
-attempt to copy the Latin inscription, but his work was very hasty and
-incomplete. What he had discovered was of extreme importance, and his
-report stimulated such interest that European scholars never rested
-till as complete a copy as possible was finally made in our own time.
-The temple on whose walls the inscription was found was one dedicated
-to Augustus and Rome, as was a common custom during the lifetime of
-that Emperor. It was a hexastyle of white marble, with joints of such
-exquisite workmanship that even in this century it was difficult to
-trace some of them. This temple had served as a Christian church till
-the fifteenth century, and from that time has been part of a Turkish
-mosque, some sections of its enclosure being used as a cemetery. The
-great inscription was cut on the two side walls of the pronaos, or
-vestibule. It was in six pages, three on the left as one entered, and
-three on the right. Each page contained from forty-two to fifty-four
-lines, and each line an average of sixty letters. The pages cover six
-courses of the masonry in height, about 2.70 metres, and the length of
-the inscription on each wall is about 4 metres. On one of the outer
-walls of the temple was a Greek translation of the Latin. This measures
-1.38 metres in height by 21 metres in length. Several Turkish houses
-had been built against the wall containing this Greek version, and
-this made the reading of it, and still more the copying, an extremely
-difficult task. The priceless value of the Greek version lies in the
-fact that it supplements in many cases the breaks in the Latin. For
-it is needless to say that an inscription so old and so exposed has
-suffered much from time and violence. Various travelers have described
-the temple and its treasure: Tournefort in his _Voyage du Levant_,
-Lyons, 1717; Kinneir, _Journey Through Asia Minor_, 1818; Texier,
-_Description de l’Asie mineure_, Paris, 1839; William Hamilton,
-_Researches in Asia Minor_, London, 1842; and most completely,
-Guillaume, Perrot and Delbet, in their _Exploration archéologique de
-la Galatie, etc., in 1861_, Paris, 1872.
-
-Numerous attempts were made at transcribing the inscription, and a
-number of editions were published. Buysbecche’s fragments found several
-editors in the century of their discovery. About a hundred years after
-him Daniel Cosson, a merchant from Leyden, who had lived many years at
-Smyrna, dying there in 1689, caused an attempt to be made to secure a
-copy, and with somewhat better results. His copy was edited at Leyden
-in 1695. In 1701 Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, under direction of
-Louis XIV, visited Ancyra, and attempted to secure a facsimile of the
-text. In 1705 Paul Lucas, also sent by Louis XIV, spent twenty days
-in copying the Latin, and his work was the last of its kind till the
-present century. While these early copies are far from being as perfect
-as more recent ones, they have this value: that in a number of cases
-they show parts of the inscription which progressive disintegration has
-now rendered illegible.
-
-The Greek text, owing to the buildings reared against it, was much
-harder to transcribe. In 1745 Richard Pococke published a few
-fragments, and in 1832 Hamilton copied pages 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the
-nineteen into which the Greek is divided.
-
-Within recent years all has been done that can possibly be done to
-secure perfect copies of both Greek and Latin. In 1859 the Royal
-Academy of Berlin commissioned a scholar named Mordtmann to secure a
-_papier maché_ cast of the Latin, and to transcribe the Greek. He
-failed in both attempts, and declared that the casts would ruin the
-original.
-
-Napoleon III. commissioned George Perrot and Edmund Guillaume to
-explore Asia Minor. In their work above mentioned they give a facsimile
-copy of the whole of the Latin, and of as much of the Greek as they
-could get at. Their plates were the basis of an edition of the text by
-Mommsen in 1865, and another by Bergk in 1873, and of the text given in
-the _Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum_.
-
-But Mommsen and the Berlin Academy were not satisfied. Carl Humann had
-distinguished himself by his researches at Pergamos, and to him they
-committed the task of securing casts of the whole of both texts. The
-story of his achievement is extremely interesting. Difficulty after
-difficulty was met and surmounted. And finally he succeeded in his
-plan. With materials dug near-by he made plaster casts. The owners of
-the Turkish houses he succeeded in inducing to allow their walls to be
-so far torn away as to permit him to get at the entire Greek text. And
-finally twenty great cases containing the whole series of casts were
-sent away on pack mules to the coast and thence to Berlin. The Royal
-Academy now counts these casts among its chief treasures. This was
-in 1882. In 1883 Mommsen published his great critical edition of the
-text, on which this edition is based. His work is almost final on the
-subject, but especially in the matter of conjectural fillings of the
-_lacunæ_ is subject to revision. But an inspection of the text
-as given in this volume will show that we have the words of Augustus
-almost in their entirety.
-
-At Apollonia, on the borders of Phrygia and Pisidia, has been found
-another ruined temple, with remnants of the Greek version of this
-inscription. At Apollonia the inscription originally covered seven
-pages. Of these there are still legible the upper portions of pages
-two, three, four and five. The correspondence between the text at
-Ancyra and that at Apollonia is almost exact, and where there is a
-divergence, it has been indicated.
-
-
-II. CHARACTER AND PURPOSE OF THE INSCRIPTION.
-
-German scholars have waged a fierce warfare over the question of the
-literary character of the _Res Gestæ_, as Mommsen commonly calls
-it. He himself refrains from assigning it decidedly to any class of
-composition. Is it epitaph, or a “statement of account,” or “political
-statement”? Otto Hirschfeld contends strongly it is not an epitaph
-because it contains no dates of birth or death, and is in the first
-person. Wölfflin calls it a statement of account. Geppert sides with
-Hirschfeld. Bormann, Schmidt and Nissen all hold it to be an epitaph.
-And this appears to be the final agreement. The latest word is the
-discussion by Bormann, in 1895, in which he still maintains the epitaph
-view. For these discussions, cf. the bibliography at the end of this
-volume.
-
-Of course it is an epitaph of unique character. It has certain striking
-peculiarities, and specially of omission. There is no mention of
-domestic affairs. The wife of the Emperor is unnamed. Although in
-enumerating his honors and offices it was necessary to date events by
-the names of consuls, yet aside from this he mentions no person outside
-the imperial household, not even such favorites as Mæcenas and Agrippa.
-His foes, Brutus, Cassius and Antony, are several times alluded to,
-but never named. The same is true of Lepidus and Sextus Pompeius.
-Unfortunate events are not noticed. His omission of the disaster to
-the Roman arms under Varus has been severely criticised as an attempt
-to deceive; but if the inscription is really an epitaph one cannot
-wonder at such silence. The omission of the dates of birth and death
-has been variously explained. Some have thought that he meant his heirs
-to fill in any such gaps after his death, and to recast the whole into
-the third person. Or, it has been suggested that it was the desire of
-Augustus to be counted a divinity, and that therefore he wished to pose
-as one “without beginning of years, or end of days.” It certainly would
-be incongruous to record the death of a god. With regard to his general
-purpose Mommsen says: “No one would look for the arcana of empire in
-such a document, but for such things as an _imperator_ of mind
-shrewd rather than lofty, and who skillfully bore the character of a
-great man while he himself was not great, wished the whole people, and
-especially the rabble, to believe about him.” Two purposes are manifest
-throughout the document. One is to pose as a saviour of the state from
-its foes, and not at all as a seeker after personal aggrandizement;
-another is to represent his whole authority as having been exercised
-under constitutional forms. These two ideas appear again and again.
-
-
-III. DIVISIONS OF THE TEXT.
-
-The text may be roughly divided into three sections. Chapters one
-to fourteen give the various offices held by Augustus, and the
-honors bestowed upon him; chapters fifteen to twenty-four recount
-his expenditures for the good of the state and the people; and the
-remaining chapters, twenty-five to thirty-five, give the statement
-of his various achievements in war, and his works of a more peaceful
-character. This classification will not hold rigorously, but is true in
-the main.
-
-The division into chapters or paragraphs is marked in the Latin text
-by making the first line of each chapter project a little to the left
-of the remaining lines. Each such paragraph is relatively complete.
-And the use of such a topical method marks a new manner of composition
-quite different from the old annalistic style of Roman historiography.
-
-
-IV. THE GREEK VERSION.
-
-George Kaibel has made a special study of the Greek version, and is led
-to the opinion that it was made by a Roman rather than by a Greek. It
-is a grammar and dictionary rendering, rather than the idiomatic work
-of one quite at home in the use of Greek. This conclusion is based
-upon linguistic grounds. A further question remains as to where this
-translation was made, whether at Rome or in the provinces. The fact of
-the identity of the two copies at Apollonia and at Ancyra would seem to
-indicate a common Roman source.
-
-
-V. THE SUPPLEMENT.
-
-This is poorly written both in the Latin and in the Greek; and it is
-also a very imperfect summary of the document, summing up only what
-was spent upon games, donations and buildings. The fact that it is in
-the third person also proves that it is not the work of Augustus. The
-reckoning by denarii rather than by sesterces points to a Greek origin,
-and the mention of favors shown by Augustus to provincial towns (cf. c.
-4 and notes) would indicate one outside of Rome.
-
-
-VI. TRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE INSCRIPTION.
-
-The corroborations of the inscription by other inscriptions, coins and
-later historians, as well as by allusions in contemporary literature,
-form an interesting study. And the trustworthiness of the record
-becomes more manifest the more one compares its statements with those
-of other writers. Only one point has been found where Augustus makes
-what might be challenged as a perversion of fact. (Cf. c. 2, note 16.)
-
-
-VII. MASONS’ BLUNDERS.
-
-A number of apparent errors in the text are to be attributed in all
-probability to the stone-cutters at Ancyra. Such are the superfluous
-_et_ of Latin ii, 2; _aede_ for _aedem_, iv, 22;
-_quinquens_ for _quinquiens_, iv, 31; _ducenti_ for
-_ducentos_, iv, 45; _provicias_ for _provincias_, v, 11;
-_Tigrane_ for _Tigranem_, v, 31. εὔξησα for ἠύξησα, Gr. iv,
-8; Ῥωμάοις for Ῥωμαίοις, vii, 6; ὑπατον for ὑπάτων, vii, 15; ἄνδρας
-μυριάδων for ἀνδρῶν μυριάδας, viii, 8; omission of τρὶς before χειλίας,
-ix, 13; ἐπεσκευσα for ἐπεσκευάσα, x, 18; omission of ναὸν before
-ἀγοράν, xi, 10; επεύξησα for ἐπηύξησα, xiv, 4; omission of Ἀρτάξου, xv,
-3; μείσζονος for μείζονος, xv, 15; προκατηλειμένας for κατειλημένας,
-xv, 17; ἐπειταδε for ἐπίταδε, xvi, 11; βασιλεες for βασιλεῖς, xvi, 22;
-βασιλεις for βασιλεὺς, xvii, 4; ἐπείκειαν for ἐπιείκειαν, xviii, 5;
-ἀγορᾷ Σεβαστῇ for ἀγορὰ Σεβαστή, xix, 1.
-
-
-VIII. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.
-
-The Latin and Greek texts are printed in such a way as to give the
-best idea practicable of their actual condition. Roman numerals denote
-the pages of the inscription, and the Arabic figures the lines. These
-numerals and the chapter headings are no part of the inscription. The
-projection of the first line of each chapter in the Latin is the only
-method of marking the divisions in the original.
-
-Parts of the Greek and Latin text included within brackets, [], are
-conjectural restorations of the portions of the inscription which have
-perished. The Greek generally is a guide to the Latin and _vice
-versa_, for the instances are rare where both versions have been
-lost. The textual notes show that not all scholars have reckoned the
-same number of missing letters. These variations are quite allowable,
-for it is impossible to say that just so many letters are missing in
-any given case, owing to the various sizes of different letters, and
-varying degrees of closeness of writing.
-
-Where dots (...) occur, it signifies that Mommsen reckons as many
-letters unrestored as there are dots.
-
-The sign § indicates a mark in the original resembling a figure 7, or a
-very open 3.
-
-The same sign in brackets [§] indicates an unfilled interval in the
-stone.
-
-The apices over vowels in the Latin indicate similar marks in the
-original in the case of a, e, o and u, and in the case of i a
-prolongation of that letter above the line.
-
-Where certain letters of the Latin text are italicized it indicates
-that while they do not appear in the plaster casts, yet they were
-traced by Alfred Domaszewski (a fellow-worker with Humann) on the stone
-itself, by means of certain discolorations from paint, or gilding, or
-weather, which marked the bottom of the incisions of the letters in
-several cases where the surface of the stone had been worn away.
-
-In the textual notes, B. stands for Bormann, G. for Geppert, S. for J.
-Schmidt, Sk. for Seeck, W. for Wölfflin, Apoll. for the inscription at
-Apollonia, and Anc. for that at Ancyra.
-
-The abbreviations of the names of authors and their works in the
-historical notes are indicated in the bibliography at the close of the
-book.
-
-
-
-
-MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM.
-
-
-  Rérum gestárum díví Augusti, quibus orbem terra[rum] imperio populi
-  Rom. subiécit, § et inpensarum, quas in rem publicam populumque
-  Ro[ma]num fecit, incísarum in duabus aheneís pílís, quae su[n]t Romae
-  positae, exemplar sub[i]ectum.
-
-
-  I.      c. 1.
-
-   1 Annós undéviginti natus exercitum priváto consilio et privatá
-      impensá
-
-   2  comparávi, [§] per quem rem publicam [do]minatione factionis
-       oppressam
-
-   3  in libertátem vindicá[vi. Ob quae sen]atus decretis honor[ifi]cis
-      in
-
-   4  ordinem suum m[e adlegit C. Pansa A. Hirti]o consulibu[s,
-      c]on[sula]—
-
-   5  rem locum s[imul dans sententiae ferendae, et im]perium mihi dedit
-      [§].
-
-   6  Rés publica n[e quid detrimenti caperet, me] pro praetore simul cum
-
-   7  consulibus pro[videre iussit. Populus] autem eódem anno mé
-
-   8  consulem, cum [cos. uterque bello ceci]disset, et trium virum reí
-      publi-
-
-   9  cae constituend[ae creavit].
-
-
-c. 2.
-
-  10 Qui parentem meum [interfecer]un[t, eó]s in exilium expulí
-      iudiciís legi-
-
-  11  timís ultus eórum [fa]cin[us, e]t posteá bellum inferentis reí
-      publicae
-
-  12  víci b[is a]cie.
-
-
-c. 3.
-
-  13 [B]ella terra et mari c[ivilia exter]naque tóto in orbe terrarum
-      s[uscepi]
-
-  14  victorque omnibus [superstitib]us cívibus pepercí. § Exte[rnas]
-
-  15  gentés, quibus túto [ignosci pot]ui[t, co]nserváre quam excídere
-      m[alui].
-
-  16  Míllia civium Róma[norum adacta] sacrámento meo fuerunt circiter
-      [quingen]-
-
-  17  ta. § Ex quibus dedú[xi in coloni]ás aut remísi in municipia sua
-      stipen[dis emeri]-
-
-  18  tis millia aliquant[um plura qu]am trecenta et iís omnibus agrós a
-      [me emptos]
-
-  19  aut pecuniam pró p[raediis a] me dedí. § Naves cépi sescen[tas
-      praeter]
-
-  20  eás, si quae minóre[s quam trir]emes fuerunt. §
-
-c. 4.
-
-  21 [Bis] ováns triumpha[vi, tris egi c]urulis triumphós et appellá[tus
-      sum viciens
-
-  22  se]mel imperátor. [Cum deinde plú]ris triumphos mihi se[natus
-      decrevisset,
-
-  23  eis su]persedi [§]. I[tem saepe laur]us deposuí, § in Capi[tolio
-      votis, quae]
-
-  24  quóque bello nuncu[paveram, solu]tís. § Ob res á [me aut per
-      legatos]
-
-  25  meós auspicís meis terra m[ariqu]e pr[o]spere gestás qu[inquagiens
-      et quin]-
-
-  26  quiens decrevit senátus supp[lica]ndum esse dís immo[rtalibus.
-      Dies autem
-
-  27  pe]r quós ex senátús consulto [s]upplicátum est, fuere DC[CCLXXXX.
-      In triumphis
-
-  28  meis] ducti sunt ante currum m[e]um regés aut r[eg]um lib[eri
-      novem. Consul
-
-  29  fuer]am terdeciens, c[u]m [scribeb]a[m] haec, [et agebam
-      se]p[timum et trigensimum annum
-
-  30  tribu]niciae potestatis.
-
-
-c. 5.
-
-  31 [Dictatura]m et apsent[i et praesenti mihi datam . . . . . . . a
-      populo et senatu
-
-  32  M. Marce]llo e[t] L. Ar[runtio consulibus non accepi. Non recusavi
-      in summa
-
-  33  frumenti p]enuri[a c]uratio[ne]m an[nonae, qu]am ita
-      ad[ministravi, ut . . . . .
-
-  34  paucis diebu]s metu et per[i]c[lo quo erat populu]m univ[ersum
-      meis impen-
-
-  35  sis liberarem]. § Con[sulatum tum dat]um annuum e[t perpetuum non
-
-  36  accepi.
-
-
-c. 6.
-
-  37 Consulibus M. Vinucio et Q. Lucretio et postea P.] et Cn.
-      L[entulis et tertium
-
-  38  Paullo Fabio Maximo et Q. Tuberone senatu populoq]u[e Romano
-      consen-
-
-  39  tientibus].   .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
-
-  40      .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
-
-  41      .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
-
-  42      .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
-
-
-c. 7.
-
-  43      .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
-
-  44      .    .    .    .    . [Princeps senatus fui usque ad e eum
-      diem, quo scrips]eram [haec,
-
-  45  per annos quadraginta. Pontifex maximus, augur, quindecimviru]m
-      sacris [faciundis,
-
-  46  septemvirum epulonum, frater arvalis, sodalis Titius, fetiali]s
-      fui.
-
-
-  II.      c. 8.
-
-   1 Patriciórum numerum auxí consul quintum iussú populi et senátús.
-      § Sena-
-
-   2  tum ter légi. et In consulátú sexto cénsum populi conlegá M.
-      Agrippá égí. §
-
-   3  Lústrum post annum alterum et quadragensimum féc[i]. § Quó lústro
-      cívi-
-
-   4  um Románórum censa sunt capita quadragiens centum millia et sexa-
-
-   5  g[i]nta tria millia. [§] [Iteru]m consulari cum imperio lústrum
-
-   6  [s]ólus féci C. Censorin[o et C.] Asinio cos. § Quó lústro censa
-      sunt
-
-   7  cívium Romanóru[m capita] quadragiens centum millia et ducen-
-
-   8  ta triginta tria m[illia. Tertiu]m consulári cum imperio lústrum
-
-   9  conlegá Tib. Cae[sare filio feci] § Sex. Pompeio et Sex. Appuleio
-      cos.
-
-  10  Quó lústro ce[nsa sunt civium Ro]mánórum capitum quadragiens
-
-  11  centum mill[ia et nongenta tr]iginta et septem millia. §
-
-  12  Legibus noví[s latis complura e]xempla maiorum exolescentia
-
-  13  iam ex nost[ro usu reduxi et ipse] multárum rér[um exem]pla imi-
-
-  14  tanda pos[teris tradidi.
-
-
-c. 9.
-
-  15 Vota pro valetudine mea suscipi per cons]ulés et sacerdotes
-      qu[into]
-
-  16  qu[oque anno senatus decrevit. Ex iis] votís s[ae]pe fecerunt vívo
-
-  17  _me_ [ludos aliquotiens sacerdotu]m quattuor amplissima collé-
-
-  18  [gia, aliquotiens consules. Privat]im etiam et múnicipatim
-      úniver_si_
-
-  19  [cives sacrificaverunt sempe]r apud omnia pulvínária pró vale-
-
-  20  [tudine mea.
-
-
-c. 10.
-
-  21 Nomen meum senatus consulto inc]lusum est in saliáre carmen et
-      sacrosan-
-
-  22  [ctus ut essem ....... et ut q]uoa[d] víverem, tribúnicia potestás
-      mihi
-
-  23  [esset, lege sanctum est. Pontif]ex maximus ne fierem in víví
-      [c]onle-
-
-  24  [gae locum, populo id sace]rdotium deferente mihi, quod pater
-      meu[s
-
-  25  habuit, recusavi. Cepi id] sacerdotium aliquod post annós eó mor-
-
-  26  [tuo qui civilis motus o]ccasione occupaverat [§], cuncta ex
-      Italia
-
-  27  [ad comitia mea .... tanta mu]ltitudine, quanta Romae nun[q]uam
-
-  28  [antea fuisse fertur, coeunte] P. Sulpicio C. Valgio consulibu[s]
-      §.
-
-
-c. 11.
-
-  29 [Aram Fortunae reduci iuxta? ae]dés Honoris et Virtutis ad portam
-
-  30  [Capenam pro reditu meo se]nátus consacravit, in qua ponti-
-
-  31  [fices et virgines Vestales anni]versárium sacrificium facere
-
-  32  [iussit die, quo consulibus Q. Luc]retio et [M. Vinuci]o in urbem
-      ex
-
-  33  [Syria redi, et diem Augustali]a ex [c]o[gnomine nost]ro
-      appellavit.
-
-
-c. 12.
-
-  34 [Senatus consulto eodem tempor]e pars [praetorum et tri]bunorum
-
-  35  [plebi cum consule Q. Lucret]io et princi[pi]bus [viris ob]viam
-      mihi
-
-  36  mis[s]a e[st in Campan]ia[m, qui] honos [ad hoc tempus] nemini
-      prae-
-
-  37  ter [m]e es[t decretus. Cu]m ex H[ispa]niá Gal[liaque, rebus in
-      his p]rovincís prosp[e]-
-
-  38  re [gest]i[s], R[omam redi] Ti. Ne[r]one P. Qui[ntilio consulibu]s
-      [§], áram
-
-  39  [Pácis A]u[g]ust[ae senatus pro] redi[t]ú meó co[nsacrari censuit]
-      ad cam-
-
-  40  [pum Martium, in qua ma]gistratús et sac[erdotes et virgines]
-         V[est]á[les
-
-  41  anniversarium sacrific]ium facer[e iussit.
-
-
-c. 13.
-
-  42 Ianum] Quirin[um, quem cl]aussum ess[e maiores nostri voluer]unt,
-
-  43  [cum p]er totum i[mperium po]puli Roma[ni terra marique es]set
-      parta vic-
-
-  44  [torii]s pax, cum pr[ius, quam] náscerer, [a condita] u[rb]e bis
-      omnino clausum
-
-  45  [f]uisse prodátur m[emori]ae, ter me princi[pe senat]us claudendum
-      esse censui[t.
-
-
-c. 14.
-
-  46  Fil]ios meos, quós iuv[enes mi]hi eripuit for[tuna], Gaium et
-      Lucium Caesares
-
-
-III.
-
-   1 honoris mei caussá senatus populusque Romanus annum quíntum et
-      deci-
-
-   2  mum agentís consulés designávit, ut [e]um magistrátum inírent
-      post quín-
-
-   3  quennium. Et ex eó die, quó deducti [s]unt in forum, ut
-      interessent consiliis
-
-   4  publicis decrevit sena[t]us. § Equites [a]utem Románi universi
-      principem
-
-   5  iuventútis utrumque eórum parm[is] et hastís argenteís donátum ap-
-
-   6  pelláverunt. §
-
-
-c. 15.
-
-   7 Plebei Románae viritim HS trecenos numeravi ex testámento patris
-
-   8  meí, § et nomine meo HS quadringenos ex bellórum manibiís consul
-
-   9  quintum dedí, iterum autem in consulátú decimo ex [p]atrimonio
-
-  10  meo HS quadringenos congiári viritim pernumer[a]ví, § et consul
-
-  11  undecimum duodecim frúmentátiónes frúmento pr[i]vatim coémpto
-
-  12  emensus sum, [§] et tribuniciá potestáte duodecimum quadringenós
-
-  13  nummós tertium viritim dedí. Quae mea congiaria p[e]rvenerunt
-
-  14  ad [homi]num millia nunquam minus quinquáginta et ducenta. §
-
-  15  Tribu[nic]iae potestátis duodevicensimum consul XII trecentís et
-
-  16  vigint[i] millibus plebís urbánae sexagenós denariós viritim dedí.
-      §
-
-  17  In colon[i]s militum meórum consul quintum ex manibiís viritim
-
-  18  millia nummum singula dedi; acceperunt id triumphale congiárium
-
-  19  in colo[n]ís hominum circiter centum et viginti millia. § Consul
-      ter-
-
-  20  tium dec[i]mum sexagenós denáriós plebeí, quae tum frúmentum
-      publicum
-
-  21  accipieba[t] dedi; ea millia hominum paullo plúra quam ducenta
-      fuerunt.
-
-
-c. 16.
-
-
-  22 Pecuniam [pro] agrís, quós in consulátú meó quárto et posteá
-      consulibus
-
-  23  M. Cr[asso e]t Cn. Lentulo augure adsignávi militibus, solví
-      múnicipís. Ea
-
-  24  [s]u[mma sest]ertium circiter sexsiens milliens fuit, quam [p]ró
-      Italicís
-
-  25  praed[is] numeravi, § et ci[r]citer bis mill[ie]ns et sescentiens,
-      quod pro agrís
-
-  26  próvin[c]ialibus solví. § Id primus et [s]olus omnium, qui
-      [d]edúxerunt
-
-  27  colonias militum in Italiá aut in provincís, ad memor[i]am aetátis
-
-  28  meae feci. Et postea Ti. Nerone et Cn. Pisone consulibus, [§]
-      item[q]ue C. Antistio
-
-  29  et D. Laelio cos., et C. Calvisio et L. Pasieno consulibus, et L.
-      Le[ntulo et] M. Messalla
-
-  30  consulibus, § et L. Cánínio [§] et Q. Fabricio co[s.] milit[ibus,
-      qu]ós eme-
-
-  31  riteis stipendís in sua municipi[a remis]i, praem[ia n]umerato
-
-  32  persolví [§] quam in rem seste[rtium] q[uater m]illien[s
-      li]b[ente]r
-
-  33  impendi.
-
-
-c. 17.
-
-  34 Quater [pe]cuniá meá iuví aerárium, ita ut sestertium míllien[s] et
-
-  35  quing[en]t[ien]s ad eos quí praerant aerário detulerim. Et M.
-      Lep[i]do
-
-  36  et L. Ar[r]unt[i]o cos. i[n] aerarium militare, quod ex consilio
-      m[eo]
-
-  37  co[nstitut]um est, ex [q]uo praemia darentur militibus, qui vicena
-
-  38  [aut plu]ra sti[pendi]a emeruissent, [§] HS milliens et
-      septing[e]nti-
-
-  39  [ens ex pa]t[rim]onio [m]eo detuli. §
-
-
-c. 18.
-
-  40 Inde ab eo anno, q]uo Cn. et P. Lentuli c[ons]ules fuerunt, cum
-      d[e]ficerent
-
-  41  [vecti]g[alia, tum] centum millibus h[omi]num tu[m pl]uribus
-      i[nl]ato fru-
-
-  42  [mento vel ad n]umma[rió]s t[ributus ex agro] et pat[rimonio]
-      m[e]o
-
-  43  [opem tuli].
-
-
-  IV.      c. 19.
-
-   1 Cúriam et continens eí Chalcidicum, templumque Apollinis in
-
-   2  Palatio cum porticibus, aedem dívi Iulí, Lupercal, porticum ad
-      cir-
-
-   3  cum Fláminium, quam sum appellári passus ex nómine eíus qui pri-
-
-   4  órem eódem in solo fecerat Octaviam, pulvinar ad circum maximum,
-
-   5  aedés in Capitolio Iovis feretri et Iovis tonantis, [§] aedem
-      Quiriní, §
-
-   6  aedés Minervae § et Iúnonis reginae § et Iovis Libertatis in
-      Aventíno, §
-
-   7  aedem Larum in summá sacrá viá, § aedem deum Penátium in Velia, §
-
-   8  aedem Iuventátis, § aedem Mátris Magnae in Palátio fécí. §
-
-
-c. 20.
-
-   9 Capitolium et Pompeium theatrum utrumque opus impensá grandí reféci
-
-  10  sine ullá inscriptione nominis meí. § Rívos aquarum complúribus
-      locís
-
-  11  vetustáte labentés refécí, [§] et aquam quae Márcia appellátur
-      duplicavi
-
-  12  fonte novo in rivum eius inmisso. § Forum Iúlium et basilicam,
-
-  13  quae fuit inter aedem Castoris et aedem Saturni, [§] coepta
-      profligata-
-
-  14  que opera á patre meó perféci § et eandem basilicam consumptam in-
-
-  15  cendio ampliáto eius solo sub titulo nominis filiórum m[eorum i]n-
-
-  16  choavi [§] et, si vivus nón perfecissem, perfici ab heredib[us
-      iussi].
-
-  17  Duo et octoginta templa deum in urbe consul sext[um ex decreto]
-
-  18  senatus reféci, nullo praetermisso quod e[o] temp[ore refici
-      debebat].
-
-  19  Con[s]ul septimum viam Flaminiam a[b urbe] Ari[minum feci et
-      pontes]
-
-  20  omnes praeter Mulvium et Minucium.
-
-
-c. 21.
-
-  21 In privato solo Mártis Ultoris templum [f]orumque Augustum [ex
-      mani]-
-
-  22  biís fecí. § Theatrum ad aede Apollinis in solo magná ex parte á
-      p[r]i[v]atis
-
-  23  empto féci, quod sub nomine M. Marcell[i] generi mei esset. §
-      Don[a e]x
-
-  24  manibiís in Capitolio et in aede dívi Iú[l]í et in aede Apollinis
-      et in ae-
-
-  25  de Vestae et in templo Martis Ultoris consacrávi, § quae mihi
-      consti-
-
-  26  terunt HS circiter milliens. § Aurí coronárí pondo triginta et
-      quin-
-
-  27  que millia múnicipiís et colonís Italiae conferentibus ad
-      triumphó[s]
-
-  28  meós quintum consul remisi, et posteá, quotienscumque imperátor
-      a[ppe]l-
-
-  29  látus sum, aurum coronárium nón accepi decernentibus municipií[s]
-
-  30  et coloni[s] aequ[e] beni[g]ne adque antea decreverant.
-
-
-c. 22.
-
-  31 _T_[e]_r mu_nus gladiátorium dedí meo nomine et
-      quinquens filiórum me[o]-
-
-  32  rum aut n[e]pótum nomine; quibus muneribus depugnaverunt homi-
-
-  33  nu[m] ci[rc]iter decem millia. [§] Bis [at]hletarum undique
-      accitorum
-
-  34  spec[ta]c[lum po]pulo pra[ebui meo] nómine et tertium nepo[tis]
-      mei no-
-
-  35  mine. § L[u]dos feci m[eo no]m[ine] quater [§], aliorum autem
-      m[agist]rá-
-
-  36  tu[um] vicem ter et vicie[ns] [§]. [Pr]o conlegio XV virorum
-      magis[ter con-
-
-  37  l]e[gi]í colleg[a] M. Ag_ri_ppa [§] lud[os s]aecl[are]s C.
-      Furnio C. [S]ilano cos. [feci.
-
-  38  C]on[sul XIII] ludos Mar[tia]les pr[imus feci], qu[os] p[ost i]d
-      tempus deincep[s]
-
-  39  ins[equen]ti[bus ann]is ......... [fecerunt co]n[su]les. [§]
-      [Ven]ati[o]n[es] best[ia]-
-
-  40  rum Africanárum meo nómine aut filio[ru]m meórum et nepotum in
-      ci[r]-
-
-  41  co aut [i]n foro aut in amphitheatris popul[o d]edi sexiens et
-      viciens, quibus
-
-  42  confecta sunt bestiarum circiter tria m[ill]ia et quingentae.
-
-
-c. 23.
-
-  43 Navalis proelí spectaclum populo de[di tr]ans Tiberim, in quo loco
-
-  44  nunc nemus est Caesarum, cavato [solo] in longitudinem mille
-
-  45  et octingentós pedés, [§] in látitudine[m mille] e[t] ducentí. In
-      quo tri-
-
-  46  ginta rostrátae náves trirémes a[ut birem]és, [§] plures autem
-
-  47  minóres inter se conflixérunt. Q[uibus in] classibus pugnave-
-
-  48  runt praeter rémigés millia ho[minum tr]ia circiter. §
-
-
-c. 24.
-
-  49 In templís omnium civitátium pr[ovinci]ae Asiae victor orna-
-
-  50  menta reposui, quae spoliátis tem[plis is] cum quó bellum gesseram
-
-  51  privátim possederat §. Statuae [mea]e pedestrés et equestres et in
-
-  52  quadrigeis argenteae steterunt in urbe XXC circiter, quas ipse
-
-  53  sustuli [§] exque eá pecuniá dona aurea in áede Apol[li]nis meó
-      nomi-
-
-  54  ne et illórum, qui mihi statuárum honórem habuerunt, posui. §
-
-
-  V.      c. 25.
-
-   1 Mare pacávi á praedonibus. Eó belló servórum, qui fugerant á
-      dominis
-
-   2  suis et arma contrá rem publicam céperant, triginta fere millia
-      capta §
-
-   3  dominis ad supplicium sumendum tradidi. § Iuravit in mea verba
-      tóta
-
-   4  Italia sponte suá et me be[lli], quó víci ad Actium, ducem
-      depoposcit. § Iura-
-
-   5  verunt in eadem ver[ba provi]nciae Galliae Hispaniae Africa
-      Sicilia Sar-
-
-   6  dinia. § Qui sub [signis meis tum] militaverint, fuerunt senátórés
-      plúres
-
-   7  quam DCC, in ií[s qui vel antea vel pos]teá consules facti sunt ad
-      eum diem
-
-   8  quó scripta su[nt haec, LXXXIII, sacerdo]tés ci[rc]iter CLXX. §
-
-
-c. 26.
-
-   9 Omnium próv[inciarum populi Romani], quibus finitimae fuerunt
-
-  10  gentés quae n[on parerent imperio nos]tro, fines auxi. Gallias et
-      Hispa-
-
-  11  niás próviciá[s et Germaniam qua inclu]dit óceanus a Gádibus ad
-      ósti-
-
-  12  um Albis flúm[inis pacavi. Alpes a re]gióne eá quae proxima est
-      Ha-
-
-  13  driánó marí, [ad Tuscum pacari fec]i nullí gentí bello per
-      iniúriam
-
-  14  inláto. § Cla[ssis mea per Oceanum] ab óstio Rhéni ad sólis
-      orientis re-
-
-  15  gionem usque ad fi[nes Cimbroru]m navigavit, [§] quó neque terra
-      neque
-
-  16  mari quisquam Romanus ante id tempus adít, § Cimbrique et Charydes
-
-  17  et Semnones et eiusdem tractús alií Germánórum popu[l]i per
-      legátós amici-
-
-  18  tiam meam et populi Románi petierunt. § Meo iussú et auspicio
-      ducti sunt
-
-  19  [duo] exercitús eódem fere tempore in Aethiopiam et in Ar[a]biam,
-      quae appel-
-
-  20  [latur] eudaemón, [maxim]aeque hos[t]ium gentís utr[iu]sque
-      cop[iae]
-
-  21  caesae sunt in acie et [c]om[plur]a oppida capta. In Aethiopi_a_m
-      usque a_d_ o_p_pi-
-
-  22  dum Nabata pervent[um] est, cuí proxima est Meroé. In Arabiam
-      usque
-
-  23  ín fínés Sabaeorum pro[cess]it exerc[it]us ad oppidum Mariba. §
-
-
-c. 27.
-
-  24 Aegyptum imperio populi [Ro]mani adieci. § Armeniam maiorem inter-
-
-  25  fecto rége eius Artaxe § c[u]m possem facere provinciam, málui
-      maiórum
-
-  26  nostrórum exemplo regn[u]m id Tigrani regis Artavasdis filio,
-      nepoti au-
-
-  27  tem Tigránis regis, per T[i. Ne]ronem trad[er]e, qui tum mihi
-      priv[ig]nus erat.
-
-  28  Et eandem gentem posteá d[esc]íscentem et rebellantem d_o_mit[a]m
-      per Gai_u_m
-
-  29  filium meum regi Ario[barz]ani regis Medorum Artaba[zi] filio
-      _rege_n-
-
-  30  dam tradidi [§] et post e[ius] mortem filio eius Artavasdi. [§]
-      Quo [inte]rfecto [Tigra]-
-
-  31  ne, qui erat ex régió genere Armeniorum oriundus, in id re[gnum]
-      mísí. § Pro-
-
-  32  vincias omnís, quae trans Hadrianum mare vergun[t a]d Orien[te]m,
-      Cyre-
-
-  33  násque, iam ex parte magná regibus eas possidentibus, e[t] _ante_a
-      Siciliam
-
-  34  et Sardiniam occu_pat_ás bello servili reciperávi. §
-
-
-c. 28.
-
-  35 Colonias in Áfri_ca Sicilia_ [M]acedoniá utráque Hispániá
-      Achai[a] As_i_a S[y]_ri_a
-
-  36  Galliá Narb_onensi Pi_[si]_dia_ militum dedúxi §. Italia
-      autem XXVIII [colo]ni-
-
-  37  ás, quae vívo _me celeberrimae_ et frequentissimae fuerunt,
-      me[is auspicis]
-
-  38  deductas h_abet_.
-
-
-c. 29.
-
-  39 Signa mílitaria _complur_[a per] aliós d[u]_c_és ámi[ssa]
-      devicti[s hostibu]s re[cipe]ravi
-
-  40  ex His_pania et_ [Gallia et a Dalm]ateis. § Parthos trium
-      exercitum Roman[o]-
-
-  41  rum _spolia et signa re_[ddere] mihi supplicesque amicitiam
-      populí Romaní
-
-  42  petere _coegi_. § _Ea autem si_[gn]a in penetrálí, quod
-      e[s]t ín templo Martis Ultoris,
-
-  43  reposui.
-
-
-c. 30.
-
-  44 Pannonio_rum gentes_, _qua_[s a]nte me principem populi
-      Romaní exercitus nun-
-
-  45  quam ad[i]_t_, _devictas per Ti._ [Ne]ronem, qui tum
-      erat privignus et legátus meus,
-
-  46  ímperio po_puli Roma_ni _s_[ubie]ci, protulique finés
-      Illyrici _ad_ r[ip]am flúminis
-
-  47  Dan[u]i. Citr[a] quod [D]ac[or]u[m tr]an[s]gressus exercitus meis
-      a[u]sp[icis vict]us profliga-
-
-  48  tusque [est, et postea tran]s Dan[u]vium ductus ex[ercitus me]u[s]
-      Da[cor]um
-
-  49  gentes im[peria populi Romani perferre coegit.]
-
-
-c. 31.
-
-  50 Ad me ex In[dia regum legationes saepe missae sunt, nunquam antea
-      visae]
-
-  51  apud qu[em]q[uam] R[omanorum du]cem. § Nostram am[icitiam
-      petierunt]
-
-  52  per legat[os] B[a]starn[ae Scythae]que et Sarmatarum q[ui sunt
-      citra flu]men
-
-  53  Tanaim [et] ultrá reg[es, Alba]norumque réx et Hibér[orum et
-      Medorum.]
-
-
-c. 32.
-
-  54 Ad mé supplices confug[erunt] regés Parthorum Tírida[tes et
-      postea] Phrát[es]
-
-  VI.
-
-   1 regis Phrati[s filius]; [§] Medorum [Artavasdes; Adiabenorum
-      A]rtaxa-
-
-   2  res §; Britann[o]rum Dumnobellau[nus] _et Tim_......;
-      [Sugambrorum]
-
-   3  Maelo; § Mar[c]omanórum Sueboru[m .....rus]. [Ad me] rex
-      _Part_horum
-
-   4  Phrates Orod[i]s filius filiós suós nepot[esque omnes misit] _in
-      Ital_iam, non
-
-   5  bello superátú[s], sed amicitiam nostram per [liberorum] suorum
-      pignora
-
-   6  petens. § Plúrimaeque aliae gentes exper[tae sunt p. R.]
-      _fide_m me prin-
-
-   7  cipe, quibus anteá cum populo Roman[o nullum extitera]t legationum
-
-   8  et amícitiae [c]ommercium. §
-
-
-c. 33.
-
-   9 Á me gentés Parthórum et Médóru[m per legatos] principes eárum gen-
-
-  10  tium régés pet[i]tós accéperunt Par[thi Vononem regis Phr]átis
-      fílium,
-
-  11  régis Oródis nepótem; § Médí Ar[iobarzanem] regis Artavazdis fi-
-
-  12  lium, regis Ariobarzanis nep[otem].
-
-
-c. 34.
-
-  13 Ín consulátú sexto et septimo, b[ella ubi civil]ia exstinxeram
-
-  14  per consénsum úniversórum [potitus rerum omn]ium, rem publicam
-
-  15  ex meá potestáte [§] in senát[us populique Romani a]rbitrium
-      transtulí.
-
-  16  Quó pro merito meó senatu[s consulto Aug. appe]llátus sum et
-      laureís
-
-  17  postés aedium meárum v[estiti publice coronaq]ue civíca super
-
-  18  iánuam meam fíxa est [§] [clupeusque aureu]s in [c]úriá Iúliá
-      posi-
-
-  19  tus, quem mihi senatum [populumque Romanu]m dare virtutis cle-
-
-  20  [mentia]e iustitia[e pietatis causa testatum] est pe[r e]ius
-      clúpei
-
-  21  [inscription]em. § Post id tem[pus praestiti omnibus dignitate
-      potes-
-
-  22  t]atis au[tem n]ihilo ampliu[s habui quam qui fuerunt m]ihi quo-
-
-  23  que in ma[gis]tra[t]u conlegae.
-
-
-c. 35.
-
-  24 Tertium dec[i]mum consulátu[m cum gerebam, senatus et equ]ester
-      ordo
-
-  25  populusq[ue] Románus úniversus [appellavit me patrem p]atriae
-      idque
-
-  26  in vestibu[lo a]edium meárum inscriben[dum esse et in curia e]t in
-      foró Aug.
-
-  27  sub quadrig[i]s, quae mihi [ex] s. c. pos[itae sunt, decrevit. Cum
-      scri]psi haec,
-
-  28  annum agebam septuagensu[mum sextum].
-
-
-c. 1.
-
-  29 Summá pecún[i]ae, quam ded[it in aerarium vel plebei Romanae vel
-      di]mis-
-
-  30  sis militibus: denarium se[xi]e[ns milliens].
-
-
-c. 2.
-
-  31 Opera fecit nova § aedem Martis, [Iovis tonantis et feretri,
-      Apollinis],
-
-  32  díví Iúli, § Quirini, § Minervae, [Iunonis reginae, Iovis
-      Libertatis],
-
-  33  Larum, deum Penátium, [§] Iuv[entatis, Matris deum, Lupercal,
-      pulvina]r
-
-  34  ad circum, [§] cúriam cum ch[alcidico, forum Augustum, basilica]m
-
-  35  Iuliam, theatrum Marcelli, [§] [p]or[ticus .........., nemus trans
-      T]iberím
-
-  36  Caesarum. §
-
-
-c. 3.
-
-  37  Refécit Capito[lium sacra]sque ae_d_es [nu]m[ero octoginta]
-      duas, thea[t]rum Pom-
-
-  38  peí, aqu[arum rivos, vi]am Flamin[iam].
-
-
-c. 4.
-
-  39 Ímpensa p....... [in spect]acul[a scaenica et munera] gladiatorum
-      at-
-
-  40  [que athletas et venationes et naum]ach[iam] et donata pe[c]unia a
-      (?)
-
-  41  . . . . . . . . . . . . [ter]rae motu § incendioque consum-
-
-  42  pt[is] a[ut viritim] a[micis senat]oribusque, quórum census
-      explévit,
-
-  43  in[n]umera[bili]s. §
-
-
-      I,  3. ob quae, W. quas ob res; S. and B. propter quae.
-
-      I,  5. ferendae, W. dicendae; simul ..... ferendae, B. sententiae
-            dicendae mihi dans; after dedit B. erases [§].
-
-      I,  7. jussit, B. jubens.
-
-      I, 14. superstitibus, Sk. following Hirschfield, veniam
-             petentibus.
-
-      I, 18. aliquantum, B. and W. aliquanto; a me emptos, B. following
-             Bergk, adsignavi.
-
-      I, 19. praediis a me, B. and W. praemiis militiae (me in stone
-             might be iae.)
-
-      I, 22. deinde, B. autem.
-
-      I, 23. decrevisset, S. decerneret; item saepe, S. itaque modo;
-             item saepe laurus, B. laurumque potius.
-
-      I, 29. agebam, B. following Bergk, eram, and omits annum.
-
-      I, 31. datam......... a populo et senatu, W. nomine populi et
-             senatus oblatam; S. a populo et senatu ultro delatam; et
-             senatu, S. senatuque Romano.
-
-      I, 33, 34. ut......... paucis diebus, W. uti intra paucos dies;
-             B. ut paucissimis diebus.
-
-      I, 34. quo erat, W. and S. praesenti.
-
-      I, 34, 35. meis impensis, W. privata impensa; S. meis sumptibus.
-
-      II,  9. S. inserts meo after filio.
-
-      II, 12. complura, B. et multa.
-
-      II, 13. reduxi, B. sanxi; S. revocavi.
-
-      II, 15. suscipi, B. suscipere,
-
-      II, 16. iis, S. quibus.
-
-      II, 17. me ludos aliquotiens, W. mihi ludos interdum; aliquotiens,
-              B. votivos modo.
-
-      II, 18. aliquotiens, W. interdum; aliquotiens consules, B. modo
-              consules ejus anni.
-
-      II, 19. sacrificaverunt, B. sacrificia; W. supplicaverunt; semper,
-              B. concorditer; W. unanimiter.
-
-      II, 20. B. adds fecerunt.
-
-      II, 22. sacrosanctus ut essem ........ W. sacrosancta ut esset
-              persona mea, or sacrosancta potestate ut essem.
-
-      II, 25. habuit, B. habuerat; cepi id, B. quod.
-
-      II, 26. qui civilis motus, B, suscepi qui id tumultus.
-
-      II, 27. ad comitia mea ......... B. propter mea comitia, or
-              comitiorum caussa; Sk. inserts coeunte before ad.
-
-      II, 28. fertur, Sk. memoriae proditur; omits coeunte.
-
-      II, 29. reduci, B. reducis.
-
-      II, 32. B. inserts eo before die.
-
-      II, 33. redi, B. redieram.
-
-      II, 36. S. inserts ante after honos.
-
-      II, 42. S. inserts tum after quem.
-
-      III, 17. In, W. et.
-
-      III, 40. W. Jam before inde.
-
-      III, 41. vectigalia, Sk. publicani.
-
-      III, 41-43. inlato......... tuli, S. multo frumentarias et
-               nummarias tessaras ex aere et patrimonio meo dedi.
-
-      III, 42. vel......... agro, W. atque nummariis tesseris divisis;
-               tributus, Sk. titulos.
-
-      III, 43. opem tuli, Sk. and W. subveni.
-
-       IV, 19. W. omits feci; inserts in ea after pontes.
-
-        V,  7. qui vel antea vel, S. consulares, et qui.
-
-        V, 11. et Germaniam qua includit, W. item Germaniam qua claudit.
-
-        V, 13. pacem feci. W. pacificavi.
-
-        V, 37. meis auspiciis, W. mea auctoritate.
-
-        V, 49. imperia, W. imperium; perferre, W. accipere;
-               S. sustinere.
-
-       VI,  7. extiterat, S. fuerat.
-
-       VI, 13. bella ubi, S. postquam bella; ubi, G. cum.
-
-       VI, 16. Aug. S. Augustus.
-
-       VI, 17. vestiti, W. velati sunt; S. inserts sunt after vestiti.
-
-       VI, 22. quam, G. iis.
-
-
-
-
-  Μεθηρμηνευμέναι ὑπεγράφησαν πράξεις τε καὶ δωρεαὶ Σεβαστοῦ θεοῦ, ἃς
-  ἀπέλιπεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης ἐνκεχαραγμένας χαλκαῖς στήλαις δυσί.
-
-
-  I.      c. 1.
-
-   1 Ἐτῶν δεκαε[ν]νέα ὢν τὸ στράτευμα ἐμῇ γνώμῃ καὶ
-
-   2  ἐμοῖς ἀν[αλ]ώμασιν ἡτοί[μασα], δι’ οὗ τὰ κοινὰ πρά-
-
-   3  γματα [ἐκ τῆ]ς τ[ῶ]ν συνο[μοσα]μένων δουλήας
-
-   4  [ἠλευ]θέ[ρωσα. Ἐφ’ ο]ἷς ἡ σύνκλητος ἐπαινέσασά
-
-   5  [με ψηφίσμασι] προσκατέλεξε τῇ βουλῇ Γαΐῳ Πά[νσ]α
-
-   6  [Αὔλῳ Ἱρτίῳ ὑ]π[ά]το[ι]ς, ἐν τῇ τάξει τῶν ὑπατ[ικῶ]ν
-
-   7  [ἅμα τ]ὸ σ[υμβου]λεύειν δοῦσα, ῥάβδου[ς] τ’ ἐμοὶ ἔδωκεν.
-
-   8  [Περ]ὶ τὰ δημόσια πράγματα μή τι βλαβῇ, ἐμοὶ με-
-
-   9  [τὰ τῶν ὑπά]των προνοεῖν ἐπέτρεψεν ἀντὶ στρατηγο[ῦ.]
-
-  10  [..... Ὁ δὲ] δ[ῆ]μος τῷ αὐτῷ ἐνιαυτῷ, ἀμφοτέρων
-
-  11  [τῶν ὑπάτων π]ολέμῳ πεπτω[κ]ό[τ]ων, ἐμὲ ὕπα-
-
-  12  [τον ἀπέδειξ]εν καὶ τὴν τῶν τριῶν ἀνδρῶν ἔχον-
-
-  13  [τα ἀρχὴν ἐπὶ] τῇ καταστάσει τῶν δ[η]μοσίων πρα-
-
-  14  [γμάτων] ε[ἵλ]ατ[ο.
-
-
-c. 2.
-
-  15 Τοὺς τὸν πατέρα τὸν ἐμὸν φονεύ]σ[αν]τ[α]ς ἐξώρισα κρί-
-
-  16  [σεσιν ἐνδί]κοις τειμω[ρ]ησάμε[ν]ος αὐτῶν τὸ
-
-  17  [ἀσέβημα κ]αὶ [με]τὰ ταῦτα αὐτοὺς πόλεμον ἐ-
-
-  18  [πιφέροντας τῇ πα]τ[ρ]ίδι δὶς ἐνείκησα παρατάξει.
-
-c. 3.
-
-  19 [Πολέμους καὶ κατὰ γῆν] καὶ κατὰ θάλασσαν ἐμφυ-
-
-  20  [λίους καὶ ἐξωτικοὺς] ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ οἰκουμένῃ πολ-
-
-  21  [λοὺς ἀνεδεξάμην, νεικ]ήσας τε πάντων ἐφεισάμην
-
-  22  [τῶν περιόντων πολειτῶν. τ]ὰ ἔθνη, οἷς ἀσφαλὲς ἦν συν-
-
-  23  [γνώμην ἔχειν, ἔσωσα μ]ᾶλ[λον] ἢ ἐξέκοψα. § Μυριάδες
-
-  II.
-
-   1  Ῥωμαίων στρατ[εύ]σ[ασ]αι ὑπ[ὸ τὸ]ν ὅρκον τὸν ἐμὸν
-
-   2  ἐγένοντ[ο] ἐνγὺς π[εντήκ]ο[ντ]α· [ἐ]ξ ὧν κατή[γ]αγον εἰς
-
-   3  τὰ[ς] ἀπο[ι]κίας ἢ ἀ[πέπεμψα εἰς τὰς] ἰδία[ς πόλεις] ἐκ-
-
-   4  [λυομένους.]      .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-   5  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-   6  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-   7  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-   8  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-c. 4.
-
-   9 Δὶς ἐ[πὶ κέλητος ἐθριάμβευσα], τρὶς [ἐ]φ’ ἅρματος.  Εἰκο-
-
-  10  σά[κις καὶ ἅπαξ προσηγορεύθην αὐτο]κράτωρ.  Τῆς
-
-  11  [συνκλήτου]   .     .     .     .    ψηφισσ .     .     .
-
-  12    .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .   ων τὴν [δάφνην]
-
-  13    .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-  14    .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-  15    .     .     .     .     .     .     [Διὰ τὰ πράγ]μ[ατα, ἃ]
-
-  16  [αὐτὸς ἢ διὰ τῶν πρεσβευτῶν ἐμῶν] κατώρθω-
-
-  17  σα, π[εντ]ηκοντάκις [καὶ] πεντά[κις ἐψ]ηφίσατο ἡ
-
-  18  σύ[νκλητ]ος θεοῖς δεῖ[ν] θύεσθαι. [Ἡμ]έραι οὖν αὗ-
-
-  19  [τα]ι ἐ[κ συ]ν[κλήτου] δ[ό]γματ[ο]ς ἐγένοντο ὀκτα[κ]όσιαι ἐνενή-
-
-  20  [κοντα]. Ἐν [τ]οῖς ἐμοῖς [θριάμ]βοις [πρὸ το]ῦ ἐμοῦ ἅρ-
-
-  21  μ[ατος βασι]λεῖς ἢ [βασιλέων παῖ]δες [παρήχθ]ησαν
-
-  22  ἐννέα. § [Ὑπάτ]ε[υ]ον τρὶς καὶ δέκ[ατο]ν, ὅτε τ[αῦ]τα ἔγραφον,
-
-  23  καὶ ἤμη[ν τρια]κ[οστὸ]ν καὶ ἕβδομ[ον δημαρχ]ικῆς
-
-  III.
-
-   1  ἐξουσίας
-
-c. 5.
-
-   2 Αὐτεξούσιόν μοι ἀρχὴν καὶ ἀπόντι καὶ παρόντι
-
-   3  διδομένην [ὑ]πό τε τοῦ δήμου καὶ τῆς συνκλήτου
-
-   4  Μ[άρκ]ῳ [Μ]αρκέλλῳ καὶ Λευκίῳ Ἀρρουντίῳ ὑπάτοις
-
-   5  ο[ὐκ ἐδ]εξάμην. § Οὐ παρητησάμην ἐν τῇ μεγίστῃ
-
-   6  [τοῦ] σ[είτ]ου σπάνει τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν τῆς ἀγορᾶς, ἣν οὕ-
-
-   7  [τως ἐπετήδευ]σα, ὥστ’ ἐν ὀλίγαις ἡμέρα[ις το]ῦ παρόντος
-
-   8  φόβου καὶ κι[νδ]ύνου ταῖς ἐμαῖς δαπάναις τὸν δῆμον
-
-   9  ἐλευθερῶσα[ι]. Ὑπατείαν τέ μοι τότε δι[δ]ομένην καὶ
-
-  10  ἐ[ν]ιαύσιον κα[ὶ δ]ι[ὰ] βίου οὐκ ἐδεξάμην.
-
-
-c. 6.
-
-  11 Ὑπάτοις Μάρκῳ Οὐινουκίῳ καὶ Κοίντῳ Λ[ουκρ]ητ[ίῳ]
-
-  12  καὶ μετὰ τα[ῦ]τα Ποπλίῳ καὶ Ναίῳ Λέντλοις καὶ
-
-  13  τρίτον Παύλλῳ Φαβίῳ Μαξίμῳ καὶ Κοίν[τῳ] Του-
-
-  14  βέρωι § τῆς [τε σ]υνκλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τοῦ
-
-  15  Ῥωμαίων ὁμολογ[ο]ύντων, ἵν[α ἐπιμε]λητὴς
-
-  16  τῶν τε νόμων καὶ τῶν τρόπων ἐ[πὶ τῇ με]γίστῃ
-
-  17  [ἐξ]ουσ[ίᾳ μ]ό[νο]ς χειροτονηθῷ §, ἀρχὴν οὐδε-
-
-  18  μ[ία]ν πα[ρὰ τὰ πά]τρ[ια] ἔ[θ]η διδομένην ἀνεδε-
-
-  19  ξάμην· § ἃ δὲ τότε δι’ ἐμοῦ ἡ σύνκλητος οἰ-
-
-  20  κονομεῖσθαι ἐβούλετο, τῆς δημαρχικῆς ἐξο[υ]-
-
-  21  σίας ὢν ἐτέλε[σα. Κ]αὶ ταύτης αὐτῆς τῆς ἀρχῆς
-
-  22  συνάρχοντα [αὐτ]ὸς ἀπὸ τῆς συνκλήτου π[εν]-
-
-  23  τάκις αἰτήσας [ἔλ]αβον.
-
-
-  IV.      c. 7.
-
-   1 Τριῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐγενόμην δημοσίων πραγμάτων
-
-   2  κατορθωτὴς συνεχέσιν ἔτεσιν δέκα. § Πρῶτον
-
-   3  ἀξιώματος τόπον ἔσχον τῆς συνκλήτου ἄχρι
-
-   4  ταύτης τῆς ἡμέρας, ἧς ταῦτα ἔγραφον, ἐπὶ ἔτη τεσ-
-
-   5  σαράκοντα. § Ἀρχιερεύς, § αὔγουρ, § τῶν δεκαπέντε ἀν-
-
-   6  δρῶν τῶν ἱεροποιῶν, § τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀνδρῶν ἱεροποι-
-
-   7  ῶν, § ἀ[δε]λφὸς ἀρουᾶλις, § ἑταῖρος Τίτιος, § φητιᾶλις.
-
-
-c. 8.
-
-   8 Τῶν [πατ]ρικίων τὸν ἀριθμὸν εὔξησα πέμπτον
-
-   9  ὕπατ[ος ἐπιτ]αγῇ τοῦ τε δήμου καὶ τῆς συνκλὴ-
-
-  10  του. § [Τὴν σύ]νκλητον τρὶς ἐπέλεξα. § Ἕκτον ὕπα-
-
-  11  τος τὴν ἀπ[ο]τείμησιν τοῦ δήμου συνάρχον-
-
-  12  [τ]α ἔχων Μᾶρκον Ἀγρίππαν ἔλαβον, ἧτις ἀπο-
-
-  13  [τείμη]σις μετὰ [δύο καὶ] τεσσαρακοστὸν ἐνιαυ-
-
-  14  τὸν [σ]υνε[κ]λείσθη. Ἐν ᾗ ἀποτειμήσει Ῥωμαίων
-
-  15  ἐτει[μήσ]α[ντο] κεφαλαὶ τετρακό[σιαι ἑ]ξήκον-
-
-  16  τα μυ[ριάδες καὶ τρισχίλιαι. Δεύτερον ὑ]πατι-
-
-  17  κῇ ἐξ[ουσίᾳ μόνος Γαΐῳ Κηνσωρίνῳ καὶ]
-
-  18  Γαίῳ [Ἀσινίῳ ὑπάτοις τὴν ἀποτείμησιν ἔλαβον·]
-
-  19  ἐν [ᾗ] ἀπ[οτειμήσει ἐτειμήσαντο Ῥωμαί]-
-
-  20  ων τετ[ρακόσιαι εἴκοσι τρεῖς μυριάδες καὶ τ]ρι[σ]-
-
-  21  χίλιοι. Κ[αὶ τρίτον ὑπατικῇ ἐξουσίᾳ τὰς ἀποτειμή]-
-
-  22  σε[ι]ς ἔλα[βο]ν, [ἔχω]ν [συνάρχοντα Τιβέριον]
-
-  23  Καίσαρα τὸν υἱόν μο[υ Σέξτῳ Πομπηίῳ καὶ]
-
-  V.
-
-   1  Σέξτῳ Ἀππουληίῳ ὑπάτοις· ἐν ᾗ ἀποτειμήσει
-
-   2  ἐτειμήσαντο Ῥωμαίων τετρακόσιαι ἐνενήκοντα
-
-   3  τρεῖς μυριάδες καὶ ἑπτακισχείλιοι. § Εἰσαγαγὼν και-
-
-   4  νοὺς νόμους πολλὰ ἤδη τῶν ἀρχαίων ἐθῶν κα-
-
-   5  ταλυόμενα διωρθωσάμην καὶ αὐτὸς πολλῶν
-
-   6  πραγμάτων μείμημα ἐμαυτὸν τοῖς μετέπει-
-
-   7  τα παρέδωκα.
-
-
-c. 9.
-
-   8 Εὐχὰς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς σωτηρίας ἀναλαμβάνειν
-
-   9  διὰ τῶν ὑπάτων καὶ ἱερέων καθ’ ἑκάστην πεν-
-
-  10  τετηρίδα ἐψηφίσατο ἡ σύνκλητος. ἐκ τού-
-
-  11  των τῶν εὐχῶν πλειστάκις ἐγένοντο θέαι,
-
-  12  τοτὲ μὲν ἐκ τῆς συναρχίας τῶν τεσσάρων ἱερέ-
-
-  13  ων, τοτὲ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπάτων. Καὶ κατ’ ἰδίαν δὲ καὶ
-
-  14  κατὰ πόλεις σύνπαντες οἱ πολεῖται ὁμοθυμα-
-
-  15  δ[ὸν] συνεχῶς ἔθυσαν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς σω[τ]ηρίας.
-
-
-c. 10.
-
-  16 Τὸ ὄν[ομ]ά μου συνκλήτου δόγματι ἐνπεριελή-
-
-  17  φθη εἰ[ς τοὺ]ς σαλίων ὕμνους. καὶ ἵνα ἱερὸς ᾦ
-
-  18  διὰ [βίο]υ [τ]ε τὴν δημαρχικὴν ἔχῳ ἐξουσίαν,
-
-  19  νό[μῳ ἐκ]υρώθη. § Ἀρχιερωσύνην, ἣν ὁ πατήρ
-
-  20  [μ]ου [ἐσχ]ήκει τοῦ δήμου μοι καταφέροντος
-
-  21  εἰς τὸν τοῦ ζῶντος τόπον, οὐ προσεδεξά-
-
-  22  μ[η]ν. § [ἣ]ν ἀρχιερατείαν μετά τινας ἐνιαυτοὺς
-
-  VI.
-
-   1  ἀποθανόντος τοῦ προκατειληφότος αὐ-
-
-   2  τὴν ἐν πολειτικαῖς ταραχαῖς, ἀνείληφα, εἰς
-
-   3  τὰ ἐμὰ ἀρχαιρέσια ἐξ ὅλης τῆς Ἰταλίας τοσού-
-
-   4  του πλήθους συνεληλυθότος, ὅσον οὐδεὶς
-
-   5  ἔνπροσθεν ἱστόρησεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης γεγονέναι Πο-
-
-   6  πλίῳ Σουλπικίῳ καὶ Γαίῳ Οὐαλγίῳ ὑπάτοις.
-
-
-c. 11.
-
-   7 Βωμὸν Τύχης σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου
-
-   8  πρὸς τῇ Καπήνῃ πύλῃ ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν·
-
-   9  πρὸς ᾧ τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας, ἐνιαύσιον θυ-
-
-  10  σίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ,
-
-  11  ἐν ᾗ ὑπάτοις Κοίντῳ Λουκρητίῳ καὶ Μάρκῳ
-
-  12  Οὐινουκίῳ ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύ-
-
-  13  θει[ν], τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυ-
-
-  14  μίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια.
-
-
-c. 12.
-
-  15 Δόγματι σ[υ]νκλήτου οἱ τὰς μεγίστας ἀρχὰς ἄρ-
-
-  16  ξαντε[ς σ]ὺν μέρει στρατηγῶν καὶ δημάρχων
-
-  17  μετὰ ὑπ[ά]του Κοίντου Λουκρητίου ἐπέμφθη-
-
-  18  σάν μοι ὑπαντήσοντες μέχρι Καμπανίας, ἥτις
-
-  19  τειμὴ μέχρι τούτου οὐδὲ ἑνὶ εἰ μὴ ἐμοὶ ἐψηφίσ-
-
-  20  θη. § Ὅτε ἐξ Ἱσπανίας καὶ Γαλατίας, τῶν ἐν ταύ-
-
-  21  ταις ταῖς ἐπαρχείαις πραγμάτων κατὰ τὰς εὐ-
-
-  22  χὰς τελεσθέντων, εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανῆλθον §
-
-  23  Τιβερίῳ [Νέ]ρωνι καὶ Ποπλίῳ Κοιντιλίῳ ὑπάτοις,
-
-  VII.
-
-   1  βωμὸν Ε[ἰρ]ήνης Σεβαστῆς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανό-
-
-   2  δου ἀφιερωθῆναι ἐψηφίσατο ἡ σύνκλητος ἐν πε-
-
-   3  δίῳ Ἄρεως, πρὸς ᾧ τούς τε ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ τοὺς
-
-   4  ἱερεῖς τάς τε ἱερείας ἐνιαυσίους θυσίας ἐκέλευσε ποιεῖν.
-
-
-c. 13.
-
-   5 Πύλην Ἐνυάλιον, ἣν κεκλῖσθαι οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν ἠθέ-
-
-   6  λησαν εἰρηνευομένης τῆς ὑπὸ Ῥωμάοις πάσης γῆς τε
-
-   7  καὶ θαλάσσης, πρὸ μὲν ἐμοῦ, ἐξ οὗ ἡ πόλις ἐκτίσθη,
-
-   8  τῷ παντὶ αἰῶνι δὶς μόνον κεκλεῖσθαι ὁμολογεῖ-
-
-   9  ται, ἐπὶ δὲ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος τρὶς ἡ σύνκλητος ἐψη-
-
-  10  φίσατο κλεισθῆναι.
-
-
-c. 14.
-
-  11 Ὑιούς μου Γάιον καὶ Λεύκιον Καίσ[α]ρας, οὓς νεανίας ἀ-
-
-  12  νήρπασεν ἡ τύχη, εἰς τὴν ἐμὴν τειμ[ὴ]ν ἥ τ[ε] σύνκλη-
-
-  13  τος καὶ ὁ δῆμος τῶν Ῥωμαίων πεντεκαιδεκαέτεις
-
-  14  ὄντας ὑπάτους ἀπέδειξεν, ἵνα μετὰ πέντε ἔτη
-
-  15  εἰς τὴν ὑπάτον ἀρχὴν εἰσέλθωσιν· καὶ ἀφ’ ἧς ἂν
-
-  16  ἡμέ[ρα]ς [εἰς τὴν ἀ]γορὰν [κατ]αχθ[ῶ]σιν, ἵνα [με]τέχω-
-
-  17  σιν, τῆς συ[ν]κλήτου ἐψηφίσατο. § ἱππεῖς δὲ Ῥω-
-
-  18  μαίων σύν[π]αντες ἡγεμόνα νεότητος ἑκάτε-
-
-  19  ρον αὐτῶν [πρ]οσηγόρευσαν, ἀσπίσιν ἀργυρέαις
-
-  20  καὶ δόρασιν [ἐτ]είμησαν.
-
-
-c. 15.
-
-  21 Δήμῳ Ῥωμα[ίω]ν κατ’ ἄνδρα ἑβδομήκοντα π[έντ]ε
-
-  22  δηνάρια ἑκάστῳ ἠρίθμησα κατὰ δια-
-
-  23  θήκην τοῦ πατρός μου, καὶ τῷ ἐμῷ ὀνόματι
-
-  24  ἐκ λαφύρων [π]ο[λέ]μου ἀνὰ ἑκατὸν δηνάρια
-
-  VIII.
-
-   1  πέμπτον ὕπατος ἔδωκα, § πάλιν τε δέ[κατο]ν
-
-   2  ὑπατεύων ἐκ τ[ῆ]ς ἐμῆς ὑπάρξεως ἀνὰ δηνά-
-
-   3  ρια ἑκατὸν ἠρίθ[μ]ησα, [§] καὶ ἑνδέκατον ὕπατος
-
-   4  δώδεκα σειτομετρήσεις ἐκ τοῦ ἐμοῦ βίου ἀπε-
-
-   5  μέτρησα, [§] καὶ δημαρχικῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ δωδέ-
-
-   6  κατον ἑκατὸν δηνάρια κατ’ ἄνδρα ἔδωκα· αἵτ[ι]-
-
-   7  νες ἐμαὶ ἐπιδόσεις οὐδέποτε ἧσσον ἦλθ[ο]ν ε[ἰ]ς
-
-   8  ἄνδρας μυριάδων εἴκοσι πέντε. δημα[ρ]χικῆς ἐ-
-
-   9  ξουσίας ὀκτωκαιδέκατον, ὕπατ[ος] δ[ωδέκατον]
-
-  10  τριάκοντα τρισ[ὶ] μυριάσιν ὄχλου πολειτικ[οῦ ἑ]ξή-
-
-  11  [κοντα δηνάρια κατ’ ἄνδρα ἔδωκα, κα]ὶ ἀποίκοις στρα-
-
-  12  τιωτῶν ἐμῶν πέμπτον ὕπατος ἐ[κ] λαφύρων κατὰ
-
-  13  ἄνδρα ἀνὰ διακόσια πεντήκοντα δηνάρια ἔδ[ωκα·]
-
-  14  ἔλαβον ταύτην τὴν δωρεὰν ἐν ταῖς ἀποικίαις ἀν-
-
-  15  θρώπων μυριάδες πλ[εῖ]ον δώδε[κα. ὕ]πατος τ[ρι]σ-
-
-  16  καιδέκατον ἀνὰ ἑξήκοντα δηνάρια τῷ σειτομετ[ρου]-
-
-  17  μένῳ δήμῳ ἔδω[κα· οὗτο]ς ἀρ[ι]θμ[ὸς πλείων εἴκο-
-
-  18  σ]ι [μυ]ριάδων ὑπῆρχ[ε]ν.
-
-
-c. 16.
-
-  19 Χρήματα ἐν ὑπατείᾳ τετάρτῃ ἐμῇ κα[ὶ] μετὰ ταῦτα ὑ-
-
-  20  πάτοις Μάρκῳ Κράσσῳ καὶ Ναίῳ Λέντλῳ αὔγου-
-
-  21  ρι ταῖς πόλεσιν ἠρίθμησα ὑπὲρ ἀργῶν, οὓς ἐμέρισα
-
-  22  τοῖς στρατ[ιώ]ταις. Κεφαλαίου ἐγένοντο ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ
-
-  23  μὲν μύριαι π[εντακι]σ[χ]ε[ίλιαι μυ]ριάδες, [τῶ]ν [δὲ ἐ]παρ-
-
-  24  χειτικῶν ἀγρῶν [μ]υ[ριάδες ἑξακισχίλ]ιαι πεν[τακό]σ[ιαι].
-
-  IX.
-
-   1  Τοῦτο πρῶτος καὶ μόνος ἁπάντων ἐπόησα τῶν
-
-   2  [κατα]γαγόντων ἀποικίας στρατιωτῶν ἐν Ἰτα-
-
-   3  λίᾳ ἢ ἐν ἐπαρχείαις μέχρι τῆς ἐμῆς ἡλικίας. § καὶ
-
-   4  μετέπειτα Τιβερίῳ Νέρωνι καὶ Ναίῳ Πείσωνι ὑπά-
-
-   5  τοις καὶ πάλιν Γαίῳ Ἀνθεστίῳ καὶ Δέκμῳ Λαι-
-
-   6  λίῳ ὑπάτοις καὶ Γαίῳ Καλουισίῳ καὶ Λευκίῳ
-
-   7  Πασσιήνῳ [ὑ]πάτο[ι]ς [καὶ Λ]ευκίῳ Λέντλῳ καὶ Μάρ-
-
-   8  κῳ Μεσσάλ[ᾳ] ὑπάτοις κ[α]ὶ [Λ]ευκίῳ Κανιν[ί]ῳ καὶ
-
-   9  [Κ]οίντῳ Φα[β]ρικίῳ ὑπάτοις στρατιώταις ἀπολυ-
-
-  10  ομένοις, οὓς κατήγαγον εἰς τὰς ἰδίας πόλ[εις], φιλαν-
-
-  11  θρώπου ὀνόματι ἔδωκα μ[υρ]ιάδας ἐγγὺς [μυρία]ς.
-
-
-c. 17.
-
-  12 Τετρά[κ]ις χρήμ[α]σιν ἐμοῖς [ἀν]έλαβον τὸ αἰράριον, [εἰς] ὃ
-
-  13  [κ]ατήνενκα [χ]ειλίας [ἑπτ]ακοσίας πεντήκοντα
-
-  14  μυριάδας. κ[αὶ] Μ[ά]ρκῳ [Λεπίδῳ] καὶ Λευκίῳ Ἀρρουν-
-
-  15  τίῳ ὑ[πάτοις ε]ἰς τ[ὸ] στ[ρ]α[τιωτ]ικὸν αἰράριον, ὃ τῇ
-
-  16  [ἐμῇ] γ[ν]ώ[μῃ] κατέστη, ἵνα [ἐ]ξ αὐτοῦ αἱ δωρ[ε]αὶ εἰσ-
-
-  17  [έπειτα τοῖς ἐ]μοῖς σ[τρατι]ώταις δίδωνται, ο[ἳ εἴκο-
-
-  18  σι]ν ἐνιαυτο[ὺ]ς ἢ πλείονας ἐστρατεύσαντο, μ[υ]ρι-
-
-  19  άδα[ς] τετρά[κ]ις χειλίας διακοσίας πεντήκοντα
-
-  20  [ἐκ τῆς ἐ]μ[ῆς] ὑπάρξεως κατήνενκα.
-
-c. 18.
-
-  21 [Ἀπ’ ἐκ]είνου τ[ο]ῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ, ἐ[φ’] οὗ Ναῖος καὶ Πόπλιος
-
-  22  [Λ]έντλοι ὕπατοι ἐγένοντο, ὅτε ὑπέλειπον αἱ δη-
-
-  23  [μό]σιαι πρόσοδοι, ἄλλοτε μὲν δέκα μυριάσιν, ἄλ-
-
-  24  [λοτε] δὲ πλείοσιν σειτικὰς καὶ ἀργυρικὰς συντάξεις
-
-  X.
-
-   1  ἐκ τῆς ἐμῆς ὑπάρξεως ἔδωκα.
-
-
-c. 19.
-
-   2 Βουλευτήρ[ιο]ν καὶ τὸ πλησίον αὐτῷ χαλκιδικόν,
-
-   3  ναόν τε Ἀπόλλωνος ἐν Παλατίῳ σὺν στοαῖς,
-
-   4  ναὸν θεοῦ [Ἰ]ουλίου, Πανὸς ἱερόν, στοὰν πρὸς ἱπ-
-
-   5  ποδρόμῳ τῷ προσαγορευομένῳ Φλαμινίῳ, ἣν
-
-   6  εἴασα προσαγορεύεσθαι ἐξ ὀνόματος ἐκείνου Ὀκτα-
-
-   7  ουίαν, ὃ[ς] πρῶτος αὐτὴν ἀνέστησεν, ναὸν πρὸς τῷ
-
-   8  μεγάλῳ ἱπποδρόμῳ, [§] ναοὺς ἐν Καπιτωλίῳ
-
-   9  Διὸς τροπαιοφόρου καὶ Διὸς βροντησίου, ναὸν
-
-  10  Κυρείν[ο]υ, [§] ναοὺς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ Ἥρας βασιλίδος καὶ
-
-  11  Διὸς Ἐλευθερίου ἐν Ἀουεντίνῳ, ἡρώων πρὸς τῇ
-
-  12  ἱερᾷ ὁδῷ, θεῶν κατοικιδίων ἐν Οὐελίᾳ, ναὸν Νεό-
-
-  13  τητο[ς, να]ὸν μητρὸς θεῶν ἐν Παλατίῳ ἐπόησα.
-
-
-c. 20.
-
-  14 Καπιτώλ[ιο]ν καὶ τὸ Πομπηίου θέατρον ἑκάτερον
-
-  15  τὸ ἔργον ἀναλώμασιν μεγίστοις ἐπεσκεύασα ἄ-
-
-  16  νευ ἐπιγραφῆς τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὀνόματος. § Ἀγωγοὺς ὑ-
-
-  17  δάτω[ν ἐν πλεί]στοις τόποις τῇ παλαιότητι ὀλισ-
-
-  18  θάνον[τας ἐπ]εσκευσα καὶ ὕδωρ τὸ καλούμενον
-
-  19  Μάρ[κιον ἐδί]πλωσα πηγὴν νέαν εἰς τὸ ῥεῖθρον
-
-  20  [αὐτοῦ ἐποχετεύσ]ας. [§] Ἀγορὰν Ἰουλίαν καὶ βασι-
-
-  21  [λικὴν τὴν μεταξὺ τ]οῦ τε ναοῦ τῶν Διοσκό-
-
-  22  [ρων καὶ Κρόνου κατα]βεβλημένα ἔργα ὑπὸ τοῦ
-
-  23  [πατρὸς ἐτελείωσα κα]ὶ τὴν αὐτὴν βασιλικὴν
-
-  24  [καυθεῖσαν ἐπὶ αὐξηθέντι] ἐδάφει αὐτῆς ἐξ ἐπι-
-
-  XI.
-
-   1  γραφῆς ὀνόματος τῶν ἐμῶν υἱῶν ὑπ[ηρξάμη]ν
-
-   2  καὶ εἰ μὴ αὐτὸς τετελειώκ[ο]ι[μι, τ]ελε[ι]ω[θῆναι ὑπὸ]
-
-   3  τῶν ἐμῶν κληρονόμων ἐπέταξα. § Δ[ύ]ο [καὶ ὀγδο-]
-
-   4  ήκοντα ναοὺς ἐν τῇ πόλ[ει ἕκτ]ον ὕπ[ατος δόγμα]-
-
-   5  τι συνκ[λ]ήτου ἐπεσκεύασ[α] ο[ὐ]δένα π[ε]ριλ[ιπών, ὃς]
-
-   6  ἐκείνῳ τῷ χρόνῳ ἐπισκευῆς ἐδεῖτο. § [Ὕ]πα[τος ἕ]-
-
-   7  βδ[ο]μον ὁδὸν Φ[λαμινίαν ἀπὸ] Ῥώμης [Ἀρίμινον]
-
-   8  γ[εφ]ύρας τε τὰς ἐν αὐτῇ πάσας ἔξω δυεῖν τῶν μὴ
-
-   9  ἐπ[ι]δεομένων ἐ[π]ισκευῆς ἐπόησα.
-
-
-c. 21.
-
-  10 Ἐν ἰδιωτικῷ ἐδάφει Ἄρεως Ἀμύντορος ἀγοράν τε Σε-
-
-  11  βαστὴν ἐκ λαφύρων ἐπόησα. [§] Θέατρον πρὸς τῷ
-
-  12  Ἀπόλλωνος ναῷ ἐπὶ ἐδάφους ἐκ πλείστου μέρους ἀγο-
-
-  13  ρασθέντος ἀνήγειρα [§] ἐπὶ ὀνόματος Μαρκέλλου
-
-  14  τοῦ γαμβροῦ μου. Ἀναθέματα ἐκ λαφύρων ἐν Καπι-
-
-  15  τωλίῳ καὶ ναῷ Ἰουλίῳ καὶ ναῷ Ἀπόλλωνος
-
-  16  καὶ Ἑστίας καὶ Ἄ[ρεω]ς ἀφιέρωσα, ἃ ἐμοὶ κατέστη
-
-  17  ἐνγὺς μυριάδω[ν δι]σχε[ι]λίων πεντακ[οσίων.]
-
-  18  Εἰς χρυσοῦν στέφανον λειτρῶν τρισ[μυρίων]
-
-  19  πεντακισχειλίων καταφερούσαις τα[ῖς ἐν Ἰ]ταλί-
-
-  20  ᾳ πολειτείαις καὶ ἀποικίαις συνεχώρη[σ]α τὸ [πέμ]-
-
-  21  πτον ὑπατεύων, καὶ ὕστερον ὁσάκις [αὐτ]οκράτωρ
-
-  22  προσηγορεύθην, τὰς εἰς τὸν στέφανο[ν ἐ]παγγε-
-
-  23  λίας οὐκ ἔλαβον ψηφιζομένων τῶν π[ολειτει]ῶν
-
-  24  καὶ ἀποικιῶν μετὰ τῆς αὐτῆς προθ[υμίας, κα]θ-
-
-  XII.
-
-   1  ά[περ ἐψηφίσαντο π]ρό[τερον].
-
-c. 22.
-
-   2 [Τρὶς μονο]μαχ[ίαν ἔδω]κα τῷ ἐμῷ ὀνόματι καὶ
-
-   3  [πεντάκις τῶν υἱῶν μου ἢ υἱ]ωνῶν. ἐν αἷς μονο-
-
-   4  [μαχίαις ἐμαχέσαντο ἐ]ν[γὺς μύ]ρι[ο]ι. Δὶς ἀθλητῶ[ν] παν-
-
-   5  τ[αχόθεν] με[ταπεμφθέντων γυμνικο]ῦ ἀγῶνος θέαν
-
-   6  [τῷ δήμῳ π]αρέσχον τ[ῷ ἐ]μῷ ὀνόματι καὶ τρίτ[ον]
-
-   7  τ[οῦ υἱωνοῦ μου. Θέας ἐπόη]σα δι’ ἐμοῦ τετράκ[ις,]
-
-   8  διὰ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἀρχῶν ἐν μέρει τρὶς καὶ εἰκοσάκις. §
-
-   9  Ὑπὲρ τῶν δεκαπέντε [ἀνδρ]ῶν, ἔχων συνάρχοντα
-
-  10  Μᾶρκον Ἀγρίππ[αν, τὰς θ]έας [δ]ιὰ ἑκατὸν ἐτῶν γεινο-
-
-  11  μένας ὀν[ομαζομένα]ς σ[αι]κλάρεις ἐπόησα Γαίῳ
-
-  12  Φουρνίῳ κ[αὶ] Γαίῳ Σε[ι]λανῷ ὑπάτοις. [§] Ὕπατος τρισ-
-
-  13  καιδέκατον [θέας Ἄρεως πρ]ῶτος ἐπόησα, ἃς μετ’ ἐ-
-
-  14  κεῖνο[ν χ]ρόνον ἑξῆς [τοῖς μ]ετέπειτα ἐνιαυτοῖς
-
-  15  δ . . μοι ἐπόησαν οἱ ὕπα- . . . .
-
-  16  [τοι] . . ν . . . . ης θηρίων ε
-
-  17  . . . . . . . . . . .
-
-  18  . . . . . . . . . . .
-
-  19  . . . . . . . . . . .
-
-  20  . . . . . . . . . . .
-
-
-c. 23.
-
-  21 Ν[αυμαχίας θέαν τῷ δήμῳ ἔδω]κα πέ[ρ]αν τοῦ Τι-
-
-  22  [βέριδος, ἐν ᾧ τόπῳ ἐστὶ νῦ]ν ἄλσος Καισά[ρω]ν,
-
-  23  ἐκκεχω[κὼς τὸ ἔδαφος] ε[ἰ]ς μῆκ[ο]ς χειλίων ὀκτακο-
-
-  24  σίων ποδ[ῶν, εἰς π]λάτ[ο]ς χιλίων διακο[σ]ίων. ἐν ᾗ
-
-  XIII.
-
-   1  τριάκο[ν]τα ναῦς ἔμβολα ἔχουσαι τριήρεις ἢ δί-
-
-   2  κροτ[οι, αἱ] δὲ ἥσσονες πλείους ἐναυμάχησαν. §
-
-   3  Ἐν τ[ούτῳ] τῷ στόλῳ ἠγωνίσαντο ἔξω τῶν ἐρετῶν
-
-   4  πρόσπ[ο]υ ἄνδρες τρ[ι]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι.
-
-c. 24.
-
-   5  [Ἐν ναοῖ]ς π[ασ]ῶν πόλεω[ν] τῆς [Ἀ]σί[α]ς νεικήσας τὰ ἀναθέ-
-
-   6  [ματα ἀπ]οκατέστησα, [ἃ εἶχεν] ἰ[δίᾳ] ἱεροσυλήσας ὁ
-
-   7  ὑπ’ [ἐμοῦ] δ[ι]αγωνισθεὶς πολέ[μιος]. Ἀνδρίαντες πε-
-
-   8  ζοὶ καὶ ἔφιπποί μου καὶ ἐφ’ ἅρμασιν ἀργυροῖ εἱστήκει-
-
-   9  σαν ἐν τῇ πόλει ἐνγὺς ὀγδοήκοντα, οὓς αὐτὸς ἦρα,
-
-  10  ἐκ τούτου τε τοῦ χρήματος ἀναθέματα χρυσᾶ ἐν
-
-  11  τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος τῷ τε ἐμῷ ὀνόματι καὶ
-
-  12  ἐκεῖνων, οἵτινές με [τ]ούτοις τοῖς ἀνδριᾶσιν ἐτείμη-
-
-  13  σαν, ἀνέθηκα.
-
-
-c. 25.
-
-  14 Θάλασσα[ν] πειρατευομένην ὑπὸ ἀποστατῶν δού-
-
-  15  λων [εἰρήν]ευσα. ἐξ ὧν τρεῖς που μυριάδας τοῖς
-
-  16  δε[σπόται]ς εἰς κόλασιν παρέδωκα. § Ὤμοσεν
-
-  17  [εἰς τοὺς ἐμοὺ]ς λόγους ἅπασα ἡ Ἰταλία ἑκοῦσα κἀ-
-
-  18  [μὲ πολέμου,] ᾧ ἐπ’ Ἀκτίῳ ἐνε[ί]κησα, ἡγεμόνα ἐξη-
-
-  19  [τήσατο, ὤ]μοσαν εἰς τοὺς [αὐτοὺ]ς λόγους ἐπα[ρ]-
-
-  20  χε[ῖαι Γαλα]τία Ἱσπανία Λιβύη Σι[κελία Σαρ]δώ. Οἱ ὑπ’ ἐ-
-
-  21  μ[αῖς σημέαις τό]τε στρατευ[σάμενοι ἦσαν συνκλητι-]
-
-  22  [κοὶ πλείους ἑπτ]α[κοσί]ων· [ἐ]ν [αὐτοῖς οἳ ἢ πρότερον ἢ]
-
-  23  [μετέπειτα] ἐγ[ένον]το [ὕπ]α[τοι εἰς ἐκ]ε[ί]ν[ην τὴν ἡ]μέ-
-
-  24  [ραν, ἐν ᾗ ταῦτα γέγραπτα]ι, ὀ[γδοήκο]ντα τρε[ῖ]ς, ἱερ[εῖ]ς
-
-      XIV.
-
-   1  πρόσπου ἑκατὸν ἑβδομή[κ]οντα.
-
-
-c. 26.
-
-   2 Πασῶν ἐπαρχειῶν δήμο[υ Ῥω]μαίων, αἷς ὅμορα
-
-   3  ἦν ἔθνη τὰ μὴ ὑποτασσ[όμ]ενα τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἡ-
-
-   4  γεμονία, τοὺς ὅρους ἐπεύξ[ησ]α. [§] Γαλατίας καὶ Ἱσ-
-
-   5  πανίας, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Γερμανίαν καθὼς Ὠκεα-
-
-   6  νὸς περικλείει ἀπ[ὸ] Γαδε[ίρ]ων μέχρι στόματος
-
-   7  Ἄλβιος ποταμο[ῦ ἐν] εἰρήνη κατέστησα. Ἄλπης ἀπὸ
-
-   8  κλίματος τοῦ πλησίον Εἰονίου κόλπου μέχρι Τυρ-
-
-   9  ρηνικῆς θαλάσσης εἰρηνεύεσθαι πεπόηκα, [§] οὐδενὶ
-
-  10  ἔθνει ἀδίκως ἐπενεχθέντος πολέμου. [§] Στόλος
-
-  11  ἐμὸς διὰ Ὠκεανοῦ ἀπὸ στόματος Ῥήνου ὡς πρὸς
-
-  12  ἀνατολὰς μέχρι ἔθνους Κίμβρων διέπλευσεν, οὗ οὔ-
-
-  13  τε κατὰ γῆν οὔτε κατὰ θάλασσαν Ῥωμαίων τις πρὸ
-
-  14  τούτου τοῦ χρόνου προσῆλθεν· καὶ Κίμβροι καὶ Χάλυ-
-
-  15  βες καὶ Σέμνονες ἄλλα τε πολλὰ ἔθνη Γερμανῶν
-
-  16  διὰ πρεσβειῶν τὴν ἐμὴν φιλίαν καὶ τὴν δήμου Ῥω-
-
-  17  μαίων ἠτήσαντο. Ἐμῇ ἐπιταγῇ καὶ οἰωνοῖς αἰσί-
-
-  18  οις δύο στρατεύματα, ἐπέβη Αἰθιοπίᾳ καὶ Ἀραβίᾳ
-
-  19  τῇ εὐδαίμονι καλωυμένῃ μεγάλας τε τῶν πο-
-
-  20  λεμίων δυνάμεις κατέκοψεν ἐν παρατάξει καὶ
-
-  21  πλείστας πόλεις δοριαλώτους ἔλαβεν καὶ προ-
-
-  22  έβη ἐν Αἰθιοπίᾳ μέχρι πόλεως Ναβάτης, ἥτις
-
-  23  ἐστὶν ἔνγιστα Μερόη, ἐν Ἀραβίᾳ δὲ μέχρι πόλε-
-
-  24  ως Μαρίβας.
-
-
-  XV.      c. 27.
-
-   1 Αἴγυπτον δήμου Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίᾳ προσέθηκα.
-
-   2  Ἀρμενίαν τὴν μ[εί]ζονα ἀναιρεθέντος τοῦ βασιλέ-
-
-   3  ως δυνάμενος ἐπαρχείαν ποῆσαι μᾶλλον ἐβου-
-
-   4  λήθην κατὰ τὰ πάτρια ἡμῶν ἔθη βασιλείαν Τιγρά-
-
-   5  νῃ Ἀρταουάσδου υἱῷ, υἱωνῷ δὲ Τιγράνου βασι-
-
-   6  λέως δ[ο]ῦν[α]ι διὰ Τιβερίου Νέρωνος, ὃς τότ’ ἐμοῦ
-
-   7  πρόγονος ἦν· καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ἔθνος ἀφιστάμενον καὶ
-
-   8  ἀναπολεμοῦν δαμασθὲν ὑπὸ Γαΐου τοῦ υἱοῦ
-
-   9  μου βασιλεῖ Ἀριοβαρζάνει, βασιλέως Μήδων Ἀρτα-
-
-  10  βάζου υἱῷ παρέδωκα καὶ μετὰ τὸν ἐκείνου θάνα-
-
-  11  τον τῷ υἱῷ αὐτοῦ Ἀρταουάσδη· οὗ ἀναιρεθέντος
-
-  12  Τιγράνην, ὃς ἦν ἐκ γένους Ἀρμενίου βασιλικοῦ, εἰς
-
-  13  τὴν βασιλείαν ἔπεμψα. § Ἐπαρχείας ἁπάσας, ὅσαι
-
-  14  πέραν τοῦ Εἰονίου κόλπου διατείνουσι πρὸς ἀνα-
-
-  15  τολὰς, καὶ Κυρήνην ἐκ μείσζονος μέρους ὑπὸ βασι-
-
-  16  λέων κατεσχημένας καὶ ἔμπροσθεν Σικελίαν καὶ Σαρ-
-
-  17  δῲ προκατειλημένας πολέμῳ δουλικῷ ἀνέλαβον.
-
-
-c. 28.
-
-  18 Ἀποικίας ἐν Λιβύῃ Σικελίᾳ Μακεδονίᾳ ἐν ἑκατέ-
-
-  19  ρα τε Ἱσπανίᾳ Ἀχαίᾳ Ἀσίᾳ Συρίᾳ Γαλατίᾳ τῇ πε-
-
-  20  ρὶ Νάρβωνα Πισιδίᾳ στρατιωτῶν κατήγαγον. § Ἰτα-
-
-  21  λία δὲ εἴκοσι ὀκτὼ ἀποικίας ἔχει ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ καταχθεί-
-
-  22  σας, αἳ ἐμοῦ περιόντος πληθύουσαι ἐτύνχανον.
-
-
-c. 29.
-
-  23 Σημέας στρατιωτικὰς [πλείους ὑ]πὸ ἄλλων ἡγεμό-
-
-  24  νων ἀποβεβλημένας [νικῶν τοὺ]ς πολεμίους
-
-  XVI.
-
-   1  ἀπέλαβον § ἐξ Ἱσπανίας καὶ Γαλατίας καὶ παρὰ
-
-   2  Δαλματῶν· Πάρθους τριῶν στρατευμάτων Ῥωμαί-
-
-   3  ων σκῦλα καὶ σημέας ἀποδοῦναι ἐμοὶ ἱκέτας τε φι-
-
-   4  λίαν δήμου Ῥωμαίων ἀξιῶσαι ἠνάγκασα. [§] ταύτας
-
-   5  δὲ τὰς σημέας ἐν τῷ Ἄρεως τοῦ Ἀμύντορος ναοῦ ἀ-
-
-   6  δύτῳ ἀπεθέμην.
-
-
-c. 30.
-
-   7 Παννονίων ἔθνη, οἷς πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος στράτευ-
-
-   8  μα Ῥωμαίων οὐκ ἤνγισεν, ἡσσηθέντα ὑπὸ Τιβερίου
-
-   9  Νέρωνος, ὃς τότ’ ἐμοῦ ἦν πρόγονος καὶ πρεσβευτής,
-
-  10  ἡγεμονίᾳ δῆμου Ῥωμαίων ὑπέταξα [§] τά τε Ἰλλυρι-
-
-  11  κοῦ ὅρια μέχρι Ἴστρου ποταμοῦ προήγαγον· οὗ ἐπει-
-
-  12  ταδε Δάκων διαβᾶσα πολλὴ δύναμις ἐμοῖς αἰσίοις οἰω-
-
-  13  νοῖς κατεκόπη. Καὶ ὕστερον μεταχθὲν τὸ ἐμὸν στρά-
-
-  14  τευμα πέραν Ἴστρου τὰ Δάκων ἔθνη προστάλματα
-
-  15  δήμου Ῥωμαίων ὑπομένειν ἠνάγκασεν.
-
-
-c. 31.
-
-  16 Πρὸς ἐμὲ ἐξ Ἰνδίας βασιλέων πρεσβεῖαι πολλάκις ἀπε-
-
-  17  στάλησαν, οὐδέποτε πρὸ τούτου χρόνου ὀφθεῖσαι παρὰ
-
-  18  Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμόνι. § Τὴν ἡμετέραν φιλίαν ἠξίωσαν
-
-  19  διὰ πρέσβεων § Βαστάρναι καὶ Σκύθαι καὶ Σαρμα-
-
-  20  τῶν οἱ ἐπιτάδε ὄντες τοῦ Τανάιδος ποταμοῦ καὶ
-
-  21  οἱ πέραν δὲ βασιλεῖς, καὶ Ἀλβανῶν δὲ καὶ Ἰβήρων
-
-  22  καὶ Μήδων βασιλεες.
-
-
-c. 32.
-
-  23 Πρὸς ἐμὲ ἱκέται κατέφυγον βασιλεῖς Πάρθων μὲν
-
-  24  Τειριδάτης καὶ μετέπειτα Φραάτης βασιλέως §
-
-  XVII.
-
-   1  Φράτου [υἱός, Μ]ήδ[ων] δὲ Ἀρταο[υάσδ]ης, Ἀδιαβ[η]-
-
-   2  νῶν [Ἀ]ρτα[ξάρης, Βριτα]ννῶν Δομνοελλαῦνος
-
-   3  καὶ Τ[ιμ........, Σο]υ[γ]άμβρων [Μ]αίλων, Μαρκο-
-
-   4  μάνων [Σουήβων] ........ρος. § [Πρὸ]ς ἐμὲ βασιλεις
-
-   5  Πάρθων Φρα[άτης Ὠρώδο]υ υἱὸ[ς ὑ]ιοὺς [αὐτοῦ] υἱω-
-
-   6  νούς τε πάντας ἔπεμψεν εἰς Ἰταλίαν, οὐ πολέμῳ
-
-   7  λειφθείς, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἡμ[ε]τέραν φιλίαν ἀξιῶν ἐπὶ τέ-
-
-   8  κνων ἐνεχύροις, πλεῖστά τε ἄλλα ἔθνη πεῖραν ἔλ[α]-
-
-   9  βεν δήμου Ῥωμαίων πίστεως ἐπ’ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος,
-
-  10  οἷς τὸ πρὶν οὐδεμία ἦν πρὸς δῆμον Ῥωμαίων π[ρε]σ-
-
-  11  βειῶν καὶ φιλίας κοινωνία.
-
-
-c. 33.
-
-  12 Παρ’ ἐμοῦ ἔθνη Πάρθων καὶ Μήδων διὰ πρέσβεων τῶν
-
-  13  παρ’ αὐτοῖς πρώτων βασιλεῖς αἰτησάμενοι ἔλαβ[ον]
-
-  14  Πάρθοι Οὐονώνην βασιλέως Φράτου ὑ[ι]όν, βασιλ[έω]ς
-
-  15  Ὠρώδου υἱωνόν· Μῆδοι Ἀριοβαρζάνην βα[σ]ιλέως
-
-  16  Ἀρταβάζου υἱόν, βασιλέως Ἀριοβαρζάν[ου υἱω]νόν.
-
-
-c. 34.
-
-  17  Ἐν ὑπατείᾳ ἕκτῃ καὶ ἑβδόμῃ μετὰ τὸ τοὺς ἐνφυ-
-
-  18  λίους ζβέσαι με πολέμους [κ]ατὰ τὰς εὐχὰς τῶν ἐ-
-
-  19  μῶν πολε[ι]τῶν ἐνκρατὴς γενόμενος πάντων τῶν
-
-  20  πραγμάτων, ἐκ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐξουσίας εἰς τὴν τῆς συν-
-
-  21  κλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τῶν Ῥωμαίων μετήνεγκα
-
-  22  κυριήαν. ἐξ ἧς αἰτίας δόγματι συνκλήτου Σεβαστὸς
-
-  23  προσ[ηγορε]ύθην καὶ δάφναις δημοσίᾳ τὰ πρόπυ-
-
-  24  λ[ά μου ἐστέφθ]η, ὅ τε δρύινος στέφανος ὁ διδόμενος
-
-  XVIII.
-
-   1  ἐπὶ σωτηρία τῶν πολειτῶν ὑπερά[ν]ω τοῦ πυλῶ-
-
-   2  νος τῆς ἐμῆς οἰκίας ἀνετέθη, § ὅπ[λ]ον τε χρυ-
-
-   3  σοῦν ἐν τῷ βο[υ]λευτηρίῳ ἀνατεθ[ὲ]ν ὑπό τε τῆς
-
-   4  συνκλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τῶν Ῥω[μα]ίων
-
-   5  διὰ τῆς ἐπιγραφῆς ἀρετὴν καὶ ἐπείκειαν κα[ὶ δ]ικαιοσύνην
-
-   6  καὶ εὐσέβειαν ἐμοὶ μαρτυρεῖ. § Ἀξιώμ[α]τι [§] πάντων
-
-   7  διήνεγκα, [§] ἐξουσίας δὲ οὐδέν τι πλεῖον ἔσχον
-
-   8  τῶν συναρξάντων μοι.
-
-
-c. 35.
-
-   9 Τρισκαιδεκάτην ὑπατείαν ἄγοντός μου ἥ τε σύν-
-
-  10  κλητος καὶ τὸ ἱππικὸν τάγμα ὅ τε σύνπας δῆμος τῶν
-
-  11  Ῥωμαίων προσηγόρευσέ με πατέρα πατρίδος καὶ τοῦτο
-
-  12  ἐπὶ τοῦ προπύλου τῆς οἰκίας μου καὶ ἐν τῷ βουλευτη-
-
-  13  ρίῳ καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ τῇ Σεβαστῇ ὑπὸ τῷ ἅρματι, ὅ μοι
-
-  14  δόγματι συνκλήτου ἀνετέθη, ἐπιγραφῆναι ἐψηφίσα-
-
-  15  το. [§] Ὅτε ἔγραφον ταῦτα, ἤγον ἔτος ἑβδομηκοστὸν
-
-  16  ἕκτον. §
-
-         *       *       *       *       *
-
-  17 Συνκεφαλαίωσις [§] ἠριθμημένου χρήματος εἰς τὸ αἰρά-
-
-  18  ριον ἢ εἰς τὸν δῆμον τὸν Ῥω[μαί]ων ἢ εἰς τοὺς ἀπολε-
-
-  19  λυμένους στρατιώτας [§]: ἓξ μυριάδες μυριάδων. §
-
-  20  Ἔργα καινὰ ἐγένετο ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ναοὶ μὲν Ἄρεως, Διὸς
-
-  21  βροντησίου καὶ τροπαιοφόρου, Πανός, Ἀπόλλω-
-
-  22  νος, [§] θεοῦ Ἰουλίου, Κυρείνου, [§] Ἀ[θη]νᾶς, [§] Ἥρας βασιλί-
-
-  23  δος, [§] Διὸς Ἐλευθερίου, [§] ἡρώ[ων, θεῶν π]ατρίων, [§], Νε-
-
-  24  ότητος, [§] Μητρὸς θεῶν, [§] β[ουλευτήριον] σὺν χαλκι-
-
-  XIX.
-
-   1  δικῷ, [§] ἀγορᾷ Σεβαστῇ [§], θέατρον Μαρκέλλου, [§] β[α]σι-
-
-   2  λικὴ Ἰουλία, [§] ἄλσος Καισάρων, [§] στοαὶ ἐ[ν] Παλατ[ί]ῳ,
-
-   3  στοὰ ἐν ἱπποδρόμῳ Φλαμινίῳ. § Ἐπεσκευάσθ[η τὸ Κα]-
-
-   4  πιτώλιον, [§] ναοὶ ὀγδοήκοντα δύο, [§] θέ[ατ]ρον Π[ομ]-
-
-   5  πηίου, [§] ὁδὸς Φλαμινία, [§] ἀγωγοὶ ὑδάτων. [Δαπ]άναι δὲ
-
-   6  εἰς θέας καὶ μονομάχους καὶ ἀθλητὰς καὶ ναυμα-
-
-   7  χίαν καὶ θηρομαχίαν δωρεαί [τε] ἀποικίαις πόλεσιν
-
-   8  ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ, πόλεσιν ἐν ἐπαρχείαις [§] σεισμῷ κα[ὶ] ἐνπυ-
-
-   9  ρισμοῖς πεπονηκυίαις ἢ κατ’ ἄνδρα φίλοις καὶ συν-
-
-  10  κλητικοῖς, ὧν τὰς τειμήσεις προσεξεπλήρωσεν: ἄ-
-
-  11  πειρον πλῆθος.
-
-
-        l,  7. ἅμα B. μοι or ἐμοὶ.
-
-       II, 16. Before ἐμῶν W. inserts τῶν.
-
-      III, 14. Last word Apoll., τοῦ, Auc. τῶν.
-
-     VIII, 17. οὗτος, W. σύνπας; ἀριθμὸς, S. ἀριθμῷ or ἀριθμὸν.
-
-        X, 22. S. inserts τοῦ before Κρόνου.
-
-        X, 23. S. inserts μου after πατρὸς.
-
-        X, 24. καυθεῖσαν ἐπὶ, S. καταφλεχθεῖσαν ἐν.
-
-      XII,  1. ἐψηφίσαντο, S. καὶ ἐψήφιστο.
-
-     XIII, 22. οἳ ἢ πρότερον ἢ, S. ὑπατικοὶ καὶ οἳ.
-
-
-
-
-Below is a copy of the deeds of the divine Augustus, by which he
-subjected the whole world to the dominion of the Roman people, and
-of the amounts which he expended upon the commonwealth and the Roman
-people, as engraved upon two brazen columns which are set up at Rome.[1]
-
-
-c. 1.
-
-In my twentieth year,[2] acting upon my own judgment[3] and at my
-own expense,[4] I raised an army[5] by means of which I restored to
-liberty the commonwealth which had been oppressed by the tyranny of
-a faction.[6] On account of this the senate by laudatory decrees
-admitted me to its order,[7] in the consulship of Gaius Pansa and Aulus
-Hirtius, and at the same time gave me consular rank in the expression
-of opinion,[8] and gave me the _imperium_.[9] It also voted that
-I as propraetor,[10] together with the consuls, should see to it that
-the commonwealth suffered no harm.[11] In the same year, moreover, when
-both consuls had perished in war, the people made me consul,[12] and
-triumvir for organizing the commonwealth.[13]
-
-
-c. 2.
-
-Those who killed my father[14] I drove into exile by lawful
-judgments,[15] avenging their crime, and afterwards, when they waged
-war against the commonwealth, I twice defeated them in battle.[16]
-
-
-c. 3.
-
-I undertook civil and foreign wars by land and sea throughout the whole
-world, and as victor I showed mercy to all surviving citizens.[17]
-Foreign peoples, who could be pardoned with safety, I preferred to
-preserve rather than to destroy. About five hundred thousand Roman
-citizens took the military oath of allegiance to me.[18] Of these I
-have settled in colonies or sent back to their _municipia_,[19]
-upon the expiration of their terms of service,[20] somewhat over three
-hundred thousand, and to all these I have given lands purchased by
-me, or money for farms,[21] out of my own means. I have captured six
-hundred ships, besides those which were smaller than triremes.[22]
-
-
-c. 4.
-
-Twice I have triumphed in the ovation,[23] and three times in the
-curule triumph,[24] and I have been twenty-one times saluted as
-imperator.[25]
-
-After that, when the senate decreed me many triumphs,[26] I declined
-them. Likewise I often deposited the laurels in the Capitol[27] in
-fulfilment of vows which I had also made in battle. On account of
-enterprises brought to a successful issue on land and sea by me, or
-by my lieutenants under my auspices, the senate fifty-five times
-decreed that there should be a thanksgiving to the immortal gods.[28]
-The number of days, moreover, on which thanksgiving was rendered
-in accordance with the decree of the senate was eight hundred and
-ninety.[29] In my triumphs there have been led before my chariot nine
-kings, or children of kings.[30] When I wrote these words I had been
-thirteen times consul, and was in the thirty-seventh year of the
-tribunitial power.[31]
-
-
-c. 5.
-
-The dictatorship which was offered to me by the people and the senate,
-both when I was absent and when I was present, in the consulship of
-Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius, I did not accept.[32] At a time
-of the greatest dearth of grain I did not refuse the charge of the food
-supply, which I so administered that in a few days, at my own expense,
-I freed the whole people from the anxiety and danger in which they then
-were.[33] The annual and perpetual consulship offered to me at that
-time I did not accept.[34]
-
-
-c. 6.
-
-During the consulship of Marcus Vinucius and Quintus Lucretius, and
-afterwards in that of Publius and Cnaeus Lentulus, and a third time in
-that of Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero, by the consent of
-the senate and the Roman people I was voted the sole charge of the laws
-and of morals, with the fullest power;[35] but I accepted the proffer
-of no office which was contrary to the customs of the country.[36] The
-measures of which the senate at that time wished me to take charge, I
-accomplished in virtue of my possession of the tribunitial power.[37]
-In this office I five times associated with myself a colleague, with
-the consent of the senate.[38]
-
-
-c. 7.
-
-For ten years in succession I was one of the triumvirs for organizing
-the commonwealth.[39] Up to that day on which I write these words
-I have been _princeps_ of the senate through forty years.[40]
-I have been _pontifex maximus_,[41] augur,[42] a member of the
-quindecemviral college of the sacred rites,[43] of the septemviral
-college of the banquets,[44] an Arval Brother,[45] a member of the
-Titian sodality,[46] and a fetial.[47]
-
-
-c. 8.
-
-In my fifth consulship, by order of the people and the senate, I
-increased the number of the patricians.[48] Three times I have revised
-the list of the senate.[49] In my sixth consulship, with Marcus Agrippa
-as colleague, I made a census of the people. I performed the lustration
-after forty-one years. In this lustration the number of Roman citizens
-was four million and sixty-three thousand.[50] Again assuming the
-consular power in the consulship of Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius,
-I alone performed the lustration. At this census the number of Roman
-citizens was four million, two hundred and thirty thousand.[51] A third
-time, assuming the consular power in the consulship of Sextus Pompeius
-and Sextus Appuleius, with Tiberius Cæsar as colleague, I performed the
-lustration. At this lustration the number of Roman citizens was four
-million, nine hundred and thirty-seven thousand.[52] By new legislation
-I have restored many customs of our ancestors which had now begun to
-fall into disuse, and I have myself also committed to posterity many
-examples worthy of imitation.[53]
-
-
-c. 9.
-
-The senate decreed that every fifth year vows for my good health should
-be performed by the consuls and the priests. In accordance with these
-vows games have been often celebrated during my lifetime, sometimes
-by the four chief colleges, sometimes by the consuls.[54] In private,
-also, and as municipalities, the whole body of citizens have constantly
-sacrificed at every shrine for my good health.[55]
-
-
-c. 10.
-
-By a decree of the senate my name has been included in the Salian
-hymn,[56] and it has been enacted by law that I should be sacrosanct,
-and that as long as I live I should be invested with the tribunitial
-power.[57] I refused to be made _pontifex maximus_ in the place of
-a colleague still living, when the people tendered me that priesthood
-which my father held. I accepted that office after several years, when
-he was dead who had seized it during a time of civil disturbance;
-and at the comitia for my election, during the consulship of Publius
-Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius, so great a multitude assembled as, it is
-said, had never before been in Rome.[58]
-
-
-c. 11.
-
-Close to the temples of Honor and Virtue, near the Capena gate, the
-senate consecrated in honor of my return an altar to Fortune the
-Restorer, and upon this altar it ordered that the _pontifices_ and
-the Vestal virgins should offer sacrifice yearly on the anniversary of
-the day on which I returned into the city from Syria, in the consulship
-of Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinucius, and it called the day the
-Augustalia, from our cognomen.[59]
-
-
-c. 12.
-
-By a decree of the senate at the same time a part of the prætors and
-tribunes of the people with the consul Quintus Lucretius and leading
-citizens were sent into Campania to meet me, an honor which up to this
-time has been decreed to no one but me.[60] When I returned from Spain
-and Gaul after successfully arranging the affairs of those provinces,
-in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius, the senate
-voted that in honor of my return an altar of the Augustan Peace should
-be consecrated in the Campus Martius, and upon this altar it ordered
-the magistrates and priests and vestal virgins to offer sacrifices on
-each anniversary.[61]
-
-
-c. 13.
-
-Janus Quirinus, which it was the purpose of our fathers to close when
-there was peace won by victory[62] throughout the whole empire of
-the Roman people on land and sea, and which, before I was born, from
-the foundation of the city, was reported to have been closed twice
-in all,[63] the senate three times ordered to be closed while I was
-_princeps_.[64]
-
-
-c. 14.
-
-My sons, the Cæsars Gaius and Lucius, whom fortune snatched from me in
-their youth,[65] the senate and Roman people, in order to do me honor,
-designated as consuls in the fifteenth year of each, with the intention
-that they should enter upon that magistracy after five years.[66] And
-the senate decreed that from the day in which they were introduced into
-the forum they should share in the public counsels.[67] Moreover the
-whole body of the Roman knights gave them the title, _principes_
-of the youth, and gave to each a silver buckler and spear.[68]
-
-
-c. 15.
-
-To each man of the Roman _plebs_ I paid three hundred sesterces
-in accordance with the last will of my father;[69] and in my own name,
-when consul for the fifth time, I gave four hundred sesterces from
-the spoils of the wars;[70] again, moreover, in my tenth consulship I
-gave from my own estate four hundred sesterces to each man by way of
-_congiarium_;[71] and in my eleventh consulship I twelve times
-made distributions of food, buying grain at my own expense;[72] and
-in the twelfth year of my tribunitial power I three times gave four
-hundred sesterces to each man.[73] These my donations have never
-been made to less than two hundred and fifty thousand men.[74] In my
-twelfth consulship and the eighteenth year of my tribunitial power I
-gave to three hundred and twenty thousand of the city _plebs_
-sixty _denarii_ apiece.[75] In the colonies of my soldiers, when
-consul for the fifth time, I gave to each man a thousand sesterces from
-the spoils; about a hundred and twenty thousand men in the colonies
-received that triumphal donation.[76] When consul for the thirteenth
-time I gave sixty _denarii_ to the _plebs_ who were at that
-time receiving public grain; these men were a little more than two
-hundred thousand in number.[77][78]
-
-
-c. 16.
-
-For the lands which in my fourth consulship, and afterwards in the
-consulship of Marcus Crassus and Cnæus Lentulus, the augur, I assigned
-to soldiers, I paid money to the _municipia_. The sum which I paid
-for Italian farms was about six hundred million sesterces, and that for
-lands in the provinces was about two hundred and sixty millions.[79]
-Of all those who have established colonies of soldiers in Italy or
-in the provinces I am the first and only one within the memory of my
-age, to do this. And afterward in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and
-Cnæus Piso, and also in that of Gaius Antistius and Decimus Lælius,
-and in that of Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Pasienus, and in that of
-Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messala, and in that of Lucius Caninius and
-Quintus Fabricius, I gave gratuities in money to the soldiers whom I
-sent back to their _municipia_ at the expiration of their terms
-of service, and for this purpose I freely spent four hundred million
-sesterces.[80]
-
-
-c. 17.
-
-Four times I have aided the public treasury from my own means, to such
-extent that I have furnished to those in charge of the treasury one
-hundred and fifty million sesterces.[81] And in the consulship of
-Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius I paid into the military treasury
-which was established by my advice that from it gratuities might be
-given to soldiers who had served a term of twenty or more years, one
-hundred and seventy million sesterces from my own estate.[82]
-
-
-c. 18.
-
-Beginning with that year in which Cnæus and Publius Lentulus were
-consuls, when the imposts failed, I furnished aid sometimes to a
-hundred thousand men, and sometimes to more, by supplying grain or
-money for the tribute from my own land and property.[83]
-
-
-c. 19.
-
-I constructed[84] the Curia,[85] and the Chalcidicum adjacent
-thereto,[86] the temple of Apollo on the Palatine, with its
-porticoes,[87] the temple of the divine Julius,[88] the Lupercal,[89]
-the portico to the Circus of Flaminius, which I allowed to bear the
-name, Portico Octavia, from his name who constructed the earlier one
-in the same place;[90] the Pulvinar at the Circus Maximus,[91] the
-temples of Jupiter the Vanquisher[92] and Jupiter the Thunderer, on the
-Capitol,[93] the temple of Quirinus,[94] the temples of Minerva and
-Juno Regina and of Jupiter Libertas, on the Aventine,[95] the temple of
-the Lares on the highest point of the Via Sacra,[96] the temple of the
-divine Penates on the Velian hill,[97] the temple of Youth,[98] and the
-temple of the Great Mother on the Palatine.[99]
-
-
-c. 20.
-
-The Capitol and the Pompeian theatre have been restored by me at
-enormous expense for each work, without any inscription of my name.[100]
-Aqueducts which were crumbling in many places by reason of age I have
-restored, and I have doubled the water which bears the name Marcian
-by turning a new spring into its course.[101] The Forum Julium and
-the basilica which was between the temple of Castor and the temple
-of Saturn, works begun and almost completed by my father, I have
-finished; and when that same basilica was consumed by fire, I began
-its reconstruction on an enlarged site, inscribing it with the names
-of my sons; and if I do not live to complete it, I have given orders
-that it be completed by my heirs.[102] In accordance with a decree of
-the senate, while consul for the sixth time, I have restored eighty-two
-temples of the gods, passing over none which was at that time in need
-of repair.[103] In my seventh consulship I constructed the Flaminian
-way from the city to Ariminum, and all the bridges except the Mulvian
-and Minucian.[104]
-
-
-c. 21.
-
-Upon private ground I have built with the spoils of war the temple
-of Mars the Avenger, and the Augustan Forum.[105] Beside the temple
-of Apollo, I built upon ground, bought for the most part at my own
-expense, a theatre, to bear the name of Marcellus, my son-in-law.[106]
-From the spoils of war I have consecrated gifts in the Capitol, and
-in the temple of the divine Julius, and in the temple of Apollo, and
-in the temple of Vesta, and in the temple of Mars the Avenger; these
-gifts have cost me about a hundred million sesterces.[107] In my fifth
-consulship I remitted to the _municipia_ and Italian colonies the
-thirty-five thousand pounds given me as coronary gold on the occasion
-of my triumphs, and thereafter, as often as I was proclaimed imperator,
-I did not accept the coronary gold which the _municipia_ and
-colonies voted to me as kindly as before.[108]
-
-
-c. 22.
-
-Three times in my own name, and five times in that of my sons or
-grandsons, I have given gladiatorial exhibitions; in these exhibitions
-about ten thousand men have fought.[109] Twice in my own name,
-and three times in that of my grandson, I have offered the people
-the spectacle of athletes gathered from all quarters.[110] I have
-celebrated games four times in my own name, and twenty-three times
-in the turns of other magistrates.[111] In behalf of the college of
-quindecemvirs, I, as master of the college, with my colleague Agrippa,
-celebrated the Secular Games in the consulship of Gaius Furnius and
-Gaius Silanus.[112] When consul for the thirteenth time, I first
-celebrated the Martial games, which since that time the consuls have
-given in successive years.[113] Twenty-six times in my own name,
-or in that of my sons and grandsons, I have given hunts of African
-wild beasts in the circus, the forum, the amphitheatres, and about
-thirty-five hundred beasts have been killed.[114]
-
-
-c. 23.
-
-I gave the people the spectacle of a naval battle beyond the Tiber,
-where now is the grove of the Cæsars.[115] For this purpose an
-excavation was made eighteen hundred feet long and twelve hundred
-wide. In this contest thirty beaked ships, triremes or biremes, were
-engaged, besides more of smaller size. About three thousand men fought
-in these vessels in addition to the rowers.
-
-
-c. 24.
-
-In the temples of all the cities of the province of Asia, I, as victor,
-replaced the ornaments of which he with whom I was at war had taken
-private possession when he despoiled the temples.[116] Silver statues
-of me, on foot, on horseback and in quadrigas, which stood in the city
-to the number of about eighty, I removed, and out of their money value,
-I placed golden gifts in the temple of Apollo in my own name, and in
-the names of those who had offered me the honor of the statues.[117]
-
-
-c. 25.
-
-I have freed the sea from pirates. In that war with the slaves I
-delivered to their masters for punishment about thirty thousand
-slaves who had fled from their masters and taken up arms against the
-state.[118] The whole of Italy voluntarily took the oath of allegiance
-to me, and demanded me as leader in that war in which I conquered at
-Actium. The provinces of Gaul, Spain, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swore
-the same allegiance to me.[119] There were more than seven hundred
-senators who at that time fought under my standards, and among these,
-up to the day on which these words are written, eighty-three have
-either before or since been made consuls, and about one hundred and
-seventy have been made priests.[120]
-
-
-c. 26.
-
-I have extended the boundaries of all the provinces of the Roman people
-which were bordered by nations not yet subjected to our sway.[121] I
-have reduced to a state of peace the Gallic and Spanish provinces, and
-Germany, the lands enclosed by the ocean from Gades to the mouth of
-the Elbe.[122] The Alps from the region nearest the Adriatic as far as
-the Tuscan Sea I have brought into a state of peace, without waging an
-unjust war upon any people.[123] My fleet has navigated the ocean from
-the mouth of the Rhine as far as the boundaries of the Cimbri, where
-before that time no Roman had ever penetrated by land or sea;[124] and
-the Cimbri and Charydes and Semnones and other German peoples of that
-section, by means of legates, sought my friendship and that of the
-Roman people.[125] By my command and under my auspices two armies at
-almost the same time have been led into Ethiopia and into Arabia, which
-is called “the Happy,” and very many of the enemy of both peoples have
-fallen in battle, and many towns have been captured. Into Ethiopia the
-advance was as far as Nabata, which is next to Meroe.[126] In Arabia
-the army penetrated as far as the confines of the Sabaei, to the town
-Mariba.[127]
-
-
-c. 27.
-
-I have added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people.[128] Of greater
-Armenia, when its king Artaxes was killed I could have made a
-province, but I preferred, after the example of our fathers, to deliver
-that kingdom to Tigranes, the son of king Artavasdes, and grandson of
-king Tigranes; and this I did through Tiberius Nero, who was then my
-son-in-law.[129] And afterwards, when the same people became turbulent
-and rebellious, they were subdued by Gaius, my son, and I gave the
-sovereignty over them to king Ariobarzanes, the son of Artabazes, king
-of the Medes, and after his death to his son Artavasdes. When he was
-killed I sent into that kingdom Tigranes, who was sprung from the royal
-house of the Armenians.[130] I recovered all the provinces across the
-Adriatic Sea, which extend toward the east, and Cyrenaica, at that time
-for the most part in the possession of kings, together with Sicily and
-Sardinia, which had been engaged in a servile war.[131]
-
-
-c. 28.
-
-I have established colonies of soldiers[132] in Africa, Sicily,
-Macedonia, the two Spains, Achaia, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensis and
-Pisidia.[133] Italy also has twenty-eight colonies established under
-my auspices, which within my lifetime have become very famous and
-populous.[134]
-
-
-c. 29.
-
-I have recovered from Spain and Gaul, and from the Dalmatians, after
-conquering the enemy, many military standards which had been lost by
-other leaders.[135] I have compelled the Parthians to give up to me
-the spoils and standards of three Roman armies, and as suppliants to
-seek the friendship of the Roman people. Those standards, moreover,
-I have deposited in the sanctuary which is in the temple of Mars the
-Avenger.[136]
-
-
-c. 30.
-
-The Pannonian peoples, whom before I became _princeps_, no army
-of the Roman people had ever attacked, were defeated by Tiberius Nero,
-at that time my son-in-law and legate; and I brought them under
-subjection to the empire of the Roman people,[137] and extended the
-boundaries of Illyricum to the bank of the river Danube.[138] When an
-army of the Dacians crossed this river, it was defeated and destroyed,
-and afterwards my army, led across the Danube, compelled the Dacian
-people to submit to the sway of the Roman people.[139]
-
-
-c. 31.
-
-Embassies have been many times sent to me from the kings of India, a
-thing never before seen in the case of any ruler of the Romans.[140]
-Our friendship has been sought by means of ambassadors by the Bastarnae
-and the Scythians, and by the kings of the Sarmatae, who are on either
-side of the Tanais, and by the kings of the Albani, the Hiberi, and the
-Medes.[141]
-
-
-c. 32.
-
-To me have betaken themselves as suppliants the kings of the
-Parthians, Tiridates, and later, Phraates, the son of king
-Phraates;[142] of the Medes, Artavasdes;[143] of the Adiabeni,
-Artaxares;[144] of the Britons, Dumnobellaunus and Tim_____;[145]
-of the Sicambri, Maelo;[146] and of the Marcomanian Suevi,
-__________rus.[147] Phraates, king of the Parthians, son of Orodes,
-sent all his children and grandchildren into Italy to me, not because
-he had been conquered in war, but rather seeking our friendship
-by means of his children as pledges.[148] Since I have been
-_princeps_ very many other races have made proof of the good
-faith of the Roman people, who never before had had any interchange of
-embassies and friendship with the Roman people.
-
-
-c. 33.
-
-From me the peoples of the Parthians and of the Medes have received
-the kings they asked for through ambassadors, the chief men of those
-peoples: the Parthians, Vonones, the son of king Phraates, and
-grandson of king Orodes;[149] the Medes, Ariobarzanes, the son of king
-Artavasdes, and grandson of king Ariobarzanes.[150]
-
-
-c. 34.
-
-In my sixth and seventh consulships, when I had put an end to the
-civil wars, after having obtained complete control of affairs by
-universal consent, I transferred the commonwealth from my own dominion
-to the authority of the senate and Roman people.[151] In return for
-this favor on my part I received by decree of the senate the title
-Augustus,[152] the door-posts of my house were publicly decked with
-laurels, a civic crown was fixed above my door,[153] and in the Julian
-Curia was placed a golden shield, which, by its inscription, bore
-witness that it was given to me by the senate and Roman people on
-account of my valor, clemency, justice and piety.[154] After that time
-I excelled all others in dignity, but of power I held no more than
-those also held who were my colleagues in any magistracy.[155]
-
-
-c. 35.
-
-While I was consul for the thirteenth time the senate and the
-equestrian order and the entire Roman people gave me the title of
-father of the fatherland, and decreed that it should be inscribed upon
-the vestibule of my house and in the Curia, and in the Augustan Forum
-beneath the quadriga which had been, by decree of the senate, set up
-in my honor.[156] When I wrote these words I was in my seventy-sixth
-year.[157]
-
-
-
-
-SUPPLEMENT.
-
-
-c. 1.
-
-The sum of the money which he gave in to the treasury or to the Roman
-people, or to discharged soldiers, was six hundred million denarii.[158]
-
-
-c. 2.
-
-He constructed new works as follows: the temples of Mars, of Jupiter
-the Thunderer and the Vanquisher, of Apollo, of the divine Julius,
-of Quirinus, of Minerva, of Juno Regina, of Jupiter Libertas, of the
-Lares, of the divine Penates, of Youth, and of the Mother of the
-gods, the Lupercal, the Pulvinar in the Circus, the Curia with the
-Chalcidicum, the Augustan Forum, the Basilica Julia, the Theatre of
-Marcellus, the Portico on the Palatine, the Portico in the Flaminian
-Circus, the grove of the Cæsars beyond the Tiber.[159]
-
-
-c. 3.
-
-He restored the Capitol, and sacred structures to the number of
-eighty-two, the Theatre of Pompey, the aqueducts, the Flaminian
-Way.[160]
-
-
-c. 4.
-
-His expenses for theatrical representations, for gladiatorial and
-athletic exhibitions, for chases and the naval combat,[161] also for
-gifts in money to the colonies and cities of Italy,[162] to provincial
-cities suffering from earthquake or conflagrations,[163] and to
-individual friends and to senators, whose property he raised to the
-standard,[164] were innumerable.
-
-
-
-
-CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
-
-(_Roman numerals refer to chapters._)
-
-
-  A. U. C.
-
-  706. Made _pontifex_, VI.
-
-  710. Raises army at his own cost, I; gives to each citizen 300
-  sesterces, according to will of Julius Cæsar, XV.
-
-  711. Enters senate, receives consular rank, and the _imperium_,
-  becomes _propraetor_, _imperator_, consul, I; triumvir, I
-  and VII; exiles murderers of Julius Cæsar, II.
-
-  712. War of Philippi, II; builds the curia, XIX, app. II.
-
-  714. _Imperator_ second and third times; ovation, IV.
-
-  716. Recovers Sardinia, XXVII.
-
-  718. The Sicilian war, III and XIX; fourth time _imperator_, IV;
-  punishes revolted slaves, XXV; recovers Sicily, XXVII; ovation, IV;
-  receives tribunitial power, X, cf. VI; builds temple of Apollo on the
-  Palatine, XIX, app. II.
-
-  721. Fifth time _imperator_? IV; recovers standards from
-  Dalmatians, XXIX.
-
-  722. Becomes leader against Antony, XXV.
-
-  723. Victory of Actium; clemency as victor, III; sixth time
-  _imperator_, IV.
-
-  724. Fourth consulship; veterans colonized, XVI; provinces east of
-  the Adriatic, and Cyrenae recovered; Egypt annexed, XXVII; Artavasdes
-  the Mede and Tiridates the Parthian flee to Augustus, XXXII;
-  ornaments replaced in temples of Asia, XXIV.
-
-  725. Fifth consulship, VIII, XV, XXI; seventh time _imperator_;
-  triple triumph, IV; declines coronary gold, XXI; gives to 120,000
-  colonized soldiers 1,000 sesterces apiece; gives the people 400
-  sesterces each, XV; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; consecrates gifts
-  in various temples, XXI; closes temple of Janus, XIII; name placed in
-  Salian hymn, X; increases number of patricians, VIII.
-
-  726. Sixth consulship, VIII, XX, XXXIV. Takes census; revises list
-  of senators, VIII; made _princeps senatus_, VII; restores city
-  temples, XX, app. III; gives money to the treasury, XVII; gives
-  gladiatorial and athletic shows, XXII; games vowed and celebrated for
-  health of Augustus, IX; restores the commonwealth to the senate and
-  people, XXXIV.
-
-  727. Seventh consulship, XX, XXXIV. Continuation of transfer of
-  power to senate and people; is called Augustus; door-posts decked
-  with laurel; civic crown and golden shield accorded, XXXIV; repairs
-  Flaminian Way, XX, app. III; melts down silver statues for offerings,
-  XXIV.
-
-  729. Eighth time _imperator_; refuses triumph, IV; closes temple
-  of Janus the second time, XIII; Arabian expedition, XXVI.
-
-  730. Tenth consulship; gives the people 400 sesterces each.
-
-  731. Eleventh consulship; twelve times supplies food for citizens,
-  XV, cf. V; Ethiopian expedition, XXVI.
-
-  732. Consulship of Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius; refuses
-  annual and perpetual consulship; also the dictatorship; accepts
-  the administration of grain supply, V; dedicates temple of Jupiter
-  Tonans, XIX.
-
-  733. Refuses consulship? V.
-
-  734. Receives embassy from India, XXXI; ninth time _imperator_?
-  refuses a triumph, IV; recovers standards from Parthia, XXIX; gives
-  Armenia Major to Tigranes, XXVII.
-
-  735. Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinucius consuls; altar of Fortuna
-  Redux consecrated; Augustalia established, XI; deputation of leading
-  men meet Augustus in Campania, XII; declines the custody of laws and
-  morals, VI.
-
-  736. Cnaeus and Publius Lentulus consuls, VI, XVIII; remits tribute,
-  XVIII; again declines custody of laws and morals; associates Agrippa
-  in tribunitial power, VI.
-
-  737. Gaius Furnius and Gaius Silanus consuls; secular games, XXII.
-
-  738. Augustus supplies money to the treasury, XVII; gives
-  gladiatorial show, XXII; dedicates temple of Quirinus, XIX, app. II.
-
-  739. Tenth time _imperator_, IV.
-
-  740. Marcus Crassus and Cnaeus Lentulus consuls; pays provincials for
-  lands taken for veterans.
-
-  741. Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius consuls, XII; deposits
-  laurel in the Capitol, IV; altar of the Augustan Peace dedicated,
-  XII; again associates Agrippa in tribunitial power, VI.
-
-  742. Gaius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius consuls, X; twelfth year of
-  tribunitial power, XV; eleventh time _imperator_, IV; made
-  _pontifex maximus_, X; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; gives the
-  people 400 sesterces each, XV.
-
-  743. Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero consuls, VI; twelfth
-  time _imperator_, IV; for the third time refuses the custody of
-  laws and morals, VI; dedicates theater of Marcellus, XXI, app. II.
-
-  745. Thirteenth time _imperator_; deposits the laurel in temple
-  of Jupiter Feretrius, IV; Tiberius Nero subdues the Pannonians, XXX.
-
-  746. Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius consuls; second census taken;
-  list of senate revised, VIII; children of Phraates sent to Rome;
-  Maelo, King of the Sicambri, surrenders himself, XXXII; fourteenth
-  time _imperator_; refuses a triumph, IV.
-
-  747. Tiberius Nero and Cnaeus Piso consuls; veterans discharged, with
-  gratuities, XVI; Alpine peoples added to the empire, XXVI; gives
-  gladiatorial show, XXII.
-
-  748. Gaius Antistius and Decimus Laelius consuls; veterans
-  discharged, with gratuities, XVI; associates Tiberius in tribunitial
-  power, VI.
-
-  749. Eighteenth year of tribunitial power; twelfth consulship; gives
-  sixty denarii each to 320,000 citizens; Gaius Cæsar consul designate,
-  made prince of the youth, received into senate, XIV; aqueducts
-  repaired, XX, app. III.
-
-  750. Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Passienus consuls; veterans
-  discharged, with gratuities, XVI.
-
-  751. Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messala consuls; veterans discharged,
-  with gratuities, XVI.
-
-  752. Thirteenth consulship, XV, XXII, XXXV; Lucius Caninius and
-  Quintus Fabricius consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities,
-  XVI; gives the citizens sixty denarii each, XV; Lucius Cæsar
-  consul designate, prince of the youth, and admitted to senate,
-  XIV; dedicates temple of Mars Ultor, XXI, app. II; martial games
-  instituted, XXII; naval contest exhibited, XXIII; title _pater
-  patriae_ conferred, XXXV.
-
-  755. Lucius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; fifteenth time _imperator_,
-  IV; Armenia subdued by Gaius Cæsar and given to Ariobarzanes, XXVII.
-
-  757. Gaius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; again associates Tiberius in
-  tribunitial power, VI.
-
-  758. Fleet penetrates to limits of the Cimbri; the Cimbri, Charudes
-  and Semnones send ambassadors, XXVI; King Vonones given to the
-  Parthians, XXXIII.
-
-  759. Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius consuls, XVII; seventeenth
-  time _imperator_, IV; Dacians subdued, XXX; gives gladiatorial
-  show, XXII; military treasury established, XVII.
-
-  762. Nineteenth time _imperator_, IV.
-
-  766. Associates Tiberius the third time in tribunitial power, VI.
-
-  767. Sextus Pompeius and Sextus Appuleius consuls, VIII;
-  thirty-seventh year of tribunitial power, IV; seventy-sixth year of
-  Augustus, XXXV; third census taken; list of senate revised, VIII.
-
-
-
-
-BIBLIOGRAPHY.
-
-Abbreviations as used in the Notes are put in parentheses.
-
-
-I. EDITIONS.
-
-  =Mommsen, Theodor: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti ex Monumentis Ancyrano et
-  Apolloniensi.= pp. LXXXXVII, 223. With eleven photogravure plates.
-  Berlin, 1883. (_R. G._)
-
-This work is so exhaustive and so full that it puts all preceding
-editions and discussions out of date. Hence this bibliography
-enumerates only such editions and discussions as have appeared since
-1883.
-
-  =C. Peltier and R. Cagnat: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti, d’après la
-  dernière recension de Th. Mommsen.= Paris, 1886.
-
-
-II. DISCUSSIONS OF THE MONUMENTUM.
-
-  =Bormann, Ernest: Bemerkungen zum Schriftliche Nachlasse des
-  Kaisers Augustus.= Marburg, 1884. Universitäts Einladung. pp. 1-46.
-
-  =Bormann, Ernest: Verhandlungen der dreiundvierzigsten Versammlung
-  Deutschen Philologen in Köln=, 1895. pp. 180-191. Leipzig, 1896.
-
-  =Geppert, Paul: Zum Monumentum Ancyranum. Gymnasiums Programm.=
-  pp. 1-18. Berlin, 1887.
-
-  =Hirschfeld, Otto: Wiener Studien=, 1885. pp. 170-174.
-
-  =Mommsen, Theodor: Historische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge=, XXI.
-  pp. 385-397
-
-  =Nissen, H.: Rheinisches Museum=, XLI. 1886. pp. 481-499.
-
-  =Plew, J.: Quellenuntersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers
-  Hadrian, nebst einem Anhang über das Monumentum Ancyranum.=
-  Strassburg, 1890. pp. 98-121.
-
-  =Schiller, H.: Bursians Jahresbericht=, XLIV, 85-86.
-
-  =Schmidt, Johannes: Philologus=, XLIV, 1885. pp. 442-470; XLV,
-  1886. pp. 393-410; XLVI, 1887. pp. 70-86.
-
-  =Seeck, Otto: Wochenschrift für Klassische Philologie=, 19 Nov.,
-  1884. Col. 1473-1481.
-
-  =v. Wilamowitz, Ulrich: Hermes=, XXI, 1886. pp. 623-627.
-
-  =Wölfflin, E.: Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen
-  und historischen Klasse der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
-  München=, 1886. pp. 253-282.
-
-
-III. WORKS OF REFERENCE MOST FREQUENTLY CITED.
-
-  =Gardthausen, V.: Augustus und seine Zeit.= 1er Th., 1er Bd.,
-  pp. VIII, 484; 2er Th., 1er Hlb., pp. 276. Leipzig, 1891. 1er Th.,
-  2er Bd., pp. 485-1032; 2er Th., 2er Hlb., pp. 277-649. 1896.
-
-  Not yet completed; the standard work on the subject. Second part
-  contains the references. (_Aug._)
-
-  =Marquardt, Joachim: Römische Staatsverwaltung.=
-
-  =Mommsen, Theodor: Römische Geschichte.= (_Röm. Gesch._)
-
-  =Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.= (=C. I. L.=)
-
-
-IV. CLASSICAL AUTHORS CITED.
-
-  =Ammianus Marcellinus (Amm.)=: _Rerum Gestarum Libri_.
-
-  =Appianus (Appian)=: _Bella Civilia (B. C.)_; _Illyrica
-  (Illyr.)_.
-
-  =Cæsar, Gaius Julius (Cæs.)=: _De Bello Gallico (B. G.)_;
-  _De Bello Civili (B. C.)_.
-
-  =Cassiodorus (Cass.)=: _Chronicon (Chron.)_.
-
-  =Cicero, Marcus Tullius (Cic.)=: _Epistolae, ad Atticum (ad
-  Att.)_; _pro Sextio (pro Sext.)_; _Philippica ( Phil.)_.
-
-  =Dio Cassius Cocceianus (Dio)=: _Historia Romana_.
-
-  =Dionysius=: _Archæologia Romana_.
-
-  =Eusebius=: _Chronicon (Chron.)_.
-
-  =Eutropius=: _Breviarium Historiæ Romanæ_.
-
-  =Festus, Sextus Pompeius=: _De Verborum Significatione_.
-
-  =Florus, Lucius Annæus (Flor.)=: _Epitome Rerum Romanarum_.
-
-  =Frontinus, Sextus Julius (Front.)=: _De Aquæductibus Urbis
-  Romæ Libri II (De Aq.)_.
-
-  =Gellius, Aulus (Gell.)=: _Commentarii Noctium Atticarum_.
-
-  =Horatius Flaccus, Quintus (Hor.)=: _Carmina (Carm.)_;
-  _Satiræ (Sat.)_; _Carmen Sæculare (Carm. Sæc.)_;
-  _Epistolæ (Ep.)_; _Epodon (Epod.)_.
-
-  =Hyginus, Gromaticus=: _De Limitum Constructione (De Lim.)_.
-
-  =Jordanes=: _De Getarum Origine et Rebus Gestis_.
-
-  =Josephus Flavius (Jos.)=: _Jewish Wars (Wars)_; _Jewish
-  Antiquities (Ant.)_.
-
-  =Justinus (Justin)=: _Historiarum Philippicarum Libri XLIV_.
-
-  =Juvenal, Decimus Junius (Juv.)=: _Satiræ (Sat.)_.
-
-  =Livius, Titus (Livy)=: _Annales_; _Epitomæ (Ep.)_.
-
-  =Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius (Mac.)=:
-  _Saturnaliorum Conviviorum Libri VII (Sat.)_.
-
-  =Nepos, Cornelius (Nep.)=: _De Viris Illustribus_.
-
-  =Orosius, Paulus (Oros.)=: _Historiarum adversus Paganos (adv.
-  Pag.)_.
-
-  =Ovidius Naso, Publius (Ovid)=: _Metamorphoses (Met.)_;
-  _Fasti_; _Tristia (Tr.)_; _Ars Amatoria (Ars Am.)_.
-
-  =Plinius Secundus, Gaius (Pliny)=: _Historia Naturalis (Hist.
-  Nat.)_
-
-  =Plutarchus (Plut.)=: _Vita Antonii (Ant.)_; _Vita Bruti
-  (Brut.)_; _Moralia. De Fortuna Romanorum (De Fort. Rom.)_.
-
-  =Propertius, Sextus Aurelius (Prop.)=: _Elegiæ_.
-
-  =Ptolemæus, Claudius (Ptol.)=: _Geographia_.
-
-  =Seneca, Lucius Annæus (Sen.)=: _De Clementia ad Neronem
-  Cæsarem Libri II (De Clem.)_.
-
-  =Strabo=: _Geographia_.
-
-  =Suetonius, Tranquillus Gaius (Suet.)=: _Vita Duodecim
-  Cæsarum_; _Julii (Jul.)_; _Augusti (Aug.)_; _Tiberii
-  (Tib.)_; _Claudii (Claud.)_.
-
-  =Tacitus, Gaius Cornelius (Tac.)=: _Historiæ (Hist.)_;
-  _Annales (Ann.)_; _Germania (Ger.)_; _Agricola (Agr.)_.
-
-  =Valerius Maximus (Val.)=: _De Factis Dictisque Memorabilibus
-  Libri IX_.
-
-  =Varro, Marcus Terentius=: _De Lingua Latina_.
-
-  =Velleius Paterculus, Gaius (Vell.)=: _Historiæ Romanæ Libri
-  II_.
-
-  =Vergilius Maro, Publius (Ver.)=: _Æneid (Æn.)_;
-  _Georgica, (Georg.)_.
-
-  =Victor, Sextus Aurelius (Vict.)=: _Historia Romana_.
-
-  =Zonaras, Joannes=: _Annales_.
-
-
-
-
-NOTES:
-
-
-[1] This title at Ancyra extends over the first three pages of the
-Latin, that is over so much of the inscription as is on the left wall
-of the pronaos; the Greek title extends over seventeen of the nineteen
-pages of the Greek version.
-
-In its present form, the title cannot be the same as that over the
-original at Rome. All from “as engraved” is certainly an addition,
-probably made by the Galatian legate who ordered the magistrates of
-Ancyra to have the inscription placed on the temple of Augustus.
-The last two words in the Latin (placed first in the English), were
-probably inserted only by a blunder at Ancyra. “A copy subjoined,”
-doubtless stood in the legate’s letter, just as we might write “see
-enclosure.” But what of the remainder of the inscription, “Of the deeds
-... Roman people”? It is hardly conceivable that this was the title
-of the inscription at Rome, because it embraces only two of the three
-parts into which the subject-matter falls. It covers the achievements
-and the expenditures of Augustus; in reverse order, however, from that
-of the document itself; and it omits any allusion to the subject-matter
-of the first fourteen chapters, which have to do with the offices and
-honors conferred upon Augustus.
-
-It is impossible to say what was the superscription at Rome. Possibly
-there was none. The name of Augustus, most likely, was conspicuous
-somewhere in connection with the front of the mausoleum, and this
-inscription may very well have been devoid of title.
-
-[2] Augustus was nineteen years old on Sept. 23, 710.
-
-[3] Cicero (_Ad Att._ XVI, 8, 1,) on Nov. 1, 710, writes: “I have
-letters from Octavian; great things are doing; he has led over to his
-views the veterans of Casilinum and Calatia.” Cf. Vell. II, 61. Dio
-XLVI, 29.
-
-[4] Cf. Cic. (_Phil._ III, 2, 3), “The young Cæsar, without our
-(the senate’s) advice or consent, raised an army and poured forth his
-patrimony.”
-
-[5] Gardthausen, _Aug._ 1er Th. 2er Bd. p. 524, thinks that this
-beginning the Res Gestae with the raising of an army, is an admission
-of the military foundation of the principate.
-
-[6] Such a statement is part of Augustus’ scheme to pose as a restorer
-of the old order. He makes Brutus, Cassius, Pompey and Antony public
-enemies.
-
-[7] Cicero says (_Phil._ V, 17, 46), that on Jan. 1, 711, “the
-senate voted that Gaius Cæsar, son of Gaius, pontiff, should be a
-senator, and hold praetorian rank in speaking.” Dio (XLVI, 29), says
-that on Jan. 2 or 3, “Cæsar was made senator as a quaestor.”
-
-[8] Livy (_Ep._ CXVIII), “he received the consular ornaments.”
-App. (_B. C._ III, 51) adds that he was given consular rank in
-speaking. Cf. Mommsen, _Röm. St._, I, pp. 442, 443.
-
-[9] Cf. Cic. (_Phil._ ii, 8, 20), “The senate gave Gaius Cæsar the
-fasces.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ I, 10; Livy, _Ep._ CXVIII.
-
-[10] App. _B. C._ III, 51. Vell. II, 61.
-
-[11] The formula by which in emergencies, extraordinary powers were
-given to the ordinary magistrates. This measure had since 216 B. C.,
-entirely superseded the old custom of appointing a dictator. (Cf. note
-[32]) Chap. V. The present formula, however, had been employed long
-before the disuse of the dictatorship. Cf. Livy III, 4; VI, 19. This
-extraordinary commission was not restricted to the consuls. Cf. Cæs.
-_B. C._ I, 5.
-
-[12] Hirtius was killed April 16, 711, and Pansa died of wounds
-received on the 15th, in the fighting against Antonius. Cæsar
-Octavianus and Q. Pedius were elected consuls Aug. 19, 711. Dio
-LVI, 30; C. I. L. I, p. 400 = x, 8375; Tac. _Ann._ I, 9; Suet.
-_Aug._ 100. Vell. (II, 65), says the election was on Sept. 22. But
-Macrobius, (_Sat._ I, 35, 25), assigns the fact that he was made
-consul in the month Sextilis, as one of the reasons why the name of
-that month was changed to August.
-
-[13] C. I. L. I, p. 466 and App. _B. C._ IV, 7, fix the formal
-ratification of the triumvirate by the people, as having been proposed
-by the tribune Publius Titius and carried in a public assembly on Nov.
-27, 711.
-
-[14] An instance of Augustus’ avoiding the names of his enemies; here,
-particularly, Brutus and Cassius.
-
-[15] The _Lex Pedia_, Sept., 711, named from Augustus’ colleague
-in the consulship, constituted an extraordinary tribunal for this class
-of offenders: the penalty was interdiction from fire and water,
-_i. e._, outlawry. Livy, _Ep._ CXX; Vell. II, 69; App. III, 95;
-Suet. _Aug._ 10; Dio XLVI, 49.
-
-[16] The only instance in the Res Gestae of a palpable distortion of
-fact. The battles at Philippi, in November, 712, are referred to. For
-the date see Gardthausen, _Aug._ 2er Th. 1er Halbband, p. 80. In
-the first fight, Suetonius says (_Aug._ 13), that Cæsar hardly
-escaped, ill and naked, from his camp to the wing of Antony’s army.
-He was ill, and had to be carried in a litter, according to Plutarch,
-_Brut._ p. 41. In _Antony_, 22, Plutarch says: “In the first
-battle, Cæsar was completely routed by Brutus, his camp taken, he
-himself very narrowly escaping by flight.” The decisive defeat of the
-Republicans was twenty days later.
-
-[17] The text here is conjectural. Mommsen is almost alone in
-holding to “surviving,” Zumpt, in his edition of 1869, had read
-“suppliant” (_supplicibus_), Bergk, in 1873, “asking pardon”
-(_deprecantibus_). Hirschfeld, the same sense, (_veniam
-petentibus_). Seeck insists on the latter reading, in spite of
-Mommsen’s arguments for his own choice. Augustus did not spare all
-surviving citizens either after Philippi or Actium, cf. Dio LI, 2:
-After Actium “of the senators and knights, and other leading men, who
-in any way had helped Antony, he fined some, many he killed, some he
-spared.” For his conduct after Philippi, cf. Suet. _Aug._ 13. But
-a coin of 727 (Eckhel VI, 88, Cohen I, p. 66, No. 30), has CÆSAR COS
-VII CIVIBUS SERVATEIS, “Cæsar for the seventh time consul, the citizens
-having been preserved.” It commemorates the civic crown given to
-Augustus, cf. c. XXXIV. There are other coins with OB CIVES SERVATOS,
-“On account of the preservation of the citizens.”
-
-[18] This fact is one of the few which the latest text, based on
-Humann’s work, alone establishes. Merivale’s comment on the relation
-of Augustus to the army is noteworthy: “Their hero (Julius Cæsar)
-discarded the defence of the legions, and a few months witnessed his
-assassination. Augustus learned circumspection from the failure of his
-predecessor’s enterprise. He organized a military establishment of
-which he made himself the permanent head; to him every legionary swore
-personal fidelity; every officer depended upon his direct appointment.”
-(C. XXXII.)
-
-[19] C. 15 states the number colonized at 120,000. The 200,000 over
-and above the 300,000 here named, are accounted for in the twenty-five
-legions, 150,000 men in service at his death, leaving only 50,000 as
-the number who died in service or were dishonorably discharged during
-the long rule of Augustus. For a study of the strength and disposition
-of the Roman army at the death of Augustus, cf. Mommsen’s R. G., pp.
-67-76.
-
-[20] The term of service in 741, was twelve years for praetorian
-soldiers and sixteen for legionaries, raised in 758 to sixteen and
-twenty years respectively. Cf. c. 17, N. 2.
-
-[21] The reading of Wölfflin and others (see textual note) would give
-instead of “lands purchased by me,” “I have assigned lands,” and
-instead of “money for farms, out of my own means” “money for reward
-of service.” Bormann, _Schr. Nachl._ p. 18-20, does not think
-that Augustus meant to state that he paid these charges from private
-sources, but believes that such a statement would be irrelevant in this
-section, if true, and an anticipation of cc. 15 and 16.
-
-[22] Sextus Pompeius lost thirty ships at Mylae, and at Naulochus, out
-of three hundred which he had, eighteen were sunk and the rest, with
-the exception of seventeen, burned or captured. Cf. App. _B. C._
-V, 108, 118, 121. Plut. _Ant._ 68, says that Augustus took 300
-ships at Actium. These captures give, in round numbers, 600 vessels.
-
-[23] The ovation was the lesser triumph. The general entered the city
-clad as an ordinary magistrate, and on foot, or as here, (see the
-Greek), on horseback, decked with myrtle. Suet. _Aug._ 22, says,
-these ovations were after Philippi, and the Sicilian war; the former in
-714, the latter, Nov. 13, 718. Cf. Dio XLVIII, 31, XLIX, 15; C. I. L.
-1, p. 461.
-
-[24] In the curule triumph, for important victories, the general was
-vested in purple, and rode in a four-horse chariot, preceded by the
-fasces. These three triumphs were celebrated on the 13th, 14th and 15th
-of August, 725, for the Dalmatian successes, the victory of Actium and
-the capture of Alexandria. Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 328 and 478. Prop. II,
-1, 31, ff, gives an eye-witness’ account of the second day. Cf. Livy,
-_Ep._ CXXXIII; Suet. _Aug._ 22; Verg. _Aen._ VIII; 714,
-Dio LI, 21.
-
-[25] The acclamation as _imperator_, on account of success in
-war, must be carefully distinguished from the title used as a prefix
-to the name and as a mark of perpetual authority. The title imperator
-was regularly and permanently assumed at the beginning of each reign,
-after that of Augustus. To him it was formally assigned by the senate,
-in Jan., 725. C. I. L., V, 1873: _Senatus populusque Romanus imp.
-Cæsari, divi. Juli. f. cos. quinct. cos. design. sext. imp. sept.
-republica conservata._ The term thus had a double usage and meaning
-in such cases.
-
-It soon came about that only the _princeps_ could assume the
-special designation for military successes, no matter whether won by
-him in person or not. Tacitus says, _Ann._ III, 74: “Tiberius
-allowed Blaesus to be saluted as imperator by the legions. Augustus
-conceded the title to some, but Tiberius’ allowing it to Blaesus was
-the last instance.” For a discussion of _Imperator_ as permanent
-title, see Gardthausen, p. 527, and Merivale, _History of the
-Romans_, c. XXXI.
-
-Most of the acclamations of Augustus as imperator can be traced. No
-Greek inscription records them. A list follows. In the later instances
-Tiberius was associated.
-
-I. April 15 (?) 711. After battles about Mutina. C. I. L. X, 8375 and
-Dio XLVI, 38.
-
-II. Not traced.
-
-III. Before 717. Cohen, _Vipsan._ 3, gives a coin with the words
-_imp. divi Juli f. ter. III Vir v. p. c. M. Agrippa cos. desig._
-Agrippa entered his consulship Jan. 1, 717.
-
-IV. Probably connected with the Sicilian victory and ovation of 718.
-
-V. 720 or 721. Probably connected with Dalmatian victories of one of
-those years. Cf. C. I. L. V, 526.
-
-VI. From Sept. 2, 723, to 725. On account of Actium. Cf. Oros. VI, 19,
-14. C. I. L. X, 3826. _Imp. Cæsari divi f. imp. vi, cos. iii_
-(723). C. I. L. X, 4830, _imp. Cæsari divi f. cos. v_ (725)
-_imp. vi_.
-
-VII. From 725 to 729. C. I. L. VI, 873: _senatus populusque Romanus
-imp. Cæsari divi Juli f. cos. quinct._ (725) _cos. desig. sex.
-imp. sept. republica conservata_. On account of Thracian and Dacian
-victory of M. Licinius Crassus. Dio LI, 25, says: “Sacrifices and
-festivals were decreed to Cæsar and to Crassus. He did not, however, as
-some say, take the name imperator. Cæsar alone assumed that.”
-
-VIII. From 729 to 734. Two inscriptions at Nismes (Donat. 96, 6) read:
-_imp. Cæsari divi f. Augusto cos. nonum_ (729) _designato
-decimum, imp. octavum_. Dio LIII, 26, says it was for a Celtic
-victory of Marcus Vinicius.
-
-IX. From 734 to 739 (?) Coins have the inscription _Augustus Cæsar
-div. f. Armen. capt. imp. viii_. These commemorate the Armenian
-expedition of Tiberius in 734. Possibly Augustus took the title on
-account of the return of the captured standards from Parthia, which he
-accounted a greater triumph than many a victory in open warfare.
-
-X. 739 (?) to 742. C. I. L. V, 8088 and others: _Augustus imp. x,
-tribunicia potestate xi_. The latter falls in the years 742, 743.
-Probably referable to successes in Rhætian war of 739.
-
-XI. 742. Coins (Cohen, n. 147-150) give: _imp. xi_. The causes
-were the successes of Tiberius in Pannonia in 742. Dio LIV, 31.
-
-XII. 743 to 744. C. I. L., III, 3117: _imp. xii tr. pot. xiii_ and
-VI, 701, 702: _pontifex maximus, imp. xii cos. xi trib. pot. xiv_.
-Referable to Germanic victory of Drusus. Dio LIV, 33.
-
-XIII. Tiberius Imp. 745. Suet., _Tib._ 9, says that Tiberius
-received the oration for Pannonian and Dalmatian victories. Cf. Val. 5,
-5, 3. Dio LV, 2.
-
-XIV. Tiberius Imp. II. 746-755. Dio LV, 6, refers this acclamation
-to the Germanic victories of 746. Many coins, milestones and other
-inscriptions of the period indicated mention this fourteenth
-acclamation. Cf. C. I. L., II, 3827; 4931; V, 7243; 7817; VI, 1244.
-
-XV. 755. For the Armenian victory of C. Cæsar. Dio Cass. LV, 11. C. I.
-L. X, 3827; _pont. max., cos. iii (xiii) imp. xv, tr. p. xxv, p. p._
-
-XVI. Untraced.
-
-XVII. Tiberius Imp. III. 759. Dio LV, 28, referring to the German
-expedition of Tiberius in 759, says, “Nothing great was accomplished.
-Yet both Augustus and Tiberius received the acclamation as imperators.”
-Cf. C. I. L. V. 6416.
-
-XVIII. Tiberius Imp. IV. Probably for successes in Illyricum.
-
-XIX. Tiberius Imp. V, 762. Dio LVI, 17, refers to the Dalmatian war. A
-coin of 763-4 (Cohen n. 27) gives: _Ti. Cæsar August. f. imperat. v.
-pontifex, tribun. potestate xii_.
-
-XX. Tiberius Imp. VI. 765. The cause is not clear, probably for slight
-successes of Tiberius and Germanicus against the Germans in 763, 764.
-Dio LVI, 25. A Spanish milestone, C. I. L. II, 4868, gives the data.
-
-XXI. Tiberius Imp. VII. Tac. _Ann._ I, 9, says Augustus was
-twenty-one times Imperator. A coin of Lyons (Cohen n. 35-38) has:
-_Ti. Cæsar Augusti f. imperator VII_. This dates from the lifetime
-of Augustus. Tiberius did not receive a further acclamation.
-
-
-[26] ᵃ After his own victory over the Cantabri, that of Varro over the
-Salassi and that of M. Vinicius over the Germans, in 729. Cf. Florus,
-IV, 12, 53.
-
-ᵇ After the restoration of the standards by the Parthians in 734. Cf.
-Borghesi II, 100 ff.
-
-ᶜ After the victories of Tiberius in Germany in 746. Dio LV, 6.
-
-ᵈ After the victories of Tiberius in Pannonia? Dio LVI, 17.
-
-[27] A part of the ordinary ceremonial of the triumph. Cf. Mommsen,
-_Röm. St._ I, p. 61, 95, Marquardt, _Staatsverwaltung_, II,
-p. 582.
-
-[28] For a thanksgiving after the expedition of Tiberius into Armenia
-cf. Dio LIV, 9. Cf. also Cic. _Phil._ XIV, 11, 29. For two other
-instances, cf. Mommsen, _R. G._, appendix, pp. 161-178.
-
-[29] Not an incredible number. Thanksgivings were offered in Julius
-Cæsar’s time of fifteen, twenty, forty and fifty days. Cf. Drumann III,
-609, No. 84. Fifty days were decreed for the victories of Hirtius,
-Pansa and Octavian in 711.
-
-[30] The only names traceable are those of Alexander and Cleopatra, the
-children of Cleopatra and Alexander brother of Jamblichus, King of the
-Emesenes. Cf. Dio LI, 2, 21. Prop. 2, 1, 33, tells of “Kings with their
-necks surrounded with golden chains,” in the triumph of Aug. 14, 725.
-
-[31] The emperors assumed the consulship only irregularly and for
-short periods. Their taking of the “tribunitial power” was not through
-a regular election to the tribuneship, as was the case with the
-consulship, for Augustus as a patrician was ineligible; but it was the
-assumption of a power equal to that of the tribunes. This made the
-emperors sacrosanct, gave them the initiative and the veto, and well
-subserved the fiction of their being the representatives and champions
-of the people. For discussions of this power cf. Merivale, _Hist. of
-Rom._ C. XXXI; Mommsen, _Röm. St._ II, p. 759, 771-777, 833-845.
-
-Succeeding emperors, down to 268 A. D., dated their accession from
-the day of assuming the tribunitial power. The wording is peculiar in
-this sentence. May it not have been that Augustus expected his heir
-or executors to fill in the exact dates at the time of his death, as
-suggested in the introduction?
-
-[32] Dio, LIV, 1, writes: “In the following year (732) the Tiber
-again overflowed; statues in the Pantheon were struck by lightning,
-so that the spear was knocked out of the hand of Augustus. Pestilence
-was so violent in all Italy that year that there was no one to till
-the fields; and I think the same was the case in foreign lands. The
-Romans thought that this plague and famine had come upon them, because
-they had not made Augustus consul that year; they wished to name him
-dictator, and with great show of violence compelled the senate, shut
-up in the curia, to decree this; threatening to burn them unless they
-did it. So the senate approached Augustus with the twenty-four fasces
-(insignia of dictatorship, the consul having only twelve), and begged
-him to accept the dictatorship and the administration of the food
-supply. He did indeed undertake the latter charge, and ordered that
-duumvirs, who had held the praetorship five years before, should be
-yearly appointed to have charge of the distribution of grain, but would
-by no means accept the dictatorship. When neither by words nor prayers
-he could move the people, he tore his garments. For he justly wished to
-avoid the jealousy and hatred of that name, since moreover, he already
-held a dignity and power superior to that of the dictatorship.” Vell.
-II, 89, 5, says: “The dictatorship which the people persistently thrust
-upon him, he as constantly repelled.”
-
-The dictatorship had fallen into disuse after 552, and was revived,
-irregularly, by Sulla in 672. Cæsar made it the basis of his power,
-being made perpetual dictator shortly before his death. After that
-event, on motion of Antony, the office was abolished.
-
-[33] In Chap. 15, Augustus states that in 731 he twelve times
-distributed grain at his own expense. This assumption of the grain
-administration in 732 was not strictly a charity. The extract from
-Dio under Note 69, gives some of the details. It is probable that from
-this time the tribute in kind was turned into the _fiscus_, or
-imperial treasury, instead of into the _ærarium_, or treasury of
-the senate, as heretofore. This new task of the imperial government
-involved not merely the gratuitous distribution of grain to the
-ordinary Roman citizens (after 752 even to senators and knights), but
-also the providing of a sufficient supply of grain for all purchasers
-at a minimum price, often below the market value. It appears that grain
-tickets “tessaræ frumentariæ” were distributed to the citizens entitled
-to free grain, and then, to assist the vast multitude of strangers,
-freedmen, and _attachés_ of the great houses, money tickets,
-“tessaræ nummariæ” were given out. Cf. Mommsen, _Röm. St._, II,
-992.
-
-[34] Vell. II, 89; Suet. _Aug._ 26; Dio, LIV, 10. Dio’s statement
-that Augustus in 735 accepted the consular power (differing from the
-consulship as the tribunitial power from the tribuneship. Cf. Note
-31, Chap. 4.) for life, cannot be correct in face of the other two
-authorities cited, who corroborate Augustus here. Chapter 8 tells of
-two special assumptions of the consular power for the taking of the
-second and third census.
-
-[35] Before the restoration of the text of this inscription, in this
-case depending entirely upon the remains at Apollonia, it used to be
-taught that Augustus accepted the formal superintendence of laws and
-morals. And there seemed to be good ground for such belief. Horace,
-c., 740 in _Carm. IV_, 5, v. 22, says, “Morality and law have
-subdued foul wrong;” and in _Ep._, II, 1, v. 1, “Since thou hast
-protected Italy with arms, adorned her with morality, and improved her
-with laws.” Ovid wrote, _Tristia_, II, 233: “The city wearies
-thee with the care of laws and morals, which thou desirest should be
-like thy own.” Suet. _Aug._ 27, says: “He accepted the control of
-laws and morals for life, as he had the tribunitial power; and in the
-exercise of this control, altho’ without the honor of the censorship,
-he yet thrice took the census of the people, the first and third times
-with a colleague, the second time alone.” Dio, LIV, 10, 30, says that
-in 735 and 742 Augustus accepted this office for periods of five years.
-But the inscription shows that Suetonius and Dio were wrong, and that a
-natural but incorrect inference had been drawn from the poets.
-
-This power was offered to Augustus three times; in 735, 736 and 743,
-and as often refused. Why was it offered, and why refused? Cf. Dio,
-LIV, 10; Vell. II, 91, 92; Suet. _Aug._ 19. While Augustus was in
-Asia in 735 M. Egnatius Rufus, who is painted as a sort of Catiline,
-tried to obtain the consulship, and even to supplant Augustus, and
-stirred up sedition in the attempt. This so alarmed the senate and
-people that they offered Augustus the plenary power of legislation and
-coercion. The repetition of the offer in 736 was from a similar cause.
-The reason for that of 743 is unknown. The power thus offered was
-analogous to the decemvirate, or the Sullan dictatorship. Cf. Mommsen,
-_Röm._, St., II, 686.
-
-[36] This sentence answers the second question asked in the above Note.
-It was part of Augustus’ policy to seem to keep wholly within the lines
-of the constitution. Hence his refusal to accept any extraordinary
-office. Yet his tribunitial power was new and extraordinary. Tacitus’
-comment is caustic, _Ann._, III, 56: “That specious title (the
-tribunitial power) importing nothing less than sovereign power, was
-invented by Augustus at a time when the name of king or dictator
-was not only unconstitutional but universally detested. And yet a
-new name was wanted to overtop the magistrates and the forms of the
-constitution.”
-
-[37] Dio, LIV, 16, names three laws promulgated by Augustus in 736: one
-took cognizance of bribery by candidates for office; a second dealt
-with extravagance; and a third was for the encouragement of matrimony.
-
-[38] ᵃ in 736 Agrippa was associated with Augustus for five years. Cf.
-Dio, LIV, 12; Vell. II, 90; Tac. _Ann._ III, 56.
-
-ᵇ in 741 Agrippa again for five years. Cf. Dio, LIV, 12, 28.
-
-ᶜ in 748 Tiberius for five years. Cf. Dio, LV, 9; Vell. II, 99; Suet.
-_Tib._ 9, 10, 11.
-
-ᵈ in 757 Tiberius for ten years. Cf. Dio, LV, 13; Vell. II, 103; Tac.
-_Ann._, I, 3, 10.
-
-ᵉ in 766 Tiberius for an indefinite time. Cf.
-Dio, LVI, 28.
-
-[39] Suet. _Aug._ 27: “He administered the triumvirate for
-organizing the commonwealth through ten years.” Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 461
-and p. 466. The first triumvirate lasted from Nov. 27, 711, to Dec. 31,
-716; the second from Jan. 1, 717, to Dec. 31, 721. But cf. c. 34, N. 1.
-
-[40] Cf. Dio, LIII, 1. This title had been conferred upon the senior
-senator who had served as censor. Its only privilege was the right
-of speaking first in debate. The honor had fallen into abeyance with
-the death of Catulus in 694. It is readily seen how the revival of
-such a title and of the right to express his views before any other
-senator, gave Augustus a quasi-constitutional initiative in the senate.
-Gradually the title dropped its second part, and “prince” began to have
-something of its modern significance. Cf. Tacitus, _Ann._ III, 53,
-for Tiberius’ view of its meaning.
-
-Augustus’ notation of time here, “through forty years,” is similar to
-the “thirty-seventh year of the tribunitial power” in Chap. IV, or “the
-seventy-sixth year” of Chap. 36.
-
-[41] He was made _pontifex_ in 706 by Julius Cæsar. Cf. Cic.
-_Phil._ V, 17, 46; Vell. II, 59. For his taking the office of
-_pontifex maximus_ cf. c. 10, N. 3.
-
-[42] The date of Augustus’ assumption of the augurate is discussed by
-Drumann, IV, 250. Coins are the chief witnesses, and their testimony is
-confused. The date probably was 713 or 714.
-
-[43] A coin of Augustus (Cohen, _Jul._ 60; _Aug._ 88) has
-_imp. Cæsar divi f. III vir iter. r. p. c. cos. iter. et tert
-desig._, which fixes the time as between 717 and 720; it has also
-the tripod, the symbol of the quindecemvirate.
-
-[44] We can say only that Augustus received this dignity before
-738; for there is a coin of that year showing the _simpulum_,
-the _lituus_ and the tripod, the symbols respectively of the
-three foregoing offices, and the _patera_, or bowl, that of the
-septemviral office. The four colleges thus associated are the chief
-ones. Cf. Chap. 9.
-
-[45] The name of Augustus is twice found in the _Acta Fratrum
-Arvalium_, once in May, 767, in recording a vote, and in Dec., 767,
-in the record of the nomination of his successor.
-
-[46] Tacitus says the Titian Sodality was instituted by Titus Tatius
-for keeping up the Sabine ritual. Cf. _Ann._ I, 54. The record
-here is all that is known of Augustus’ connection with it.
-
-[47] The fetials had charge of the formalities in declaring war and
-peace. Dio L, 4, says that Augustus went through the old-fashioned
-ceremonies in declaring war against Cleopatra.
-
-These three colleges had fallen into abeyance in the time of Cicero.
-Augustus undoubtedly revived them. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 31. Such
-restoration, and religious conservatism in general, as even in the case
-of Domitian, marks the policy of the emperors for two hundred years,
-and was one of their favorite methods of posing simply as restorers of
-the good old times.
-
-[48] In 725. The Saenian law, passed by the people in 724, authorized
-this proceeding, and the senate’s decree followed. Hence the order,
-“people and senate.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ XI, 25; Dio, LII, 42. An
-earlier creation of patricians is assigned by Dio to the year 721.
-But he is probably mistaken, as Tacitus, in the passage just noted,
-says that Claudius was obliged to create more patricians, “because the
-number had declined even after being recruited by the dictator Cæsar
-under the Cassian law, and by Augustus the _princeps_ under the
-Saenian law.” Such a creation was not a right of the principate. Cæsar
-and Augustus did it by special authorization of people and senate.
-Claudius did it in virtue of his censorship, and this status continued
-till Domitian absorbed the censorship in the principate, and assumed
-the right as a permanent one.
-
-[49] During most of the republican history the senate numbered,
-ideally, three hundred. In Cicero’s time it had over four hundred
-members. Julius Cæsar raised it to about nine hundred. Suet.
-_Aug._, 35, says: “By two separate scrutinies he (Augustus)
-reduced to their former number and splendor the senate, which had been
-swamped by a disorderly crowd; for they were now more than a thousand,
-and some of them very mean persons, who, after Cæsar’s death, had been
-chosen by dint of interest and bribery, so that they had the name of
-Orcini among the people.” They were also called Charonites, because
-they owed their elevation to the last will of Cæsar, who had gone into
-Orcus to Charon. Dio, XL, 48, 63, tells of freedmen in the senate and,
-XLIII, 22, of a private soldier; Gell., XV, 4, of a muleteer, cf.
-Juvenal, _Sat._ VII, 199.
-
-Dio, LII, 42, cf. LIII, 1, tells of the first scrutiny, in 725-6. A
-hint from Augustus was enough to cause the withdrawal first of sixty,
-then of one hundred and forty senators. He also tells, LIV, 13, 14,
-of a further revision in 736, by which the number was brought down to
-six hundred. He assigns a third sifting to 743 (LIV, 35), and a fourth
-to 757 (LV, 13). Mommsen, however, is inclined to connect the three
-revisions of Augustus with the censuses of 726, 746 and 767, and to
-regard those of 736 and 757 as extraordinary, and therefore not named
-by Augustus, in his desire to appear entirely within constitutional
-lines. Cf. Mommsen, _R. G._, p. 35.
-
-[50] Suetonius evidently depends on this inscription when he says,
-_Aug._ 27: “Three times he took the census of the Roman people,
-the first and third times with a colleague, the second time alone.”
-This first census was in 725-6. Cf. Dio, LII, 42; LIII, 1; C. I. L.
-IX, 422, _imp. Cæsar VI, M. Agrippa II cos.; idem censoria potestate
-lustrum fecerunt_.
-
-The lustrum was strictly the expiatory offering made at the close
-of the census. The census had not been taken for forty-one years.
-The number of Roman citizens of military age in 684 had been given
-as but 450,000. This census of 726 reported 4,063,000. Probably the
-vast apparent increase rose from the fact of the earlier enumeration
-counting only such as presented themselves before the censors in the
-city, while at the later time the citizens throughout the empire were
-counted. Clinton, _Fasti Hellenici_, III, 461, estimates a total
-free citizenship of more than 17,000,000. The total population of the
-empire at this time, including citizens, allies, slaves and freedmen,
-has been estimated at 85,000,000. Cf. Merivale, _Rom._ cc. XXX,
-XXXIX.
-
-The Greek of the inscription here reads erroneously 4,603,000.
-
-[51] In 746. The result, 4,233,000, shows a gain of 170,000.
-
-[52] In 767. Just before the death of Augustus. Result, 4,937,000; gain
-since 746, 704,000.
-
-[53] Suetonius, _Aug._ 34, relates his endeavors to compel
-matrimony. In Chap. 89, Suetonius writes: “In reading Greek or Latin
-authors he paid particular attention to precepts and examples which
-might be useful in public or private life. These he used to extract
-verbatim, and give to his domestics, or send to the commanders of the
-armies, the governors of the provinces, or the magistrates of the city,
-when any of them seemed to stand in need of admonition. He likewise
-read whole books to the senate, and frequently made them known to the
-people by his edicts; such as the orations of Quintus Metellus ‘For
-the Encouragement of Marriage,’ and those of Rutilius ‘On the Style
-of Building;’ to show the people that he was not the first who had
-promoted those objects, but that the ancients likewise had thought them
-worthy of their attention.” Cf. Livy, _Ep._ LIX; Gell., I, 6.
-
-[54] These games were first held in 726, and every fourth year
-thereafter. The expression “every fifth year” counts the year of the
-games as the fifth of the old series and also the first of the new.
-The consuls, or rather the consul Agrippa, Augustus not holding games
-in his own honor, celebrated the games of 726, the pontifices those of
-730, the augurs those of 734, the quindecemvirs those of 738, and the
-septemvirs those of 742. Cf. c. 7, N. 6. These games are mentioned by
-Dio, LIII, 1, 2; LIV, 19; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._ VII, 48, 158; Suet.
-_Aug._ 44. They came to a close with the life of Augustus. We do
-not hear of them in connection with any subsequent emperor. Vows for
-his good health had a special fitness, for according to Suetonius,
-_Aug._ LXXXI, he was almost an invalid. “During his whole course
-of life he suffered at times dangerous fits of sickness. He was subject
-to fits of sickness at stated times every year, for about his birthday
-he was commonly indisposed. In the beginning of spring he was attacked
-with an inflammation of the midriff; and when the wind was southerly,
-with a cold in his head. By all these complaints his constitution was
-so shattered that he could not readily bear heat or cold.”
-
-[55] Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 59 and 98; Hor. _Carm._ IV, 5, 33; Dio,
-LI, 19.
-
-[56] Dio writes of the year 725, LI, 20: “When letters were brought
-about Parthian affairs it was decreed that he should be named in the
-hymns exactly as were the gods.” Tiridates, a Parthian pretender,
-sought the aid of Augustus. Cf. Chap. 32, and Dio, LI, 18. Augustus
-balanced Tiridates against Phraates, the legitimate monarch, who sent
-an embassy, and gave his son to Rome as a hostage.
-
-[57] In 718, when Lepidus had been overthrown, the tribunitial
-power had been given to Octavian, as formerly to Julius, for life.
-Inviolability of person was one of the privileges of the tribunate.
-Cf. Oros. VI, 18, 34; Dio, XLIX, 15; LI, 18; LIII, 32. These two later
-statements relating to the years 724 and 731, Mommsen thinks have to
-do, the former with the extension of the tribunitial power beyond the
-city, and the latter to the making it annual, as well as perpetual, so
-that the years of the principate could be reckoned by it. Cf. Chap.
-4, note 31. Cf. also App. _B. C._ V, 132, and for a discussion of
-the tribunitial power as an expression of the principate, cf. Mommsen,
-_Röm. St._ II, 833, ff.
-
-Wölfflin, cf. textual note, suggests, to fill the gap confessedly left
-by Mommsen’s emendation, a reading which would be translated “that my
-person should be sacrosanct.”
-
-[58] Augustus here characteristically avoids the name of Lepidus.
-The latter “in the confusion and tumult had seized the supreme
-pontificate,” cf. Livy, _Ep._ CXVII, “by craft,” cf. Velleius II,
-63; “Antony transferred the election of the pontifex maximus from
-the people to the priests again, and through them initiated Lepidus,
-almost entirely neglecting the customs of the fathers.” Cf. Dio, XLIV,
-53. Lepidus dying in 741, cf. Dio, LIV, 27, Augustus entered upon the
-office Mar. 6, 742. Cf. C. I. L., I. p. 387. It was unlawful to deprive
-a living man of this office, cf. App., _B. C._, V, 131.
-
-[59] October 12, 735. In C. I. L. I. p. 404, is found an inscription
-of that date: _Feriae ex senatus consulto, quod eo die imp. Cæsar
-Augustus ex transmarinis provincis urbem intravit araq(ue) Fortunae
-reduci constituta._ There are also gold and silver coins (Eckhel VI,
-100; Cohen, _Aug._ nos. 102-108) with the inscription, _Fortunae
-reduci, Cæsari Augusto senatus populusque Romanus_, Dio, LIV, 10,
-tells that Augustus after having arranged matters in Sicily, Greece,
-Asia and Syria, returned to Rome, and that many honors were decreed
-to him, but that he would accept none of them, “but that an altar
-should be consecrated to Fortune the Restorer, that the day should be
-accounted a feast day, and that it should be called the Augustalia.”
-
-The location near the Porta Capena was chosen, because it was through
-that gate Augustus would enter the city, coming by the Appian Way from
-Brundisium. The altar was dedicated on Dec. 15, C. I. L. X, 8375. Cf.
-Dio, LI, 19; App. _B. C._ II, 106.
-
-[60] Dio, LIV, 10, relates that in this year there were great tumults
-in connection with the consular comitia, and no election was possible.
-In consequence of this the senate sent messengers to Augustus urging
-him to deal with the trouble. Q. Lucretius, one of the delegates, was
-named consul by Augustus on the spot where they met. It is Mommsen’s
-idea (_R. G._, p. 48) that the story of Dio, and the statement of
-Augustus relate to the same event, and that Augustus was not willing
-to admit that so late in his reign, such disturbances could be, and
-that he therefore conveys the impression that what was really an appeal
-for aid was rather an embassy of honor. This Mommsen thinks quite in
-keeping with the general character and method of Augustus. Bormann, on
-the other hand (_Schr. Nach._, p. 29), sees no conflict in the two
-accounts. He believes that Dio narrates truthfully enough an earlier
-deputation sent to Augustus, possibly at Athens, some time before
-his return, and that Lucretius was named consul there by Augustus.
-Then, some time later, the deputation of honor, as recorded in the
-inscription, was sent into Campania.
-
-[61] That this annual sacrifice was instituted July 4, 741, appears
-from C. I. L., I, 395. _Feriae ex. s. c. quod eo die ara Pacis Augustae
-in campo Martio constituta est Nerone et Varo cos._ Cf. Fasti of
-Præneste, Jan. 30, C. I. L., I, 313, for day of the actual dedication;
-also Ovid, _Fasti_ I, 709; Dio, LIV, 25.
-
-This altar was probably on the Flaminian Way by which Augustus returned
-from Gaul.
-
-[62] The exact conditions necessary for the closing of the temple,
-viz., “peace won by victories” were first made known in 1882 by this
-perfected text of the _Res Gestæ_.
-
-[63] Cf. Livy, I, 19; Varro, V, 165. The temple of Janus (or as the
-Romans called it, Janus, without the word temple,) (cf. Latin text and
-Livy, l. c., and Horace, Carm, IV, 15, 9,) had been closed first under
-Numa and again after the first Punic War.
-
-[64] Augustus first closed it in 725, after Actium. Cf. Livy, l. c.;
-Dio, LI, 20; Vell., II, 38; Victor, _De Viris Ill._, LXXIX, 6;
-Plut. _De Fort. Rom._, 9; Oros., VI, 20, 8. C. I. L. I, p. 384,
-supplies the day, January 11. In 728 it was opened again, on account of
-the war with the Cantabri. Cf. Dio, LIII, 26, Plutarch, l. c. A second
-time it was closed in 729, cf. Dio, l. c.; Oros., VI, 21, 1. The time
-of its next opening cannot be determined; but in all probability it was
-reopened that very year, on account of the Arabian campaign. Dio, LIV,
-36, records that in 744 the Senate decreed that it should be closed,
-but that a Dacian rebellion interfered. But Dio must be mistaken, for
-Drusus was then in the midst of his German campaign. But after the
-campaigns of Drusus and Tiberius in Germany, closed in 746, up to 753,
-when Gaius Cæsar started for Armenia, the temple might well have been
-closed. Parts of Dio are lost here, which may have mentioned such
-closing. The birth of Jesus Christ, 749, falls in this period of peace.
-Cf. Milton’s _Nativity Hymn_. When it was opened for the third
-time cannot be said. Tacitus says it was opened when Augustus was an
-old man. But it can hardly have remained shut after the opening of the
-Armenian war in 753. Augustus was then sixty-two years old. That age
-may possibly suit the expression of Tacitus. Horace _Ep._, II, 1,
-255, and _Carm._, IV, 15, 9, mentions the closing of the temple.
-Suetonius, _Aug._ 22, says: “Janus Quirinus, which had been shut
-twice only, from the era of the building of the city to his own time,
-he closed thrice in a much shorter period, having established universal
-peace both by sea and land.” This is almost a literal transcript of the
-_Res Gestæ_.
-
-[65] Gaius and Lucius, the sons of Agrippa and Julia, the daughter of
-Augustus, were born, the one in 734 (Dio, LIV, 8), the other in 737
-(Dio, LIV, 18) and were adopted by their grandfather immediately after
-the birth of the latter. Dio, LIV, 18, says: “Lucius and his brother
-Gaius, Augustus at once adopted and made heirs of the empire, without
-waiting till they grew to manhood, in order that he might be the more
-secure against conspiracies.” The will of Augustus (Suet. _Tib._
-23), speaks much as this chapter does of the death of the two Cæsars:
-“Since harsh fortune has snatched from me my sons, Gaius and Lucius,
-let Tiberius Cæsar be heir to two-thirds of my estate.” Suetonius,
-_Aug._ 26, says that Augustus took his twelfth and thirteenth
-consulships, for the purpose of introducing these two boys into the
-forum.
-
-[66] Dio, LV, 9, under the year 748 writes that these lads were wild
-and insolent and that the younger, then eleven years old, actually
-proposed to the people to make Gaius consul. Augustus appeared very
-angry at this, saying it would be a public calamity for the consulship
-to be borne by one of less age than that at which he himself had
-assumed it, viz., twenty. Gaius was, however, designated consul in 749,
-and Lucius in 752. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ I, 3; a coin of Rome has on
-one side: _Cæsar Augustus, divi. f., pater patriæ_; on the other:
-_C. L. Cæsares, Augusti f., cos. desig., princ. juvent._ (Eckhel
-VI, 171). This must have been struck between Feb. 5, 752, when Augustus
-received the title _pater patriæ_, and January 1, 754, when Gaius
-entered upon his actual consulship. Cf. C. I. L. III, n. 323, and VI,
-900.
-
-Lucius died, Aug. 20, 755, and so did not reach the consulship to which
-he had been elected. Gaius died in 757. Cf. Dio, LV, II; C. I. L. I. p.
-472.
-
-[67] Cf. Dio, LV, 9; C. I. L. I, p. 286 and 565.
-
-[68] Dio, LV, 12, says: “The bodies of Lucius and Gaius were carried
-to Rome by military tribunes, and the chief men of each city; and the
-golden (sic) shields and spears, which they had received from the
-knights when they assumed the _toga virilis_, were suspended in
-the curia.”
-
-The title of _princeps juventutis_ is somewhat difficult to
-explain. The fact is attested by Zonaras, X, 35, and by an inscription
-found near Viterbo (cf. Mommsen _R. G._, p. 53), which reads:
-_C. Cæsari Aug. f.d.n. pontif. cos. design. principi juventut_,
-“To Caius Cæsar, son of Augustus, nephew of the divine (Julius)
-pontifex, consul designate, prince of the youth.” Mommsen sums up his
-investigation of this (Cf. _R. G._ p. 54, ff.): the knights were
-divided into _turmæ_, or troops, each officered by _seviri_,
-three _decurions_ and three _optios_ or adjutants. Gaius
-and Lucius were _decurions_ of the first _turma_, and their
-title, “princes of the youth,” was a special one, and always thereafter
-reserved for members of the imperial family. The title does not appear
-to have been official, or formally bestowed, but was given by common
-consent of the knights.
-
-[69] Cf. Suet. _Cæs._ LXXXIII: “He (Cæsar) bequeathed to the Roman
-people his gardens near the Tiber, and three hundred sesterces to each
-man.” Dio, XLIV, 35, is peculiar, saying: “Cæsar left to the people his
-gardens on the Tiber, and to each man one hundred and twenty sesterces,
-as Augustus himself says, or as others say, three hundred sesterces
-apiece.” May it be that Dio has reversed the facts here, and that it
-was “others” who reported the smaller sum and Augustus the larger?
-Augustus is substantiated, or followed, by Plut.; _Ant._, XVI,
-_Brut._, XX; App. _B. C._, II, 143.
-
-Three hundred sesterces equals about fifteen dollars. The date of
-this disbursement is 710: its amount, supposing the minimum number of
-receivers, 250,000, comes to $3,750,000.
-
-[70] The second (and the seventh, cf. Note 76) donations belong to the
-year 725 and were connected with the triple triumph. Dio mentions the
-two together, LI, 21. Four hundred sesterces is about twenty dollars.
-
-[71] The third donation was in 730, on the return of Augustus after
-subduing the Cantabri. Dio, LIII, 28, says: “Augustus gave the people
-a hundred denarii (four hundred sesterces) apiece, but forbade the
-distribution until his act should receive the sanction of the senate.”
-It would seem to have been unlawful to give money to the people without
-the consent of the senate. Probably this was a measure of precaution
-against demagogues.
-
-The term _congiarium_, which is transferred rather than translated,
-means a gift, primarily of food or drink, and is derived from
-_congius_, a measure holding about three quarts, which was perhaps
-originally brought to be filled with grain or oil, or the like.
-
-[72] Cf. c. 5 and Note 33. The date was 731.
-
-[73] The fifth distribution was in 742. We learn from Dio, LIV, 29,
-that in that year Agrippa died, leaving to the Roman people his gardens
-and bath, and that Augustus, as his executor, not only turned over
-these properties, but made a donation besides, as if it had been so
-willed by Agrippa. Cf. C. I. L., I. p. 472.
-
-[74] As c. 8 furnishes a basis for estimating the total population of
-the empire, so here we have a guide to the number of people in the
-city. Merivale, _History of the Romans_, c. XL, gives 700,000 as
-the limit; Bunsen, 1,300,000; Gibbon, c. XXXI, 1,200,000.
-
-[75] Sixty denarii is about twelve dollars. This donation of 749, and
-the last one mentioned in this chapter, of 752, have been connected
-with the introduction in those years of Gaius and Lucius Cæsar, into
-the forum. Cf. c. 14. The amounts are the same in the two cases, and
-they vary from the sum given at other times.
-
-[76] Up to this point the donations have been enumerated in order of
-time. But here, between the largesses to citizens in 749 and 752 is
-introduced one given to veterans in 725. Why this break in the order?
-Mommsen, _R. G._ p. 2 and 59, thinks that a first draft of this
-inscription was prepared about 750. In this draft Augustus first
-mentioned all his gifts to the city people; and at the end placed the
-one gift to the soldiers. Then, when in 767, the document was brought
-down to date, this later gift to the people was placed last, instead
-of being interpolated after the civil donation of 749 and before the
-military one of 725. But his reasoning has not convinced other scholars.
-
-[77] Cf. Dio, LV, 10.
-
-[78] Augustus omits any mention of his bounty to discharged soldiers.
-Cf. Dio, XLVI, 46; XLIX, 14; LV, 6; Appian, V, 129. The total of the
-donations in this list is 619,800,000 sesterces = about $30,990,000.
-
-[79] Cf. c. 3; Dio, LI, 3, 4; Suet. _Aug._ 17. The last writer
-says that there was a mutiny at Brundisium in a detachment sent there
-immediately after Actium, and that they demanded reward and discharge.
-Augustus was forced to come from Samos to settle the trouble. This was
-in 724. There were 120,000 veterans to be provided for. Cf. c. 15.
-600,000,000 sesterces was the compensation for the lands given to these
-men, an average of 5000 sesterces ($250) for each holding. But not
-all Italian proprietors were reimbursed. The Italians who had favored
-Antony were simply dispossessed. To some other Italians were given
-lands at Dyracchium and Philippi. His expenditure for land in Italy was
-$30,000,000. As to colonies outside of Italy, Dio, LIV, 23, tells of
-many settlements in Gallia (Narbonensis) and Iberia in 739. Eusebius
-notes colonies at Berytus in Syria, and Patræ in Achaia, as founded in
-739. Cf. _Chron._ ad. a. Abr. 2001; C. I. L. III, p. 95.
-
-[80] The dates are 747, 748, 750, 751 and 752. The amount is
-$20,000,000. It was in 741 (Dio, LIV, 25) that Augustus determined upon
-a gift in money as a substitute for the assignments of land customary
-up to that time. Why such payments began only in 747 is a matter of
-conjecture; also why they ceased after 752. Probably because the years
-742-746 were occupied with the German and Pannonian wars of Tiberius
-and Drusus, and either there were no discharges, or else no money to
-spare from the expenses of war. Again in 753 troubles began in the East.
-
-[81] Only two of these occasions can be traced. Dio, LIII, 2, mentions
-one. He says that in 726, when it was determined to exhibit games in
-honor of Actium, Augustus replenished the empty treasury for that
-purpose. And there is a coin of c. 738 with the inscription: _Senatus
-populusque Romanus imperatori Cæsari quod viæ munitæ sunt ex ea pecunia
-quam is ad ærarium detulit._ Eckhel VI, 105.
-
-Up to 726 the treasury was in charge of the quæstors. Thence to 731 two
-exprætors, after that year two prætors presided over it, up to the time
-of Claudius. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ XIII, 29; Dio, LIII, 2 and 32; Suet.
-_Aug._ 36. The sum mentioned here is $7,500,000. In the Greek τρίς
-has evidently been omitted before χειλίας.
-
-[82] This was in 759. In 741 (Dio, LIV, 25) Augustus had fixed the
-term of service at twelve years for the prætorians and sixteen for
-the legionaries. The gift to the former upon discharge was also
-larger. In 758 the terms of service were lengthened to sixteen and
-twenty years. Cf. Dio, LV, 23. In LV, 25, Dio writes of this year 759:
-“Augustus contributed, in his own name and in that of Tiberius, money
-for that treasury which is called the military.” The sum so given was
-$8,500,000. Tributary states and kings also assisted. But income could
-not keep pace with expenses. The old tax of a twentieth on bequests,
-except when the heir was a very near relative, or very poor, was
-revived, much to the discontent of the Roman people. Cf. Dio, LV, 25. Other
-taxes were devised, such as that of one _per cent_ on sales. Cf.
-Tac. _Ann._ I, 78. On sales of slaves two _per cent_ was
-exacted. Cf. Dio, LV, 31.
-
-A glance at the military establishment of Augustus may help to some
-idea of its vast expense. Mommsen discusses the matter in detail (_R.
-G._ pp. 68-76). Augustus seems to have left at his death a standing
-army of twenty-five legions. Each legion approximated seven thousand
-men, giving a total of 175,000 soldiers. His legions were numbered from
-one to twenty-two. The number twenty-five is accounted for as follows:
-the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth had been exterminated
-under the leadership of Varus. But there were three legions, one in
-Africa, one in Syria and one in Cyrenaica, bearing the title third,
-and the fourth, fifth, sixth and tenth were each double. After Actium,
-Augustus disbanded the legions numbered above twelve (cf. his colonies
-of veterans at this time, numbering 120,000 men, c. XV). But by reason
-of the repetitions above alluded to, the legions bearing the numbers
-up to twelve, really amounted to eighteen. These duplications may have
-risen from the absorption into Augustus' army of legions bearing the
-same numbers from the forces of Lepidus and later from those of Antony.
-In 759, eight new legions, the thirteenth to the twentieth, seem to
-have been enrolled, in view of the German and Pannonian wars. This made
-twenty six. Three were lost with Varus, and their numbers, seventeen,
-eighteen and nineteen, seem never to have been restored to the list.
-To offset this loss in a measure, two new legions, the twenty-first
-and twenty-second were levied. Thus the twenty-five remaining at the
-death of Augustus are accounted for. Such an establishment was
-enormously and increasingly expensive. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, VII,
-45.
-
-[83] This form of benefaction began in 736. It is a little remarkable
-that Augustus should not mention the exact years of its continuance,
-its amount, or the beneficiaries, while he does name the minimum number
-of men who received aid from time to time. Perhaps he did not go into
-details because these gifts concerned the provincials and would be of
-slight interest to the city people for whose reading the inscription
-was intended. In 742, “when Asia was in need of aid on account of
-earthquakes, he paid the year’s tribute of the province out of his own
-means.” Dio, LIV, 30.
-
-His supplying grain as well as money rose from the fact that taxes
-were imposed both in kind and in money. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ IV, 6;
-_Agr._ XIX and XXXI; C. I. Gr. 4957, 47. These passages all speak
-of taxes both in money and in produce. As to the method of levy,
-Hyginus is interesting (_De Lim._ p. 205). “The tax on agriculture
-is arranged in many ways. In some provinces the harvest is chargeable
-with a certain proportion, here a fifth, there a seventh, elsewhere a
-cash payment, and for this purpose certain values are determined for
-the fields by an estimation of the soil; as in Pannonia there is arable
-of the first class, of the second, meadows, mast-bearing woods, common
-woods, pastures: upon all these the tax is laid by the single acre,
-according to the fertility of the soil.” This was in the time of Trajan.
-
-[84] The structures detailed here and in cc. 20 and 21, fall into three
-classes. First, those of c. 19, being either new buildings in place of
-ruined ones, or else entirely new ones, both classes on soil already
-consecrated; second, those of c. 20, being repairs of public works;
-third, public works upon soil given by himself, as noted in the first
-part of c. 21.
-
-Augustus does not mention structures which he erected in the name of
-others, as the portico of Octavia, (different from the one below, Note
-90), the portico of Livia, cf. Dio, XLIX, 43 and LIV, 23. He also omits
-the temple of Concord dedicated by Tiberius in 763 (C. I. L. I. p.
-384), though he paid for it.
-
-The order of the works is chronological for the most part.
-
-[85] This was the Curia Julia, begun in 712. Cf. Dio XLVII, 19; XLIV,
-5; XLV, 17. It was dedicated in 725 after Actium. Cf. Dio LI, 22. Here
-the senate met. Its location was near the forum.
-
-[86] A shrine of Minerva Chalcidica.
-
-[87] Begun after the Sicilian victories in 718. Cf. Dio XLIX, 15; Vell.
-II, 81, dedicated Oct. 9, 726. Cf. Dio, LIII, 1; C. I. L. I, p. 403.
-Suet. _Aug._ 29, says: “He reared a temple of Apollo in that part
-of his estate on the Palatine which the haruspices declared was desired
-by the god because it had been struck by lightning; he attached to it a
-portico and a Greek and Latin library.”
-
-[88] An altar was placed at once on the spot in the forum where the
-body of Julius Cæsar was cremated. In 712 the senate decreed that a
-temple should be built there.
-
-[89] Dionysius (I, 32), observes that the ancient condition of this
-place (originally a grotto near the Palatine, sacred to Pan) had
-been so changed as to be hardly recognizable. This was by reason of
-the changes made in his time, which nearly coincided with that of
-Augustus. Cf. C. I. L. VI, 912, 6, 9, and 841. Its precise location is
-undetermined.
-
-[90] Festus, _De Verb. Sig._ L. 13, writes: “There were two
-Octavian porticoes, the one built near the theatre of Marcellus by
-Octavia, the sister of Augustus, the other close to the theatre of
-Pompey, built by Cn. Octavius, son of Cnæus, who was curule aedile,
-prætor, consul (589) decemvir for the sacred rites, and celebrated
-a naval triumph for a victory over King Perseus. It was the latter
-which, after its destruction by fire, Cæsar Augustus rebuilt.” Its
-reconstruction was in 721. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 43, who, however, confounds
-this Octavian portico with the other built some years after in the name
-of Augustus’ sister, Octavia.
-
-[91] The Pulvinar was the place of honor from which the imperial family
-witnessed the games. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 45; _Claud._ 4. This
-restoration followed the burning of the Circus Maximus in 723. Cf. Dio,
-L, 10.
-
-[92] A temple attributed to Romulus, in ruins in the time of Augustus,
-till restored by him on the suggestion of Atticus. Cf. Nepos,
-_Atticus_, 20; Livy, IV, 20. The temple was probably restored in
-723.
-
-[93] Suetonius, _Aug._ 29, writes: “He dedicated the temple to
-Jupiter the Thunderer, in acknowledgment of his escape from a great
-danger in his Cantabrian expedition; when, as he was traveling by
-night, his litter was struck by lightning, which killed the slave who
-carried the torch before him.” This expedition was in 728-729, and the
-temple was dedicated Sept. 1, 732. Cf. Dio, LIV, 4; C. I. L. I, 400.
-
-[94] This was dedicated in 738, on the Quirinal. Cf. Dio, LIV, 19.
-
-[95] These three temples have more than an accidental collocation.
-Just as the Tarpeian mount and the Quirinal hill had their triple
-divinities, so had the Aventine. Cf. Varro (_De Lin._) V, 158. The
-temple of Juno is ascribed to the time of Camillus, and is said to have
-been built for the Veientines. The date of the other two is unknown, as
-is that of this restoration by Augustus.
-
-[96] Also of unknown origin, location and restoration, other than as
-mentioned here.
-
-[97] Dionysius, I, 68, describes the old temple, not the restoration by
-Augustus of which we have only this statement.
-
-[98] The original temple was dedicated in 563, in the Circus Maximus.
-Cf. Livy, XXXVI, 36. Burned in 738. Cf. Dio, LIV, 19.
-
-[99] The original temple was burned in 756. Cf. Val. Max. I, 8, 11;
-Dio, LV, 12; Suet. _Aug._ 57.
-
-[100] The Capitol means the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.
-
-[101] Frontinus, _De Aq._ c. 125, speaks of a decree of the Senate
-in the year 743 “concerning the putting in order of the streams,
-conduits and arches of the Julian, Marcian, Appian, Tepulan and Aniene
-waters, which Augustus has promised the Senate that he will repair at
-his own expense.” Aqueducts were repaired in 749-750. Cf. C. I. L.
-VI, 1244. C. I. L. VI, 1249, gives _Iul. Tep. Mar.; imp. Cæsar divi
-f. Augustus ex s. c.; XXV; ped. CCXL_. C. I. L. VI, 1243, records
-the repairs of the Marcian aqueduct. Frontinus, _op. cit._, 12,
-gives some details of the doubled supply of this source, and says the
-new spring had to be conducted eight hundred feet to join the older
-fountain.
-
-[102] Julius Cæsar dedicated this forum Sept. 24 or 25, 708. Cf. Dio,
-XLIII, 22; App. _B. C._, III, 28; C. I. L. I, p. 402 and 397.
-Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, XXXV, 12, 156, mentions its completion by
-Augustus.
-
-Augustus uses the word _profligata_ here for “unfinished,” a use
-which was common enough but not elegant, and is severely criticised by
-Gellius, XV, 5. The word really means wretched rather than unfinished.
-That Augustus was not a purist this inscription testifies, and
-Suetonius also tells us, _Aug._, 87 and 88, how peculiar he was in
-diction and orthography.
-
-The basilica which was unfinished at the death of Augustus he refrains
-from naming while it was not yet dedicated. But we know from Suetonius,
-_Aug._ 29, and Dio, LVI, 27, that it was built in honor of his
-grandchildren, Gaius and Lucius.
-
-[103] There is abundant testimony to this architectural activity. Cf.
-Suet. _Aug._ 29 and 30; Dio, LIII, 2; LVI, 40; Livy IV, 20; Ovid,
-_Fasti_, II, 59; Hor. _Carm._, III, 6. Nor was this the zeal
-of a mere archæologist and architect. The emperor was anxious for a
-revival of religious observance, as a conservative force in his new
-organization of the state.
-
-[104] It is remarkable that Augustus should say he “_constructed_”
-the Flaminian Way, etc., for it was made nearly two hundred years
-before this date, 727. Moreover, the whole chapter is given up to
-an account of reconstructions, and of course it is meant that he
-_repaired_ the road and the bridges in question. The Latin
-verb is wanting and is restored from the Greek, ἐπόησα, which is
-unmistakable,—“I made.” Mommsen does not comment on the incorrectness
-of this statement, but Wölfflin regards the Greek verb as a blunder
-of the stone-cutter at Ancyra, and thinks there was no verb at all at
-the end of this chapter, but that the mason by mistake took the last
-word of the preceding chapter which is ἐπόησα. A substitution of ἐπόησα
-for the proper verb seems more likely, as it seems improbable that the
-sentence would end without a verb.
-
-These repairs are attested by an inscription on an arch at Ariminum,
-thus restored by Bormann: Cf. C. I. L. XI, 365.
-
-    SENATUS POPULUS_Q ue romanus_
-  _imp. cæsari divi f. augusto imp. sept._
-  COS. SEPT. DESIGNAT. OCTAVOM _Via flamin_ IA _et reliquei_S
-  CELEBERRIMEIS ITALIÆ VIEIS CONSILIO _et sumptib_ US _eius mu_NITEIS.
-
-Cf. also Suet. _Aug._ 30; Dio, LIII, 22. Other roads of Italy were
-repaired by those who obtained triumphs; of which more were celebrated
-from 726 to 728 than at any other epoch.
-
-[105] Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 29. Its construction was vowed in 712 and
-it was dedicated in 752. Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 393, May 12. In c. 35,
-Augustus mentions the quadriga dedicated to him in this forum.
-
-[106] This theatre was begun by Julius Cæsar. Augustus completed it
-in honor of Marcellus, who died in 731. It was dedicated May 4, 743.
-Cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, VIII, 17, 65. Dio, LIV, 36, assigns its
-dedication to 741.
-
-[107] Suetonius, _Aug._, 30, says that on one occasion Augustus
-deposited in the _cella_ of Jupiter Capitolinus sixteen thousand
-pounds of gold (= $3,200,000) and gems and pearls of the value of fifty
-million sesterces (= $2,500,000). But such statements are fabulous, in
-view of Augustus’ own statement that the total of his gifts of this
-kind was only one hundred million sesterces (= $5,000,000).
-
-[108] In earlier times it had been customary for cities affected by a
-victory to give crowns of gold to the triumphing _imperator_. This
-grew into an abuse and was forbidden by law, unless the gift preceded
-the decree for the triumph. Later, the value of the crown was commuted
-for cash, and it came to be a frequent means of extortion on the part
-of provincial governors. To L. Antonius crowns of gold were given by
-each of the thirty-five Roman tribes in 713. Cf. Dio, XLVIII, 4. The
-amount named here, thirty-five thousand pounds of gold, would appear to
-have been from the thirty-five tribes. On the general subject, _aurum
-coronarium_, cf. Marquardt, _Staatsverwaltung_, II, p. 285.
-
-[109] The sons of Augustus were Gaius, adopted in 737, died in 757;
-Lucius, adopted at the same time, died in 755; Agrippa Postumus,
-adopted in 757, exiled in 760. These were the sons of Agrippa and
-Julia. On the death of Gaius in 757, Augustus adopted Tiberius. With
-him Germanicus, nephew and adopted son of Tiberius, and Drusus,
-Tiberius’ own son, became the legal grandchildren of Augustus. None of
-these could celebrate games in his own name after adoption, as they had
-no property rights, but were absolutely dependent on the head of their
-house, according to the _patria potestas_ of the Roman law. See
-this very plainly set forth in Suetonius, _Tib._ 15: “After his
-(Tiberius’) adoption he never again acted as master of a family, nor
-exercised in the smallest degree the rights which he had lost by it.
-For he neither disposed of anything in the way of gift, nor manumitted
-a slave; nor so much as received an estate left him by will, or any
-legacy, without reckoning it as a part of his _peculium_, or
-property held under his father.” Tiberius was forty-six years old when
-he was adopted.
-
-Seven of these exhibitions can be traced. 1. In 725, on the dedication
-of the temple of the Divine Julius. Dio, LI, 22. 2. In 726, in honor
-of the victory of Actium. Dio, LIII, 1. 3. In 738, in accordance with
-a decree of the senate. This was in the name of Tiberius and Drusus.
-Dio, LIV, 19. 4. In 742, at the Quinquatria held March 19-23, in honor
-of Minerva. This was in the name of Gaius and Lucius. Dio, LIV, 28, 29.
-5. In 747; funeral games in honor of Agrippa. Dio, LV, 8. 6. In 752,
-at the dedication of the temple of Mars. Vell. II, 100. 7. In 759, in
-honor of Drusus, in the name of his sons Germanicus and Claudius. Dio,
-LV, 27; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, II, 26, 96; VIII, 2, 4. Possibly the
-eighth occasion may be found in Suetonius, _Aug._, 43.
-
-[110] Cf. Dio, LIII, 1; Suet. _Aug._, 43. Wooden seats were
-erected in the Campus Martius for gymnastic contests in 726. Whether
-Germanicus or Drusus is the grandson mentioned here is unknown.
-
-[111] These were the lesser games of the circus and theatres, given
-ordinarily by magistrates holding the lower offices, which Augustus
-never filled. He took upon himself the care and expense where the
-proper magistrates were absent or too poor. Cf. Dio, XLV, 6; C. I. L.,
-I, p. 397.
-
-[112] The charge of the Secular Games, celebrated supposedly once in
-a century, though in reality oftener, fell to the quindecemvirs. Cf.
-Eckhel, VI. 102, for a coin with _imp. Cæsar Augustus lud. saec. XV
-S. F._ This was in 737. Cf. also C. I. L., I, p. 442. The college
-evidently gave the presidency to Augustus and Agrippa, since it was
-very convenient that these two members of the sacred body also held the
-tribunitial power, and so the games came into the charge of the two
-greatest men of the state in a perfectly natural way. Cf. C. I. L., IX,
-p. 29, No. 262, for confirmation of Agrippa’s membership in the college
-of quindecemvirs.
-
-[113] These games were celebrated on August 1. Dio, LX, 5, and LVI, 46,
-tells of their being annual, and in charge of the consuls after the
-death of Augustus. They began in 752. This passage is one of the few
-where both the Latin and Greek are incapable of restoration.
-
-[114] Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 43. Some of these occasions were: in 743 in
-connection with the dedication of the theatre of Marcellus. Cf. Dio,
-LIV, 26. Here six hundred beasts were killed, and the tiger was shown
-for the first time. Cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, VIII, 17, 65. In 752,
-two hundred and sixty lions and thirty-six crocodiles were killed. Cf.
-Dio, LV, 10. In 765, in the games given by Germanicus, two hundred
-lions were killed. Cf. Dio, LVI, 27.
-
-Augustus says “amphitheatres,” though there was but one such structure.
-He may have regarded it as being two theatres joined at their straight
-side and facing each other.
-
-[115] Velleius II, 100, writes: “The divine Augustus in the year when
-he was consul with Gallus Caninius (752) sated the minds and the eyes
-of the Roman people at the dedication of the temple of Mars with the
-most magnificent gladiatorial shows and naval battles.” Dio, LV, 10,
-says that traces of the excavation could be seen in his time (c. 200 A.
-D.), and that the fight represented a battle of Athenians and Persians,
-in which the former were victorious. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 43; Ovid,
-_Ars Am._ I, 171.
-
-Claudius gave a similar exhibition on the Fucine Lake, but with a
-hundred triremes and quadriremes, and a force of nineteen thousand
-men, “as once Augustus did in a pond by the Tiber, but with lighter
-vessels and a smaller force.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ XII, 56; Suet.
-_Claud._, 21; Dio, LX, 33.
-
-[116] Another instance of avoidance of the name of an enemy while
-distinctly referring to him. Antony had stripped various temples at
-Samos, Ephesus, Pergamos, and Rhœteum, all in the province of Asia,
-and had given the spoils to Cleopatra. Dio, LI, 17, says that great
-numbers of such things were found in her palace when Alexandria was
-captured. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, XXXIV, 8, 58, says: “He (Myro) made
-an Apollo, which was taken away by the triumvir Antony, but restored
-to the Ephesians by the divine Augustus.” Strabo, XIII, 1, 30, writes
-of Rhœteum: “Cæsar Augustus gave back to the Rhœtians the shrine and
-statue of Ajax which Antony had taken away and given to Egypt. He did
-the like for other cities. For Antony took away the finest votive
-offerings from the most famous shrines for the gratification of the
-Egyptian woman, but Augustus restored them.” Ib. XIV, 1, 14, writes of
-the temple of Hera, at Samos: “Antony took away three colossal sitting
-statues on one base, but Augustus Cæsar restored two of them, Athene
-and Heracles, to the same base; the Zeus, however, he placed upon the
-Capitol.”
-
-[117] Suetonius, _Aug._, 52, says these gifts took the form of
-tripods. Cf. Dio, LIII, 22; LII, 35; LIV, 35.
-
-[118] The allusion is to Sextus Pompeius, whose fleets, manned largely
-by slaves, cut off the grain ships on their way to Rome. Again Augustus
-avoids the name of an opponent. Cf. Vell., II, 73, who thinks it
-remarkable that a son of the great Pompey, who had freed the sea from
-pirates, should himself defile it with piratical crimes. Florus, IV, 8,
-reflects the same sentiment. App. _B. C._, V, 77, 80, says that
-captured pirates under torture confessed that Sextus Pompeius was the
-instigator of their crimes. When the peace of Misenum was made, Sextus
-Pompeius stipulated for the freedom of the slaves who had fought under
-him. It was after the overthrow of Pompey, in 718, that the slaves were
-returned. Dio, XLIX, 12, adds that slaves whose masters did not claim
-them were returned to their several cities, there to be crucified. Cf.
-App. _B. C._, V, 131; Oros. VI, 18.
-
-[119] This was in 722, just before the breaking out of hostilities
-between Antony and Octavian. Cf. Dio, L, 6; Suet., _Aug._ 17.
-
-[120] Cf. c. 8, Note 49. There were a thousand senators at this time.
-Augustus, in his statement, probably means that seven hundred of the
-thousand then in the senate were on his side, not merely seven hundred
-who then or later were senators.
-
-The number of consulars, eighty-three, is quite consistent with the
-facts, as is shown in a careful analysis of the _Fasti Consulares_
-for the period by Mommsen. _R. G._, p. 100.
-
-The priests referred to were probably members of the four great
-colleges and the Arval brotherhood. Cf. c. 7, notes 40-45.
-
-[121] This statement is borne out by what we otherwise know. Taking
-the provinces in order we find: First, the German frontier is pushed
-forward from the Rhine to the Elbe. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 21. Second,
-in Illyricum and Macedonia he had erected the new provinces of Pannonia
-and Moesia. Third, in Asia Minor he did not extend the older limits of
-Bithynia, but out of the kingdom of Amyntas, he made the new province
-of Galatia and later added Paphlagonia to it. Fourth, in Africa,
-Augustus rather narrowed than extended the empire by his partition with
-Juba in 729. But a number of Roman proconsuls won laurels there.
-
-[122] Here the record is of commotions quelled within the recognized
-limits of the empire. In Spain there was the Cantabrian war from 727 to
-735. In Gaul, G. Carrinas had subdued the Morini, and triumphed, July
-14, 726; and M. Messala had suppressed the Aquitani, triumphing Sept.
-25, 727. Cf. Suet. _Aug._, 20, 21.
-
-The German campaigns extending at intervals over the years from 742
-to the very end of Augustus’ reign it is needless to detail. This
-reference to the pacification of Germany has been the subject of
-much dispute. Mommsen in two places (_R. G._, p. VI, and 48),
-uses the word “crafty” (_callidus_) of Augustus, referring to
-his alleged glozing over of unsatisfactory events. Hirschfeld goes
-further, and in connection with the present passage accuses Augustus
-(_Wiener Studien_, V, 117) of a “masterly concealment and
-whitewashing (übertünchung) of all that could hurt his reputation.”
-This charge is made because Augustus omits all mention of the disaster
-under Varus. Against this charge Johannes Schmidt defends Augustus,
-(_Philologus_, XLV, p. 394, ff.). The contest between Schmidt and
-Hirschfeld is based really upon opposing views of the purpose of the
-_Res Gestae_. Schmidt believed it to be an epitaph. In this there
-would be no place for anything save the fortunate events of a life.
-If _nil de mortuis nisi bonum_ be wise, Augustus might well have
-adapted the adage to his own case and said, _nil de me morituro nisi
-bonum_. But Hirschfeld insists that the _Res Gestae_ constitute
-not an epitaph, but “an account of his administration,” and therefore
-contends that the omission of the German disaster was not in good
-faith. To this, Schmidt answers that Augustus had nothing to gain by
-such concealment—indeed that concealment of so notorious a disaster
-would be absurd. And in the text itself he finds a recognition of the
-real state of affairs, inasmuch as Augustus expressly distinguishes
-Germany from the provinces, Gallic and Spanish, and while claiming
-it for Rome, does not assert that it belongs to her as do organized
-provinces. Schmidt also says that _pacavi_, “I pacified” does
-not necessarily imply that Germany continued in a state of peace. It
-may well enough cover the fact that there was temporary success. But
-this is hair-splitting. The character of the _Res Gestae_ must
-be always had in mind. Cf. Introduction. Its deliverances were _ad
-populum_ and they constituted an epitaph.
-
-[123] Suetonius, _Aug._ 21, says: “He waged war upon no people without
-just and necessary causes.” The present Torbia near Monaco, derives its
-name from a _Tropæa Augusti_, “Trophy of Augustus,” some fragments of
-which still exist.
-
-The inscription has been preserved by Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, III, 20,
-136: _imp. Cæsari divi f. Augusto pontifice maxumo imp. XIIII tribunic.
-potestate XVII s. p. q. R. quod ejus ductu auspiciisque gentes Alpinæ
-omnes quæ a mari supero ad inferum pertinebant sub imperium p. R.
-sunt redactæ_—“the Roman senate and people to Cæsar ... Augustus ...
-because under his leadership and auspices all the Alpine nations, from
-the upper to the lower sea have been brought into subjection to the
-Roman empire.” Then follows an enumeration of forty-six peoples. Pliny
-adds, “the Cottian states were not annexed because they had not been
-hostile;” and an arch at Segusio was placed in honor of Augustus, and
-on it are the names of fourteen states, six being repetitions from the
-Torbia monument. Cf. C. I. L. V, 7817 and 7231.
-
-The campaigns here referred to are: First, of Varro Murena against the
-Salassi in 729. Cf. Strabo, IV, 6, 7, p. 205; Dio, LIII, 25; Livy,
-_Epit._, CXXXV; Cass. _ad. ann._ 729; Suet. _Aug._
-21. Second, of Publius Silius against the Vennones and Camunni in
-738. Cf. Dio, LIV, 20. Third, of Tiberius and Drusus against the Ræti
-and Vindelici in 739. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 21. Fourth, against the
-Ligurians of the Maritime Alps in 740. Cf. Dio, LIV, 24. Finally these
-regions were formed into the province of Rætia in 747-748.
-
-[124] This naval expedition was connected with the German campaign of
-Tiberius in 758. Cf. Vell. II, 106; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, II, 67,
-167.
-
-[125] Strabo, VII, 2, 1, describes an embassy of the Cimbri asking for
-“peace and amnesty.” They dwelt in the end of Jutland. Cf. Ptolemy,
-II, 10. Below them were the Charudes, whom the mason at Ancyra makes
-Charydes, and the Greek translator, thinking of the fable, transforms
-into Chalybes, living just south of the Cimbri. Cf. Ptolemy, ii, 11,
-12. The Semnones were between the Elbe and the Oder.
-
-[126] When the Egyptian garrisons were weakened on account of the
-Arabian expedition, Queen Candace took advantage of it and captured
-a number of towns in Upper Egypt. These the præfect, C. Petronius,
-re-took, and inflicted severe punishment upon the Æthiopians. This took
-place 730-732. Cf. Strabo, XVII, I, 54; Dio, LIV, 5; Pliny, _Hist.
-Nat._, VI, 29, 181, 182.
-
-In 1896 Capt. Lyons, R. E., found, at Philæ, an inscription in Latin,
-Greek and hieroglyphics, of which Prof. Mahaffy gives this translation:
-“Gaius Cornelius, son of Cnaeus Gallus, a Roman knight, appointed
-first prefect, after the kings were conquered by Cæsar, son of Divus,
-of Alexandria and Egypt—who conquered the revolt of the Thebaid in
-fifteen days, having won two pitched battles, together with the capture
-of the leaders of his opponents, having taken five cities, some by
-assault, some by siege, viz., Boresis, Coptos, Ceramice, Diospolis
-the Great, Ombos (?); having slain the leaders of these revolts, and
-having brought his army beyond the cataract of the Nile to a point
-whither neither the Roman people nor the Kings of Egypt had yet carried
-their standards, a military district impassable before his day; having
-subdued, to the common terror of all the kings, all the Thebaid, which
-was not subject to the kings, and having received the ambassadors of
-the Ethiopians at Philæ, and guest-friendship from their king (and
-received their king under his protection) and having appointed him
-tyrant of the 30-_schoeni_ district of Lower Ethiopia—makes this
-thank-offering to the Dii Patrii, and to the Nile, who aided him in his
-deeds.” _London Athenæum_, March 14, 1896, and _Sitzungsberichte
-d. kgl. Pr. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1896, I, pp. 469-480.
-
-[127] The Arabian campaign, under C. Aelius Gallus was probably in
-729-730. Cf. Dio, LIII, 29; Hor. _Carm._ I, 29, 35; Strabo, XVI,
-4, 22, 24. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, VI, 28, 159, 160,
-
-[128] Egypt was made an integral part of the empire after Actium
-and the death of Cleopatra, in 724. Its connection with the empire
-was peculiar. W. T. Arnold, _Roman Provincial Administration_,
-p. 113, says: “The government of Egypt was in many points wholly
-exceptional. Julius Cæsar had deliberately abstained from making
-it a province of the country (cf. Suet., _Jul._ 35); and when
-Augustus added it to the empire he subjected it to an altogether
-exceptional treatment. The country was his private property, or rather
-the Emperor’s private property; it passed as a matter of course, that
-is, from emperor to emperor. Augustus appointed a præfect to represent
-him in the province, just as in earlier times the urban prætors had
-sent prefects to represent them in the municipalities of Italy. This
-præfect was of equestrian, and not of the highest equestrian rank (Tac.
-_Ann._, XII, 60; II, 59; _Hist._ I. 11); no senators were
-admitted into the province; and the greatest jealousy was shown of the
-smallest interference with it. The reasons for the special jealousy
-of Egypt shown by Augustus and his successors were partly the great
-defensibility of the country (in case of insurrection—ED.), partly
-its immense importance as the granary of Rome. 'It was an accepted
-principle with our fathers,’ says Pliny, 'that our city could not
-possibly be fed and maintained without the resources of Egypt.’” For
-a fuller treatment cf. Marquardt, _Röm. Staatsverwaltung_, I,
-282-298.
-
-[129] Armenia Major had been raised to greatness by Tigranes I
-(658-699) who had been a formidable ally of Mithridates. Pompey finally
-subdued him, 688. Henceforth Armenia was in a subject condition.
-Tigranes was succeeded by his son Artavasdes. In 718, when Antony
-attacked the Parthians, this king sided with him against Phraates of
-Parthia, and another Artavasdes, king of Media. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 25.
-
-But presently the two Artavasdes changed relations, the king of Armenia
-passing to the Parthian side and he of Media joining Antony. Cf. Plut.,
-_Ant._, 52; Dio, XLIX, 33, 44. Antony captured Artavasdes of Armenia
-and gave him over to Cleopatra, who killed him in 721. His kingdom
-was assigned to Antony’s son Alexander to whom was betrothed Jotape
-daughter of Artavasdes of Media. The Armenians made Artaxes, son of
-the late Artavasdes, their king. When Octavian overcame Antony he did
-not befriend all the Oriental enemies of the latter, but for purposes
-of his own set up a rival to Phraates of Parthia in Tiridates. Cf. c.
-32. And, angered at the Armenians, who had dealt harshly with certain
-Romans in that kingdom, he held as hostages the brothers of king
-Artaxes, and set Artavasdes of Media over Armenia Minor as a check upon
-Artaxes. Cf. Dio, LI, 16; LIV, 9. In 734 Augustus went to the East to
-arrange affairs there. A campaign against Artaxes was planned, but he
-was assassinated. Cf. Dio, LIV, 9; Tac., _Ann._, II, 3; Vell., II, 94,
-122; Suet. _Aug._, 21; Jos., _Ant._, XV, 4, 3; Eckhel, VI, 98. At this
-point the action of Augustus, recorded here in the _Res Gestæ_, takes
-place. Augustus follows the example of Pompey, who, in dealing with
-Armenia in 688 had contented himself with making the Armenian king
-accept his royalty as a gift from Rome. Cf. Cic. _pro Sext._ 27. The
-affair was conducted by Tiberius, not yet adopted. Cf. Suet. _Tib._,
-9; Vell., II, 122. Henceforth Armenia was regarded as part of the
-empire, though its native sovereigns were continued. Cf. Vell., II, 94,
-122: “Armenia restored to the control of the Roman people;” “Armenia
-retaken.” “The Medes likewise were subjected.” Cf. c. 33.
-
-[130] The reign of Tigranes was brief. The Parthians winning some
-success against Rome, stirred up Armenia. Cf. Tac. _Ann._, II,
-3; Vell., II, 100. They favored the children of Tigranes, Tigranes
-III and Erato. A Roman faction set up his younger brother Artavasdes.
-Cf. Tacitus l. c. The suppression of the disorder was enjoined upon
-Tiberius. But at this juncture, 748, he went into retirement at Rhodes.
-Cf. Dio, LV, 9. Artavasdes died and the young Tigranes courted the
-aid of Rome, but was soon killed, probably by Parthian means, and his
-sister Erato abdicated. Cf. fragments of Dio, cited by Mommsen, _R.
-G._, p. 113, and Dio, LV, 10. Tacitus confirms the delivery of
-Armenia to Ariobarzanes by Gaius. Cf. _Ann._, II, 3; and Dio, LV,
-10. The Parthian faction did not accept him, and it was in a contest
-over him that Gaius received a wound, of which he died, Feb. 21, 757.
-Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 472. For the succession of Artavasdes, cf. Dio,
-LV, 10. The Tigranes IV, next mentioned “of the royal house of the
-Armenians” was a grandson of Herod the Great, of Judea, on the one
-side, and of Archelaus, King of Cappadocia, and probably an Armenian
-princess on the other. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ VI, 40; XIV, 26; Jos.,
-_Ant._ XVIII, 5, 4; _Wars_, I, 28, 1.
-
-[131] For Sicily and Sardinia, cf. c. 25 and notes.
-
-By the treaty of Brundisium, Antony had received Macedonia, Achaia,
-Asia, Pontus, Bithynia, Cilicia, Cyprus, Syria, Crete, Cyrenaica. The
-five last named he had given over to foreign kings. As to Asia and
-Bithynia, Dio, XLIX, 41 and Plut. _Ant._ 54, are in conflict.
-But the _Res Gestæ_ tends to confirm the latter. Lycaonia and
-Pamphylia were taken from the province of Cilicia and given to
-Amyntas, King of Galatia. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 32. He extended Egypt again
-by restoring to it Cyprus. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 32, 41; Plut. l. c.; Strabo,
-XIV, 6, 6: he granted to Cleopatra and Cæsarion, her son by Julius
-Cæsar, the coast land of Syria, Tyre and Sidon excepted, cf. Jos.
-_Ant._ XV, 4, 1; _Wars_, I, 18, 5; also Coele-Syria, cf. Jos.
-_Ant._ XV, 3, 8; Plut. l. c.; Ituraea, Judaea and Arabia Nabataea,
-cf. Dio, XLIX, 32; Jos. _Ant._ XV, 4, 1; 5, 3; _Wars_, I, 18,
-5; 20, 3; parts of Cilicia, cf. Strabo, XIV, 5, 3; 5, 6: and perhaps
-Crete also, cf. Dio, XLIX, 32: and Cyrenaica, cf. Plut. l. c. To his
-younger son Ptolemy Philadelphus he gave Syria, and part of Cilicia,
-cf. Dio, XLIX, 41; Plut. l. c.: for the elder, Alexander he planned a
-kingdom made up of Armenia, Media and Parthia, cf. Livy, _Epit._
-CXXXI; Plutarch, l. c. These alienations of Roman territory were made
-the occasion of Octavian’s attack upon Antony. Cf. Dio, L, 1; Plut. l.
-c.
-
-[132] Mommsen believes that Augustus founded only military colonies.
-Zumpt thinks otherwise. Cf. _Comment Epig._, I, 362.
-
-[133] Known colonies of Augustus are: In Africa, Carthage, cf. C. I. L.
-VIII, p. 133; Dio, LII, 43; App. _Pun._ CXXXVI. In Sicily, Panhormus,
-Thermes, Tyndaris, cf. Dio, LIV, 7; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, III, 8, 88;
-89; 90. Marquardt, _Röm. Staatsverwaltung_ I, 246, names seven colonies
-of Augustus in Sicily. In Macedonia, Dyrrachium, Philippi, cf. Dio,
-LI, 4. Cassandrea, cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, IV, 10. In Hither Spain,
-Cæsaraugusta, cf. coin in Eckhel I, 37, which also gives the numbers
-of the legions whose veterans were colonized here: _leg. IV_, _leg.
-VI_, _leg. X_. Marquardt _op. cit._, I, 256, names six colonies of
-Augustus here. In Farther Spain, Emerita, cf. Eckhel I, 12, and 19,
-_leg. V_, _X_; Marquardt, _op. cit._, I, 257. In Achaia, Patrae, cf.
-C. I. L. III, p. 95, _leg. X_, _XII_. In Asia, Alexandrea of the
-Troad, cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, V, 30. In Syria, Berytus, cf. Eckhel
-III, 356, _leg. V_, _VIII_; Heliopolis, cf. Eckhel, III, 334. In
-Gallia Narbonensis, Reii and Aquae Sextiae, cf. Herzog, _Gall. Narb.
-inscr._ n. 113, 356. In Pisidia, Antioch, cf. Eckhel III, 18; Cremna,
-cf. Eckhel III, 20; Olbasa, cf. Eckhel, III, 20; Parlais, cf. Ramsay,
-_Bull. de Corr. Hell._, VII, p. 318.
-
-No colonies are assigned to Sardinia, the three Gauls and two
-Germanies, Raetia, Noricum, Bithynia, Pontus, Galatia, Galatian Pontus,
-Paphlagonia, part of Phrygia, Lycaonia, Isauria, Cilicia, Cyprus,
-Crete, Egypt, Cyrenaica. As for parts of the empire under subject
-kings, such as Thrace, Cappadocia, Mauretania, no account is taken of
-them, though there were certainly colonies in Mauretania, at Cartenna
-and Tupusuctu. Cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, V, 2, 20; C. I. L., VIII,
-8857.
-
-[134] Cf. an article by Mommsen, _Hermes_, XVIII, 161 ff. on the
-“Colonies of Italy from Sulla to Vespasian.”
-
-When Augustus wrote, Italy was separated from Illyricum by the river
-Arsia. Yet Illyricum was not counted by him as a province. It had
-colonies at Emona, Iader, Salona, and possibly at Epidaurus and Narona.
-Cf. C. I. L., III, pp. 489, 374, 304, 287, 291. Mommsen thinks this
-omission was intended by Augustus; that he had been able to satisfy
-some of his veterans, to whom Italian farms had been promised, with
-lands over the Italian border in Illyricum, and because he could not
-call it a province, nor yet a part of Italy, he eludes the difficulty
-by omitting the Illyrian colonies.
-
-The names of the twenty-eight Italian colonies are somewhat difficult
-to establish. Several perplexing questions rise in the attempt. What
-of the colonies founded by Antony and Octavian as triumvirs? Were they
-Antoniæ Juliæ, or some Juliæ and others Antoniæ? If the former were
-true and they dropped the name Antoniæ, the result would be far more
-than twenty-eight Julian and Augustan colonies. The second probability
-is more likely, and that the colonies Antoniæ simply dropped their name
-after Actium.
-
-A third difficulty rises in the case of the enlargement of old
-colonies and their resettlement, as, _e. g._, of Minturnæ.
-Cf. Hyginus, _De Lim._, p. 177. Mommsen gives a list which
-nearly meets the statement of Augustus. 1. Ariminum, _Augusta_;
-2. Ateste; 3. _Augusta_ Prætoria; 4. _Julia Augusta_
-Taurinorum; 5. Beneventum, _Julia Augusta_; 6. Bononia; 7.
-Brixia, _Augusta_; 8. Capua, _Julia Augusta_; 9. Castrum
-novum Etruriæ, _Julia_; 10. Concordia, _Julia_; 11. Cumæ
-(?) _Julia_; 12. Dertona, _Julia_; 13. Fanum Fortunæ,
-_Julia_; 14. Falerio; 15. Hispellum, _Julia_; 16. Lucus
-Feroniæ, _Julia_; 17. Minturnæ; 18. Nola, _Augusta_; 19.
-Parentium, _Julia_; 20. Parma, _Julia Augusta_; 21. Pisae,
-_Julia_; 22. Pisaurum, _Julia_; 23. Pola, _Julia_;
-24. Sæna (?), _Julia_; 25. Sora, _Julia_; 26. Suessa,
-_Julia_; 27. Sutrium, _Julia_; 28. Tuder, _Julia_;
-29, Venafrum, _Julia Augusta_. Cf. Marquardt, _Röm.
-Staatsverwaltung_, I, 118-132.
-
-[135] Of standards recovered in Spain and Gaul we have no further
-knowledge. It may be that in the Cantabrian war of 728, 729, some such
-thing took place.
-
-Appian, _Illyr._ XII, XXV, XXVIII, narrates the capture of
-standards by the Dalmatians from Gabinius in 706, and their restoration
-to Augustus in 721. These were then placed in the Octavian portico; and
-probably later transferred to the temple of Mars.
-
-[136] The standards had been lost by Crassus and Antony. Cf. Justin,
-XLII, 5, 11; Livy, _Epit._, CXLI; Suetonius, _Aug._ 21;
-Vell., II, 91; Vergil, _Æn._ VII, 606; Horace, _Carm._, I,
-12, 56; III, 5, 4; Dio, LIII, 33; LIV, 8; Cass. _Chron._ ad. 734;
-Oros., VI, 21; Florus IV, 12; Eutropius, VII, 9. One detachment of
-Antonius’ army, under L. Decidius Saxa, was exterminated in 714, and
-another in 718 under Oppius Statianus. Cf. Livy, _Ep._ CXXI; Dio,
-XLVIII, 24.
-
-Tiberius received the standards from the Parthians in 734. Cf. Dio,
-LIV, 8, etc.; Suet. _Tib._ 9. Eckhel, VI, 95, shows a coin with
-a Parthian on bended knee presenting a standard to Augustus. Cf. also
-Horace, _Epis._, I, 12, 27; Oros., VI, 21, 29; and c. 32 of the
-inscription.
-
-There were two temples of Mars Ultor, a smaller one on the Capitoline,
-and a larger in the forum, dedicated in 752. The standards were removed
-to the larger temple. Cf. Dio, LV, 10; Horace, _Carm._, IV, 5, 16;
-_Epis._, I, 18, 56; Propertius, III, 10, 3; Ovid, _Trist._
-II, 295; _Fasti_, V, 549; VI, 459.
-
-[137] Augustus himself had fought the Pannonians in 719, 720. Cf. Dio,
-XLIX, 36-38. The campaigns of Tiberius were from 742 to 745. Cf. Vell.
-II, 96; Dio, LIV, 31, 34; LV, 2; Suet. _Tib._, 9.
-
-[138] This statement varies somewhat from Dio, L, 24, who says Augustus
-reached the Danube in 720, and from Suetonius, _Tib._ 16, who
-assigns the complete subjection of the district to 759.
-
-[139] The Dacians had become organized and strong in the latter years
-of the Roman republic. Cf. Justin. XXXII, 3; Jordanis, _Get._, XI,
-67; Strabo, XVI, 2, 39; VII, 3, 5; 11; Suet. _Aug._, 44. Julius Cæsar
-was about to proceed against them when he died. Cf. Suet. _Jul._, 44;
-_Aug._, 8; App. _B. C._, II, 110; III, 25, 37; _Illyr._, 13; Vell., II.
-59; Livy, _Epit._, CXVII. In 719 Augustus began his Illyrican campaign
-by occupying Segesta on the Save, whence he threatened the Dacians
-and Bastarnæ. Cf. App. _Illyr._, 22, 23. Antony is responsible for
-the statement that Augustus sought to secure the goodwill of Cotiso,
-king of the Getæ (Dacians), by giving him his daughter and by himself
-marrying a daughter of Cotiso. Cf. Suetonius, _Aug._, 63. Cotiso
-refused the alliance and joined the party of Antony. Cf. Dio, L, 6; LI,
-22. Antony’s story as to the proposed marriages is hardly credible,
-and may have been invented by him to offset his own alliance with
-Cleopatra. During the struggle between Antony and Octavian, an invasion
-of the Dacians was the constant dread of Italy. Cf. Vergil, _Georg._,
-II, 497; Hor. _Sat._, II, 6, 53; _Carm._, III, 6, 13. When Antony was
-overthrown M. Crassus undertook the suppression of the Dacians, and
-triumphed, July 4, 727. Cf. Dio, LI, 23; Tab. Triumph. But Dacian
-incursions were still frequent. Dio records one in 738, cf. LIV, 20;
-and one in 744, cf. LIV, 36. Probably it was in this latter incursion
-that the defeat here alluded to was met by them. Finally an army was
-sent against them under Lentulus, in 759. Cf. Dio, LV, 30; Strabo, VII,
-12 and 13; Suet. _Aug._, 21; Florus, IV, 12, 19, 20; Tac. _Ann._, IV,
-44.
-
-[140] Cf. Suet. _Aug._, 21; Flor. IV, 12, 62; _Oros._, VI,
-21, 19, says that deputies of Indians and Scythians came to Augustus
-at Tarracona in 728 or 729; Dio, LIV, 9, that deputies from India came
-to him at Samos in 734. Strabo gives the name of the Indian king as
-Porus. Cf. XV., 1, 4 and 73. Cf. also Ver. _Georg._, II, 170;
-_Aen._, VI, 794; VIII, 705; Hor. _Carm._, I, 12, 56; _Carm.
-Saec._, 55, 56; _Carm._, IV, 14, 41.
-
-[141] For a general statement, cf. Suetonius, _Aug._ 21. For the
-Scythians, cf. Note 140 , above. For the Bastarnæ, cf. Livy, _Ep._
-CXXXIV; Dio, LI, 23, 24. For the Sarmatæ, cf. Flor. l. c.; Strabo,
-II, 5, 30; Tac. _Ann._, VI, 33; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, II,
-108, 246; VI, 7, 19; VI, 5, 16; VI, 13, 40. Vergil refers to them as
-Gelones. Cf. _Aen._, VIII, 725. Cf. also Hor. _Carm._, II, 9;
-III, 8, 23. For the Albani and Iberi, cf. Dio, XLIX, 24. For the Medes,
-cf. c. 27 and notes.
-
-[142] For Phraates and Tiridates, cf. Justin, XLII, 5; Dio, LI, 18.
-Tiridates had supplanted Phraates and in turn was driven out by him. He
-then, in 724, came to Augustus for aid. But the latter was anxious to
-regain the lost standards from Parthia, and simply played off Tiridates
-against Phraates by setting him over Syria. Dio, in the passage cited,
-makes mention of a son of Phraates who was captured by Tiridates and
-given up to Augustus. This was possibly the Phraates here mentioned,
-though there are difficulties in the way of this explanation. For
-Augustus implies the voluntary coming of a reigning king, not the
-delivery of an abducted prince. We know that in 731 Tiridates was in
-Rome asking that Parthia be assigned to him, and that at the same time
-Phraates sent an embassy begging the restitution of his son. Cf. Dio,
-LIII, 33. Augustus laid the matter before the senate, and by their
-advice restored the prince in exchange for the standards, but did not
-yield to the plea of Tiridates.
-
-[143] Cf. c. 27.
-
-[144] A people east of the Tigris, and west of Media Atropatane.
-Nothing is known of Artaxares. For the Adiabeni and their kingdom, cf.
-Strabo, XVI, 1, 19; Tac. _Ann._, XII, 13; Josephus, _Ant._,
-XX, 2, 1.
-
-[145] Augustus several times was on the point of invading Britain. Cf.
-Dio, XLIX, 38, for 720; LIII, 22, 25, for 727, 728. The poets have many
-prophecies of victories in Britain. Cf. Ver. _Georg._, I, 30,
-written in 724; III, 25; Hor. _Epode_, VII, 7; _Carm._, I.
-35, 29, of the year 727, 728; _Carm._, III, 5; I, 21, 15; III, 4,
-33; IV, 14, 48. But nothing came of these plans. Cf. Strabo, IV, 5, 3,
-for embassies from Britain. Coins of Dumnobellaunus have been found.
-Cf. J. Evans, _Coins of the Ancient Britons_ (London, 1864), p.
-198, and the following plate 4, Nos. 6-12.
-
-[146] The great defeat of Lollius in 738 was by the Sicambri, joined
-with the Usipites and Tencteri. Cf. Dio, LIV, 20; Vell., II, 97; Suet.,
-_Aug._, 23. There was a temporary peace. Cf. Horace, _Carm._,
-IV, 2. 36; 14, 51. They rebelled in 742, and were put down, first by
-Drusus and later by Tiberius. Cf. Dio, LIV, 32, 33, 36. In 746 they
-were completely subjugated and removed into Gaul. Cf. Dio, LV, 6; Vell.
-II, 97; Suet., _Aug._, 21; _Tib._, 9; Tac. _Ann._, II,
-26; XII, 39; Strabo, VII, 1, 3. Probably the coming of Maelo was during
-this surrender of 746.
-
-[147] The Marcomani were a branch of the Suevi. Cf. Tac., _Germ._,
-XXXVIII; _Ann._, II, 44, 62.
-
-[148] The four sons were Seraspedes, Rhodaspedes, Vonones and
-Phraates, with the wives of two of them and four children. Cf. Strabo,
-XVI, 1, 28; VI, 4, 2; Justin, XLII, 5, 11; Vell., II, 94; Tac.,
-_Ann._, II, 1; Oros., VI, 21, 29; Suet., _Aug._ 21, 43; Jos.,
-_Antiq._, XVIII, 2, 4. They were sent to be out of harm’s way
-during troubles in Parthia, according to all but Josephus, who says
-they were removed so as not to hinder the succession of Phraataces, an
-illegitimate son. When Phraates died, Phraataces in vain asked Augustus
-for the return of the princes. This was c. 750. Cf. Dio, fragments,
-Ursin. 39. The two elder princes died in Rome. Cf. C. I. L., VI, 7799.
-Vonones was sent back by Augustus. Cf. c. 33, Note 149; Phraates was
-returned by Tiberius in 788. Cf. Tac., _Ann._, VI, 31; Dio, LVIII,
-16. Probably the princes were sent to Augustus in 744. Cf. Mommsen,
-_R. G._, p. 141.
-
-[149] The comment of Mommsen here seems too severe. He says: “The
-writer magnifies his splendors beyond what is exact: for the Parthians
-and Medes asked Augustus, not so much to appoint kings for them, as
-to restore to them those to whom the kingdom had fallen by hereditary
-right.” Such a criticism seems to overlook the force of the word
-_petitos_, as applied to _reges_: they got the kings they “asked for.”
-
-Phraataces was reigning in 754. Cf. Dio, LV, 10; Vell. II, 101. He was
-succeeded by Orodes for a short time. Then came the choice of Vonones.
-Cf. Jos. _Ant._ XVIII, 2, 4; Tac. _Ann._ II, 1. Josephus
-gives no date. Tacitus implies 770. Augustus, however, returned
-Vonones, and the date must be much earlier, probably c. 760. A Parthian
-embassy was in Rome between 757 and 759. Cf. Suet. _Tib._, 16.
-Coins also show the name of Vonones in 761. Cf. Gardner, _Parthian
-Coinage_, p. 46. His reign was very brief. Cf. Tacitus and Josephus,
-ll. cc.
-
-[150] Cf. c. 27.
-
-[151] This chapter is possibly the most weighty in the whole
-inscription, inasmuch as it sets forth the view of his policy which
-Augustus wished the world to hold. How far his statements in the
-opening and closing sentences represent his own actual notions of his
-relations to the sovereign power in Rome is a matter of debate. For a
-full discussion Mommsen, _Röm. St._ II, p. 723, ff., may be read,
-and Gardthausen, _Aug._ Iᵉʳ Th. IIᵉʳ Bd., pp. 485-540 and IIᵉʳ
-Th., pp. 277-299.
-
-The question is: Did Augustus in any real sense restore the republic,
-or did he conceive of himself as monarch, but find it politic to
-suppress all outward marks of royalty? Was his chief concern to
-maintain the peace and prosperity of the Roman people, with as little
-alteration as possible of the old constitutional forms, or was his
-object the building up of power for his own sake? This is confessedly
-one of the riddles of history. The best that can be done is to study
-his actions, estimating their worth and tendency, and leaving the
-motives of the great statesman where he hid them,—locked in his own
-bosom.
-
-Undoubtedly, all through the _Res Gestæ_, as is pointed out in
-the introduction, and as has been noticed from time to time in these
-notes, one of his great aims is to represent himself as a conservative,
-moving within constitutional limits. Coins of the period emphasize the
-view set forth in the opening sentence of this chapter with regard to
-the restoration of the republic. Cf. Eckhel, VI, 83: _imp. Cæsar
-divi f. cos. VI, libertatis p. R. vindex_; “The imperator, Cæsar,
-son of the divine (Cæsar) consul for the sixth time, (726) restorer of
-the freedom of the Roman people.” Cf. C. I. L. VI, 1527: “the whole
-world pacified, the republic restored.” Also, C. I. L. I, p. 384; the
-date referred to is Jan. 13, 727: “The senate decreed that an oaken
-crown should be fixed above the door of the imperator, Cæsar Augustus,
-because he restored the Roman republic.” Contemporary Roman writers
-simply echo the views of Augustus. Cf. Ovid, _Fasti_, I, 589,
-for Jan. 13, 727, Velleius, II, 89, says: “When the civil wars were
-finished in the twentieth year, (724) and the foreign wars brought to
-a close, peace was brought back, power restored to the laws, authority
-to the tribunals, majesty to the senate, the _imperium_ of the
-magistrates reduced to its old time form, the original and ancient
-form of the state restored.” Cf. Livy, _Epit._, CXXXIV. The
-Greek Strabo, also a contemporary, writes, XVII, 3, 25: “The country
-committed to him the headship of her sovereignty, and made him lord of
-peace and war for life.” Later writers, even the Romans, are equally
-free in their judgments. Dio, LII, I, says: “From this time (725) the
-affairs of Rome began to be in the control of one man (μοναρχεῖσθαι).”
-Cf. Suet. _Aug._, 28; Tac. _Ann._, III, 28. Dio’s account of
-the conference in which Agrippa advises a real abdication by Augustus,
-and Mæcenas urges a bold assumption of supreme power (LII, 1-40) is
-regarded as fictitious.
-
-The facts in the case are these: In 711 the Titian law gave the
-triumvirs a five years’ lease of power. In 716 this was renewed not
-by formal legislation, but “by universal consent.” Cf. App., _B. C._ V, 95. This triumviral power Augustus wielded till his sixth
-consulship, 726, though there was a pretence of its cessation in 721.
-Cf. c. 7, N, 1, and Mommsen, _Röm. St._, II, 698. In this and the
-following years he divested himself gradually of one extraordinary
-power after another. He could not at once fall back to the position
-of an ordinary magistrate. The armies, the laws, the provinces, the
-revenues had all been in his control. These he must gradually restore
-Cf. Dio, LII, 13; LIII, 4, 9, 10. In 726 he began his return to older
-customs by alternating with Agrippa, his colleague, in the consulship,
-in having the fasces borne before him by the lictors for a month. Cf.
-Dio, LIII, 1. The restoration of the censorship was part of the same
-programme. Dio, LIII, 2, says that by an edict he declared all the
-revolutionary and extraordinary acts of the triumviral period should
-cease to be effective with the expiration of his sixth consulship
-(726). The inscription of Jan. 13, 727, above alluded to, C. I. L. I,
-p. 384, marks that date as that on which the business of restoring the
-provinces was finally given over to the senate.
-
-From this time on the senate divided the control of the provinces
-with him. Augustus took the troublesome provinces and the frontier
-ones, leaving to the senate the older and more peaceable. Over these
-provinces he received a proconsular imperium for ten years, which was
-renewed at the expiration of that term. In c. 7 he says that he found
-the tribunitial power a sufficient basis for all the measures which
-he wished to put through. Now the proconsulship and tribuneship were
-both ordinary and constitutional offices. Augustus’ occupancy of each
-affords an illustration of the way in which he held ordinary offices in
-an extraordinary way. For by the old customs a proconsul must exercise
-his _imperium_ in his province, and never at Rome. Augustus could
-not be in ten provinces at once, and must be at Rome most of the time.
-Hence a violation of the constitution was necessary. The tribuneship,
-instituted for the protection of plebeians could be held only by a
-plebeian. But Augustus was a patrician. For this reason he did not
-take the tribuneship in the ordinary way, nor by the ordinary title,
-but designated himself as _tribunicia potestate_, “of tribunitial
-authority.”
-
-The title _princeps_, “prince” is never used by Augustus as an
-official designation in laws and inscriptions, but indicates simply his
-primacy of rank and is so used throughout the _Res Gestæ_. Cf. cc.
-13, 30, 32.
-
-[152] Cf. C. I. L. 1, p. 384; X. 8375; Livy, _Ep._, 134; Cass. ad.
-an. 727; Oros. VI, 20, 8; Vell. II, 91; Suet. _Aug._ 7; Dio, LIII,
-16.
-
-[153] Cf. coins in Eckhel, VI, 88; Cohen, _Aug._ nos. 43-48, 50,
-207-212, 301, 341, 356, 385, 426, 476-8, 482. All these show either
-the crown or the laurels and many of them have both. With the crown is
-generally _ob civis servatos_, “for preserving the citizens.” The
-civic crown being the reward of any soldier who saved a citizen’s life,
-Augustus was pre-eminently deemed worthy of it, because he had saved so
-many by putting an end to the civil wars, and by his clemency. Cf. Dio,
-LIII, 16; Suet. _Claud._ 17; Sen. _De Clem._ I, 26, 5; Ovid,
-_Tr._ III, 1, 39, 41, 47; _Fasti_ IV, 953; III, 137; Val.
-Max. II, 8, 7; Juv. VI, 52, 79; X, 65; XII, 91; Tac. _Ann._ XV, 71.
-
-[154] No ancient writer mentions this shield, but a number of coins and
-inscriptions portray it. Cf. C. I. L. IX, 5811, wherein two Victories
-carry a shield inscribed: “The senate and Roman people have given
-to Augustus a shield on account of his valor, clemency, justice and
-piety;” the very words of the _Res Gestæ_. For coins, cf. Eckhel,
-VI, 95, 103, 121; Cohen, _Aug._ nos. 50-53, 213-216, 253, 264-267,
-283, 286-297, 332. The Victory, which is frequently associated with the
-shield, probably indicates that the latter was placed by Augustus near
-the altar of Victory erected by him in the Curia Julia.
-
-[155] Cf. Note 151.
-
-[156] This title was given Feb. 5, 752. Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 386; II,
-No. 2107. As in the case of the title, prince of the youth, conferred
-upon Gaius and Lucius, and of the continuance of his supreme power by
-universal consent (cf. cc. 14 and 34), the appellation, father of the
-fatherland, was given by general acclamation, leaving to the senate
-only the formal ratification of the popular will. Suet. _Aug._ 58,
-expressly states this. Cf. also Ovid, _Fasti_, II, 128.
-
-The Augustan Forum was dedicated this same year, 752. Cf. c. 21, Note.
-In all probability the quadriga had been in existence some time before
-this, inasmuch as it appears on a coin of uncertain date with the
-inscription: “the senate and Roman people to Cæsar Augustus, parent and
-presever.” If the quadriga had been made at the time this inscription
-was ordered, the coin would surely have borne the formal title, “father
-of the fatherland,” not the designation, “parent.” Cf. Eckhel, VI, 113.
-
-[157] The seventy-sixth year of Augustus began Sept. 23, 766. Chapter
-8 mentions his third census, which was completed one hundred days
-before his death, hence May 11, 767. The _Res Gestæ_ must have
-been written, then, in the interval between this date and his start for
-Campania, on his last journey, as we know he left this document in the
-hands of the Vestal Virgins. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 97.
-
-SUPPLEMENT.
-
-For a discussion of this supplement, see the Introduction.
-
-[158] Equivalent to 2,400,000,000 sesterces, about $120,000,000. This
-does not exactly correspond with the sum of the items mentioned in the
-_Res Gestæ_. These sum up 2,199,800,000 sesterces.
-
-[159] A mere summary of c. 19, with a bit from c. 20, the only
-principle of arrangement being to put temples first, and the rest
-haphazard. The difference in the Greek and Latin is curious. No attempt
-is made to reproduce _pulvinar_ in Greek, although in c. 19 it had
-been rendered ναόν.
-
-[160] A summary of c. 20.
-
-[161] A summary of cc. 22, 23.
-
-[162] For aid given to Naples, cf. Dio, LV, 10; to Venafrum, in
-Campania, C. I. L. X, 4842.
-
-[163] For aid to Paphos, cf. Dio, LIV, 23; to a number of towns in
-Asia, Dio, LIV, 30; to Laodicea and Tralles, Strabo, XII, 8, 18; to
-Thyatira and Chios, Suet. _Tib._ 8.
-
-[164] Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 41. The estate necessary to qualify a
-senator he raised from 800,000 sesterces to 1,200,000, and where
-senators were worthy, though poor, he made up their fortunes to that
-sum. Cf. Dio, LI, 17; LII, 19; LIII, 2; LIV, 17; LV, 13; LVI, 41.
-
-
-Transcriber’s Notes:—
-
-  The printer is thought to be Anvil Printing Company
-  (see front matter).
-
-  In Footnote 58, Cf. Dio, XLIT is taken as a typo for
-  Cf. Dio, XLIV.
-
-  On Page 28 the number of Roman citizens is given as four million,
-  two hundred and thirty thousand. In the associated footnote this
-  is given as 4,233,000.
-
-  Typographical errors in the Greek (All corrected).
-  Page 10 πρυκατηλειμένας changed to read προκατηλειμένας
-  Page 13 ψηψίσμασι changed to read ψηφίσμασι
-  Page 23 τόν changed to read τὸν
-  Page 25 οίας changed to read σίας
-  Page 33 ῷ changed to read ᾦ
-  Page 37 θαλὰσσης changed to read θαλάσσης
-  Page 43 ἑξὴκοντα changed to read ἑξήκοντα
-  Page 45 οὕς changed to read οὓς
-  Page 51 ἐπιγαφῆς changed to read ἐπιγραφῆς
-  Page 53 Ἂ[ρεω]ς changed to read Ἄ[ρεω]ς
-  Page 55 ᾷ changed to read ᾳ
-  Page 57 Ὑρὲρ changed to read Ὑπὲρ
-  Page 57 Γαίῷ changed to read Γαίῳ
-  Page 57 Ιαύῳ changed to read Γαίῳ
-  Page 57 Σε[ι]λανῳ changed to read Σε[ι]λανῷ
-  Page 59 τρ[ί]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι changed to read τρ[ι]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι
-  Page 61 ῷ changed to read ᾧ
-  Page 61 Αιβύη changed to read Λιβύη
-  Page 61 τοῦς changed to read τοὺς
-  Page 61 οὅ changed to read οἳ
-  Page 67 μείοζονος changed to read μείσζονος
-  Page 69 ρᾴ changed to read ρα
-  Page 69 αἵ changed to read αἳ
-  Page 69 ἔμοῦ changed to read ἐμοῦ
-  Page 73 ποτομοῦ changed to read ποταμοῦ
-  Page 77 ἐθνη changed to read ἔθνη
-  Page 85 εν changed to read ἐν
-
-  Typographical errors in the Latin (All corrected).
-  Page 39 turmœ changed to read turmæ and optious changed to read optios
-
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-
-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Monumentum Ancyranum, by Emperor Augustus</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Monumentum Ancyranum</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>The Deeds of Augustus</p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Emperor Augustus and William Fairley</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: October 22, 2021 [eBook #66595]<br />
-[Most recently updated: July 16, 2022]</div></div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Turgut Dincer, Stephen Rowland, Brian Wilcox and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM ***</div>
-
-<p class="center noindent">CONTENTS<br />
-
-<a href="#PREFACE">Preface</a><br />
-<a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a><br />
-<a href="#H2LATIN">Latin Inscriptions</a><br />
-<a href="#H2GREEK">Greek Inscriptions</a><br />
-<a href="#H2ENGLISH">English Descriptions</a><br />
-<a href="#Supplement">Supplement</a><br />
-<a href="#CHRONOLOGICAL_TABLE">Chronological Table</a><br />
-<a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">Bibliography</a><br />
-<a href="#NOTES">Notes</a>
-
-</p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left smcap">Vol. V.</p>
-<p class="float-right smcap">No. 1.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="center padt2 large">Translations and Reprints</p>
-
-<p class="center padt2 smallest">FROM THE</p>
-
-<p class="center padt2 large"><b>Original Sources of European History</b></p>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<h1>MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM</h1>
-
-<p class="center larger">THE DEEDS OF AUGUSTUS</p>
-
-<h2><span class="smcap padt1">Edited by William Fairley, Ph.D.</span></h2>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p class="center small padt1 padb1">PUBLISHED BY<br />
-
-<br />The Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania.</p>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p class="center small padt1 padb1">Philadelphia, Pa., 1898.<br />
-
-<br /><span class="smcap">English Agency</span>: P. S. KING &amp; SON, 12-14 King Street, London, S. W.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<p class="center small padt2 padb2">Copyright, 1898,<br />
-<span class="smcap">William Fairley</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center smallest padt2">PHILADELPHIA<br />
-<span class="smcap">Anvil Printing Company</span><br />
-1898</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE">PREFACE</h2>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p>The method employed in this edition of the <cite>Monumentum Ancyranum</cite>
-is suggested by the purpose for which it is intended. That purpose
-is primarily to adapt it as one of the series of <cite>Translations and
-Reprints from the Original Sources of European History</cite>, published
-by the Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania.
-The English version is the core of the work. At the same time the
-opportunity has been seized to present the original texts in such form
-as to be of real philological service. That there is room for such
-an edition of the <cite>Monumentum Ancyranum</cite> there can be no doubt.
-The critical edition published by Mommsen in 1883, <cite>Res Gestæ Divi
-Augusti</cite>, must long remain for scholars the sufficient hand-book for
-the study of the greatest of inscriptions. But that edition, with its
-Latin notes, is not adapted for ordinary school or college use, or for
-historical study by those who do not readily use Latin. And although
-Roman histories constantly refer to this great source for the life and
-times of Augustus, there has been no accessible English translation. It
-is true that the English translation of Duruy’s <cite>History of Rome</cite>
-contains a version of the <cite>Monumentum</cite>, but it is not in full
-accord with the latest text as set forth by Mommsen, and is hidden away
-in the ponderous volumes of that expensive work.</p>
-
-<p>Aside from Mommsen’s edition of 1883, the only recent edition is a
-French one of 1886 by C. Peltier. But this is simply a condensation of
-Mommsen. While the present edition depends very largely on Mommsen’s
-work, it is more than a condensation. Not only is the English version
-given, but all the known studies of the text published since 1883,
-and in criticism of Mommsen, have been collated. The emendations thus
-suggested have been placed as footnotes to the Latin and Greek texts.
-Moreover, the notes have been carefully revised. For the most part they
-are much reduced in compass, but in many cases they are added to; and
-a large number of typographical errors in Mommsen’s edition have been
-corrected. Most of these errors were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span> reproduced in the French edition
-above mentioned. In a work with such a multitude of references it is
-too much to hope that all errors have been avoided, and the editor will
-be greatly indebted if users of the book will report them to him.</p>
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">W. Fairley.</span></p>
-
-<p><em>University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.</em></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</h2>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">I. History of the Inscription.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>Suetonius in his <cite>Life of Augustus</cite> tells us that that Emperor had
-placed in charge of the Vestal virgins his will and three other sealed
-documents; and the four papers were produced and read in the senate
-immediately after his death. One of these additional documents gave
-directions as to his funeral; another gave a concise account of the
-state of the empire; the third contained a list of “his achievements
-which he desired should be inscribed on brazen tablets and placed
-before his mausoleum.” These tablets perished in the decline of Rome.
-Centuries passed; men had ceased to ask about them, and there was no
-idea that they would ever be brought to light. Nor were the original
-tablets ever found. But in 1555 Buysbecche, a Dutch scholar, was sent
-on an embassy from the Emperor Ferdinand II. to the Sultan Soliman
-at Amasia in Asia Minor; and a letter of his, published among others
-at Frankfort in 1595, tells the story of the discovery of a copy of
-this epitaph of Augustus. He writes: “On our nineteenth day from
-Constantinople we reached Ancyra. Here we found a most beautiful
-inscription, and a copy of those tablets on which Augustus had placed
-the story of his achievements.” From this situation of the copy comes
-the common title, <cite>Monumentum Ancyranum</cite>. Buysbecche made some
-attempt to copy the Latin inscription, but his work was very hasty and
-incomplete. What he had discovered was of extreme importance, and his
-report stimulated such interest that European scholars never rested
-till as complete a copy as possible was finally made in our own time.
-The temple on whose walls the inscription was found was one dedicated
-to Augustus and Rome, as was a common custom during the lifetime of
-that Emperor. It was a hexastyle of white marble, with joints of such
-exquisite workmanship that even in this century it was difficult to
-trace some of them. This temple had served as a Christian church till
-the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span> fifteenth century, and from that time has been part of a Turkish
-mosque, some sections of its enclosure being used as a cemetery. The
-great inscription was cut on the two side walls of the pronaos, or
-vestibule. It was in six pages, three on the left as one entered, and
-three on the right. Each page contained from forty-two to fifty-four
-lines, and each line an average of sixty letters. The pages cover six
-courses of the masonry in height, about 2.70 metres, and the length of
-the inscription on each wall is about 4 metres. On one of the outer
-walls of the temple was a Greek translation of the Latin. This measures
-1.38 metres in height by 21 metres in length. Several Turkish houses
-had been built against the wall containing this Greek version, and
-this made the reading of it, and still more the copying, an extremely
-difficult task. The priceless value of the Greek version lies in the
-fact that it supplements in many cases the breaks in the Latin. For
-it is needless to say that an inscription so old and so exposed has
-suffered much from time and violence. Various travelers have described
-the temple and its treasure: Tournefort in his <cite>Voyage du Levant</cite>,
-Lyons, 1717; Kinneir, <cite>Journey Through Asia Minor</cite>, 1818; Texier,
-<cite>Description de l’Asie mineure</cite>, Paris, 1839; William Hamilton,
-<cite>Researches in Asia Minor</cite>, London, 1842; and most completely,
-Guillaume, Perrot and Delbet, in their <cite>Exploration archéologique de
-la Galatie, etc., in 1861</cite>, Paris, 1872.</p>
-
-<p>Numerous attempts were made at transcribing the inscription, and a
-number of editions were published. Buysbecche’s fragments found several
-editors in the century of their discovery. About a hundred years after
-him Daniel Cosson, a merchant from Leyden, who had lived many years at
-Smyrna, dying there in 1689, caused an attempt to be made to secure a
-copy, and with somewhat better results. His copy was edited at Leyden
-in 1695. In 1701 Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, under direction of
-Louis XIV, visited Ancyra, and attempted to secure a facsimile of the
-text. In 1705 Paul Lucas, also sent by Louis XIV, spent twenty days
-in copying the Latin, and his work was the last of its kind till the
-present century. While these early copies are far from being as perfect
-as more recent ones, they have this value: that in a number of cases
-they show parts of the inscription which progressive disintegration has
-now rendered illegible.</p>
-
-<p>The Greek text, owing to the buildings reared against it, was much
-harder to transcribe. In 1745 Richard Pococke published a few
-fragments, and in 1832 Hamilton copied pages 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the
-nineteen into which the Greek is divided.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span></p>
-
-<p>Within recent years all has been done that can possibly be done to
-secure perfect copies of both Greek and Latin. In 1859 the Royal
-Academy of Berlin commissioned a scholar named Mordtmann to secure a
-<em>papier maché</em> cast of the Latin, and to transcribe the Greek. He
-failed in both attempts, and declared that the casts would ruin the
-original.</p>
-
-<p>Napoleon III. commissioned George Perrot and Edmund Guillaume to
-explore Asia Minor. In their work above mentioned they give a facsimile
-copy of the whole of the Latin, and of as much of the Greek as they
-could get at. Their plates were the basis of an edition of the text by
-Mommsen in 1865, and another by Bergk in 1873, and of the text given in
-the <cite>Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum</cite>.</p>
-
-<p>But Mommsen and the Berlin Academy were not satisfied. Carl Humann had
-distinguished himself by his researches at Pergamos, and to him they
-committed the task of securing casts of the whole of both texts. The
-story of his achievement is extremely interesting. Difficulty after
-difficulty was met and surmounted. And finally he succeeded in his
-plan. With materials dug near-by he made plaster casts. The owners of
-the Turkish houses he succeeded in inducing to allow their walls to be
-so far torn away as to permit him to get at the entire Greek text. And
-finally twenty great cases containing the whole series of casts were
-sent away on pack mules to the coast and thence to Berlin. The Royal
-Academy now counts these casts among its chief treasures. This was
-in 1882. In 1883 Mommsen published his great critical edition of the
-text, on which this edition is based. His work is almost final on the
-subject, but especially in the matter of conjectural fillings of the
-<em>lacunæ</em> is subject to revision. But an inspection of the text
-as given in this volume will show that we have the words of Augustus
-almost in their entirety.</p>
-
-<p>At Apollonia, on the borders of Phrygia and Pisidia, has been found
-another ruined temple, with remnants of the Greek version of this
-inscription. At Apollonia the inscription originally covered seven
-pages. Of these there are still legible the upper portions of pages
-two, three, four and five. The correspondence between the text at
-Ancyra and that at Apollonia is almost exact, and where there is a
-divergence, it has been indicated.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">II. Character and Purpose of the Inscription.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>German scholars have waged a fierce warfare over the question of the
-literary character of the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>, as Mommsen commonly calls
-it.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span> He himself refrains from assigning it decidedly to any class of
-composition. Is it epitaph, or a “statement of account,” or “political
-statement”? Otto Hirschfeld contends strongly it is not an epitaph
-because it contains no dates of birth or death, and is in the first
-person. Wölfflin calls it a statement of account. Geppert sides with
-Hirschfeld. Bormann, Schmidt and Nissen all hold it to be an epitaph.
-And this appears to be the final agreement. The latest word is the
-discussion by Bormann, in 1895, in which he still maintains the epitaph
-view. For these discussions, cf. the bibliography at the end of this
-volume.</p>
-
-<p>Of course it is an epitaph of unique character. It has certain striking
-peculiarities, and specially of omission. There is no mention of
-domestic affairs. The wife of the Emperor is unnamed. Although in
-enumerating his honors and offices it was necessary to date events by
-the names of consuls, yet aside from this he mentions no person outside
-the imperial household, not even such favorites as Mæcenas and Agrippa.
-His foes, Brutus, Cassius and Antony, are several times alluded to,
-but never named. The same is true of Lepidus and Sextus Pompeius.
-Unfortunate events are not noticed. His omission of the disaster to
-the Roman arms under Varus has been severely criticised as an attempt
-to deceive; but if the inscription is really an epitaph one cannot
-wonder at such silence. The omission of the dates of birth and death
-has been variously explained. Some have thought that he meant his heirs
-to fill in any such gaps after his death, and to recast the whole into
-the third person. Or, it has been suggested that it was the desire of
-Augustus to be counted a divinity, and that therefore he wished to pose
-as one “without beginning of years, or end of days.” It certainly would
-be incongruous to record the death of a god. With regard to his general
-purpose Mommsen says: “No one would look for the arcana of empire in
-such a document, but for such things as an <em>imperator</em> of mind
-shrewd rather than lofty, and who skillfully bore the character of a
-great man while he himself was not great, wished the whole people, and
-especially the rabble, to believe about him.” Two purposes are manifest
-throughout the document. One is to pose as a saviour of the state from
-its foes, and not at all as a seeker after personal aggrandizement;
-another is to represent his whole authority as having been exercised
-under constitutional forms. These two ideas appear again and again.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">III. Divisions of the Text.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>The text may be roughly divided into three sections. Chapters one
-to fourteen give the various offices held by Augustus, and the
-honors<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span> bestowed upon him; chapters fifteen to twenty-four recount
-his expenditures for the good of the state and the people; and the
-remaining chapters, twenty-five to thirty-five, give the statement
-of his various achievements in war, and his works of a more peaceful
-character. This classification will not hold rigorously, but is true in
-the main.</p>
-
-<p>The division into chapters or paragraphs is marked in the Latin text
-by making the first line of each chapter project a little to the left
-of the remaining lines. Each such paragraph is relatively complete.
-And the use of such a topical method marks a new manner of composition
-quite different from the old annalistic style of Roman historiography.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">IV. The Greek Version.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>George Kaibel has made a special study of the Greek version, and is led
-to the opinion that it was made by a Roman rather than by a Greek. It
-is a grammar and dictionary rendering, rather than the idiomatic work
-of one quite at home in the use of Greek. This conclusion is based
-upon linguistic grounds. A further question remains as to where this
-translation was made, whether at Rome or in the provinces. The fact of
-the identity of the two copies at Apollonia and at Ancyra would seem to
-indicate a common Roman source.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">V. The Supplement.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>This is poorly written both in the Latin and in the Greek; and it is
-also a very imperfect summary of the document, summing up only what
-was spent upon games, donations and buildings. The fact that it is in
-the third person also proves that it is not the work of Augustus. The
-reckoning by denarii rather than by sesterces points to a Greek origin,
-and the mention of favors shown by Augustus to provincial towns (cf. c.
-4 and notes) would indicate one outside of Rome.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">VI. Trustworthiness of the Inscription.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>The corroborations of the inscription by other inscriptions, coins and
-later historians, as well as by allusions in contemporary literature,
-form an interesting study. And the trustworthiness of the record
-becomes more manifest the more one compares its statements with those
-of other writers. Only one point has been found where Augustus makes
-what might be challenged as a perversion of fact. (Cf. c. 2, note <a href="#Footnote_16">16</a>.)</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">VII. Masons’ Blunders.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>A number of apparent errors in the text are to be attributed in all
-probability to the stone-cutters at Ancyra. Such are the superfluous
-<em>et</em> of Latin ii, 2; <em>aede</em> for <em>aedem</em>, iv, 22;
-<em>quinquens</em> for <em>quinquiens</em>, iv, 31; <em>ducenti</em> for
-<em>ducentos</em>, iv, 45; <em>provicias</em> for <em>provincias</em>, v,
-11; <em>Tigrane</em> for <em>Tigranem</em>, v, 31. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εὔξησα</span> for
-<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἠύξησα</span>, Gr. iv, 8; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ῥωμάοις</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ῥωμαίοις</span>,
-vii, 6; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπατον</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπάτων</span>, vii, 15; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄνδρας
-μυριάδων</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνδρῶν μυριάδας</span>, viii, 8; omission of <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">
-τρὶς</span> before <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χειλίας</span>, ix, 13; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπεσκευσα</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">
-ἐπεσκευάσα</span>, x, 18; omission of <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ναὸν</span> before <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγοράν</span>,
-xi, 10; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">επεύξησα</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπηύξησα</span>, xiv, 4; omission of
-<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀρτάξου</span>, xv, 3; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μείσζονος</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μείζονος</span>, xv,
-15; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">προκατηλειμένας</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατειλημένας</span>, xv, 17; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">
-ἐπειταδε</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπίταδε</span>, xvi, 11; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βασιλεες</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">
-βασιλεῖς</span>, xvi, 22; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βασιλεις</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βασιλεὺς</span>, xvii, 4;
-<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπείκειαν</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπιείκειαν</span>, xviii, 5; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγορᾷ
-Σεβαστῇ</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγορὰ Σεβαστή</span>, xix, 1.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">VIII. Signs and Abbreviations.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>The Latin and Greek texts are printed in such a way as to give the
-best idea practicable of their actual condition. Roman numerals denote
-the pages of the inscription, and the Arabic figures the lines. These
-numerals and the chapter headings are no part of the inscription. The
-projection of the first line of each chapter in the Latin is the only
-method of marking the divisions in the original.</p>
-
-<p>Parts of the Greek and Latin text included within brackets, [], are
-conjectural restorations of the portions of the inscription which have
-perished. The Greek generally is a guide to the Latin and <em>vice
-versa</em>, for the instances are rare where both versions have been
-lost. The textual notes show that not all scholars have reckoned the
-same number of missing letters. These variations are quite allowable,
-for it is impossible to say that just so many letters are missing in
-any given case, owing to the various sizes of different letters, and
-varying degrees of closeness of writing.</p>
-
-<p>Where dots (...) occur, it signifies that Mommsen reckons as many
-letters unrestored as there are dots.</p>
-
-<p>The sign § indicates a mark in the original resembling a figure 7, or a
-very open 3.</p>
-
-<p>The same sign in brackets [§] indicates an unfilled interval in the
-stone.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span></p>
-
-<p>The apices over vowels in the Latin indicate similar marks in the
-original in the case of a, e, o and u, and in the case of i a
-prolongation of that letter above the line.</p>
-
-<p>Where certain letters of the Latin text are italicized it indicates
-that while they do not appear in the plaster casts, yet they were
-traced by Alfred Domaszewski (a fellow-worker with Humann) on the stone
-itself, by means of certain discolorations from paint, or gilding, or
-weather, which marked the bottom of the incisions of the letters in
-several cases where the surface of the stone had been worn away.</p>
-
-<p>In the textual notes, B. stands for Bormann, G. for Geppert, S. for J.
-Schmidt, Sk. for Seeck, W. for Wölfflin, Apoll. for the inscription at
-Apollonia, and Anc. for that at Ancyra.</p>
-
-<p>The abbreviations of the names of authors and their works in the
-historical notes are indicated in the bibliography at the close of the
-book.</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="H2LATIN">MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p class="indent">Rérum gestárum díví Augusti, quibus orbem terra[rum] imperio populi
-Rom. subiécit, § et inpensarum, quas in rem publicam populumque
-Ro[ma]num fecit, incísarum in duabus aheneís pílís, quae su[n]t Romae
-positae, exemplar sub[i]ectum.</p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">I.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 1.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 Annós undéviginti natus exercitum priváto consilio et privatá
-impensá</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; comparávi, [§] per quem rem publicam [do]minatione factionis
-oppressam</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; in libertátem vindicá[vi. Ob quae sen]atus decretis honor[ifi]cis in</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; ordinem suum m[e adlegit C. Pansa A. Hirti]o consulibu[s,
-c]on[sula]—</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; rem locum s[imul dans sententiae ferendae, et im]perium mihi dedit
-[§].</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; Rés publica n[e quid detrimenti caperet, me] pro praetore simul cum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; consulibus pro[videre iussit. Populus] autem eódem anno mé</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; consulem, cum [cos. uterque bello ceci]disset, et trium virum reí
-publi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; cae constituend[ae creavit].</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 2.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10 Qui parentem meum [interfecer]un[t, eó]s in exilium expulí
-iudiciís legi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; timís ultus eórum [fa]cin[us, e]t posteá bellum inferentis reí
-publicae</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; víci b[is a]cie.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 3.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13 [B]ella terra et mari c[ivilia exter]naque tóto in orbe terrarum
-s[uscepi]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; victorque omnibus [superstitib]us cívibus pepercí. § Exte[rnas]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; gentés, quibus túto [ignosci pot]ui[t, co]nserváre quam excídere
-m[alui].</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; Míllia civium Róma[norum adacta] sacrámento meo fuerunt circiter
-[quingen]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; ta. § Ex quibus dedú[xi in coloni]ás aut remísi in municipia sua
-stipen[dis emeri]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; tis millia aliquant[um plura qu]am trecenta et iís omnibus agrós a
-[me emptos]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; aut pecuniam pró p[raediis a] me dedí. § Naves cépi sescen[tas
-praeter]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; eás, si quae minóre[s quam trir]emes fuerunt. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 4.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21 [Bis] ováns triumpha[vi, tris egi c]urulis triumphós et appellá[tus
-sum viciens</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; se]mel imperátor. [Cum deinde plú]ris triumphos mihi se[natus
-decrevisset,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; eis su]persedi [§]. I[tem saepe laur]us deposuí, § in Capi[tolio
-votis, quae]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; quóque bello nuncu[paveram, solu]tís. § Ob res á [me aut per legatos]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">25&nbsp; &nbsp; meós auspicís meis terra m[ariqu]e pr[o]spere gestás qu[inquagiens
-et quin]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">26&nbsp; &nbsp; quiens decrevit senátus supp[lica]ndum esse dís immo[rtalibus. Dies
-autem</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">27&nbsp; &nbsp; pe]r quós ex senátús consulto [s]upplicátum est, fuere DC[CCLXXXX.
-In triumphis</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">28&nbsp; &nbsp; meis] ducti sunt ante currum m[e]um regés aut r[eg]um lib[eri novem.
-Consul</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">29&nbsp; &nbsp; fuer]am terdeciens, c[u]m [scribeb]a[m] haec, [et agebam se]p[timum
-et trigensimum annum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">30&nbsp; &nbsp; tribu]niciae potestatis.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 5.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">31 [Dictatura]m et apsent[i et praesenti mihi datam .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;. a
-populo et senatu</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">32&nbsp; &nbsp; M. Marce]llo e[t] L. Ar[runtio consulibus non accepi. Non recusavi
-in summa</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">33&nbsp; &nbsp; frumenti p]enuri[a c]uratio[ne]m an[nonae, qu]am ita
-ad[ministravi, ut .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">34&nbsp; &nbsp; paucis diebu]s metu et per[i]c[lo quo erat populu]m univ[ersum
-meis impen-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">35&nbsp; &nbsp; sis liberarem]. § Con[sulatum tum dat]um annuum e[t perpetuum non</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">36&nbsp; &nbsp; accepi.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 6.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">37 Consulibus M. Vinucio et Q. Lucretio et postea P.] et Cn.
-L[entulis et tertium</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">38&nbsp; &nbsp; Paullo Fabio Maximo et Q. Tuberone senatu populoq]u[e Romano consen-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">39&nbsp; &nbsp; tientibus].&nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">40&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">41&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">42&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 7.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">43&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">44&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[Princeps senatus fui usque ad e eum diem, quo
-scrips]eram [haec,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">45&nbsp; &nbsp; per annos quadraginta. Pontifex maximus, augur, quindecimviru]m
-sacris [faciundis,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">46&nbsp; &nbsp; septemvirum epulonum, frater arvalis, sodalis Titius, fetiali]s fui.</p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">II.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 8.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 Patriciórum numerum auxí consul quintum iussú populi et senátús. §
-Sena-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; tum ter légi. et In consulátú sexto cénsum populi conlegá M.
-Agrippá égí. §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; Lústrum post annum alterum et quadragensimum féc[i]. § Quó lústro cívi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; um Románórum censa sunt capita quadragiens centum millia et sexa-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; g[i]nta tria millia. [§] [Iteru]m consulari cum imperio lústrum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; [s]ólus féci C. Censorin[o et C.] Asinio cos. § Quó lústro censa sunt</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; cívium Romanóru[m capita] quadragiens centum millia et ducen-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; ta triginta tria m[illia. Tertiu]m consulári cum imperio lústrum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; conlegá Tib. Cae[sare filio feci] § Sex. Pompeio et Sex. Appuleio cos.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; Quó lústro ce[nsa sunt civium Ro]mánórum capitum quadragiens</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; centum mill[ia et nongenta tr]iginta et septem millia. §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; Legibus noví[s latis complura e]xempla maiorum exolescentia</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; iam ex nost[ro usu reduxi et ipse] multárum rér[um exem]pla imi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; tanda pos[teris tradidi.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 9.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15 Vota pro valetudine mea suscipi per cons]ulés et sacerdotes
-qu[into]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; qu[oque anno senatus decrevit. Ex iis] votís s[ae]pe fecerunt vívo</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <em>me</em> [ludos aliquotiens sacerdotu]m quattuor amplissima collé-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; [gia, aliquotiens consules. Privat]im etiam et múnicipatim
-úniver<em>si</em></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; [cives sacrificaverunt sempe]r apud omnia pulvínária pró vale-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; [tudine mea.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 10.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21 Nomen meum senatus consulto inc]lusum est in saliáre carmen et
-sacrosan-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; [ctus ut essem ....... et ut q]uoa[d] víverem, tribúnicia potestás
-mihi</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; [esset, lege sanctum est. Pontif]ex maximus ne fierem in víví
-[c]onle-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; [gae locum, populo id sace]rdotium deferente mihi, quod pater meu[s</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">25&nbsp; &nbsp; habuit, recusavi. Cepi id] sacerdotium aliquod post annós eó mor-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">26&nbsp; &nbsp; [tuo qui civilis motus o]ccasione occupaverat [§], cuncta ex Italia</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">27&nbsp; &nbsp; [ad comitia mea .... tanta mu]ltitudine, quanta Romae nun[q]uam</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">28&nbsp; &nbsp; [antea fuisse fertur, coeunte] P. Sulpicio C. Valgio consulibu[s]
-§.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 11.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">29 [Aram Fortunae reduci iuxta? ae]dés Honoris et Virtutis ad portam</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">30&nbsp; &nbsp; [Capenam pro reditu meo se]nátus consacravit, in qua ponti-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">31&nbsp; &nbsp; [fices et virgines Vestales anni]versárium sacrificium facere</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">32&nbsp; &nbsp; [iussit die, quo consulibus Q. Luc]retio et [M. Vinuci]o in urbem ex</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">33&nbsp; &nbsp; [Syria redi, et diem Augustali]a ex [c]o[gnomine nost]ro appellavit.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 12.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">34 [Senatus consulto eodem tempor]e pars [praetorum et tri]bunorum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">35&nbsp; &nbsp; [plebi cum consule Q. Lucret]io et princi[pi]bus [viris ob]viam
-mihi</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">36&nbsp; &nbsp; mis[s]a e[st in Campan]ia[m, qui] honos [ad hoc tempus] nemini
-prae-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">37&nbsp; &nbsp; ter [m]e es[t decretus. Cu]m ex H[ispa]niá Gal[liaque, rebus in
-his p]rovincís prosp[e]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">38&nbsp; &nbsp; re [gest]i[s], R[omam redi] Ti. Ne[r]one P. Qui[ntilio consulibu]s
-[§], áram</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">39&nbsp; &nbsp; [Pácis A]u[g]ust[ae senatus pro] redi[t]ú meó co[nsacrari censuit]
-ad cam-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">40&nbsp; &nbsp; [pum Martium, in qua ma]gistratús et sac[erdotes et virgines]
-V[est]á[les</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">41&nbsp; &nbsp; anniversarium sacrific]ium facer[e iussit.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 13.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">42 Ianum] Quirin[um, quem cl]aussum ess[e maiores nostri voluer]unt,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">43&nbsp; &nbsp; [cum p]er totum i[mperium po]puli Roma[ni terra marique es]set
-parta vic-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">44&nbsp; &nbsp; [torii]s pax, cum pr[ius, quam] náscerer, [a condita] u[rb]e bis
-omnino clausum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">45&nbsp; &nbsp; [f]uisse prodátur m[emori]ae, ter me princi[pe senat]us claudendum
-esse censui[t.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 14.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">46 Fil]ios meos, quós iuv[enes mi]hi eripuit for[tuna], Gaium et
-Lucium Caesares</p>
-
-<p class="bq">III.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 honoris mei caussá senatus populusque Romanus annum quíntum et deci-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; mum agentís consulés designávit, ut [e]um magistrátum inírent post
-quín-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; quennium. Et ex eó die, quó deducti [s]unt in forum, ut interessent
-consiliis</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; publicis decrevit sena[t]us. § Equites [a]utem Románi universi
-principem</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; iuventútis utrumque eórum parm[is] et hastís argenteís donátum ap-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; pelláverunt. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 15.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7 Plebei Románae viritim HS trecenos numeravi ex testámento patris</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; meí, § et nomine meo HS quadringenos ex bellórum manibiís consul</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; quintum dedí, iterum autem in consulátú decimo ex [p]atrimonio</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; meo HS quadringenos congiári viritim pernumer[a]ví, § et consul</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; undecimum duodecim frúmentátiónes frúmento pr[i]vatim coémpto</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; emensus sum, [§] et tribuniciá potestáte duodecimum quadringenós</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; nummós tertium viritim dedí. Quae mea congiaria p[e]rvenerunt</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; ad [homi]num millia nunquam minus quinquáginta et ducenta. §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; Tribu[nic]iae potestátis duodevicensimum consul XII trecentís et</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; vigint[i] millibus plebís urbánae sexagenós denariós viritim dedí.
-§</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; In colon[i]s militum meórum consul quintum ex manibiís viritim</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; millia nummum singula dedi; acceperunt id triumphale congiárium</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; in colo[n]ís hominum circiter centum et viginti millia. § Consul
-ter-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; tium dec[i]mum sexagenós denáriós plebeí, quae tum frúmentum
-publicum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; accipieba[t] dedi; ea millia hominum paullo plúra quam ducenta
-fuerunt.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 16.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22 Pecuniam [pro] agrís, quós in consulátú meó quárto et posteá
-consulibus</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; M. Cr[asso e]t Cn. Lentulo augure adsignávi militibus, solví
-múnicipís. Ea</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; [s]u[mma sest]ertium circiter sexsiens milliens fuit, quam [p]ró
-Italicís</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">25&nbsp; &nbsp; praed[is] numeravi, § et ci[r]citer bis mill[ie]ns et sescentiens,
-quod pro agrís</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">26&nbsp; &nbsp; próvin[c]ialibus solví. § Id primus et [s]olus omnium, qui
-[d]edúxerunt</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">27&nbsp; &nbsp; colonias militum in Italiá aut in provincís, ad memor[i]am aetátis</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">28&nbsp; &nbsp; meae feci. Et postea Ti. Nerone et Cn. Pisone consulibus, [§]
-item[q]ue C. Antistio</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">29&nbsp; &nbsp; et D. Laelio cos., et C. Calvisio et L. Pasieno consulibus, et L.
-Le[ntulo et] M. Messalla</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">30&nbsp; &nbsp; consulibus, § et L. Cánínio [§] et Q. Fabricio co[s.] milit[ibus,
-qu]ós eme-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">31&nbsp; &nbsp; riteis stipendís in sua municipi[a remis]i, praem[ia n]umerato</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">32&nbsp; &nbsp; persolví [§] quam in rem seste[rtium] q[uater m]illien[s li]b[ente]r</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">33&nbsp; &nbsp; impendi.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 17.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">34 Quater [pe]cuniá meá iuví aerárium, ita ut sestertium míllien[s] et</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">35&nbsp; &nbsp; quing[en]t[ien]s ad eos quí praerant aerário detulerim. Et M.
-Lep[i]do</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">36&nbsp; &nbsp; et L. Ar[r]unt[i]o cos. i[n] aerarium militare, quod ex consilio
-m[eo]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">37&nbsp; &nbsp; co[nstitut]um est, ex [q]uo praemia darentur militibus, qui vicena</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">38&nbsp; &nbsp; [aut plu]ra sti[pendi]a emeruissent, [§] HS milliens et
-septing[e]nti-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">39&nbsp; &nbsp; [ens ex pa]t[rim]onio [m]eo detuli. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c.18.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">40 Inde ab eo anno, q]uo Cn. et P. Lentuli c[ons]ules fuerunt, cum
-d[e]ficerent</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">41&nbsp; &nbsp; [vecti]g[alia, tum] centum millibus h[omi]num tu[m pl]uribus
-i[nl]ato fru-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">42&nbsp; &nbsp; [mento vel ad n]umma[rió]s t[ributus ex agro] et pat[rimonio] m[e]o</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">43&nbsp; &nbsp; [opem tuli].</p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">IV.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 19.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 Cúriam et continens eí Chalcidicum, templumque Apollinis in</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; Palatio cum porticibus, aedem dívi Iulí, Lupercal, porticum ad cir-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; cum Fláminium, quam sum appellári passus ex nómine eíus qui pri-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; órem eódem in solo fecerat Octaviam, pulvinar ad circum maximum,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; aedés in Capitolio Iovis feretri et Iovis tonantis, [§] aedem
-Quiriní, §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; aedés Minervae § et Iúnonis reginae § et Iovis Libertatis in
-Aventíno, §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; aedem Larum in summá sacrá viá, § aedem deum Penátium in Velia, §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; aedem Iuventátis, § aedem Mátris Magnae in Palátio fécí. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 20.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9 Capitolium et Pompeium theatrum utrumque opus impensá grandí reféci</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; sine ullá inscriptione nominis meí. § Rívos aquarum complúribus
-locís</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; vetustáte labentés refécí, [§] et aquam quae Márcia appellátur
-duplicavi</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; fonte novo in rivum eius inmisso. § Forum Iúlium et basilicam,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; quafécíe fuit inter aedem Castoris et aedem Saturni, [§] coepta
-profligata-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; que opera á patre meó perféci § et eandem basilicam consumptam in-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; cendio ampliáto eius solo sub titulo nominis filiórum m[eorum i]n-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; choavi [§] et, si vivus nón perfecissem, perfici ab heredib[us
-iussi].</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; Duo et octoginta templa deum in urbe consul sext[um ex decreto]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; senatus reféci, nullo praetermisso quod e[o] temp[ore refici
-debebat].</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; Con[s]ul septimum viam Flaminiam a[b urbe] Ari[minum feci et pontes]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; omnes praeter Mulvium et Minucium.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 21.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21 In privato solo Mártis Ultoris templum [f]orumque Augustum [ex
-mani]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; biís fecí. § Theatrum ad aede Apollinis in solo magná ex parte á
-p[r]i[v]atis</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; empto féci, quod sub nomine M. Marcell[i] generi mei esset. §
-Don[a e]x</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; manibiís in Capitolio et in aede dívi Iú[l]í et in aede Apollinis
-et in ae-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">25&nbsp; &nbsp; de Vestae et in templo Martis Ultoris consacrávi, § quae mihi
-consti-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">26&nbsp; &nbsp; terunt HS circiter milliens. § Aurí coronárí pondo triginta et
-quin-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">27&nbsp; &nbsp; que millia múnicipiís et colonís Italiae conferentibus ad
-triumphó[s]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">28&nbsp; &nbsp; meós quintum consul remisi, et posteá, quotienscumque imperátor
-a[ppe]l-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">29&nbsp; &nbsp; látus sum, aurum coronárium nón accepi decernentibus municipií[s]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">30&nbsp; &nbsp; et coloni[s] aequ[e] beni[g]ne adque antea decreverant.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 22.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">31 <em>T</em>[e]<em>r mu</em>nus gladiátorium dedí meo nomine et
-quinquens filiórum me[o]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">32&nbsp; &nbsp; rum aut n[e]pótum nomine; quibus muneribus depugnaverunt homi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">33&nbsp; &nbsp; nu[m] ci[rc]iter decem millia. [§] Bis [at]hletarum undique
-accitorum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">34&nbsp; &nbsp; spec[ta]c[lum po]pulo pra[ebui meo] nómine et tertium nepo[tis]
-mei no-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">35&nbsp; &nbsp; mine. § L[u]dos feci m[eo no]m[ine] quater [§], aliorum autem
-m[agist]rá-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">36&nbsp; &nbsp; tu[um] vicem ter et vicie[ns] [§]. [Pr]o conlegio XV virorum
-magis[ter con-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">37&nbsp; &nbsp; l]e[gi]í colleg[a] M. Ag<em>ri</em>ppa [§] lud[os s]aecl[are]s C.
-Furnio C. [S]ilano cos. [feci.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">38&nbsp; &nbsp; C]on[sul XIII] ludos Mar[tia]les pr[imus feci], qu[os] p[ost i]d
-tempus deincep[s]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">39&nbsp; &nbsp; ins[equen]ti[bus ann]is ......... [fecerunt co]n[su]les. [§]
-[Ven]ati[o]n[es] best[ia]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">40&nbsp; &nbsp; rum Africanárum meo nómine aut filio[ru]m meórum et nepotum in ci[r]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">41&nbsp; &nbsp; co aut [i]n foro aut in amphitheatris popul[o d]edi sexiens et
-viciens, quibus</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">42&nbsp; &nbsp; confecta sunt bestiarum circiter tria m[ill]ia et quingentae.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 23.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">43 Navalis proelí spectaclum populo de[di tr]ans Tiberim, in quo loco</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">44&nbsp; &nbsp; nunc nemus est Caesarum, cavato [solo] in longitudinem mille</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">45&nbsp; &nbsp; et octingentós pedés, [§] in látitudine[m mille] e[t] ducentí. In
-quo tri-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">46&nbsp; &nbsp; ginta rostrátae náves trirémes a[ut birem]és, [§] plures autem</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">47&nbsp; &nbsp; minóres inter se conflixérunt. Q[uibus in] classibus pugnave-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">48&nbsp; &nbsp; runt praeter rémigés millia ho[minum tr]ia circiter. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 24.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">49 In templís omnium civitátium pr[ovinci]ae Asiae victor orna-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">50&nbsp; &nbsp; menta reposui, quae spoliátis tem[plis is] cum quó bellum gesseram</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">51&nbsp; &nbsp; privátim possederat §. Statuae [mea]e pedestrés et equestres et in</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">52&nbsp; &nbsp; quadrigeis argenteae steterunt in urbe XXC circiter, quas ipse</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">53&nbsp; &nbsp; sustuli [§] exque eá pecuniá dona aurea in áede Apol[li]nis meó
-nomi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">54&nbsp; &nbsp; ne et illórum, qui mihi statuárum honórem habuerunt, posui. §</p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">V.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 25.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 Mare pacávi á praedonibus. Eó belló servórum, qui fugerant á dominis</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; suis et arma contrá rem publicam céperant, triginta fere millia
-capta §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; dominis ad supplicium sumendum tradidi. § Iuravit in mea verba tóta</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; Italia sponte suá et me be[lli], quó víci ad Actium, ducem
-depoposcit. § Iura-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; verunt in eadem ver[ba provi]nciae Galliae Hispaniae Africa Sicilia
-Sar-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; dinia. § Qui sub [signis meis tum] militaverint, fuerunt senátórés
-plúres</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; quam DCC, in ií[s qui vel antea vel pos]teá consules facti sunt ad
-eum diem</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; quó scripta su[nt haec, LXXXIII, sacerdo]tés ci[rc]iter CLXX. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 26.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9 Omnium próv[inciarum populi Romani], quibus finitimae fuerunt</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; gentés quae n[on parerent imperio nos]tro, fines auxi. Gallias et
-Hispa-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; niás próviciá[s et Germaniam qua inclu]dit óceanus a Gádibus ad
-ósti-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; um Albis flúm[inis pacavi. Alpes a re]gióne eá quae proxima est Ha-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; driánó marí, [ad Tuscum pacari fec]i nullí gentí bello per iniúriam</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; inláto. § Cla[ssis mea per Oceanum] ab óstio Rhéni ad sólis orientis
-re-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; gionem usque ad fi[nes Cimbroru]m navigavit, [§] quó neque terra
-neque</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; mari quisquam Romanus ante id tempus adít, § Cimbrique et Charydes</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; et Semnones et eiusdem tractús alií Germánórum popu[l]i per legátós
-amici-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; tiam meam et populi Románi petierunt. § Meo iussú et auspicio ducti
-sunt</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; [duo] exercitús eódem fere tempore in Aethiopiam et in Ar[a]biam,
-quae appel-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; [latur] eudaemón, [maxim]aeque hos[t]ium gentís utr[iu]sque cop[iae]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; caesae sunt in acie et [c]om[plur]a oppida capta. In
-Aethiopi<em>a</em>m usque a<em>d</em> o<em>p</em>pi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; dum Nabata pervent[um] est, cuí proxima est Meroé. In Arabiam usque</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; ín fínés Sabaeorum pro[cess]it exerc[it]us ad oppidum Mariba. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 27.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24 Aegyptum imperio populi [Ro]mani adieci. § Armeniam maiorem inter-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">25&nbsp; &nbsp; fecto rége eius Artaxe § c[u]m possem facere provinciam, málui
-maiórum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">26&nbsp; &nbsp; nostrórum exemplo regn[u]m id Tigrani regis Artavasdis filio, nepoti
-au-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">27&nbsp; &nbsp; tem Tigránis regis, per T[i. Ne]ronem trad[er]e, qui tum mihi
-priv[ig]nus erat.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">28&nbsp; &nbsp; Et eandem gentem posteá d[esc]íscentem et rebellantem
-d<em>o</em>mit[a]m per Gai<em>u</em>m</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">29&nbsp; &nbsp; filium meum regi Ario[barz]ani regis Medorum Artaba[zi] filio
-<em>rege</em>n-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">30&nbsp; &nbsp; dam tradidi [§] et post e[ius] mortem filio eius Artavasdi. [§] Quo
-[inte]rfecto [Tigra]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">31&nbsp; &nbsp; ne, qui erat ex régió genere Armeniorum oriundus, in id re[gnum]
-mísí. § Pro-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">32&nbsp; &nbsp; vincias omnís, quae trans Hadrianum mare vergun[t a]d Orien[te]m,
-Cyre-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">33&nbsp; &nbsp; násque, iam ex parte magná regibus eas possidentibus, e[t]
-<em>ante</em>a Siciliam</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">34&nbsp; &nbsp; et Sardiniam occu<em>pat</em>ás bello servili reciperávi. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 28.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">35 Colonias in Áfri<em>ca Sicilia</em> [M]acedoniá utráque Hispániá
-Achai[a] As<em>i</em>a S[y]<em>ri</em>a</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">36&nbsp; &nbsp; Galliá Narb<em>onensi Pi</em>[si]<em>dia</em> militum dedúxi §. Italia
-autem XXVIII [colo]ni-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">37&nbsp; &nbsp; ás, quae vívo <em>me celeberrimae</em> et frequentissimae fuerunt,
-me[is auspicis]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">38&nbsp; &nbsp; deductas h<em>abet</em>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 29.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">39 Signa mílitaria <em>complur</em>[a per] aliós d[u]<em>c</em>és
-ámi[ssa] devicti[s hostibu]s re[cipe]ravi</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">40&nbsp; &nbsp; ex His<em>pania et</em> [Gallia et a Dalm]ateis. § Parthos trium
-exercitum Roman[o]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">41&nbsp; &nbsp; rum <em>spolia et signa re</em>[ddere] mihi supplicesque amicitiam
-populí Romaní</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">42&nbsp; &nbsp; petere <em>coegi</em>. § <em>Ea autem si</em>[gn]a in penetrálí, quod
-e[s]t ín templo Martis Ultoris,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">43&nbsp; &nbsp; reposui.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 30.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">44 Pannonio<em>rum gentes</em>, <em>qua</em>[s a]nte me principem populi
-Romaní exercitus nun-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">45&nbsp; &nbsp; quam ad[i]<em>t</em>, <em>devictas per Ti.</em> [Ne]ronem, qui tum
-erat privignus et legátus meus,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">46&nbsp; &nbsp; ímperio po<em>puli Roma</em>ni <em>s</em>[ubie]ci, protulique finés
-Illyrici <em>ad</em> r[ip]am flúminis</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">47&nbsp; &nbsp; Dan[u]i. Citr[a] quod [D]ac[or]u[m tr]an[s]gressus exercitus meis
-a[u]sp[icis vict]us profliga-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">48&nbsp; &nbsp; tusque [est, et postea tran]s Dan[u]vium ductus ex[ercitus me]u[s]
-Da[cor]um</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">49&nbsp; &nbsp; gentes im[peria populi Romani perferre coegit.]</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 31.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">50 Ad me ex In[dia regum legationes saepe missae sunt, nunquam antea
-visae]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">51&nbsp; &nbsp; apud qu[em]q[uam] R[omanorum du]cem. § Nostram am[icitiam
-petierunt]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">52&nbsp; &nbsp; per legat[os] B[a]starn[ae Scythae]que et Sarmatarum q[ui sunt
-citra flu]men</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">53&nbsp; &nbsp; Tanaim [et] ultrá reg[es, Alba]norumque réx et Hibér[orum et
-Medorum.]</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 32.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">54 Ad mé supplices confug[erunt] regés Parthorum Tírida[tes et
-postea] Phrát[es]</p>
-
-<p class="bq">VI.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; regis Phrati[s filius]; [§] Medorum [Artavasdes; Adiabenorum
-A]rtaxa-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; res §; Britann[o]rum Dumnobellau[nus] <em>et Tim</em>......;
-[Sugambrorum]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; Maelo; § Mar[c]omanórum Sueboru[m.....rus]. [Ad me] rex
-<em>Part</em>horum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; Phrates Orod[i]s filius filiós suós nepot[esque omnes misit] <em>in
-Ital</em>iam, non</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; bello superátú[s], sed amicitiam nostram per [liberorum] suorum
-pignora</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; petens. § Plúrimaeque aliae gentes exper[tae sunt p. R.]
-<em>fide</em>m me prin-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; cipe, quibus anteá cum populo Roman[o nullum extitera]t legationum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; et amícitiae [c]ommercium. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 33.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9 Á me gentés Parthórum et Médóru[m per legatos] principes eárum gen-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; tium régés pet[i]tós accéperunt Par[thi Vononem regis Phr]átis
-fílium,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; régis Oródis nepótem; § Médí Ar[iobarzanem] regis Artavazdis fi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; lium, regis Ariobarzanis nep[otem].</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 34.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13 Ín consulátú sexto et septimo, b[ella ubi civil]ia exstinxeram</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; per consénsum úniversórum [potitus rerum omn]ium, rem publicam</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; ex meá potestáte [§] in senát[us populique Romani a]rbitrium
-transtulí.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; Quó pro merito meó senatu[s consulto Aug. appe]llátus sum et laureís</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; postés aedium meárum v[estiti publice coronaq]ue civíca super</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; iánuam meam fíxa est [§] [clupeusque aureu]s in [c]úriá Iúliá posi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; tus, quem mihi senatum [populumque Romanu]m dare virtutis cle-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; [mentia]e iustitia[e pietatis causa testatum] est pe[r e]ius clúpei</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; [inscription]em. § Post id tem[pus praestiti omnibus dignitate
-potes-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; t]atis au[tem n]ihilo ampliu[s habui quam qui fuerunt m]ihi quo-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; que in ma[gis]tra[t]u conlegae.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 35</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24 Tertium dec[i]mum consulátu[m cum gerebam, senatus et equ]ester
-ordo</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">25&nbsp; &nbsp; populusq[ue] Románus úniversus [appellavit me patrem p]atriae idque</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">26&nbsp; &nbsp; in vestibu[lo a]edium meárum inscriben[dum esse et in curia e]t in
-foró Aug.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">27&nbsp; &nbsp; sub quadrig[i]s, quae mihi [ex] s. c. pos[itae sunt, decrevit. Cum
-scri]psi haec,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">28&nbsp; &nbsp; annum agebam septuagensu[mum sextum].</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 1.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">29 Summá pecún[i]ae, quam ded[it in aerarium vel plebei Romanae vel
-di]mis-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">30&nbsp; &nbsp; sis militibus: denarium se[xi]e[ns milliens].</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 2.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">31 Opera fecit nova § aedem Martis, [Iovis tonantis et feretri,
-Apollinis],</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">32&nbsp; &nbsp; díví Iúli, § Quirini, § Minervae, [Iunonis reginae, Iovis
-Libertatis],</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">33&nbsp; &nbsp; Larum, deum Penátium, [§] Iuv[entatis, Matris deum, Lupercal,
-pulvina]r</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">34&nbsp; &nbsp; ad circum, [§] cúriam cum ch[alcidico, forum Augustum, basilica]m</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">35&nbsp; &nbsp; Iuliam, theatrum Marcelli, [§] [p]or[ticus .........., nemus trans
-T]iberím</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">36&nbsp; &nbsp; Caesarum. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 3.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">37&nbsp; &nbsp; Refécit Capito[lium sacra]sque ae<em>d</em>es [nu]m[ero octoginta]
-duas, thea[t]rum Pom-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">38&nbsp; &nbsp; peí, aqu[arum rivos, vi]am Flamin[iam].</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 4.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">39 Ímpensa p....... [in spect]acul[a scaenica et munera] gladiatorum
-at-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">40&nbsp; &nbsp; [que athletas et venationes et naum]ach[iam] et donata pe[c]unia a
-(?)</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">41&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;. [ter]rae motu § incendioque consum-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">42&nbsp; &nbsp; pt[is] a[ut viritim] a[micis senat]oribusque, quórum census explévit,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip padb2">43&nbsp; &nbsp; in[n]umera[bili]s. §</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 3. ob quae, W. quas ob res; S. and B. propter quae.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 5. ferendae, W. dicendae; simul ..... ferendae, B. sententiae
-dicendae mihi dans; after dedit B. erases [§].</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 7. jussit, B. jubens.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 14. superstitibus, Sk. following Hirschfield, veniam petentibus.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 18. aliquantum, B. and W. aliquanto; a me emptos, B. following
-Bergk, adsignavi.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 19. praediis a me, B. and W. praemiis militiae (me in stone might
-be iae.)</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 22. deinde, B. autem.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 23. decrevisset, S. decerneret; item saepe, S. itaque modo; item
-saepe laurus, B. laurumque potius.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 29. agebam, B. following Bergk, eram, and omits annum.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 31. datam......... a populo et senatu, W. nomine populi et senatus
-oblatam; S. a populo et senatu ultro delatam; et senatu, S. senatuque
-Romano.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 33, 34. ut......... paucis diebus, W. uti intra paucos dies; B. ut
-paucissimis diebus.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 34. quo erat, W. and S. praesenti.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 34, 35. meis impensis, W. privata impensa; S. meis sumptibus.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 9. S. inserts meo after filio.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 12. complura, B. et multa.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 13. reduxi, B. sanxi; S. revocavi.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 15. suscipi, B. suscipere,</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 16. iis, S. quibus.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 17. me ludos aliquotiens, W. mihi ludos interdum; aliquotiens, B.
-votivos modo.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 18. aliquotiens, W. interdum; aliquotiens consules, B. modo
-consules ejus anni.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 19. sacrificaverunt, B. sacrificia; W. supplicaverunt; semper, B.
-concorditer; W. unanimiter.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 20. B. adds fecerunt.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 22. sacrosanctus ut essem ........ W. sacrosancta ut esset
-persona mea, or sacrosancta potestate ut essem.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 25. habuit, B. habuerat; cepi id, B. quod.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 26. qui civilis motus, B, suscepi qui id tumultus.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 27. ad comitia mea ......... B. propter mea comitia, or
-comitiorum caussa; Sk. inserts coeunte before ad.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 28. fertur, Sk. memoriae proditur; omits coeunte.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 29. reduci, B. reducis.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 32. B. inserts eo before die.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 33. redi, B. redieram.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 36. S. inserts ante after honos.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 42. S. inserts tum after quem.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 17. In, W. et.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 40. W. Jam before inde.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 41. vectigalia, Sk. publicani.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 41-43. inlato......... tuli, S. multo frumentarias et nummarias
-tessaras ex aere et patrimonio meo dedi.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 42. vel......... agro, W. atque nummariis tesseris divisis;
-tributus, Sk. titulos.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 43. opem tuli, Sk. and W. subveni.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">IV, 19. W. omits feci; inserts in ea after pontes.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">V, 7. qui vel antea vel, S. consulares, et qui.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">V, 11. et Germaniam qua includit, W. item Germaniam qua claudit.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">V, 13. pacem feci. W. pacificavi.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">V, 37. meis auspiciis, W. mea auctoritate.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">V, 49. imperia, W. imperium; perferre, W. accipere; S. sustinere.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">VI, 7. extiterat, S. fuerat.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">VI, 13. bella ubi, S. postquam bella; ubi, G. cum.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">VI, 16. Aug. S. Augustus.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">VI, 17. vestiti, W. velati sunt; S. inserts sunt after vestiti.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">VI, 22. quam, G. iis.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2 id="H2GREEK"><span class="inblk" lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μεθηρμηνευμέναι ὑπεγράφησαν πράξεις τε καὶ δωρεαὶ Σεβαστοῦ
-θεοῦ, ἃς ἀπέλιπεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης ἐνκεχαραγμένας χαλκαῖς στήλαις δυσί.</span></h2></div>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">I.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 1.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἐτῶν δεκαε[ν]νέα ὢν τὸ στράτευμα ἐμῇ γνώμῃ καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐμοῖς ἀν[αλ]ώμασιν ἡτοί[μασα], δι’ οὗ τὰ κοινὰ πρά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γματα [ἐκ τῆ]ς τ[ῶ]ν συνο[μοσα]μένων δουλήας</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ἠλευ]θέ[ρωσα. Ἐφ’ ο]ἷς ἡ σύνκλητος ἐπαινέσασά</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[με ψηφίσμασι] προσκατέλεξε τῇ βουλῇ Γαΐῳ Πά[νσ]α</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Αὔλῳ Ἱρτίῳ ὑ]π[ά]το[ι]ς, ἐν τῇ τάξει τῶν ὑπατ[ικῶ]ν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ἅμα τ]ὸ σ[υμβου]λεύειν δοῦσα, ῥάβδου[ς] τ’ ἐμοὶ ἔδωκεν.</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Περ]ὶ τὰ δημόσια πράγματα μή τι βλαβῇ, ἐμοὶ με-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τὰ τῶν ὑπά]των προνοεῖν ἐπέτρεψεν ἀντὶ στρατηγο[ῦ.]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[..... Ὁ δὲ] δ[ῆ]μος τῷ αὐτῷ ἐνιαυτῷ, ἀμφοτέρων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τῶν ὑπάτων π]ολέμῳ πεπτω[κ]ό[τ]ων, ἐμὲ ὕπα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τον ἀπέδειξ]εν καὶ τὴν τῶν τριῶν ἀνδρῶν ἔχον-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τα ἀρχὴν ἐπὶ] τῇ καταστάσει τῶν δ[η]μοσίων πρα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[γμάτων] ε[ἵλ]ατ[ο.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 2.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τοὺς τὸν πατέρα τὸν ἐμὸν φονεύ]σ[αν]τ[α]ς ἐξώρισα κρί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[σεσιν ἐνδί]κοις τειμω[ρ]ησάμε[ν]ος αὐτῶν τὸ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ἀσέβημα κ]αὶ [με]τὰ ταῦτα αὐτοὺς πόλεμον ἐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[πιφέροντας τῇ πα]τ[ρ]ίδι δὶς ἐνείκησα παρατάξει.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 3.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Πολέμους καὶ κατὰ γῆν] καὶ κατὰ θάλασσαν ἐμφυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">
-[λίους καὶ ἐξωτικοὺς] ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ οἰκουμένῃ πολ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[λοὺς
-ἀνεδεξάμην, νεικ]ήσας τε πάντων ἐφεισάμην</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τῶν περιόντων
-πολειτῶν. τ]ὰ ἔθνη, οἷς ἀσφαλὲς ἦν συν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[γνώμην ἔχειν,
-ἔσωσα μ]ᾶλ[λον] ἢ ἐξέκοψα. § Μυριάδες</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">II.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ῥωμαίων στρατ[εύ]σ[ασ]αι ὑπ[ὸ τὸ]ν ὅρκον τὸν ἐμὸν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐγένοντ[ο] ἐνγὺς π[εντήκ]ο[ντ]α· [ἐ]ξ ὧν κατή[γ]αγον εἰς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὰ[ς] ἀπο[ι]κίας ἢ ἀ[πέπεμψα εἰς τὰς] ἰδία[ς πόλεις] ἐκ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[λυομένους.]</span>&nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 4.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Δὶς ἐ[πὶ κέλητος ἐθριάμβευσα], τρὶς [ἐ]φ’ ἅρματος. Εἰκο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σά[κις καὶ ἅπαξ προσηγορεύθην αὐτο]κράτωρ. Τῆς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[συνκλήτου]</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψηφισσ</span>.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp;<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ων τὴν [δάφνην]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Διὰ τὰ πράγ]μ[ατα, ἃ]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[αὐτὸς ἢ διὰ τῶν πρεσβευτῶν ἐμῶν] κατώρθω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σα, π[εντ]ηκοντάκις [καὶ] πεντά[κις ἐψ]ηφίσατο ἡ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σύ[νκλητ]ος θεοῖς δεῖ[ν] θύεσθαι. [Ἡμ]έραι οὖν αὗ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τα]ι ἐ[κ συ]ν[κλήτου] δ[ό]γματ[ο]ς ἐγένοντο ὀκτα[κ]όσιαι
-ἐνενή-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[κοντα]. Ἐν [τ]οῖς ἐμοῖς [θριάμ]βοις [πρὸ το]ῦ ἐμοῦ ἅρ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μ[ατος βασι]λεῖς ἢ [βασιλέων παῖ]δες [παρήχθ]ησαν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐννέα.</span> § <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Ὑπάτ]ε[υ]ον τρὶς καὶ δέκ[ατο]ν, ὅτε
-τ[αῦ]τα ἔγραφον</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ ἤμη[ν τρια]κ[οστὸ]ν καὶ ἕβδομ[ον δημαρχ]ικῆς</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">III.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐξουσίας</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 5.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Αὐτεξούσιόν μοι ἀρχὴν καὶ ἀπόντι καὶ παρόντι</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διδομένην [ὑ]πό τε τοῦ δήμου καὶ τῆς συνκλήτου</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μ[άρκ]ῳ [Μ]αρκέλλῳ καὶ Λευκίῳ Ἀρρουντίῳ ὑπάτοις</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ο[ὐκ ἐδ]εξάμην. § Οὐ παρητησάμην ἐν τῇ μεγίστῃ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τοῦ] σ[είτ]ου σπάνει τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν τῆς ἀγορᾶς, ἣν οὕ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τως ἐπετήδευ]σα, ὥστ’ ἐν ὀλίγαις ἡμέρα[ις το]ῦ παρόντος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φόβου καὶ κι[νδ]ύνου ταῖς ἐμαῖς δαπάναις τὸν δῆμον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐλευθερῶσα[ι]. Ὑπατείαν τέ μοι τότε δι[δ]ομένην καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐ[ν]ιαύσιον κα[ὶ δ]ι[ὰ] βίου οὐκ ἐδεξάμην.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 6.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὑπάτοις Μάρκῳ Οὐινουκίῳ καὶ Κοίντῳ Λ[ουκρ]ητ[ίῳ]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ μετὰ τα[ῦ]τα Ποπλίῳ καὶ Ναίῳ Λέντλοις καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρίτον Παύλλῳ Φαβίῳ Μαξίμῳ καὶ Κοίν[τῳ] Του-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βέρωι § τῆς [τε σ]υνκλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τοῦ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ῥωμαίων ὁμολογ[ο]ύντων, ἵν[α ἐπιμε]λητὴς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῶν τε νόμων καὶ τῶν τρόπων ἐ[πὶ τῇ με]γίστῃ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ἐξ]ουσ[ίᾳ μ]ό[νο]ς χειροτονηθῷ §, ἀρχὴν οὐδε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μ[ία]ν πα[ρὰ τὰ πά]τρ[ια] ἔ[θ]η διδομένην ἀνεδε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξάμην· § ἃ δὲ τότε δι’ ἐμοῦ ἡ σύνκλητος οἰ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κονομεῖσθαι ἐβούλετο, τῆς δημαρχικῆς ἐξο[υ]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σίας ὢν ἐτέλε[σα. Κ]αὶ ταύτης αὐτῆς τῆς ἀρχῆς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">συνάρχοντα [αὐτ]ὸς ἀπὸ τῆς συνκλήτου π[εν]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τάκις αἰτήσας [ἔλ]αβον.</span></p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">IV.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 7.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τριῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐγενόμην δημοσίων πραγμάτων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατορθωτὴς συνεχέσιν ἔτεσιν δέκα. § Πρῶτον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀξιώματος τόπον ἔσχον τῆς συνκλήτου ἄχρι</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ταύτης τῆς ἡμέρας, ἧς ταῦτα ἔγραφον, ἐπὶ ἔτη τεσ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σαράκοντα. § Ἀρχιερεύς, § αὔγουρ, § τῶν δεκαπέντε ἀν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δρῶν τῶν ἱεροποιῶν, § τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀνδρῶν ἱεροποι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ῶν, § ἀ[δε]λφὸς ἀρουᾶλις, § ἑταῖρος Τίτιος, § φητιᾶλις.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 8.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τῶν [πατ]ρικίων τὸν ἀριθμὸν εὔξησα πέμπτον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὕπατ[ος ἐπιτ]αγῇ τοῦ τε δήμου καὶ τῆς συνκλὴ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">του. § [Τὴν σύ]νκλητον τρὶς ἐπέλεξα. § Ἕκτον ὕπα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τος τὴν ἀπ[ο]τείμησιν τοῦ δήμου συνάρχον-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τ]α ἔχων Μᾶρκον Ἀγρίππαν ἔλαβον, ἧτις ἀπο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τείμη]σις μετὰ [δύο καὶ] τεσσαρακοστὸν ἐνιαυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὸν [σ]υνε[κ]λείσθη. Ἐν ᾗ ἀποτειμήσει Ῥωμαίων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐτει[μήσ]α[ντο] κεφαλαὶ τετρακό[σιαι ἑ]ξήκον-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τα μυ[ριάδες καὶ τρισχίλιαι. Δεύτερον ὑ]πατι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κῇ ἐξ[ουσίᾳ μόνος Γαΐῳ Κηνσωρίνῳ καὶ]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Γαίῳ [Ἀσινίῳ ὑπάτοις τὴν ἀποτείμησιν ἔλαβον·]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐν [ᾗ] ἀπ[οτειμήσει ἐτειμήσαντο Ῥωμαί]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ων τετ[ρακόσιαι εἴκοσι τρεῖς μυριάδες καὶ τ]ρι[σ]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χίλιοι. Κ[αὶ τρίτον ὑπατικῇ ἐξουσίᾳ τὰς ἀποτειμή]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σε[ι]ς ἔλα[βο]ν, [ἔχω]ν [συνάρχοντα Τιβέριον]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Καίσαρα τὸν υἱόν μο[υ Σέξτῳ Πομπηίῳ καὶ]</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">V.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Σέξτῳ Ἀππουληίῳ ὑπάτοις· ἐν ᾗ ἀποτειμήσει</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐτειμήσαντο Ῥωμαίων τετρακόσιαι ἐνενήκοντα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρεῖς μυριάδες καὶ ἑπτακισχείλιοι. § Εἰσαγαγὼν και-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νοὺς νόμους πολλὰ ἤδη τῶν ἀρχαίων ἐθῶν κα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ταλυόμενα διωρθωσάμην καὶ αὐτὸς πολλῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πραγμάτων μείμημα ἐμαυτὸν τοῖς μετέπει-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τα παρέδωκα.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 9.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Εὐχὰς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς σωτηρίας ἀναλαμβάνειν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διὰ τῶν ὑπάτων καὶ ἱερέων καθ’ ἑκάστην πεν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τετηρίδα ἐψηφίσατο ἡ σύνκλητος. ἐκ τού-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">των τῶν εὐχῶν πλειστάκις ἐγένοντο θέαι,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοτὲ μὲν ἐκ τῆς συναρχίας τῶν τεσσάρων ἱερέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ων, τοτὲ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπάτων. Καὶ κατ’ ἰδίαν δὲ καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατὰ πόλεις σύνπαντες οἱ πολεῖται ὁμοθυμα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δ[ὸν] συνεχῶς ἔθυσαν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς σω[τ]ηρίας.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 10.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τὸ ὄν[ομ]ά μου συνκλήτου δόγματι ἐνπεριελή-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φθη εἰ[ς τοὺ]ς σαλίων ὕμνους. καὶ ἵνα ἱερὸς ᾦ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διὰ [βίο]υ [τ]ε τὴν δημαρχικὴν ἔχῳ ἐξουσίαν,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νό[μῳ ἐκ]υρώθη. § Ἀρχιερωσύνην, ἣν ὁ πατήρ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[μ]ου [ἐσχ]ήκει τοῦ δήμου μοι καταφέροντος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἰς τὸν τοῦ ζῶντος τόπον, οὐ προσεδεξά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μ[η]ν. § [ἣ]ν ἀρχιερατείαν μετά τινας ἐνιαυτοὺς</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">VI.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀποθανόντος τοῦ προκατειληφότος αὐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὴν ἐν πολειτικαῖς ταραχαῖς, ἀνείληφα, εἰς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὰ ἐμὰ ἀρχαιρέσια ἐξ ὅλης τῆς Ἰταλίας τοσού-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">του πλήθους συνεληλυθότος, ὅσον οὐδεὶς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔνπροσθεν ἱστόρησεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης γεγονέναι Πο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλίῳ Σουλπικίῳ καὶ Γαίῳ Οὐαλγίῳ ὑπάτοις.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 11.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Βωμὸν Τύχης σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρὸς τῇ Καπήνῃ πύλῃ ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν·</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρὸς ᾧ τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας, ἐνιαύσιον θυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐν ᾗ ὑπάτοις Κοίντῳ Λουκρητίῳ καὶ Μάρκῳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Οὐινουκίῳ ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θει[ν], τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 12.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Δόγματι σ[υ]νκλήτου οἱ τὰς μεγίστας ἀρχὰς ἄρ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξαντε[ς σ]ὺν μέρει στρατηγῶν καὶ δημάρχων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μετὰ ὑπ[ά]του Κοίντου Λουκρητίου ἐπέμφθη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σάν μοι ὑπαντήσοντες μέχρι Καμπανίας, ἥτις</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τειμὴ μέχρι τούτου οὐδὲ ἑνὶ εἰ μὴ ἐμοὶ ἐψηφίσ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θη. § Ὅτε ἐξ Ἱσπανίας καὶ Γαλατίας, τῶν ἐν ταύ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ταις ταῖς ἐπαρχείαις πραγμάτων κατὰ τὰς εὐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χὰς τελεσθέντων, εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανῆλθον §</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τιβερίῳ [Νέ]ρωνι καὶ Ποπλίῳ Κοιντιλίῳ ὑπάτοις,</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">VII.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βωμὸν Ε[ἰρ]ήνης Σεβαστῆς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανό-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δου ἀφιερωθῆναι ἐψηφίσατο ἡ σύνκλητος ἐν πε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δίῳ Ἄρεως, πρὸς ᾧ τούς τε ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ τοὺς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἱερεῖς τάς τε ἱερείας ἐνιαυσίους θυσίας ἐκέλευσε ποιεῖν</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 13.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πύλην Ἐνυάλιον, ἣν κεκλῖσθαι οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν ἠθέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λησαν εἰρηνευομένης τῆς ὑπὸ Ῥωμάοις πάσης γῆς τε</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ θαλάσσης, πρὸ μὲν ἐμοῦ, ἐξ οὗ ἡ πόλις ἐκτίσθη</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῷ παντὶ αἰῶνι δὶς μόνον κεκλεῖσθαι ὁμολογεῖ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ται, ἐπὶ δὲ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος τρὶς ἡ σύνκλητος ἐψη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φίσατο κλεισθῆναι</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 14.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὑιούς μου Γάιον καὶ Λεύκιον Καίσ[α]ρας, οὓς νεανίας ἀ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νήρπασεν ἡ τύχη, εἰς τὴν ἐμὴν τειμ[ὴ]ν ἥ τ[ε] σύνκλη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τος καὶ ὁ δῆμος τῶν Ῥωμαίων πεντεκαιδεκαέτεις</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄντας ὑπάτους ἀπέδειξεν, ἵνα μετὰ πέντε ἔτη</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἰς τὴν ὑπάτον ἀρχὴν εἰσέλθωσιν· καὶ ἀφ’ ἧς ἂν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡμέ[ρα]ς [εἰς τὴν ἀ]γορὰν [κατ]αχθ[ῶ]σιν, ἵνα [με]τέχω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σιν, τῆς συ[ν]κλήτου ἐψηφίσατο. § ἱππεῖς δὲ Ῥω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαίων σύν[π]αντες ἡγεμόνα νεότητος ἑκάτε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρον αὐτῶν [πρ]οσηγόρευσαν, ἀσπίσιν ἀργυρέαις</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ δόρασιν [ἐτ]είμησαν.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 15.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Δήμῳ Ῥωμα[ίω]ν κατ’ ἄνδρα ἑβδομήκοντα π[έντ]ε</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δηνάρια ἑκάστῳ ἠρίθμησα κατὰ δια-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θήκην τοῦ πατρός μου, καὶ τῷ ἐμῷ ὀνόματι</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐκ λαφύρων [π]ο[λέ]μου ἀνὰ ἑκατὸν δηνάρια</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">VIII.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πέμπτον ὕπατος ἔδωκα, § πάλιν τε δέ[κατο]ν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπατεύων ἐκ τ[ῆ]ς ἐμῆς ὑπάρξεως ἀνὰ δηνά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρια ἑκατὸν ἠρίθ[μ]ησα, [§] καὶ ἑνδέκατον ὕπατος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δώδεκα σειτομετρήσεις ἐκ τοῦ ἐμοῦ βίου ἀπε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μέτρησα, [§] καὶ δημαρχικῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ δωδέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατον ἑκατὸν δηνάρια κατ’ ἄνδρα ἔδωκα· αἵτ[ι]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νες ἐμαὶ ἐπιδόσεις οὐδέποτε ἧσσον ἦλθ[ο]ν ε[ἰ]ς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄνδρας μυριάδων εἴκοσι πέντε. δημα[ρ]χικῆς ἐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξουσίας ὀκτωκαιδέκατον, ὕπατ[ος] δ[ωδέκατον]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τριάκοντα τρισ[ὶ] μυριάσιν ὄχλου πολειτικ[οῦ ἑ]ξή-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[κοντα δηνάρια κατ’ ἄνδρα ἔδωκα, κα]ὶ ἀποίκοις στρα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τιωτῶν ἐμῶν πέμπτον ὕπατος ἐ[κ] λαφύρων κατὰ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄνδρα ἀνὰ διακόσια πεντήκοντα δηνάρια ἔδ[ωκα·]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔλαβον ταύτην τὴν δωρεὰν ἐν ταῖς ἀποικίαις ἀν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θρώπων μυριάδες πλ[εῖ]ον δώδε[κα. ὕ]πατος τ[ρι]σ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καιδέκατον ἀνὰ ἑξήκοντα δηνάρια τῷ σειτομετ[ρου]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μένῳ δήμῳ ἔδω[κα· οὗτο]ς ἀρ[ι]θμ[ὸς πλείων εἴκο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σ]ι [μυ]ριάδων ὑπῆρχ[ε]ν</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 16.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Χρήματα ἐν ὑπατείᾳ τετάρτῃ ἐμῇ κα[ὶ] μετὰ ταῦτα ὑ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πάτοις Μάρκῳ Κράσσῳ καὶ Ναίῳ Λέντλῳ αὔγου-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρι ταῖς πόλεσιν ἠρίθμησα ὑπὲρ ἀργῶν, οὓς ἐμέρισα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοῖς στρατ[ιώ]ταις. Κεφαλαίου ἐγένοντο ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μὲν μύριαι π[εντακι]σ[χ]ε[ίλιαι μυ]ριάδες, [τῶ]ν [δὲ
-ἐ]παρ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χειτικῶν ἀγρῶν [μ]υ[ριάδες ἑξακισχίλ]ιαι πεν[τακό]σ[ιαι]</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bq">IX.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τοῦτο πρῶτος καὶ μόνος ἁπάντων ἐπόησα τῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[κατα]γαγόντων ἀποικίας στρατιωτῶν ἐν Ἰτα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λίᾳ ἢ ἐν ἐπαρχείαις μέχρι τῆς ἐμῆς ἡλικίας. § καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μετέπειτα Τιβερίῳ Νέρωνι καὶ Ναίῳ Πείσωνι ὑπά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοις καὶ πάλιν Γαίῳ Ἀνθεστίῳ καὶ Δέκμῳ Λαι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λίῳ ὑπάτοις καὶ Γαίῳ Καλουισίῳ καὶ Λευκίῳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πασσιήνῳ [ὑ]πάτο[ι]ς [καὶ Λ]ευκίῳ Λέντλῳ καὶ Μάρ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κῳ Μεσσάλ[ᾳ] ὑπάτοις κ[α]ὶ [Λ]ευκίῳ Κανιν[ί]ῳ καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Κ]οίντῳ Φα[β]ρικίῳ ὑπάτοις στρατιώταις ἀπολυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ομένοις, οὓς κατήγαγον εἰς τὰς ἰδίας πόλ[εις], φιλαν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θρώπου ὀνόματι ἔδωκα μ[υρ]ιάδας ἐγγὺς [μυρία]ς</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 17.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τετρά[κ]ις χρήμ[α]σιν ἐμοῖς [ἀν]έλαβον τὸ αἰράριον, [εἰς]
-ὃ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[κ]ατήνενκα [χ]ειλίας [ἑπτ]ακοσίας πεντήκοντα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μυριάδας. κ[αὶ] Μ[ά]ρκῳ [Λεπίδῳ] καὶ Λευκίῳ Ἀρρουν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τίῳ ὑ[πάτοις ε]ἰς τ[ὸ] στ[ρ]α[τιωτ]ικὸν αἰράριον, ὃ τῇ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ἐμῇ] γ[ν]ώ[μῃ] κατέστη, ἵνα [ἐ]ξ αὐτοῦ αἱ δωρ[ε]αὶ εἰσ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[έπειτα τοῖς ἐ]μοῖς σ[τρατι]ώταις δίδωνται, ο[ἳ εἴκο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σι]ν ἐνιαυτο[ὺ]ς ἢ πλείονας ἐστρατεύσαντο, μ[υ]ρι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">άδα[ς] τετρά[κ]ις χειλίας διακοσίας πεντήκοντα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ἐκ τῆς ἐ]μ[ῆς] ὑπάρξεως κατήνενκα</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 18.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Ἀπ’ ἐκ]είνου τ[ο]ῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ, ἐ[φ’] οὗ Ναῖος καὶ Πόπλιος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Λ]έντλοι ὕπατοι ἐγένοντο, ὅτε ὑπέλειπον αἱ δη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[μό]σιαι πρόσοδοι, ἄλλοτε μὲν δέκα μυριάσιν, ἄλ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[λοτε] δὲ πλείοσιν σειτικὰς καὶ ἀργυρικὰς συντάξεις</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">X.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐκ τῆς ἐμῆς ὑπάρξεως ἔδωκα.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 19.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Βουλευτήρ[ιο]ν καὶ τὸ πλησίον αὐτῷ χαλκιδικόν,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ναόν τε Ἀπόλλωνος ἐν Παλατίῳ σὺν στοαῖς,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ναὸν θεοῦ [Ἰ]ουλίου, Πανὸς ἱερόν, στοὰν πρὸς ἱπ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ποδρόμῳ τῷ προσαγορευομένῳ Φλαμινίῳ, ἣν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἴασα προσαγορεύεσθαι ἐξ ὀνόματος ἐκείνου Ὀκτα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ουίαν, ὃ[ς] πρῶτος αὐτὴν ἀνέστησεν, ναὸν πρὸς τῷ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μεγάλῳ ἱπποδρόμῳ, [§] ναοὺς ἐν Καπιτωλίῳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Διὸς τροπαιοφόρου καὶ Διὸς βροντησίου, ναὸν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Κυρείν[ο]υ, [§] ναοὺς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ Ἥρας βασιλίδος καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Διὸς Ἐλευθερίου ἐν Ἀουεντίνῳ, ἡρώων πρὸς τῇ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἱερᾷ ὁδῷ, θεῶν κατοικιδίων ἐν Οὐελίᾳ, ναὸν Νεό-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τητο[ς, να]ὸν μητρὸς θεῶν ἐν Παλατίῳ ἐπόησα.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 20.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Καπιτώλ[ιο]ν καὶ τὸ Πομπηίου θέατρον ἑκάτερον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὸ ἔργον ἀναλώμασιν μεγίστοις ἐπεσκεύασα ἄ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νευ ἐπιγραφῆς τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὀνόματος. § Ἀγωγοὺς ὑ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δάτω[ν ἐν πλεί]στοις τόποις τῇ παλαιότητι ὀλισ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θάνον[τας ἐπ]εσκευσα καὶ ὕδωρ τὸ καλούμενον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μάρ[κιον ἐδί]πλωσα πηγὴν νέαν εἰς τὸ ῥεῖθρον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[αὐτοῦ ἐποχετεύσ]ας. [§] Ἀγορὰν Ἰουλίαν καὶ βασι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[λικὴν τὴν μεταξὺ τ]οῦ τε ναοῦ τῶν Διοσκό-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ρων καὶ Κρόνου κατα]βεβλημένα ἔργα ὑπὸ τοῦ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[πατρὸς ἐτελείωσα κα]ὶ τὴν αὐτὴν βασιλικὴν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[καυθεῖσαν ἐπὶ αὐξηθέντι] ἐδάφει αὐτῆς ἐξ ἐπι</span>-</p>
-
-<p class="bq">XI.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γραφῆς ὀνόματος τῶν ἐμῶν υἱῶν ὑπ[ηρξάμη]ν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ εἰ μὴ αὐτὸς τετελειώκ[ο]ι[μι, τ]ελε[ι]ω[θῆναι ὑπὸ]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῶν ἐμῶν κληρονόμων ἐπέταξα. § Δ[ύ]ο [καὶ ὀγδο-]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ήκοντα ναοὺς ἐν τῇ πόλ[ει ἕκτ]ον ὕπ[ατος δόγμα]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τι συνκ[λ]ήτου ἐπεσκεύασ[α] ο[ὐ]δένα π[ε]ριλ[ιπών, ὃς]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐκείνῳ τῷ χρόνῳ ἐπισκευῆς ἐδεῖτο. § [Ὕ]πα[τος ἕ]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βδ[ο]μον ὁδὸν Φ[λαμινίαν ἀπὸ] Ῥώμης [Ἀρίμινον]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γ[εφ]ύρας τε τὰς ἐν αὐτῇ πάσας ἔξω δυεῖν τῶν μὴ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπ[ι]δεομένων ἐ[π]ισκευῆς ἐπόησα.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 21.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἐν ἰδιωτικῷ ἐδάφει Ἄρεως Ἀμύντορος ἀγοράν τε Σε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βαστὴν ἐκ λαφύρων ἐπόησα. [§] Θέατρον πρὸς τῷ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀπόλλωνος ναῷ ἐπὶ ἐδάφους ἐκ πλείστου μέρους ἀγο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρασθέντος ἀνήγειρα [§] ἐπὶ ὀνόματος Μαρκέλλου</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοῦ γαμβροῦ μου. Ἀναθέματα ἐκ λαφύρων ἐν Καπι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τωλίῳ καὶ ναῷ Ἰουλίῳ καὶ ναῷ Ἀπόλλωνος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ Ἑστίας καὶ Ἄ[ρεω]ς ἀφιέρωσα, ἃ ἐμοὶ κατέστη</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐνγὺς μυριάδω[ν δι]σχε[ι]λίων πεντακ[οσίων.]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Εἰς χρυσοῦν στέφανον λειτρῶν τρισ[μυρίων]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πεντακισχειλίων καταφερούσαις τα[ῖς ἐν Ἰ]ταλί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ᾳ πολειτείαις καὶ ἀποικίαις συνεχώρη[σ]α τὸ [πέμ]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πτον ὑπατεύων, καὶ ὕστερον ὁσάκις [αὐτ]οκράτωρ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">προσηγορεύθην, τὰς εἰς τὸν στέφανο[ν ἐ]παγγε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λίας οὐκ ἔλαβον ψηφιζομένων τῶν π[ολειτει]ῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ ἀποικιῶν μετὰ τῆς αὐτῆς προθ[υμίας, κα]θ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">XII.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ά[περ ἐψηφίσαντο π]ρό[τερον].</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 22.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Τρὶς μονο]μαχ[ίαν ἔδω]κα τῷ ἐμῷ ὀνόματι καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[πεντάκις τῶν υἱῶν μου ἢ υἱ]ωνῶν. ἐν αἷς μονο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[μαχίαις ἐμαχέσαντο ἐ]ν[γὺς μύ]ρι[ο]ι. Δὶς ἀθλητῶ[ν] παν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τ[αχόθεν] με[ταπεμφθέντων γυμνικο]ῦ ἀγῶνος θέαν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τῷ δήμῳ π]αρέσχον τ[ῷ ἐ]μῷ ὀνόματι καὶ τρίτ[ον]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τ[οῦ υἱωνοῦ μου. Θέας ἐπόη]σα δι’ ἐμοῦ τετράκ[ις,]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διὰ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἀρχῶν ἐν μέρει τρὶς καὶ εἰκοσάκις</span>. §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὑπὲρ τῶν δεκαπέντε [ἀνδρ]ῶν, ἔχων συνάρχοντα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μᾶρκον Ἀγρίππ[αν, τὰς θ]έας [δ]ιὰ ἑκατὸν ἐτῶν γεινο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μένας ὀν[ομαζομένα]ς σ[αι]κλάρεις ἐπόησα Γαίῳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Φουρνίῳ κ[αὶ] Γαίῳ Σε[ι]λανῷ ὑπάτοις. [§] Ὕπατος τρισ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καιδέκατον [θέας Ἄρεως πρ]ῶτος ἐπόησα, ἃς μετ’ ἐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κεῖνο[ν χ]ρόνον ἑξῆς [τοῖς μ]ετέπειτα ἐνιαυτοῖς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δ</span> .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μοι ἐπόησαν οἱ ὕπα-</span> .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τοι]</span> .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ν</span> .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ης θηρίων ε</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 23.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ν[αυμαχίας θέαν τῷ δήμῳ ἔδω]κα πέ[ρ]αν τοῦ Τι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[βέριδος, ἐν ᾧ τόπῳ ἐστὶ νῦ]ν ἄλσος Καισά[ρω]ν,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐκκεχω[κὼς τὸ ἔδαφος] ε[ἰ]ς μῆκ[ο]ς χειλίων ὀκτακο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σίων ποδ[ῶν, εἰς π]λάτ[ο]ς χιλίων διακο[σ]ίων. ἐν ᾗ</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">XIII.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τριάκο[ν]τα ναῦς ἔμβολα ἔχουσαι τριήρεις ἢ δί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κροτ[οι, αἱ] δὲ ἥσσονες πλείους ἐναυμάχησαν</span>. §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἐν τ[ούτῳ] τῷ στόλῳ ἠγωνίσαντο ἔξω τῶν ἐρετῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρόσπ[ο]υ ἄνδρες τρ[ι]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 24.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Ἐν ναοῖ]ς π[ασ]ῶν πόλεω[ν] τῆς [Ἀ]σί[α]ς νεικήσας τὰ
-ἀναθέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ματα ἀπ]οκατέστησα, [ἃ εἶχεν] ἰ[δίᾳ] ἱεροσυλήσας ὁ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπ’ [ἐμοῦ] δ[ι]αγωνισθεὶς πολέ[μιος]. Ἀνδρίαντες πε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ζοὶ καὶ ἔφιπποί μου καὶ ἐφ’ ἅρμασιν ἀργυροῖ εἱστήκει-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σαν ἐν τῇ πόλει ἐνγὺς ὀγδοήκοντα, οὓς αὐτὸς ἦρα</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐκ τούτου τε τοῦ χρήματος ἀναθέματα χρυσᾶ ἐν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος τῷ τε ἐμῷ ὀνόματι καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐκεῖνων, οἵτινές με [τ]ούτοις τοῖς ἀνδριᾶσιν ἐτείμη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σαν, ἀνέθηκα</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 25.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Θάλασσα[ν] πειρατευομένην ὑπὸ ἀποστατῶν δού-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λων [εἰρήν]ευσα. ἐξ ὧν τρεῖς που μυριάδας τοῖς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δε[σπόται]ς εἰς κόλασιν παρέδωκα.</span> § <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὤμοσεν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[εἰς τοὺς ἐμοὺ]ς λόγους ἅπασα ἡ Ἰταλία ἑκοῦσα κἀ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[μὲ πολέμου,] ᾧ ἐπ’ Ἀκτίῳ ἐνε[ί]κησα, ἡγεμόνα ἐξη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τήσατο, ὤ]μοσαν εἰς τοὺς [αὐτοὺ]ς λόγους ἐπα[ρ]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χε[ῖαι Γαλα]τία Ἱσπανία Λιβύη Σι[κελία Σαρ]δώ. Οἱ ὑπ’ ἐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μ[αῖς σημέαις τό]τε στρατευ[σάμενοι ἦσαν συνκλητι-]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[κοὶ πλείους ἑπτ]α[κοσί]ων· [ἐ]ν [αὐτοῖς οἳ ἢ πρότερον ἢ]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[μετέπειτα] ἐγ[ένον]το [ὕπ]α[τοι εἰς ἐκ]ε[ί]ν[ην τὴν ἡ]μέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ραν, ἐν ᾗ ταῦτα γέγραπτα]ι, ὀ[γδοήκο]ντα τρε[ῖ]ς, ἱερ[εῖ]ς</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">XIV.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρόσπου ἑκατὸν ἑβδομή[κ]οντα</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 26.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πασῶν ἐπαρχειῶν δήμο[υ Ῥω]μαίων, αἷς ὅμορα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἦν ἔθνη τὰ μὴ ὑποτασσ[όμ]ενα τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἡ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γεμονία, τοὺς ὅρους ἐπεύξ[ησ]α.</span> [§] <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Γαλατίας καὶ
-Ἱσ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πανίας, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Γερμανίαν καθὼς Ὠκεα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νὸς περικλείει ἀπ[ὸ] Γαδε[ίρ]ων μέχρι στόματος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἄλβιος ποταμο[ῦ ἐν] εἰρήνη κατέστησα. Ἄλπης ἀπὸ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κλίματος τοῦ πλησίον Εἰονίου κόλπου μέχρι Τυρ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρηνικῆς θαλάσσης εἰρηνεύεσθαι πεπόηκα</span>, [§] <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οὐδενὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔθνει ἀδίκως ἐπενεχθέντος πολέμου.</span> [§] <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Στόλος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐμὸς διὰ Ὠκεανοῦ ἀπὸ στόματος Ῥήνου ὡς πρὸς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνατολὰς μέχρι ἔθνους Κίμβρων διέπλευσεν, οὗ οὔ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τε κατὰ γῆν οὔτε κατὰ θάλασσαν Ῥωμαίων τις πρὸ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τούτου τοῦ χρόνου προσῆλθεν· καὶ Κίμβροι καὶ Χάλυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βες καὶ Σέμνονες ἄλλα τε πολλὰ ἔθνη Γερμανῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διὰ πρεσβειῶν τὴν ἐμὴν φιλίαν καὶ τὴν δήμου Ῥω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαίων ἠτήσαντο. Ἐμῇ ἐπιταγῇ καὶ οἰωνοῖς αἰσί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οις δύο στρατεύματα, ἐπέβη Αἰθιοπίᾳ καὶ Ἀραβίᾳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῇ εὐδαίμονι καλωυμένῃ μεγάλας τε τῶν πο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λεμίων δυνάμεις κατέκοψεν ἐν παρατάξει καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλείστας πόλεις δοριαλώτους ἔλαβεν καὶ προ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">έβη ἐν Αἰθιοπίᾳ μέχρι πόλεως Ναβάτης, ἥτις</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐστὶν ἔνγιστα Μερόη, ἐν Ἀραβίᾳ δὲ μέχρι πόλε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ως Μαρίβας.</span></p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">XV.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 27.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Αἴγυπτον δήμου Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίᾳ προσέθηκα.</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀρμενίαν τὴν μ[εί]ζονα ἀναιρεθέντος τοῦ βασιλέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ως δυνάμενος ἐπαρχείαν ποῆσαι μᾶλλον ἐβου-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λήθην κατὰ τὰ πάτρια ἡμῶν ἔθη βασιλείαν Τιγρά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νῃ Ἀρταουάσδου υἱῷ, υἱωνῷ δὲ Τιγράνου βασι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λέως δ[ο]ῦν[α]ι διὰ Τιβερίου Νέρωνος, ὃς τότ’ ἐμοῦ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρόγονος ἦν· καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ἔθνος ἀφιστάμενον καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀναπολεμοῦν δαμασθὲν ὑπὸ Γαΐου τοῦ υἱοῦ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μου βασιλεῖ Ἀριοβαρζάνει, βασιλέως Μήδων Ἀρτα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βάζου υἱῷ παρέδωκα καὶ μετὰ τὸν ἐκείνου θάνα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τον τῷ υἱῷ αὐτοῦ Ἀρταουάσδη· οὗ ἀναιρεθέντος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τιγράνην, ὃς ἦν ἐκ γένους Ἀρμενίου βασιλικοῦ, εἰς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὴν βασιλείαν ἔπεμψα. § Ἐπαρχείας ἁπάσας, ὅσαι</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πέραν τοῦ Εἰονίου κόλπου διατείνουσι πρὸς ἀνα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τολὰς, καὶ Κυρήνην ἐκ μείσζονος μέρους ὑπὸ βασι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λέων κατεσχημένας καὶ ἔμπροσθεν Σικελίαν καὶ Σαρ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δῲ προκατειλημένας πολέμῳ δουλικῷ ἀνέλαβον.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 28.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀποικίας ἐν Λιβύῃ Σικελίᾳ Μακεδονίᾳ ἐν ἑκατέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρα τε Ἱσπανίᾳ Ἀχαίᾳ Ἀσίᾳ Συρίᾳ Γαλατίᾳ τῇ πε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρὶ Νάρβωνα Πισιδίᾳ στρατιωτῶν κατήγαγον. § Ἰτα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λία δὲ εἴκοσι ὀκτὼ ἀποικίας ἔχει ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ καταχθεί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σας, αἳ ἐμοῦ περιόντος πληθύουσαι ἐτύνχανον.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 29.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Σημέας στρατιωτικὰς [πλείους ὑ]πὸ ἄλλων ἡγεμό-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νων ἀποβεβλημένας [νικῶν τοὺ]ς πολεμίους</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">XVI.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀπέλαβον § ἐξ Ἱσπανίας καὶ Γαλατίας καὶ παρὰ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Δαλματῶν· Πάρθους τριῶν στρατευμάτων Ῥωμαί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ων σκῦλα καὶ σημέας ἀποδοῦναι ἐμοὶ ἱκέτας τε φι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λίαν δήμου Ῥωμαίων ἀξιῶσαι ἠνάγκασα. [§] ταύτας</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δὲ τὰς σημέας ἐν τῷ Ἄρεως τοῦ Ἀμύντορος ναοῦ ἀ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δύτῳ ἀπεθέμην.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 30.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Παννονίων ἔθνη, οἷς πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος στράτευ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μα Ῥωμαίων οὐκ ἤνγισεν, ἡσσηθέντα ὑπὸ Τιβερίου</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Νέρωνος, ὃς τότ’ ἐμοῦ ἦν πρόγονος καὶ πρεσβευτής,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡγεμονίᾳ δῆμου Ῥωμαίων ὑπέταξα [§] τά τε Ἰλλυρι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κοῦ ὅρια μέχρι Ἴστρου ποταμοῦ προήγαγον· οὗ ἐπει-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ταδε Δάκων διαβᾶσα πολλὴ δύναμις ἐμοῖς αἰσίοις οἰω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νοῖς κατεκόπη. Καὶ ὕστερον μεταχθὲν τὸ ἐμὸν στρά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τευμα πέραν Ἴστρου τὰ Δάκων ἔθνη προστάλματα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δήμου Ῥωμαίων ὑπομένειν ἠνάγκασεν.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 31.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πρὸς ἐμὲ ἐξ Ἰνδίας βασιλέων πρεσβεῖαι πολλάκις ἀπε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στάλησαν, οὐδέποτε πρὸ τούτου χρόνου ὀφθεῖσαι παρὰ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμόνι. § Τὴν ἡμετέραν φιλίαν ἠξίωσαν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διὰ πρέσβεων § Βαστάρναι καὶ Σκύθαι καὶ Σαρμα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῶν οἱ ἐπιτάδε ὄντες τοῦ Τανάιδος ποταμοῦ καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἱ πέραν δὲ βασιλεῖς, καὶ Ἀλβανῶν δὲ καὶ Ἰβήρων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ Μήδων βασιλεες.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 32.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πρὸς ἐμὲ ἱκέται κατέφυγον βασιλεῖς Πάρθων μὲν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τειριδάτης καὶ μετέπειτα Φραάτης βασιλέως</span> §</p>
-
-<p class="bq">XVII.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Φράτου [υἱός, Μ]ήδ[ων] δὲ Ἀρταο[υάσδ]ης, Ἀδιαβ[η]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νῶν [Ἀ]ρτα[ξάρης, Βριτα]ννῶν Δομνοελλαῦνος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ Τ[ιμ........, Σο]υ[γ]άμβρων [Μ]αίλων, Μαρκο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μάνων [Σουήβων] ........ρος. § [Πρὸ]ς ἐμὲ βασιλεις</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πάρθων Φρα[άτης Ὠρώδο]υ υἱὸ[ς ὑ]ιοὺς [αὐτοῦ] υἱω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νούς τε πάντας ἔπεμψεν εἰς Ἰταλίαν, οὐ πολέμῳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λειφθείς, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἡμ[ε]τέραν φιλίαν ἀξιῶν ἐπὶ τέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κνων ἐνεχύροις, πλεῖστά τε ἄλλα ἔθνη πεῖραν ἔλ[α]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βεν δήμου Ῥωμαίων πίστεως ἐπ’ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἷς τὸ πρὶν οὐδεμία ἦν πρὸς δῆμον Ῥωμαίων π[ρε]σ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βειῶν καὶ φιλίας κοινωνία.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 33.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Παρ’ ἐμοῦ ἔθνη Πάρθων καὶ Μήδων διὰ πρέσβεων τῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παρ’ αὐτοῖς πρώτων βασιλεῖς αἰτησάμενοι ἔλαβ[ον]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πάρθοι Οὐονώνην βασιλέως Φράτου ὑ[ι]όν, βασιλ[έω]ς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὠρώδου υἱωνόν· Μῆδοι Ἀριοβαρζάνην βα[σ]ιλέως</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀρταβάζου υἱόν, βασιλέως Ἀριοβαρζάν[ου υἱω]νόν.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 34.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἐν ὑπατείᾳ ἕκτῃ καὶ ἑβδόμῃ μετὰ τὸ τοὺς ἐνφυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λίους ζβέσαι με πολέμους [κ]ατὰ τὰς εὐχὰς τῶν ἐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μῶν πολε[ι]τῶν ἐνκρατὴς γενόμενος πάντων τῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πραγμάτων, ἐκ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐξουσίας εἰς τὴν τῆς συν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τῶν Ῥωμαίων μετήνεγκα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κυριήαν. ἐξ ἧς αἰτίας δόγματι συνκλήτου Σεβαστὸς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">προσ[ηγορε]ύθην καὶ δάφναις δημοσίᾳ τὰ πρόπυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λ[ά μου ἐστέφθ]η, ὅ τε δρύινος στέφανος ὁ διδόμενος</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">XVIII.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπὶ σωτηρία τῶν πολειτῶν ὑπερά[ν]ω τοῦ πυλῶ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νος τῆς ἐμῆς οἰκίας ἀνετέθη, § ὅπ[λ]ον τε χρυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σοῦν ἐν τῷ βο[υ]λευτηρίῳ ἀνατεθ[ὲ]ν ὑπό τε τῆς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">συνκλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τῶν Ῥω[μα]ίων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διὰ τῆς ἐπιγραφῆς ἀρετὴν καὶ ἐπείκειαν κα[ὶ δ]ικαιοσύνην</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ εὐσέβειαν ἐμοὶ μαρτυρεῖ. § Ἀξιώμ[α]τι [§] πάντων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διήνεγκα, [§] ἐξουσίας δὲ οὐδέν τι πλεῖον ἔσχον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῶν συναρξάντων μοι.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 35.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τρισκαιδεκάτην ὑπατείαν ἄγοντός μου ἥ τε σύν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κλητος καὶ τὸ ἱππικὸν τάγμα ὅ τε σύνπας δῆμος τῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ῥωμαίων προσηγόρευσέ με πατέρα πατρίδος καὶ τοῦτο</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπὶ τοῦ προπύλου τῆς οἰκίας μου καὶ ἐν τῷ βουλευτη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρίῳ καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ τῇ Σεβαστῇ ὑπὸ τῷ ἅρματι, ὅ μοι</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δόγματι συνκλήτου ἀνετέθη, ἐπιγραφῆναι ἐψηφίσα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">το. [§] Ὅτε ἔγραφον ταῦτα, ἤγον ἔτος ἑβδομηκοστὸν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἕκτον. §</span></p>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p class="inscrip">17 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Συνκεφαλαίωσις [§] ἠριθμημένου χρήματος εἰς τὸ αἰρά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ριον ἢ εἰς τὸν δῆμον τὸν Ῥω[μαί]ων ἢ εἰς τοὺς ἀπολε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λυμένους στρατιώτας</span> [§]: <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἓξ μυριάδες μυριάδων. §</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἔργα καινὰ ἐγένετο ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ναοὶ μὲν Ἄρεως, Διὸς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βροντησίου καὶ τροπαιοφόρου, Πανός, Ἀπόλλω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νος, [§] θεοῦ Ἰουλίου, Κυρείνου, [§] Ἀ[θη]νᾶς, [§] Ἥρας
-βασιλί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δος, [§] Διὸς Ἐλευθερίου, [§] ἡρώ[ων, θεῶν π]ατρίων, [§],
-Νε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ότητος, [§] Μητρὸς θεῶν, [§] β[ουλευτήριον] σὺν χαλκι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">XIX.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δικῷ, [§] ἀγορᾷ Σεβαστῇ [§], θέατρον Μαρκέλλου, [§] β[α]σι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λικὴ Ἰουλία, [§] ἄλσος Καισάρων, [§] στοαὶ ἐ[ν] Παλατ[ί]ῳ,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στοὰ ἐν ἱπποδρόμῳ Φλαμινίῳ. § Ἐπεσκευάσθ[η τὸ Κα]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πιτώλιον, [§] ναοὶ ὀγδοήκοντα δύο, [§]θέ[ατ]ρον Π[ομ]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πηίου, [§] ὁδὸς Φλαμινία, [§] ἀγωγοὶ ὑδάτων. [Δαπ]άναι δὲ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἰς θέας καὶ μονομάχους καὶ ἀθλητὰς καὶ ναυμα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χίαν καὶ θηρομαχίαν δωρεαί [τε] ἀποικίαις πόλεσιν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ, πόλεσιν ἐν ἐπαρχείαις [§] σεισμῷ κα[ὶ] ἐνπυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρισμοῖς πεπονηκυίαις ἢ κατ’ ἄνδρα φίλοις καὶ συν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κλητικοῖς, ὧν τὰς τειμήσεις προσεξεπλήρωσεν</span>: <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πειρον πλῆθος.</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-
-<p class="bqp9em">l, 7. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἅμα</span> B. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μοι</span> or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐμοὶ</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 16. Before <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐμῶν</span> W. inserts <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῶν</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 14. Last word Apoll., <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοῦ</span>, Auc. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῶν</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">VIII, 17. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οὗτος</span>, W. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σύνπας</span>; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀριθμὸς</span>, S.
-<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀριθμῷ</span> or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀριθμὸν</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">X, 22. S. inserts <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοῦ</span> before <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Κρόνου</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">X, 23. S. inserts <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μου</span> after <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πατρὸς</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">X, 24. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καυθεῖσαν ἐπὶ</span>, S. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καταφλεχθεῖσαν ἐν</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">XII, 1. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐψηφίσαντο</span>, S. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ ἐψήφιστο</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">XIII, 22. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἳ ἢ πρότερον ἢ,</span> S. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπατικοὶ καὶ οἳ</span>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="H2ENGLISH"><span class="inblk">Below is a copy of the deeds of the divine Augustus, by which he
-subjected the whole world to the dominion of the Roman people, and
-of the amounts which he expended upon the commonwealth and the Roman
-people, as engraved upon two brazen columns which are set up at Rome.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a>
-</span></h2></div>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 1.</h3></div>
-
-<p>In my twentieth year,<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> acting upon my own judgment<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> and at my
-own expense,<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> I raised an army<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a> by means of which I restored to
-liberty the commonwealth which had been oppressed by the tyranny of
-a faction.<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> On account of this the senate by laudatory decrees
-admitted me to its order,<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">7</a> in the consulship of Gaius Pansa and Aulus
-Hirtius, and at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> the same time gave me consular rank in the expression
-of opinion,<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">8</a> and gave me the <em>imperium</em>.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">9</a> It also voted that
-I as propraetor,<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a> together with the consuls, should see to it that
-the commonwealth suffered no harm.<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a> In the same year, moreover, when
-both consuls had perished in war, the people made me consul,<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">12</a> and
-triumvir for organizing the commonwealth.<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">13</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 2.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Those who killed my father<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">14</a> I drove into exile by lawful
-judgments,<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">15</a> avenging their crime, and afterwards, when they waged
-war against the commonwealth, I twice defeated them in battle.<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">16</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 3.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I undertook civil and foreign wars by land and sea throughout the whole
-world, and as victor I showed mercy to all surviving citizens.<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">17</a>
-Foreign peoples, who could be pardoned with safety, I preferred to
-preserve rather than to destroy. About five hundred thousand Roman
-citizens took the military oath of allegiance to me.<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">18</a> Of these I
-have settled in colonies or sent back to their <em>municipia</em>,<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">19</a>
-upon the expiration of their terms of service,<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">20</a> somewhat over three
-hundred thousand, and to all these I have given lands purchased by
-me, or money for farms,<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> out of my own means. I have captured six
-hundred ships, besides those which were smaller than triremes.<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">22</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 4.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Twice I have triumphed in the ovation,<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> and three times in the
-curule triumph,<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">24</a> and I have been twenty-one times saluted as
-imperator.<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">25</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span></p>
-
-<p>After that, when the senate decreed me many triumphs,<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">26</a> I declined
-them. Likewise I often deposited the laurels in the Capitol<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">27</a> in
-fulfilment of vows which I had also made in battle. On account of
-enterprises brought to a successful issue on land and sea by me, or
-by my lieutenants under my auspices, the senate fifty-five times
-decreed that there should be a thanksgiving to the immortal gods.<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">28</a>
-The number of days, moreover, on which thanksgiving was rendered
-in accordance with the decree of the senate was eight hundred and
-ninety.<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> In my triumphs there have been led before my chariot nine
-kings, or children of kings.<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">30</a> When I wrote these words I had been
-thirteen times consul, and was in the thirty-seventh year of the
-tribunitial power.<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">31</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 5.</h3></div>
-
-<p>The dictatorship which was offered to me by the people and the senate,
-both when I was absent and when I was present, in the consulship of
-Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius, I did not accept.<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a> At a time
-of the greatest dearth of grain I did not refuse the charge of the food
-supply, which I so administered that in a few days, at my own expense,
-I freed the whole people from the anxiety and danger in which they then
-were.<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> The annual and perpetual consulship offered to me at that
-time I did not accept.<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">34</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 6.</h3></div>
-
-<p>During the consulship of Marcus Vinucius and Quintus Lucretius, and
-afterwards in that of Publius and Cnaeus Lentulus, and a third time in
-that of Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero, by the consent of
-the senate and the Roman people I was voted the sole charge of the laws
-and of morals, with the fullest power;<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">35</a> but I accepted the proffer
-of no office which was contrary to the customs of the country.<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> The
-measures of which the senate at that time wished me to take charge, I
-accomplished in virtue of my possession of the tribunitial power.<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">37</a>
-In this office I five times associated with myself a colleague, with
-the consent of the senate.<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">38</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 7.</h3></div>
-
-<p>For ten years in succession I was one of the triumvirs for organizing
-the commonwealth.<a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">39</a>
-Up to that day on which I write these words<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span>
-I have been <em>princeps</em> of the senate through forty years.<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">40</a>
-I have been <em>pontifex maximus</em>,<a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">41</a> augur,<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">42</a> a member of the
-quindecemviral college of the sacred rites,<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">43</a> of the septemviral
-college of the banquets,<a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">44</a> an Arval Brother,<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">45</a> a member of the
-Titian sodality,<a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">46</a> and a fetial.<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">47</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 8.</h3></div>
-
-<p>In my fifth consulship, by order of the people and the senate, I
-increased the number of the patricians.<a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">48</a> Three times I have revised
-the list of the senate.<a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">49</a> In my sixth consulship, with Marcus Agrippa
-as colleague, I made a census of the people. I performed the lustration
-after forty-one years. In this lustration the number of Roman citizens
-was four million and sixty-three thousand.<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">50</a> Again assuming the
-consular power in the consulship of Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius,
-I alone performed the lustration. At this census the number of Roman
-citizens was four million, two hundred and thirty thousand.<a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">51</a> A third
-time, assuming the consular power in the consulship of Sextus Pompeius
-and Sextus Appuleius, with Tiberius Cæsar as colleague, I performed the
-lustration. At this lustration the number of Roman citizens was four
-million, nine hundred and thirty-seven thousand.<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">52</a> By new legislation
-I have restored many customs of our ancestors which had now begun to
-fall into disuse, and I have myself also committed to posterity many
-examples worthy of imitation.<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">53</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 9.</h3></div>
-
-<p>The senate decreed that every fifth year vows for my good health should
-be performed by the consuls and the priests. In accordance with these
-vows games have been often celebrated during my lifetime, sometimes
-by the four chief colleges, sometimes by the consuls.<a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">54</a> In private,
-also, and as municipalities, the whole body of citizens have constantly
-sacrificed at every shrine for my good health.<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">55</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 10.</h3></div>
-
-<p>By a decree of the senate my name has been included in the Salian
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span>hymn,<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">56</a> and it has been enacted by law that I should be sacrosanct,
-and that as long as I live I should be invested with the tribunitial
-power.<a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">57</a> I refused to be made <em>pontifex maximus</em> in the place of
-a colleague still living, when the people tendered me that priesthood
-which my father held. I accepted that office after several years, when
-he was dead who had seized it during a time of civil disturbance;
-and at the comitia for my election, during the consulship of Publius
-Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius, so great a multitude assembled as, it is
-said, had never before been in Rome.<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">58</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 11.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Close to the temples of Honor and Virtue, near the Capena gate, the
-senate consecrated in honor of my return an altar to Fortune the
-Restorer, and upon this altar it ordered that the <em>pontifices</em> and
-the Vestal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span> virgins should offer sacrifice yearly on the anniversary of
-the day on which I returned into the city from Syria, in the consulship
-of Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinucius, and it called the day the
-Augustalia, from our cognomen.<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">59</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 12.</h3></div>
-
-<p>By a decree of the senate at the same time a part of the prætors and
-tribunes of the people with the consul Quintus Lucretius and leading
-citizens were sent into Campania to meet me, an honor which up to this
-time has been decreed to no one but me.<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">60</a> When I returned from Spain
-and Gaul after successfully arranging the affairs of those provinces,
-in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius, the senate
-voted that in honor of my return an altar of the Augustan Peace should
-be consecrated in the Campus Martius, and upon this altar it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span> ordered
-the magistrates and priests and vestal virgins to offer sacrifices on
-each anniversary.<a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">61</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 13.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Janus Quirinus, which it was the purpose of our fathers to close when
-there was peace won by victory<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">62</a> throughout the whole empire of
-the Roman people on land and sea, and which, before I was born, from
-the foundation of the city, was reported to have been closed twice
-in all,<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">63</a> the senate three times ordered to be closed while I was
-<em>princeps</em>.<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">64</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 14.</h3></div>
-
-<p>My sons, the Cæsars Gaius and Lucius, whom fortune snatched from me in
-their youth,<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">65</a> the senate and Roman people, in order to do me honor,
-designated as consuls in the fifteenth year of each, with the intention
-that they should enter upon that magistracy after five years.<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">66</a> And
-the senate decreed that from the day in which they were introduced into
-the forum they should share in the public counsels.<a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">67</a> Moreover the
-whole body of the Roman knights gave them the title, <em>principes</em>
-of the youth, and gave to each a silver buckler and spear.<a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">68</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 15.</h3></div>
-
-<p>To each man of the Roman <em>plebs</em> I paid three hundred sesterces
-in accordance with the last will of my father;<a id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">69</a> and in my own name,
-when consul for the fifth time, I gave four hundred sesterces from
-the spoils of the wars;<a id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">70</a> again, moreover, in my tenth consulship I
-gave from my own estate four hundred sesterces to each man by way of
-<em>congiarium</em>;<a id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">71</a> and in my eleventh consulship I twelve times
-made distributions of food, buying grain at my own expense;<a id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">72</a> and
-in the twelfth year of my tribunitial power I three times gave four
-hundred sesterces to each man.<a id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">73</a> These my donations have never
-been made to less than two hundred and fifty thousand men.<a id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">74</a> In my
-twelfth consulship and the eighteenth year of my tribunitial power I
-gave to three hundred and twenty thousand of the city <em>plebs</em>
-sixty <em>denarii</em> apiece.<a id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">75</a> In the colonies of my soldiers, when
-consul for the fifth time, I gave to each man a thousand sesterces from
-the spoils; about a hundred and twenty thousand men in the colonies
-received that triumphal donation.<a id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">76</a> When consul for the thirteenth
-time I gave sixty <em>denarii</em> to the <em>plebs</em> who were at that
-time receiving public grain; these men were a little more than two
-hundred thousand in number.<a id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">77</a> <a id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">78</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 16.</h3></div>
-
-<p>For the lands which in my fourth consulship, and afterwards in the
-consulship of Marcus Crassus and Cnæus Lentulus, the augur, I assigned
-to soldiers, I paid money to the <em>municipia</em>. The sum which I paid
-for Italian farms was about six hundred million sesterces, and that for
-lands in the provinces was about two hundred and sixty millions.<a id="FNanchor_79" href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">79</a>
-Of all those who have established colonies of soldiers in Italy or
-in the provinces I am the first and only one within the memory of my
-age, to do this. And afterward in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and
-Cnæus Piso, and also in that of Gaius Antistius and Decimus Lælius,
-and in that of Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Pasienus, and in that of
-Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messala, and in that of Lucius Caninius and
-Quintus Fabricius, I gave gratuities in money to the soldiers whom I
-sent back to their <em>municipia</em> at the expiration of their terms
-of service, and for this purpose I freely spent four hundred million
-sesterces.<a id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">80</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 17.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Four times I have aided the public treasury from my own means, to such
-extent that I have furnished to those in charge of the treasury one
-hundred and fifty million sesterces.<a id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">81</a> And in the consulship of
-Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius I paid into the military treasury
-which was established by my advice that from it gratuities might be
-given to soldiers who had served a term of twenty or more years, one
-hundred and seventy million sesterces from my own estate.<a id="FNanchor_82" href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">82</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 18.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Beginning with that year in which Cnæus and Publius Lentulus were
-consuls, when the imposts failed, I furnished aid sometimes to a
-hundred thousand men, and sometimes to more, by supplying grain or
-money for the tribute from my own land and property.<a id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">83</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 19.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I constructed<a id="FNanchor_84" href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">84</a> the Curia,<a id="FNanchor_85" href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">85</a> and the Chalcidicum adjacent
-thereto,<a id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">86</a> the temple of Apollo on the Palatine, with its
-porticoes,<a id="FNanchor_87" href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a> the temple of the divine Julius,<a id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a> the Lupercal,<a id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">89</a>
-the portico to the Circus of Flaminius, which I allowed to bear the
-name, Portico Octavia, from his name who constructed the earlier one
-in the same place;<a id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">90</a> the Pulvinar at the Circus Maximus,<a id="FNanchor_91" href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">91</a> the
-temples of Jupiter the Vanquisher<a id="FNanchor_92" href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">92</a> and Jupiter the Thunderer, on the
-Capitol,<a id="FNanchor_93" href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">93</a> the temple of Quirinus,<a id="FNanchor_94" href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">94</a> the temples of Minerva and
-Juno Regina and of Jupiter Libertas, on the Aventine,<a id="FNanchor_95" href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">95</a> the temple of
-the Lares on the highest point of the Via Sacra,<a id="FNanchor_96" href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">96</a> the temple of the
-divine Penates on the Velian hill,<a id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">97</a> the temple of Youth,<a id="FNanchor_98" href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">98</a> and the
-temple of the Great Mother on the Palatine.<a id="FNanchor_99" href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">99</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 20.</h3></div>
-
-<p>The Capitol and the Pompeian theatre have been restored by me at
-enormous expense for each work, without any inscription of my name.<a id="FNanchor_100" href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">100</a>
-Aqueducts which were crumbling in many places by reason of age I have
-restored, and I have doubled the water which bears the name Marcian
-by turning a new spring into its course.<a id="FNanchor_101" href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">101</a> The Forum Julium and
-the basilica which was between the temple of Castor and the temple
-of Saturn, works begun and almost completed by my father, I have
-finished; and when that same basilica was consumed by fire, I began
-its reconstruction on an enlarged site, inscribing it with the names
-of my sons; and if I do not live to complete it, I have given orders
-that it be completed by my heirs.<a id="FNanchor_102" href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">102</a> In accordance with a decree of
-the senate, while consul for the sixth time, I have restored eighty-two
-temples of the gods, passing over none which was at that time in need
-of repair.<a id="FNanchor_103" href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">103</a> In my seventh consulship I constructed the Flaminian<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span>
-way from the city to Ariminum, and all the bridges except the Mulvian
-and Minucian.<a id="FNanchor_104" href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">104</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 21.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Upon private ground I have built with the spoils of war the temple
-of Mars the Avenger, and the Augustan Forum.<a id="FNanchor_105" href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">105</a> Beside the temple
-of Apollo, I built upon ground, bought for the most part at my own
-expense, a theatre, to bear the name of Marcellus, my son-in-law.<a id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">106</a>
-From the spoils of war I have consecrated gifts in the Capitol, and
-in the temple of the divine Julius, and in the temple of Apollo, and
-in the temple of Vesta, and in the temple of Mars the Avenger; these
-gifts have cost me about a hundred million sesterces.<a id="FNanchor_107" href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">107</a> In my fifth
-consulship I remitted to the <em>municipia</em> and Italian colonies the
-thirty-five<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span> thousand pounds given me as coronary gold on the occasion
-of my triumphs, and thereafter, as often as I was proclaimed imperator,
-I did not accept the coronary gold which the <em>municipia</em> and
-colonies voted to me as kindly as before.<a id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">108</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 22.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Three times in my own name, and five times in that of my sons or
-grandsons, I have given gladiatorial exhibitions; in these exhibitions
-about ten thousand men have fought.<a id="FNanchor_109" href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">109</a> Twice in my own name,
-and three times in that of my grandson, I have offered the people
-the spectacle of athletes gathered from all quarters.<a id="FNanchor_110" href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">110</a> I have
-celebrated games four times in my own name, and twenty-three times
-in the turns of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span> other magistrates.<a id="FNanchor_111" href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">111</a> In behalf of the college of
-quindecemvirs, I, as master of the college, with my colleague Agrippa,
-celebrated the Secular Games in the consulship of Gaius Furnius and
-Gaius Silanus.<a id="FNanchor_112" href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">112</a> When consul for the thirteenth time, I first
-celebrated the Martial games, which since that time the consuls have
-given in successive years.<a id="FNanchor_113" href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">113</a> Twenty-six times in my own name,
-or in that of my sons and grandsons, I have given hunts of African
-wild beasts in the circus, the forum, the amphitheatres, and about
-thirty-five hundred beasts have been killed.<a id="FNanchor_114" href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">114</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 23.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I gave the people the spectacle of a naval battle beyond the Tiber,
-where now is the grove of the Cæsars.<a id="FNanchor_115" href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">115</a> For this purpose an
-excavation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span> was made eighteen hundred feet long and twelve hundred
-wide. In this contest thirty beaked ships, triremes or biremes, were
-engaged, besides more of smaller size. About three thousand men fought
-in these vessels in addition to the rowers.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 24.</h3></div>
-
-<p>In the temples of all the cities of the province of Asia, I, as victor,
-replaced the ornaments of which he with whom I was at war had taken
-private possession when he despoiled the temples.<a id="FNanchor_116" href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">116</a> Silver statues
-of me, on foot, on horseback and in quadrigas, which stood in the city
-to the number of about eighty, I removed, and out of their money value,
-I placed golden gifts in the temple of Apollo in my own name, and in
-the names of those who had offered me the honor of the statues.<a id="FNanchor_117" href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">117</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 25.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I have freed the sea from pirates. In that war with the slaves I
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span>delivered to their masters for punishment about thirty thousand
-slaves who had fled from their masters and taken up arms against the
-state.<a id="FNanchor_118" href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">118</a> The whole of Italy voluntarily took the oath of allegiance
-to me, and demanded me as leader in that war in which I conquered at
-Actium. The provinces of Gaul, Spain, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swore
-the same allegiance to me.<a id="FNanchor_119" href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">119</a> There were more than seven hundred
-senators who at that time fought under my standards, and among these,
-up to the day on which these words are written, eighty-three have
-either before or since been made consuls, and about one hundred and
-seventy have been made priests.<a id="FNanchor_120" href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">120</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 26.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I have extended the boundaries of all the provinces of the Roman people
-which were bordered by nations not yet subjected to our sway.<a id="FNanchor_121" href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">121</a> I
-have reduced to a state of peace the Gallic and Spanish provinces, and
-Germany, the lands enclosed by the ocean from Gades to the mouth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span> of
-the Elbe.<a id="FNanchor_122" href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">122</a> The Alps from the region nearest the Adriatic as far as
-the Tuscan Sea I have brought into a state of peace, without waging an
-unjust war upon any people.<a id="FNanchor_123" href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">123</a> My fleet has navigated the ocean from
-the mouth of the Rhine as far as the boundaries of the Cimbri, where
-before that time no Roman had ever penetrated by land or sea;<a id="FNanchor_124" href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">124</a> and
-the Cimbri and Charydes and Semnones and other German peoples of that
-section, by means of legates, sought my friendship and that of the
-Roman people.<a id="FNanchor_125" href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">125</a> By my command and under my auspices two armies at
-almost the same time have been led into Ethiopia and into Arabia, which
-is called “the Happy,” and very many of the enemy of both peoples have
-fallen in battle, and many towns have been captured. Into Ethiopia the
-advance was as far as Nabata, which is next to Meroe.<a id="FNanchor_126" href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">126</a> In Arabia
-the army penetrated as far as the confines of the Sabaei, to the town
-Mariba.<a id="FNanchor_127" href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">127</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 27.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I have added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people.<a id="FNanchor_128" href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">128</a> Of greater
-Armenia, when its king Artaxes was killed I could have made<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span> a
-province, but I preferred, after the example of our fathers, to deliver
-that kingdom to Tigranes, the son of king Artavasdes, and grandson of
-king Tigranes; and this I did through Tiberius Nero, who was then my
-son-in-law.<a id="FNanchor_129" href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">129</a> And afterwards, when the same people became turbulent
-and rebellious, they were subdued by Gaius, my son, and I gave the
-sovereignty over them to king Ariobarzanes, the son of Artabazes, king
-of the Medes, and after his death to his son Artavasdes. When he was
-killed I sent into that kingdom Tigranes, who was sprung from the royal
-house of the Armenians.<a id="FNanchor_130" href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">130</a> I recovered all the provinces across the
-Adriatic Sea, which extend toward the east, and Cyrenaica, at that time
-for the most part in the possession of kings, together with Sicily and
-Sardinia, which had been engaged in a servile war.<a id="FNanchor_131" href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">131</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 28.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I have established colonies of soldiers<a id="FNanchor_132" href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">132</a> in Africa, Sicily,
-Macedonia, the two Spains, Achaia, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensis and
-Pisidia.<a id="FNanchor_133" href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">133</a> Italy also has twenty-eight colonies established under
-my auspices, which within my lifetime have become very famous and
-populous.<a id="FNanchor_134" href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">134</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 29.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I have recovered from Spain and Gaul, and from the Dalmatians, after
-conquering the enemy, many military standards which had been lost by
-other leaders.<a id="FNanchor_135" href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">135</a> I have compelled the Parthians to give up to me
-the spoils and standards of three Roman armies, and as suppliants to
-seek the friendship of the Roman people. Those standards, moreover,
-I have deposited in the sanctuary which is in the temple of Mars the
-Avenger.<a id="FNanchor_136" href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">136</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 30.</h3></div>
-
-<p>The Pannonian peoples, whom before I became <em>princeps</em>, no army
-of the Roman people had ever attacked, were defeated by Tiberius Nero,
-at that time my son-in-law and legate; and I brought them under<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span>
-subjection to the empire of the Roman people,<a id="FNanchor_137" href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">137</a> and extended the
-boundaries of Illyricum to the bank of the river Danube.<a id="FNanchor_138" href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">138</a> When an
-army of the Dacians crossed this river, it was defeated and destroyed,
-and afterwards my army, led across the Danube, compelled the Dacian
-people to submit to the sway of the Roman people.<a id="FNanchor_139" href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">139</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 31.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Embassies have been many times sent to me from the kings of India, a
-thing never before seen in the case of any ruler of the Romans.<a id="FNanchor_140" href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">140</a>
-Our friendship has been sought by means of ambassadors by the Bastarnae
-and the Scythians, and by the kings of the Sarmatae, who are on either
-side of the Tanais, and by the kings of the Albani, the Hiberi, and the
-Medes.<a id="FNanchor_141" href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">141</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 32.</h3></div>
-
-<p>To me have betaken themselves as suppliants the kings of the
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">76</span>Parthians, Tiridates, and later, Phraates, the son of king
-Phraates;<a id="FNanchor_142" href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">142</a> of the Medes, Artavasdes;<a id="FNanchor_143" href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">143</a> of the Adiabeni,
-Artaxares;<a id="FNanchor_144" href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">144</a> of the Britons, Dumnobellaunus and Tim_____;<a id="FNanchor_145" href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">145</a>
-of the Sicambri, Maelo;<a id="FNanchor_146" href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">146</a> and of the Marcomanian Suevi,
-__________rus.<a id="FNanchor_147" href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">147</a> Phraates, king of the Parthians, son of Orodes,
-sent all his children and grandchildren into Italy to me, not because
-he had been conquered in war, but rather seeking our friendship
-by means of his children as pledges.<a id="FNanchor_148" href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">148</a> Since I have been
-<em>princeps</em> very many other races have made proof of the good
-faith of the Roman people, who never before had had any interchange of
-embassies and friendship with the Roman people.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 33.</h3></div>
-
-<p>From me the peoples of the Parthians and of the Medes have received
-the kings they asked for through ambassadors, the chief men of those
-peoples: the Parthians, Vonones, the son of king Phraates, and
-grandson of king Orodes;<a id="FNanchor_149" href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">149</a> the Medes, Ariobarzanes, the son of king
-Artavasdes, and grandson of king Ariobarzanes.<a id="FNanchor_150" href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">150</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 34.</h3></div>
-
-<p>In my sixth and seventh consulships, when I had put an end to the
-civil wars, after having obtained complete control of affairs by
-universal consent, I transferred the commonwealth from my own dominion
-to the authority of the senate and Roman people.<a id="FNanchor_151" href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">151</a> In return for
-this favor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> on my part I received by decree of the senate the title
-Augustus,<a id="FNanchor_152" href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">152</a> the door-posts of my house were publicly decked with
-laurels, a civic crown was fixed above my door,<a id="FNanchor_153" href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">153</a> and in the Julian
-Curia was placed a golden shield, which, by its inscription, bore
-witness that it was given to me by the senate and Roman people on
-account of my valor, clemency, justice and piety.<a id="FNanchor_154" href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">154</a> After that time
-I excelled all others in dignity, but of power I held no more than
-those also held who were my colleagues in any magistracy.<a id="FNanchor_155" href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">155</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 35.</h3></div>
-
-<p>While I was consul for the thirteenth time the senate and the
-equestrian order and the entire Roman people gave me the title of
-father of the fatherland, and decreed that it should be inscribed upon
-the vestibule of my house and in the Curia, and in the Augustan Forum
-beneath the quadriga which had been, by decree of the senate, set up
-in my honor.<a id="FNanchor_156" href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">156</a> When I wrote these words I was in my seventy-sixth
-year.<a id="FNanchor_157" href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">157</a></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="Supplement"><span class="smcap">Supplement.</span></h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 1.</h3></div>
-
-<p>The sum of the money which he gave in to the treasury or to the
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span>
-Roman people, or to discharged soldiers, was six hundred million denarii.<a id="FNanchor_158" href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">158</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 2.</h3></div>
-
-<p>He constructed new works as follows: the temples of Mars, of Jupiter
-the Thunderer and the Vanquisher, of Apollo, of the divine Julius,
-of Quirinus, of Minerva, of Juno Regina, of Jupiter Libertas, of the
-Lares, of the divine Penates, of Youth, and of the Mother of the
-gods, the Lupercal, the Pulvinar in the Circus, the Curia with the
-Chalcidicum, the Augustan Forum, the Basilica Julia, the Theatre of
-Marcellus, the Portico on the Palatine, the Portico in the Flaminian
-Circus, the grove of the Cæsars beyond the Tiber.<a id="FNanchor_159" href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">159</a></p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 3.</h3></div>
-
-<p>He restored the Capitol, and sacred structures to the number of
-eighty-two, the Theatre of Pompey, the aqueducts, the Flaminian
-Way.<a id="FNanchor_160" href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">160</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 4.</h3></div>
-
-<p>His expenses for theatrical representations, for gladiatorial and
-athletic exhibitions, for chases and the naval combat,<a id="FNanchor_161" href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">161</a> also for
-gifts in money to the colonies and cities of Italy,<a id="FNanchor_162" href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">162</a> to provincial
-cities suffering<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span> from earthquake or conflagrations,<a id="FNanchor_163" href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">163</a> and to
-individual friends and to senators, whose property he raised to the
-standard,<a id="FNanchor_164" href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">164</a> were innumerable.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHRONOLOGICAL_TABLE">CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p class="center smaller">(<em>Roman numerals refer to chapters.</em>)</p>
-
-<p class="noindent"><span class="allsmcap">A. U. C.</span></p>
-
-<p class="chron">706.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Made <em>pontifex</em>, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">710.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Raises army at his own cost, I; gives to each citizen 300
-sesterces, according to will of Julius Cæsar, XV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">711.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Enters senate, receives consular rank, and the <em>imperium</em>,
-becomes <em>propraetor</em>, <em>imperator</em>, consul, I; triumvir, I
-and VII; exiles murderers of Julius Cæsar, II.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">712.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;War of Philippi, II; builds the curia, XIX, app. II.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">714.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<em>Imperator</em> second and third times; ovation, IV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">716.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Recovers Sardinia, XXVII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">718.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;The Sicilian war, III and XIX; fourth time <em>imperator</em>, IV;
-punishes revolted slaves, XXV; recovers Sicily, XXVII; ovation, IV;
-receives tribunitial power, X, cf. VI; builds temple of Apollo on the
-Palatine, XIX, app. II.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">721.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Fifth time <em>imperator</em>? IV; recovers standards from
-Dalmatians, XXIX.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">722.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Becomes leader against Antony, XXV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">723.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Victory of Actium; clemency as victor, III; sixth time
-<em>imperator</em>, IV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">724.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Fourth consulship; veterans colonized, XVI; provinces east of
-the Adriatic, and Cyrenae recovered; Egypt annexed, XXVII; Artavasdes
-the Mede and Tiridates the Parthian flee to Augustus, XXXII;
-ornaments replaced in temples of Asia, XXIV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">725.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Fifth consulship, VIII, XV, XXI; seventh time <em>imperator</em>;
-triple triumph, IV; declines coronary gold, XXI; gives to 120,000
-colonized soldiers 1,000 sesterces apiece; gives the people 400
-sesterces each, XV; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; consecrates gifts
-in various temples, XXI; closes temple of Janus, XIII; name placed in
-Salian hymn, X; increases number of patricians, VIII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">726.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Sixth consulship, VIII, XX, XXXIV. Takes census; revises list
-of senators, VIII; made <em>princeps senatus</em>, VII; restores city
-temples, XX, app. III; gives money to the treasury, XVII; gives
-gladiatorial and athletic shows, XXII; games vowed and celebrated for
-health of Augustus, IX; restores the commonwealth to the senate and
-people, XXXIV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">727.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Seventh consulship, XX, XXXIV. Continuation of transfer of
-power to senate and people; is called Augustus; door-posts decked
-with laurel; civic crown and golden shield accorded, XXXIV; repairs
-Flaminian Way, XX, app. III; melts down silver statues for offerings,
-XXIV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">729.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Eighth time <em>imperator</em>; refuses triumph, IV; closes temple
-of Janus the second time, XIII; Arabian expedition, XXVI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">730.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Tenth consulship; gives the people 400 sesterces each.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">731.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Eleventh consulship; twelve times supplies food for citizens,
-XV, cf. V; Ethiopian expedition, XXVI.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span></p>
-
-<p class="chron">732.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Consulship of Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius; refuses
-annual and perpetual consulship; also the dictatorship; accepts
-the administration of grain supply, V; dedicates temple of Jupiter
-Tonans, XIX.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">733.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Refuses consulship? V.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">734.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Receives embassy from India, XXXI; ninth time <em>imperator</em>?
-refuses a triumph, IV; recovers standards from Parthia, XXIX; gives
-Armenia Major to Tigranes, XXVII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">735.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinucius consuls; altar of Fortuna
-Redux consecrated; Augustalia established, XI; deputation of leading
-men meet Augustus in Campania, XII; declines the custody of laws and
-morals, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">736.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Cnaeus and Publius Lentulus consuls, VI, XVIII; remits tribute,
-XVIII; again declines custody of laws and morals; associates Agrippa
-in tribunitial power, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">737.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gaius Furnius and Gaius Silanus consuls; secular games, XXII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">738.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Augustus supplies money to the treasury, XVII; gives
-gladiatorial show, XXII; dedicates temple of Quirinus, XIX, app. II.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">739.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Tenth time <em>imperator</em>, IV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">740.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Marcus Crassus and Cnaeus Lentulus consuls; pays provincials for
-lands taken for veterans.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">741.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius consuls, XII; deposits
-laurel in the Capitol, IV; altar of the Augustan Peace dedicated,
-XII; again associates Agrippa in tribunitial power, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">742.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gaius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius consuls, X; twelfth year of
-tribunitial power, XV; eleventh time <em>imperator</em>, IV; made
-<em>pontifex maximus</em>, X; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; gives the
-people 400 sesterces each, XV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">743.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero consuls, VI; twelfth
-time <em>imperator</em>, IV; for the third time refuses the custody of
-laws and morals, VI; dedicates theater of Marcellus, XXI, app. II.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">745.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Thirteenth time <em>imperator</em>; deposits the laurel in temple
-of Jupiter Feretrius, IV; Tiberius Nero subdues the Pannonians, XXX.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">746.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius consuls; second census taken;
-list of senate revised, VIII; children of Phraates sent to Rome;
-Maelo, King of the Sicambri, surrenders himself, XXXII; fourteenth
-time <em>imperator</em>; refuses a triumph, IV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">747.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Tiberius Nero and Cnaeus Piso consuls; veterans discharged, with
-gratuities, XVI; Alpine peoples added to the empire, XXVI; gives
-gladiatorial show, XXII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">748.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gaius Antistius and Decimus Laelius consuls; veterans
-discharged, with gratuities, XVI; associates Tiberius in tribunitial
-power, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">749.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Eighteenth year of tribunitial power; twelfth consulship; gives
-sixty denarii each to 320,000 citizens; Gaius Cæsar consul designate,
-made prince of the youth, received into senate, XIV; aqueducts
-repaired, XX, app. III.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">750.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Passienus consuls; veterans
-discharged, with gratuities, XVI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">751.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messala consuls; veterans discharged,
-with gratuities, XVI.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span></p>
-
-<p class="chron">752.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Thirteenth consulship, XV, XXII, XXXV; Lucius Caninius and
-Quintus Fabricius consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities,
-XVI; gives the citizens sixty denarii each, XV; Lucius Cæsar
-consul designate, prince of the youth, and admitted to senate,
-XIV; dedicates temple of Mars Ultor, XXI, app. II; martial games
-instituted, XXII; naval contest exhibited, XXIII; title <em>pater
-patriae</em> conferred, XXXV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">755.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Lucius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; fifteenth time <em>imperator</em>,
-IV; Armenia subdued by Gaius Cæsar and given to Ariobarzanes, XXVII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">757.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gaius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; again associates Tiberius in
-tribunitial power, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">758.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Fleet penetrates to limits of the Cimbri; the Cimbri, Charudes
-and Semnones send ambassadors, XXVI; King Vonones given to the
-Parthians, XXXIII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">759.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius consuls, XVII; seventeenth
-time <em>imperator</em>, IV; Dacians subdued, XXX; gives gladiatorial
-show, XXII; military treasury established, XVII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">762.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Nineteenth time <em>imperator</em>, IV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">766.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Associates Tiberius the third time in tribunitial power, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">767.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Sextus Pompeius and Sextus Appuleius consuls, VIII;
-thirty-seventh year of tribunitial power, IV; seventy-sixth year of
-Augustus, XXXV; third census taken; list of senate revised, VIII.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY.<br />
-<br />
-
-<span class="smaller">Abbreviations as used in the Notes are put in parentheses.</span></h2></div>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak" id="EDITIONS">I. <span class="smcap">Editions.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Mommsen, Theodor: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti ex Monumentis Ancyrano et
-Apolloniensi.</b> pp. LXXXXVII, 223. With eleven photogravure plates.
-Berlin, 1883. (<em>R. G.</em>)</p>
-
-<p class="bib2">This work is so exhaustive and so full that it puts all preceding
-editions and discussions out of date. Hence this bibliography
-enumerates only such editions and discussions as have appeared since
-1883.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>C. Peltier and R. Cagnat: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti, d’après la
-dernière recension de Th. Mommsen.</b> Paris, 1886.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak" id="DISCUSSIONS">II. <span class="smcap">Discussions of the Monumentum.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Bormann, Ernest: Bemerkungen zum Schriftliche Nachlasse des
-Kaisers Augustus.</b> Marburg, 1884. Universitäts Einladung. pp. 1-46.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Bormann, Ernest: Verhandlungen der dreiundvierzigsten Versammlung
-Deutschen Philologen in Köln</b>, 1895. pp. 180-191. Leipzig, 1896.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Geppert, Paul: Zum Monumentum Ancyranum. Gymnasiums Programm.</b>
-pp. 1-18. Berlin, 1887.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Hirschfeld, Otto: Wiener Studien</b>, 1885. pp. 170-174.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Mommsen, Theodor: Historische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge</b>, XXI.
-pp. 385-397</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Nissen, H.: Rheinisches Museum</b>, XLI. 1886. pp. 481-499.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Plew, J.: Quellenuntersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers
-Hadrian, nebst einem Anhang über das Monumentum Ancyranum.</b>
-Strassburg, 1890. pp. 98-121.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Schiller, H.: Bursians Jahresbericht</b>, XLIV, 85-86.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Schmidt, Johannes: Philologus</b>, XLIV, 1885. pp. 442-470; XLV,
-1886. pp. 393-410; XLVI, 1887. pp. 70-86.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Seeck, Otto: Wochenschrift für Klassische Philologie</b>, 19 Nov.,
-1884. Col. 1473-1481.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>v. Wilamowitz, Ulrich: Hermes</b>, XXI, 1886. pp. 623-627.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Wölfflin, E.: Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen
-und historischen Klasse der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
-München</b>, 1886. pp. 253-282.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak" id="WORKS_OF_REFERENCE">III. <span class="smcap">Works of Reference Most Frequently Cited.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Gardthausen, V.: Augustus und seine Zeit.</b> 1er Th., 1er Bd.,
-pp. VIII, 484; 2er Th., 1er Hlb., pp. 276. Leipzig, 1891. 1er Th.,
-2er Bd., pp. 485-1032; 2er Th., 2er Hlb., pp. 277-649. 1896.<br />
-Not yet completed; the standard work on the subject. Second part
-contains the references. (<em>Aug.</em>)</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Marquardt, Joachim: Römische Staatsverwaltung.</b></p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Mommsen, Theodor: Römische Geschichte.</b> (<em>Röm. Gesch.</em>)</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.</b> (<b>C. I. L.</b>)</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak" id="CLASSICAL_AUTHORS">IV. <span class="smcap">Classical Authors Cited.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Ammianus Marcellinus (Amm.)</b>: <cite>Rerum Gestarum Libri</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Appianus (Appian)</b>: <cite>Bella Civilia (B. C.)</cite>; <cite>Illyrica
-(Illyr.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Cæsar, Gaius Julius (Cæs.)</b>: <cite>De Bello Gallico (B. G.)</cite>;
-<cite>De Bello Civili (B. C.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Cassiodorus (Cass.)</b>: <cite>Chronicon (Chron.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Cicero, Marcus Tullius (Cic.)</b>: <cite>Epistolae, ad Atticum (ad
-Att.)</cite>; <cite>pro Sextio (pro Sext.)</cite>; <cite>Philippica ( Phil.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Dio Cassius Cocceianus (Dio)</b>: <cite>Historia Romana</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Dionysius</b>: <cite>Archæologia Romana</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Eusebius</b>: <cite>Chronicon (Chron.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Eutropius</b>: <cite>Breviarium Historiæ Romanæ</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Festus, Sextus Pompeius</b>: <cite>De Verborum Significatione</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Florus, Lucius Annæus (Flor.)</b>: <cite>Epitome Rerum Romanarum</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Frontinus, Sextus Julius (Front.)</b>: <cite>De Aquæductibus Urbis
-Romæ Libri II (De Aq.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Gellius, Aulus (Gell.)</b>: <cite>Commentarii Noctium Atticarum</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Horatius Flaccus, Quintus (Hor.)</b>: <cite>Carmina (Carm.)</cite>;
-<cite>Satiræ (Sat.)</cite>; <cite>Carmen Sæculare (Carm. Sæc.)</cite>;
-<cite>Epistolæ (Ep.)</cite>; <cite>Epodon (Epod.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Hyginus, Gromaticus</b>: <cite>De Limitum Constructione (De Lim.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Jordanes</b>: <cite>De Getarum Origine et Rebus Gestis</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Josephus Flavius (Jos.)</b>: <cite>Jewish Wars (Wars)</cite>; <cite>Jewish
-Antiquities (Ant.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Justinus (Justin)</b>: <cite>Historiarum Philippicarum Libri XLIV</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Juvenal, Decimus Junius (Juv.)</b>: <cite>Satiræ (Sat.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Livius, Titus (Livy)</b>: <cite>Annales</cite>; <cite>Epitomæ (Ep.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius (Mac.)</b>:
-<cite>Saturnaliorum Conviviorum Libri VII (Sat.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Nepos, Cornelius (Nep.)</b>: <cite>De Viris Illustribus</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Orosius, Paulus (Oros.)</b>: <cite>Historiarum adversus Paganos (adv.
-Pag.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Ovidius Naso, Publius (Ovid)</b>: <cite>Metamorphoses (Met.)</cite>;
-<cite>Fasti</cite>; <cite>Tristia (Tr.)</cite>; <cite>Ars Amatoria (Ars Am.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span></p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Plinius Secundus, Gaius (Pliny)</b>: <cite>Historia Naturalis (Hist.
-Nat.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Plutarchus (Plut.)</b>: <cite>Vita Antonii (Ant.)</cite>; <cite>Vita Bruti
-(Brut.)</cite>; <cite>Moralia. De Fortuna Romanorum (De Fort. Rom.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Propertius, Sextus Aurelius (Prop.)</b>: <cite>Elegiæ</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Ptolemæus, Claudius (Ptol.)</b>: <cite>Geographia</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Seneca, Lucius Annæus (Sen.)</b>: <cite>De Clementia ad Neronem
-Cæsarem Libri II (De Clem.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Strabo</b>: <cite>Geographia</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Suetonius, Tranquillus Gaius (Suet.)</b>: <cite>Vita Duodecim
-Cæsarum</cite>; <cite>Julii (Jul.)</cite>; <cite>Augusti (Aug.)</cite>; <cite>Tiberii
-(Tib.)</cite>; <cite>Claudii (Claud.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Tacitus, Gaius Cornelius (Tac.)</b>: <cite>Historiæ (Hist.)</cite>;
-<cite>Annales (Ann.)</cite>; <cite>Germania (Ger.)</cite>; <cite>Agricola (Agr.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Valerius Maximus (Val.)</b>: <cite>De Factis Dictisque Memorabilibus
-Libri IX</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Varro, Marcus Terentius</b>: <cite>De Lingua Latina</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Velleius Paterculus, Gaius (Vell.)</b>: <cite>Historiæ Romanæ Libri
-II</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Vergilius Maro, Publius (Ver.)</b>: <cite>Æneid (Æn.)</cite>;
-<cite>Georgica, (Georg.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Victor, Sextus Aurelius (Vict.)</b>: <cite>Historia Romana</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Zonaras, Joannes</b>: <cite>Annales</cite>.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="NOTES">NOTES:</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">1</a> This title at Ancyra extends over the first three pages of
-the Latin, that is over so much of the inscription as is on the left
-wall of the pronaos; the Greek title extends over seventeen of the
-nineteen pages of the Greek version.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">In its present form, the title cannot be the same as that over the
-original at Rome. All from “as engraved” is certainly an addition,
-probably made by the Galatian legate who ordered the magistrates of
-Ancyra to have the inscription placed on the temple of Augustus.
-The last two words in the Latin (placed first in the English), were
-probably inserted only by a blunder at Ancyra. “A copy subjoined,”
-doubtless stood in the legate’s letter, just as we might write “see
-enclosure.” But what of the remainder of the inscription, “Of the deeds
-... Roman people”? It is hardly conceivable that this was the title
-of the inscription at Rome, because it embraces only two of the three
-parts into which the subject-matter falls. It covers the achievements
-and the expenditures of Augustus; in reverse order, however, from that
-of the document itself; and it omits any allusion to the subject-matter
-of the first fourteen chapters, which have to do with the offices and
-honors conferred upon Augustus.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">It is impossible to say what was the superscription at Rome. Possibly
-there was none. The name of Augustus, most likely, was conspicuous
-somewhere in connection with the front of the mausoleum, and this
-inscription may very well have been devoid of title.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">2</a> Augustus was nineteen years old on Sept. 23, 710.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">3</a> Cicero (<cite>Ad Att.</cite> XVI, 8, 1,) on Nov. 1, 710, writes:
-“I have letters from Octavian; great things are doing; he has led over
-to his views the veterans of Casilinum and Calatia.” Cf. Vell. II, 61.
-Dio XLVI, 29.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">4</a> Cf. Cic. (<cite>Phil.</cite> III, 2, 3), “The young Cæsar,
-without our (the senate’s) advice or consent, raised an army and poured
-forth his patrimony.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">5</a> Gardthausen, <cite>Aug.</cite> 1er Th. 2er Bd. p. 524, thinks
-that this beginning the Res Gestae with the raising of an army, is an
-admission of the military foundation of the principate.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">6</a> Such a statement is part of Augustus’ scheme to pose as a
-restorer of the old order. He makes Brutus, Cassius, Pompey and Antony
-public enemies.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">7</a> Cicero says (<cite>Phil.</cite> V, 17, 46), that on Jan. 1, 711,
-“the senate voted that Gaius Cæsar, son of Gaius, pontiff, should be a
-senator, and hold praetorian rank in speaking.” Dio (XLVI, 29), says
-that on Jan. 2 or 3, “Cæsar was made senator as a quaestor.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">8</a> Livy (<cite>Ep.</cite> CXVIII), “he received the consular
-ornaments.” App. (<cite>B. C.</cite> III, 51) adds that he was given consular
-rank in speaking. Cf. Mommsen, <cite>Röm. St.</cite>, I, pp. 442, 443.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">9</a> Cf. Cic. (<cite>Phil.</cite> ii, 8, 20), “The senate gave Gaius
-Cæsar the fasces.” Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> I, 10; Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite> CXVIII.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">10</a> App. <em>B. C.</em> III, 51. Vell. II, 61.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">11</a> The formula by which in emergencies, extraordinary powers
-were given to the ordinary magistrates. This measure had since 216 B.
-C., entirely superseded the old custom of appointing a dictator. (Cf.
-note <a href="#Footnote_32">32</a>) Chap. V. The present formula, however, had been employed long
-before the disuse of the dictatorship. Cf. Livy III, 4; VI, 19. This
-extraordinary commission was not restricted to the consuls. Cf. Cæs.
-<em>B. C.</em> I, 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">12</a> Hirtius was killed April 16, 711, and Pansa died of
-wounds received on the 15th, in the fighting against Antonius. Cæsar
-Octavianus and Q. Pedius were elected consuls Aug. 19, 711. Dio
-LVI, 30; C. I. L. I, p. 400 = x, 8375; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> I, 9; Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 100. Vell. (II, 65), says the election was on Sept. 22. But
-Macrobius, (<cite>Sat.</cite> I, 35, 25), assigns the fact that he was made
-consul in the month Sextilis, as one of the reasons why the name of
-that month was changed to August.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">13</a> C. I. L. 1, p. 466 and App. <em>B. C.</em> IV, 7, fix the
-formal ratification of the triumvirate by the people, as having been
-proposed by the tribune Publius Titius and carried in a public assembly
-on Nov. 27, 711.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">14</a> An instance of Augustus’ avoiding the names of his
-enemies; here, particularly, Brutus and Cassius.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">15</a> The <cite>Lex Pedia</cite>, Sept., 711, named from Augustus’
-colleague in the consulship, constituted an extraordinary tribunal for
-this class of offenders: the penalty was interdiction from fire and
-water, <em>i. e.</em>, outlawry. Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite> CXX; Vell. II, 69; App.
-III, 95; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 10; Dio XLVI, 49.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">16</a> The only instance in the Res Gestae of a palpable
-distortion of fact. The battles at Philippi, in November, 712, are
-referred to. For the date see Gardthausen, <cite>Aug.</cite> 2er Th. 1er
-Halbband, p. 80. In the first fight, Suetonius says (<cite>Aug.</cite> 13),
-that Cæsar hardly escaped, ill and naked, from his camp to the wing of
-Antony’s army. He was ill, and had to be carried in a litter, according
-to Plutarch, <cite>Brut.</cite> p. 41. In <cite>Antony</cite>, 22, Plutarch says:
-“In the first battle, Cæsar was completely routed by Brutus, his camp
-taken, he himself very narrowly escaping by flight.” The decisive
-defeat of the Republicans was twenty days later.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">17</a> The text here is conjectural. Mommsen is almost alone
-in holding to “surviving,” Zumpt, in his edition of 1869, had read
-“suppliant” (<em>supplicibus</em>), Bergk, in 1873, “asking pardon”
-(<em>deprecantibus</em>). Hirschfeld, the same sense, (<em>veniam
-petentibus</em>). Seeck insists on the latter reading, in spite of
-Mommsen’s arguments for his own choice. Augustus did not spare all
-surviving citizens either after Philippi or Actium, cf. Dio LI, 2:
-After Actium “of the senators and knights, and other leading men, who
-in any way had helped Antony, he fined some, many he killed, some he
-spared.” For his conduct after Philippi, cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 13. But
-a coin of 727 (Eckhel VI, 88, Cohen I, p. 66, No. 30), has <span class="smcap">Cæsar
-cos vii Civibus Servateis</span>, “Cæsar for the seventh time consul, the
-citizens having been preserved.” It commemorates the civic crown given
-to Augustus, cf. c. XXXIV. There are other coins with <span class="smcap">Ob Cives
-Servatos</span>, “On account of the preservation of the citizens.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">18</a> This fact is one of the few which the latest text, based
-on Humann’s work, alone establishes. Merivale’s comment on the relation
-of Augustus to the army is noteworthy: “Their hero (Julius Cæsar)
-discarded the defence of the legions, and a few months witnessed his
-assassination. Augustus learned circumspection from the failure of his
-predecessor’s enterprise. He organized a military establishment of
-which he made himself the permanent head; to him every legionary swore
-personal fidelity; every officer depended upon his direct appointment.”
-(C. XXXII.)</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">19</a> C. 15 states the number colonized at 120,000. The
-200,000 over and above the 300,000 here named, are accounted for in
-the twenty-five legions, 150,000 men in service at his death, leaving
-only 50,000 as the number who died in service or were dishonorably
-discharged during the long rule of Augustus. For a study of the
-strength and disposition of the Roman army at the death of Augustus,
-cf. Mommsen’s R. G., pp. 67-76.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">20</a> The term of service in 741, was twelve years for
-praetorian soldiers and sixteen for legionaries, raised in 758 to
-sixteen and twenty years respectively. Cf. c. 17, N. 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">21</a> The reading of Wölfflin and others (see textual note)
-would give instead of “lands purchased by me,” “I have assigned lands,”
-and instead of “money for farms, out of my own means” “money for reward
-of service.” Bormann, <cite>Schr. Nachl.</cite> p. 18-20, does not think
-that Augustus meant to state that he paid these charges from private
-sources, but believes that such a statement would be irrelevant in this
-section, if true, and an anticipation of cc. 15 and 16.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">22</a> Sextus Pompeius lost thirty ships at Mylae, and at
-Naulochus, out of three hundred which he had, eighteen were sunk and
-the rest, with the exception of seventeen, burned or captured. Cf. App.
-<em>B. C.</em> V, 108, 118, 121. Plut. <cite>Ant.</cite> 68, says that Augustus
-took 300 ships at Actium. These captures give, in round numbers, 600
-vessels.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">23</a> The ovation was the lesser triumph. The general entered
-the city clad as an ordinary magistrate, and on foot, or as here, (see
-the Greek), on horseback, decked with myrtle. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 22,
-says, these ovations were after Philippi, and the Sicilian war; the
-former in 714, the latter, Nov. 13, 718. Cf. Dio XLVIII, 31, XLIX, 15;
-C. I. L. I, p. 461.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">24</a> In the curule triumph, for important victories, the
-general was vested in purple, and rode in a four-horse chariot,
-preceded by the fasces. These three triumphs were celebrated on the
-13th, 14th and 15th of August, 725, for the Dalmatian successes, the
-victory of Actium and the capture of Alexandria. Cf. C. I. L. 1, p.
-328 and 478. Prop. II, 1, 31, ff, gives an eye-witness’ account of the
-second day. Cf. Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite> CXXXIII; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 22; Verg.
-<cite>Aen.</cite> VIII; 714, Dio LI, 21.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">25</a> The acclamation as <em>imperator</em>, on account of
-success in war, must be carefully distinguished from the title used as
-a prefix to the name and as a mark of perpetual authority. The title
-imperator was regularly and permanently assumed at the beginning of
-each reign, after that of Augustus. To him it was formally assigned
-by the senate, in Jan., 725. C. I. L., V, 1873: <em>Senatus populusque
-Romanus imp. Cæsari, divi. Juli. f. cos. quinct. cos. design. sext.
-imp. sept. republica conservata.</em> The term thus had a double usage
-and meaning in such cases.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">It soon came about that only the <em>princeps</em> could assume the
-special designation for military successes, no matter whether won by
-him in person or not. Tacitus says, <cite>Ann.</cite> III, 74: “Tiberius
-allowed Blaesus to be saluted as imperator by the legions. Augustus
-conceded the title to some, but Tiberius’ allowing it to Blaesus was
-the last instance.” For a discussion of <em>Imperator</em> as permanent
-title, see Gardthausen, p. 527, and Merivale, <cite>History of the
-Romans</cite>, c. XXXI.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Most of the acclamations of Augustus as imperator can be traced. No
-Greek inscription records them. A list follows. In the later instances
-Tiberius was associated.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I. April 15 (?) 711. After battles about Mutina. C. I. L. X, 8375 and
-Dio XLVI, 38.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; II. Not traced.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; III. Before 717. Cohen, <cite>Vipsan.</cite> 3, gives a coin with the words
-<cite>imp. divi Juli f. ter. <span class="allsmcap">iii</span> Vir v. p. c. M. Agrippa cos. desig.</cite>
-Agrippa entered his consulship Jan. 1, 717.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; IV. Probably connected with the Sicilian victory and ovation of 718.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; V. 720 or 721. Probably connected with Dalmatian victories of one of
-those years. Cf. C. I. L. V, 526.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; VI. From Sept. 2, 723, to 725. On account of Actium. Cf. Oros. VI,
-19, 14. C. I. L. X, 3826. <cite>Imp. Cæsari divi f. imp. vi, cos.
-iii</cite> (723). C. I. L. X, 4830, <cite>imp. Cæsari divi f. cos. v</cite>
-(725) <cite>imp. vi</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; VII. From 725 to 729. C. I. L. VI, 873: <cite>senatus populusque Romanus
-imp. Cæsari divi Juli f. cos. quinct.</cite> (725) <cite>cos. desig. sex.
-imp. sept. republica conservata</cite>. On account of Thracian and
-Dacian victory of M. Licinius Crassus. Dio LI, 25, says: “Sacrifices
-and festivals were decreed to Cæsar and to Crassus. He did not,
-however, as some say, take the name imperator. Cæsar alone assumed
-that.”</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; VIII. From 729 to 734. Two inscriptions at Nismes (Donat. 96,
-6) read: <em>imp. Cæsari divi f. Augusto cos. nonum</em> (729)
-<em>designato decimum, imp. octavum</em>. Dio LIII, 26, says it was for
-a Celtic victory of Marcus Vinicius.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; IX. From 734 to 739 (?) Coins have the inscription <cite>Augustus Cæsar
-div. f. Armen. capt. imp. viii</cite>. These commemorate the Armenian
-expedition of Tiberius in 734. Possibly Augustus took the title on
-account of the return of the captured standards from Parthia, which
-he accounted a greater triumph than many a victory in open warfare.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; X. 739 (?) to 742. C. I. L. V, 8088 and others: <cite>Augustus imp. x,
-tribunicia potestate xi</cite>. The latter falls in the years 742, 743.
-Probably referable to successes in Rhætian war of 739.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; XI. 742. Coins (Cohen, n. 147-150) give: <cite>imp. xi</cite>. The causes
-were the successes of Tiberius in Pannonia in 742. Dio LIV, 31.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; XII. 743 to 744. C. I. L., III, 3117: <cite>imp. xii tr. pot. xiii</cite>
-and VI, 701, 702: <cite>pontifex maximus, imp. xii cos. xi trib. pot.
-xiv</cite>. Referable to Germanic victory of Drusus. Dio LIV, 33.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; XIII. Tiberius Imp. 745. Suet., <cite>Tib.</cite> 9, says that Tiberius
-received the oration for Pannonian and Dalmatian victories. Cf. Val.
-5, 5, 3. Dio LV, 2.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; XIV. Tiberius Imp. II. 746-755. Dio LV, 6, refers this acclamation
-to the Germanic victories of 746. Many coins, milestones and other
-inscriptions of the period indicated mention this fourteenth
-acclamation. Cf. C. I. L., II, 3827; 4931; V, 7243; 7817; VI, 1244.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;XV. 755. For the Armenian victory of C. Cæsar. Dio Cass. LV, 11. C.
-I. L. X, 3827; <cite>pont. max., cos. iii (xiii) imp. xv, tr. p. xxv, p.
-p.</cite></p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; XVI. Untraced.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; XVII. Tiberius Imp. III. 759. Dio LV, 28, referring to the German
-expedition of Tiberius in 759, says, “Nothing great was accomplished.
-Yet both Augustus and Tiberius received the acclamation as
-imperators.” Cf. C. I. L. V. 6416.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">XVIII. Tiberius Imp. IV. Probably for successes in Illyricum.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; XIX. Tiberius Imp. V, 762. Dio LVI, 17, refers to the Dalmatian war.
-A coin of 763-4 (Cohen n. 27) gives: <em>Ti. Cæsar August. f, imperat.
-v. pontifex, tribun. potestate xii</em>.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; XX. Tiberius Imp. VI. 765. The cause is not clear, probably for
-slight successes of Tiberius and Germanicus against the Germans in
-763, 764. Dio LVI, 25. A Spanish milestone, C. I. L. II, 4868, gives
-the data.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; XXI. Tiberius Imp. VII. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> I, 9, says Augustus was
-twenty-one times Imperator. A coin of Lyons (Cohen n. 35-38) has:
-<em>Ti. Cæsar Augusti f. imperator VII</em>. This dates from the
-lifetime of Augustus. Tiberius did not receive a further acclamation.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">26</a> ᵃ After his own victory over the Cantabri, that of Varro
-over the Salassi and that of M. Vinicius over the Germans, in 729. Cf.
-Florus, IV, 12, 53.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">ᵇ After the restoration of the standards by the Parthians in 734. Cf.
-Borghesi II, 100 ff.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">ᶜ After the victories of Tiberius in Germany in 746. Dio LV, 6.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">ᵈ After the victories of Tiberius in Pannonia? Dio LVI, 17.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">27</a> A part of the ordinary ceremonial of the
-triumph. Cf. Mommsen, <cite>Röm. St.</cite> I, p. 61, 95, Marquardt,
-<cite>Staatsverwaltung</cite>, II, p. 582.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">28</a> For a thanksgiving after the expedition of Tiberius into
-Armenia cf. Dio LIV, 9. Cf. also Cic. <cite>Phil.</cite> XIV, 11, 29. For two
-other instances, cf. Mommsen, <cite>R. G.</cite>, appendix, pp. 161-178.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">29</a> Not an incredible number. Thanksgivings were offered
-in Julius Cæsar’s time of fifteen, twenty, forty and fifty days. Cf.
-Drumann III, 609, No. 84. Fifty days were decreed for the victories of
-Hirtius, Pansa and Octavian in 711.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">30</a> The only names traceable are those of Alexander and
-Cleopatra, the children of Cleopatra and Alexander brother of
-Jamblichus, King of the Emesenes. Cf. Dio LI, 2, 21. Prop. 2, 1, 33,
-tells of “Kings with their necks surrounded with golden chains,” in the
-triumph of Aug. 14, 725.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">31</a> The emperors assumed the consulship only irregularly and
-for short periods. Their taking of the “tribunitial power” was not
-through a regular election to the tribuneship, as was the case with
-the consulship, for Augustus as a patrician was ineligible; but it was
-the assumption of a power equal to that of the tribunes. This made the
-emperors sacrosanct, gave them the initiative and the veto, and well
-subserved the fiction of their being the representatives and champions
-of the people. For discussions of this power cf. Merivale, <cite>Hist. of
-Rom.</cite> C. XXXI; Mommsen, <cite>Röm. St.</cite> II, p. 759, 771-777, 833-845.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Succeeding emperors, down to 268 A. D., dated their accession from
-the day of assuming the tribunitial power. The wording is peculiar in
-this sentence. May it not have been that Augustus expected his heir
-or executors to fill in the exact dates at the time of his death, as
-suggested in the introduction?</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">32</a> Dio, LIV, 1, writes: “In the following year (732)
-the Tiber again overflowed; statues in the Pantheon were struck by
-lightning, so that the spear was knocked out of the hand of Augustus.
-Pestilence was so violent in all Italy that year that there was no
-one to till the fields; and I think the same was the case in foreign
-lands. The Romans thought that this plague and famine had come upon
-them, because they had not made Augustus consul that year; they wished
-to name him dictator, and with great show of violence compelled the
-senate, shut up in the curia, to decree this; threatening to burn
-them unless they did it. So the senate approached Augustus with the
-twenty-four fasces (insignia of dictatorship, the consul having
-only twelve), and begged him to accept the dictatorship and the
-administration of the food supply. He did indeed undertake the latter
-charge, and ordered that duumvirs, who had held the praetorship
-five years before, should be yearly appointed to have charge of the
-distribution of grain, but would by no means accept the dictatorship.
-When neither by words nor prayers he could move the people, he tore
-his garments. For he justly wished to avoid the jealousy and hatred of
-that name, since moreover, he already held a dignity and power superior
-to that of the dictatorship.” Vell. II, 89, 5, says: “The dictatorship
-which the people persistently thrust upon him, he as constantly
-repelled.”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The dictatorship had fallen into disuse after 552, and was revived,
-irregularly, by Sulla in 672. Cæsar made it the basis of his power,
-being made perpetual dictator shortly before his death. After that
-event, on motion of Antony, the office was abolished.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">33</a> In Chap. 15, Augustus states that in 731 he twelve times
-distributed grain at his own expense. This assumption of the grain
-administration in 732 was not strictly a charity. The extract from
-Dio under Note <a href="#Footnote_69">69</a>, gives some of the details. It is probable that from
-this time the tribute in kind was turned into the <em>fiscus</em>, or
-imperial treasury, instead of into the <em>ærarium</em>, or treasury of
-the senate, as heretofore. This new task of the imperial government
-involved not merely the gratuitous distribution of grain to the
-ordinary Roman citizens (after 752 even to senators and knights), but
-also the providing of a sufficient supply of grain for all purchasers
-at a minimum price, often below the market value. It appears that grain
-tickets “tessaræ frumentariæ” were distributed to the citizens entitled
-to free grain, and then, to assist the vast multitude of strangers,
-freedmen, and <em>attachés</em> of the great houses, money tickets,
-“tessaræ nummariæ” were given out. Cf. Mommsen, <cite>Röm. St.</cite>, II,
-992.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">34</a> Vell. II, 89; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 26; Dio, LIV, 10. Dio’s
-statement that Augustus in 735 accepted the consular power (differing
-from the consulship as the tribunitial power from the tribuneship. Cf.
-Note <a href="#Footnote_31">31</a>, Chap. 4.) for life, cannot be correct in face of the other two
-authorities cited, who corroborate Augustus here. Chapter 8 tells of
-two special assumptions of the consular power for the taking of the
-second and third census.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">35</a> Before the restoration of the text of this inscription,
-in this case depending entirely upon the remains at Apollonia, it used
-to be taught that Augustus accepted the formal superintendence of
-laws and morals. And there seemed to be good ground for such belief.
-Horace, c., 740 in <cite>Carm. IV</cite>, 5, v. 22, says, “Morality and law
-have subdued foul wrong;” and in <cite>Ep.</cite>, II, 1, v. 1, “Since thou
-hast protected Italy with arms, adorned her with morality, and improved
-her with laws.” Ovid wrote, <cite>Tristia</cite>, II, 233: “The city wearies
-thee with the care of laws and morals, which thou desirest should be
-like thy own.” Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 27, says: “He accepted the control of
-laws and morals for life, as he had the tribunitial power; and in the
-exercise of this control, altho’ without the honor of the censorship,
-he yet thrice took the census of the people, the first and third times
-with a colleague, the second time alone.” Dio, LIV, 10, 30, says that
-in 735 and 742 Augustus accepted this office for periods of five years.
-But the inscription shows that Suetonius and Dio were wrong, and that a
-natural but incorrect inference had been drawn from the poets.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">This power was offered to Augustus three times; in 735, 736 and 743,
-and as often refused. Why was it offered, and why refused? Cf. Dio,
-LIV, 10; Vell. II, 91, 92; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 19. While Augustus was in
-Asia in 735 M. Egnatius Rufus, who is painted as a sort of Catiline,
-tried to obtain the consulship, and even to supplant Augustus, and
-stirred up sedition in the attempt. This so alarmed the senate and
-people that they offered Augustus the plenary power of legislation and
-coercion. The repetition of the offer in 736 was from a similar cause.
-The reason for that of 743 is unknown. The power thus offered was
-analogous to the decemvirate, or the Sullan dictatorship. Cf. Mommsen,
-<cite>Röm.</cite>, St., II, 686.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">36</a> This sentence answers the second question asked in the
-above Note. It was part of Augustus’ policy to seem to keep wholly
-within the lines of the constitution. Hence his refusal to accept
-any extraordinary office. Yet his tribunitial power was new and
-extraordinary. Tacitus’ comment is caustic, <cite>Ann.</cite>, III, 56:
-“That specious title (the tribunitial power) importing nothing less
-than sovereign power, was invented by Augustus at a time when the name
-of king or dictator was not only unconstitutional but universally
-detested. And yet a new name was wanted to overtop the magistrates and
-the forms of the constitution.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">37</a> Dio, LIV, 16, names three laws promulgated by Augustus in
-736: one took cognizance of bribery by candidates for office; a second
-dealt with extravagance; and a third was for the encouragement of
-matrimony.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">38</a>ᵃ in 736 Agrippa was associated with Augustus for five
-years. Cf. Dio, LIV, 12; Vell. II, 90; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> III, 56.</p>
-<p class="noindent">ᵇ in 741 Agrippa again for five years. Cf. Dio, LIV, 12, 28.</p>
-<p class="noindent">ᶜ in 748 Tiberius for five years. Cf. Dio, LV, 9; Vell. II, 99; Suet.
-<cite>Tib.</cite> 9, 10, 11.</p>
-<p class="noindent">ᵈ in 757 Tiberius for ten years. Cf. Dio, LV,
-13; Vell. II, 103; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite>, I, 3, 10.</p>
-<p class="noindent">ᵉ in 766 Tiberius for an
-indefinite time. Cf. Dio, LVI, 28.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">39</a> Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 27: “He administered the triumvirate
-for organizing the commonwealth through ten years.” Cf. C. I. L. I, p.
-461 and p. 466. The first triumvirate lasted from Nov. 27, 711, to Dec.
-31, 716; the second from Jan. 1, 717, to Dec. 31, 721. But cf. c. 34,
-N. 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">40</a> Cf. Dio, LIII, 1. This title had been conferred upon the
-senior senator who had served as censor. Its only privilege was the
-right of speaking first in debate. The honor had fallen into abeyance
-with the death of Catulus in 694. It is readily seen how the revival
-of such a title and of the right to express his views before any other
-senator, gave Augustus a quasi-constitutional initiative in the senate.
-Gradually the title dropped its second part, and “prince” began to have
-something of its modern significance. Cf. Tacitus, <cite>Ann.</cite> III, 53,
-for Tiberius’ view of its meaning.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Augustus’ notation of time here, “through forty years,” is similar to
-the “thirty-seventh year of the tribunitial power” in Chap. IV, or “the
-seventy-sixth year” of Chap. 36.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">41</a> He was made <em>pontifex</em> in 706 by Julius Cæsar. Cf.
-Cic. <cite>Phil.</cite> V, 17, 46; Vell. II, 59. For his taking the office of
-<em>pontifex maximus</em> cf. c. 10, N. 3.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">42</a> The date of Augustus’ assumption of the augurate is
-discussed by Drumann, IV, 250. Coins are the chief witnesses, and their
-testimony is confused. The date probably was 713 or 714.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">43</a> A coin of Augustus (Cohen, <cite>Jul.</cite> 60; <cite>Aug.</cite>
-88) has <em>imp. Cæsar divi f. III vir iter. r. p. c. cos. iter. et tert
-desig.</em>, which fixes the time as between 717 and 720; it has also
-the tripod, the symbol of the quindecemvirate.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">44</a> We can say only that Augustus received this
-dignity before 738; for there is a coin of that year showing the
-<em>simpulum</em>, the <em>lituus</em> and the tripod, the symbols
-respectively of the three foregoing offices, and the <em>patera</em>, or
-bowl, that of the septemviral office. The four colleges thus associated
-are the chief ones. Cf. Chap. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">45</a> The name of Augustus is twice found in the <cite>Acta
-Fratrum Arvalium</cite>, once in May, 767, in recording a vote, and in
-Dec., 767, in the record of the nomination of his successor.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">46</a> Tacitus says the Titian Sodality was instituted by Titus
-Tatius for keeping up the Sabine ritual. Cf. <cite>Ann.</cite> I, 54. The
-record here is all that is known of Augustus’ connection with it.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">47</a> The fetials had charge of the formalities in declaring
-war and peace. Dio L, 4, says that Augustus went through the
-old-fashioned ceremonies in declaring war against Cleopatra.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">These three colleges had fallen into abeyance in the time of Cicero.
-Augustus undoubtedly revived them. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 31. Such
-restoration, and religious conservatism in general, as even in the case
-of Domitian, marks the policy of the emperors for two hundred years,
-and was one of their favorite methods of posing simply as restorers of
-the good old times.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">48</a> In 725. The Saenian law, passed by the people in 724,
-authorized this proceeding, and the senate’s decree followed. Hence the
-order, “people and senate.” Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> XI, 25; Dio, LII, 42.
-An earlier creation of patricians is assigned by Dio to the year 721.
-But he is probably mistaken, as Tacitus, in the passage just noted,
-says that Claudius was obliged to create more patricians, “because the
-number had declined even after being recruited by the dictator Cæsar
-under the Cassian law, and by Augustus the <em>princeps</em> under the
-Saenian law.” Such a creation was not a right of the principate. Cæsar
-and Augustus did it by special authorization of people and senate.
-Claudius did it in virtue of his censorship, and this status continued
-till Domitian absorbed the censorship in the principate, and assumed
-the right as a permanent one.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">49</a> During most of the republican history the senate
-numbered, ideally, three hundred. In Cicero’s time it had over four
-hundred members. Julius Cæsar raised it to about nine hundred. Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite>, 35, says: “By two separate scrutinies he (Augustus)
-reduced to their former number and splendor the senate, which had been
-swamped by a disorderly crowd; for they were now more than a thousand,
-and some of them very mean persons, who, after Cæsar’s death, had been
-chosen by dint of interest and bribery, so that they had the name of
-Orcini among the people.” They were also called Charonites, because
-they owed their elevation to the last will of Cæsar, who had gone into
-Orcus to Charon. Dio, XL, 48, 63, tells of freedmen in the senate and,
-XLIII, 22, of a private soldier; Gell., XV, 4, of a muleteer, cf.
-Juvenal, <cite>Sat.</cite> VII, 199.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Dio, LII, 42, cf. LIII, 1, tells of the first scrutiny, in 725-6. A
-hint from Augustus was enough to cause the withdrawal first of sixty,
-then of one hundred and forty senators. He also tells, LIV, 13, 14,
-of a further revision in 736, by which the number was brought down to
-six hundred. He assigns a third sifting to 743 (LIV, 35), and a fourth
-to 757 (LV, 13). Mommsen, however, is inclined to connect the three
-revisions of Augustus with the censuses of 726, 746 and 767, and to
-regard those of 736 and 757 as extraordinary, and therefore not named
-by Augustus, in his desire to appear entirely within constitutional
-lines. Cf. Mommsen, <cite>R. G.</cite>, p. 35.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">50</a> Suetonius evidently depends on this inscription when he
-says, <cite>Aug.</cite> 27: “Three times he took the census of the Roman
-people, the first and third times with a colleague, the second time
-alone.” This first census was in 725-6. Cf. Dio, LII, 42; LIII, 1; C.
-I. L. IX, 422, <cite>imp. Cæsar VI, M. Agrippa II cos.; idem censoria
-potestate lustrum fecerunt</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The lustrum was strictly the expiatory offering made at the close
-of the census. The census had not been taken for forty-one years.
-The number of Roman citizens of military age in 684 had been given
-as but 450,000. This census of 726 reported 4,063,000. Probably the
-vast apparent increase rose from the fact of the earlier enumeration
-counting only such as presented themselves before the censors in the
-city, while at the later time the citizens throughout the empire were
-counted. Clinton, <cite>Fasti Hellenici</cite>, III, 461, estimates a total
-free citizenship of more than 17,000,000. The total population of the
-empire at this time, including citizens, allies, slaves and freedmen,
-has been estimated at 85,000,000. Cf. Merivale, <cite>Rom.</cite> cc. XXX,
-XXXIX.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The Greek of the inscription here reads erroneously 4,603,000.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">51</a> In 746. The result, 4,233,000, shows a gain of 170,000.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">52</a> In 767. Just before the death of Augustus. Result,
-4,937,000; gain since 746, 704,000.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">53</a> Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite> 34, relates his endeavors to
-compel matrimony. In Chap. 89, Suetonius writes: “In reading Greek or
-Latin authors he paid particular attention to precepts and examples
-which might be useful in public or private life. These he used to
-extract verbatim, and give to his domestics, or send to the commanders
-of the armies, the governors of the provinces, or the magistrates of
-the city, when any of them seemed to stand in need of admonition. He
-likewise read whole books to the senate, and frequently made them known
-to the people by his edicts; such as the orations of Quintus Metellus
-‘For the Encouragement of Marriage,’ and those of Rutilius ‘On the
-Style of Building;’ to show the people that he was not the first who
-had promoted those objects, but that the ancients likewise had thought
-them worthy of their attention.” Cf. Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite> LIX; Gell., I, 6.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">54</a> These games were first held in 726, and every fourth year
-thereafter. The expression “every fifth year” counts the year of the
-games as the fifth of the old series and also the first of the new.
-The consuls, or rather the consul Agrippa, Augustus not holding games
-in his own honor, celebrated the games of 726, the pontifices those of
-730, the augurs those of 734, the quindecemvirs those of 738, and the
-septemvirs those of 742. Cf. c. 7, N. 6. These games are mentioned by
-Dio, LIII, 1, 2; LIV, 19; Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite> VII, 48, 158; Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 44. They came to a close with the life of Augustus. We do
-not hear of them in connection with any subsequent emperor. Vows for
-his good health had a special fitness, for according to Suetonius,
-<cite>Aug.</cite> LXXXI, he was almost an invalid. “During his whole course
-of life he suffered at times dangerous fits of sickness. He was subject
-to fits of sickness at stated times every year, for about his birthday
-he was commonly indisposed. In the beginning of spring he was attacked
-with an inflammation of the midriff; and when the wind was southerly,
-with a cold in his head. By all these complaints his constitution was
-so shattered that he could not readily bear heat or cold.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">55</a> Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 59 and 98; Hor. <cite>Carm.</cite> IV, 5,
-33; Dio, LI, 19.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">56</a> Dio writes of the year 725, LI, 20: “When letters were
-brought about Parthian affairs it was decreed that he should be
-named in the hymns exactly as were the gods.” Tiridates, a Parthian
-pretender, sought the aid of Augustus. Cf. Chap. 32, and Dio, LI, 18.
-Augustus balanced Tiridates against Phraates, the legitimate monarch,
-who sent an embassy, and gave his son to Rome as a hostage.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">57</a> In 718, when Lepidus had been overthrown, the tribunitial
-power had been given to Octavian, as formerly to Julius, for life.
-Inviolability of person was one of the privileges of the tribunate.
-Cf. Oros. VI, 18, 34; Dio, XLIX, 15; LI, 18; LIII, 32. These two later
-statements relating to the years 724 and 731, Mommsen thinks have to
-do, the former with the extension of the tribunitial power beyond the
-city, and the latter to the making it annual, as well as perpetual, so
-that the years of the principate could be reckoned by it. Cf. Chap.
-4, note <a href="#Footnote_31">31</a>. Cf. also App. <em>B. C.</em> V, 132, and for a discussion of
-the tribunitial power as an expression of the principate, cf. Mommsen,
-<cite>Röm. St.</cite> II, 833, ff.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Wölfflin, cf. textual note, suggests, to fill the gap confessedly left
-by Mommsen’s emendation, a reading which would be translated “that my
-person should be sacrosanct.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">58</a> Augustus here characteristically avoids the name of
-Lepidus. The latter “in the confusion and tumult had seized the supreme
-pontificate,” cf. Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite> CXVII, “by craft,” cf. Velleius II,
-63; “Antony transferred the election of the pontifex maximus from the
-people to the priests again, and through them initiated Lepidus, almost
-entirely neglecting the customs of the fathers.” Cf. Dio, XLIV, 53.
-Lepidus dying in 741, cf. Dio, LIV, 27, Augustus entered
-upon the office Mar. 6, 742. Cf. C. I. L., I. p. 387. It was unlawful
-to deprive a living man of this office, cf. App., <em>B. C.</em>, V, 131.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">59</a> October 12, 735. In C. I. L. I. p. 404, is found an
-inscription of that date: <em>Feriae ex senatus consulto, quod eo die
-imp. Cæsar Augustus ex transmarinis provincis urbem intravit araq(ue)
-Fortunae reduci constituta.</em> There are also gold and silver coins
-(Eckhel VI, 100; Cohen, <cite>Aug.</cite> nos. 102-108) with the inscription,
-<em>Fortunae reduci, Cæsari Augusto senatus populusque Romanus</em>,
-Dio, LIV, 10, tells that Augustus after having arranged matters in
-Sicily, Greece, Asia and Syria, returned to Rome, and that many honors
-were decreed to him, but that he would accept none of them, “but that
-an altar should be consecrated to Fortune the Restorer, that the day
-should be accounted a feast day, and that it should be called the
-Augustalia.”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The location near the Porta Capena was chosen, because it was through
-that gate Augustus would enter the city, coming by the Appian Way from
-Brundisium. The altar was dedicated on Dec. 15, C. I. L. X, 8375. Cf.
-Dio, LI, 19; App. <em>B. C.</em> II, 106.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">60</a> Dio, LIV, 10, relates that in this year there were great
-tumults in connection with the consular comitia, and no election
-was possible. In consequence of this the senate sent messengers to
-Augustus urging him to deal with the trouble. Q. Lucretius, one of the
-delegates, was named consul by Augustus on the spot where they met. It
-is Mommsen’s idea (<cite>R. G.</cite>, p. 48) that the story of Dio, and the
-statement of Augustus relate to the same event, and that Augustus was
-not willing to admit that so late in his reign, such disturbances could
-be, and that he therefore conveys the impression that what was really
-an appeal for aid was rather an embassy of honor. This Mommsen thinks
-quite in keeping with the general character and method of Augustus.
-Bormann, on the other hand (<cite>Schr. Nach.</cite>, p. 29), sees no
-conflict in the two accounts. He believes that Dio narrates truthfully
-enough an earlier deputation sent to Augustus, possibly at Athens, some
-time before his return, and that Lucretius was named consul there by
-Augustus. Then, some time later, the deputation of honor, as recorded
-in the inscription, was sent into Campania.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">61</a> That this annual sacrifice was instituted July 4, 741,
-appears from C. I. L., I, 395. <em>Feriae ex. s. c. quod eo die ara Pacis
-Augustae in campo Martio constituta est Nerone et Varo cos.</em> Cf.
-Fasti of Præneste, Jan. 30, C. I. L., I, 313, for day of the actual
-dedication; also Ovid, <cite>Fasti</cite> I, 709; Dio, LIV, 25.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">This altar was probably on the Flaminian Way by which Augustus returned
-from Gaul.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">62</a> The exact conditions necessary for the closing of the
-temple, viz., “peace won by victories” were first made known in 1882 by
-this perfected text of the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">63</a> Cf. Livy, I, 19; Varro, V, 165. The temple of Janus (or
-as the Romans called it, Janus, without the word temple,) (cf. Latin
-text and Livy, l. c., and Horace, Carm, IV, 15, 9,) had been closed
-first under Numa and again after the first Punic War.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">64</a> Augustus first closed it in 725, after Actium. Cf. Livy,
-l. c.; Dio, LI, 20; Vell., II, 38; Victor, <cite>De Viris Ill.</cite>, LXXIX,
-6; Plut. <cite>De Fort. Rom.</cite>, 9; Oros., VI, 20, 8. C. I. L. I, p. 384,
-supplies the day, January 11. In 728 it was opened again, on account of
-the war with the Cantabri. Cf. Dio, LIII, 26, Plutarch, l. c. A second
-time it was closed in 729, cf. Dio, l. c.; Oros., VI, 21, 1. The time
-of its next opening cannot be determined; but in all probability it was
-reopened that very year, on account of the Arabian campaign. Dio, LIV,
-36, records that in 744 the Senate decreed that it should be closed,
-but that a Dacian rebellion interfered. But Dio must be mistaken, for
-Drusus was then in the midst of his German campaign. But after the
-campaigns of Drusus and Tiberius in Germany, closed in 746, up to 753,
-when Gaius Cæsar started for Armenia, the temple might well have been
-closed. Parts of Dio are lost here, which may have mentioned such
-closing. The birth of Jesus Christ, 749, falls in this period of peace.
-Cf. Milton’s <cite>Nativity Hymn</cite>. When it was opened for the third
-time cannot be said. Tacitus says it was opened when Augustus was an
-old man. But it can hardly have remained shut after the opening of the
-Armenian war in 753. Augustus was then sixty-two years old. That age
-may possibly suit the expression of Tacitus. Horace <cite>Ep.</cite>, II, 1,
-255, and <cite>Carm.</cite>, IV, 15, 9, mentions the closing of the temple.
-Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite> 22, says: “Janus Quirinus, which had been shut
-twice only, from the era of the building of the city to his own time,
-he closed thrice in a much shorter period, having established universal
-peace both by sea and land.” This is almost a literal transcript of the
-<cite>Res Gestæ</cite>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">65</a> Gaius and Lucius, the sons of Agrippa and Julia, the
-daughter of Augustus, were born, the one in 734 (Dio, LIV, 8), the
-other in 737 (Dio, LIV, 18) and were adopted by their grandfather
-immediately after the birth of the latter. Dio, LIV, 18, says: “Lucius
-and his brother Gaius, Augustus at once adopted and made heirs of the
-empire, without waiting till they grew to manhood, in order that he
-might be the more secure against conspiracies.” The will of Augustus
-(Suet. <cite>Tib.</cite> 23), speaks much as this chapter does of the death
-of the two Cæsars: “Since harsh fortune has snatched from me my sons,
-Gaius and Lucius, let Tiberius Cæsar be heir to two-thirds of my
-estate.” Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite> 26, says that Augustus took his twelfth
-and thirteenth consulships, for the purpose of introducing these two
-boys into the forum.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">66</a> Dio, LV, 9, under the year 748 writes that these lads
-were wild and insolent and that the younger, then eleven years old,
-actually proposed to the people to make Gaius consul. Augustus appeared
-very angry at this, saying it would be a public calamity for the
-consulship to be borne by one of less age than that at which he himself
-had assumed it, viz., twenty. Gaius was, however, designated consul
-in 749, and Lucius in 752. Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> I, 3; a coin of Rome
-has on one side: <em>Cæsar Augustus, divi. f., pater patriæ</em>; on the
-other: <em>C. L. Cæsares, Augusti f., cos. desig., princ. juvent.</em>
-(Eckhel VI, 171). This must have been struck between Feb. 5, 752, when
-Augustus received the title <em>pater patriæ</em>, and January 1, 754,
-when Gaius entered upon his actual consulship. Cf. C. I. L. III, n.
-323, and VI, 900.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Lucius died, Aug. 20, 755, and so did not reach the consulship to which
-he had been elected. Gaius died in 757. Cf. Dio, LV, II; C. I. L. I. p.
-472.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">67</a> Cf. Dio, LV, 9; C. I. L. I, p. 286 and 565.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">68</a> Dio, LV, 12, says: “The bodies of Lucius and Gaius were
-carried to Rome by military tribunes, and the chief men of each city;
-and the golden (sic) shields and spears, which they had received from
-the knights when they assumed the <em>toga virilis</em>, were suspended
-in the curia.”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The title of <em>princeps juventutis</em> is somewhat difficult to
-explain. The fact is attested by Zonaras, X, 35, and by an inscription
-found near Viterbo (cf. Mommsen <cite>R. G.</cite>, p. 53), which reads:
-<em>C. Cæsari Aug. f.d.n. pontif. cos. design. principi juventut</em>,
-“To Caius Cæsar, son of Augustus, nephew of the divine (Julius)
-pontifex, consul designate, prince of the youth.” Mommsen sums up his
-investigation of this (Cf. <cite>R. G.</cite> p. 54, ff.): the knights were
-divided into <em>turmæ</em>, or troops, each officered by <em>seviri</em>,
-three <em>decurions</em> and three <em>optios</em> or adjutants. Gaius
-and Lucius were <em>decurions</em> of the first <em>turma</em>, and their
-title, “princes of the youth,” was a special one, and always thereafter
-reserved for members of the imperial family. The title does not appear
-to have been official, or formally bestowed, but was given by common
-consent of the knights.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">69</a> Cf. Suet. <cite>Cæs.</cite> LXXXIII: “He (Cæsar) bequeathed
-to the Roman people his gardens near the Tiber, and three hundred
-sesterces to each man.” Dio, XLIV, 35, is peculiar, saying: “Cæsar left
-to the people his gardens on the Tiber, and to each man one hundred
-and twenty sesterces, as Augustus himself says, or as others say,
-three hundred sesterces apiece.” May it be that Dio has reversed the
-facts here, and that it was “others” who reported the smaller sum and
-Augustus the larger? Augustus is substantiated, or followed, by Plut.;
-<cite>Ant.</cite>, XVI, <cite>Brut.</cite>, XX; App. <em>B. C.</em>, II, 143.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Three hundred sesterces equals about fifteen dollars. The date of
-this disbursement is 710: its amount, supposing the minimum number of
-receivers, 250,000, comes to $3,750,000.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">70</a> The second (and the seventh, cf. Note <a href="#Footnote_76">76</a>) donations
-belong to the year 725 and were connected with the triple triumph. Dio
-mentions the two together, LI, 21. Four hundred sesterces is about
-twenty dollars.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">71</a> The third donation was in 730, on the return of Augustus
-after subduing the Cantabri. Dio, LIII, 28, says: “Augustus gave the
-people a hundred denarii (four hundred sesterces) apiece, but forbade
-the distribution until his act should receive the sanction of the
-senate.” It would seem to have been unlawful to give money to the
-people without the consent of the senate. Probably this was a measure
-of precaution against demagogues.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The term <em>congiarium</em>, which is transferred rather than
-translated, means a gift, primarily of food or drink, and is derived
-from <em>congius</em>, a measure holding about three quarts, which was
-perhaps originally brought to be filled with grain or oil, or the like.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">72</a> Cf. c. 5 and Note <a href="#Footnote_33">33</a>. The date was 731.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">73</a> The fifth distribution was in 742. We learn from Dio,
-LIV, 29, that in that year Agrippa died, leaving to the Roman people
-his gardens and bath, and that Augustus, as his executor, not only
-turned over these properties, but made a donation besides, as if it had
-been so willed by Agrippa. Cf. C. I. L., I. p. 472.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">74</a> As c. 8 furnishes a basis for estimating the total
-population of the empire, so here we have a guide to the number of
-people in the city. Merivale, <cite>History of the Romans</cite>, c. XL,
-gives 700,000 as the limit; Bunsen, 1,300,000; Gibbon, c. XXXI,
-1,200,000.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">75</a> Sixty denarii is about twelve dollars. This donation of
-749, and the last one mentioned in this chapter, of 752, have been
-connected with the introduction in those years of Gaius and Lucius
-Cæsar, into the forum. Cf. c. 14. The amounts are the same in the two
-cases, and they vary from the sum given at other times.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">76</a> Up to this point the donations have been enumerated in
-order of time. But here, between the largesses to citizens in 749 and
-752 is introduced one given to veterans in 725. Why this break in the
-order? Mommsen, <cite>R. G.</cite> p. 2 and 59, thinks that a first draft of
-this inscription was prepared about 750. In this draft Augustus first
-mentioned all his gifts to the city people; and at the end placed the
-one gift to the soldiers. Then, when in 767, the document was brought
-down to date, this later gift to the people was placed last, instead
-of being interpolated after the civil donation of 749 and before
-the military one of 725. But his reasoning has not convinced other
-scholars.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">77</a> Cf. Dio, LV, 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">78</a> Augustus omits any mention of his bounty to discharged
-soldiers. Cf. Dio, XLVI, 46; XLIX, 14; LV, 6; Appian, V, 129. The
-total of the donations in this list is 619,800,000 sesterces = about
-$30,990,000.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">79</a> Cf. c. 3; Dio, LI, 3, 4; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 17. The last
-writer says that there was a mutiny at Brundisium in a detachment
-sent there immediately after Actium, and that they demanded reward
-and discharge. Augustus was forced to come from Samos to settle the
-trouble. This was in 724. There were 120,000 veterans to be provided
-for. Cf. c. 15. 600,000,000 sesterces was the compensation for the
-lands given to these men, an average of 5000 sesterces ($250) for each
-holding. But not all Italian proprietors were reimbursed. The Italians
-who had favored Antony were simply dispossessed. To some other Italians
-were given lands at Dyracchium and Philippi. His expenditure for land
-in Italy was $30,000,000. As to colonies outside of Italy, Dio, LIV,
-23, tells of many settlements in Gallia (Narbonensis) and Iberia in
-739. Eusebius notes colonies at Berytus in Syria, and Patræ in Achaia,
-as founded in 739. Cf. <cite>Chron.</cite> ad. a. Abr. 2001; C. I. L. III, p.
-95.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">80</a> The dates are 747, 748, 750, 751 and 752. The amount is
-$20,000,000. It was in 741 (Dio, LIV, 25) that Augustus determined upon
-a gift in money as a substitute for the assignments of land customary
-up to that time. Why such payments began only in 747 is a matter of
-conjecture; also why they ceased after 752. Probably because the years
-742-746 were occupied with the German and Pannonian wars of Tiberius
-and Drusus, and either there were no discharges, or else no money to
-spare from the expenses of war. Again in 753 troubles began in the
-East.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81" class="label">81</a> Only two of these occasions can be traced. Dio, LIII, 2, mentions
-one. He says that in 726, when it was determined to exhibit games in
-honor of Actium, Augustus replenished the empty treasury for that
-purpose. And there is a coin of c. 738 with the inscription: <em>Senatus
-populusque Romanus imperatori Cæsari quod viæ munitæ sunt ex ea pecunia
-quam is ad ærarium detulit.</em> Eckhel VI, 105.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Up to 726 the treasury was in charge of the quæstors. Thence to 731 two
-exprætors, after that year two prætors presided over it, up to the time
-of Claudius. Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> XIII, 29; Dio, LIII, 2 and 32; Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 36. The sum mentioned here is $7,500,000. In the Greek
-<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρίς</span> has evidently been omitted before <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χειλίας</span>.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82" class="label">82</a> This was in 759. In 741 (Dio, LIV, 25) Augustus had fixed the
-term of service at twelve years for the prætorians and sixteen for
-the legionaries. The gift to the former upon discharge was also
-larger. In 758 the terms of service were lengthened to sixteen and
-twenty years. Cf. Dio, LV, 23. In LV, 25, Dio writes of this year 759:
-“Augustus contributed, in his own name and in that of Tiberius, money
-for that treasury which is called the military.” The sum so given was
-$8,500,000. Tributary states and kings also assisted. But income could
-not keep pace with expenses. The old tax of a twentieth on bequests,
-except when the heir was a very near relative, or very poor, was
-revived, much to the discontent of the Roman people. Cf. Dio, LV, 25. Other
-taxes were devised, such as that of one <em>per cent</em> on sales. Cf.
-Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> I, 78. On sales of slaves two <em>per cent</em> was
-exacted. Cf. Dio, LV, 31.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">A glance at the military establishment of Augustus may help to some
-idea of its vast expense. Mommsen discusses the matter in detail (<cite>R.
-G.</cite> pp. 68-76). Augustus seems to have left at his death a standing
-army of twenty-five legions. Each legion approximated seven thousand
-men, giving a total of 175,000 soldiers. His legions were numbered from
-one to twenty-two. The number twenty-five is accounted for as follows:
-the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth had been exterminated
-under the leadership of Varus. But there were three legions, one in
-Africa, one in Syria and one in Cyrenaica, bearing the title third,
-and the fourth, fifth, sixth and tenth were each double. After Actium,
-Augustus disbanded the legions numbered above twelve (cf. his colonies
-of veterans at this time, numbering 120,000 men, c. XV). But by reason
-of the repetitions above alluded to, the legions bearing the numbers
-up to twelve, really amounted to eighteen. These duplications may have
-risen from the absorption into Augustus’ army of legions bearing the
-same numbers from the forces of Lepidus and later from those of Antony.
-In 759, eight new legions, the thirteenth to the twentieth, seem to
-have been enrolled, in view of the German and Pannonian wars. This made
-twenty six. Three were lost with Varus, and their numbers, seventeen,
-eighteen and nineteen, seem never to have been restored to the list.
-To offset this loss in a measure, two new legions, the twenty-first
-and twenty-second were levied. Thus the twenty-five remaining at the
-death of Augustus are accounted for. Such an establishment was
-enormously and increasingly expensive. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, VII,
-45.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83" class="label">83</a> This form of benefaction began in 736. It is a little
-remarkable that Augustus should not mention the exact years of its
-continuance, its amount, or the beneficiaries, while he does name the
-minimum number of men who received aid from time to time. Perhaps he
-did not go into details because these gifts concerned the provincials
-and would be of slight interest to the city people for whose reading
-the inscription was intended. In 742, “when Asia was in need of aid on
-account of earthquakes, he paid the year’s tribute of the province out
-of his own means.” Dio, LIV, 30.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">His supplying grain as well as money rose from the fact that taxes
-were imposed both in kind and in money. Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> IV, 6;
-<cite>Agr.</cite> XIX and XXXI; C. I. Gr. 4957, 47. These passages all speak
-of taxes both in money and in produce. As to the method of levy,
-Hyginus is interesting (<cite>De Lim.</cite> p. 205). “The tax on agriculture
-is arranged in many ways. In some provinces the harvest is chargeable
-with a certain proportion, here a fifth, there a seventh, elsewhere
-a cash payment, and for this purpose certain values are determined
-for the fields by an estimation of the soil; as in Pannonia there is
-arable of the first class, of the second, meadows, mast-bearing woods,
-common woods, pastures: upon all these the tax is laid by the single
-acre, according to the fertility of the soil.” This was in the time of
-Trajan.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84" class="label">84</a> The structures detailed here and in cc. 20 and 21, fall
-into three classes. First, those of c. 19, being either new buildings
-in place of ruined ones, or else entirely new ones, both classes on
-soil already consecrated; second, those of c. 20, being repairs of
-public works; third, public works upon soil given by himself, as noted
-in the first part of c. 21.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Augustus does not mention structures which he erected in the name of
-others, as the portico of Octavia, (different from the one below, Note
-<a href="#Footnote_90">90</a>), the portico of Livia, cf. Dio, XLIX, 43 and LIV, 23. He also omits
-the temple of Concord dedicated by Tiberius in 763 (C. I. L. I. p.
-384), though he paid for it.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The order of the works is chronological for the most part.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85" class="label">85</a> This was the Curia Julia, begun in 712. Cf. Dio XLVII,
-19; XLIV, 5; XLV, 17. It was dedicated in 725 after Actium. Cf. Dio
-LI, 22. Here the senate met. Its location was near the forum.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86" class="label">86</a> A shrine of Minerva Chalcidica.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87" class="label">87</a> Begun after the Sicilian victories in 718. Cf. Dio XLIX,
-15; Vell. II, 81, dedicated Oct. 9, 726. Cf. Dio, LIII, 1; C. I. L. I,
-p. 403. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 29, says: “He reared a temple of Apollo in
-that part of his estate on the Palatine which the haruspices declared
-was desired by the god because it had been struck by lightning; he
-attached to it a portico and a Greek and Latin library.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88" class="label">88</a> An altar was placed at once on the spot in the forum
-where the body of Julius Cæsar was cremated. In 712 the senate decreed
-that a temple should be built there.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_89" href="#FNanchor_89" class="label">89</a> Dionysius (I, 32), observes that the ancient condition
-of this place (originally a grotto near the Palatine, sacred to Pan)
-had been so changed as to be hardly recognizable. This was by reason
-of the changes made in his time, which nearly coincided with that of
-Augustus. Cf. C. I. L. VI, 912, 6, 9, and 841. Its precise location is
-undetermined.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_90" href="#FNanchor_90" class="label">90</a> Festus, <cite>De Verb. Sig.</cite> L. 13, writes: “There were
-two Octavian porticoes, the one built near the theatre of Marcellus
-by Octavia, the sister of Augustus, the other close to the theatre of
-Pompey, built by Cn. Octavius, son of Cnæus, who was curule aedile,
-prætor, consul (589) decemvir for the sacred rites, and celebrated
-a naval triumph for a victory over King Perseus. It was the latter
-which, after its destruction by fire, Cæsar Augustus rebuilt.” Its
-reconstruction was in 721. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 43, who, however, confounds
-this Octavian portico with the other built some years after in the name
-of Augustus’ sister, Octavia.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_91" href="#FNanchor_91" class="label">91</a> The Pulvinar was the place of honor from which the
-imperial family witnessed the games. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 45;
-<cite>Claud.</cite> 4. This restoration followed the burning of the Circus
-Maximus in 723. Cf. Dio, L, 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92" class="label">92</a> A temple attributed to Romulus, in ruins in the time of
-Augustus, till restored by him on the suggestion of Atticus. Cf. Nepos,
-<cite>Atticus</cite>, 20; Livy, IV, 20. The temple was probably restored in
-723.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93" class="label">93</a> Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite> 29, writes: “He dedicated the
-temple to Jupiter the Thunderer, in acknowledgment of his escape from a
-great danger in his Cantabrian expedition; when, as he was traveling by
-night, his litter was struck by lightning, which killed the slave who
-carried the torch before him.” This expedition was in 728-729, and the
-temple was dedicated Sept. 1, 732. Cf. Dio, LIV, 4; C. I. L. I, 400.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_94" href="#FNanchor_94" class="label">94</a> This was dedicated in 738, on the Quirinal. Cf. Dio, LIV,
-19.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_95" href="#FNanchor_95" class="label">95</a> These three temples have more than an accidental
-collocation. Just as the Tarpeian mount and the Quirinal hill had their
-triple divinities, so had the Aventine. Cf. Varro (<cite>De Lin.</cite>) V,
-158. The temple of Juno is ascribed to the time of Camillus, and is
-said to have been built for the Veientines. The date of the other two
-is unknown, as is that of this restoration by Augustus.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_96" href="#FNanchor_96" class="label">96</a> Also of unknown origin, location and restoration, other
-than as mentioned here.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_97" href="#FNanchor_97" class="label">97</a> Dionysius, I, 68, describes the old temple, not the
-restoration by Augustus of which we have only this statement.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_98" href="#FNanchor_98" class="label">98</a> The original temple was dedicated in 563, in the Circus
-Maximus. Cf. Livy, XXXVI, 36. Burned in 738. Cf. Dio, LIV, 19.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_99" href="#FNanchor_99" class="label">99</a> The original temple was burned in 756. Cf. Val. Max. I,
-8, 11; Dio, LV, 12; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 57.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_100" href="#FNanchor_100" class="label">100</a> The Capitol means the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_101" href="#FNanchor_101" class="label">101</a> Frontinus, <cite>De Aq.</cite> c. 125, speaks of a decree of
-the Senate in the year 743 “concerning the putting in order of the
-streams, conduits and arches of the Julian, Marcian, Appian, Tepulan
-and Aniene waters, which Augustus has promised the Senate that he will
-repair at his own expense.” Aqueducts were repaired in 749-750. Cf.
-C. I. L. VI, 1244. C. I. L. VI, 1249, gives <em>Iul. Tep. Mar.; imp.
-Cæsar divi f. Augustus ex s. c.; XXV; ped. CCXL</em>. C. I. L. VI,
-1243, records the repairs of the Marcian aqueduct. Frontinus, <em>op.
-cit.</em>, 12, gives some details of the doubled supply of this source,
-and says the new spring had to be conducted eight hundred feet to join
-the older fountain.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102" class="label">102</a> Julius Cæsar dedicated this forum Sept. 24 or 25, 708.
-Cf. Dio, XLIII, 22; App. <em>B. C.</em>, III, 28; C. I. L. I, p. 402 and
-397. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, XXXV, 12, 156, mentions its completion
-by Augustus.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Augustus uses the word <em>profligata</em> here for “unfinished,” a use
-which was common enough but not elegant, and is severely criticised by
-Gellius, XV, 5. The word really means wretched rather than unfinished.
-That Augustus was not a purist this inscription testifies, and
-Suetonius also tells us, <cite>Aug.</cite>, 87 and 88, how peculiar he was in
-diction and orthography.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The basilica which was unfinished at the death of Augustus he refrains
-from naming while it was not yet dedicated. But we know from Suetonius,
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 29, and Dio, LVI, 27, that it was built in honor of his
-grandchildren, Gaius and Lucius.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_103" href="#FNanchor_103" class="label">103</a> There is abundant testimony to this architectural
-activity. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 29 and 30; Dio, LIII, 2; LVI, 40; Livy
-IV, 20; Ovid, <cite>Fasti</cite>, II, 59; Hor. <cite>Carm.</cite>, III, 6. Nor was
-this the zeal of a mere archæologist and architect. The emperor was
-anxious for a revival of religious observance, as a conservative force
-in his new organization of the state.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_104" href="#FNanchor_104" class="label">104</a> It is remarkable that Augustus should say he
-“<em>constructed</em>” the Flaminian Way, etc., for it was made nearly
-two hundred years before this date, 727. Moreover, the whole chapter is
-given up to an account of reconstructions, and of course it is meant
-that he <em>repaired</em> the road and the bridges in question. The
-Latin verb is wanting and is restored from the Greek, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπόησα</span>,
-which is unmistakable,—“I made.” Mommsen does not comment on the
-incorrectness of this statement, but Wölfflin regards the Greek verb
-as a blunder of the stone-cutter at Ancyra, and thinks there was no
-verb at all at the end of this chapter, but that the mason by mistake
-took the last word of the preceding chapter which is <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπόησα</span>. A
-substitution of <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπόησα</span> for the proper verb seems more likely,
-as it seems improbable that the sentence would end without a verb.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">These repairs are attested by an inscription on an arch at Ariminum,
-thus restored by Bormann: Cf. C. I. L. XI, 365.</p>
-
-<p class="center">SENATUS POPULUS<em>Q ue romanus</em></p>
-<p class="noindent"><em>imp. cæsari divi f. augusto imp. sept.</em><br />
-COS. SEPT. DESIGNAT. OCTAVOM <em>Via flamin</em> IA <em>et reliquei</em>S<br />
-CELEBERRIMEIS ITALIÆ VIEIS CONSILIO <em>et sumptib</em> US <em>eius mu</em>NITEIS.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Cf. also Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 30; Dio, LIII, 22. Other roads of Italy were
-repaired by those who obtained triumphs; of which more were celebrated
-from 726 to 728 than at any other epoch.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105" class="label">105</a> Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 29. Its construction was vowed in
-712 and it was dedicated in 752. Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 393, May 12. In c.
-35, Augustus mentions the quadriga dedicated to him in this forum.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106" class="label">106</a> This theatre was begun by Julius Cæsar. Augustus
-completed it in honor of Marcellus, who died in 731. It was dedicated
-May 4, 743. Cf. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, VIII, 17, 65. Dio, LIV, 36,
-assigns its dedication to 741.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107" class="label">107</a> Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite>, 30, says that on one occasion
-Augustus deposited in the <em>cella</em> of Jupiter Capitolinus sixteen
-thousand pounds of gold (= $3,200,000) and gems and pearls of the
-value of fifty million sesterces (= $2,500,000). But such statements
-are fabulous, in view of Augustus’ own statement that the total of
-his gifts of this kind was only one hundred million sesterces (=
-$5,000,000).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108" class="label">108</a> In earlier times it had been customary for cities
-affected by a victory to give crowns of gold to the triumphing
-<em>imperator</em>. This grew into an abuse and was forbidden by law,
-unless the gift preceded the decree for the triumph. Later, the value
-of the crown was commuted for cash, and it came to be a frequent means
-of extortion on the part of provincial governors. To L. Antonius
-crowns of gold were given by each of the thirty-five Roman tribes in
-713. Cf. Dio, XLVIII, 4. The amount named here, thirty-five thousand
-pounds of gold, would appear to have been from the thirty-five tribes.
-On the general subject, <em>aurum coronarium</em>, cf. Marquardt,
-<cite>Staatsverwaltung</cite>, II, p. 285.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_109" href="#FNanchor_109" class="label">109</a> The sons of Augustus were Gaius, adopted in 737,
-died in 757; Lucius, adopted at the same time, died in 755; Agrippa
-Postumus, adopted in 757, exiled in 760. These were the sons of Agrippa
-and Julia. On the death of Gaius in 757, Augustus adopted Tiberius.
-With him Germanicus, nephew and adopted son of Tiberius, and Drusus,
-Tiberius’ own son, became the legal grandchildren of Augustus. None of
-these could celebrate games in his own name after adoption, as they had
-no property rights, but were absolutely dependent on the head of their
-house, according to the <em>patria potestas</em> of the Roman law. See
-this very plainly set forth in Suetonius, <cite>Tib.</cite> 15: “After his
-(Tiberius’) adoption he never again acted as master of a family, nor
-exercised in the smallest degree the rights which he had lost by it.
-For he neither disposed of anything in the way of gift, nor manumitted
-a slave; nor so much as received an estate left him by will, or any
-legacy, without reckoning it as a part of his <em>peculium</em>, or
-property held under his father.” Tiberius was forty-six years old when
-he was adopted.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Seven of these exhibitions can be traced. 1. In 725, on the dedication
-of the temple of the Divine Julius. Dio, LI, 22. 2. In 726, in honor
-of the victory of Actium. Dio, LIII, 1. 3. In 738, in accordance with
-a decree of the senate. This was in the name of Tiberius and Drusus.
-Dio, LIV, 19. 4. In 742, at the Quinquatria held March 19-23, in honor
-of Minerva. This was in the name of Gaius and Lucius. Dio, LIV, 28, 29.
-5. In 747; funeral games in honor of Agrippa. Dio, LV, 8. 6. In 752,
-at the dedication of the temple of Mars. Vell. II, 100. 7. In 759, in
-honor of Drusus, in the name of his sons Germanicus and Claudius. Dio,
-LV, 27; Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, II, 26, 96; VIII, 2, 4. Possibly the
-eighth occasion may be found in Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite>, 43.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_110" href="#FNanchor_110" class="label">110</a> Cf. Dio, LIII, 1; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>, 43. Wooden seats
-were erected in the Campus Martius for gymnastic contests in 726.
-Whether Germanicus or Drusus is the grandson mentioned here is unknown.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_111" href="#FNanchor_111" class="label">111</a> These were the lesser games of the circus and theatres,
-given ordinarily by magistrates holding the lower offices, which
-Augustus never filled. He took upon himself the care and expense where
-the proper magistrates were absent or too poor. Cf. Dio, XLV, 6; C. I.
-L., I, p. 397.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112" class="label">112</a> The charge of the Secular Games, celebrated
-supposedly once in a century, though in reality oftener, fell to the
-quindecemvirs. Cf. Eckhel, VI. 102, for a coin with <em>imp. Cæsar
-Augustus lud. saec. XV S. F.</em> This was in 737. Cf. also C. I. L.,
-I, p. 442. The college evidently gave the presidency to Augustus and
-Agrippa, since it was very convenient that these two members of the
-sacred body also held the tribunitial power, and so the games came into
-the charge of the two greatest men of the state in a perfectly natural
-way. Cf. C. I. L., IX, p. 29, No. 262, for confirmation of Agrippa’s
-membership in the college of quindecemvirs.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113" class="label">113</a> These games were celebrated on August 1. Dio, LX, 5,
-and LVI, 46, tells of their being annual, and in charge of the consuls
-after the death of Augustus. They began in 752. This passage is one of
-the few where both the Latin and Greek are incapable of restoration.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_114" href="#FNanchor_114" class="label">114</a> Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 43. Some of these occasions were:
-in 743 in connection with the dedication of the theatre of Marcellus.
-Cf. Dio, LIV, 26. Here six hundred beasts were killed, and the tiger
-was shown for the first time. Cf. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, VIII, 17,
-65. In 752, two hundred and sixty lions and thirty-six crocodiles were
-killed. Cf. Dio, LV, 10. In 765, in the games given by Germanicus, two
-hundred lions were killed. Cf. Dio, LVI, 27.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Augustus says “amphitheatres,” though there was but one such structure.
-He may have regarded it as being two theatres joined at their straight
-side and facing each other.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_115" href="#FNanchor_115" class="label">115</a> Velleius II, 100, writes: “The divine Augustus in the
-year when he was consul with Gallus Caninius (752) sated the minds
-and the eyes of the Roman people at the dedication of the temple of
-Mars with the most magnificent gladiatorial shows and naval battles.”
-Dio, LV, 10, says that traces of the excavation could be seen in
-his time (c. 200 A. D.), and that the fight represented a battle of
-Athenians and Persians, in which the former were victorious. Cf. Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 43; Ovid, <cite>Ars Am.</cite> I, 171.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Claudius gave a similar exhibition on the Fucine Lake, but with a
-hundred triremes and quadriremes, and a force of nineteen thousand
-men, “as once Augustus did in a pond by the Tiber, but with lighter
-vessels and a smaller force.” Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> XII, 56; Suet.
-<cite>Claud.</cite>, 21; Dio, LX, 33.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116" class="label">116</a> Another instance of avoidance of the name of an enemy
-while distinctly referring to him. Antony had stripped various temples
-at Samos, Ephesus, Pergamos, and Rhœteum, all in the province of Asia,
-and had given the spoils to Cleopatra. Dio, LI, 17, says that great
-numbers of such things were found in her palace when Alexandria was
-captured. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, XXXIV, 8, 58, says: “He (Myro) made
-an Apollo, which was taken away by the triumvir Antony, but restored
-to the Ephesians by the divine Augustus.” Strabo, XIII, 1, 30, writes
-of Rhœteum: “Cæsar Augustus gave back to the Rhœtians the shrine and
-statue of Ajax which Antony had taken away and given to Egypt. He did
-the like for other cities. For Antony took away the finest votive
-offerings from the most famous shrines for the gratification of the
-Egyptian woman, but Augustus restored them.” Ib. XIV, 1, 14, writes of
-the temple of Hera, at Samos: “Antony took away three colossal sitting
-statues on one base, but Augustus Cæsar restored two of them, Athene
-and Heracles, to the same base; the Zeus, however, he placed upon the
-Capitol.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_117" href="#FNanchor_117" class="label">117</a> Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite>, 52, says these gifts took the
-form of tripods. Cf. Dio, LIII, 22; LII, 35; LIV, 35.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_118" href="#FNanchor_118" class="label">118</a> The allusion is to Sextus Pompeius, whose fleets, manned
-largely by slaves, cut off the grain ships on their way to Rome. Again
-Augustus avoids the name of an opponent. Cf. Vell., II, 73, who thinks
-it remarkable that a son of the great Pompey, who had freed the sea
-from pirates, should himself defile it with piratical crimes. Florus,
-IV, 8, reflects the same sentiment. App. <em>B. C.</em>, V, 77, 80, says
-that captured pirates under torture confessed that Sextus Pompeius was
-the instigator of their crimes. When the peace of Misenum was made,
-Sextus Pompeius stipulated for the freedom of the slaves who had fought
-under him. It was after the overthrow of Pompey, in 718, that the
-slaves were returned. Dio, XLIX, 12, adds that slaves whose masters
-did not claim them were returned to their several cities, there to be
-crucified. Cf. App. <em>B. C.</em>, V, 131; Oros. VI, 18.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119" class="label">119</a> This was in 722, just before the breaking out of
-hostilities between Antony and Octavian. Cf. Dio, L, 6; Suet.,
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 17.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_120" href="#FNanchor_120" class="label">120</a> Cf. c. 8, Note <a href="#Footnote_49">49</a>. There were a thousand senators at this
-time. Augustus, in his statement, probably means that seven hundred
-of the thousand then in the senate were on his side, not merely seven
-hundred who then or later were senators.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The number of consulars, eighty-three, is quite consistent with the
-facts, as is shown in a careful analysis of the <cite>Fasti Consulares</cite>
-for the period by Mommsen. <cite>R. G.</cite>, p. 100.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The priests referred to were probably members of the four great
-colleges and the Arval brotherhood. Cf. c. 7, notes <a href="#Footnote_40">40</a>-<a href="#Footnote_45">45</a>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121" class="label">121</a> This statement is borne out by what we otherwise know.
-Taking the provinces in order we find: First, the German frontier is
-pushed forward from the Rhine to the Elbe. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 21.
-Second, in Illyricum and Macedonia he had erected the new provinces
-of Pannonia and Moesia. Third, in Asia Minor he did not extend the
-older limits of Bithynia, but out of the kingdom of Amyntas, he made
-the new province of Galatia and later added Paphlagonia to it. Fourth,
-in Africa, Augustus rather narrowed than extended the empire by his
-partition with Juba in 729. But a number of Roman proconsuls won
-laurels there.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_122" href="#FNanchor_122" class="label">122</a> Here the record is of commotions quelled within the
-recognized limits of the empire. In Spain there was the Cantabrian
-war from 727 to 735. In Gaul, G. Carrinas had subdued the Morini, and
-triumphed, July 14, 726; and M. Messala had suppressed the Aquitani,
-triumphing Sept. 25, 727. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>, 20, 21.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The German campaigns extending at intervals over the years from 742
-to the very end of Augustus’ reign it is needless to detail. This
-reference to the pacification of Germany has been the subject of
-much dispute. Mommsen in two places (<cite>R. G.</cite>, p. VI, and 48),
-uses the word “crafty” (<em>callidus</em>) of Augustus, referring to
-his alleged glozing over of unsatisfactory events. Hirschfeld goes
-further, and in connection with the present passage accuses Augustus
-(<cite>Wiener Studien</cite>, V, 117) of a “masterly concealment and
-whitewashing (übertünchung) of all that could hurt his reputation.”
-This charge is made because Augustus omits all mention of the disaster
-under Varus. Against this charge Johannes Schmidt defends Augustus,
-(<cite>Philologus</cite>, XLV, p. 394, ff.). The contest between Schmidt and
-Hirschfeld is based really upon opposing views of the purpose of the
-<em>Res Gestae</em>. Schmidt believed it to be an epitaph. In this there
-would be no place for anything save the fortunate events of a life.
-If <em>nil de mortuis nisi bonum</em> be wise, Augustus might well have
-adapted the adage to his own case and said, <em>nil de me morituro nisi
-bonum</em>. But Hirschfeld insists that the <em>Res Gestae</em> constitute
-not an epitaph, but “an account of his administration,” and therefore
-contends that the omission of the German disaster was not in good
-faith. To this, Schmidt answers that Augustus had nothing to gain by
-such concealment—indeed that concealment of so notorious a disaster
-would be absurd. And in the text itself he finds a recognition of the
-real state of affairs, inasmuch as Augustus expressly distinguishes
-Germany from the provinces, Gallic and Spanish, and while claiming
-it for Rome, does not assert that it belongs to her as do organized
-provinces. Schmidt also says that <em>pacavi</em>, “I pacified” does
-not necessarily imply that Germany continued in a state of peace. It
-may well enough cover the fact that there was temporary success. But
-this is hair-splitting. The character of the <em>Res Gestae</em> must
-be always had in mind. Cf. Introduction. Its deliverances were <em>ad
-populum</em> and they constituted an epitaph.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_123" href="#FNanchor_123" class="label">123</a> Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite> 21, says: “He waged war upon no
-people without just and necessary causes.” The present Torbia near
-Monaco, derives its name from a <em>Tropæa Augusti</em>, “Trophy of
-Augustus,” some fragments of which still exist.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The inscription has been preserved by Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, III,
-20, 136: <em>imp. Cæsari divi f. Augusto pontifice maxumo imp. XIIII
-tribunic. potestate XVII s. p. q. R. quod ejus ductu auspiciisque
-gentes Alpinæ omnes quæ a mari supero ad inferum pertinebant sub
-imperium p. R. sunt redactæ</em>—“the Roman senate and people to Cæsar
-... Augustus ... because under his leadership and auspices all the
-Alpine nations, from the upper to the lower sea have been brought
-into subjection to the Roman empire.” Then follows an enumeration of
-forty-six peoples. Pliny adds, “the Cottian states were not annexed
-because they had not been hostile;” and an arch at Segusio was placed
-in honor of Augustus, and on it are the names of fourteen states, six
-being repetitions from the Torbia monument. Cf. C. I. L. V, 7817 and
-7231.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The campaigns here referred to are: First, of Varro Murena against the
-Salassi in 729. Cf. Strabo, IV, 6, 7, p. 205; Dio, LIII, 25; Livy,
-<cite>Epit.</cite>, CXXXV; Cass. <cite>ad. ann.</cite> 729; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>
-21. Second, of Publius Silius against the Vennones and Camunni in
-738. Cf. Dio, LIV, 20. Third, of Tiberius and Drusus against the Ræti
-and Vindelici in 739. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 21. Fourth, against the
-Ligurians of the Maritime Alps in 740. Cf. Dio, LIV, 24. Finally these
-regions were formed into the province of Rætia in 747-748.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_124" href="#FNanchor_124" class="label">124</a> This naval expedition was connected with the German
-campaign of Tiberius in 758. Cf. Vell. II, 106; Pliny, <cite>Hist.
-Nat.</cite>, II, 67, 167.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_125" href="#FNanchor_125" class="label">125</a> Strabo, VII, 2, 1, describes an embassy of the Cimbri
-asking for “peace and amnesty.” They dwelt in the end of Jutland.
-Cf. Ptolemy, II, 10. Below them were the Charudes, whom the mason at
-Ancyra makes Charydes, and the Greek translator, thinking of the fable,
-transforms into Chalybes, living just south of the Cimbri. Cf. Ptolemy,
-ii, 11, 12. The Semnones were between the Elbe and the Oder.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_126" href="#FNanchor_126" class="label">126</a> When the Egyptian garrisons were weakened on account of
-the Arabian expedition, Queen Candace took advantage of it and captured
-a number of towns in Upper Egypt. These the præfect, C. Petronius,
-re-took, and inflicted severe punishment upon the Æthiopians. This took
-place 730-732. Cf. Strabo, XVII, I, 54; Dio, LIV, 5; Pliny, <cite>Hist.
-Nat.</cite>, VI, 29, 181, 182.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">In 1896 Capt. Lyons, R. E., found, at Philæ, an inscription in Latin,
-Greek and hieroglyphics, of which Prof. Mahaffy gives this translation:
-“Gaius Cornelius, son of Cnaeus Gallus, a Roman knight, appointed
-first prefect, after the kings were conquered by Cæsar, son of Divus,
-of Alexandria and Egypt—who conquered the revolt of the Thebaid in
-fifteen days, having won two pitched battles, together with the capture
-of the leaders of his opponents, having taken five cities, some by
-assault, some by siege, viz., Boresis, Coptos, Ceramice, Diospolis
-the Great, Ombos (?); having slain the leaders of these revolts, and
-having brought his army beyond the cataract of the Nile to a point
-whither neither the Roman people nor the Kings of Egypt had yet carried
-their standards, a military district impassable before his day; having
-subdued, to the common terror of all the kings, all the Thebaid, which
-was not subject to the kings, and having received the ambassadors of
-the Ethiopians at Philæ, and guest-friendship from their king (and
-received their king under his protection) and having appointed him
-tyrant of the 30-<em>schoeni</em> district of Lower Ethiopia—makes this
-thank-offering to the Dii Patrii, and to the Nile, who aided him in his
-deeds.” <cite>London Athenæum</cite>, March 14, 1896, and <cite>Sitzungsberichte
-d. kgl. Pr. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin</cite>, 1896, I, pp. 469-480.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_127" href="#FNanchor_127" class="label">127</a> The Arabian campaign, under C. Aelius Gallus was
-probably in 729-730. Cf. Dio, LIII, 29; Hor. <cite>Carm.</cite> I, 29, 35;
-Strabo, XVI, 4, 22, 24. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, VI, 28, 159, 160,</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128" class="label">128</a> Egypt was made an integral part of the empire
-after Actium and the death of Cleopatra, in 724. Its connection
-with the empire was peculiar. W. T. Arnold, <cite>Roman Provincial
-Administration</cite>, p. 113, says: “The government of Egypt was in many
-points wholly exceptional. Julius Cæsar had deliberately abstained from
-making it a province of the country (cf. Suet., <cite>Jul.</cite> 35); and
-when Augustus added it to the empire he subjected it to an altogether
-exceptional treatment. The country was his private property, or rather
-the Emperor’s private property; it passed as a matter of course, that
-is, from emperor to emperor. Augustus appointed a præfect to represent
-him in the province, just as in earlier times the urban prætors had
-sent prefects to represent them in the municipalities of Italy. This
-præfect was of equestrian, and not of the highest equestrian rank (Tac.
-<cite>Ann.</cite>, XII, 60; II, 59; <cite>Hist.</cite> I. 11); no senators were
-admitted into the province; and the greatest jealousy was shown of the
-smallest interference with it. The reasons for the special jealousy
-of Egypt shown by Augustus and his successors were partly the great
-defensibility of the country (in case of insurrection—<span class="smcap">Ed.</span>),
-partly its immense importance as the granary of Rome. ‘It was an
-accepted principle with our fathers,’ says Pliny, ‘that our city could
-not possibly be fed and maintained without the resources of Egypt.’”
-For a fuller treatment cf. Marquardt, <cite>Röm. Staatsverwaltung</cite>, I,
-282-298.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129" class="label">129</a> Armenia Major had been raised to greatness by Tigranes I
-(658-699) who had been a formidable ally of Mithridates. Pompey finally
-subdued him, 688. Henceforth Armenia was in a subject condition.
-Tigranes was succeeded by his son Artavasdes. In 718, when Antony
-attacked the Parthians, this king sided with him against Phraates of
-Parthia, and another Artavasdes, king of Media. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 25.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">But presently the two Artavasdes changed relations, the king of Armenia
-passing to the Parthian side and he of Media joining Antony. Cf.
-Plut., <cite>Ant.</cite>, 52; Dio, XLIX, 33, 44. Antony captured Artavasdes
-of Armenia and gave him over to Cleopatra, who killed him in 721. His
-kingdom was assigned to Antony’s son Alexander to whom was betrothed
-Jotape daughter of Artavasdes of Media. The Armenians made Artaxes,
-son of the late Artavasdes, their king. When Octavian overcame Antony
-he did not befriend all the Oriental enemies of the latter, but for
-purposes of his own set up a rival to Phraates of Parthia in Tiridates.
-Cf. c. 32. And, angered at the Armenians, who had dealt harshly with
-certain Romans in that kingdom, he held as hostages the brothers of
-king Artaxes, and set Artavasdes of Media over Armenia Minor as a check
-upon Artaxes. Cf. Dio, LI, 16; LIV, 9. In 734 Augustus went to the
-East to arrange affairs there. A campaign against Artaxes was planned,
-but he was assassinated. Cf. Dio, LIV, 9; Tac., <cite>Ann.</cite>, II, 3;
-Vell., II, 94, 122; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>, 21; Jos., <cite>Ant.</cite>, XV, 4,
-3; Eckhel, VI, 98. At this point the action of Augustus, recorded here
-in the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>, takes place. Augustus follows the example of
-Pompey, who, in dealing with Armenia in 688 had contented himself with
-making the Armenian king accept his royalty as a gift from Rome. Cf.
-Cic. <cite>pro Sext.</cite> 27. The affair was conducted by Tiberius, not yet
-adopted. Cf. Suet. <cite>Tib.</cite>, 9; Vell., II, 122. Henceforth Armenia
-was regarded as part of the empire, though its native sovereigns were
-continued. Cf. Vell., II, 94, 122: “Armenia restored to the control
-of the Roman people;” “Armenia retaken.” “The Medes likewise were
-subjected.” Cf. c. 33.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130" class="label">130</a> The reign of Tigranes was brief. The Parthians winning
-some success against Rome, stirred up Armenia. Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite>,
-II, 3; Vell., II, 100. They favored the children of Tigranes, Tigranes
-III and Erato. A Roman faction set up his younger brother Artavasdes.
-Cf. Tacitus l. c. The suppression of the disorder was enjoined upon
-Tiberius. But at this juncture, 748, he went into retirement at Rhodes.
-Cf. Dio, LV, 9. Artavasdes died and the young Tigranes courted the
-aid of Rome, but was soon killed, probably by Parthian means, and his
-sister Erato abdicated. Cf. fragments of Dio, cited by Mommsen, <cite>R.
-G.</cite>, p. 113, and Dio, LV, 10. Tacitus confirms the delivery of
-Armenia to Ariobarzanes by Gaius. Cf. <cite>Ann.</cite>, II, 3; and Dio, LV,
-10. The Parthian faction did not accept him, and it was in a contest
-over him that Gaius received a wound, of which he died, Feb. 21, 757.
-Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 472. For the succession of Artavasdes, cf. Dio,
-LV, 10. The Tigranes IV, next mentioned “of the royal house of the
-Armenians” was a grandson of Herod the Great, of Judea, on the one
-side, and of Archelaus, King of Cappadocia, and probably an Armenian
-princess on the other. Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> VI, 40; XIV, 26; Jos.,
-<cite>Ant.</cite> XVIII, 5, 4; <cite>Wars</cite>, I, 28, 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131" class="label">131</a> For Sicily and Sardinia, cf. c. 25 and notes.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">By the treaty of Brundisium, Antony had received Macedonia, Achaia,
-Asia, Pontus, Bithynia, Cilicia, Cyprus, Syria, Crete, Cyrenaica. The
-five last named he had given over to foreign kings. As to Asia and
-Bithynia, Dio, XLIX, 41 and Plut. <cite>Ant.</cite> 54, are in conflict.
-But the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite> tends to confirm the latter. Lycaonia and
-Pamphylia were taken from the province of Cilicia and given to
-Amyntas, King of Galatia. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 32. He extended Egypt again
-by restoring to it Cyprus. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 32, 41; Plut. l. c.; Strabo,
-XIV, 6, 6: he granted to Cleopatra and Cæsarion, her son by Julius
-Cæsar, the coast land of Syria, Tyre and Sidon excepted, cf. Jos.
-<cite>Ant.</cite> XV, 4, 1; <cite>Wars</cite>, I, 18, 5; also Coele-Syria, cf. Jos.
-<cite>Ant.</cite> XV, 3, 8; Plut. l. c.; Ituraea, Judaea and Arabia Nabataea,
-cf. Dio, XLIX, 32; Jos. <cite>Ant.</cite> XV, 4, 1; 5, 3; <cite>Wars</cite>, I, 18,
-5; 20, 3; parts of Cilicia, cf. Strabo, XIV, 5, 3; 5, 6: and perhaps
-Crete also, cf. Dio, XLIX, 32: and Cyrenaica, cf. Plut. l. c. To his
-younger son Ptolemy Philadelphus he gave Syria, and part of Cilicia,
-cf. Dio, XLIX, 41; Plut. l. c.: for the elder, Alexander he planned a
-kingdom made up of Armenia, Media and Parthia, cf. Livy, <cite>Epit.</cite>
-CXXXI; Plutarch, l. c. These alienations of Roman territory were made
-the occasion of Octavian’s attack upon Antony. Cf. Dio, L, 1; Plut. l.
-c.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_132" href="#FNanchor_132" class="label">132</a> Mommsen believes that Augustus founded only military
-colonies. Zumpt thinks otherwise. Cf. <cite>Comment Epig.</cite>, I, 362.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_133" href="#FNanchor_133" class="label">133</a> Known colonies of Augustus are: In Africa, Carthage,
-cf. C. I. L. VIII, p. 133; Dio, LII, 43; App. <cite>Pun.</cite> CXXXVI. In
-Sicily, Panhormus, Thermes, Tyndaris, cf. Dio, LIV, 7; Pliny, <cite>Hist.
-Nat.</cite>, III, 8, 88; 89; 90. Marquardt, <cite>Röm. Staatsverwaltung</cite>
-I, 246, names seven colonies of Augustus in Sicily. In Macedonia,
-Dyrrachium, Philippi, cf. Dio, LI, 4. Cassandrea, cf. Pliny, <cite>Hist.
-Nat.</cite>, IV, 10. In Hither Spain, Cæsaraugusta, cf. coin in Eckhel
-I, 37, which also gives the numbers of the legions whose veterans
-were colonized here: <em>leg. IV</em>, <em>leg. VI</em>, <em>leg. X</em>.
-Marquardt <em>op. cit.</em>, I, 256, names six colonies of Augustus here.
-In Farther Spain, Emerita, cf. Eckhel I, 12, and 19, <em>leg. V</em>,
-<em>X</em>; Marquardt, <em>op. cit.</em>, I, 257. In Achaia, Patrae, cf.
-C. I. L. III, p. 95, <em>leg. X</em>, <em>XII</em>. In Asia, Alexandrea of
-the Troad, cf. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, V, 30. In Syria, Berytus, cf.
-Eckhel III, 356, <em>leg. V</em>, <em>VIII</em>; Heliopolis, cf. Eckhel,
-III, 334. In Gallia Narbonensis, Reii and Aquae Sextiae, cf. Herzog,
-<cite>Gall. Narb. inscr.</cite> n. 113, 356. In Pisidia, Antioch, cf. Eckhel
-III, 18; Cremna, cf. Eckhel III, 20; Olbasa, cf. Eckhel, III, 20;
-Parlais, cf. Ramsay, <cite>Bull. de Corr. Hell.</cite>, VII, p. 318.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">No colonies are assigned to Sardinia, the three Gauls and two
-Germanies, Raetia, Noricum, Bithynia, Pontus, Galatia, Galatian Pontus,
-Paphlagonia, part of Phrygia, Lycaonia, Isauria, Cilicia, Cyprus,
-Crete, Egypt, Cyrenaica. As for parts of the empire under subject
-kings, such as Thrace, Cappadocia, Mauretania, no account is taken of
-them, though there were certainly colonies in Mauretania, at Cartenna
-and Tupusuctu. Cf. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, V, 2, 20; C. I. L., VIII,
-8857.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_134" href="#FNanchor_134" class="label">134</a> Cf. an article by Mommsen, <cite>Hermes</cite>, XVIII, 161 ff.
-on the “Colonies of Italy from Sulla to Vespasian.”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">When Augustus wrote, Italy was separated from Illyricum by the river
-Arsia. Yet Illyricum was not counted by him as a province. It had
-colonies at Emona, Iader, Salona, and possibly at Epidaurus and Narona.
-Cf. C. I. L., III, pp. 489, 374, 304, 287, 291. Mommsen thinks this
-omission was intended by Augustus; that he had been able to satisfy
-some of his veterans, to whom Italian farms had been promised, with
-lands over the Italian border in Illyricum, and because he could not
-call it a province, nor yet a part of Italy, he eludes the difficulty
-by omitting the Illyrian colonies.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The names of the twenty-eight Italian colonies are somewhat difficult
-to establish. Several perplexing questions rise in the attempt. What
-of the colonies founded by Antony and Octavian as triumvirs? Were they
-Antoniæ Juliæ, or some Juliæ and others Antoniæ? If the former were
-true and they dropped the name Antoniæ, the result would be far more
-than twenty-eight Julian and Augustan colonies. The second probability
-is more likely, and that the colonies Antoniæ simply dropped their name
-after Actium.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">A third difficulty rises in the case of the enlargement of old
-colonies and their resettlement, as, <em>e. g.</em>, of Minturnæ.
-Cf. Hyginus, <cite>De Lim.</cite>, p. 177. Mommsen gives a list which
-nearly meets the statement of Augustus. 1. Ariminum, <cite>Augusta</cite>;
-2. Ateste; 3. <cite>Augusta</cite> Prætoria; 4. <cite>Julia Augusta</cite>
-Taurinorum; 5. Beneventum, <cite>Julia Augusta</cite>; 6. Bononia; 7.
-Brixia, <cite>Augusta</cite>; 8. Capua, <cite>Julia Augusta</cite>; 9. Castrum
-novum Etruriæ, <cite>Julia</cite>; 10. Concordia, <cite>Julia</cite>; 11. Cumæ
-(?) <cite>Julia</cite>; 12. Dertona, <cite>Julia</cite>; 13. Fanum Fortunæ,
-<cite>Julia</cite>; 14. Falerio; 15. Hispellum, <cite>Julia</cite>; 16. Lucus
-Feroniæ, <cite>Julia</cite>; 17. Minturnæ; 18. Nola, <cite>Augusta</cite>; 19.
-Parentium, <cite>Julia</cite>; 20. Parma, <cite>Julia Augusta</cite>; 21. Pisae,
-<cite>Julia</cite>; 22. Pisaurum, <cite>Julia</cite>; 23. Pola, <cite>Julia</cite>;
-24. Sæna (?), <cite>Julia</cite>; 25. Sora, <cite>Julia</cite>; 26. Suessa,
-<cite>Julia</cite>; 27. Sutrium, <cite>Julia</cite>; 28. Tuder, <cite>Julia</cite>;
-29, Venafrum, <cite>Julia Augusta</cite>. Cf. Marquardt, <cite>Röm.
-Staatsverwaltung</cite>, I, 118-132.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_135" href="#FNanchor_135" class="label">135</a> Of standards recovered in Spain and Gaul we have no
-further knowledge. It may be that in the Cantabrian war of 728, 729,
-some such thing took place.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Appian, <cite>Illyr.</cite> XII, XXV, XXVIII, narrates the capture of
-standards by the Dalmatians from Gabinius in 706, and their restoration
-to Augustus in 721. These were then placed in the Octavian portico; and
-probably later transferred to the temple of Mars.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_136" href="#FNanchor_136" class="label">136</a> The standards had been lost by Crassus and Antony. Cf.
-Justin, XLII, 5, 11; Livy, <cite>Epit.</cite>, CXLI; Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite>
-21; Vell., II, 91; Vergil, <cite>Æn.</cite> VII, 606; Horace, <cite>Carm.</cite>,
-I, 12, 56; III, 5, 4; Dio, LIII, 33; LIV, 8; Cass. <cite>Chron.</cite> ad.
-734; Oros., VI, 21; Florus IV, 12; Eutropius, VII, 9. One detachment of
-Antonius’ army, under L. Decidius Saxa, was exterminated in 714, and
-another in 718 under Oppius Statianus. Cf. Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite> CXXI; Dio,
-XLVIII, 24.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Tiberius received the standards from the Parthians in 734. Cf. Dio,
-LIV, 8, etc.; Suet. <cite>Tib.</cite> 9. Eckhel, VI, 95, shows a coin with
-a Parthian on bended knee presenting a standard to Augustus. Cf. also
-Horace, <cite>Epis.</cite>, I, 12, 27; Oros., VI, 21, 29; and c. 32 of the
-inscription.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">There were two temples of Mars Ultor, a smaller one on the Capitoline,
-and a larger in the forum, dedicated in 752. The standards were removed
-to the larger temple. Cf. Dio, LV, 10; Horace, <cite>Carm.</cite>, IV, 5, 16;
-<cite>Epis.</cite>, I, 18, 56; Propertius, III, 10, 3; Ovid, <cite>Trist.</cite>
-II, 295; <cite>Fasti</cite>, V, 549; VI, 459.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_137" href="#FNanchor_137" class="label">137</a> Augustus himself had fought the Pannonians in 719, 720.
-Cf. Dio, XLIX, 36-38. The campaigns of Tiberius were from 742 to 745.
-Cf. Vell. II, 96; Dio, LIV, 31, 34; LV, 2; Suet. <cite>Tib.</cite>, 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_138" href="#FNanchor_138" class="label">138</a> This statement varies somewhat from Dio, L, 24, who says
-Augustus reached the Danube in 720, and from Suetonius, <cite>Tib.</cite> 16,
-who assigns the complete subjection of the district to 759.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_139" href="#FNanchor_139" class="label">139</a> The Dacians had become organized and strong in the
-latter years of the Roman republic. Cf. Justin. XXXII, 3; Jordanis,
-<cite>Get.</cite>, XI, 67; Strabo, XVI, 2, 39; VII, 3, 5; 11; Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite>, 44. Julius Cæsar was about to proceed against them when he
-died. Cf. Suet. <cite>Jul.</cite>, 44; <cite>Aug.</cite>, 8; App. <em>B. C.</em>, II,
-110; III, 25, 37; <cite>Illyr.</cite>, 13; Vell., II. 59; Livy, <cite>Epit.</cite>,
-CXVII. In 719 Augustus began his Illyrican campaign by occupying
-Segesta on the Save, whence he threatened the Dacians and Bastarnæ. Cf.
-App. <cite>Illyr.</cite>, 22, 23. Antony is responsible for the statement
-that Augustus sought to secure the goodwill of Cotiso, king of the
-Getæ (Dacians), by giving him his daughter and by himself marrying a
-daughter of Cotiso. Cf. Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite>, 63. Cotiso refused
-the alliance and joined the party of Antony. Cf. Dio, L, 6; LI, 22.
-Antony’s story as to the proposed marriages is hardly credible, and may
-have been invented by him to offset his own alliance with Cleopatra.
-During the struggle between Antony and Octavian, an invasion of the
-Dacians was the constant dread of Italy. Cf. Vergil, <cite>Georg.</cite>, II,
-497; Hor. <cite>Sat.</cite>, II, 6, 53; <cite>Carm.</cite>, III, 6, 13. When Antony
-was overthrown M. Crassus undertook the suppression of the Dacians,
-and triumphed, July 4, 727. Cf. Dio, LI, 23; Tab. Triumph. But Dacian
-incursions were still frequent. Dio records one in 738, cf. LIV, 20;
-and one in 744, cf. LIV, 36. Probably it was in this latter incursion
-that the defeat here alluded to was met by them. Finally an army was
-sent against them under Lentulus, in 759. Cf. Dio, LV, 30; Strabo,
-VII, 12 and 13; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>, 21; Florus, IV, 12, 19, 20; Tac.
-<cite>Ann.</cite>, IV, 44.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_140" href="#FNanchor_140" class="label">140</a> Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>, 21; Flor. IV, 12, 62;
-<cite>Oros.</cite>, VI, 21, 19, says that deputies of Indians and Scythians
-came to Augustus at Tarracona in 728 or 729; Dio, LIV, 9, that
-deputies from India came to him at Samos in 734. Strabo gives the
-name of the Indian king as Porus. Cf. XV., 1, 4 and 73. Cf. also
-Ver. <cite>Georg.</cite>, II, 170; <cite>Aen.</cite>, VI, 794; VIII, 705; Hor.
-<cite>Carm.</cite>, I, 12, 56; <cite>Carm. Saec.</cite>, 55, 56; <cite>Carm.</cite>, IV,
-14, 41.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_141" href="#FNanchor_141" class="label">141</a> For a general statement, cf. Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite>
-21. For the Scythians, cf. Note 140, above. For the Bastarnæ, cf. Livy,
-<cite>Ep.</cite> CXXXIV; Dio, LI, 23, 24. For the Sarmatæ, cf. Flor. l. c.;
-Strabo, II, 5, 30; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite>, VI, 33; Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>,
-II, 108, 246; VI, 7, 19; VI, 5, 16; VI, 13, 40. Vergil refers to them
-as Gelones. Cf. <cite>Aen.</cite>, VIII, 725. Cf. also Hor. <cite>Carm.</cite>, II,
-9; III, 8, 23. For the Albani and Iberi, cf. Dio, XLIX, 24. For the
-Medes, cf. c. 27 and notes.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_142" href="#FNanchor_142" class="label">142</a> For Phraates and Tiridates, cf. Justin, XLII, 5; Dio,
-LI, 18. Tiridates had supplanted Phraates and in turn was driven out
-by him. He then, in 724, came to Augustus for aid. But the latter was
-anxious to regain the lost standards from Parthia, and simply played
-off Tiridates against Phraates by setting him over Syria. Dio, in the
-passage cited, makes mention of a son of Phraates who was captured by
-Tiridates and given up to Augustus. This was possibly the Phraates
-here mentioned, though there are difficulties in the way of this
-explanation. For Augustus implies the voluntary coming of a reigning
-king, not the delivery of an abducted prince. We know that in 731
-Tiridates was in Rome asking that Parthia be assigned to him, and that
-at the same time Phraates sent an embassy begging the restitution of
-his son. Cf. Dio, LIII, 33. Augustus laid the matter before the senate,
-and by their advice restored the prince in exchange for the standards,
-but did not yield to the plea of Tiridates.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143" class="label">143</a> Cf. c. 27.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_144" href="#FNanchor_144" class="label">144</a> A people east of the Tigris, and west of Media
-Atropatane. Nothing is known of Artaxares. For the Adiabeni and their
-kingdom, cf. Strabo, XVI, 1, 19; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite>, XII, 13; Josephus,
-<cite>Ant.</cite>, XX, 2, 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145" class="label">145</a> Augustus several times was on the point of invading
-Britain. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 38, for 720; LIII, 22, 25, for 727, 728.
-The poets have many prophecies of victories in Britain. Cf. Ver.
-<cite>Georg.</cite>, I, 30, written in 724; III, 25; Hor. <cite>Epode</cite>, VII,
-7; <cite>Carm.</cite>, I. 35, 29, of the year 727, 728; <cite>Carm.</cite>, III, 5;
-I, 21, 15; III, 4, 33; IV, 14, 48. But nothing came of these plans. Cf.
-Strabo, IV, 5, 3, for embassies from Britain. Coins of Dumnobellaunus
-have been found. Cf. J. Evans, <cite>Coins of the Ancient Britons</cite>
-(London, 1864), p. 198, and the following plate 4, Nos. 6-12.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_146" href="#FNanchor_146" class="label">146</a> The great defeat of Lollius in 738 was by the Sicambri,
-joined with the Usipites and Tencteri. Cf. Dio, LIV, 20; Vell., II,
-97; Suet., <cite>Aug.</cite>, 23. There was a temporary peace. Cf. Horace,
-<cite>Carm.</cite>, IV, 2. 36; 14, 51. They rebelled in 742, and were put
-down, first by Drusus and later by Tiberius. Cf. Dio, LIV, 32, 33,
-36. In 746 they were completely subjugated and removed into Gaul. Cf.
-Dio, LV, 6; Vell. II, 97; Suet., <cite>Aug.</cite>, 21; <cite>Tib.</cite>, 9; Tac.
-<cite>Ann.</cite>, II, 26; XII, 39; Strabo, VII, 1, 3. Probably the coming of
-Maelo was during this surrender of 746.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_147" href="#FNanchor_147" class="label">147</a> The Marcomani were a branch of the Suevi. Cf. Tac.,
-<cite>Germ.</cite>, XXXVIII; <cite>Ann.</cite>, II, 44, 62.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_148" href="#FNanchor_148" class="label">148</a> The four sons were Seraspedes, Rhodaspedes, Vonones
-and Phraates, with the wives of two of them and four children. Cf.
-Strabo, XVI, 1, 28; VI, 4, 2; Justin, XLII, 5, 11; Vell., II, 94; Tac.,
-<cite>Ann.</cite>, II, 1; Oros., VI, 21, 29; Suet., <cite>Aug.</cite> 21, 43; Jos.,
-<cite>Antiq.</cite>, XVIII, 2, 4. They were sent to be out of harm’s way
-during troubles in Parthia, according to all but Josephus, who says
-they were removed so as not to hinder the succession of Phraataces, an
-illegitimate son. When Phraates died, Phraataces in vain asked Augustus
-for the return of the princes. This was c. 750. Cf. Dio, fragments,
-Ursin. 39. The two elder princes died in Rome. Cf. C. I. L., VI, 7799.
-Vonones was sent back by Augustus. Cf. c. 33, Note <a href="#Footnote_149">149</a>; Phraates was
-returned by Tiberius in 788. Cf. Tac., <cite>Ann.</cite>, VI, 31; Dio, LVIII,
-16. Probably the princes were sent to Augustus in 744. Cf. Mommsen,
-<cite>R. G.</cite>, p. 141.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_149" href="#FNanchor_149" class="label">149</a> The comment of Mommsen here seems too severe. He says:
-“The writer magnifies his splendors beyond what is exact: for the
-Parthians and Medes asked Augustus, not so much to appoint kings for
-them, as to restore to them those to whom the kingdom had fallen by
-hereditary right.” Such a criticism seems to overlook the force of the
-word <em>petitos</em>, as applied to <em>reges</em>: they got the kings
-they “asked for.”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Phraataces was reigning in 754. Cf. Dio, LV, 10; Vell. II, 101. He was
-succeeded by Orodes for a short time. Then came the choice of Vonones.
-Cf. Jos. <cite>Ant.</cite> XVIII, 2, 4; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> II, 1. Josephus
-gives no date. Tacitus implies 770. Augustus, however, returned
-Vonones, and the date must be much earlier, probably c. 760. A Parthian
-embassy was in Rome between 757 and 759. Cf. Suet. <cite>Tib.</cite>, 16.
-Coins also show the name of Vonones in 761. Cf. Gardner, <cite>Parthian
-Coinage</cite>, p. 46. His reign was very brief. Cf. Tacitus and Josephus,
-ll. cc.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_150" href="#FNanchor_150" class="label">150</a> Cf. c. 27.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_151" href="#FNanchor_151" class="label">151</a> This chapter is possibly the most weighty in the whole
-inscription, inasmuch as it sets forth the view of his policy which
-Augustus wished the world to hold. How far his statements in the
-opening and closing sentences represent his own actual notions of his
-relations to the sovereign power in Rome is a matter of debate. For a
-full discussion Mommsen, <cite>Röm. St.</cite> II, p. 723, ff., may be read,
-and Gardthausen, <cite>Aug.</cite> Iᵉʳ Th. IIᵉʳ Bd., pp. 485-540 and IIᵉʳ
-Th., pp. 277-299.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The question is: Did Augustus in any real sense restore the republic,
-or did he conceive of himself as monarch, but find it politic to
-suppress all outward marks of royalty? Was his chief concern to
-maintain the peace and prosperity of the Roman people, with as little
-alteration as possible of the old constitutional forms, or was his
-object the building up of power for his own sake? This is confessedly
-one of the riddles of history. The best that can be done is to study
-his actions, estimating their worth and tendency, and leaving the
-motives of the great statesman where he hid them,—locked in his own
-bosom.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Undoubtedly, all through the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>, as is pointed out in
-the introduction, and as has been noticed from time to time in these
-notes, one of his great aims is to represent himself as a conservative,
-moving within constitutional limits. Coins of the period emphasize the
-view set forth in the opening sentence of this chapter with regard to
-the restoration of the republic. Cf. Eckhel, VI, 83: <cite>imp. Cæsar
-divi f. cos. VI, libertatis p. R. vindex</cite>; “The imperator, Cæsar,
-son of the divine (Cæsar) consul for the sixth time, (726) restorer of
-the freedom of the Roman people.” Cf. C. I. L. VI, 1527: “the whole
-world pacified, the republic restored.” Also, C. I. L. I, p. 384; the
-date referred to is Jan. 13, 727: “The senate decreed that an oaken
-crown should be fixed above the door of the imperator, Cæsar Augustus,
-because he restored the Roman republic.” Contemporary Roman writers
-simply echo the views of Augustus. Cf. Ovid, <cite>Fasti</cite>, I, 589,
-for Jan. 13, 727, Velleius, II, 89, says: “When the civil wars were
-finished in the twentieth year, (724) and the foreign wars brought to
-a close, peace was brought back, power restored to the laws, authority
-to the tribunals, majesty to the senate, the <em>imperium</em> of the
-magistrates reduced to its old time form, the original and ancient
-form of the state restored.” Cf. Livy, <cite>Epit.</cite>, CXXXIV. The
-Greek Strabo, also a contemporary, writes, XVII, 3, 25: “The country
-committed to him the headship of her sovereignty, and made him lord of
-peace and war for life.” Later writers, even the Romans, are equally
-free in their judgments. Dio, LII, I, says: “From this time (725)
-the affairs of Rome began to be in the control of one man
-(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μοναρχεῖσθαι</span>).” Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>, 28; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite>, III,
-28. Dio’s account of the conference in which Agrippa advises a real
-abdication by Augustus, and Mæcenas urges a bold assumption of supreme
-power (LII, 1-40) is regarded as fictitious.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The facts in the case are these: In 711 the Titian law gave the
-triumvirs a five years’ lease of power. In 716 this was renewed not
-by formal legislation, but “by universal consent.” Cf. App., <em>B.
-C.</em> V, 95. This triumviral power Augustus wielded till his sixth
-consulship, 726, though there was a pretence of its cessation in 721.
-Cf. c. 7, N, 1, and Mommsen, <cite>Röm. St.</cite>, II, 698. In this and the
-following years he divested himself gradually of one extraordinary
-power after another. He could not at once fall back to the position
-of an ordinary magistrate. The armies, the laws, the provinces, the
-revenues had all been in his control. These he must gradually restore
-Cf. Dio, LII, 13; LIII, 4, 9, 10. In 726 he began his return to older
-customs by alternating with Agrippa, his colleague, in the consulship,
-in having the fasces borne before him by the lictors for a month. Cf.
-Dio, LIII, 1. The restoration of the censorship was part of the same
-programme. Dio, LIII, 2, says that by an edict he declared all the
-revolutionary and extraordinary acts of the triumviral period should
-cease to be effective with the expiration of his sixth consulship
-(726). The inscription of Jan. 13, 727, above alluded to, C. I. L. I,
-p. 384, marks that date as that on which the business of restoring the
-provinces was finally given over to the senate.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">From this time on the senate divided the control of the provinces
-with him. Augustus took the troublesome provinces and the frontier
-ones, leaving to the senate the older and more peaceable. Over these
-provinces he received a proconsular imperium for ten years, which was
-renewed at the expiration of that term. In c. 7 he says that he found
-the tribunitial power a sufficient basis for all the measures which
-he wished to put through. Now the proconsulship and tribuneship were
-both ordinary and constitutional offices. Augustus’ occupancy of each
-affords an illustration of the way in which he held ordinary offices in
-an extraordinary way. For by the old customs a proconsul must exercise
-his <em>imperium</em> in his province, and never at Rome. Augustus could
-not be in ten provinces at once, and must be at Rome most of the time.
-Hence a violation of the constitution was necessary. The tribuneship,
-instituted for the protection of plebeians could be held only by a
-plebeian. But Augustus was a patrician. For this reason he did not
-take the tribuneship in the ordinary way, nor by the ordinary title,
-but designated himself as <em>tribunicia potestate</em>, “of tribunitial
-authority.”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The title <em>princeps</em>, “prince” is never used by Augustus as an
-official designation in laws and inscriptions, but indicates simply his
-primacy of rank and is so used throughout the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>. Cf. cc.
-13, 30, 32.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_152" href="#FNanchor_152" class="label">152</a> Cf. C. I. L. 1, p. 384; X. 8375; Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite>, 134;
-Cass. ad. an. 727; Oros. VI, 20, 8; Vell. II, 91; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 7;
-Dio, LIII, 16.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_153" href="#FNanchor_153" class="label">153</a> Cf. coins in Eckhel, VI, 88; Cohen, <cite>Aug.</cite> nos.
-43-48, 50, 207-212, 301, 341, 356, 385, 426, 476-8, 482. All these
-show either the crown or the laurels and many of them have both. With
-the crown is generally <em>ob civis servatos</em>, “for preserving the
-citizens.” The civic crown being the reward of any soldier who saved
-a citizen’s life, Augustus was pre-eminently deemed worthy of it,
-because he had saved so many by putting an end to the civil wars, and
-by his clemency. Cf. Dio, LIII, 16; Suet. <cite>Claud.</cite> 17; Sen. <cite>De
-Clem.</cite> I, 26, 5; Ovid, <cite>Tr.</cite> III, 1, 39, 41, 47; <cite>Fasti</cite>
-IV, 953; III, 137; Val. Max. II, 8, 7; Juv. VI, 52, 79; X, 65; XII, 91;
-Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> XV, 71.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_154" href="#FNanchor_154" class="label">154</a> No ancient writer mentions this shield, but a number of
-coins and inscriptions portray it. Cf. C. I. L. IX, 5811, wherein two
-Victories carry a shield inscribed: “The senate and Roman people have
-given to Augustus a shield on account of his valor, clemency, justice
-and piety;” the very words of the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>. For coins, cf.
-Eckhel, VI, 95, 103, 121; Cohen, <cite>Aug.</cite> nos. 50-53, 213-216, 253,
-264-267, 283, 286-297, 332. The Victory, which is frequently associated
-with the shield, probably indicates that the latter was placed by
-Augustus near the altar of Victory erected by him in the Curia Julia.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_155" href="#FNanchor_155" class="label">155</a> Cf. Note <a href="#Footnote_151">151</a>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_156" href="#FNanchor_156" class="label">156</a> This title was given Feb. 5, 752. Cf. C. I. L. I, p.
-386; II, No. 2107. As in the case of the title, prince of the youth,
-conferred upon Gaius and Lucius, and of the continuance of his supreme
-power by universal consent (cf. cc. 14 and 34), the appellation,
-father of the fatherland, was given by general acclamation, leaving
-to the senate only the formal ratification of the popular will. Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 58, expressly states this. Cf. also Ovid, <cite>Fasti</cite>, II,
-128.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The Augustan Forum was dedicated this same year, 752. Cf. c. 21, Note.
-In all probability the quadriga had been in existence some time before
-this, inasmuch as it appears on a coin of uncertain date with the
-inscription: “the senate and Roman people to Cæsar Augustus, parent and
-presever.” If the quadriga had been made at the time this inscription
-was ordered, the coin would surely have borne the formal title, “father
-of the fatherland,” not the designation, “parent.” Cf. Eckhel, VI, 113.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_157" href="#FNanchor_157" class="label">157</a> The seventy-sixth year of Augustus began Sept. 23,
-766. Chapter 8 mentions his third census, which was completed one
-hundred days before his death, hence May 11, 767. The <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>
-must have been written, then, in the interval between this date and
-his start for Campania, on his last journey, as we know he left this
-document in the hands of the Vestal Virgins. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 97.</p>
-
-<p class="center">SUPPLEMENT.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">For a discussion of this supplement, see the Introduction.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_158" href="#FNanchor_158" class="label">158</a> Equivalent to 2,400,000,000 sesterces, about
-$120,000,000. This does not exactly correspond with the sum of the
-items mentioned in the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>. These sum up 2,199,800,000
-sesterces.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_159" href="#FNanchor_159" class="label">159</a> A mere summary of c. 19, with a bit from c. 20, the
-only principle of arrangement being to put temples first, and the rest
-haphazard. The difference in the Greek and Latin is curious. No attempt
-is made to reproduce <em>pulvinar</em> in Greek, although in c. 19 it had
-been rendered <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ναόν</span>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_160" href="#FNanchor_160" class="label">160</a> A summary of c. 20.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_161" href="#FNanchor_161" class="label">161</a> A summary of cc. 22, 23.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_162" href="#FNanchor_162" class="label">162</a> For aid given to Naples, cf. Dio, LV, 10; to Venafrum,
-in Campania, C. I. L. X, 4842.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_163" href="#FNanchor_163" class="label">163</a> For aid to Paphos, cf. Dio, LIV, 23; to a number of
-towns in Asia, Dio, LIV, 30; to Laodicea and Tralles, Strabo, XII, 8,
-18; to Thyatira and Chios, Suet. <cite>Tib.</cite> 8.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_164" href="#FNanchor_164" class="label">164</a> Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 41. The estate necessary to
-qualify a senator he raised from 800,000 sesterces to 1,200,000, and
-where senators were worthy, though poor, he made up their fortunes to
-that sum. Cf. Dio, LI, 17; LII, 19; LIII, 2; LIV, 17; LV, 13; LVI, 41.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="transnote"><p>Transcriber&#8217;s Notes:—</p>
-<p class="noindent">The original accentuation, spelling, punctuation and hyphenation
-has been retained, except for apparent printer&#8217;s errors.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">A list of contents has been added.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The printer is thought to be Anvil Printing Company (see front matter).</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">In Footnote 58, Cf. Dio, XLIT is taken as a typo for Cf. Dio, XLIV.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">On Page 28 the number of Roman citizens is given as four million, two hundred
-and thirty thousand. In the associated footnote this is given as 4,233,000.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">
-Typographical errors in the Greek (All corrected).<br />
-Page 10 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρυκατηλειμένας</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">προκατηλειμένας</span><br />
-Page 13 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψηψίσμασι</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψηφίσμασι</span><br />
-Page 23 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τόν</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὸν</span><br />
-Page 25 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οίας</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σίας</span><br />
-Page 33 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ῷ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ᾦ</span><br />
-Page 37 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θαλὰσσης</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θαλάσσης</span><br />
-Page 43 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑξὴκοντα</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑξήκοντα</span><br />
-Page 45 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οὕς</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οὓς</span><br />
-Page 51 ἐπιγαφῆς changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπιγραφῆς</span><br />
-Page 53 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἂ[ρεω]ς</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἄ[ρεω]ς</span><br />
-Page 55 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ᾷ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ᾳ</span><br />
-Page 57 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὑρὲρ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὑπὲρ</span><br />
-Page 57 Γαίῷ changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Γαίῳ</span><br />
-Page 57 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ιαύῳ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Γαίῳ</span><br />
-Page 57 Σε[ι]λανῳ changed to read Σε[ι]λανῷ<br />
-Page 59 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρ[ί]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρ[ι]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι</span><br />
-Page 61 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ῷ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ᾧ</span><br />
-Page 61 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Αιβύη</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Λιβύη</span><br />
-Page 61 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοῦς</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοὺς</span><br />
-Page 61 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οὅ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἳ</span><br />
-Page 67 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μείοζονος</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μείσζονος</span><br />
-Page 69 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρᾴ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρα</span><br />
-Page 69 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αἵ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αἳ</span><br />
-Page 69 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔμοῦ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐμοῦ</span><br />
-Page 73 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ποτομοῦ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ποταμοῦ</span><br />
-Page 77 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐθνη</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔθνη</span><br />
-Page 85 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εν</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐν</span></p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Typographical errors in the Latin (All corrected).<br />
-Page 39 turmœ changed to read turmæ and optious changed to read optios</p>
-
-</div>
-
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Monumentum Ancyranum, by Emperor Augustus
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Monumentum Ancyranum
-       The Deeds of Augustus
-
-Author: Emperor Augustus
-        William Fairley
-
-Release Date: October 22, 2021 [eBook #66595]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Turgut Dincer, Stephen Rowland, Brian Wilcox and the Online
-             Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
-             book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust
-             Digital Library.)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM ***
-
-Transcriber’s Notes:—
-
-Italic text has been marked _thus_.
-
-Bold text has been marked =thus=.
-
-The original accentuation, spelling, punctuation and hyphenation has
-been retained, except for apparent printer’s errors.
-
-A list of contents has been added.
-
-Further notes are given at the end of the book.
-
-
-
-
-    CONTENTS
-    Preface
-    Introduction
-    Latin Inscriptions
-    Greek Inscriptions
-    English Descriptions
-    Supplement
-    Chronological Table
-    Bibliography
-    Notes
-
-
-
-  Vol. V.      No. 1.
-
-
-  Translations and Reprints
-
-  FROM THE
-
-  =Original Sources of European History=
-
-
-  MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM
-
-  THE DEEDS OF AUGUSTUS
-
-
-  EDITED BY WILLIAM FAIRLEY, PH.D.
-
-
-  PUBLISHED BY
-
-  The Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania.
-
-
-  Philadelphia, Pa., 1898.
-
-  ENGLISH AGENCY: P. S. KING & SON, 12-14 King Street, London, S. W.
-
-
-
-
-  Copyright, 1898,
-  WILLIAM FAIRLEY.
-
-
-  PHILADELPHIA
-  ANVIL PRINTING COMPANY
-  1898
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE
-
-
-The method employed in this edition of the _Monumentum Ancyranum_
-is suggested by the purpose for which it is intended. That purpose
-is primarily to adapt it as one of the series of _Translations and
-Reprints from the Original Sources of European History_, published
-by the Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania.
-The English version is the core of the work. At the same time the
-opportunity has been seized to present the original texts in such form
-as to be of real philological service. That there is room for such
-an edition of the _Monumentum Ancyranum_ there can be no doubt.
-The critical edition published by Mommsen in 1883, _Res Gestæ Divi
-Augusti_, must long remain for scholars the sufficient hand-book for
-the study of the greatest of inscriptions. But that edition, with its
-Latin notes, is not adapted for ordinary school or college use, or for
-historical study by those who do not readily use Latin. And although
-Roman histories constantly refer to this great source for the life and
-times of Augustus, there has been no accessible English translation. It
-is true that the English translation of Duruy’s _History of Rome_
-contains a version of the _Monumentum_, but it is not in full
-accord with the latest text as set forth by Mommsen, and is hidden away
-in the ponderous volumes of that expensive work.
-
-Aside from Mommsen’s edition of 1883, the only recent edition is a
-French one of 1886 by C. Peltier. But this is simply a condensation of
-Mommsen. While the present edition depends very largely on Mommsen’s
-work, it is more than a condensation. Not only is the English version
-given, but all the known studies of the text published since 1883,
-and in criticism of Mommsen, have been collated. The emendations thus
-suggested have been placed as footnotes to the Latin and Greek texts.
-Moreover, the notes have been carefully revised. For the most part they
-are much reduced in compass, but in many cases they are added to; and
-a large number of typographical errors in Mommsen’s edition have been
-corrected. Most of these errors were reproduced in the French edition
-above mentioned. In a work with such a multitude of references it is
-too much to hope that all errors have been avoided, and the editor will
-be greatly indebted if users of the book will report them to him.
-
-  W. FAIRLEY.
-
-_University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa._
-
-
-
-
-INTRODUCTION
-
-
-I. HISTORY OF THE INSCRIPTION.
-
-Suetonius in his _Life of Augustus_ tells us that that Emperor had
-placed in charge of the Vestal virgins his will and three other sealed
-documents; and the four papers were produced and read in the senate
-immediately after his death. One of these additional documents gave
-directions as to his funeral; another gave a concise account of the
-state of the empire; the third contained a list of “his achievements
-which he desired should be inscribed on brazen tablets and placed
-before his mausoleum.” These tablets perished in the decline of Rome.
-Centuries passed; men had ceased to ask about them, and there was no
-idea that they would ever be brought to light. Nor were the original
-tablets ever found. But in 1555 Buysbecche, a Dutch scholar, was sent
-on an embassy from the Emperor Ferdinand II. to the Sultan Soliman
-at Amasia in Asia Minor; and a letter of his, published among others
-at Frankfort in 1595, tells the story of the discovery of a copy of
-this epitaph of Augustus. He writes: “On our nineteenth day from
-Constantinople we reached Ancyra. Here we found a most beautiful
-inscription, and a copy of those tablets on which Augustus had placed
-the story of his achievements.” From this situation of the copy comes
-the common title, _Monumentum Ancyranum_. Buysbecche made some
-attempt to copy the Latin inscription, but his work was very hasty and
-incomplete. What he had discovered was of extreme importance, and his
-report stimulated such interest that European scholars never rested
-till as complete a copy as possible was finally made in our own time.
-The temple on whose walls the inscription was found was one dedicated
-to Augustus and Rome, as was a common custom during the lifetime of
-that Emperor. It was a hexastyle of white marble, with joints of such
-exquisite workmanship that even in this century it was difficult to
-trace some of them. This temple had served as a Christian church till
-the fifteenth century, and from that time has been part of a Turkish
-mosque, some sections of its enclosure being used as a cemetery. The
-great inscription was cut on the two side walls of the pronaos, or
-vestibule. It was in six pages, three on the left as one entered, and
-three on the right. Each page contained from forty-two to fifty-four
-lines, and each line an average of sixty letters. The pages cover six
-courses of the masonry in height, about 2.70 metres, and the length of
-the inscription on each wall is about 4 metres. On one of the outer
-walls of the temple was a Greek translation of the Latin. This measures
-1.38 metres in height by 21 metres in length. Several Turkish houses
-had been built against the wall containing this Greek version, and
-this made the reading of it, and still more the copying, an extremely
-difficult task. The priceless value of the Greek version lies in the
-fact that it supplements in many cases the breaks in the Latin. For
-it is needless to say that an inscription so old and so exposed has
-suffered much from time and violence. Various travelers have described
-the temple and its treasure: Tournefort in his _Voyage du Levant_,
-Lyons, 1717; Kinneir, _Journey Through Asia Minor_, 1818; Texier,
-_Description de l’Asie mineure_, Paris, 1839; William Hamilton,
-_Researches in Asia Minor_, London, 1842; and most completely,
-Guillaume, Perrot and Delbet, in their _Exploration archéologique de
-la Galatie, etc., in 1861_, Paris, 1872.
-
-Numerous attempts were made at transcribing the inscription, and a
-number of editions were published. Buysbecche’s fragments found several
-editors in the century of their discovery. About a hundred years after
-him Daniel Cosson, a merchant from Leyden, who had lived many years at
-Smyrna, dying there in 1689, caused an attempt to be made to secure a
-copy, and with somewhat better results. His copy was edited at Leyden
-in 1695. In 1701 Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, under direction of
-Louis XIV, visited Ancyra, and attempted to secure a facsimile of the
-text. In 1705 Paul Lucas, also sent by Louis XIV, spent twenty days
-in copying the Latin, and his work was the last of its kind till the
-present century. While these early copies are far from being as perfect
-as more recent ones, they have this value: that in a number of cases
-they show parts of the inscription which progressive disintegration has
-now rendered illegible.
-
-The Greek text, owing to the buildings reared against it, was much
-harder to transcribe. In 1745 Richard Pococke published a few
-fragments, and in 1832 Hamilton copied pages 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the
-nineteen into which the Greek is divided.
-
-Within recent years all has been done that can possibly be done to
-secure perfect copies of both Greek and Latin. In 1859 the Royal
-Academy of Berlin commissioned a scholar named Mordtmann to secure a
-_papier maché_ cast of the Latin, and to transcribe the Greek. He
-failed in both attempts, and declared that the casts would ruin the
-original.
-
-Napoleon III. commissioned George Perrot and Edmund Guillaume to
-explore Asia Minor. In their work above mentioned they give a facsimile
-copy of the whole of the Latin, and of as much of the Greek as they
-could get at. Their plates were the basis of an edition of the text by
-Mommsen in 1865, and another by Bergk in 1873, and of the text given in
-the _Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum_.
-
-But Mommsen and the Berlin Academy were not satisfied. Carl Humann had
-distinguished himself by his researches at Pergamos, and to him they
-committed the task of securing casts of the whole of both texts. The
-story of his achievement is extremely interesting. Difficulty after
-difficulty was met and surmounted. And finally he succeeded in his
-plan. With materials dug near-by he made plaster casts. The owners of
-the Turkish houses he succeeded in inducing to allow their walls to be
-so far torn away as to permit him to get at the entire Greek text. And
-finally twenty great cases containing the whole series of casts were
-sent away on pack mules to the coast and thence to Berlin. The Royal
-Academy now counts these casts among its chief treasures. This was
-in 1882. In 1883 Mommsen published his great critical edition of the
-text, on which this edition is based. His work is almost final on the
-subject, but especially in the matter of conjectural fillings of the
-_lacunæ_ is subject to revision. But an inspection of the text
-as given in this volume will show that we have the words of Augustus
-almost in their entirety.
-
-At Apollonia, on the borders of Phrygia and Pisidia, has been found
-another ruined temple, with remnants of the Greek version of this
-inscription. At Apollonia the inscription originally covered seven
-pages. Of these there are still legible the upper portions of pages
-two, three, four and five. The correspondence between the text at
-Ancyra and that at Apollonia is almost exact, and where there is a
-divergence, it has been indicated.
-
-
-II. CHARACTER AND PURPOSE OF THE INSCRIPTION.
-
-German scholars have waged a fierce warfare over the question of the
-literary character of the _Res Gestæ_, as Mommsen commonly calls
-it. He himself refrains from assigning it decidedly to any class of
-composition. Is it epitaph, or a “statement of account,” or “political
-statement”? Otto Hirschfeld contends strongly it is not an epitaph
-because it contains no dates of birth or death, and is in the first
-person. Wölfflin calls it a statement of account. Geppert sides with
-Hirschfeld. Bormann, Schmidt and Nissen all hold it to be an epitaph.
-And this appears to be the final agreement. The latest word is the
-discussion by Bormann, in 1895, in which he still maintains the epitaph
-view. For these discussions, cf. the bibliography at the end of this
-volume.
-
-Of course it is an epitaph of unique character. It has certain striking
-peculiarities, and specially of omission. There is no mention of
-domestic affairs. The wife of the Emperor is unnamed. Although in
-enumerating his honors and offices it was necessary to date events by
-the names of consuls, yet aside from this he mentions no person outside
-the imperial household, not even such favorites as Mæcenas and Agrippa.
-His foes, Brutus, Cassius and Antony, are several times alluded to,
-but never named. The same is true of Lepidus and Sextus Pompeius.
-Unfortunate events are not noticed. His omission of the disaster to
-the Roman arms under Varus has been severely criticised as an attempt
-to deceive; but if the inscription is really an epitaph one cannot
-wonder at such silence. The omission of the dates of birth and death
-has been variously explained. Some have thought that he meant his heirs
-to fill in any such gaps after his death, and to recast the whole into
-the third person. Or, it has been suggested that it was the desire of
-Augustus to be counted a divinity, and that therefore he wished to pose
-as one “without beginning of years, or end of days.” It certainly would
-be incongruous to record the death of a god. With regard to his general
-purpose Mommsen says: “No one would look for the arcana of empire in
-such a document, but for such things as an _imperator_ of mind
-shrewd rather than lofty, and who skillfully bore the character of a
-great man while he himself was not great, wished the whole people, and
-especially the rabble, to believe about him.” Two purposes are manifest
-throughout the document. One is to pose as a saviour of the state from
-its foes, and not at all as a seeker after personal aggrandizement;
-another is to represent his whole authority as having been exercised
-under constitutional forms. These two ideas appear again and again.
-
-
-III. DIVISIONS OF THE TEXT.
-
-The text may be roughly divided into three sections. Chapters one
-to fourteen give the various offices held by Augustus, and the
-honors bestowed upon him; chapters fifteen to twenty-four recount
-his expenditures for the good of the state and the people; and the
-remaining chapters, twenty-five to thirty-five, give the statement
-of his various achievements in war, and his works of a more peaceful
-character. This classification will not hold rigorously, but is true in
-the main.
-
-The division into chapters or paragraphs is marked in the Latin text
-by making the first line of each chapter project a little to the left
-of the remaining lines. Each such paragraph is relatively complete.
-And the use of such a topical method marks a new manner of composition
-quite different from the old annalistic style of Roman historiography.
-
-
-IV. THE GREEK VERSION.
-
-George Kaibel has made a special study of the Greek version, and is led
-to the opinion that it was made by a Roman rather than by a Greek. It
-is a grammar and dictionary rendering, rather than the idiomatic work
-of one quite at home in the use of Greek. This conclusion is based
-upon linguistic grounds. A further question remains as to where this
-translation was made, whether at Rome or in the provinces. The fact of
-the identity of the two copies at Apollonia and at Ancyra would seem to
-indicate a common Roman source.
-
-
-V. THE SUPPLEMENT.
-
-This is poorly written both in the Latin and in the Greek; and it is
-also a very imperfect summary of the document, summing up only what
-was spent upon games, donations and buildings. The fact that it is in
-the third person also proves that it is not the work of Augustus. The
-reckoning by denarii rather than by sesterces points to a Greek origin,
-and the mention of favors shown by Augustus to provincial towns (cf. c.
-4 and notes) would indicate one outside of Rome.
-
-
-VI. TRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE INSCRIPTION.
-
-The corroborations of the inscription by other inscriptions, coins and
-later historians, as well as by allusions in contemporary literature,
-form an interesting study. And the trustworthiness of the record
-becomes more manifest the more one compares its statements with those
-of other writers. Only one point has been found where Augustus makes
-what might be challenged as a perversion of fact. (Cf. c. 2, note 16.)
-
-
-VII. MASONS’ BLUNDERS.
-
-A number of apparent errors in the text are to be attributed in all
-probability to the stone-cutters at Ancyra. Such are the superfluous
-_et_ of Latin ii, 2; _aede_ for _aedem_, iv, 22;
-_quinquens_ for _quinquiens_, iv, 31; _ducenti_ for
-_ducentos_, iv, 45; _provicias_ for _provincias_, v, 11;
-_Tigrane_ for _Tigranem_, v, 31. εὔξησα for ἠύξησα, Gr. iv,
-8; Ῥωμάοις for Ῥωμαίοις, vii, 6; ὑπατον for ὑπάτων, vii, 15; ἄνδρας
-μυριάδων for ἀνδρῶν μυριάδας, viii, 8; omission of τρὶς before χειλίας,
-ix, 13; ἐπεσκευσα for ἐπεσκευάσα, x, 18; omission of ναὸν before
-ἀγοράν, xi, 10; επεύξησα for ἐπηύξησα, xiv, 4; omission of Ἀρτάξου, xv,
-3; μείσζονος for μείζονος, xv, 15; προκατηλειμένας for κατειλημένας,
-xv, 17; ἐπειταδε for ἐπίταδε, xvi, 11; βασιλεες for βασιλεῖς, xvi, 22;
-βασιλεις for βασιλεὺς, xvii, 4; ἐπείκειαν for ἐπιείκειαν, xviii, 5;
-ἀγορᾷ Σεβαστῇ for ἀγορὰ Σεβαστή, xix, 1.
-
-
-VIII. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.
-
-The Latin and Greek texts are printed in such a way as to give the
-best idea practicable of their actual condition. Roman numerals denote
-the pages of the inscription, and the Arabic figures the lines. These
-numerals and the chapter headings are no part of the inscription. The
-projection of the first line of each chapter in the Latin is the only
-method of marking the divisions in the original.
-
-Parts of the Greek and Latin text included within brackets, [], are
-conjectural restorations of the portions of the inscription which have
-perished. The Greek generally is a guide to the Latin and _vice
-versa_, for the instances are rare where both versions have been
-lost. The textual notes show that not all scholars have reckoned the
-same number of missing letters. These variations are quite allowable,
-for it is impossible to say that just so many letters are missing in
-any given case, owing to the various sizes of different letters, and
-varying degrees of closeness of writing.
-
-Where dots (...) occur, it signifies that Mommsen reckons as many
-letters unrestored as there are dots.
-
-The sign § indicates a mark in the original resembling a figure 7, or a
-very open 3.
-
-The same sign in brackets [§] indicates an unfilled interval in the
-stone.
-
-The apices over vowels in the Latin indicate similar marks in the
-original in the case of a, e, o and u, and in the case of i a
-prolongation of that letter above the line.
-
-Where certain letters of the Latin text are italicized it indicates
-that while they do not appear in the plaster casts, yet they were
-traced by Alfred Domaszewski (a fellow-worker with Humann) on the stone
-itself, by means of certain discolorations from paint, or gilding, or
-weather, which marked the bottom of the incisions of the letters in
-several cases where the surface of the stone had been worn away.
-
-In the textual notes, B. stands for Bormann, G. for Geppert, S. for J.
-Schmidt, Sk. for Seeck, W. for Wölfflin, Apoll. for the inscription at
-Apollonia, and Anc. for that at Ancyra.
-
-The abbreviations of the names of authors and their works in the
-historical notes are indicated in the bibliography at the close of the
-book.
-
-
-
-
-MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM.
-
-
-  Rérum gestárum díví Augusti, quibus orbem terra[rum] imperio populi
-  Rom. subiécit, § et inpensarum, quas in rem publicam populumque
-  Ro[ma]num fecit, incísarum in duabus aheneís pílís, quae su[n]t Romae
-  positae, exemplar sub[i]ectum.
-
-
-  I.      c. 1.
-
-   1 Annós undéviginti natus exercitum priváto consilio et privatá
-      impensá
-
-   2  comparávi, [§] per quem rem publicam [do]minatione factionis
-       oppressam
-
-   3  in libertátem vindicá[vi. Ob quae sen]atus decretis honor[ifi]cis
-      in
-
-   4  ordinem suum m[e adlegit C. Pansa A. Hirti]o consulibu[s,
-      c]on[sula]—
-
-   5  rem locum s[imul dans sententiae ferendae, et im]perium mihi dedit
-      [§].
-
-   6  Rés publica n[e quid detrimenti caperet, me] pro praetore simul cum
-
-   7  consulibus pro[videre iussit. Populus] autem eódem anno mé
-
-   8  consulem, cum [cos. uterque bello ceci]disset, et trium virum reí
-      publi-
-
-   9  cae constituend[ae creavit].
-
-
-c. 2.
-
-  10 Qui parentem meum [interfecer]un[t, eó]s in exilium expulí
-      iudiciís legi-
-
-  11  timís ultus eórum [fa]cin[us, e]t posteá bellum inferentis reí
-      publicae
-
-  12  víci b[is a]cie.
-
-
-c. 3.
-
-  13 [B]ella terra et mari c[ivilia exter]naque tóto in orbe terrarum
-      s[uscepi]
-
-  14  victorque omnibus [superstitib]us cívibus pepercí. § Exte[rnas]
-
-  15  gentés, quibus túto [ignosci pot]ui[t, co]nserváre quam excídere
-      m[alui].
-
-  16  Míllia civium Róma[norum adacta] sacrámento meo fuerunt circiter
-      [quingen]-
-
-  17  ta. § Ex quibus dedú[xi in coloni]ás aut remísi in municipia sua
-      stipen[dis emeri]-
-
-  18  tis millia aliquant[um plura qu]am trecenta et iís omnibus agrós a
-      [me emptos]
-
-  19  aut pecuniam pró p[raediis a] me dedí. § Naves cépi sescen[tas
-      praeter]
-
-  20  eás, si quae minóre[s quam trir]emes fuerunt. §
-
-c. 4.
-
-  21 [Bis] ováns triumpha[vi, tris egi c]urulis triumphós et appellá[tus
-      sum viciens
-
-  22  se]mel imperátor. [Cum deinde plú]ris triumphos mihi se[natus
-      decrevisset,
-
-  23  eis su]persedi [§]. I[tem saepe laur]us deposuí, § in Capi[tolio
-      votis, quae]
-
-  24  quóque bello nuncu[paveram, solu]tís. § Ob res á [me aut per
-      legatos]
-
-  25  meós auspicís meis terra m[ariqu]e pr[o]spere gestás qu[inquagiens
-      et quin]-
-
-  26  quiens decrevit senátus supp[lica]ndum esse dís immo[rtalibus.
-      Dies autem
-
-  27  pe]r quós ex senátús consulto [s]upplicátum est, fuere DC[CCLXXXX.
-      In triumphis
-
-  28  meis] ducti sunt ante currum m[e]um regés aut r[eg]um lib[eri
-      novem. Consul
-
-  29  fuer]am terdeciens, c[u]m [scribeb]a[m] haec, [et agebam
-      se]p[timum et trigensimum annum
-
-  30  tribu]niciae potestatis.
-
-
-c. 5.
-
-  31 [Dictatura]m et apsent[i et praesenti mihi datam . . . . . . . a
-      populo et senatu
-
-  32  M. Marce]llo e[t] L. Ar[runtio consulibus non accepi. Non recusavi
-      in summa
-
-  33  frumenti p]enuri[a c]uratio[ne]m an[nonae, qu]am ita
-      ad[ministravi, ut . . . . .
-
-  34  paucis diebu]s metu et per[i]c[lo quo erat populu]m univ[ersum
-      meis impen-
-
-  35  sis liberarem]. § Con[sulatum tum dat]um annuum e[t perpetuum non
-
-  36  accepi.
-
-
-c. 6.
-
-  37 Consulibus M. Vinucio et Q. Lucretio et postea P.] et Cn.
-      L[entulis et tertium
-
-  38  Paullo Fabio Maximo et Q. Tuberone senatu populoq]u[e Romano
-      consen-
-
-  39  tientibus].   .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
-
-  40      .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
-
-  41      .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
-
-  42      .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
-
-
-c. 7.
-
-  43      .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
-
-  44      .    .    .    .    . [Princeps senatus fui usque ad e eum
-      diem, quo scrips]eram [haec,
-
-  45  per annos quadraginta. Pontifex maximus, augur, quindecimviru]m
-      sacris [faciundis,
-
-  46  septemvirum epulonum, frater arvalis, sodalis Titius, fetiali]s
-      fui.
-
-
-  II.      c. 8.
-
-   1 Patriciórum numerum auxí consul quintum iussú populi et senátús.
-      § Sena-
-
-   2  tum ter légi. et In consulátú sexto cénsum populi conlegá M.
-      Agrippá égí. §
-
-   3  Lústrum post annum alterum et quadragensimum féc[i]. § Quó lústro
-      cívi-
-
-   4  um Románórum censa sunt capita quadragiens centum millia et sexa-
-
-   5  g[i]nta tria millia. [§] [Iteru]m consulari cum imperio lústrum
-
-   6  [s]ólus féci C. Censorin[o et C.] Asinio cos. § Quó lústro censa
-      sunt
-
-   7  cívium Romanóru[m capita] quadragiens centum millia et ducen-
-
-   8  ta triginta tria m[illia. Tertiu]m consulári cum imperio lústrum
-
-   9  conlegá Tib. Cae[sare filio feci] § Sex. Pompeio et Sex. Appuleio
-      cos.
-
-  10  Quó lústro ce[nsa sunt civium Ro]mánórum capitum quadragiens
-
-  11  centum mill[ia et nongenta tr]iginta et septem millia. §
-
-  12  Legibus noví[s latis complura e]xempla maiorum exolescentia
-
-  13  iam ex nost[ro usu reduxi et ipse] multárum rér[um exem]pla imi-
-
-  14  tanda pos[teris tradidi.
-
-
-c. 9.
-
-  15 Vota pro valetudine mea suscipi per cons]ulés et sacerdotes
-      qu[into]
-
-  16  qu[oque anno senatus decrevit. Ex iis] votís s[ae]pe fecerunt vívo
-
-  17  _me_ [ludos aliquotiens sacerdotu]m quattuor amplissima collé-
-
-  18  [gia, aliquotiens consules. Privat]im etiam et múnicipatim
-      úniver_si_
-
-  19  [cives sacrificaverunt sempe]r apud omnia pulvínária pró vale-
-
-  20  [tudine mea.
-
-
-c. 10.
-
-  21 Nomen meum senatus consulto inc]lusum est in saliáre carmen et
-      sacrosan-
-
-  22  [ctus ut essem ....... et ut q]uoa[d] víverem, tribúnicia potestás
-      mihi
-
-  23  [esset, lege sanctum est. Pontif]ex maximus ne fierem in víví
-      [c]onle-
-
-  24  [gae locum, populo id sace]rdotium deferente mihi, quod pater
-      meu[s
-
-  25  habuit, recusavi. Cepi id] sacerdotium aliquod post annós eó mor-
-
-  26  [tuo qui civilis motus o]ccasione occupaverat [§], cuncta ex
-      Italia
-
-  27  [ad comitia mea .... tanta mu]ltitudine, quanta Romae nun[q]uam
-
-  28  [antea fuisse fertur, coeunte] P. Sulpicio C. Valgio consulibu[s]
-      §.
-
-
-c. 11.
-
-  29 [Aram Fortunae reduci iuxta? ae]dés Honoris et Virtutis ad portam
-
-  30  [Capenam pro reditu meo se]nátus consacravit, in qua ponti-
-
-  31  [fices et virgines Vestales anni]versárium sacrificium facere
-
-  32  [iussit die, quo consulibus Q. Luc]retio et [M. Vinuci]o in urbem
-      ex
-
-  33  [Syria redi, et diem Augustali]a ex [c]o[gnomine nost]ro
-      appellavit.
-
-
-c. 12.
-
-  34 [Senatus consulto eodem tempor]e pars [praetorum et tri]bunorum
-
-  35  [plebi cum consule Q. Lucret]io et princi[pi]bus [viris ob]viam
-      mihi
-
-  36  mis[s]a e[st in Campan]ia[m, qui] honos [ad hoc tempus] nemini
-      prae-
-
-  37  ter [m]e es[t decretus. Cu]m ex H[ispa]niá Gal[liaque, rebus in
-      his p]rovincís prosp[e]-
-
-  38  re [gest]i[s], R[omam redi] Ti. Ne[r]one P. Qui[ntilio consulibu]s
-      [§], áram
-
-  39  [Pácis A]u[g]ust[ae senatus pro] redi[t]ú meó co[nsacrari censuit]
-      ad cam-
-
-  40  [pum Martium, in qua ma]gistratús et sac[erdotes et virgines]
-         V[est]á[les
-
-  41  anniversarium sacrific]ium facer[e iussit.
-
-
-c. 13.
-
-  42 Ianum] Quirin[um, quem cl]aussum ess[e maiores nostri voluer]unt,
-
-  43  [cum p]er totum i[mperium po]puli Roma[ni terra marique es]set
-      parta vic-
-
-  44  [torii]s pax, cum pr[ius, quam] náscerer, [a condita] u[rb]e bis
-      omnino clausum
-
-  45  [f]uisse prodátur m[emori]ae, ter me princi[pe senat]us claudendum
-      esse censui[t.
-
-
-c. 14.
-
-  46  Fil]ios meos, quós iuv[enes mi]hi eripuit for[tuna], Gaium et
-      Lucium Caesares
-
-
-III.
-
-   1 honoris mei caussá senatus populusque Romanus annum quíntum et
-      deci-
-
-   2  mum agentís consulés designávit, ut [e]um magistrátum inírent
-      post quín-
-
-   3  quennium. Et ex eó die, quó deducti [s]unt in forum, ut
-      interessent consiliis
-
-   4  publicis decrevit sena[t]us. § Equites [a]utem Románi universi
-      principem
-
-   5  iuventútis utrumque eórum parm[is] et hastís argenteís donátum ap-
-
-   6  pelláverunt. §
-
-
-c. 15.
-
-   7 Plebei Románae viritim HS trecenos numeravi ex testámento patris
-
-   8  meí, § et nomine meo HS quadringenos ex bellórum manibiís consul
-
-   9  quintum dedí, iterum autem in consulátú decimo ex [p]atrimonio
-
-  10  meo HS quadringenos congiári viritim pernumer[a]ví, § et consul
-
-  11  undecimum duodecim frúmentátiónes frúmento pr[i]vatim coémpto
-
-  12  emensus sum, [§] et tribuniciá potestáte duodecimum quadringenós
-
-  13  nummós tertium viritim dedí. Quae mea congiaria p[e]rvenerunt
-
-  14  ad [homi]num millia nunquam minus quinquáginta et ducenta. §
-
-  15  Tribu[nic]iae potestátis duodevicensimum consul XII trecentís et
-
-  16  vigint[i] millibus plebís urbánae sexagenós denariós viritim dedí.
-      §
-
-  17  In colon[i]s militum meórum consul quintum ex manibiís viritim
-
-  18  millia nummum singula dedi; acceperunt id triumphale congiárium
-
-  19  in colo[n]ís hominum circiter centum et viginti millia. § Consul
-      ter-
-
-  20  tium dec[i]mum sexagenós denáriós plebeí, quae tum frúmentum
-      publicum
-
-  21  accipieba[t] dedi; ea millia hominum paullo plúra quam ducenta
-      fuerunt.
-
-
-c. 16.
-
-
-  22 Pecuniam [pro] agrís, quós in consulátú meó quárto et posteá
-      consulibus
-
-  23  M. Cr[asso e]t Cn. Lentulo augure adsignávi militibus, solví
-      múnicipís. Ea
-
-  24  [s]u[mma sest]ertium circiter sexsiens milliens fuit, quam [p]ró
-      Italicís
-
-  25  praed[is] numeravi, § et ci[r]citer bis mill[ie]ns et sescentiens,
-      quod pro agrís
-
-  26  próvin[c]ialibus solví. § Id primus et [s]olus omnium, qui
-      [d]edúxerunt
-
-  27  colonias militum in Italiá aut in provincís, ad memor[i]am aetátis
-
-  28  meae feci. Et postea Ti. Nerone et Cn. Pisone consulibus, [§]
-      item[q]ue C. Antistio
-
-  29  et D. Laelio cos., et C. Calvisio et L. Pasieno consulibus, et L.
-      Le[ntulo et] M. Messalla
-
-  30  consulibus, § et L. Cánínio [§] et Q. Fabricio co[s.] milit[ibus,
-      qu]ós eme-
-
-  31  riteis stipendís in sua municipi[a remis]i, praem[ia n]umerato
-
-  32  persolví [§] quam in rem seste[rtium] q[uater m]illien[s
-      li]b[ente]r
-
-  33  impendi.
-
-
-c. 17.
-
-  34 Quater [pe]cuniá meá iuví aerárium, ita ut sestertium míllien[s] et
-
-  35  quing[en]t[ien]s ad eos quí praerant aerário detulerim. Et M.
-      Lep[i]do
-
-  36  et L. Ar[r]unt[i]o cos. i[n] aerarium militare, quod ex consilio
-      m[eo]
-
-  37  co[nstitut]um est, ex [q]uo praemia darentur militibus, qui vicena
-
-  38  [aut plu]ra sti[pendi]a emeruissent, [§] HS milliens et
-      septing[e]nti-
-
-  39  [ens ex pa]t[rim]onio [m]eo detuli. §
-
-
-c. 18.
-
-  40 Inde ab eo anno, q]uo Cn. et P. Lentuli c[ons]ules fuerunt, cum
-      d[e]ficerent
-
-  41  [vecti]g[alia, tum] centum millibus h[omi]num tu[m pl]uribus
-      i[nl]ato fru-
-
-  42  [mento vel ad n]umma[rió]s t[ributus ex agro] et pat[rimonio]
-      m[e]o
-
-  43  [opem tuli].
-
-
-  IV.      c. 19.
-
-   1 Cúriam et continens eí Chalcidicum, templumque Apollinis in
-
-   2  Palatio cum porticibus, aedem dívi Iulí, Lupercal, porticum ad
-      cir-
-
-   3  cum Fláminium, quam sum appellári passus ex nómine eíus qui pri-
-
-   4  órem eódem in solo fecerat Octaviam, pulvinar ad circum maximum,
-
-   5  aedés in Capitolio Iovis feretri et Iovis tonantis, [§] aedem
-      Quiriní, §
-
-   6  aedés Minervae § et Iúnonis reginae § et Iovis Libertatis in
-      Aventíno, §
-
-   7  aedem Larum in summá sacrá viá, § aedem deum Penátium in Velia, §
-
-   8  aedem Iuventátis, § aedem Mátris Magnae in Palátio fécí. §
-
-
-c. 20.
-
-   9 Capitolium et Pompeium theatrum utrumque opus impensá grandí reféci
-
-  10  sine ullá inscriptione nominis meí. § Rívos aquarum complúribus
-      locís
-
-  11  vetustáte labentés refécí, [§] et aquam quae Márcia appellátur
-      duplicavi
-
-  12  fonte novo in rivum eius inmisso. § Forum Iúlium et basilicam,
-
-  13  quae fuit inter aedem Castoris et aedem Saturni, [§] coepta
-      profligata-
-
-  14  que opera á patre meó perféci § et eandem basilicam consumptam in-
-
-  15  cendio ampliáto eius solo sub titulo nominis filiórum m[eorum i]n-
-
-  16  choavi [§] et, si vivus nón perfecissem, perfici ab heredib[us
-      iussi].
-
-  17  Duo et octoginta templa deum in urbe consul sext[um ex decreto]
-
-  18  senatus reféci, nullo praetermisso quod e[o] temp[ore refici
-      debebat].
-
-  19  Con[s]ul septimum viam Flaminiam a[b urbe] Ari[minum feci et
-      pontes]
-
-  20  omnes praeter Mulvium et Minucium.
-
-
-c. 21.
-
-  21 In privato solo Mártis Ultoris templum [f]orumque Augustum [ex
-      mani]-
-
-  22  biís fecí. § Theatrum ad aede Apollinis in solo magná ex parte á
-      p[r]i[v]atis
-
-  23  empto féci, quod sub nomine M. Marcell[i] generi mei esset. §
-      Don[a e]x
-
-  24  manibiís in Capitolio et in aede dívi Iú[l]í et in aede Apollinis
-      et in ae-
-
-  25  de Vestae et in templo Martis Ultoris consacrávi, § quae mihi
-      consti-
-
-  26  terunt HS circiter milliens. § Aurí coronárí pondo triginta et
-      quin-
-
-  27  que millia múnicipiís et colonís Italiae conferentibus ad
-      triumphó[s]
-
-  28  meós quintum consul remisi, et posteá, quotienscumque imperátor
-      a[ppe]l-
-
-  29  látus sum, aurum coronárium nón accepi decernentibus municipií[s]
-
-  30  et coloni[s] aequ[e] beni[g]ne adque antea decreverant.
-
-
-c. 22.
-
-  31 _T_[e]_r mu_nus gladiátorium dedí meo nomine et
-      quinquens filiórum me[o]-
-
-  32  rum aut n[e]pótum nomine; quibus muneribus depugnaverunt homi-
-
-  33  nu[m] ci[rc]iter decem millia. [§] Bis [at]hletarum undique
-      accitorum
-
-  34  spec[ta]c[lum po]pulo pra[ebui meo] nómine et tertium nepo[tis]
-      mei no-
-
-  35  mine. § L[u]dos feci m[eo no]m[ine] quater [§], aliorum autem
-      m[agist]rá-
-
-  36  tu[um] vicem ter et vicie[ns] [§]. [Pr]o conlegio XV virorum
-      magis[ter con-
-
-  37  l]e[gi]í colleg[a] M. Ag_ri_ppa [§] lud[os s]aecl[are]s C.
-      Furnio C. [S]ilano cos. [feci.
-
-  38  C]on[sul XIII] ludos Mar[tia]les pr[imus feci], qu[os] p[ost i]d
-      tempus deincep[s]
-
-  39  ins[equen]ti[bus ann]is ......... [fecerunt co]n[su]les. [§]
-      [Ven]ati[o]n[es] best[ia]-
-
-  40  rum Africanárum meo nómine aut filio[ru]m meórum et nepotum in
-      ci[r]-
-
-  41  co aut [i]n foro aut in amphitheatris popul[o d]edi sexiens et
-      viciens, quibus
-
-  42  confecta sunt bestiarum circiter tria m[ill]ia et quingentae.
-
-
-c. 23.
-
-  43 Navalis proelí spectaclum populo de[di tr]ans Tiberim, in quo loco
-
-  44  nunc nemus est Caesarum, cavato [solo] in longitudinem mille
-
-  45  et octingentós pedés, [§] in látitudine[m mille] e[t] ducentí. In
-      quo tri-
-
-  46  ginta rostrátae náves trirémes a[ut birem]és, [§] plures autem
-
-  47  minóres inter se conflixérunt. Q[uibus in] classibus pugnave-
-
-  48  runt praeter rémigés millia ho[minum tr]ia circiter. §
-
-
-c. 24.
-
-  49 In templís omnium civitátium pr[ovinci]ae Asiae victor orna-
-
-  50  menta reposui, quae spoliátis tem[plis is] cum quó bellum gesseram
-
-  51  privátim possederat §. Statuae [mea]e pedestrés et equestres et in
-
-  52  quadrigeis argenteae steterunt in urbe XXC circiter, quas ipse
-
-  53  sustuli [§] exque eá pecuniá dona aurea in áede Apol[li]nis meó
-      nomi-
-
-  54  ne et illórum, qui mihi statuárum honórem habuerunt, posui. §
-
-
-  V.      c. 25.
-
-   1 Mare pacávi á praedonibus. Eó belló servórum, qui fugerant á
-      dominis
-
-   2  suis et arma contrá rem publicam céperant, triginta fere millia
-      capta §
-
-   3  dominis ad supplicium sumendum tradidi. § Iuravit in mea verba
-      tóta
-
-   4  Italia sponte suá et me be[lli], quó víci ad Actium, ducem
-      depoposcit. § Iura-
-
-   5  verunt in eadem ver[ba provi]nciae Galliae Hispaniae Africa
-      Sicilia Sar-
-
-   6  dinia. § Qui sub [signis meis tum] militaverint, fuerunt senátórés
-      plúres
-
-   7  quam DCC, in ií[s qui vel antea vel pos]teá consules facti sunt ad
-      eum diem
-
-   8  quó scripta su[nt haec, LXXXIII, sacerdo]tés ci[rc]iter CLXX. §
-
-
-c. 26.
-
-   9 Omnium próv[inciarum populi Romani], quibus finitimae fuerunt
-
-  10  gentés quae n[on parerent imperio nos]tro, fines auxi. Gallias et
-      Hispa-
-
-  11  niás próviciá[s et Germaniam qua inclu]dit óceanus a Gádibus ad
-      ósti-
-
-  12  um Albis flúm[inis pacavi. Alpes a re]gióne eá quae proxima est
-      Ha-
-
-  13  driánó marí, [ad Tuscum pacari fec]i nullí gentí bello per
-      iniúriam
-
-  14  inláto. § Cla[ssis mea per Oceanum] ab óstio Rhéni ad sólis
-      orientis re-
-
-  15  gionem usque ad fi[nes Cimbroru]m navigavit, [§] quó neque terra
-      neque
-
-  16  mari quisquam Romanus ante id tempus adít, § Cimbrique et Charydes
-
-  17  et Semnones et eiusdem tractús alií Germánórum popu[l]i per
-      legátós amici-
-
-  18  tiam meam et populi Románi petierunt. § Meo iussú et auspicio
-      ducti sunt
-
-  19  [duo] exercitús eódem fere tempore in Aethiopiam et in Ar[a]biam,
-      quae appel-
-
-  20  [latur] eudaemón, [maxim]aeque hos[t]ium gentís utr[iu]sque
-      cop[iae]
-
-  21  caesae sunt in acie et [c]om[plur]a oppida capta. In Aethiopi_a_m
-      usque a_d_ o_p_pi-
-
-  22  dum Nabata pervent[um] est, cuí proxima est Meroé. In Arabiam
-      usque
-
-  23  ín fínés Sabaeorum pro[cess]it exerc[it]us ad oppidum Mariba. §
-
-
-c. 27.
-
-  24 Aegyptum imperio populi [Ro]mani adieci. § Armeniam maiorem inter-
-
-  25  fecto rége eius Artaxe § c[u]m possem facere provinciam, málui
-      maiórum
-
-  26  nostrórum exemplo regn[u]m id Tigrani regis Artavasdis filio,
-      nepoti au-
-
-  27  tem Tigránis regis, per T[i. Ne]ronem trad[er]e, qui tum mihi
-      priv[ig]nus erat.
-
-  28  Et eandem gentem posteá d[esc]íscentem et rebellantem d_o_mit[a]m
-      per Gai_u_m
-
-  29  filium meum regi Ario[barz]ani regis Medorum Artaba[zi] filio
-      _rege_n-
-
-  30  dam tradidi [§] et post e[ius] mortem filio eius Artavasdi. [§]
-      Quo [inte]rfecto [Tigra]-
-
-  31  ne, qui erat ex régió genere Armeniorum oriundus, in id re[gnum]
-      mísí. § Pro-
-
-  32  vincias omnís, quae trans Hadrianum mare vergun[t a]d Orien[te]m,
-      Cyre-
-
-  33  násque, iam ex parte magná regibus eas possidentibus, e[t] _ante_a
-      Siciliam
-
-  34  et Sardiniam occu_pat_ás bello servili reciperávi. §
-
-
-c. 28.
-
-  35 Colonias in Áfri_ca Sicilia_ [M]acedoniá utráque Hispániá
-      Achai[a] As_i_a S[y]_ri_a
-
-  36  Galliá Narb_onensi Pi_[si]_dia_ militum dedúxi §. Italia
-      autem XXVIII [colo]ni-
-
-  37  ás, quae vívo _me celeberrimae_ et frequentissimae fuerunt,
-      me[is auspicis]
-
-  38  deductas h_abet_.
-
-
-c. 29.
-
-  39 Signa mílitaria _complur_[a per] aliós d[u]_c_és ámi[ssa]
-      devicti[s hostibu]s re[cipe]ravi
-
-  40  ex His_pania et_ [Gallia et a Dalm]ateis. § Parthos trium
-      exercitum Roman[o]-
-
-  41  rum _spolia et signa re_[ddere] mihi supplicesque amicitiam
-      populí Romaní
-
-  42  petere _coegi_. § _Ea autem si_[gn]a in penetrálí, quod
-      e[s]t ín templo Martis Ultoris,
-
-  43  reposui.
-
-
-c. 30.
-
-  44 Pannonio_rum gentes_, _qua_[s a]nte me principem populi
-      Romaní exercitus nun-
-
-  45  quam ad[i]_t_, _devictas per Ti._ [Ne]ronem, qui tum
-      erat privignus et legátus meus,
-
-  46  ímperio po_puli Roma_ni _s_[ubie]ci, protulique finés
-      Illyrici _ad_ r[ip]am flúminis
-
-  47  Dan[u]i. Citr[a] quod [D]ac[or]u[m tr]an[s]gressus exercitus meis
-      a[u]sp[icis vict]us profliga-
-
-  48  tusque [est, et postea tran]s Dan[u]vium ductus ex[ercitus me]u[s]
-      Da[cor]um
-
-  49  gentes im[peria populi Romani perferre coegit.]
-
-
-c. 31.
-
-  50 Ad me ex In[dia regum legationes saepe missae sunt, nunquam antea
-      visae]
-
-  51  apud qu[em]q[uam] R[omanorum du]cem. § Nostram am[icitiam
-      petierunt]
-
-  52  per legat[os] B[a]starn[ae Scythae]que et Sarmatarum q[ui sunt
-      citra flu]men
-
-  53  Tanaim [et] ultrá reg[es, Alba]norumque réx et Hibér[orum et
-      Medorum.]
-
-
-c. 32.
-
-  54 Ad mé supplices confug[erunt] regés Parthorum Tírida[tes et
-      postea] Phrát[es]
-
-  VI.
-
-   1 regis Phrati[s filius]; [§] Medorum [Artavasdes; Adiabenorum
-      A]rtaxa-
-
-   2  res §; Britann[o]rum Dumnobellau[nus] _et Tim_......;
-      [Sugambrorum]
-
-   3  Maelo; § Mar[c]omanórum Sueboru[m .....rus]. [Ad me] rex
-      _Part_horum
-
-   4  Phrates Orod[i]s filius filiós suós nepot[esque omnes misit] _in
-      Ital_iam, non
-
-   5  bello superátú[s], sed amicitiam nostram per [liberorum] suorum
-      pignora
-
-   6  petens. § Plúrimaeque aliae gentes exper[tae sunt p. R.]
-      _fide_m me prin-
-
-   7  cipe, quibus anteá cum populo Roman[o nullum extitera]t legationum
-
-   8  et amícitiae [c]ommercium. §
-
-
-c. 33.
-
-   9 Á me gentés Parthórum et Médóru[m per legatos] principes eárum gen-
-
-  10  tium régés pet[i]tós accéperunt Par[thi Vononem regis Phr]átis
-      fílium,
-
-  11  régis Oródis nepótem; § Médí Ar[iobarzanem] regis Artavazdis fi-
-
-  12  lium, regis Ariobarzanis nep[otem].
-
-
-c. 34.
-
-  13 Ín consulátú sexto et septimo, b[ella ubi civil]ia exstinxeram
-
-  14  per consénsum úniversórum [potitus rerum omn]ium, rem publicam
-
-  15  ex meá potestáte [§] in senát[us populique Romani a]rbitrium
-      transtulí.
-
-  16  Quó pro merito meó senatu[s consulto Aug. appe]llátus sum et
-      laureís
-
-  17  postés aedium meárum v[estiti publice coronaq]ue civíca super
-
-  18  iánuam meam fíxa est [§] [clupeusque aureu]s in [c]úriá Iúliá
-      posi-
-
-  19  tus, quem mihi senatum [populumque Romanu]m dare virtutis cle-
-
-  20  [mentia]e iustitia[e pietatis causa testatum] est pe[r e]ius
-      clúpei
-
-  21  [inscription]em. § Post id tem[pus praestiti omnibus dignitate
-      potes-
-
-  22  t]atis au[tem n]ihilo ampliu[s habui quam qui fuerunt m]ihi quo-
-
-  23  que in ma[gis]tra[t]u conlegae.
-
-
-c. 35.
-
-  24 Tertium dec[i]mum consulátu[m cum gerebam, senatus et equ]ester
-      ordo
-
-  25  populusq[ue] Románus úniversus [appellavit me patrem p]atriae
-      idque
-
-  26  in vestibu[lo a]edium meárum inscriben[dum esse et in curia e]t in
-      foró Aug.
-
-  27  sub quadrig[i]s, quae mihi [ex] s. c. pos[itae sunt, decrevit. Cum
-      scri]psi haec,
-
-  28  annum agebam septuagensu[mum sextum].
-
-
-c. 1.
-
-  29 Summá pecún[i]ae, quam ded[it in aerarium vel plebei Romanae vel
-      di]mis-
-
-  30  sis militibus: denarium se[xi]e[ns milliens].
-
-
-c. 2.
-
-  31 Opera fecit nova § aedem Martis, [Iovis tonantis et feretri,
-      Apollinis],
-
-  32  díví Iúli, § Quirini, § Minervae, [Iunonis reginae, Iovis
-      Libertatis],
-
-  33  Larum, deum Penátium, [§] Iuv[entatis, Matris deum, Lupercal,
-      pulvina]r
-
-  34  ad circum, [§] cúriam cum ch[alcidico, forum Augustum, basilica]m
-
-  35  Iuliam, theatrum Marcelli, [§] [p]or[ticus .........., nemus trans
-      T]iberím
-
-  36  Caesarum. §
-
-
-c. 3.
-
-  37  Refécit Capito[lium sacra]sque ae_d_es [nu]m[ero octoginta]
-      duas, thea[t]rum Pom-
-
-  38  peí, aqu[arum rivos, vi]am Flamin[iam].
-
-
-c. 4.
-
-  39 Ímpensa p....... [in spect]acul[a scaenica et munera] gladiatorum
-      at-
-
-  40  [que athletas et venationes et naum]ach[iam] et donata pe[c]unia a
-      (?)
-
-  41  . . . . . . . . . . . . [ter]rae motu § incendioque consum-
-
-  42  pt[is] a[ut viritim] a[micis senat]oribusque, quórum census
-      explévit,
-
-  43  in[n]umera[bili]s. §
-
-
-      I,  3. ob quae, W. quas ob res; S. and B. propter quae.
-
-      I,  5. ferendae, W. dicendae; simul ..... ferendae, B. sententiae
-            dicendae mihi dans; after dedit B. erases [§].
-
-      I,  7. jussit, B. jubens.
-
-      I, 14. superstitibus, Sk. following Hirschfield, veniam
-             petentibus.
-
-      I, 18. aliquantum, B. and W. aliquanto; a me emptos, B. following
-             Bergk, adsignavi.
-
-      I, 19. praediis a me, B. and W. praemiis militiae (me in stone
-             might be iae.)
-
-      I, 22. deinde, B. autem.
-
-      I, 23. decrevisset, S. decerneret; item saepe, S. itaque modo;
-             item saepe laurus, B. laurumque potius.
-
-      I, 29. agebam, B. following Bergk, eram, and omits annum.
-
-      I, 31. datam......... a populo et senatu, W. nomine populi et
-             senatus oblatam; S. a populo et senatu ultro delatam; et
-             senatu, S. senatuque Romano.
-
-      I, 33, 34. ut......... paucis diebus, W. uti intra paucos dies;
-             B. ut paucissimis diebus.
-
-      I, 34. quo erat, W. and S. praesenti.
-
-      I, 34, 35. meis impensis, W. privata impensa; S. meis sumptibus.
-
-      II,  9. S. inserts meo after filio.
-
-      II, 12. complura, B. et multa.
-
-      II, 13. reduxi, B. sanxi; S. revocavi.
-
-      II, 15. suscipi, B. suscipere,
-
-      II, 16. iis, S. quibus.
-
-      II, 17. me ludos aliquotiens, W. mihi ludos interdum; aliquotiens,
-              B. votivos modo.
-
-      II, 18. aliquotiens, W. interdum; aliquotiens consules, B. modo
-              consules ejus anni.
-
-      II, 19. sacrificaverunt, B. sacrificia; W. supplicaverunt; semper,
-              B. concorditer; W. unanimiter.
-
-      II, 20. B. adds fecerunt.
-
-      II, 22. sacrosanctus ut essem ........ W. sacrosancta ut esset
-              persona mea, or sacrosancta potestate ut essem.
-
-      II, 25. habuit, B. habuerat; cepi id, B. quod.
-
-      II, 26. qui civilis motus, B, suscepi qui id tumultus.
-
-      II, 27. ad comitia mea ......... B. propter mea comitia, or
-              comitiorum caussa; Sk. inserts coeunte before ad.
-
-      II, 28. fertur, Sk. memoriae proditur; omits coeunte.
-
-      II, 29. reduci, B. reducis.
-
-      II, 32. B. inserts eo before die.
-
-      II, 33. redi, B. redieram.
-
-      II, 36. S. inserts ante after honos.
-
-      II, 42. S. inserts tum after quem.
-
-      III, 17. In, W. et.
-
-      III, 40. W. Jam before inde.
-
-      III, 41. vectigalia, Sk. publicani.
-
-      III, 41-43. inlato......... tuli, S. multo frumentarias et
-               nummarias tessaras ex aere et patrimonio meo dedi.
-
-      III, 42. vel......... agro, W. atque nummariis tesseris divisis;
-               tributus, Sk. titulos.
-
-      III, 43. opem tuli, Sk. and W. subveni.
-
-       IV, 19. W. omits feci; inserts in ea after pontes.
-
-        V,  7. qui vel antea vel, S. consulares, et qui.
-
-        V, 11. et Germaniam qua includit, W. item Germaniam qua claudit.
-
-        V, 13. pacem feci. W. pacificavi.
-
-        V, 37. meis auspiciis, W. mea auctoritate.
-
-        V, 49. imperia, W. imperium; perferre, W. accipere;
-               S. sustinere.
-
-       VI,  7. extiterat, S. fuerat.
-
-       VI, 13. bella ubi, S. postquam bella; ubi, G. cum.
-
-       VI, 16. Aug. S. Augustus.
-
-       VI, 17. vestiti, W. velati sunt; S. inserts sunt after vestiti.
-
-       VI, 22. quam, G. iis.
-
-
-
-
-  Μεθηρμηνευμέναι ὑπεγράφησαν πράξεις τε καὶ δωρεαὶ Σεβαστοῦ θεοῦ, ἃς
-  ἀπέλιπεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης ἐνκεχαραγμένας χαλκαῖς στήλαις δυσί.
-
-
-  I.      c. 1.
-
-   1 Ἐτῶν δεκαε[ν]νέα ὢν τὸ στράτευμα ἐμῇ γνώμῃ καὶ
-
-   2  ἐμοῖς ἀν[αλ]ώμασιν ἡτοί[μασα], δι’ οὗ τὰ κοινὰ πρά-
-
-   3  γματα [ἐκ τῆ]ς τ[ῶ]ν συνο[μοσα]μένων δουλήας
-
-   4  [ἠλευ]θέ[ρωσα. Ἐφ’ ο]ἷς ἡ σύνκλητος ἐπαινέσασά
-
-   5  [με ψηφίσμασι] προσκατέλεξε τῇ βουλῇ Γαΐῳ Πά[νσ]α
-
-   6  [Αὔλῳ Ἱρτίῳ ὑ]π[ά]το[ι]ς, ἐν τῇ τάξει τῶν ὑπατ[ικῶ]ν
-
-   7  [ἅμα τ]ὸ σ[υμβου]λεύειν δοῦσα, ῥάβδου[ς] τ’ ἐμοὶ ἔδωκεν.
-
-   8  [Περ]ὶ τὰ δημόσια πράγματα μή τι βλαβῇ, ἐμοὶ με-
-
-   9  [τὰ τῶν ὑπά]των προνοεῖν ἐπέτρεψεν ἀντὶ στρατηγο[ῦ.]
-
-  10  [..... Ὁ δὲ] δ[ῆ]μος τῷ αὐτῷ ἐνιαυτῷ, ἀμφοτέρων
-
-  11  [τῶν ὑπάτων π]ολέμῳ πεπτω[κ]ό[τ]ων, ἐμὲ ὕπα-
-
-  12  [τον ἀπέδειξ]εν καὶ τὴν τῶν τριῶν ἀνδρῶν ἔχον-
-
-  13  [τα ἀρχὴν ἐπὶ] τῇ καταστάσει τῶν δ[η]μοσίων πρα-
-
-  14  [γμάτων] ε[ἵλ]ατ[ο.
-
-
-c. 2.
-
-  15 Τοὺς τὸν πατέρα τὸν ἐμὸν φονεύ]σ[αν]τ[α]ς ἐξώρισα κρί-
-
-  16  [σεσιν ἐνδί]κοις τειμω[ρ]ησάμε[ν]ος αὐτῶν τὸ
-
-  17  [ἀσέβημα κ]αὶ [με]τὰ ταῦτα αὐτοὺς πόλεμον ἐ-
-
-  18  [πιφέροντας τῇ πα]τ[ρ]ίδι δὶς ἐνείκησα παρατάξει.
-
-c. 3.
-
-  19 [Πολέμους καὶ κατὰ γῆν] καὶ κατὰ θάλασσαν ἐμφυ-
-
-  20  [λίους καὶ ἐξωτικοὺς] ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ οἰκουμένῃ πολ-
-
-  21  [λοὺς ἀνεδεξάμην, νεικ]ήσας τε πάντων ἐφεισάμην
-
-  22  [τῶν περιόντων πολειτῶν. τ]ὰ ἔθνη, οἷς ἀσφαλὲς ἦν συν-
-
-  23  [γνώμην ἔχειν, ἔσωσα μ]ᾶλ[λον] ἢ ἐξέκοψα. § Μυριάδες
-
-  II.
-
-   1  Ῥωμαίων στρατ[εύ]σ[ασ]αι ὑπ[ὸ τὸ]ν ὅρκον τὸν ἐμὸν
-
-   2  ἐγένοντ[ο] ἐνγὺς π[εντήκ]ο[ντ]α· [ἐ]ξ ὧν κατή[γ]αγον εἰς
-
-   3  τὰ[ς] ἀπο[ι]κίας ἢ ἀ[πέπεμψα εἰς τὰς] ἰδία[ς πόλεις] ἐκ-
-
-   4  [λυομένους.]      .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-   5  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-   6  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-   7  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-   8  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-c. 4.
-
-   9 Δὶς ἐ[πὶ κέλητος ἐθριάμβευσα], τρὶς [ἐ]φ’ ἅρματος.  Εἰκο-
-
-  10  σά[κις καὶ ἅπαξ προσηγορεύθην αὐτο]κράτωρ.  Τῆς
-
-  11  [συνκλήτου]   .     .     .     .    ψηφισσ .     .     .
-
-  12    .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .   ων τὴν [δάφνην]
-
-  13    .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-  14    .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .
-
-  15    .     .     .     .     .     .     [Διὰ τὰ πράγ]μ[ατα, ἃ]
-
-  16  [αὐτὸς ἢ διὰ τῶν πρεσβευτῶν ἐμῶν] κατώρθω-
-
-  17  σα, π[εντ]ηκοντάκις [καὶ] πεντά[κις ἐψ]ηφίσατο ἡ
-
-  18  σύ[νκλητ]ος θεοῖς δεῖ[ν] θύεσθαι. [Ἡμ]έραι οὖν αὗ-
-
-  19  [τα]ι ἐ[κ συ]ν[κλήτου] δ[ό]γματ[ο]ς ἐγένοντο ὀκτα[κ]όσιαι ἐνενή-
-
-  20  [κοντα]. Ἐν [τ]οῖς ἐμοῖς [θριάμ]βοις [πρὸ το]ῦ ἐμοῦ ἅρ-
-
-  21  μ[ατος βασι]λεῖς ἢ [βασιλέων παῖ]δες [παρήχθ]ησαν
-
-  22  ἐννέα. § [Ὑπάτ]ε[υ]ον τρὶς καὶ δέκ[ατο]ν, ὅτε τ[αῦ]τα ἔγραφον,
-
-  23  καὶ ἤμη[ν τρια]κ[οστὸ]ν καὶ ἕβδομ[ον δημαρχ]ικῆς
-
-  III.
-
-   1  ἐξουσίας
-
-c. 5.
-
-   2 Αὐτεξούσιόν μοι ἀρχὴν καὶ ἀπόντι καὶ παρόντι
-
-   3  διδομένην [ὑ]πό τε τοῦ δήμου καὶ τῆς συνκλήτου
-
-   4  Μ[άρκ]ῳ [Μ]αρκέλλῳ καὶ Λευκίῳ Ἀρρουντίῳ ὑπάτοις
-
-   5  ο[ὐκ ἐδ]εξάμην. § Οὐ παρητησάμην ἐν τῇ μεγίστῃ
-
-   6  [τοῦ] σ[είτ]ου σπάνει τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν τῆς ἀγορᾶς, ἣν οὕ-
-
-   7  [τως ἐπετήδευ]σα, ὥστ’ ἐν ὀλίγαις ἡμέρα[ις το]ῦ παρόντος
-
-   8  φόβου καὶ κι[νδ]ύνου ταῖς ἐμαῖς δαπάναις τὸν δῆμον
-
-   9  ἐλευθερῶσα[ι]. Ὑπατείαν τέ μοι τότε δι[δ]ομένην καὶ
-
-  10  ἐ[ν]ιαύσιον κα[ὶ δ]ι[ὰ] βίου οὐκ ἐδεξάμην.
-
-
-c. 6.
-
-  11 Ὑπάτοις Μάρκῳ Οὐινουκίῳ καὶ Κοίντῳ Λ[ουκρ]ητ[ίῳ]
-
-  12  καὶ μετὰ τα[ῦ]τα Ποπλίῳ καὶ Ναίῳ Λέντλοις καὶ
-
-  13  τρίτον Παύλλῳ Φαβίῳ Μαξίμῳ καὶ Κοίν[τῳ] Του-
-
-  14  βέρωι § τῆς [τε σ]υνκλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τοῦ
-
-  15  Ῥωμαίων ὁμολογ[ο]ύντων, ἵν[α ἐπιμε]λητὴς
-
-  16  τῶν τε νόμων καὶ τῶν τρόπων ἐ[πὶ τῇ με]γίστῃ
-
-  17  [ἐξ]ουσ[ίᾳ μ]ό[νο]ς χειροτονηθῷ §, ἀρχὴν οὐδε-
-
-  18  μ[ία]ν πα[ρὰ τὰ πά]τρ[ια] ἔ[θ]η διδομένην ἀνεδε-
-
-  19  ξάμην· § ἃ δὲ τότε δι’ ἐμοῦ ἡ σύνκλητος οἰ-
-
-  20  κονομεῖσθαι ἐβούλετο, τῆς δημαρχικῆς ἐξο[υ]-
-
-  21  σίας ὢν ἐτέλε[σα. Κ]αὶ ταύτης αὐτῆς τῆς ἀρχῆς
-
-  22  συνάρχοντα [αὐτ]ὸς ἀπὸ τῆς συνκλήτου π[εν]-
-
-  23  τάκις αἰτήσας [ἔλ]αβον.
-
-
-  IV.      c. 7.
-
-   1 Τριῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐγενόμην δημοσίων πραγμάτων
-
-   2  κατορθωτὴς συνεχέσιν ἔτεσιν δέκα. § Πρῶτον
-
-   3  ἀξιώματος τόπον ἔσχον τῆς συνκλήτου ἄχρι
-
-   4  ταύτης τῆς ἡμέρας, ἧς ταῦτα ἔγραφον, ἐπὶ ἔτη τεσ-
-
-   5  σαράκοντα. § Ἀρχιερεύς, § αὔγουρ, § τῶν δεκαπέντε ἀν-
-
-   6  δρῶν τῶν ἱεροποιῶν, § τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀνδρῶν ἱεροποι-
-
-   7  ῶν, § ἀ[δε]λφὸς ἀρουᾶλις, § ἑταῖρος Τίτιος, § φητιᾶλις.
-
-
-c. 8.
-
-   8 Τῶν [πατ]ρικίων τὸν ἀριθμὸν εὔξησα πέμπτον
-
-   9  ὕπατ[ος ἐπιτ]αγῇ τοῦ τε δήμου καὶ τῆς συνκλὴ-
-
-  10  του. § [Τὴν σύ]νκλητον τρὶς ἐπέλεξα. § Ἕκτον ὕπα-
-
-  11  τος τὴν ἀπ[ο]τείμησιν τοῦ δήμου συνάρχον-
-
-  12  [τ]α ἔχων Μᾶρκον Ἀγρίππαν ἔλαβον, ἧτις ἀπο-
-
-  13  [τείμη]σις μετὰ [δύο καὶ] τεσσαρακοστὸν ἐνιαυ-
-
-  14  τὸν [σ]υνε[κ]λείσθη. Ἐν ᾗ ἀποτειμήσει Ῥωμαίων
-
-  15  ἐτει[μήσ]α[ντο] κεφαλαὶ τετρακό[σιαι ἑ]ξήκον-
-
-  16  τα μυ[ριάδες καὶ τρισχίλιαι. Δεύτερον ὑ]πατι-
-
-  17  κῇ ἐξ[ουσίᾳ μόνος Γαΐῳ Κηνσωρίνῳ καὶ]
-
-  18  Γαίῳ [Ἀσινίῳ ὑπάτοις τὴν ἀποτείμησιν ἔλαβον·]
-
-  19  ἐν [ᾗ] ἀπ[οτειμήσει ἐτειμήσαντο Ῥωμαί]-
-
-  20  ων τετ[ρακόσιαι εἴκοσι τρεῖς μυριάδες καὶ τ]ρι[σ]-
-
-  21  χίλιοι. Κ[αὶ τρίτον ὑπατικῇ ἐξουσίᾳ τὰς ἀποτειμή]-
-
-  22  σε[ι]ς ἔλα[βο]ν, [ἔχω]ν [συνάρχοντα Τιβέριον]
-
-  23  Καίσαρα τὸν υἱόν μο[υ Σέξτῳ Πομπηίῳ καὶ]
-
-  V.
-
-   1  Σέξτῳ Ἀππουληίῳ ὑπάτοις· ἐν ᾗ ἀποτειμήσει
-
-   2  ἐτειμήσαντο Ῥωμαίων τετρακόσιαι ἐνενήκοντα
-
-   3  τρεῖς μυριάδες καὶ ἑπτακισχείλιοι. § Εἰσαγαγὼν και-
-
-   4  νοὺς νόμους πολλὰ ἤδη τῶν ἀρχαίων ἐθῶν κα-
-
-   5  ταλυόμενα διωρθωσάμην καὶ αὐτὸς πολλῶν
-
-   6  πραγμάτων μείμημα ἐμαυτὸν τοῖς μετέπει-
-
-   7  τα παρέδωκα.
-
-
-c. 9.
-
-   8 Εὐχὰς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς σωτηρίας ἀναλαμβάνειν
-
-   9  διὰ τῶν ὑπάτων καὶ ἱερέων καθ’ ἑκάστην πεν-
-
-  10  τετηρίδα ἐψηφίσατο ἡ σύνκλητος. ἐκ τού-
-
-  11  των τῶν εὐχῶν πλειστάκις ἐγένοντο θέαι,
-
-  12  τοτὲ μὲν ἐκ τῆς συναρχίας τῶν τεσσάρων ἱερέ-
-
-  13  ων, τοτὲ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπάτων. Καὶ κατ’ ἰδίαν δὲ καὶ
-
-  14  κατὰ πόλεις σύνπαντες οἱ πολεῖται ὁμοθυμα-
-
-  15  δ[ὸν] συνεχῶς ἔθυσαν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς σω[τ]ηρίας.
-
-
-c. 10.
-
-  16 Τὸ ὄν[ομ]ά μου συνκλήτου δόγματι ἐνπεριελή-
-
-  17  φθη εἰ[ς τοὺ]ς σαλίων ὕμνους. καὶ ἵνα ἱερὸς ᾦ
-
-  18  διὰ [βίο]υ [τ]ε τὴν δημαρχικὴν ἔχῳ ἐξουσίαν,
-
-  19  νό[μῳ ἐκ]υρώθη. § Ἀρχιερωσύνην, ἣν ὁ πατήρ
-
-  20  [μ]ου [ἐσχ]ήκει τοῦ δήμου μοι καταφέροντος
-
-  21  εἰς τὸν τοῦ ζῶντος τόπον, οὐ προσεδεξά-
-
-  22  μ[η]ν. § [ἣ]ν ἀρχιερατείαν μετά τινας ἐνιαυτοὺς
-
-  VI.
-
-   1  ἀποθανόντος τοῦ προκατειληφότος αὐ-
-
-   2  τὴν ἐν πολειτικαῖς ταραχαῖς, ἀνείληφα, εἰς
-
-   3  τὰ ἐμὰ ἀρχαιρέσια ἐξ ὅλης τῆς Ἰταλίας τοσού-
-
-   4  του πλήθους συνεληλυθότος, ὅσον οὐδεὶς
-
-   5  ἔνπροσθεν ἱστόρησεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης γεγονέναι Πο-
-
-   6  πλίῳ Σουλπικίῳ καὶ Γαίῳ Οὐαλγίῳ ὑπάτοις.
-
-
-c. 11.
-
-   7 Βωμὸν Τύχης σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου
-
-   8  πρὸς τῇ Καπήνῃ πύλῃ ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν·
-
-   9  πρὸς ᾧ τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας, ἐνιαύσιον θυ-
-
-  10  σίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ,
-
-  11  ἐν ᾗ ὑπάτοις Κοίντῳ Λουκρητίῳ καὶ Μάρκῳ
-
-  12  Οὐινουκίῳ ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύ-
-
-  13  θει[ν], τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυ-
-
-  14  μίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια.
-
-
-c. 12.
-
-  15 Δόγματι σ[υ]νκλήτου οἱ τὰς μεγίστας ἀρχὰς ἄρ-
-
-  16  ξαντε[ς σ]ὺν μέρει στρατηγῶν καὶ δημάρχων
-
-  17  μετὰ ὑπ[ά]του Κοίντου Λουκρητίου ἐπέμφθη-
-
-  18  σάν μοι ὑπαντήσοντες μέχρι Καμπανίας, ἥτις
-
-  19  τειμὴ μέχρι τούτου οὐδὲ ἑνὶ εἰ μὴ ἐμοὶ ἐψηφίσ-
-
-  20  θη. § Ὅτε ἐξ Ἱσπανίας καὶ Γαλατίας, τῶν ἐν ταύ-
-
-  21  ταις ταῖς ἐπαρχείαις πραγμάτων κατὰ τὰς εὐ-
-
-  22  χὰς τελεσθέντων, εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανῆλθον §
-
-  23  Τιβερίῳ [Νέ]ρωνι καὶ Ποπλίῳ Κοιντιλίῳ ὑπάτοις,
-
-  VII.
-
-   1  βωμὸν Ε[ἰρ]ήνης Σεβαστῆς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανό-
-
-   2  δου ἀφιερωθῆναι ἐψηφίσατο ἡ σύνκλητος ἐν πε-
-
-   3  δίῳ Ἄρεως, πρὸς ᾧ τούς τε ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ τοὺς
-
-   4  ἱερεῖς τάς τε ἱερείας ἐνιαυσίους θυσίας ἐκέλευσε ποιεῖν.
-
-
-c. 13.
-
-   5 Πύλην Ἐνυάλιον, ἣν κεκλῖσθαι οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν ἠθέ-
-
-   6  λησαν εἰρηνευομένης τῆς ὑπὸ Ῥωμάοις πάσης γῆς τε
-
-   7  καὶ θαλάσσης, πρὸ μὲν ἐμοῦ, ἐξ οὗ ἡ πόλις ἐκτίσθη,
-
-   8  τῷ παντὶ αἰῶνι δὶς μόνον κεκλεῖσθαι ὁμολογεῖ-
-
-   9  ται, ἐπὶ δὲ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος τρὶς ἡ σύνκλητος ἐψη-
-
-  10  φίσατο κλεισθῆναι.
-
-
-c. 14.
-
-  11 Ὑιούς μου Γάιον καὶ Λεύκιον Καίσ[α]ρας, οὓς νεανίας ἀ-
-
-  12  νήρπασεν ἡ τύχη, εἰς τὴν ἐμὴν τειμ[ὴ]ν ἥ τ[ε] σύνκλη-
-
-  13  τος καὶ ὁ δῆμος τῶν Ῥωμαίων πεντεκαιδεκαέτεις
-
-  14  ὄντας ὑπάτους ἀπέδειξεν, ἵνα μετὰ πέντε ἔτη
-
-  15  εἰς τὴν ὑπάτον ἀρχὴν εἰσέλθωσιν· καὶ ἀφ’ ἧς ἂν
-
-  16  ἡμέ[ρα]ς [εἰς τὴν ἀ]γορὰν [κατ]αχθ[ῶ]σιν, ἵνα [με]τέχω-
-
-  17  σιν, τῆς συ[ν]κλήτου ἐψηφίσατο. § ἱππεῖς δὲ Ῥω-
-
-  18  μαίων σύν[π]αντες ἡγεμόνα νεότητος ἑκάτε-
-
-  19  ρον αὐτῶν [πρ]οσηγόρευσαν, ἀσπίσιν ἀργυρέαις
-
-  20  καὶ δόρασιν [ἐτ]είμησαν.
-
-
-c. 15.
-
-  21 Δήμῳ Ῥωμα[ίω]ν κατ’ ἄνδρα ἑβδομήκοντα π[έντ]ε
-
-  22  δηνάρια ἑκάστῳ ἠρίθμησα κατὰ δια-
-
-  23  θήκην τοῦ πατρός μου, καὶ τῷ ἐμῷ ὀνόματι
-
-  24  ἐκ λαφύρων [π]ο[λέ]μου ἀνὰ ἑκατὸν δηνάρια
-
-  VIII.
-
-   1  πέμπτον ὕπατος ἔδωκα, § πάλιν τε δέ[κατο]ν
-
-   2  ὑπατεύων ἐκ τ[ῆ]ς ἐμῆς ὑπάρξεως ἀνὰ δηνά-
-
-   3  ρια ἑκατὸν ἠρίθ[μ]ησα, [§] καὶ ἑνδέκατον ὕπατος
-
-   4  δώδεκα σειτομετρήσεις ἐκ τοῦ ἐμοῦ βίου ἀπε-
-
-   5  μέτρησα, [§] καὶ δημαρχικῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ δωδέ-
-
-   6  κατον ἑκατὸν δηνάρια κατ’ ἄνδρα ἔδωκα· αἵτ[ι]-
-
-   7  νες ἐμαὶ ἐπιδόσεις οὐδέποτε ἧσσον ἦλθ[ο]ν ε[ἰ]ς
-
-   8  ἄνδρας μυριάδων εἴκοσι πέντε. δημα[ρ]χικῆς ἐ-
-
-   9  ξουσίας ὀκτωκαιδέκατον, ὕπατ[ος] δ[ωδέκατον]
-
-  10  τριάκοντα τρισ[ὶ] μυριάσιν ὄχλου πολειτικ[οῦ ἑ]ξή-
-
-  11  [κοντα δηνάρια κατ’ ἄνδρα ἔδωκα, κα]ὶ ἀποίκοις στρα-
-
-  12  τιωτῶν ἐμῶν πέμπτον ὕπατος ἐ[κ] λαφύρων κατὰ
-
-  13  ἄνδρα ἀνὰ διακόσια πεντήκοντα δηνάρια ἔδ[ωκα·]
-
-  14  ἔλαβον ταύτην τὴν δωρεὰν ἐν ταῖς ἀποικίαις ἀν-
-
-  15  θρώπων μυριάδες πλ[εῖ]ον δώδε[κα. ὕ]πατος τ[ρι]σ-
-
-  16  καιδέκατον ἀνὰ ἑξήκοντα δηνάρια τῷ σειτομετ[ρου]-
-
-  17  μένῳ δήμῳ ἔδω[κα· οὗτο]ς ἀρ[ι]θμ[ὸς πλείων εἴκο-
-
-  18  σ]ι [μυ]ριάδων ὑπῆρχ[ε]ν.
-
-
-c. 16.
-
-  19 Χρήματα ἐν ὑπατείᾳ τετάρτῃ ἐμῇ κα[ὶ] μετὰ ταῦτα ὑ-
-
-  20  πάτοις Μάρκῳ Κράσσῳ καὶ Ναίῳ Λέντλῳ αὔγου-
-
-  21  ρι ταῖς πόλεσιν ἠρίθμησα ὑπὲρ ἀργῶν, οὓς ἐμέρισα
-
-  22  τοῖς στρατ[ιώ]ταις. Κεφαλαίου ἐγένοντο ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ
-
-  23  μὲν μύριαι π[εντακι]σ[χ]ε[ίλιαι μυ]ριάδες, [τῶ]ν [δὲ ἐ]παρ-
-
-  24  χειτικῶν ἀγρῶν [μ]υ[ριάδες ἑξακισχίλ]ιαι πεν[τακό]σ[ιαι].
-
-  IX.
-
-   1  Τοῦτο πρῶτος καὶ μόνος ἁπάντων ἐπόησα τῶν
-
-   2  [κατα]γαγόντων ἀποικίας στρατιωτῶν ἐν Ἰτα-
-
-   3  λίᾳ ἢ ἐν ἐπαρχείαις μέχρι τῆς ἐμῆς ἡλικίας. § καὶ
-
-   4  μετέπειτα Τιβερίῳ Νέρωνι καὶ Ναίῳ Πείσωνι ὑπά-
-
-   5  τοις καὶ πάλιν Γαίῳ Ἀνθεστίῳ καὶ Δέκμῳ Λαι-
-
-   6  λίῳ ὑπάτοις καὶ Γαίῳ Καλουισίῳ καὶ Λευκίῳ
-
-   7  Πασσιήνῳ [ὑ]πάτο[ι]ς [καὶ Λ]ευκίῳ Λέντλῳ καὶ Μάρ-
-
-   8  κῳ Μεσσάλ[ᾳ] ὑπάτοις κ[α]ὶ [Λ]ευκίῳ Κανιν[ί]ῳ καὶ
-
-   9  [Κ]οίντῳ Φα[β]ρικίῳ ὑπάτοις στρατιώταις ἀπολυ-
-
-  10  ομένοις, οὓς κατήγαγον εἰς τὰς ἰδίας πόλ[εις], φιλαν-
-
-  11  θρώπου ὀνόματι ἔδωκα μ[υρ]ιάδας ἐγγὺς [μυρία]ς.
-
-
-c. 17.
-
-  12 Τετρά[κ]ις χρήμ[α]σιν ἐμοῖς [ἀν]έλαβον τὸ αἰράριον, [εἰς] ὃ
-
-  13  [κ]ατήνενκα [χ]ειλίας [ἑπτ]ακοσίας πεντήκοντα
-
-  14  μυριάδας. κ[αὶ] Μ[ά]ρκῳ [Λεπίδῳ] καὶ Λευκίῳ Ἀρρουν-
-
-  15  τίῳ ὑ[πάτοις ε]ἰς τ[ὸ] στ[ρ]α[τιωτ]ικὸν αἰράριον, ὃ τῇ
-
-  16  [ἐμῇ] γ[ν]ώ[μῃ] κατέστη, ἵνα [ἐ]ξ αὐτοῦ αἱ δωρ[ε]αὶ εἰσ-
-
-  17  [έπειτα τοῖς ἐ]μοῖς σ[τρατι]ώταις δίδωνται, ο[ἳ εἴκο-
-
-  18  σι]ν ἐνιαυτο[ὺ]ς ἢ πλείονας ἐστρατεύσαντο, μ[υ]ρι-
-
-  19  άδα[ς] τετρά[κ]ις χειλίας διακοσίας πεντήκοντα
-
-  20  [ἐκ τῆς ἐ]μ[ῆς] ὑπάρξεως κατήνενκα.
-
-c. 18.
-
-  21 [Ἀπ’ ἐκ]είνου τ[ο]ῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ, ἐ[φ’] οὗ Ναῖος καὶ Πόπλιος
-
-  22  [Λ]έντλοι ὕπατοι ἐγένοντο, ὅτε ὑπέλειπον αἱ δη-
-
-  23  [μό]σιαι πρόσοδοι, ἄλλοτε μὲν δέκα μυριάσιν, ἄλ-
-
-  24  [λοτε] δὲ πλείοσιν σειτικὰς καὶ ἀργυρικὰς συντάξεις
-
-  X.
-
-   1  ἐκ τῆς ἐμῆς ὑπάρξεως ἔδωκα.
-
-
-c. 19.
-
-   2 Βουλευτήρ[ιο]ν καὶ τὸ πλησίον αὐτῷ χαλκιδικόν,
-
-   3  ναόν τε Ἀπόλλωνος ἐν Παλατίῳ σὺν στοαῖς,
-
-   4  ναὸν θεοῦ [Ἰ]ουλίου, Πανὸς ἱερόν, στοὰν πρὸς ἱπ-
-
-   5  ποδρόμῳ τῷ προσαγορευομένῳ Φλαμινίῳ, ἣν
-
-   6  εἴασα προσαγορεύεσθαι ἐξ ὀνόματος ἐκείνου Ὀκτα-
-
-   7  ουίαν, ὃ[ς] πρῶτος αὐτὴν ἀνέστησεν, ναὸν πρὸς τῷ
-
-   8  μεγάλῳ ἱπποδρόμῳ, [§] ναοὺς ἐν Καπιτωλίῳ
-
-   9  Διὸς τροπαιοφόρου καὶ Διὸς βροντησίου, ναὸν
-
-  10  Κυρείν[ο]υ, [§] ναοὺς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ Ἥρας βασιλίδος καὶ
-
-  11  Διὸς Ἐλευθερίου ἐν Ἀουεντίνῳ, ἡρώων πρὸς τῇ
-
-  12  ἱερᾷ ὁδῷ, θεῶν κατοικιδίων ἐν Οὐελίᾳ, ναὸν Νεό-
-
-  13  τητο[ς, να]ὸν μητρὸς θεῶν ἐν Παλατίῳ ἐπόησα.
-
-
-c. 20.
-
-  14 Καπιτώλ[ιο]ν καὶ τὸ Πομπηίου θέατρον ἑκάτερον
-
-  15  τὸ ἔργον ἀναλώμασιν μεγίστοις ἐπεσκεύασα ἄ-
-
-  16  νευ ἐπιγραφῆς τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὀνόματος. § Ἀγωγοὺς ὑ-
-
-  17  δάτω[ν ἐν πλεί]στοις τόποις τῇ παλαιότητι ὀλισ-
-
-  18  θάνον[τας ἐπ]εσκευσα καὶ ὕδωρ τὸ καλούμενον
-
-  19  Μάρ[κιον ἐδί]πλωσα πηγὴν νέαν εἰς τὸ ῥεῖθρον
-
-  20  [αὐτοῦ ἐποχετεύσ]ας. [§] Ἀγορὰν Ἰουλίαν καὶ βασι-
-
-  21  [λικὴν τὴν μεταξὺ τ]οῦ τε ναοῦ τῶν Διοσκό-
-
-  22  [ρων καὶ Κρόνου κατα]βεβλημένα ἔργα ὑπὸ τοῦ
-
-  23  [πατρὸς ἐτελείωσα κα]ὶ τὴν αὐτὴν βασιλικὴν
-
-  24  [καυθεῖσαν ἐπὶ αὐξηθέντι] ἐδάφει αὐτῆς ἐξ ἐπι-
-
-  XI.
-
-   1  γραφῆς ὀνόματος τῶν ἐμῶν υἱῶν ὑπ[ηρξάμη]ν
-
-   2  καὶ εἰ μὴ αὐτὸς τετελειώκ[ο]ι[μι, τ]ελε[ι]ω[θῆναι ὑπὸ]
-
-   3  τῶν ἐμῶν κληρονόμων ἐπέταξα. § Δ[ύ]ο [καὶ ὀγδο-]
-
-   4  ήκοντα ναοὺς ἐν τῇ πόλ[ει ἕκτ]ον ὕπ[ατος δόγμα]-
-
-   5  τι συνκ[λ]ήτου ἐπεσκεύασ[α] ο[ὐ]δένα π[ε]ριλ[ιπών, ὃς]
-
-   6  ἐκείνῳ τῷ χρόνῳ ἐπισκευῆς ἐδεῖτο. § [Ὕ]πα[τος ἕ]-
-
-   7  βδ[ο]μον ὁδὸν Φ[λαμινίαν ἀπὸ] Ῥώμης [Ἀρίμινον]
-
-   8  γ[εφ]ύρας τε τὰς ἐν αὐτῇ πάσας ἔξω δυεῖν τῶν μὴ
-
-   9  ἐπ[ι]δεομένων ἐ[π]ισκευῆς ἐπόησα.
-
-
-c. 21.
-
-  10 Ἐν ἰδιωτικῷ ἐδάφει Ἄρεως Ἀμύντορος ἀγοράν τε Σε-
-
-  11  βαστὴν ἐκ λαφύρων ἐπόησα. [§] Θέατρον πρὸς τῷ
-
-  12  Ἀπόλλωνος ναῷ ἐπὶ ἐδάφους ἐκ πλείστου μέρους ἀγο-
-
-  13  ρασθέντος ἀνήγειρα [§] ἐπὶ ὀνόματος Μαρκέλλου
-
-  14  τοῦ γαμβροῦ μου. Ἀναθέματα ἐκ λαφύρων ἐν Καπι-
-
-  15  τωλίῳ καὶ ναῷ Ἰουλίῳ καὶ ναῷ Ἀπόλλωνος
-
-  16  καὶ Ἑστίας καὶ Ἄ[ρεω]ς ἀφιέρωσα, ἃ ἐμοὶ κατέστη
-
-  17  ἐνγὺς μυριάδω[ν δι]σχε[ι]λίων πεντακ[οσίων.]
-
-  18  Εἰς χρυσοῦν στέφανον λειτρῶν τρισ[μυρίων]
-
-  19  πεντακισχειλίων καταφερούσαις τα[ῖς ἐν Ἰ]ταλί-
-
-  20  ᾳ πολειτείαις καὶ ἀποικίαις συνεχώρη[σ]α τὸ [πέμ]-
-
-  21  πτον ὑπατεύων, καὶ ὕστερον ὁσάκις [αὐτ]οκράτωρ
-
-  22  προσηγορεύθην, τὰς εἰς τὸν στέφανο[ν ἐ]παγγε-
-
-  23  λίας οὐκ ἔλαβον ψηφιζομένων τῶν π[ολειτει]ῶν
-
-  24  καὶ ἀποικιῶν μετὰ τῆς αὐτῆς προθ[υμίας, κα]θ-
-
-  XII.
-
-   1  ά[περ ἐψηφίσαντο π]ρό[τερον].
-
-c. 22.
-
-   2 [Τρὶς μονο]μαχ[ίαν ἔδω]κα τῷ ἐμῷ ὀνόματι καὶ
-
-   3  [πεντάκις τῶν υἱῶν μου ἢ υἱ]ωνῶν. ἐν αἷς μονο-
-
-   4  [μαχίαις ἐμαχέσαντο ἐ]ν[γὺς μύ]ρι[ο]ι. Δὶς ἀθλητῶ[ν] παν-
-
-   5  τ[αχόθεν] με[ταπεμφθέντων γυμνικο]ῦ ἀγῶνος θέαν
-
-   6  [τῷ δήμῳ π]αρέσχον τ[ῷ ἐ]μῷ ὀνόματι καὶ τρίτ[ον]
-
-   7  τ[οῦ υἱωνοῦ μου. Θέας ἐπόη]σα δι’ ἐμοῦ τετράκ[ις,]
-
-   8  διὰ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἀρχῶν ἐν μέρει τρὶς καὶ εἰκοσάκις. §
-
-   9  Ὑπὲρ τῶν δεκαπέντε [ἀνδρ]ῶν, ἔχων συνάρχοντα
-
-  10  Μᾶρκον Ἀγρίππ[αν, τὰς θ]έας [δ]ιὰ ἑκατὸν ἐτῶν γεινο-
-
-  11  μένας ὀν[ομαζομένα]ς σ[αι]κλάρεις ἐπόησα Γαίῳ
-
-  12  Φουρνίῳ κ[αὶ] Γαίῳ Σε[ι]λανῷ ὑπάτοις. [§] Ὕπατος τρισ-
-
-  13  καιδέκατον [θέας Ἄρεως πρ]ῶτος ἐπόησα, ἃς μετ’ ἐ-
-
-  14  κεῖνο[ν χ]ρόνον ἑξῆς [τοῖς μ]ετέπειτα ἐνιαυτοῖς
-
-  15  δ . . μοι ἐπόησαν οἱ ὕπα- . . . .
-
-  16  [τοι] . . ν . . . . ης θηρίων ε
-
-  17  . . . . . . . . . . .
-
-  18  . . . . . . . . . . .
-
-  19  . . . . . . . . . . .
-
-  20  . . . . . . . . . . .
-
-
-c. 23.
-
-  21 Ν[αυμαχίας θέαν τῷ δήμῳ ἔδω]κα πέ[ρ]αν τοῦ Τι-
-
-  22  [βέριδος, ἐν ᾧ τόπῳ ἐστὶ νῦ]ν ἄλσος Καισά[ρω]ν,
-
-  23  ἐκκεχω[κὼς τὸ ἔδαφος] ε[ἰ]ς μῆκ[ο]ς χειλίων ὀκτακο-
-
-  24  σίων ποδ[ῶν, εἰς π]λάτ[ο]ς χιλίων διακο[σ]ίων. ἐν ᾗ
-
-  XIII.
-
-   1  τριάκο[ν]τα ναῦς ἔμβολα ἔχουσαι τριήρεις ἢ δί-
-
-   2  κροτ[οι, αἱ] δὲ ἥσσονες πλείους ἐναυμάχησαν. §
-
-   3  Ἐν τ[ούτῳ] τῷ στόλῳ ἠγωνίσαντο ἔξω τῶν ἐρετῶν
-
-   4  πρόσπ[ο]υ ἄνδρες τρ[ι]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι.
-
-c. 24.
-
-   5  [Ἐν ναοῖ]ς π[ασ]ῶν πόλεω[ν] τῆς [Ἀ]σί[α]ς νεικήσας τὰ ἀναθέ-
-
-   6  [ματα ἀπ]οκατέστησα, [ἃ εἶχεν] ἰ[δίᾳ] ἱεροσυλήσας ὁ
-
-   7  ὑπ’ [ἐμοῦ] δ[ι]αγωνισθεὶς πολέ[μιος]. Ἀνδρίαντες πε-
-
-   8  ζοὶ καὶ ἔφιπποί μου καὶ ἐφ’ ἅρμασιν ἀργυροῖ εἱστήκει-
-
-   9  σαν ἐν τῇ πόλει ἐνγὺς ὀγδοήκοντα, οὓς αὐτὸς ἦρα,
-
-  10  ἐκ τούτου τε τοῦ χρήματος ἀναθέματα χρυσᾶ ἐν
-
-  11  τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος τῷ τε ἐμῷ ὀνόματι καὶ
-
-  12  ἐκεῖνων, οἵτινές με [τ]ούτοις τοῖς ἀνδριᾶσιν ἐτείμη-
-
-  13  σαν, ἀνέθηκα.
-
-
-c. 25.
-
-  14 Θάλασσα[ν] πειρατευομένην ὑπὸ ἀποστατῶν δού-
-
-  15  λων [εἰρήν]ευσα. ἐξ ὧν τρεῖς που μυριάδας τοῖς
-
-  16  δε[σπόται]ς εἰς κόλασιν παρέδωκα. § Ὤμοσεν
-
-  17  [εἰς τοὺς ἐμοὺ]ς λόγους ἅπασα ἡ Ἰταλία ἑκοῦσα κἀ-
-
-  18  [μὲ πολέμου,] ᾧ ἐπ’ Ἀκτίῳ ἐνε[ί]κησα, ἡγεμόνα ἐξη-
-
-  19  [τήσατο, ὤ]μοσαν εἰς τοὺς [αὐτοὺ]ς λόγους ἐπα[ρ]-
-
-  20  χε[ῖαι Γαλα]τία Ἱσπανία Λιβύη Σι[κελία Σαρ]δώ. Οἱ ὑπ’ ἐ-
-
-  21  μ[αῖς σημέαις τό]τε στρατευ[σάμενοι ἦσαν συνκλητι-]
-
-  22  [κοὶ πλείους ἑπτ]α[κοσί]ων· [ἐ]ν [αὐτοῖς οἳ ἢ πρότερον ἢ]
-
-  23  [μετέπειτα] ἐγ[ένον]το [ὕπ]α[τοι εἰς ἐκ]ε[ί]ν[ην τὴν ἡ]μέ-
-
-  24  [ραν, ἐν ᾗ ταῦτα γέγραπτα]ι, ὀ[γδοήκο]ντα τρε[ῖ]ς, ἱερ[εῖ]ς
-
-      XIV.
-
-   1  πρόσπου ἑκατὸν ἑβδομή[κ]οντα.
-
-
-c. 26.
-
-   2 Πασῶν ἐπαρχειῶν δήμο[υ Ῥω]μαίων, αἷς ὅμορα
-
-   3  ἦν ἔθνη τὰ μὴ ὑποτασσ[όμ]ενα τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἡ-
-
-   4  γεμονία, τοὺς ὅρους ἐπεύξ[ησ]α. [§] Γαλατίας καὶ Ἱσ-
-
-   5  πανίας, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Γερμανίαν καθὼς Ὠκεα-
-
-   6  νὸς περικλείει ἀπ[ὸ] Γαδε[ίρ]ων μέχρι στόματος
-
-   7  Ἄλβιος ποταμο[ῦ ἐν] εἰρήνη κατέστησα. Ἄλπης ἀπὸ
-
-   8  κλίματος τοῦ πλησίον Εἰονίου κόλπου μέχρι Τυρ-
-
-   9  ρηνικῆς θαλάσσης εἰρηνεύεσθαι πεπόηκα, [§] οὐδενὶ
-
-  10  ἔθνει ἀδίκως ἐπενεχθέντος πολέμου. [§] Στόλος
-
-  11  ἐμὸς διὰ Ὠκεανοῦ ἀπὸ στόματος Ῥήνου ὡς πρὸς
-
-  12  ἀνατολὰς μέχρι ἔθνους Κίμβρων διέπλευσεν, οὗ οὔ-
-
-  13  τε κατὰ γῆν οὔτε κατὰ θάλασσαν Ῥωμαίων τις πρὸ
-
-  14  τούτου τοῦ χρόνου προσῆλθεν· καὶ Κίμβροι καὶ Χάλυ-
-
-  15  βες καὶ Σέμνονες ἄλλα τε πολλὰ ἔθνη Γερμανῶν
-
-  16  διὰ πρεσβειῶν τὴν ἐμὴν φιλίαν καὶ τὴν δήμου Ῥω-
-
-  17  μαίων ἠτήσαντο. Ἐμῇ ἐπιταγῇ καὶ οἰωνοῖς αἰσί-
-
-  18  οις δύο στρατεύματα, ἐπέβη Αἰθιοπίᾳ καὶ Ἀραβίᾳ
-
-  19  τῇ εὐδαίμονι καλωυμένῃ μεγάλας τε τῶν πο-
-
-  20  λεμίων δυνάμεις κατέκοψεν ἐν παρατάξει καὶ
-
-  21  πλείστας πόλεις δοριαλώτους ἔλαβεν καὶ προ-
-
-  22  έβη ἐν Αἰθιοπίᾳ μέχρι πόλεως Ναβάτης, ἥτις
-
-  23  ἐστὶν ἔνγιστα Μερόη, ἐν Ἀραβίᾳ δὲ μέχρι πόλε-
-
-  24  ως Μαρίβας.
-
-
-  XV.      c. 27.
-
-   1 Αἴγυπτον δήμου Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίᾳ προσέθηκα.
-
-   2  Ἀρμενίαν τὴν μ[εί]ζονα ἀναιρεθέντος τοῦ βασιλέ-
-
-   3  ως δυνάμενος ἐπαρχείαν ποῆσαι μᾶλλον ἐβου-
-
-   4  λήθην κατὰ τὰ πάτρια ἡμῶν ἔθη βασιλείαν Τιγρά-
-
-   5  νῃ Ἀρταουάσδου υἱῷ, υἱωνῷ δὲ Τιγράνου βασι-
-
-   6  λέως δ[ο]ῦν[α]ι διὰ Τιβερίου Νέρωνος, ὃς τότ’ ἐμοῦ
-
-   7  πρόγονος ἦν· καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ἔθνος ἀφιστάμενον καὶ
-
-   8  ἀναπολεμοῦν δαμασθὲν ὑπὸ Γαΐου τοῦ υἱοῦ
-
-   9  μου βασιλεῖ Ἀριοβαρζάνει, βασιλέως Μήδων Ἀρτα-
-
-  10  βάζου υἱῷ παρέδωκα καὶ μετὰ τὸν ἐκείνου θάνα-
-
-  11  τον τῷ υἱῷ αὐτοῦ Ἀρταουάσδη· οὗ ἀναιρεθέντος
-
-  12  Τιγράνην, ὃς ἦν ἐκ γένους Ἀρμενίου βασιλικοῦ, εἰς
-
-  13  τὴν βασιλείαν ἔπεμψα. § Ἐπαρχείας ἁπάσας, ὅσαι
-
-  14  πέραν τοῦ Εἰονίου κόλπου διατείνουσι πρὸς ἀνα-
-
-  15  τολὰς, καὶ Κυρήνην ἐκ μείσζονος μέρους ὑπὸ βασι-
-
-  16  λέων κατεσχημένας καὶ ἔμπροσθεν Σικελίαν καὶ Σαρ-
-
-  17  δῲ προκατειλημένας πολέμῳ δουλικῷ ἀνέλαβον.
-
-
-c. 28.
-
-  18 Ἀποικίας ἐν Λιβύῃ Σικελίᾳ Μακεδονίᾳ ἐν ἑκατέ-
-
-  19  ρα τε Ἱσπανίᾳ Ἀχαίᾳ Ἀσίᾳ Συρίᾳ Γαλατίᾳ τῇ πε-
-
-  20  ρὶ Νάρβωνα Πισιδίᾳ στρατιωτῶν κατήγαγον. § Ἰτα-
-
-  21  λία δὲ εἴκοσι ὀκτὼ ἀποικίας ἔχει ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ καταχθεί-
-
-  22  σας, αἳ ἐμοῦ περιόντος πληθύουσαι ἐτύνχανον.
-
-
-c. 29.
-
-  23 Σημέας στρατιωτικὰς [πλείους ὑ]πὸ ἄλλων ἡγεμό-
-
-  24  νων ἀποβεβλημένας [νικῶν τοὺ]ς πολεμίους
-
-  XVI.
-
-   1  ἀπέλαβον § ἐξ Ἱσπανίας καὶ Γαλατίας καὶ παρὰ
-
-   2  Δαλματῶν· Πάρθους τριῶν στρατευμάτων Ῥωμαί-
-
-   3  ων σκῦλα καὶ σημέας ἀποδοῦναι ἐμοὶ ἱκέτας τε φι-
-
-   4  λίαν δήμου Ῥωμαίων ἀξιῶσαι ἠνάγκασα. [§] ταύτας
-
-   5  δὲ τὰς σημέας ἐν τῷ Ἄρεως τοῦ Ἀμύντορος ναοῦ ἀ-
-
-   6  δύτῳ ἀπεθέμην.
-
-
-c. 30.
-
-   7 Παννονίων ἔθνη, οἷς πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος στράτευ-
-
-   8  μα Ῥωμαίων οὐκ ἤνγισεν, ἡσσηθέντα ὑπὸ Τιβερίου
-
-   9  Νέρωνος, ὃς τότ’ ἐμοῦ ἦν πρόγονος καὶ πρεσβευτής,
-
-  10  ἡγεμονίᾳ δῆμου Ῥωμαίων ὑπέταξα [§] τά τε Ἰλλυρι-
-
-  11  κοῦ ὅρια μέχρι Ἴστρου ποταμοῦ προήγαγον· οὗ ἐπει-
-
-  12  ταδε Δάκων διαβᾶσα πολλὴ δύναμις ἐμοῖς αἰσίοις οἰω-
-
-  13  νοῖς κατεκόπη. Καὶ ὕστερον μεταχθὲν τὸ ἐμὸν στρά-
-
-  14  τευμα πέραν Ἴστρου τὰ Δάκων ἔθνη προστάλματα
-
-  15  δήμου Ῥωμαίων ὑπομένειν ἠνάγκασεν.
-
-
-c. 31.
-
-  16 Πρὸς ἐμὲ ἐξ Ἰνδίας βασιλέων πρεσβεῖαι πολλάκις ἀπε-
-
-  17  στάλησαν, οὐδέποτε πρὸ τούτου χρόνου ὀφθεῖσαι παρὰ
-
-  18  Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμόνι. § Τὴν ἡμετέραν φιλίαν ἠξίωσαν
-
-  19  διὰ πρέσβεων § Βαστάρναι καὶ Σκύθαι καὶ Σαρμα-
-
-  20  τῶν οἱ ἐπιτάδε ὄντες τοῦ Τανάιδος ποταμοῦ καὶ
-
-  21  οἱ πέραν δὲ βασιλεῖς, καὶ Ἀλβανῶν δὲ καὶ Ἰβήρων
-
-  22  καὶ Μήδων βασιλεες.
-
-
-c. 32.
-
-  23 Πρὸς ἐμὲ ἱκέται κατέφυγον βασιλεῖς Πάρθων μὲν
-
-  24  Τειριδάτης καὶ μετέπειτα Φραάτης βασιλέως §
-
-  XVII.
-
-   1  Φράτου [υἱός, Μ]ήδ[ων] δὲ Ἀρταο[υάσδ]ης, Ἀδιαβ[η]-
-
-   2  νῶν [Ἀ]ρτα[ξάρης, Βριτα]ννῶν Δομνοελλαῦνος
-
-   3  καὶ Τ[ιμ........, Σο]υ[γ]άμβρων [Μ]αίλων, Μαρκο-
-
-   4  μάνων [Σουήβων] ........ρος. § [Πρὸ]ς ἐμὲ βασιλεις
-
-   5  Πάρθων Φρα[άτης Ὠρώδο]υ υἱὸ[ς ὑ]ιοὺς [αὐτοῦ] υἱω-
-
-   6  νούς τε πάντας ἔπεμψεν εἰς Ἰταλίαν, οὐ πολέμῳ
-
-   7  λειφθείς, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἡμ[ε]τέραν φιλίαν ἀξιῶν ἐπὶ τέ-
-
-   8  κνων ἐνεχύροις, πλεῖστά τε ἄλλα ἔθνη πεῖραν ἔλ[α]-
-
-   9  βεν δήμου Ῥωμαίων πίστεως ἐπ’ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος,
-
-  10  οἷς τὸ πρὶν οὐδεμία ἦν πρὸς δῆμον Ῥωμαίων π[ρε]σ-
-
-  11  βειῶν καὶ φιλίας κοινωνία.
-
-
-c. 33.
-
-  12 Παρ’ ἐμοῦ ἔθνη Πάρθων καὶ Μήδων διὰ πρέσβεων τῶν
-
-  13  παρ’ αὐτοῖς πρώτων βασιλεῖς αἰτησάμενοι ἔλαβ[ον]
-
-  14  Πάρθοι Οὐονώνην βασιλέως Φράτου ὑ[ι]όν, βασιλ[έω]ς
-
-  15  Ὠρώδου υἱωνόν· Μῆδοι Ἀριοβαρζάνην βα[σ]ιλέως
-
-  16  Ἀρταβάζου υἱόν, βασιλέως Ἀριοβαρζάν[ου υἱω]νόν.
-
-
-c. 34.
-
-  17  Ἐν ὑπατείᾳ ἕκτῃ καὶ ἑβδόμῃ μετὰ τὸ τοὺς ἐνφυ-
-
-  18  λίους ζβέσαι με πολέμους [κ]ατὰ τὰς εὐχὰς τῶν ἐ-
-
-  19  μῶν πολε[ι]τῶν ἐνκρατὴς γενόμενος πάντων τῶν
-
-  20  πραγμάτων, ἐκ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐξουσίας εἰς τὴν τῆς συν-
-
-  21  κλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τῶν Ῥωμαίων μετήνεγκα
-
-  22  κυριήαν. ἐξ ἧς αἰτίας δόγματι συνκλήτου Σεβαστὸς
-
-  23  προσ[ηγορε]ύθην καὶ δάφναις δημοσίᾳ τὰ πρόπυ-
-
-  24  λ[ά μου ἐστέφθ]η, ὅ τε δρύινος στέφανος ὁ διδόμενος
-
-  XVIII.
-
-   1  ἐπὶ σωτηρία τῶν πολειτῶν ὑπερά[ν]ω τοῦ πυλῶ-
-
-   2  νος τῆς ἐμῆς οἰκίας ἀνετέθη, § ὅπ[λ]ον τε χρυ-
-
-   3  σοῦν ἐν τῷ βο[υ]λευτηρίῳ ἀνατεθ[ὲ]ν ὑπό τε τῆς
-
-   4  συνκλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τῶν Ῥω[μα]ίων
-
-   5  διὰ τῆς ἐπιγραφῆς ἀρετὴν καὶ ἐπείκειαν κα[ὶ δ]ικαιοσύνην
-
-   6  καὶ εὐσέβειαν ἐμοὶ μαρτυρεῖ. § Ἀξιώμ[α]τι [§] πάντων
-
-   7  διήνεγκα, [§] ἐξουσίας δὲ οὐδέν τι πλεῖον ἔσχον
-
-   8  τῶν συναρξάντων μοι.
-
-
-c. 35.
-
-   9 Τρισκαιδεκάτην ὑπατείαν ἄγοντός μου ἥ τε σύν-
-
-  10  κλητος καὶ τὸ ἱππικὸν τάγμα ὅ τε σύνπας δῆμος τῶν
-
-  11  Ῥωμαίων προσηγόρευσέ με πατέρα πατρίδος καὶ τοῦτο
-
-  12  ἐπὶ τοῦ προπύλου τῆς οἰκίας μου καὶ ἐν τῷ βουλευτη-
-
-  13  ρίῳ καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ τῇ Σεβαστῇ ὑπὸ τῷ ἅρματι, ὅ μοι
-
-  14  δόγματι συνκλήτου ἀνετέθη, ἐπιγραφῆναι ἐψηφίσα-
-
-  15  το. [§] Ὅτε ἔγραφον ταῦτα, ἤγον ἔτος ἑβδομηκοστὸν
-
-  16  ἕκτον. §
-
-         *       *       *       *       *
-
-  17 Συνκεφαλαίωσις [§] ἠριθμημένου χρήματος εἰς τὸ αἰρά-
-
-  18  ριον ἢ εἰς τὸν δῆμον τὸν Ῥω[μαί]ων ἢ εἰς τοὺς ἀπολε-
-
-  19  λυμένους στρατιώτας [§]: ἓξ μυριάδες μυριάδων. §
-
-  20  Ἔργα καινὰ ἐγένετο ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ναοὶ μὲν Ἄρεως, Διὸς
-
-  21  βροντησίου καὶ τροπαιοφόρου, Πανός, Ἀπόλλω-
-
-  22  νος, [§] θεοῦ Ἰουλίου, Κυρείνου, [§] Ἀ[θη]νᾶς, [§] Ἥρας βασιλί-
-
-  23  δος, [§] Διὸς Ἐλευθερίου, [§] ἡρώ[ων, θεῶν π]ατρίων, [§], Νε-
-
-  24  ότητος, [§] Μητρὸς θεῶν, [§] β[ουλευτήριον] σὺν χαλκι-
-
-  XIX.
-
-   1  δικῷ, [§] ἀγορᾷ Σεβαστῇ [§], θέατρον Μαρκέλλου, [§] β[α]σι-
-
-   2  λικὴ Ἰουλία, [§] ἄλσος Καισάρων, [§] στοαὶ ἐ[ν] Παλατ[ί]ῳ,
-
-   3  στοὰ ἐν ἱπποδρόμῳ Φλαμινίῳ. § Ἐπεσκευάσθ[η τὸ Κα]-
-
-   4  πιτώλιον, [§] ναοὶ ὀγδοήκοντα δύο, [§] θέ[ατ]ρον Π[ομ]-
-
-   5  πηίου, [§] ὁδὸς Φλαμινία, [§] ἀγωγοὶ ὑδάτων. [Δαπ]άναι δὲ
-
-   6  εἰς θέας καὶ μονομάχους καὶ ἀθλητὰς καὶ ναυμα-
-
-   7  χίαν καὶ θηρομαχίαν δωρεαί [τε] ἀποικίαις πόλεσιν
-
-   8  ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ, πόλεσιν ἐν ἐπαρχείαις [§] σεισμῷ κα[ὶ] ἐνπυ-
-
-   9  ρισμοῖς πεπονηκυίαις ἢ κατ’ ἄνδρα φίλοις καὶ συν-
-
-  10  κλητικοῖς, ὧν τὰς τειμήσεις προσεξεπλήρωσεν: ἄ-
-
-  11  πειρον πλῆθος.
-
-
-        l,  7. ἅμα B. μοι or ἐμοὶ.
-
-       II, 16. Before ἐμῶν W. inserts τῶν.
-
-      III, 14. Last word Apoll., τοῦ, Auc. τῶν.
-
-     VIII, 17. οὗτος, W. σύνπας; ἀριθμὸς, S. ἀριθμῷ or ἀριθμὸν.
-
-        X, 22. S. inserts τοῦ before Κρόνου.
-
-        X, 23. S. inserts μου after πατρὸς.
-
-        X, 24. καυθεῖσαν ἐπὶ, S. καταφλεχθεῖσαν ἐν.
-
-      XII,  1. ἐψηφίσαντο, S. καὶ ἐψήφιστο.
-
-     XIII, 22. οἳ ἢ πρότερον ἢ, S. ὑπατικοὶ καὶ οἳ.
-
-
-
-
-Below is a copy of the deeds of the divine Augustus, by which he
-subjected the whole world to the dominion of the Roman people, and
-of the amounts which he expended upon the commonwealth and the Roman
-people, as engraved upon two brazen columns which are set up at Rome.[1]
-
-
-c. 1.
-
-In my twentieth year,[2] acting upon my own judgment[3] and at my
-own expense,[4] I raised an army[5] by means of which I restored to
-liberty the commonwealth which had been oppressed by the tyranny of
-a faction.[6] On account of this the senate by laudatory decrees
-admitted me to its order,[7] in the consulship of Gaius Pansa and Aulus
-Hirtius, and at the same time gave me consular rank in the expression
-of opinion,[8] and gave me the _imperium_.[9] It also voted that
-I as propraetor,[10] together with the consuls, should see to it that
-the commonwealth suffered no harm.[11] In the same year, moreover, when
-both consuls had perished in war, the people made me consul,[12] and
-triumvir for organizing the commonwealth.[13]
-
-
-c. 2.
-
-Those who killed my father[14] I drove into exile by lawful
-judgments,[15] avenging their crime, and afterwards, when they waged
-war against the commonwealth, I twice defeated them in battle.[16]
-
-
-c. 3.
-
-I undertook civil and foreign wars by land and sea throughout the whole
-world, and as victor I showed mercy to all surviving citizens.[17]
-Foreign peoples, who could be pardoned with safety, I preferred to
-preserve rather than to destroy. About five hundred thousand Roman
-citizens took the military oath of allegiance to me.[18] Of these I
-have settled in colonies or sent back to their _municipia_,[19]
-upon the expiration of their terms of service,[20] somewhat over three
-hundred thousand, and to all these I have given lands purchased by
-me, or money for farms,[21] out of my own means. I have captured six
-hundred ships, besides those which were smaller than triremes.[22]
-
-
-c. 4.
-
-Twice I have triumphed in the ovation,[23] and three times in the
-curule triumph,[24] and I have been twenty-one times saluted as
-imperator.[25]
-
-After that, when the senate decreed me many triumphs,[26] I declined
-them. Likewise I often deposited the laurels in the Capitol[27] in
-fulfilment of vows which I had also made in battle. On account of
-enterprises brought to a successful issue on land and sea by me, or
-by my lieutenants under my auspices, the senate fifty-five times
-decreed that there should be a thanksgiving to the immortal gods.[28]
-The number of days, moreover, on which thanksgiving was rendered
-in accordance with the decree of the senate was eight hundred and
-ninety.[29] In my triumphs there have been led before my chariot nine
-kings, or children of kings.[30] When I wrote these words I had been
-thirteen times consul, and was in the thirty-seventh year of the
-tribunitial power.[31]
-
-
-c. 5.
-
-The dictatorship which was offered to me by the people and the senate,
-both when I was absent and when I was present, in the consulship of
-Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius, I did not accept.[32] At a time
-of the greatest dearth of grain I did not refuse the charge of the food
-supply, which I so administered that in a few days, at my own expense,
-I freed the whole people from the anxiety and danger in which they then
-were.[33] The annual and perpetual consulship offered to me at that
-time I did not accept.[34]
-
-
-c. 6.
-
-During the consulship of Marcus Vinucius and Quintus Lucretius, and
-afterwards in that of Publius and Cnaeus Lentulus, and a third time in
-that of Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero, by the consent of
-the senate and the Roman people I was voted the sole charge of the laws
-and of morals, with the fullest power;[35] but I accepted the proffer
-of no office which was contrary to the customs of the country.[36] The
-measures of which the senate at that time wished me to take charge, I
-accomplished in virtue of my possession of the tribunitial power.[37]
-In this office I five times associated with myself a colleague, with
-the consent of the senate.[38]
-
-
-c. 7.
-
-For ten years in succession I was one of the triumvirs for organizing
-the commonwealth.[39] Up to that day on which I write these words
-I have been _princeps_ of the senate through forty years.[40]
-I have been _pontifex maximus_,[41] augur,[42] a member of the
-quindecemviral college of the sacred rites,[43] of the septemviral
-college of the banquets,[44] an Arval Brother,[45] a member of the
-Titian sodality,[46] and a fetial.[47]
-
-
-c. 8.
-
-In my fifth consulship, by order of the people and the senate, I
-increased the number of the patricians.[48] Three times I have revised
-the list of the senate.[49] In my sixth consulship, with Marcus Agrippa
-as colleague, I made a census of the people. I performed the lustration
-after forty-one years. In this lustration the number of Roman citizens
-was four million and sixty-three thousand.[50] Again assuming the
-consular power in the consulship of Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius,
-I alone performed the lustration. At this census the number of Roman
-citizens was four million, two hundred and thirty thousand.[51] A third
-time, assuming the consular power in the consulship of Sextus Pompeius
-and Sextus Appuleius, with Tiberius Cæsar as colleague, I performed the
-lustration. At this lustration the number of Roman citizens was four
-million, nine hundred and thirty-seven thousand.[52] By new legislation
-I have restored many customs of our ancestors which had now begun to
-fall into disuse, and I have myself also committed to posterity many
-examples worthy of imitation.[53]
-
-
-c. 9.
-
-The senate decreed that every fifth year vows for my good health should
-be performed by the consuls and the priests. In accordance with these
-vows games have been often celebrated during my lifetime, sometimes
-by the four chief colleges, sometimes by the consuls.[54] In private,
-also, and as municipalities, the whole body of citizens have constantly
-sacrificed at every shrine for my good health.[55]
-
-
-c. 10.
-
-By a decree of the senate my name has been included in the Salian
-hymn,[56] and it has been enacted by law that I should be sacrosanct,
-and that as long as I live I should be invested with the tribunitial
-power.[57] I refused to be made _pontifex maximus_ in the place of
-a colleague still living, when the people tendered me that priesthood
-which my father held. I accepted that office after several years, when
-he was dead who had seized it during a time of civil disturbance;
-and at the comitia for my election, during the consulship of Publius
-Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius, so great a multitude assembled as, it is
-said, had never before been in Rome.[58]
-
-
-c. 11.
-
-Close to the temples of Honor and Virtue, near the Capena gate, the
-senate consecrated in honor of my return an altar to Fortune the
-Restorer, and upon this altar it ordered that the _pontifices_ and
-the Vestal virgins should offer sacrifice yearly on the anniversary of
-the day on which I returned into the city from Syria, in the consulship
-of Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinucius, and it called the day the
-Augustalia, from our cognomen.[59]
-
-
-c. 12.
-
-By a decree of the senate at the same time a part of the prætors and
-tribunes of the people with the consul Quintus Lucretius and leading
-citizens were sent into Campania to meet me, an honor which up to this
-time has been decreed to no one but me.[60] When I returned from Spain
-and Gaul after successfully arranging the affairs of those provinces,
-in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius, the senate
-voted that in honor of my return an altar of the Augustan Peace should
-be consecrated in the Campus Martius, and upon this altar it ordered
-the magistrates and priests and vestal virgins to offer sacrifices on
-each anniversary.[61]
-
-
-c. 13.
-
-Janus Quirinus, which it was the purpose of our fathers to close when
-there was peace won by victory[62] throughout the whole empire of
-the Roman people on land and sea, and which, before I was born, from
-the foundation of the city, was reported to have been closed twice
-in all,[63] the senate three times ordered to be closed while I was
-_princeps_.[64]
-
-
-c. 14.
-
-My sons, the Cæsars Gaius and Lucius, whom fortune snatched from me in
-their youth,[65] the senate and Roman people, in order to dome honor,
-designated as consuls in the fifteenth year of each, with the intention
-that they should enter upon that magistracy after five years.[66] And
-the senate decreed that from the day in which they were introduced into
-the forum they should share in the public counsels.[67] Moreover the
-whole body of the Roman knights gave them the title, _principes_
-of the youth, and gave to each a silver buckler and spear.[68]
-
-
-c. 15.
-
-To each man of the Roman _plebs_ I paid three hundred sesterces
-in accordance with the last will of my father;[69] and in my own name,
-when consul for the fifth time, I gave four hundred sesterces from
-the spoils of the wars;[70] again, moreover, in my tenth consulship I
-gave from my own estate four hundred sesterces to each man by way of
-_congiarium_;[71] and in my eleventh consulship I twelve times
-made distributions of food, buying grain at my own expense;[72] and
-in the twelfth year of my tribunitial power I three times gave four
-hundred sesterces to each man.[73] These my donations have never
-been made to less than two hundred and fifty thousand men.[74] In my
-twelfth consulship and the eighteenth year of my tribunitial power I
-gave to three hundred and twenty thousand of the city _plebs_
-sixty _denarii_ apiece.[75] In the colonies of my soldiers, when
-consul for the fifth time, I gave to each man a thousand sesterces from
-the spoils; about a hundred and twenty thousand men in the colonies
-received that triumphal donation.[76] When consul for the thirteenth
-time I gave sixty _denarii_ to the _plebs_ who were at that
-time receiving public grain; these men were a little more than two
-hundred thousand in number.[77][78]
-
-
-c. 16.
-
-For the lands which in my fourth consulship, and afterwards in the
-consulship of Marcus Crassus and Cnæus Lentulus, the augur, I assigned
-to soldiers, I paid money to the _municipia_. The sum which I paid
-for Italian farms was about six hundred million sesterces, and that for
-lands in the provinces was about two hundred and sixty millions.[79]
-Of all those who have established colonies of soldiers in Italy or
-in the provinces I am the first and only one within the memory of my
-age, to do this. And afterward in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and
-Cnæus Piso, and also in that of Gaius Antistius and Decimus Lælius,
-and in that of Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Pasienus, and in that of
-Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messala, and in that of Lucius Caninius and
-Quintus Fabricius, I gave gratuities in money to the soldiers whom I
-sent back to their _municipia_ at the expiration of their terms
-of service, and for this purpose I freely spent four hundred million
-sesterces.[80]
-
-
-c. 17.
-
-Four times I have aided the public treasury from my own means, to such
-extent that I have furnished to those in charge of the treasury one
-hundred and fifty million sesterces.[81] And in the consulship of
-Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius I paid into the military treasury
-which was established by my advice that from it gratuities might be
-given to soldiers who had served a term of twenty or more years, one
-hundred and seventy million sesterces from my own estate.[82]
-
-
-c. 18.
-
-Beginning with that year in which Cnæus and Publius Lentulus were
-consuls, when the imposts failed, I furnished aid sometimes to a
-hundred thousand men, and sometimes to more, by supplying grain or
-money for the tribute from my own land and property.[83]
-
-
-c. 19.
-
-I constructed[84] the Curia,[85] and the Chalcidicum adjacent
-thereto,[86] the temple of Apollo on the Palatine, with its
-porticoes,[87] the temple of the divine Julius,[88] the Lupercal,[89]
-the portico to the Circus of Flaminius, which I allowed to bear the
-name, Portico Octavia, from his name who constructed the earlier one
-in the same place;[90] the Pulvinar at the Circus Maximus,[91] the
-temples of Jupiter the Vanquisher[92] and Jupiter the Thunderer, on the
-Capitol,[93] the temple of Quirinus,[94] the temples of Minerva and
-Juno Regina and of Jupiter Libertas, on the Aventine,[95] the temple of
-the Lares on the highest point of the Via Sacra,[96] the temple of the
-divine Penates on the Velian hill,[97] the temple of Youth,[98] and the
-temple of the Great Mother on the Palatine.[99]
-
-
-c. 20.
-
-The Capitol and the Pompeian theatre have been restored by me at
-enormous expense for each work, without any inscription of my name.[100]
-Aqueducts which were crumbling in many places by reason of age I have
-restored, and I have doubled the water which bears the name Marcian
-by turning a new spring into its course.[101] The Forum Julium and
-the basilica which was between the temple of Castor and the temple
-of Saturn, works begun and almost completed by my father, I have
-finished; and when that same basilica was consumed by fire, I began
-its reconstruction on an enlarged site, inscribing it with the names
-of my sons; and if I do not live to complete it, I have given orders
-that it be completed by my heirs.[102] In accordance with a decree of
-the senate, while consul for the sixth time, I have restored eighty-two
-temples of the gods, passing over none which was at that time in need
-of repair.[103] In my seventh consulship I constructed the Flaminian
-way from the city to Ariminum, and all the bridges except the Mulvian
-and Minucian.[104]
-
-
-c. 21.
-
-Upon private ground I have built with the spoils of war the temple
-of Mars the Avenger, and the Augustan Forum.[105] Beside the temple
-of Apollo, I built upon ground, bought for the most part at my own
-expense, a theatre, to bear the name of Marcellus, my son-in-law.[106]
-From the spoils of war I have consecrated gifts in the Capitol, and
-in the temple of the divine Julius, and in the temple of Apollo, and
-in the temple of Vesta, and in the temple of Mars the Avenger; these
-gifts have cost me about a hundred million sesterces.[107] In my fifth
-consulship I remitted to the _municipia_ and Italian colonies the
-thirty-five thousand pounds given me as coronary gold on the occasion
-of my triumphs, and thereafter, as often as I was proclaimed imperator,
-I did not accept the coronary gold which the _municipia_ and
-colonies voted to me as kindly as before.[108]
-
-
-c. 22.
-
-Three times in my own name, and five times in that of my sons or
-grandsons, I have given gladiatorial exhibitions; in these exhibitions
-about ten thousand men have fought.[109] Twice in my own name,
-and three times in that of my grandson, I have offered the people
-the spectacle of athletes gathered from all quarters.[110] I have
-celebrated games four times in my own name, and twenty-three times
-in the turns of other magistrates.[111] In behalf of the college of
-quindecemvirs, I, as master of the college, with my colleague Agrippa,
-celebrated the Secular Games in the consulship of Gaius Furnius and
-Gaius Silanus.[112] When consul for the thirteenth time, I first
-celebrated the Martial games, which since that time the consuls have
-given in successive years.[113] Twenty-six times in my own name,
-or in that of my sons and grandsons, I have given hunts of African
-wild beasts in the circus, the forum, the amphitheatres, and about
-thirty-five hundred beasts have been killed.[114]
-
-
-c. 23.
-
-I gave the people the spectacle of a naval battle beyond the Tiber,
-where now is the grove of the Cæsars.[115] For this purpose an
-excavation was made eighteen hundred feet long and twelve hundred
-wide. In this contest thirty beaked ships, triremes or biremes, were
-engaged, besides more of smaller size. About three thousand men fought
-in these vessels in addition to the rowers.
-
-
-c. 24.
-
-In the temples of all the cities of the province of Asia, I, as victor,
-replaced the ornaments of which he with whom I was at war had taken
-private possession when he despoiled the temples.[116] Silver statues
-of me, on foot, on horseback and in quadrigas, which stood in the city
-to the number of about eighty, I removed, and out of their money value,
-I placed golden gifts in the temple of Apollo in my own name, and in
-the names of those who had offered me the honor of the statues.[117]
-
-
-c. 25.
-
-I have freed the sea from pirates. In that war with the slaves I
-delivered to their masters for punishment about thirty thousand
-slaves who had fled from their masters and taken up arms against the
-state.[118] The whole of Italy voluntarily took the oath of allegiance
-to me, and demanded me as leader in that war in which I conquered at
-Actium. The provinces of Gaul, Spain, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swore
-the same allegiance to me.[119] There were more than seven hundred
-senators who at that time fought under my standards, and among these,
-up to the day on which these words are written, eighty-three have
-either before or since been made consuls, and about one hundred and
-seventy have been made priests.[120]
-
-
-c. 26.
-
-I have extended the boundaries of all the provinces of the Roman people
-which were bordered by nations not yet subjected to our sway.[121] I
-have reduced to a state of peace the Gallic and Spanish provinces, and
-Germany, the lands enclosed by the ocean from Gades to the mouth of
-the Elbe.[122] The Alps from the region nearest the Adriatic as far as
-the Tuscan Sea I have brought into a state of peace, without waging an
-unjust war upon any people.[123] My fleet has navigated the ocean from
-the mouth of the Rhine as far as the boundaries of the Cimbri, where
-before that time no Roman had ever penetrated by land or sea;[124] and
-the Cimbri and Charydes and Semnones and other German peoples of that
-section, by means of legates, sought my friendship and that of the
-Roman people.[125] By my command and under my auspices two armies at
-almost the same time have been led into Ethiopia and into Arabia, which
-is called “the Happy,” and very many of the enemy of both peoples have
-fallen in battle, and many towns have been captured. Into Ethiopia the
-advance was as far as Nabata, which is next to Meroe.[126] In Arabia
-the army penetrated as far as the confines of the Sabaei, to the town
-Mariba.[127]
-
-
-c. 27.
-
-I have added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people.[128] Of greater
-Armenia, when its king Artaxes was killed I could have made a
-province, but I preferred, after the example of our fathers, to deliver
-that kingdom to Tigranes, the son of king Artavasdes, and grandson of
-king Tigranes; and this I did through Tiberius Nero, who was then my
-son-in-law.[129] And afterwards, when the same people became turbulent
-and rebellious, they were subdued by Gaius, my son, and I gave the
-sovereignty over them to king Ariobarzanes, the son of Artabazes, king
-of the Medes, and after his death to his son Artavasdes. When he was
-killed I sent into that kingdom Tigranes, who was sprung from the royal
-house of the Armenians.[130] I recovered all the provinces across the
-Adriatic Sea, which extend toward the east, and Cyrenaica, at that time
-for the most part in the possession of kings, together with Sicily and
-Sardinia, which had been engaged in a servile war.[131]
-
-
-c. 28.
-
-I have established colonies of soldiers[132] in Africa, Sicily,
-Macedonia, the two Spains, Achaia, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensis and
-Pisidia.[133] Italy also has twenty-eight colonies established under
-my auspices, which within my lifetime have become very famous and
-populous.[134]
-
-
-c. 29.
-
-I have recovered from Spain and Gaul, and from the Dalmatians, after
-conquering the enemy, many military standards which had been lost by
-other leaders.[135] I have compelled the Parthians to give up to me
-the spoils and standards of three Roman armies, and as suppliants to
-seek the friendship of the Roman people. Those standards, moreover,
-I have deposited in the sanctuary which is in the temple of Mars the
-Avenger.[136]
-
-
-c. 30.
-
-The Pannonian peoples, whom before I became _princeps_, no army
-of the Roman people had ever attacked, were defeated by Tiberius Nero,
-at that time my son-in-law and legate; and I brought them under
-subjection to the empire of the Roman people,[137] and extended the
-boundaries of Illyricum to the bank of the river Danube.[138] When an
-army of the Dacians crossed this river, it was defeated and destroyed,
-and afterwards my army, led across the Danube, compelled the Dacian
-people to submit to the sway of the Roman people.[139]
-
-
-c. 31.
-
-Embassies have been many times sent to me from the kings of India, a
-thing never before seen in the case of any ruler of the Romans.[140]
-Our friendship has been sought by means of ambassadors by the Bastarnae
-and the Scythians, and by the kings of the Sarmatae, who are on either
-side of the Tanais, and by the kings of the Albani, the Hiberi, and the
-Medes.[141]
-
-
-c. 32.
-
-To me have betaken themselves as suppliants the kings of the
-Parthians, Tiridates, and later, Phraates, the son of king
-Phraates;[142] of the Medes, Artavasdes;[143] of the Adiabeni,
-Artaxares;[144] of the Britons, Dumnobellaunus and Tim_____;[145]
-of the Sicambri, Maelo;[146] and of the Marcomanian Suevi,
-__________rus.[147] Phraates, king of the Parthians, son of Orodes,
-sent all his children and grandchildren into Italy to me, not because
-he had been conquered in war, but rather seeking our friendship
-by means of his children as pledges.[148] Since I have been
-_princeps_ very many other races have made proof of the good
-faith of the Roman people, who never before had had any interchange of
-embassies and friendship with the Roman people.
-
-
-c. 33.
-
-From me the peoples of the Parthians and of the Medes have received
-the kings they asked for through ambassadors, the chief men of those
-peoples: the Parthians, Vonones, the son of king Phraates, and
-grandson of king Orodes;[149] the Medes, Ariobarzanes, the son of king
-Artavasdes, and grandson of king Ariobarzanes.[150]
-
-
-c. 34.
-
-In my sixth and seventh consulships, when I had put an end to the
-civil wars, after having obtained complete control of affairs by
-universal consent, I transferred the commonwealth from my own dominion
-to the authority of the senate and Roman people.[151] In return for
-this favor on my part I received by decree of the senate the title
-Augustus,[152] the door-posts of my house were publicly decked with
-laurels, a civic crown was fixed above my door,[153] and in the Julian
-Curia was placed a golden shield, which, by its inscription, bore
-witness that it was given to me by the senate and Roman people on
-account of my valor, clemency, justice and piety.[154] After that time
-I excelled all others in dignity, but of power I held no more than
-those also held who were my colleagues in any magistracy.[155]
-
-
-c. 35.
-
-While I was consul for the thirteenth time the senate and the
-equestrian order and the entire Roman people gave me the title of
-father of the fatherland, and decreed that it should be inscribed upon
-the vestibule of my house and in the Curia, and in the Augustan Forum
-beneath the quadriga which had been, by decree of the senate, set up
-in my honor.[156] When I wrote these words I was in my seventy-sixth
-year.[157]
-
-
-
-
-SUPPLEMENT.
-
-
-c. 1.
-
-The sum of the money which he gave in to the treasury or to the Roman
-people, or to discharged soldiers, was six hundred million denarii.[158]
-
-
-c. 2.
-
-He constructed new works as follows: the temples of Mars, of Jupiter
-the Thunderer and the Vanquisher, of Apollo, of the divine Julius,
-of Quirinus, of Minerva, of Juno Regina, of Jupiter Libertas, of the
-Lares, of the divine Penates, of Youth, and of the Mother of the
-gods, the Lupercal, the Pulvinar in the Circus, the Curia with the
-Chalcidicum, the Augustan Forum, the Basilica Julia, the Theatre of
-Marcellus, the Portico on the Palatine, the Portico in the Flaminian
-Circus, the grove of the Cæsars beyond the Tiber.[159]
-
-
-c. 3.
-
-He restored the Capitol, and sacred structures to the number of
-eighty-two, the Theatre of Pompey, the aqueducts, the Flaminian
-Way.[160]
-
-
-c. 4.
-
-His expenses for theatrical representations, for gladiatorial and
-athletic exhibitions, for chases and the naval combat,[161] also for
-gifts in money to the colonies and cities of Italy,[162] to provincial
-cities suffering from earthquake or conflagrations,[163] and to
-individual friends and to senators, whose property he raised to the
-standard,[164] were innumerable.
-
-
-
-
-CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
-
-(_Roman numerals refer to chapters._)
-
-
-  A. U. C.
-
-  706. Made _pontifex_, VI.
-
-  710. Raises army at his own cost, I; gives to each citizen 300
-  sesterces, according to will of Julius Cæsar, XV.
-
-  711. Enters senate, receives consular rank, and the _imperium_,
-  becomes _propraetor_, _imperator_, consul, I; triumvir, I
-  and VII; exiles murderers of Julius Cæsar, II.
-
-  712. War of Philippi, II; builds the curia, XIX, app. II.
-
-  714. _Imperator_ second and third times; ovation, IV.
-
-  716. Recovers Sardinia, XXVII.
-
-  718. The Sicilian war, III and XIX; fourth time _imperator_, IV;
-  punishes revolted slaves, XXV; recovers Sicily, XXVII; ovation, IV;
-  receives tribunitial power, X, cf. VI; builds temple of Apollo on the
-  Palatine, XIX, app. II.
-
-  721. Fifth time _imperator_? IV; recovers standards from
-  Dalmatians, XXIX.
-
-  722. Becomes leader against Antony, XXV.
-
-  723. Victory of Actium; clemency as victor, III; sixth time
-  _imperator_, IV.
-
-  724. Fourth consulship; veterans colonized, XVI; provinces east of
-  the Adriatic, and Cyrenae recovered; Egypt annexed, XXVII; Artavasdes
-  the Mede and Tiridates the Parthian flee to Augustus, XXXII;
-  ornaments replaced in temples of Asia, XXIV.
-
-  725. Fifth consulship, VIII, XV, XXI; seventh time _imperator_;
-  triple triumph, IV; declines coronary gold, XXI; gives to 120,000
-  colonized soldiers 1,000 sesterces apiece; gives the people 400
-  sesterces each, XV; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; consecrates gifts
-  in various temples, XXI; closes temple of Janus, XIII; name placed in
-  Salian hymn, X; increases number of patricians, VIII.
-
-  726. Sixth consulship, VIII, XX, XXXIV. Takes census; revises list
-  of senators, VIII; made _princeps senatus_, VII; restores city
-  temples, XX, app. III; gives money to the treasury, XVII; gives
-  gladiatorial and athletic shows, XXII; games vowed and celebrated for
-  health of Augustus, IX; restores the commonwealth to the senate and
-  people, XXXIV.
-
-  727. Seventh consulship, XX, XXXIV. Continuation of transfer of
-  power to senate and people; is called Augustus; door-posts decked
-  with laurel; civic crown and golden shield accorded, XXXIV; repairs
-  Flaminian Way, XX, app. III; melts down silver statues for offerings,
-  XXIV.
-
-  729. Eighth time _imperator_; refuses triumph, IV; closes temple
-  of Janus the second time, XIII; Arabian expedition, XXVI.
-
-  730. Tenth consulship; gives the people 400 sesterces each.
-
-  731. Eleventh consulship; twelve times supplies food for citizens,
-  XV, cf. V; Ethiopian expedition, XXVI.
-
-  732. Consulship of Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius; refuses
-  annual and perpetual consulship; also the dictatorship; accepts
-  the administration of grain supply, V; dedicates temple of Jupiter
-  Tonans, XIX.
-
-  733. Refuses consulship? V.
-
-  734. Receives embassy from India, XXXI; ninth time _imperator_?
-  refuses a triumph, IV; recovers standards from Parthia, XXIX; gives
-  Armenia Major to Tigranes, XXVII.
-
-  735. Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinucius consuls; altar of Fortuna
-  Redux consecrated; Augustalia established, XI; deputation of leading
-  men meet Augustus in Campania, XII; declines the custody of laws and
-  morals, VI.
-
-  736. Cnaeus and Publius Lentulus consuls, VI, XVIII; remits tribute,
-  XVIII; again declines custody of laws and morals; associates Agrippa
-  in tribunitial power, VI.
-
-  737. Gaius Furnius and Gaius Silanus consuls; secular games, XXII.
-
-  738. Augustus supplies money to the treasury, XVII; gives
-  gladiatorial show, XXII; dedicates temple of Quirinus, XIX, app. II.
-
-  739. Tenth time _imperator_, IV.
-
-  740. Marcus Crassus and Cnaeus Lentulus consuls; pays provincials for
-  lands taken for veterans.
-
-  741. Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius consuls, XII; deposits
-  laurel in the Capitol, IV; altar of the Augustan Peace dedicated,
-  XII; again associates Agrippa in tribunitial power, VI.
-
-  742. Gaius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius consuls, X; twelfth year of
-  tribunitial power, XV; eleventh time _imperator_, IV; made
-  _pontifex maximus_, X; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; gives the
-  people 400 sesterces each, XV.
-
-  743. Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero consuls, VI; twelfth
-  time _imperator_, IV; for the third time refuses the custody of
-  laws and morals, VI; dedicates theater of Marcellus, XXI, app. II.
-
-  745. Thirteenth time _imperator_; deposits the laurel in temple
-  of Jupiter Feretrius, IV; Tiberius Nero subdues the Pannonians, XXX.
-
-  746. Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius consuls; second census taken;
-  list of senate revised, VIII; children of Phraates sent to Rome;
-  Maelo, King of the Sicambri, surrenders himself, XXXII; fourteenth
-  time _imperator_; refuses a triumph, IV.
-
-  747. Tiberius Nero and Cnaeus Piso consuls; veterans discharged, with
-  gratuities, XVI; Alpine peoples added to the empire, XXVI; gives
-  gladiatorial show, XXII.
-
-  748. Gaius Antistius and Decimus Laelius consuls; veterans
-  discharged, with gratuities, XVI; associates Tiberius in tribunitial
-  power, VI.
-
-  749. Eighteenth year of tribunitial power; twelfth consulship; gives
-  sixty denarii each to 320,000 citizens; Gaius Cæsar consul designate,
-  made prince of the youth, received into senate, XIV; aqueducts
-  repaired, XX, app. III.
-
-  750. Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Passienus consuls; veterans
-  discharged, with gratuities, XVI.
-
-  751. Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messala consuls; veterans discharged,
-  with gratuities, XVI.
-
-  752. Thirteenth consulship, XV, XXII, XXXV; Lucius Caninius and
-  Quintus Fabricius consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities,
-  XVI; gives the citizens sixty denarii each, XV; Lucius Cæsar
-  consul designate, prince of the youth, and admitted to senate,
-  XIV; dedicates temple of Mars Ultor, XXI, app. II; martial games
-  instituted, XXII; naval contest exhibited, XXIII; title _pater
-  patriae_ conferred, XXXV.
-
-  755. Lucius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; fifteenth time _imperator_,
-  IV; Armenia subdued by Gaius Cæsar and given to Ariobarzanes, XXVII.
-
-  757. Gaius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; again associates Tiberius in
-  tribunitial power, VI.
-
-  758. Fleet penetrates to limits of the Cimbri; the Cimbri, Charudes
-  and Semnones send ambassadors, XXVI; King Vonones given to the
-  Parthians, XXXIII.
-
-  759. Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius consuls, XVII; seventeenth
-  time _imperator_, IV; Dacians subdued, XXX; gives gladiatorial
-  show, XXII; military treasury established, XVII.
-
-  762. Nineteenth time _imperator_, IV.
-
-  766. Associates Tiberius the third time in tribunitial power, VI.
-
-  767. Sextus Pompeius and Sextus Appuleius consuls, VIII;
-  thirty-seventh year of tribunitial power, IV; seventy-sixth year of
-  Augustus, XXXV; third census taken; list of senate revised, VIII.
-
-
-
-
-BIBLIOGRAPHY.
-
-Abbreviations as used in the Notes are put in parentheses.
-
-
-I. EDITIONS.
-
-  =Mommsen, Theodor: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti ex Monumentis Ancyrano et
-  Apolloniensi.= pp. LXXXXVII, 223. With eleven photogravure plates.
-  Berlin, 1883. (_R. G._)
-
-This work is so exhaustive and so full that it puts all preceding
-editions and discussions out of date. Hence this bibliography
-enumerates only such editions and discussions as have appeared since
-1883.
-
-  =C. Peltier and R. Cagnat: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti, d’après la
-  dernière recension de Th. Mommsen.= Paris, 1886.
-
-
-II. DISCUSSIONS OF THE MONUMENTUM.
-
-  =Bormann, Ernest: Bemerkungen zum Schriftliche Nachlasse des
-  Kaisers Augustus.= Marburg, 1884. Universitäts Einladung. pp. 1-46.
-
-  =Bormann, Ernest: Verhandlungen der dreiundvierzigsten Versammlung
-  Deutschen Philologen in Köln=, 1895. pp. 180-191. Leipzig, 1896.
-
-  =Geppert, Paul: Zum Monumentum Ancyranum. Gymnasiums Programm.=
-  pp. 1-18. Berlin, 1887.
-
-  =Hirschfeld, Otto: Wiener Studien=, 1885. pp. 170-174.
-
-  =Mommsen, Theodor: Historische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge=, XXI.
-  pp. 385-397
-
-  =Nissen, H.: Rheinisches Museum=, XLI. 1886. pp. 481-499.
-
-  =Plew, J.: Quellenuntersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers
-  Hadrian, nebst einem Anhang über das Monumentum Ancyranum.=
-  Strassburg, 1890. pp. 98-121.
-
-  =Schiller, H.: Bursians Jahresbericht=, XLIV, 85-86.
-
-  =Schmidt, Johannes: Philologus=, XLIV, 1885. pp. 442-470; XLV,
-  1886. pp. 393-410; XLVI, 1887. pp. 70-86.
-
-  =Seeck, Otto: Wochenschrift für Klassische Philologie=, 19 Nov.,
-  1884. Col. 1473-1481.
-
-  =v. Wilamowitz, Ulrich: Hermes=, XXI, 1886. pp. 623-627.
-
-  =Wölfflin, E.: Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen
-  und historischen Klasse der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
-  München=, 1886. pp. 253-282.
-
-
-III. WORKS OF REFERENCE MOST FREQUENTLY CITED.
-
-  =Gardthausen, V.: Augustus und seine Zeit.= 1er Th., 1er Bd.,
-  pp. VIII, 484; 2er Th., 1er Hlb., pp. 276. Leipzig, 1891. 1er Th.,
-  2er Bd., pp. 485-1032; 2er Th., 2er Hlb., pp. 277-649. 1896.
-
-  Not yet completed; the standard work on the subject. Second part
-  contains the references. (_Aug._)
-
-  =Marquardt, Joachim: Römische Staatsverwaltung.=
-
-  =Mommsen, Theodor: Römische Geschichte.= (_Röm. Gesch._)
-
-  =Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.= (=C. I. L.=)
-
-
-IV. CLASSICAL AUTHORS CITED.
-
-  =Ammianus Marcellinus (Amm.)=: _Rerum Gestarum Libri_.
-
-  =Appianus (Appian)=: _Bella Civilia (B. C.)_; _Illyrica
-  (Illyr.)_.
-
-  =Cæsar, Gaius Julius (Cæs.)=: _De Bello Gallico (B. G.)_;
-  _De Bello Civili (B. C.)_.
-
-  =Cassiodorus (Cass.)=: _Chronicon (Chron.)_.
-
-  =Cicero, Marcus Tullius (Cic.)=: _Epistolae, ad Atticum (ad
-  Att.)_; _pro Sextio (pro Sext.)_; _Philippica ( Phil.)_.
-
-  =Dio Cassius Cocceianus (Dio)=: _Historia Romana_.
-
-  =Dionysius=: _Archæologia Romana_.
-
-  =Eusebius=: _Chronicon (Chron.)_.
-
-  =Eutropius=: _Breviarium Historiæ Romanæ_.
-
-  =Festus, Sextus Pompeius=: _De Verborum Significatione_.
-
-  =Florus, Lucius Annæus (Flor.)=: _Epitome Rerum Romanarum_.
-
-  =Frontinus, Sextus Julius (Front.)=: _De Aquæductibus Urbis
-  Romæ Libri II (De Aq.)_.
-
-  =Gellius, Aulus (Gell.)=: _Commentarii Noctium Atticarum_.
-
-  =Horatius Flaccus, Quintus (Hor.)=: _Carmina (Carm.)_;
-  _Satiræ (Sat.)_; _Carmen Sæculare (Carm. Sæc.)_;
-  _Epistolæ (Ep.)_; _Epodon (Epod.)_.
-
-  =Hyginus, Gromaticus=: _De Limitum Constructione (De Lim.)_.
-
-  =Jordanes=: _De Getarum Origine et Rebus Gestis_.
-
-  =Josephus Flavius (Jos.)=: _Jewish Wars (Wars)_; _Jewish
-  Antiquities (Ant.)_.
-
-  =Justinus (Justin)=: _Historiarum Philippicarum Libri XLIV_.
-
-  =Juvenal, Decimus Junius (Juv.)=: _Satiræ (Sat.)_.
-
-  =Livius, Titus (Livy)=: _Annales_; _Epitomæ (Ep.)_.
-
-  =Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius (Mac.)=:
-  _Saturnaliorum Conviviorum Libri VII (Sat.)_.
-
-  =Nepos, Cornelius (Nep.)=: _De Viris Illustribus_.
-
-  =Orosius, Paulus (Oros.)=: _Historiarum adversus Paganos (adv.
-  Pag.)_.
-
-  =Ovidius Naso, Publius (Ovid)=: _Metamorphoses (Met.)_;
-  _Fasti_; _Tristia (Tr.)_; _Ars Amatoria (Ars Am.)_.
-
-  =Plinius Secundus, Gaius (Pliny)=: _Historia Naturalis (Hist.
-  Nat.)_
-
-  =Plutarchus (Plut.)=: _Vita Antonii (Ant.)_; _Vita Bruti
-  (Brut.)_; _Moralia. De Fortuna Romanorum (De Fort. Rom.)_.
-
-  =Propertius, Sextus Aurelius (Prop.)=: _Elegiæ_.
-
-  =Ptolemæus, Claudius (Ptol.)=: _Geographia_.
-
-  =Seneca, Lucius Annæus (Sen.)=: _De Clementia ad Neronem
-  Cæsarem Libri II (De Clem.)_.
-
-  =Strabo=: _Geographia_.
-
-  =Suetonius, Tranquillus Gaius (Suet.)=: _Vita Duodecim
-  Cæsarum_; _Julii (Jul.)_; _Augusti (Aug.)_; _Tiberii
-  (Tib.)_; _Claudii (Claud.)_.
-
-  =Tacitus, Gaius Cornelius (Tac.)=: _Historiæ (Hist.)_;
-  _Annales (Ann.)_; _Germania (Ger.)_; _Agricola (Agr.)_.
-
-  =Valerius Maximus (Val.)=: _De Factis Dictisque Memorabilibus
-  Libri IX_.
-
-  =Varro, Marcus Terentius=: _De Lingua Latina_.
-
-  =Velleius Paterculus, Gaius (Vell.)=: _Historiæ Romanæ Libri
-  II_.
-
-  =Vergilius Maro, Publius (Ver.)=: _Æneid (Æn.)_;
-  _Georgica, (Georg.)_.
-
-  =Victor, Sextus Aurelius (Vict.)=: _Historia Romana_.
-
-  =Zonaras, Joannes=: _Annales_.
-
-
-
-
-NOTES:
-
-
-[1] This title at Ancyra extends over the first three pages of the
-Latin, that is over so much of the inscription as is on the left wall
-of the pronaos; the Greek title extends over seventeen of the nineteen
-pages of the Greek version.
-
-In its present form, the title cannot be the same as that over the
-original at Rome. All from “as engraved” is certainly an addition,
-probably made by the Galatian legate who ordered the magistrates of
-Ancyra to have the inscription placed on the temple of Augustus.
-The last two words in the Latin (placed first in the English), were
-probably inserted only by a blunder at Ancyra. “A copy subjoined,”
-doubtless stood in the legate’s letter, just as we might write “see
-enclosure.” But what of the remainder of the inscription, “Of the deeds
-... Roman people”? It is hardly conceivable that this was the title
-of the inscription at Rome, because it embraces only two of the three
-parts into which the subject-matter falls. It covers the achievements
-and the expenditures of Augustus; in reverse order, however, from that
-of the document itself; and it omits any allusion to the subject-matter
-of the first fourteen chapters, which have to do with the offices and
-honors conferred upon Augustus.
-
-It is impossible to say what was the superscription at Rome. Possibly
-there was none. The name of Augustus, most likely, was conspicuous
-somewhere in connection with the front of the mausoleum, and this
-inscription may very well have been devoid of title.
-
-[2] Augustus was nineteen years old on Sept. 23, 710.
-
-[3] Cicero (_Ad Att._ XVI, 8, 1,) on Nov. 1, 710, writes: “I have
-letters from Octavian; great things are doing; he has led over to his
-views the veterans of Casilinum and Calatia.” Cf. Vell. II, 61. Dio
-XLVI, 29.
-
-[4] Cf. Cic. (_Phil._ III, 2, 3), “The young Cæsar, without our
-(the senate’s) advice or consent, raised an army and poured forth his
-patrimony.”
-
-[5] Gardthausen, _Aug._ 1er Th. 2er Bd. p. 524, thinks that this
-beginning the Res Gestae with the raising of an army, is an admission
-of the military foundation of the principate.
-
-[6] Such a statement is part of Augustus’ scheme to pose as a restorer
-of the old order. He makes Brutus, Cassius, Pompey and Antony public
-enemies.
-
-[7] Cicero says (_Phil._ V, 17, 46), that on Jan. 1, 711, “the
-senate voted that Gaius Cæsar, son of Gaius, pontiff, should be a
-senator, and hold praetorian rank in speaking.” Dio (XLVI, 29), says
-that on Jan. 2 or 3, “Cæsar was made senator as a quaestor.”
-
-[8] Livy (_Ep._ CXVIII), “he received the consular ornaments.”
-App. (_B. C._ III, 51) adds that he was given consular rank in
-speaking. Cf. Mommsen, _Röm. St._, I, pp. 442, 443.
-
-[9] Cf. Cic. (_Phil._ ii, 8, 20), “The senate gave Gaius Cæsar the
-fasces.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ I, 10; Livy, _Ep._ CXVIII.
-
-[10] App. _B. C._ III, 51. Vell. II, 61.
-
-[11] The formula by which in emergencies, extraordinary powers were
-given to the ordinary magistrates. This measure had since 216 B. C.,
-entirely superseded the old custom of appointing a dictator. (Cf. note
-[32]) Chap. V. The present formula, however, had been employed long
-before the disuse of the dictatorship. Cf. Livy III, 4; VI, 19. This
-extraordinary commission was not restricted to the consuls. Cf. Cæs.
-_B. C._ I, 5.
-
-[12] Hirtius was killed April 16, 711, and Pansa died of wounds
-received on the 15th, in the fighting against Antonius. Cæsar
-Octavianus and Q. Pedius were elected consuls Aug. 19, 711. Dio
-LVI, 30; C. I. L. I, p. 400 = x, 8375; Tac. _Ann._ I, 9; Suet.
-_Aug._ 100. Vell. (II, 65), says the election was on Sept. 22. But
-Macrobius, (_Sat._ I, 35, 25), assigns the fact that he was made
-consul in the month Sextilis, as one of the reasons why the name of
-that month was changed to August.
-
-[13] C. I. L. I, p. 466 and App. _B. C._ IV, 7, fix the formal
-ratification of the triumvirate by the people, as having been proposed
-by the tribune Publius Titius and carried in a public assembly on Nov.
-27, 711.
-
-[14] An instance of Augustus’ avoiding the names of his enemies; here,
-particularly, Brutus and Cassius.
-
-[15] The _Lex Pedia_, Sept., 711, named from Augustus’ colleague
-in the consulship, constituted an extraordinary tribunal for this class
-of offenders: the penalty was interdiction from fire and water,
-_i. e._, outlawry. Livy, _Ep._ CXX; Vell. II, 69; App. III, 95;
-Suet. _Aug._ 10; Dio XLVI, 49.
-
-[16] The only instance in the Res Gestae of a palpable distortion of
-fact. The battles at Philippi, in November, 712, are referred to. For
-the date see Gardthausen, _Aug._ 2er Th. 1er Halbband, p. 80. In
-the first fight, Suetonius says (_Aug._ 13), that Cæsar hardly
-escaped, ill and naked, from his camp to the wing of Antony’s army.
-He was ill, and had to be carried in a litter, according to Plutarch,
-_Brut._ p. 41. In _Antony_, 22, Plutarch says: “In the first
-battle, Cæsar was completely routed by Brutus, his camp taken, he
-himself very narrowly escaping by flight.” The decisive defeat of the
-Republicans was twenty days later.
-
-[17] The text here is conjectural. Mommsen is almost alone in
-holding to “surviving,” Zumpt, in his edition of 1869, had read
-“suppliant” (_supplicibus_), Bergk, in 1873, “asking pardon”
-(_deprecantibus_). Hirschfeld, the same sense, (_veniam
-petentibus_). Seeck insists on the latter reading, in spite of
-Mommsen’s arguments for his own choice. Augustus did not spare all
-surviving citizens either after Philippi or Actium, cf. Dio LI, 2:
-After Actium “of the senators and knights, and other leading men, who
-in any way had helped Antony, he fined some, many he killed, some he
-spared.” For his conduct after Philippi, cf. Suet. _Aug._ 13. But
-a coin of 727 (Eckhel VI, 88, Cohen I, p. 66, No. 30), has CÆSAR COS
-VII CIVIBUS SERVATEIS, “Cæsar for the seventh time consul, the citizens
-having been preserved.” It commemorates the civic crown given to
-Augustus, cf. c. XXXIV. There are other coins with OB CIVES SERVATOS,
-“On account of the preservation of the citizens.”
-
-[18] This fact is one of the few which the latest text, based on
-Humann’s work, alone establishes. Merivale’s comment on the relation
-of Augustus to the army is noteworthy: “Their hero (Julius Cæsar)
-discarded the defence of the legions, and a few months witnessed his
-assassination. Augustus learned circumspection from the failure of his
-predecessor’s enterprise. He organized a military establishment of
-which he made himself the permanent head; to him every legionary swore
-personal fidelity; every officer depended upon his direct appointment.”
-(C. XXXII.)
-
-[19] C. 15 states the number colonized at 120,000. The 200,000 over
-and above the 300,000 here named, are accounted for in the twenty-five
-legions, 150,000 men in service at his death, leaving only 50,000 as
-the number who died in service or were dishonorably discharged during
-the long rule of Augustus. For a study of the strength and disposition
-of the Roman army at the death of Augustus, cf. Mommsen’s R. G., pp.
-67-76.
-
-[20] The term of service in 741, was twelve years for praetorian
-soldiers and sixteen for legionaries, raised in 758 to sixteen and
-twenty years respectively. Cf. c. 17, N. 2.
-
-[21] The reading of Wölfflin and others (see textual note) would give
-instead of “lands purchased by me,” “I have assigned lands,” and
-instead of “money for farms, out of my own means” “money for reward
-of service.” Bormann, _Schr. Nachl._ p. 18-20, does not think
-that Augustus meant to state that he paid these charges from private
-sources, but believes that such a statement would be irrelevant in this
-section, if true, and an anticipation of cc. 15 and 16.
-
-[22] Sextus Pompeius lost thirty ships at Mylae, and at Naulochus, out
-of three hundred which he had, eighteen were sunk and the rest, with
-the exception of seventeen, burned or captured. Cf. App. _B. C._
-V, 108, 118, 121. Plut. _Ant._ 68, says that Augustus took 300
-ships at Actium. These captures give, in round numbers, 600 vessels.
-
-[23] The ovation was the lesser triumph. The general entered the city
-clad as an ordinary magistrate, and on foot, or as here, (see the
-Greek), on horseback, decked with myrtle. Suet. _Aug._ 22, says,
-these ovations were after Philippi, and the Sicilian war; the former in
-714, the latter, Nov. 13, 718. Cf. Dio XLVIII, 31, XLIX, 15; C. I. L.
-1, p. 461.
-
-[24] In the curule triumph, for important victories, the general was
-vested in purple, and rode in a four-horse chariot, preceded by the
-fasces. These three triumphs were celebrated on the 13th, 14th and 15th
-of August, 725, for the Dalmatian successes, the victory of Actium and
-the capture of Alexandria. Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 328 and 478. Prop. II,
-1, 31, ff, gives an eye-witness’ account of the second day. Cf. Livy,
-_Ep._ CXXXIII; Suet. _Aug._ 22; Verg. _Aen._ VIII; 714,
-Dio LI, 21.
-
-[25] The acclamation as _imperator_, on account of success in
-war, must be carefully distinguished from the title used as a prefix
-to the name and as a mark of perpetual authority. The title imperator
-was regularly and permanently assumed at the beginning of each reign,
-after that of Augustus. To him it was formally assigned by the senate,
-in Jan., 725. C. I. L., V, 1873: _Senatus populusque Romanus imp.
-Cæsari, divi. Juli. f. cos. quinct. cos. design. sext. imp. sept.
-republica conservata._ The term thus had a double usage and meaning
-in such cases.
-
-It soon came about that only the _princeps_ could assume the
-special designation for military successes, no matter whether won by
-him in person or not. Tacitus says, _Ann._ III, 74: “Tiberius
-allowed Blaesus to be saluted as imperator by the legions. Augustus
-conceded the title to some, but Tiberius’ allowing it to Blaesus was
-the last instance.” For a discussion of _Imperator_ as permanent
-title, see Gardthausen, p. 527, and Merivale, _History of the
-Romans_, c. XXXI.
-
-Most of the acclamations of Augustus as imperator can be traced. No
-Greek inscription records them. A list follows. In the later instances
-Tiberius was associated.
-
-I. April 15 (?) 711. After battles about Mutina. C. I. L. X, 8375 and
-Dio XLVI, 38.
-
-II. Not traced.
-
-III. Before 717. Cohen, _Vipsan._ 3, gives a coin with the words
-_imp. divi Juli f. ter. III Vir v. p. c. M. Agrippa cos. desig._
-Agrippa entered his consulship Jan. 1, 717.
-
-IV. Probably connected with the Sicilian victory and ovation of 718.
-
-V. 720 or 721. Probably connected with Dalmatian victories of one of
-those years. Cf. C. I. L. V, 526.
-
-VI. From Sept. 2, 723, to 725. On account of Actium. Cf. Oros. VI, 19,
-14. C. I. L. X, 3826. _Imp. Cæsari divi f. imp. vi, cos. iii_
-(723). C. I. L. X, 4830, _imp. Cæsari divi f. cos. v_ (725)
-_imp. vi_.
-
-VII. From 725 to 729. C. I. L. VI, 873: _senatus populusque Romanus
-imp. Cæsari divi Juli f. cos. quinct._ (725) _cos. desig. sex.
-imp. sept. republica conservata_. On account of Thracian and Dacian
-victory of M. Licinius Crassus. Dio LI, 25, says: “Sacrifices and
-festivals were decreed to Cæsar and to Crassus. He did not, however, as
-some say, take the name imperator. Cæsar alone assumed that.”
-
-VIII. From 729 to 734. Two inscriptions at Nismes (Donat. 96, 6) read:
-_imp. Cæsari divi f. Augusto cos. nonum_ (729) _designato
-decimum, imp. octavum_. Dio LIII, 26, says it was for a Celtic
-victory of Marcus Vinicius.
-
-IX. From 734 to 739 (?) Coins have the inscription _Augustus Cæsar
-div. f. Armen. capt. imp. viii_. These commemorate the Armenian
-expedition of Tiberius in 734. Possibly Augustus took the title on
-account of the return of the captured standards from Parthia, which he
-accounted a greater triumph than many a victory in open warfare.
-
-X. 739 (?) to 742. C. I. L. V, 8088 and others: _Augustus imp. x,
-tribunicia potestate xi_. The latter falls in the years 742, 743.
-Probably referable to successes in Rhætian war of 739.
-
-XI. 742. Coins (Cohen, n. 147-150) give: _imp. xi_. The causes
-were the successes of Tiberius in Pannonia in 742. Dio LIV, 31.
-
-XII. 743 to 744. C. I. L., III, 3117: _imp. xii tr. pot. xiii_ and
-VI, 701, 702: _pontifex maximus, imp. xii cos. xi trib. pot. xiv_.
-Referable to Germanic victory of Drusus. Dio LIV, 33.
-
-XIII. Tiberius Imp. 745. Suet., _Tib._ 9, says that Tiberius
-received the oration for Pannonian and Dalmatian victories. Cf. Val. 5,
-5, 3. Dio LV, 2.
-
-XIV. Tiberius Imp. II. 746-755. Dio LV, 6, refers this acclamation
-to the Germanic victories of 746. Many coins, milestones and other
-inscriptions of the period indicated mention this fourteenth
-acclamation. Cf. C. I. L., II, 3827; 4931; V, 7243; 7817; VI, 1244.
-
-XV. 755. For the Armenian victory of C. Cæsar. Dio Cass. LV, 11. C. I.
-L. X, 3827; _pont. max., cos. iii (xiii) imp. xv, tr. p. xxv, p. p._
-
-XVI. Untraced.
-
-XVII. Tiberius Imp. III. 759. Dio LV, 28, referring to the German
-expedition of Tiberius in 759, says, “Nothing great was accomplished.
-Yet both Augustus and Tiberius received the acclamation as imperators.”
-Cf. C. I. L. V. 6416.
-
-XVIII. Tiberius Imp. IV. Probably for successes in Illyricum.
-
-XIX. Tiberius Imp. V, 762. Dio LVI, 17, refers to the Dalmatian war. A
-coin of 763-4 (Cohen n. 27) gives: _Ti. Cæsar August. f. imperat. v.
-pontifex, tribun. potestate xii_.
-
-XX. Tiberius Imp. VI. 765. The cause is not clear, probably for slight
-successes of Tiberius and Germanicus against the Germans in 763, 764.
-Dio LVI, 25. A Spanish milestone, C. I. L. II, 4868, gives the data.
-
-XXI. Tiberius Imp. VII. Tac. _Ann._ I, 9, says Augustus was
-twenty-one times Imperator. A coin of Lyons (Cohen n. 35-38) has:
-_Ti. Cæsar Augusti f. imperator VII_. This dates from the lifetime
-of Augustus. Tiberius did not receive a further acclamation.
-
-
-[26] ᵃ After his own victory over the Cantabri, that of Varro over the
-Salassi and that of M. Vinicius over the Germans, in 729. Cf. Florus,
-IV, 12, 53.
-
-ᵇ After the restoration of the standards by the Parthians in 734. Cf.
-Borghesi II, 100 ff.
-
-ᶜ After the victories of Tiberius in Germany in 746. Dio LV, 6.
-
-ᵈ After the victories of Tiberius in Pannonia? Dio LVI, 17.
-
-[27] A part of the ordinary ceremonial of the triumph. Cf. Mommsen,
-_Röm. St._ I, p. 61, 95, Marquardt, _Staatsverwaltung_, II,
-p. 582.
-
-[28] For a thanksgiving after the expedition of Tiberius into Armenia
-cf. Dio LIV, 9. Cf. also Cic. _Phil._ XIV, 11, 29. For two other
-instances, cf. Mommsen, _R. G._, appendix, pp. 161-178.
-
-[29] Not an incredible number. Thanksgivings were offered in Julius
-Cæsar’s time of fifteen, twenty, forty and fifty days. Cf. Drumann III,
-609, No. 84. Fifty days were decreed for the victories of Hirtius,
-Pansa and Octavian in 711.
-
-[30] The only names traceable are those of Alexander and Cleopatra, the
-children of Cleopatra and Alexander brother of Jamblichus, King of the
-Emesenes. Cf. Dio LI, 2, 21. Prop. 2, 1, 33, tells of “Kings with their
-necks surrounded with golden chains,” in the triumph of Aug. 14, 725.
-
-[31] The emperors assumed the consulship only irregularly and for
-short periods. Their taking of the “tribunitial power” was not through
-a regular election to the tribuneship, as was the case with the
-consulship, for Augustus as a patrician was ineligible; but it was the
-assumption of a power equal to that of the tribunes. This made the
-emperors sacrosanct, gave them the initiative and the veto, and well
-subserved the fiction of their being the representatives and champions
-of the people. For discussions of this power cf. Merivale, _Hist. of
-Rom._ C. XXXI; Mommsen, _Röm. St._ II, p. 759, 771-777, 833-845.
-
-Succeeding emperors, down to 268 A. D., dated their accession from
-the day of assuming the tribunitial power. The wording is peculiar in
-this sentence. May it not have been that Augustus expected his heir
-or executors to fill in the exact dates at the time of his death, as
-suggested in the introduction?
-
-[32] Dio, LIV, 1, writes: “In the following year (732) the Tiber
-again overflowed; statues in the Pantheon were struck by lightning,
-so that the spear was knocked out of the hand of Augustus. Pestilence
-was so violent in all Italy that year that there was no one to till
-the fields; and I think the same was the case in foreign lands. The
-Romans thought that this plague and famine had come upon them, because
-they had not made Augustus consul that year; they wished to name him
-dictator, and with great show of violence compelled the senate, shut
-up in the curia, to decree this; threatening to burn them unless they
-did it. So the senate approached Augustus with the twenty-four fasces
-(insignia of dictatorship, the consul having only twelve), and begged
-him to accept the dictatorship and the administration of the food
-supply. He did indeed undertake the latter charge, and ordered that
-duumvirs, who had held the praetorship five years before, should be
-yearly appointed to have charge of the distribution of grain, but would
-by no means accept the dictatorship. When neither by words nor prayers
-he could move the people, he tore his garments. For he justly wished to
-avoid the jealousy and hatred of that name, since moreover, he already
-held a dignity and power superior to that of the dictatorship.” Vell.
-II, 89, 5, says: “The dictatorship which the people persistently thrust
-upon him, he as constantly repelled.”
-
-The dictatorship had fallen into disuse after 552, and was revived,
-irregularly, by Sulla in 672. Cæsar made it the basis of his power,
-being made perpetual dictator shortly before his death. After that
-event, on motion of Antony, the office was abolished.
-
-[33] In Chap. 15, Augustus states that in 731 he twelve times
-distributed grain at his own expense. This assumption of the grain
-administration in 732 was not strictly a charity. The extract from
-Dio under Note 69, gives some of the details. It is probable that from
-this time the tribute in kind was turned into the _fiscus_, or
-imperial treasury, instead of into the _ærarium_, or treasury of
-the senate, as heretofore. This new task of the imperial government
-involved not merely the gratuitous distribution of grain to the
-ordinary Roman citizens (after 752 even to senators and knights), but
-also the providing of a sufficient supply of grain for all purchasers
-at a minimum price, often below the market value. It appears that grain
-tickets “tessaræ frumentariæ” were distributed to the citizens entitled
-to free grain, and then, to assist the vast multitude of strangers,
-freedmen, and _attachés_ of the great houses, money tickets,
-“tessaræ nummariæ” were given out. Cf. Mommsen, _Röm. St._, II,
-992.
-
-[34] Vell. II, 89; Suet. _Aug._ 26; Dio, LIV, 10. Dio’s statement
-that Augustus in 735 accepted the consular power (differing from the
-consulship as the tribunitial power from the tribuneship. Cf. Note
-31, Chap. 4.) for life, cannot be correct in face of the other two
-authorities cited, who corroborate Augustus here. Chapter 8 tells of
-two special assumptions of the consular power for the taking of the
-second and third census.
-
-[35] Before the restoration of the text of this inscription, in this
-case depending entirely upon the remains at Apollonia, it used to be
-taught that Augustus accepted the formal superintendence of laws and
-morals. And there seemed to be good ground for such belief. Horace,
-c., 740 in _Carm. IV_, 5, v. 22, says, “Morality and law have
-subdued foul wrong;” and in _Ep._, II, 1, v. 1, “Since thou hast
-protected Italy with arms, adorned her with morality, and improved her
-with laws.” Ovid wrote, _Tristia_, II, 233: “The city wearies
-thee with the care of laws and morals, which thou desirest should be
-like thy own.” Suet. _Aug._ 27, says: “He accepted the control of
-laws and morals for life, as he had the tribunitial power; and in the
-exercise of this control, altho’ without the honor of the censorship,
-he yet thrice took the census of the people, the first and third times
-with a colleague, the second time alone.” Dio, LIV, 10, 30, says that
-in 735 and 742 Augustus accepted this office for periods of five years.
-But the inscription shows that Suetonius and Dio were wrong, and that a
-natural but incorrect inference had been drawn from the poets.
-
-This power was offered to Augustus three times; in 735, 736 and 743,
-and as often refused. Why was it offered, and why refused? Cf. Dio,
-LIV, 10; Vell. II, 91, 92; Suet. _Aug._ 19. While Augustus was in
-Asia in 735 M. Egnatius Rufus, who is painted as a sort of Catiline,
-tried to obtain the consulship, and even to supplant Augustus, and
-stirred up sedition in the attempt. This so alarmed the senate and
-people that they offered Augustus the plenary power of legislation and
-coercion. The repetition of the offer in 736 was from a similar cause.
-The reason for that of 743 is unknown. The power thus offered was
-analogous to the decemvirate, or the Sullan dictatorship. Cf. Mommsen,
-_Röm._, St., II, 686.
-
-[36] This sentence answers the second question asked in the above Note.
-It was part of Augustus’ policy to seem to keep wholly within the lines
-of the constitution. Hence his refusal to accept any extraordinary
-office. Yet his tribunitial power was new and extraordinary. Tacitus’
-comment is caustic, _Ann._, III, 56: “That specious title (the
-tribunitial power) importing nothing less than sovereign power, was
-invented by Augustus at a time when the name of king or dictator
-was not only unconstitutional but universally detested. And yet a
-new name was wanted to overtop the magistrates and the forms of the
-constitution.”
-
-[37] Dio, LIV, 16, names three laws promulgated by Augustus in 736: one
-took cognizance of bribery by candidates for office; a second dealt
-with extravagance; and a third was for the encouragement of matrimony.
-
-[38] ᵃ in 736 Agrippa was associated with Augustus for five years. Cf.
-Dio, LIV, 12; Vell. II, 90; Tac. _Ann._ III, 56.
-
-ᵇ in 741 Agrippa again for five years. Cf. Dio, LIV, 12, 28.
-
-ᶜ in 748 Tiberius for five years. Cf. Dio, LV, 9; Vell. II, 99; Suet.
-_Tib._ 9, 10, 11.
-
-ᵈ in 757 Tiberius for ten years. Cf. Dio, LV, 13; Vell. II, 103; Tac.
-_Ann._, I, 3, 10.
-
-ᵉ in 766 Tiberius for an indefinite time. Cf.
-Dio, LVI, 28.
-
-[39] Suet. _Aug._ 27: “He administered the triumvirate for
-organizing the commonwealth through ten years.” Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 461
-and p. 466. The first triumvirate lasted from Nov. 27, 711, to Dec. 31,
-716; the second from Jan. 1, 717, to Dec. 31, 721. But cf. c. 34, N. 1.
-
-[40] Cf. Dio, LIII, 1. This title had been conferred upon the senior
-senator who had served as censor. Its only privilege was the right
-of speaking first in debate. The honor had fallen into abeyance with
-the death of Catulus in 694. It is readily seen how the revival of
-such a title and of the right to express his views before any other
-senator, gave Augustus a quasi-constitutional initiative in the senate.
-Gradually the title dropped its second part, and “prince” began to have
-something of its modern significance. Cf. Tacitus, _Ann._ III, 53,
-for Tiberius’ view of its meaning.
-
-Augustus’ notation of time here, “through forty years,” is similar to
-the “thirty-seventh year of the tribunitial power” in Chap. IV, or “the
-seventy-sixth year” of Chap. 36.
-
-[41] He was made _pontifex_ in 706 by Julius Cæsar. Cf. Cic.
-_Phil._ V, 17, 46; Vell. II, 59. For his taking the office of
-_pontifex maximus_ cf. c. 10, N. 3.
-
-[42] The date of Augustus’ assumption of the augurate is discussed by
-Drumann, IV, 250. Coins are the chief witnesses, and their testimony is
-confused. The date probably was 713 or 714.
-
-[43] A coin of Augustus (Cohen, _Jul._ 60; _Aug._ 88) has
-_imp. Cæsar divi f. III vir iter. r. p. c. cos. iter. et tert
-desig._, which fixes the time as between 717 and 720; it has also
-the tripod, the symbol of the quindecemvirate.
-
-[44] We can say only that Augustus received this dignity before
-738; for there is a coin of that year showing the _simpulum_,
-the _lituus_ and the tripod, the symbols respectively of the
-three foregoing offices, and the _patera_, or bowl, that of the
-septemviral office. The four colleges thus associated are the chief
-ones. Cf. Chap. 9.
-
-[45] The name of Augustus is twice found in the _Acta Fratrum
-Arvalium_, once in May, 767, in recording a vote, and in Dec., 767,
-in the record of the nomination of his successor.
-
-[46] Tacitus says the Titian Sodality was instituted by Titus Tatius
-for keeping up the Sabine ritual. Cf. _Ann._ I, 54. The record
-here is all that is known of Augustus’ connection with it.
-
-[47] The fetials had charge of the formalities in declaring war and
-peace. Dio L, 4, says that Augustus went through the old-fashioned
-ceremonies in declaring war against Cleopatra.
-
-These three colleges had fallen into abeyance in the time of Cicero.
-Augustus undoubtedly revived them. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 31. Such
-restoration, and religious conservatism in general, as even in the case
-of Domitian, marks the policy of the emperors for two hundred years,
-and was one of their favorite methods of posing simply as restorers of
-the good old times.
-
-[48] In 725. The Saenian law, passed by the people in 724, authorized
-this proceeding, and the senate’s decree followed. Hence the order,
-“people and senate.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ XI, 25; Dio, LII, 42. An
-earlier creation of patricians is assigned by Dio to the year 721.
-But he is probably mistaken, as Tacitus, in the passage just noted,
-says that Claudius was obliged to create more patricians, “because the
-number had declined even after being recruited by the dictator Cæsar
-under the Cassian law, and by Augustus the _princeps_ under the
-Saenian law.” Such a creation was not a right of the principate. Cæsar
-and Augustus did it by special authorization of people and senate.
-Claudius did it in virtue of his censorship, and this status continued
-till Domitian absorbed the censorship in the principate, and assumed
-the right as a permanent one.
-
-[49] During most of the republican history the senate numbered,
-ideally, three hundred. In Cicero’s time it had over four hundred
-members. Julius Cæsar raised it to about nine hundred. Suet.
-_Aug._, 35, says: “By two separate scrutinies he (Augustus)
-reduced to their former number and splendor the senate, which had been
-swamped by a disorderly crowd; for they were now more than a thousand,
-and some of them very mean persons, who, after Cæsar’s death, had been
-chosen by dint of interest and bribery, so that they had the name of
-Orcini among the people.” They were also called Charonites, because
-they owed their elevation to the last will of Cæsar, who had gone into
-Orcus to Charon. Dio, XL, 48, 63, tells of freedmen in the senate and,
-XLIII, 22, of a private soldier; Gell., XV, 4, of a muleteer, cf.
-Juvenal, _Sat._ VII, 199.
-
-Dio, LII, 42, cf. LIII, 1, tells of the first scrutiny, in 725-6. A
-hint from Augustus was enough to cause the withdrawal first of sixty,
-then of one hundred and forty senators. He also tells, LIV, 13, 14,
-of a further revision in 736, by which the number was brought down to
-six hundred. He assigns a third sifting to 743 (LIV, 35), and a fourth
-to 757 (LV, 13). Mommsen, however, is inclined to connect the three
-revisions of Augustus with the censuses of 726, 746 and 767, and to
-regard those of 736 and 757 as extraordinary, and therefore not named
-by Augustus, in his desire to appear entirely within constitutional
-lines. Cf. Mommsen, _R. G._, p. 35.
-
-[50] Suetonius evidently depends on this inscription when he says,
-_Aug._ 27: “Three times he took the census of the Roman people,
-the first and third times with a colleague, the second time alone.”
-This first census was in 725-6. Cf. Dio, LII, 42; LIII, 1; C. I. L.
-IX, 422, _imp. Cæsar VI, M. Agrippa II cos.; idem censoria potestate
-lustrum fecerunt_.
-
-The lustrum was strictly the expiatory offering made at the close
-of the census. The census had not been taken for forty-one years.
-The number of Roman citizens of military age in 684 had been given
-as but 450,000. This census of 726 reported 4,063,000. Probably the
-vast apparent increase rose from the fact of the earlier enumeration
-counting only such as presented themselves before the censors in the
-city, while at the later time the citizens throughout the empire were
-counted. Clinton, _Fasti Hellenici_, III, 461, estimates a total
-free citizenship of more than 17,000,000. The total population of the
-empire at this time, including citizens, allies, slaves and freedmen,
-has been estimated at 85,000,000. Cf. Merivale, _Rom._ cc. XXX,
-XXXIX.
-
-The Greek of the inscription here reads erroneously 4,603,000.
-
-[51] In 746. The result, 4,233,000, shows a gain of 170,000.
-
-[52] In 767. Just before the death of Augustus. Result, 4,937,000; gain
-since 746, 704,000.
-
-[53] Suetonius, _Aug._ 34, relates his endeavors to compel
-matrimony. In Chap. 89, Suetonius writes: “In reading Greek or Latin
-authors he paid particular attention to precepts and examples which
-might be useful in public or private life. These he used to extract
-verbatim, and give to his domestics, or send to the commanders of the
-armies, the governors of the provinces, or the magistrates of the city,
-when any of them seemed to stand in need of admonition. He likewise
-read whole books to the senate, and frequently made them known to the
-people by his edicts; such as the orations of Quintus Metellus ‘For
-the Encouragement of Marriage,’ and those of Rutilius ‘On the Style
-of Building;’ to show the people that he was not the first who had
-promoted those objects, but that the ancients likewise had thought them
-worthy of their attention.” Cf. Livy, _Ep._ LIX; Gell., I, 6.
-
-[54] These games were first held in 726, and every fourth year
-thereafter. The expression “every fifth year” counts the year of the
-games as the fifth of the old series and also the first of the new.
-The consuls, or rather the consul Agrippa, Augustus not holding games
-in his own honor, celebrated the games of 726, the pontifices those of
-730, the augurs those of 734, the quindecemvirs those of 738, and the
-septemvirs those of 742. Cf. c. 7, N. 6. These games are mentioned by
-Dio, LIII, 1, 2; LIV, 19; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._ VII, 48, 158; Suet.
-_Aug._ 44. They came to a close with the life of Augustus. We do
-not hear of them in connection with any subsequent emperor. Vows for
-his good health had a special fitness, for according to Suetonius,
-_Aug._ LXXXI, he was almost an invalid. “During his whole course
-of life he suffered at times dangerous fits of sickness. He was subject
-to fits of sickness at stated times every year, for about his birthday
-he was commonly indisposed. In the beginning of spring he was attacked
-with an inflammation of the midriff; and when the wind was southerly,
-with a cold in his head. By all these complaints his constitution was
-so shattered that he could not readily bear heat or cold.”
-
-[55] Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 59 and 98; Hor. _Carm._ IV, 5, 33; Dio,
-LI, 19.
-
-[56] Dio writes of the year 725, LI, 20: “When letters were brought
-about Parthian affairs it was decreed that he should be named in the
-hymns exactly as were the gods.” Tiridates, a Parthian pretender,
-sought the aid of Augustus. Cf. Chap. 32, and Dio, LI, 18. Augustus
-balanced Tiridates against Phraates, the legitimate monarch, who sent
-an embassy, and gave his son to Rome as a hostage.
-
-[57] In 718, when Lepidus had been overthrown, the tribunitial
-power had been given to Octavian, as formerly to Julius, for life.
-Inviolability of person was one of the privileges of the tribunate.
-Cf. Oros. VI, 18, 34; Dio, XLIX, 15; LI, 18; LIII, 32. These two later
-statements relating to the years 724 and 731, Mommsen thinks have to
-do, the former with the extension of the tribunitial power beyond the
-city, and the latter to the making it annual, as well as perpetual, so
-that the years of the principate could be reckoned by it. Cf. Chap.
-4, note 31. Cf. also App. _B. C._ V, 132, and for a discussion of
-the tribunitial power as an expression of the principate, cf. Mommsen,
-_Röm. St._ II, 833, ff.
-
-Wölfflin, cf. textual note, suggests, to fill the gap confessedly left
-by Mommsen’s emendation, a reading which would be translated “that my
-person should be sacrosanct.”
-
-[58] Augustus here characteristically avoids the name of Lepidus.
-The latter “in the confusion and tumult had seized the supreme
-pontificate,” cf. Livy, _Ep._ CXVII, “by craft,” cf. Velleius II,
-63; “Antony transferred the election of the pontifex maximus from
-the people to the priests again, and through them initiated Lepidus,
-almost entirely neglecting the customs of the fathers.” Cf. Dio, XLIV,
-53. Lepidus dying in 741, cf. Dio, LIV, 27, Augustus entered upon the
-office Mar. 6, 742. Cf. C. I. L., I. p. 387. It was unlawful to deprive
-a living man of this office, cf. App., _B. C._, V, 131.
-
-[59] October 12, 735. In C. I. L. I. p. 404, is found an inscription
-of that date: _Feriae ex senatus consulto, quod eo die imp. Cæsar
-Augustus ex transmarinis provincis urbem intravit araq(ue) Fortunae
-reduci constituta._ There are also gold and silver coins (Eckhel VI,
-100; Cohen, _Aug._ nos. 102-108) with the inscription, _Fortunae
-reduci, Cæsari Augusto senatus populusque Romanus_, Dio, LIV, 10,
-tells that Augustus after having arranged matters in Sicily, Greece,
-Asia and Syria, returned to Rome, and that many honors were decreed
-to him, but that he would accept none of them, “but that an altar
-should be consecrated to Fortune the Restorer, that the day should be
-accounted a feast day, and that it should be called the Augustalia.”
-
-The location near the Porta Capena was chosen, because it was through
-that gate Augustus would enter the city, coming by the Appian Way from
-Brundisium. The altar was dedicated on Dec. 15, C. I. L. X, 8375. Cf.
-Dio, LI, 19; App. _B. C._ II, 106.
-
-[60] Dio, LIV, 10, relates that in this year there were great tumults
-in connection with the consular comitia, and no election was possible.
-In consequence of this the senate sent messengers to Augustus urging
-him to deal with the trouble. Q. Lucretius, one of the delegates, was
-named consul by Augustus on the spot where they met. It is Mommsen’s
-idea (_R. G._, p. 48) that the story of Dio, and the statement of
-Augustus relate to the same event, and that Augustus was not willing
-to admit that so late in his reign, such disturbances could be, and
-that he therefore conveys the impression that what was really an appeal
-for aid was rather an embassy of honor. This Mommsen thinks quite in
-keeping with the general character and method of Augustus. Bormann, on
-the other hand (_Schr. Nach._, p. 29), sees no conflict in the two
-accounts. He believes that Dio narrates truthfully enough an earlier
-deputation sent to Augustus, possibly at Athens, some time before
-his return, and that Lucretius was named consul there by Augustus.
-Then, some time later, the deputation of honor, as recorded in the
-inscription, was sent into Campania.
-
-[61] That this annual sacrifice was instituted July 4, 741, appears
-from C. I. L., I, 395. _Feriae ex. s. c. quod eo die ara Pacis Augustae
-in campo Martio constituta est Nerone et Varo cos._ Cf. Fasti of
-Præneste, Jan. 30, C. I. L., I, 313, for day of the actual dedication;
-also Ovid, _Fasti_ I, 709; Dio, LIV, 25.
-
-This altar was probably on the Flaminian Way by which Augustus returned
-from Gaul.
-
-[62] The exact conditions necessary for the closing of the temple,
-viz., “peace won by victories” were first made known in 1882 by this
-perfected text of the _Res Gestæ_.
-
-[63] Cf. Livy, I, 19; Varro, V, 165. The temple of Janus (or as the
-Romans called it, Janus, without the word temple,) (cf. Latin text and
-Livy, l. c., and Horace, Carm, IV, 15, 9,) had been closed first under
-Numa and again after the first Punic War.
-
-[64] Augustus first closed it in 725, after Actium. Cf. Livy, l. c.;
-Dio, LI, 20; Vell., II, 38; Victor, _De Viris Ill._, LXXIX, 6;
-Plut. _De Fort. Rom._, 9; Oros., VI, 20, 8. C. I. L. I, p. 384,
-supplies the day, January 11. In 728 it was opened again, on account of
-the war with the Cantabri. Cf. Dio, LIII, 26, Plutarch, l. c. A second
-time it was closed in 729, cf. Dio, l. c.; Oros., VI, 21, 1. The time
-of its next opening cannot be determined; but in all probability it was
-reopened that very year, on account of the Arabian campaign. Dio, LIV,
-36, records that in 744 the Senate decreed that it should be closed,
-but that a Dacian rebellion interfered. But Dio must be mistaken, for
-Drusus was then in the midst of his German campaign. But after the
-campaigns of Drusus and Tiberius in Germany, closed in 746, up to 753,
-when Gaius Cæsar started for Armenia, the temple might well have been
-closed. Parts of Dio are lost here, which may have mentioned such
-closing. The birth of Jesus Christ, 749, falls in this period of peace.
-Cf. Milton’s _Nativity Hymn_. When it was opened for the third
-time cannot be said. Tacitus says it was opened when Augustus was an
-old man. But it can hardly have remained shut after the opening of the
-Armenian war in 753. Augustus was then sixty-two years old. That age
-may possibly suit the expression of Tacitus. Horace _Ep._, II, 1,
-255, and _Carm._, IV, 15, 9, mentions the closing of the temple.
-Suetonius, _Aug._ 22, says: “Janus Quirinus, which had been shut
-twice only, from the era of the building of the city to his own time,
-he closed thrice in a much shorter period, having established universal
-peace both by sea and land.” This is almost a literal transcript of the
-_Res Gestæ_.
-
-[65] Gaius and Lucius, the sons of Agrippa and Julia, the daughter of
-Augustus, were born, the one in 734 (Dio, LIV, 8), the other in 737
-(Dio, LIV, 18) and were adopted by their grandfather immediately after
-the birth of the latter. Dio, LIV, 18, says: “Lucius and his brother
-Gaius, Augustus at once adopted and made heirs of the empire, without
-waiting till they grew to manhood, in order that he might be the more
-secure against conspiracies.” The will of Augustus (Suet. _Tib._
-23), speaks much as this chapter does of the death of the two Cæsars:
-“Since harsh fortune has snatched from me my sons, Gaius and Lucius,
-let Tiberius Cæsar be heir to two-thirds of my estate.” Suetonius,
-_Aug._ 26, says that Augustus took his twelfth and thirteenth
-consulships, for the purpose of introducing these two boys into the
-forum.
-
-[66] Dio, LV, 9, under the year 748 writes that these lads were wild
-and insolent and that the younger, then eleven years old, actually
-proposed to the people to make Gaius consul. Augustus appeared very
-angry at this, saying it would be a public calamity for the consulship
-to be borne by one of less age than that at which he himself had
-assumed it, viz., twenty. Gaius was, however, designated consul in 749,
-and Lucius in 752. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ I, 3; a coin of Rome has on
-one side: _Cæsar Augustus, divi. f., pater patriæ_; on the other:
-_C. L. Cæsares, Augusti f., cos. desig., princ. juvent._ (Eckhel
-VI, 171). This must have been struck between Feb. 5, 752, when Augustus
-received the title _pater patriæ_, and January 1, 754, when Gaius
-entered upon his actual consulship. Cf. C. I. L. III, n. 323, and VI,
-900.
-
-Lucius died, Aug. 20, 755, and so did not reach the consulship to which
-he had been elected. Gaius died in 757. Cf. Dio, LV, II; C. I. L. I. p.
-472.
-
-[67] Cf. Dio, LV, 9; C. I. L. I, p. 286 and 565.
-
-[68] Dio, LV, 12, says: “The bodies of Lucius and Gaius were carried
-to Rome by military tribunes, and the chief men of each city; and the
-golden (sic) shields and spears, which they had received from the
-knights when they assumed the _toga virilis_, were suspended in
-the curia.”
-
-The title of _princeps juventutis_ is somewhat difficult to
-explain. The fact is attested by Zonaras, X, 35, and by an inscription
-found near Viterbo (cf. Mommsen _R. G._, p. 53), which reads:
-_C. Cæsari Aug. f.d.n. pontif. cos. design. principi juventut_,
-“To Caius Cæsar, son of Augustus, nephew of the divine (Julius)
-pontifex, consul designate, prince of the youth.” Mommsen sums up his
-investigation of this (Cf. _R. G._ p. 54, ff.): the knights were
-divided into _turmæ_, or troops, each officered by _seviri_,
-three _decurions_ and three _optios_ or adjutants. Gaius
-and Lucius were _decurions_ of the first _turma_, and their
-title, “princes of the youth,” was a special one, and always thereafter
-reserved for members of the imperial family. The title does not appear
-to have been official, or formally bestowed, but was given by common
-consent of the knights.
-
-[69] Cf. Suet. _Cæs._ LXXXIII: “He (Cæsar) bequeathed to the Roman
-people his gardens near the Tiber, and three hundred sesterces to each
-man.” Dio, XLIV, 35, is peculiar, saying: “Cæsar left to the people his
-gardens on the Tiber, and to each man one hundred and twenty sesterces,
-as Augustus himself says, or as others say, three hundred sesterces
-apiece.” May it be that Dio has reversed the facts here, and that it
-was “others” who reported the smaller sum and Augustus the larger?
-Augustus is substantiated, or followed, by Plut.; _Ant._, XVI,
-_Brut._, XX; App. _B. C._, II, 143.
-
-Three hundred sesterces equals about fifteen dollars. The date of
-this disbursement is 710: its amount, supposing the minimum number of
-receivers, 250,000, comes to $3,750,000.
-
-[70] The second (and the seventh, cf. Note 76) donations belong to the
-year 725 and were connected with the triple triumph. Dio mentions the
-two together, LI, 21. Four hundred sesterces is about twenty dollars.
-
-[71] The third donation was in 730, on the return of Augustus after
-subduing the Cantabri. Dio, LIII, 28, says: “Augustus gave the people
-a hundred denarii (four hundred sesterces) apiece, but forbade the
-distribution until his act should receive the sanction of the senate.”
-It would seem to have been unlawful to give money to the people without
-the consent of the senate. Probably this was a measure of precaution
-against demagogues.
-
-The term _congiarium_, which is transferred rather than translated,
-means a gift, primarily of food or drink, and is derived from
-_congius_, a measure holding about three quarts, which was perhaps
-originally brought to be filled with grain or oil, or the like.
-
-[72] Cf. c. 5 and Note 33. The date was 731.
-
-[73] The fifth distribution was in 742. We learn from Dio, LIV, 29,
-that in that year Agrippa died, leaving to the Roman people his gardens
-and bath, and that Augustus, as his executor, not only turned over
-these properties, but made a donation besides, as if it had been so
-willed by Agrippa. Cf. C. I. L., I. p. 472.
-
-[74] As c. 8 furnishes a basis for estimating the total population of
-the empire, so here we have a guide to the number of people in the
-city. Merivale, _History of the Romans_, c. XL, gives 700,000 as
-the limit; Bunsen, 1,300,000; Gibbon, c. XXXI, 1,200,000.
-
-[75] Sixty denarii is about twelve dollars. This donation of 749, and
-the last one mentioned in this chapter, of 752, have been connected
-with the introduction in those years of Gaius and Lucius Cæsar, into
-the forum. Cf. c. 14. The amounts are the same in the two cases, and
-they vary from the sum given at other times.
-
-[76] Up to this point the donations have been enumerated in order of
-time. But here, between the largesses to citizens in 749 and 752 is
-introduced one given to veterans in 725. Why this break in the order?
-Mommsen, _R. G._ p. 2 and 59, thinks that a first draft of this
-inscription was prepared about 750. In this draft Augustus first
-mentioned all his gifts to the city people; and at the end placed the
-one gift to the soldiers. Then, when in 767, the document was brought
-down to date, this later gift to the people was placed last, instead
-of being interpolated after the civil donation of 749 and before the
-military one of 725. But his reasoning has not convinced other scholars.
-
-[77] Cf. Dio, LV, 10.
-
-[78] Augustus omits any mention of his bounty to discharged soldiers.
-Cf. Dio, XLVI, 46; XLIX, 14; LV, 6; Appian, V, 129. The total of the
-donations in this list is 619,800,000 sesterces = about $30,990,000.
-
-[79] Cf. c. 3; Dio, LI, 3, 4; Suet. _Aug._ 17. The last writer
-says that there was a mutiny at Brundisium in a detachment sent there
-immediately after Actium, and that they demanded reward and discharge.
-Augustus was forced to come from Samos to settle the trouble. This was
-in 724. There were 120,000 veterans to be provided for. Cf. c. 15.
-600,000,000 sesterces was the compensation for the lands given to these
-men, an average of 5000 sesterces ($250) for each holding. But not
-all Italian proprietors were reimbursed. The Italians who had favored
-Antony were simply dispossessed. To some other Italians were given
-lands at Dyracchium and Philippi. His expenditure for land in Italy was
-$30,000,000. As to colonies outside of Italy, Dio, LIV, 23, tells of
-many settlements in Gallia (Narbonensis) and Iberia in 739. Eusebius
-notes colonies at Berytus in Syria, and Patræ in Achaia, as founded in
-739. Cf. _Chron._ ad. a. Abr. 2001; C. I. L. III, p. 95.
-
-[80] The dates are 747, 748, 750, 751 and 752. The amount is
-$20,000,000. It was in 741 (Dio, LIV, 25) that Augustus determined upon
-a gift in money as a substitute for the assignments of land customary
-up to that time. Why such payments began only in 747 is a matter of
-conjecture; also why they ceased after 752. Probably because the years
-742-746 were occupied with the German and Pannonian wars of Tiberius
-and Drusus, and either there were no discharges, or else no money to
-spare from the expenses of war. Again in 753 troubles began in the East.
-
-[81] Only two of these occasions can be traced. Dio, LIII, 2, mentions
-one. He says that in 726, when it was determined to exhibit games in
-honor of Actium, Augustus replenished the empty treasury for that
-purpose. And there is a coin of c. 738 with the inscription: _Senatus
-populusque Romanus imperatori Cæsari quod viæ munitæ sunt ex ea pecunia
-quam is ad ærarium detulit._ Eckhel VI, 105.
-
-Up to 726 the treasury was in charge of the quæstors. Thence to 731 two
-exprætors, after that year two prætors presided over it, up to the time
-of Claudius. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ XIII, 29; Dio, LIII, 2 and 32; Suet.
-_Aug._ 36. The sum mentioned here is $7,500,000. In the Greek τρίς
-has evidently been omitted before χειλίας.
-
-[82] This was in 759. In 741 (Dio, LIV, 25) Augustus had fixed the
-term of service at twelve years for the prætorians and sixteen for
-the legionaries. The gift to the former upon discharge was also
-larger. In 758 the terms of service were lengthened to sixteen and
-twenty years. Cf. Dio, LV, 23. In LV, 25, Dio writes of this year 759:
-“Augustus contributed, in his own name and in that of Tiberius, money
-for that treasury which is called the military.” The sum so given was
-$8,500,000. Tributary states and kings also assisted. But income could
-not keep pace with expenses. The old tax of a twentieth on bequests,
-except when the heir was a very near relative, or very poor, was
-revived, much to the discontent of the Roman people. Cf. Dio, LV, 25. Other
-taxes were devised, such as that of one _per cent_ on sales. Cf.
-Tac. _Ann._ I, 78. On sales of slaves two _per cent_ was
-exacted. Cf. Dio, LV, 31.
-
-A glance at the military establishment of Augustus may help to some
-idea of its vast expense. Mommsen discusses the matter in detail (_R.
-G._ pp. 68-76). Augustus seems to have left at his death a standing
-army of twenty-five legions. Each legion approximated seven thousand
-men, giving a total of 175,000 soldiers. His legions were numbered from
-one to twenty-two. The number twenty-five is accounted for as follows:
-the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth had been exterminated
-under the leadership of Varus. But there were three legions, one in
-Africa, one in Syria and one in Cyrenaica, bearing the title third,
-and the fourth, fifth, sixth and tenth were each double. After Actium,
-Augustus disbanded the legions numbered above twelve (cf. his colonies
-of veterans at this time, numbering 120,000 men, c. XV). But by reason
-of the repetitions above alluded to, the legions bearing the numbers
-up to twelve, really amounted to eighteen. These duplications may have
-risen from the absorption into Augustus' army of legions bearing the
-same numbers from the forces of Lepidus and later from those of Antony.
-In 759, eight new legions, the thirteenth to the twentieth, seem to
-have been enrolled, in view of the German and Pannonian wars. This made
-twenty six. Three were lost with Varus, and their numbers, seventeen,
-eighteen and nineteen, seem never to have been restored to the list.
-To offset this loss in a measure, two new legions, the twenty-first
-and twenty-second were levied. Thus the twenty-five remaining at the
-death of Augustus are accounted for. Such an establishment was
-enormously and increasingly expensive. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, VII,
-45.
-
-[83] This form of benefaction began in 736. It is a little remarkable
-that Augustus should not mention the exact years of its continuance,
-its amount, or the beneficiaries, while he does name the minimum number
-of men who received aid from time to time. Perhaps he did not go into
-details because these gifts concerned the provincials and would be of
-slight interest to the city people for whose reading the inscription
-was intended. In 742, “when Asia was in need of aid on account of
-earthquakes, he paid the year’s tribute of the province out of his own
-means.” Dio, LIV, 30.
-
-His supplying grain as well as money rose from the fact that taxes
-were imposed both in kind and in money. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ IV, 6;
-_Agr._ XIX and XXXI; C. I. Gr. 4957, 47. These passages all speak
-of taxes both in money and in produce. As to the method of levy,
-Hyginus is interesting (_De Lim._ p. 205). “The tax on agriculture
-is arranged in many ways. In some provinces the harvest is chargeable
-with a certain proportion, here a fifth, there a seventh, elsewhere a
-cash payment, and for this purpose certain values are determined for
-the fields by an estimation of the soil; as in Pannonia there is arable
-of the first class, of the second, meadows, mast-bearing woods, common
-woods, pastures: upon all these the tax is laid by the single acre,
-according to the fertility of the soil.” This was in the time of Trajan.
-
-[84] The structures detailed here and in cc. 20 and 21, fall into three
-classes. First, those of c. 19, being either new buildings in place of
-ruined ones, or else entirely new ones, both classes on soil already
-consecrated; second, those of c. 20, being repairs of public works;
-third, public works upon soil given by himself, as noted in the first
-part of c. 21.
-
-Augustus does not mention structures which he erected in the name of
-others, as the portico of Octavia, (different from the one below, Note
-90), the portico of Livia, cf. Dio, XLIX, 43 and LIV, 23. He also omits
-the temple of Concord dedicated by Tiberius in 763 (C. I. L. I. p.
-384), though he paid for it.
-
-The order of the works is chronological for the most part.
-
-[85] This was the Curia Julia, begun in 712. Cf. Dio XLVII, 19; XLIV,
-5; XLV, 17. It was dedicated in 725 after Actium. Cf. Dio LI, 22. Here
-the senate met. Its location was near the forum.
-
-[86] A shrine of Minerva Chalcidica.
-
-[87] Begun after the Sicilian victories in 718. Cf. Dio XLIX, 15; Vell.
-II, 81, dedicated Oct. 9, 726. Cf. Dio, LIII, 1; C. I. L. I, p. 403.
-Suet. _Aug._ 29, says: “He reared a temple of Apollo in that part
-of his estate on the Palatine which the haruspices declared was desired
-by the god because it had been struck by lightning; he attached to it a
-portico and a Greek and Latin library.”
-
-[88] An altar was placed at once on the spot in the forum where the
-body of Julius Cæsar was cremated. In 712 the senate decreed that a
-temple should be built there.
-
-[89] Dionysius (I, 32), observes that the ancient condition of this
-place (originally a grotto near the Palatine, sacred to Pan) had
-been so changed as to be hardly recognizable. This was by reason of
-the changes made in his time, which nearly coincided with that of
-Augustus. Cf. C. I. L. VI, 912, 6, 9, and 841. Its precise location is
-undetermined.
-
-[90] Festus, _De Verb. Sig._ L. 13, writes: “There were two
-Octavian porticoes, the one built near the theatre of Marcellus by
-Octavia, the sister of Augustus, the other close to the theatre of
-Pompey, built by Cn. Octavius, son of Cnæus, who was curule aedile,
-prætor, consul (589) decemvir for the sacred rites, and celebrated
-a naval triumph for a victory over King Perseus. It was the latter
-which, after its destruction by fire, Cæsar Augustus rebuilt.” Its
-reconstruction was in 721. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 43, who, however, confounds
-this Octavian portico with the other built some years after in the name
-of Augustus’ sister, Octavia.
-
-[91] The Pulvinar was the place of honor from which the imperial family
-witnessed the games. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 45; _Claud._ 4. This
-restoration followed the burning of the Circus Maximus in 723. Cf. Dio,
-L, 10.
-
-[92] A temple attributed to Romulus, in ruins in the time of Augustus,
-till restored by him on the suggestion of Atticus. Cf. Nepos,
-_Atticus_, 20; Livy, IV, 20. The temple was probably restored in
-723.
-
-[93] Suetonius, _Aug._ 29, writes: “He dedicated the temple to
-Jupiter the Thunderer, in acknowledgment of his escape from a great
-danger in his Cantabrian expedition; when, as he was traveling by
-night, his litter was struck by lightning, which killed the slave who
-carried the torch before him.” This expedition was in 728-729, and the
-temple was dedicated Sept. 1, 732. Cf. Dio, LIV, 4; C. I. L. I, 400.
-
-[94] This was dedicated in 738, on the Quirinal. Cf. Dio, LIV, 19.
-
-[95] These three temples have more than an accidental collocation.
-Just as the Tarpeian mount and the Quirinal hill had their triple
-divinities, so had the Aventine. Cf. Varro (_De Lin._) V, 158. The
-temple of Juno is ascribed to the time of Camillus, and is said to have
-been built for the Veientines. The date of the other two is unknown, as
-is that of this restoration by Augustus.
-
-[96] Also of unknown origin, location and restoration, other than as
-mentioned here.
-
-[97] Dionysius, I, 68, describes the old temple, not the restoration by
-Augustus of which we have only this statement.
-
-[98] The original temple was dedicated in 563, in the Circus Maximus.
-Cf. Livy, XXXVI, 36. Burned in 738. Cf. Dio, LIV, 19.
-
-[99] The original temple was burned in 756. Cf. Val. Max. I, 8, 11;
-Dio, LV, 12; Suet. _Aug._ 57.
-
-[100] The Capitol means the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.
-
-[101] Frontinus, _De Aq._ c. 125, speaks of a decree of the Senate
-in the year 743 “concerning the putting in order of the streams,
-conduits and arches of the Julian, Marcian, Appian, Tepulan and Aniene
-waters, which Augustus has promised the Senate that he will repair at
-his own expense.” Aqueducts were repaired in 749-750. Cf. C. I. L.
-VI, 1244. C. I. L. VI, 1249, gives _Iul. Tep. Mar.; imp. Cæsar divi
-f. Augustus ex s. c.; XXV; ped. CCXL_. C. I. L. VI, 1243, records
-the repairs of the Marcian aqueduct. Frontinus, _op. cit._, 12,
-gives some details of the doubled supply of this source, and says the
-new spring had to be conducted eight hundred feet to join the older
-fountain.
-
-[102] Julius Cæsar dedicated this forum Sept. 24 or 25, 708. Cf. Dio,
-XLIII, 22; App. _B. C._, III, 28; C. I. L. I, p. 402 and 397.
-Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, XXXV, 12, 156, mentions its completion by
-Augustus.
-
-Augustus uses the word _profligata_ here for “unfinished,” a use
-which was common enough but not elegant, and is severely criticised by
-Gellius, XV, 5. The word really means wretched rather than unfinished.
-That Augustus was not a purist this inscription testifies, and
-Suetonius also tells us, _Aug._, 87 and 88, how peculiar he was in
-diction and orthography.
-
-The basilica which was unfinished at the death of Augustus he refrains
-from naming while it was not yet dedicated. But we know from Suetonius,
-_Aug._ 29, and Dio, LVI, 27, that it was built in honor of his
-grandchildren, Gaius and Lucius.
-
-[103] There is abundant testimony to this architectural activity. Cf.
-Suet. _Aug._ 29 and 30; Dio, LIII, 2; LVI, 40; Livy IV, 20; Ovid,
-_Fasti_, II, 59; Hor. _Carm._, III, 6. Nor was this the zeal
-of a mere archæologist and architect. The emperor was anxious for a
-revival of religious observance, as a conservative force in his new
-organization of the state.
-
-[104] It is remarkable that Augustus should say he “_constructed_”
-the Flaminian Way, etc., for it was made nearly two hundred years
-before this date, 727. Moreover, the whole chapter is given up to
-an account of reconstructions, and of course it is meant that he
-_repaired_ the road and the bridges in question. The Latin
-verb is wanting and is restored from the Greek, ἐπόησα, which is
-unmistakable,—“I made.” Mommsen does not comment on the incorrectness
-of this statement, but Wölfflin regards the Greek verb as a blunder
-of the stone-cutter at Ancyra, and thinks there was no verb at all at
-the end of this chapter, but that the mason by mistake took the last
-word of the preceding chapter which is ἐπόησα. A substitution of ἐπόησα
-for the proper verb seems more likely, as it seems improbable that the
-sentence would end without a verb.
-
-These repairs are attested by an inscription on an arch at Ariminum,
-thus restored by Bormann: Cf. C. I. L. XI, 365.
-
-    SENATUS POPULUS_Q ue romanus_
-  _imp. cæsari divi f. augusto imp. sept._
-  COS. SEPT. DESIGNAT. OCTAVOM _Via flamin_ IA _et reliquei_S
-  CELEBERRIMEIS ITALIÆ VIEIS CONSILIO _et sumptib_ US _eius mu_NITEIS.
-
-Cf. also Suet. _Aug._ 30; Dio, LIII, 22. Other roads of Italy were
-repaired by those who obtained triumphs; of which more were celebrated
-from 726 to 728 than at any other epoch.
-
-[105] Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 29. Its construction was vowed in 712 and
-it was dedicated in 752. Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 393, May 12. In c. 35,
-Augustus mentions the quadriga dedicated to him in this forum.
-
-[106] This theatre was begun by Julius Cæsar. Augustus completed it
-in honor of Marcellus, who died in 731. It was dedicated May 4, 743.
-Cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, VIII, 17, 65. Dio, LIV, 36, assigns its
-dedication to 741.
-
-[107] Suetonius, _Aug._, 30, says that on one occasion Augustus
-deposited in the _cella_ of Jupiter Capitolinus sixteen thousand
-pounds of gold (= $3,200,000) and gems and pearls of the value of fifty
-million sesterces (= $2,500,000). But such statements are fabulous, in
-view of Augustus’ own statement that the total of his gifts of this
-kind was only one hundred million sesterces (= $5,000,000).
-
-[108] In earlier times it had been customary for cities affected by a
-victory to give crowns of gold to the triumphing _imperator_. This
-grew into an abuse and was forbidden by law, unless the gift preceded
-the decree for the triumph. Later, the value of the crown was commuted
-for cash, and it came to be a frequent means of extortion on the part
-of provincial governors. To L. Antonius crowns of gold were given by
-each of the thirty-five Roman tribes in 713. Cf. Dio, XLVIII, 4. The
-amount named here, thirty-five thousand pounds of gold, would appear to
-have been from the thirty-five tribes. On the general subject, _aurum
-coronarium_, cf. Marquardt, _Staatsverwaltung_, II, p. 285.
-
-[109] The sons of Augustus were Gaius, adopted in 737, died in 757;
-Lucius, adopted at the same time, died in 755; Agrippa Postumus,
-adopted in 757, exiled in 760. These were the sons of Agrippa and
-Julia. On the death of Gaius in 757, Augustus adopted Tiberius. With
-him Germanicus, nephew and adopted son of Tiberius, and Drusus,
-Tiberius’ own son, became the legal grandchildren of Augustus. None of
-these could celebrate games in his own name after adoption, as they had
-no property rights, but were absolutely dependent on the head of their
-house, according to the _patria potestas_ of the Roman law. See
-this very plainly set forth in Suetonius, _Tib._ 15: “After his
-(Tiberius’) adoption he never again acted as master of a family, nor
-exercised in the smallest degree the rights which he had lost by it.
-For he neither disposed of anything in the way of gift, nor manumitted
-a slave; nor so much as received an estate left him by will, or any
-legacy, without reckoning it as a part of his _peculium_, or
-property held under his father.” Tiberius was forty-six years old when
-he was adopted.
-
-Seven of these exhibitions can be traced. 1. In 725, on the dedication
-of the temple of the Divine Julius. Dio, LI, 22. 2. In 726, in honor
-of the victory of Actium. Dio, LIII, 1. 3. In 738, in accordance with
-a decree of the senate. This was in the name of Tiberius and Drusus.
-Dio, LIV, 19. 4. In 742, at the Quinquatria held March 19-23, in honor
-of Minerva. This was in the name of Gaius and Lucius. Dio, LIV, 28, 29.
-5. In 747; funeral games in honor of Agrippa. Dio, LV, 8. 6. In 752,
-at the dedication of the temple of Mars. Vell. II, 100. 7. In 759, in
-honor of Drusus, in the name of his sons Germanicus and Claudius. Dio,
-LV, 27; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, II, 26, 96; VIII, 2, 4. Possibly the
-eighth occasion may be found in Suetonius, _Aug._, 43.
-
-[110] Cf. Dio, LIII, 1; Suet. _Aug._, 43. Wooden seats were
-erected in the Campus Martius for gymnastic contests in 726. Whether
-Germanicus or Drusus is the grandson mentioned here is unknown.
-
-[111] These were the lesser games of the circus and theatres, given
-ordinarily by magistrates holding the lower offices, which Augustus
-never filled. He took upon himself the care and expense where the
-proper magistrates were absent or too poor. Cf. Dio, XLV, 6; C. I. L.,
-I, p. 397.
-
-[112] The charge of the Secular Games, celebrated supposedly once in
-a century, though in reality oftener, fell to the quindecemvirs. Cf.
-Eckhel, VI. 102, for a coin with _imp. Cæsar Augustus lud. saec. XV
-S. F._ This was in 737. Cf. also C. I. L., I, p. 442. The college
-evidently gave the presidency to Augustus and Agrippa, since it was
-very convenient that these two members of the sacred body also held the
-tribunitial power, and so the games came into the charge of the two
-greatest men of the state in a perfectly natural way. Cf. C. I. L., IX,
-p. 29, No. 262, for confirmation of Agrippa’s membership in the college
-of quindecemvirs.
-
-[113] These games were celebrated on August 1. Dio, LX, 5, and LVI, 46,
-tells of their being annual, and in charge of the consuls after the
-death of Augustus. They began in 752. This passage is one of the few
-where both the Latin and Greek are incapable of restoration.
-
-[114] Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 43. Some of these occasions were: in 743 in
-connection with the dedication of the theatre of Marcellus. Cf. Dio,
-LIV, 26. Here six hundred beasts were killed, and the tiger was shown
-for the first time. Cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, VIII, 17, 65. In 752,
-two hundred and sixty lions and thirty-six crocodiles were killed. Cf.
-Dio, LV, 10. In 765, in the games given by Germanicus, two hundred
-lions were killed. Cf. Dio, LVI, 27.
-
-Augustus says “amphitheatres,” though there was but one such structure.
-He may have regarded it as being two theatres joined at their straight
-side and facing each other.
-
-[115] Velleius II, 100, writes: “The divine Augustus in the year when
-he was consul with Gallus Caninius (752) sated the minds and the eyes
-of the Roman people at the dedication of the temple of Mars with the
-most magnificent gladiatorial shows and naval battles.” Dio, LV, 10,
-says that traces of the excavation could be seen in his time (c. 200 A.
-D.), and that the fight represented a battle of Athenians and Persians,
-in which the former were victorious. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 43; Ovid,
-_Ars Am._ I, 171.
-
-Claudius gave a similar exhibition on the Fucine Lake, but with a
-hundred triremes and quadriremes, and a force of nineteen thousand
-men, “as once Augustus did in a pond by the Tiber, but with lighter
-vessels and a smaller force.” Cf. Tac. _Ann._ XII, 56; Suet.
-_Claud._, 21; Dio, LX, 33.
-
-[116] Another instance of avoidance of the name of an enemy while
-distinctly referring to him. Antony had stripped various temples at
-Samos, Ephesus, Pergamos, and Rhœteum, all in the province of Asia,
-and had given the spoils to Cleopatra. Dio, LI, 17, says that great
-numbers of such things were found in her palace when Alexandria was
-captured. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, XXXIV, 8, 58, says: “He (Myro) made
-an Apollo, which was taken away by the triumvir Antony, but restored
-to the Ephesians by the divine Augustus.” Strabo, XIII, 1, 30, writes
-of Rhœteum: “Cæsar Augustus gave back to the Rhœtians the shrine and
-statue of Ajax which Antony had taken away and given to Egypt. He did
-the like for other cities. For Antony took away the finest votive
-offerings from the most famous shrines for the gratification of the
-Egyptian woman, but Augustus restored them.” Ib. XIV, 1, 14, writes of
-the temple of Hera, at Samos: “Antony took away three colossal sitting
-statues on one base, but Augustus Cæsar restored two of them, Athene
-and Heracles, to the same base; the Zeus, however, he placed upon the
-Capitol.”
-
-[117] Suetonius, _Aug._, 52, says these gifts took the form of
-tripods. Cf. Dio, LIII, 22; LII, 35; LIV, 35.
-
-[118] The allusion is to Sextus Pompeius, whose fleets, manned largely
-by slaves, cut off the grain ships on their way to Rome. Again Augustus
-avoids the name of an opponent. Cf. Vell., II, 73, who thinks it
-remarkable that a son of the great Pompey, who had freed the sea from
-pirates, should himself defile it with piratical crimes. Florus, IV, 8,
-reflects the same sentiment. App. _B. C._, V, 77, 80, says that
-captured pirates under torture confessed that Sextus Pompeius was the
-instigator of their crimes. When the peace of Misenum was made, Sextus
-Pompeius stipulated for the freedom of the slaves who had fought under
-him. It was after the overthrow of Pompey, in 718, that the slaves were
-returned. Dio, XLIX, 12, adds that slaves whose masters did not claim
-them were returned to their several cities, there to be crucified. Cf.
-App. _B. C._, V, 131; Oros. VI, 18.
-
-[119] This was in 722, just before the breaking out of hostilities
-between Antony and Octavian. Cf. Dio, L, 6; Suet., _Aug._ 17.
-
-[120] Cf. c. 8, Note 49. There were a thousand senators at this time.
-Augustus, in his statement, probably means that seven hundred of the
-thousand then in the senate were on his side, not merely seven hundred
-who then or later were senators.
-
-The number of consulars, eighty-three, is quite consistent with the
-facts, as is shown in a careful analysis of the _Fasti Consulares_
-for the period by Mommsen. _R. G._, p. 100.
-
-The priests referred to were probably members of the four great
-colleges and the Arval brotherhood. Cf. c. 7, notes 40-45.
-
-[121] This statement is borne out by what we otherwise know. Taking
-the provinces in order we find: First, the German frontier is pushed
-forward from the Rhine to the Elbe. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 21. Second,
-in Illyricum and Macedonia he had erected the new provinces of Pannonia
-and Moesia. Third, in Asia Minor he did not extend the older limits of
-Bithynia, but out of the kingdom of Amyntas, he made the new province
-of Galatia and later added Paphlagonia to it. Fourth, in Africa,
-Augustus rather narrowed than extended the empire by his partition with
-Juba in 729. But a number of Roman proconsuls won laurels there.
-
-[122] Here the record is of commotions quelled within the recognized
-limits of the empire. In Spain there was the Cantabrian war from 727 to
-735. In Gaul, G. Carrinas had subdued the Morini, and triumphed, July
-14, 726; and M. Messala had suppressed the Aquitani, triumphing Sept.
-25, 727. Cf. Suet. _Aug._, 20, 21.
-
-The German campaigns extending at intervals over the years from 742
-to the very end of Augustus’ reign it is needless to detail. This
-reference to the pacification of Germany has been the subject of
-much dispute. Mommsen in two places (_R. G._, p. VI, and 48),
-uses the word “crafty” (_callidus_) of Augustus, referring to
-his alleged glozing over of unsatisfactory events. Hirschfeld goes
-further, and in connection with the present passage accuses Augustus
-(_Wiener Studien_, V, 117) of a “masterly concealment and
-whitewashing (übertünchung) of all that could hurt his reputation.”
-This charge is made because Augustus omits all mention of the disaster
-under Varus. Against this charge Johannes Schmidt defends Augustus,
-(_Philologus_, XLV, p. 394, ff.). The contest between Schmidt and
-Hirschfeld is based really upon opposing views of the purpose of the
-_Res Gestae_. Schmidt believed it to be an epitaph. In this there
-would be no place for anything save the fortunate events of a life.
-If _nil de mortuis nisi bonum_ be wise, Augustus might well have
-adapted the adage to his own case and said, _nil de me morituro nisi
-bonum_. But Hirschfeld insists that the _Res Gestae_ constitute
-not an epitaph, but “an account of his administration,” and therefore
-contends that the omission of the German disaster was not in good
-faith. To this, Schmidt answers that Augustus had nothing to gain by
-such concealment—indeed that concealment of so notorious a disaster
-would be absurd. And in the text itself he finds a recognition of the
-real state of affairs, inasmuch as Augustus expressly distinguishes
-Germany from the provinces, Gallic and Spanish, and while claiming
-it for Rome, does not assert that it belongs to her as do organized
-provinces. Schmidt also says that _pacavi_, “I pacified” does
-not necessarily imply that Germany continued in a state of peace. It
-may well enough cover the fact that there was temporary success. But
-this is hair-splitting. The character of the _Res Gestae_ must
-be always had in mind. Cf. Introduction. Its deliverances were _ad
-populum_ and they constituted an epitaph.
-
-[123] Suetonius, _Aug._ 21, says: “He waged war upon no people without
-just and necessary causes.” The present Torbia near Monaco, derives its
-name from a _Tropæa Augusti_, “Trophy of Augustus,” some fragments of
-which still exist.
-
-The inscription has been preserved by Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, III, 20,
-136: _imp. Cæsari divi f. Augusto pontifice maxumo imp. XIIII tribunic.
-potestate XVII s. p. q. R. quod ejus ductu auspiciisque gentes Alpinæ
-omnes quæ a mari supero ad inferum pertinebant sub imperium p. R.
-sunt redactæ_—“the Roman senate and people to Cæsar ... Augustus ...
-because under his leadership and auspices all the Alpine nations, from
-the upper to the lower sea have been brought into subjection to the
-Roman empire.” Then follows an enumeration of forty-six peoples. Pliny
-adds, “the Cottian states were not annexed because they had not been
-hostile;” and an arch at Segusio was placed in honor of Augustus, and
-on it are the names of fourteen states, six being repetitions from the
-Torbia monument. Cf. C. I. L. V, 7817 and 7231.
-
-The campaigns here referred to are: First, of Varro Murena against the
-Salassi in 729. Cf. Strabo, IV, 6, 7, p. 205; Dio, LIII, 25; Livy,
-_Epit._, CXXXV; Cass. _ad. ann._ 729; Suet. _Aug._
-21. Second, of Publius Silius against the Vennones and Camunni in
-738. Cf. Dio, LIV, 20. Third, of Tiberius and Drusus against the Ræti
-and Vindelici in 739. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 21. Fourth, against the
-Ligurians of the Maritime Alps in 740. Cf. Dio, LIV, 24. Finally these
-regions were formed into the province of Rætia in 747-748.
-
-[124] This naval expedition was connected with the German campaign of
-Tiberius in 758. Cf. Vell. II, 106; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, II, 67,
-167.
-
-[125] Strabo, VII, 2, 1, describes an embassy of the Cimbri asking for
-“peace and amnesty.” They dwelt in the end of Jutland. Cf. Ptolemy,
-II, 10. Below them were the Charudes, whom the mason at Ancyra makes
-Charydes, and the Greek translator, thinking of the fable, transforms
-into Chalybes, living just south of the Cimbri. Cf. Ptolemy, ii, 11,
-12. The Semnones were between the Elbe and the Oder.
-
-[126] When the Egyptian garrisons were weakened on account of the
-Arabian expedition, Queen Candace took advantage of it and captured
-a number of towns in Upper Egypt. These the præfect, C. Petronius,
-re-took, and inflicted severe punishment upon the Æthiopians. This took
-place 730-732. Cf. Strabo, XVII, I, 54; Dio, LIV, 5; Pliny, _Hist.
-Nat._, VI, 29, 181, 182.
-
-In 1896 Capt. Lyons, R. E., found, at Philæ, an inscription in Latin,
-Greek and hieroglyphics, of which Prof. Mahaffy gives this translation:
-“Gaius Cornelius, son of Cnaeus Gallus, a Roman knight, appointed
-first prefect, after the kings were conquered by Cæsar, son of Divus,
-of Alexandria and Egypt—who conquered the revolt of the Thebaid in
-fifteen days, having won two pitched battles, together with the capture
-of the leaders of his opponents, having taken five cities, some by
-assault, some by siege, viz., Boresis, Coptos, Ceramice, Diospolis
-the Great, Ombos (?); having slain the leaders of these revolts, and
-having brought his army beyond the cataract of the Nile to a point
-whither neither the Roman people nor the Kings of Egypt had yet carried
-their standards, a military district impassable before his day; having
-subdued, to the common terror of all the kings, all the Thebaid, which
-was not subject to the kings, and having received the ambassadors of
-the Ethiopians at Philæ, and guest-friendship from their king (and
-received their king under his protection) and having appointed him
-tyrant of the 30-_schoeni_ district of Lower Ethiopia—makes this
-thank-offering to the Dii Patrii, and to the Nile, who aided him in his
-deeds.” _London Athenæum_, March 14, 1896, and _Sitzungsberichte
-d. kgl. Pr. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1896, I, pp. 469-480.
-
-[127] The Arabian campaign, under C. Aelius Gallus was probably in
-729-730. Cf. Dio, LIII, 29; Hor. _Carm._ I, 29, 35; Strabo, XVI,
-4, 22, 24. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, VI, 28, 159, 160,
-
-[128] Egypt was made an integral part of the empire after Actium
-and the death of Cleopatra, in 724. Its connection with the empire
-was peculiar. W. T. Arnold, _Roman Provincial Administration_,
-p. 113, says: “The government of Egypt was in many points wholly
-exceptional. Julius Cæsar had deliberately abstained from making
-it a province of the country (cf. Suet., _Jul._ 35); and when
-Augustus added it to the empire he subjected it to an altogether
-exceptional treatment. The country was his private property, or rather
-the Emperor’s private property; it passed as a matter of course, that
-is, from emperor to emperor. Augustus appointed a præfect to represent
-him in the province, just as in earlier times the urban prætors had
-sent prefects to represent them in the municipalities of Italy. This
-præfect was of equestrian, and not of the highest equestrian rank (Tac.
-_Ann._, XII, 60; II, 59; _Hist._ I. 11); no senators were
-admitted into the province; and the greatest jealousy was shown of the
-smallest interference with it. The reasons for the special jealousy
-of Egypt shown by Augustus and his successors were partly the great
-defensibility of the country (in case of insurrection—ED.), partly
-its immense importance as the granary of Rome. 'It was an accepted
-principle with our fathers,’ says Pliny, 'that our city could not
-possibly be fed and maintained without the resources of Egypt.’” For
-a fuller treatment cf. Marquardt, _Röm. Staatsverwaltung_, I,
-282-298.
-
-[129] Armenia Major had been raised to greatness by Tigranes I
-(658-699) who had been a formidable ally of Mithridates. Pompey finally
-subdued him, 688. Henceforth Armenia was in a subject condition.
-Tigranes was succeeded by his son Artavasdes. In 718, when Antony
-attacked the Parthians, this king sided with him against Phraates of
-Parthia, and another Artavasdes, king of Media. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 25.
-
-But presently the two Artavasdes changed relations, the king of Armenia
-passing to the Parthian side and he of Media joining Antony. Cf. Plut.,
-_Ant._, 52; Dio, XLIX, 33, 44. Antony captured Artavasdes of Armenia
-and gave him over to Cleopatra, who killed him in 721. His kingdom
-was assigned to Antony’s son Alexander to whom was betrothed Jotape
-daughter of Artavasdes of Media. The Armenians made Artaxes, son of
-the late Artavasdes, their king. When Octavian overcame Antony he did
-not befriend all the Oriental enemies of the latter, but for purposes
-of his own set up a rival to Phraates of Parthia in Tiridates. Cf. c.
-32. And, angered at the Armenians, who had dealt harshly with certain
-Romans in that kingdom, he held as hostages the brothers of king
-Artaxes, and set Artavasdes of Media over Armenia Minor as a check upon
-Artaxes. Cf. Dio, LI, 16; LIV, 9. In 734 Augustus went to the East to
-arrange affairs there. A campaign against Artaxes was planned, but he
-was assassinated. Cf. Dio, LIV, 9; Tac., _Ann._, II, 3; Vell., II, 94,
-122; Suet. _Aug._, 21; Jos., _Ant._, XV, 4, 3; Eckhel, VI, 98. At this
-point the action of Augustus, recorded here in the _Res Gestæ_, takes
-place. Augustus follows the example of Pompey, who, in dealing with
-Armenia in 688 had contented himself with making the Armenian king
-accept his royalty as a gift from Rome. Cf. Cic. _pro Sext._ 27. The
-affair was conducted by Tiberius, not yet adopted. Cf. Suet. _Tib._,
-9; Vell., II, 122. Henceforth Armenia was regarded as part of the
-empire, though its native sovereigns were continued. Cf. Vell., II, 94,
-122: “Armenia restored to the control of the Roman people;” “Armenia
-retaken.” “The Medes likewise were subjected.” Cf. c. 33.
-
-[130] The reign of Tigranes was brief. The Parthians winning some
-success against Rome, stirred up Armenia. Cf. Tac. _Ann._, II,
-3; Vell., II, 100. They favored the children of Tigranes, Tigranes
-III and Erato. A Roman faction set up his younger brother Artavasdes.
-Cf. Tacitus l. c. The suppression of the disorder was enjoined upon
-Tiberius. But at this juncture, 748, he went into retirement at Rhodes.
-Cf. Dio, LV, 9. Artavasdes died and the young Tigranes courted the
-aid of Rome, but was soon killed, probably by Parthian means, and his
-sister Erato abdicated. Cf. fragments of Dio, cited by Mommsen, _R.
-G._, p. 113, and Dio, LV, 10. Tacitus confirms the delivery of
-Armenia to Ariobarzanes by Gaius. Cf. _Ann._, II, 3; and Dio, LV,
-10. The Parthian faction did not accept him, and it was in a contest
-over him that Gaius received a wound, of which he died, Feb. 21, 757.
-Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 472. For the succession of Artavasdes, cf. Dio,
-LV, 10. The Tigranes IV, next mentioned “of the royal house of the
-Armenians” was a grandson of Herod the Great, of Judea, on the one
-side, and of Archelaus, King of Cappadocia, and probably an Armenian
-princess on the other. Cf. Tac. _Ann._ VI, 40; XIV, 26; Jos.,
-_Ant._ XVIII, 5, 4; _Wars_, I, 28, 1.
-
-[131] For Sicily and Sardinia, cf. c. 25 and notes.
-
-By the treaty of Brundisium, Antony had received Macedonia, Achaia,
-Asia, Pontus, Bithynia, Cilicia, Cyprus, Syria, Crete, Cyrenaica. The
-five last named he had given over to foreign kings. As to Asia and
-Bithynia, Dio, XLIX, 41 and Plut. _Ant._ 54, are in conflict.
-But the _Res Gestæ_ tends to confirm the latter. Lycaonia and
-Pamphylia were taken from the province of Cilicia and given to
-Amyntas, King of Galatia. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 32. He extended Egypt again
-by restoring to it Cyprus. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 32, 41; Plut. l. c.; Strabo,
-XIV, 6, 6: he granted to Cleopatra and Cæsarion, her son by Julius
-Cæsar, the coast land of Syria, Tyre and Sidon excepted, cf. Jos.
-_Ant._ XV, 4, 1; _Wars_, I, 18, 5; also Coele-Syria, cf. Jos.
-_Ant._ XV, 3, 8; Plut. l. c.; Ituraea, Judaea and Arabia Nabataea,
-cf. Dio, XLIX, 32; Jos. _Ant._ XV, 4, 1; 5, 3; _Wars_, I, 18,
-5; 20, 3; parts of Cilicia, cf. Strabo, XIV, 5, 3; 5, 6: and perhaps
-Crete also, cf. Dio, XLIX, 32: and Cyrenaica, cf. Plut. l. c. To his
-younger son Ptolemy Philadelphus he gave Syria, and part of Cilicia,
-cf. Dio, XLIX, 41; Plut. l. c.: for the elder, Alexander he planned a
-kingdom made up of Armenia, Media and Parthia, cf. Livy, _Epit._
-CXXXI; Plutarch, l. c. These alienations of Roman territory were made
-the occasion of Octavian’s attack upon Antony. Cf. Dio, L, 1; Plut. l.
-c.
-
-[132] Mommsen believes that Augustus founded only military colonies.
-Zumpt thinks otherwise. Cf. _Comment Epig._, I, 362.
-
-[133] Known colonies of Augustus are: In Africa, Carthage, cf. C. I. L.
-VIII, p. 133; Dio, LII, 43; App. _Pun._ CXXXVI. In Sicily, Panhormus,
-Thermes, Tyndaris, cf. Dio, LIV, 7; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, III, 8, 88;
-89; 90. Marquardt, _Röm. Staatsverwaltung_ I, 246, names seven colonies
-of Augustus in Sicily. In Macedonia, Dyrrachium, Philippi, cf. Dio,
-LI, 4. Cassandrea, cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, IV, 10. In Hither Spain,
-Cæsaraugusta, cf. coin in Eckhel I, 37, which also gives the numbers
-of the legions whose veterans were colonized here: _leg. IV_, _leg.
-VI_, _leg. X_. Marquardt _op. cit._, I, 256, names six colonies of
-Augustus here. In Farther Spain, Emerita, cf. Eckhel I, 12, and 19,
-_leg. V_, _X_; Marquardt, _op. cit._, I, 257. In Achaia, Patrae, cf.
-C. I. L. III, p. 95, _leg. X_, _XII_. In Asia, Alexandrea of the
-Troad, cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, V, 30. In Syria, Berytus, cf. Eckhel
-III, 356, _leg. V_, _VIII_; Heliopolis, cf. Eckhel, III, 334. In
-Gallia Narbonensis, Reii and Aquae Sextiae, cf. Herzog, _Gall. Narb.
-inscr._ n. 113, 356. In Pisidia, Antioch, cf. Eckhel III, 18; Cremna,
-cf. Eckhel III, 20; Olbasa, cf. Eckhel, III, 20; Parlais, cf. Ramsay,
-_Bull. de Corr. Hell._, VII, p. 318.
-
-No colonies are assigned to Sardinia, the three Gauls and two
-Germanies, Raetia, Noricum, Bithynia, Pontus, Galatia, Galatian Pontus,
-Paphlagonia, part of Phrygia, Lycaonia, Isauria, Cilicia, Cyprus,
-Crete, Egypt, Cyrenaica. As for parts of the empire under subject
-kings, such as Thrace, Cappadocia, Mauretania, no account is taken of
-them, though there were certainly colonies in Mauretania, at Cartenna
-and Tupusuctu. Cf. Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, V, 2, 20; C. I. L., VIII,
-8857.
-
-[134] Cf. an article by Mommsen, _Hermes_, XVIII, 161 ff. on the
-“Colonies of Italy from Sulla to Vespasian.”
-
-When Augustus wrote, Italy was separated from Illyricum by the river
-Arsia. Yet Illyricum was not counted by him as a province. It had
-colonies at Emona, Iader, Salona, and possibly at Epidaurus and Narona.
-Cf. C. I. L., III, pp. 489, 374, 304, 287, 291. Mommsen thinks this
-omission was intended by Augustus; that he had been able to satisfy
-some of his veterans, to whom Italian farms had been promised, with
-lands over the Italian border in Illyricum, and because he could not
-call it a province, nor yet a part of Italy, he eludes the difficulty
-by omitting the Illyrian colonies.
-
-The names of the twenty-eight Italian colonies are somewhat difficult
-to establish. Several perplexing questions rise in the attempt. What
-of the colonies founded by Antony and Octavian as triumvirs? Were they
-Antoniæ Juliæ, or some Juliæ and others Antoniæ? If the former were
-true and they dropped the name Antoniæ, the result would be far more
-than twenty-eight Julian and Augustan colonies. The second probability
-is more likely, and that the colonies Antoniæ simply dropped their name
-after Actium.
-
-A third difficulty rises in the case of the enlargement of old
-colonies and their resettlement, as, _e. g._, of Minturnæ.
-Cf. Hyginus, _De Lim._, p. 177. Mommsen gives a list which
-nearly meets the statement of Augustus. 1. Ariminum, _Augusta_;
-2. Ateste; 3. _Augusta_ Prætoria; 4. _Julia Augusta_
-Taurinorum; 5. Beneventum, _Julia Augusta_; 6. Bononia; 7.
-Brixia, _Augusta_; 8. Capua, _Julia Augusta_; 9. Castrum
-novum Etruriæ, _Julia_; 10. Concordia, _Julia_; 11. Cumæ
-(?) _Julia_; 12. Dertona, _Julia_; 13. Fanum Fortunæ,
-_Julia_; 14. Falerio; 15. Hispellum, _Julia_; 16. Lucus
-Feroniæ, _Julia_; 17. Minturnæ; 18. Nola, _Augusta_; 19.
-Parentium, _Julia_; 20. Parma, _Julia Augusta_; 21. Pisae,
-_Julia_; 22. Pisaurum, _Julia_; 23. Pola, _Julia_;
-24. Sæna (?), _Julia_; 25. Sora, _Julia_; 26. Suessa,
-_Julia_; 27. Sutrium, _Julia_; 28. Tuder, _Julia_;
-29, Venafrum, _Julia Augusta_. Cf. Marquardt, _Röm.
-Staatsverwaltung_, I, 118-132.
-
-[135] Of standards recovered in Spain and Gaul we have no further
-knowledge. It may be that in the Cantabrian war of 728, 729, some such
-thing took place.
-
-Appian, _Illyr._ XII, XXV, XXVIII, narrates the capture of
-standards by the Dalmatians from Gabinius in 706, and their restoration
-to Augustus in 721. These were then placed in the Octavian portico; and
-probably later transferred to the temple of Mars.
-
-[136] The standards had been lost by Crassus and Antony. Cf. Justin,
-XLII, 5, 11; Livy, _Epit._, CXLI; Suetonius, _Aug._ 21;
-Vell., II, 91; Vergil, _Æn._ VII, 606; Horace, _Carm._, I,
-12, 56; III, 5, 4; Dio, LIII, 33; LIV, 8; Cass. _Chron._ ad. 734;
-Oros., VI, 21; Florus IV, 12; Eutropius, VII, 9. One detachment of
-Antonius’ army, under L. Decidius Saxa, was exterminated in 714, and
-another in 718 under Oppius Statianus. Cf. Livy, _Ep._ CXXI; Dio,
-XLVIII, 24.
-
-Tiberius received the standards from the Parthians in 734. Cf. Dio,
-LIV, 8, etc.; Suet. _Tib._ 9. Eckhel, VI, 95, shows a coin with
-a Parthian on bended knee presenting a standard to Augustus. Cf. also
-Horace, _Epis._, I, 12, 27; Oros., VI, 21, 29; and c. 32 of the
-inscription.
-
-There were two temples of Mars Ultor, a smaller one on the Capitoline,
-and a larger in the forum, dedicated in 752. The standards were removed
-to the larger temple. Cf. Dio, LV, 10; Horace, _Carm._, IV, 5, 16;
-_Epis._, I, 18, 56; Propertius, III, 10, 3; Ovid, _Trist._
-II, 295; _Fasti_, V, 549; VI, 459.
-
-[137] Augustus himself had fought the Pannonians in 719, 720. Cf. Dio,
-XLIX, 36-38. The campaigns of Tiberius were from 742 to 745. Cf. Vell.
-II, 96; Dio, LIV, 31, 34; LV, 2; Suet. _Tib._, 9.
-
-[138] This statement varies somewhat from Dio, L, 24, who says Augustus
-reached the Danube in 720, and from Suetonius, _Tib._ 16, who
-assigns the complete subjection of the district to 759.
-
-[139] The Dacians had become organized and strong in the latter years
-of the Roman republic. Cf. Justin. XXXII, 3; Jordanis, _Get._, XI,
-67; Strabo, XVI, 2, 39; VII, 3, 5; 11; Suet. _Aug._, 44. Julius Cæsar
-was about to proceed against them when he died. Cf. Suet. _Jul._, 44;
-_Aug._, 8; App. _B. C._, II, 110; III, 25, 37; _Illyr._, 13; Vell., II.
-59; Livy, _Epit._, CXVII. In 719 Augustus began his Illyrican campaign
-by occupying Segesta on the Save, whence he threatened the Dacians
-and Bastarnæ. Cf. App. _Illyr._, 22, 23. Antony is responsible for
-the statement that Augustus sought to secure the goodwill of Cotiso,
-king of the Getæ (Dacians), by giving him his daughter and by himself
-marrying a daughter of Cotiso. Cf. Suetonius, _Aug._, 63. Cotiso
-refused the alliance and joined the party of Antony. Cf. Dio, L, 6; LI,
-22. Antony’s story as to the proposed marriages is hardly credible,
-and may have been invented by him to offset his own alliance with
-Cleopatra. During the struggle between Antony and Octavian, an invasion
-of the Dacians was the constant dread of Italy. Cf. Vergil, _Georg._,
-II, 497; Hor. _Sat._, II, 6, 53; _Carm._, III, 6, 13. When Antony was
-overthrown M. Crassus undertook the suppression of the Dacians, and
-triumphed, July 4, 727. Cf. Dio, LI, 23; Tab. Triumph. But Dacian
-incursions were still frequent. Dio records one in 738, cf. LIV, 20;
-and one in 744, cf. LIV, 36. Probably it was in this latter incursion
-that the defeat here alluded to was met by them. Finally an army was
-sent against them under Lentulus, in 759. Cf. Dio, LV, 30; Strabo, VII,
-12 and 13; Suet. _Aug._, 21; Florus, IV, 12, 19, 20; Tac. _Ann._, IV,
-44.
-
-[140] Cf. Suet. _Aug._, 21; Flor. IV, 12, 62; _Oros._, VI,
-21, 19, says that deputies of Indians and Scythians came to Augustus
-at Tarracona in 728 or 729; Dio, LIV, 9, that deputies from India came
-to him at Samos in 734. Strabo gives the name of the Indian king as
-Porus. Cf. XV., 1, 4 and 73. Cf. also Ver. _Georg._, II, 170;
-_Aen._, VI, 794; VIII, 705; Hor. _Carm._, I, 12, 56; _Carm.
-Saec._, 55, 56; _Carm._, IV, 14, 41.
-
-[141] For a general statement, cf. Suetonius, _Aug._ 21. For the
-Scythians, cf. Note 140 , above. For the Bastarnæ, cf. Livy, _Ep._
-CXXXIV; Dio, LI, 23, 24. For the Sarmatæ, cf. Flor. l. c.; Strabo,
-II, 5, 30; Tac. _Ann._, VI, 33; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._, II,
-108, 246; VI, 7, 19; VI, 5, 16; VI, 13, 40. Vergil refers to them as
-Gelones. Cf. _Aen._, VIII, 725. Cf. also Hor. _Carm._, II, 9;
-III, 8, 23. For the Albani and Iberi, cf. Dio, XLIX, 24. For the Medes,
-cf. c. 27 and notes.
-
-[142] For Phraates and Tiridates, cf. Justin, XLII, 5; Dio, LI, 18.
-Tiridates had supplanted Phraates and in turn was driven out by him. He
-then, in 724, came to Augustus for aid. But the latter was anxious to
-regain the lost standards from Parthia, and simply played off Tiridates
-against Phraates by setting him over Syria. Dio, in the passage cited,
-makes mention of a son of Phraates who was captured by Tiridates and
-given up to Augustus. This was possibly the Phraates here mentioned,
-though there are difficulties in the way of this explanation. For
-Augustus implies the voluntary coming of a reigning king, not the
-delivery of an abducted prince. We know that in 731 Tiridates was in
-Rome asking that Parthia be assigned to him, and that at the same time
-Phraates sent an embassy begging the restitution of his son. Cf. Dio,
-LIII, 33. Augustus laid the matter before the senate, and by their
-advice restored the prince in exchange for the standards, but did not
-yield to the plea of Tiridates.
-
-[143] Cf. c. 27.
-
-[144] A people east of the Tigris, and west of Media Atropatane.
-Nothing is known of Artaxares. For the Adiabeni and their kingdom, cf.
-Strabo, XVI, 1, 19; Tac. _Ann._, XII, 13; Josephus, _Ant._,
-XX, 2, 1.
-
-[145] Augustus several times was on the point of invading Britain. Cf.
-Dio, XLIX, 38, for 720; LIII, 22, 25, for 727, 728. The poets have many
-prophecies of victories in Britain. Cf. Ver. _Georg._, I, 30,
-written in 724; III, 25; Hor. _Epode_, VII, 7; _Carm._, I.
-35, 29, of the year 727, 728; _Carm._, III, 5; I, 21, 15; III, 4,
-33; IV, 14, 48. But nothing came of these plans. Cf. Strabo, IV, 5, 3,
-for embassies from Britain. Coins of Dumnobellaunus have been found.
-Cf. J. Evans, _Coins of the Ancient Britons_ (London, 1864), p.
-198, and the following plate 4, Nos. 6-12.
-
-[146] The great defeat of Lollius in 738 was by the Sicambri, joined
-with the Usipites and Tencteri. Cf. Dio, LIV, 20; Vell., II, 97; Suet.,
-_Aug._, 23. There was a temporary peace. Cf. Horace, _Carm._,
-IV, 2. 36; 14, 51. They rebelled in 742, and were put down, first by
-Drusus and later by Tiberius. Cf. Dio, LIV, 32, 33, 36. In 746 they
-were completely subjugated and removed into Gaul. Cf. Dio, LV, 6; Vell.
-II, 97; Suet., _Aug._, 21; _Tib._, 9; Tac. _Ann._, II,
-26; XII, 39; Strabo, VII, 1, 3. Probably the coming of Maelo was during
-this surrender of 746.
-
-[147] The Marcomani were a branch of the Suevi. Cf. Tac., _Germ._,
-XXXVIII; _Ann._, II, 44, 62.
-
-[148] The four sons were Seraspedes, Rhodaspedes, Vonones and
-Phraates, with the wives of two of them and four children. Cf. Strabo,
-XVI, 1, 28; VI, 4, 2; Justin, XLII, 5, 11; Vell., II, 94; Tac.,
-_Ann._, II, 1; Oros., VI, 21, 29; Suet., _Aug._ 21, 43; Jos.,
-_Antiq._, XVIII, 2, 4. They were sent to be out of harm’s way
-during troubles in Parthia, according to all but Josephus, who says
-they were removed so as not to hinder the succession of Phraataces, an
-illegitimate son. When Phraates died, Phraataces in vain asked Augustus
-for the return of the princes. This was c. 750. Cf. Dio, fragments,
-Ursin. 39. The two elder princes died in Rome. Cf. C. I. L., VI, 7799.
-Vonones was sent back by Augustus. Cf. c. 33, Note 149; Phraates was
-returned by Tiberius in 788. Cf. Tac., _Ann._, VI, 31; Dio, LVIII,
-16. Probably the princes were sent to Augustus in 744. Cf. Mommsen,
-_R. G._, p. 141.
-
-[149] The comment of Mommsen here seems too severe. He says: “The
-writer magnifies his splendors beyond what is exact: for the Parthians
-and Medes asked Augustus, not so much to appoint kings for them, as
-to restore to them those to whom the kingdom had fallen by hereditary
-right.” Such a criticism seems to overlook the force of the word
-_petitos_, as applied to _reges_: they got the kings they “asked for.”
-
-Phraataces was reigning in 754. Cf. Dio, LV, 10; Vell. II, 101. He was
-succeeded by Orodes for a short time. Then came the choice of Vonones.
-Cf. Jos. _Ant._ XVIII, 2, 4; Tac. _Ann._ II, 1. Josephus
-gives no date. Tacitus implies 770. Augustus, however, returned
-Vonones, and the date must be much earlier, probably c. 760. A Parthian
-embassy was in Rome between 757 and 759. Cf. Suet. _Tib._, 16.
-Coins also show the name of Vonones in 761. Cf. Gardner, _Parthian
-Coinage_, p. 46. His reign was very brief. Cf. Tacitus and Josephus,
-ll. cc.
-
-[150] Cf. c. 27.
-
-[151] This chapter is possibly the most weighty in the whole
-inscription, inasmuch as it sets forth the view of his policy which
-Augustus wished the world to hold. How far his statements in the
-opening and closing sentences represent his own actual notions of his
-relations to the sovereign power in Rome is a matter of debate. For a
-full discussion Mommsen, _Röm. St._ II, p. 723, ff., may be read,
-and Gardthausen, _Aug._ Iᵉʳ Th. IIᵉʳ Bd., pp. 485-540 and IIᵉʳ
-Th., pp. 277-299.
-
-The question is: Did Augustus in any real sense restore the republic,
-or did he conceive of himself as monarch, but find it politic to
-suppress all outward marks of royalty? Was his chief concern to
-maintain the peace and prosperity of the Roman people, with as little
-alteration as possible of the old constitutional forms, or was his
-object the building up of power for his own sake? This is confessedly
-one of the riddles of history. The best that can be done is to study
-his actions, estimating their worth and tendency, and leaving the
-motives of the great statesman where he hid them,—locked in his own
-bosom.
-
-Undoubtedly, all through the _Res Gestæ_, as is pointed out in
-the introduction, and as has been noticed from time to time in these
-notes, one of his great aims is to represent himself as a conservative,
-moving within constitutional limits. Coins of the period emphasize the
-view set forth in the opening sentence of this chapter with regard to
-the restoration of the republic. Cf. Eckhel, VI, 83: _imp. Cæsar
-divi f. cos. VI, libertatis p. R. vindex_; “The imperator, Cæsar,
-son of the divine (Cæsar) consul for the sixth time, (726) restorer of
-the freedom of the Roman people.” Cf. C. I. L. VI, 1527: “the whole
-world pacified, the republic restored.” Also, C. I. L. I, p. 384; the
-date referred to is Jan. 13, 727: “The senate decreed that an oaken
-crown should be fixed above the door of the imperator, Cæsar Augustus,
-because he restored the Roman republic.” Contemporary Roman writers
-simply echo the views of Augustus. Cf. Ovid, _Fasti_, I, 589,
-for Jan. 13, 727, Velleius, II, 89, says: “When the civil wars were
-finished in the twentieth year, (724) and the foreign wars brought to
-a close, peace was brought back, power restored to the laws, authority
-to the tribunals, majesty to the senate, the _imperium_ of the
-magistrates reduced to its old time form, the original and ancient
-form of the state restored.” Cf. Livy, _Epit._, CXXXIV. The
-Greek Strabo, also a contemporary, writes, XVII, 3, 25: “The country
-committed to him the headship of her sovereignty, and made him lord of
-peace and war for life.” Later writers, even the Romans, are equally
-free in their judgments. Dio, LII, I, says: “From this time (725) the
-affairs of Rome began to be in the control of one man (μοναρχεῖσθαι).”
-Cf. Suet. _Aug._, 28; Tac. _Ann._, III, 28. Dio’s account of
-the conference in which Agrippa advises a real abdication by Augustus,
-and Mæcenas urges a bold assumption of supreme power (LII, 1-40) is
-regarded as fictitious.
-
-The facts in the case are these: In 711 the Titian law gave the
-triumvirs a five years’ lease of power. In 716 this was renewed not
-by formal legislation, but “by universal consent.” Cf. App., _B. C._ V, 95. This triumviral power Augustus wielded till his sixth
-consulship, 726, though there was a pretence of its cessation in 721.
-Cf. c. 7, N, 1, and Mommsen, _Röm. St._, II, 698. In this and the
-following years he divested himself gradually of one extraordinary
-power after another. He could not at once fall back to the position
-of an ordinary magistrate. The armies, the laws, the provinces, the
-revenues had all been in his control. These he must gradually restore
-Cf. Dio, LII, 13; LIII, 4, 9, 10. In 726 he began his return to older
-customs by alternating with Agrippa, his colleague, in the consulship,
-in having the fasces borne before him by the lictors for a month. Cf.
-Dio, LIII, 1. The restoration of the censorship was part of the same
-programme. Dio, LIII, 2, says that by an edict he declared all the
-revolutionary and extraordinary acts of the triumviral period should
-cease to be effective with the expiration of his sixth consulship
-(726). The inscription of Jan. 13, 727, above alluded to, C. I. L. I,
-p. 384, marks that date as that on which the business of restoring the
-provinces was finally given over to the senate.
-
-From this time on the senate divided the control of the provinces
-with him. Augustus took the troublesome provinces and the frontier
-ones, leaving to the senate the older and more peaceable. Over these
-provinces he received a proconsular imperium for ten years, which was
-renewed at the expiration of that term. In c. 7 he says that he found
-the tribunitial power a sufficient basis for all the measures which
-he wished to put through. Now the proconsulship and tribuneship were
-both ordinary and constitutional offices. Augustus’ occupancy of each
-affords an illustration of the way in which he held ordinary offices in
-an extraordinary way. For by the old customs a proconsul must exercise
-his _imperium_ in his province, and never at Rome. Augustus could
-not be in ten provinces at once, and must be at Rome most of the time.
-Hence a violation of the constitution was necessary. The tribuneship,
-instituted for the protection of plebeians could be held only by a
-plebeian. But Augustus was a patrician. For this reason he did not
-take the tribuneship in the ordinary way, nor by the ordinary title,
-but designated himself as _tribunicia potestate_, “of tribunitial
-authority.”
-
-The title _princeps_, “prince” is never used by Augustus as an
-official designation in laws and inscriptions, but indicates simply his
-primacy of rank and is so used throughout the _Res Gestæ_. Cf. cc.
-13, 30, 32.
-
-[152] Cf. C. I. L. 1, p. 384; X. 8375; Livy, _Ep._, 134; Cass. ad.
-an. 727; Oros. VI, 20, 8; Vell. II, 91; Suet. _Aug._ 7; Dio, LIII,
-16.
-
-[153] Cf. coins in Eckhel, VI, 88; Cohen, _Aug._ nos. 43-48, 50,
-207-212, 301, 341, 356, 385, 426, 476-8, 482. All these show either
-the crown or the laurels and many of them have both. With the crown is
-generally _ob civis servatos_, “for preserving the citizens.” The
-civic crown being the reward of any soldier who saved a citizen’s life,
-Augustus was pre-eminently deemed worthy of it, because he had saved so
-many by putting an end to the civil wars, and by his clemency. Cf. Dio,
-LIII, 16; Suet. _Claud._ 17; Sen. _De Clem._ I, 26, 5; Ovid,
-_Tr._ III, 1, 39, 41, 47; _Fasti_ IV, 953; III, 137; Val.
-Max. II, 8, 7; Juv. VI, 52, 79; X, 65; XII, 91; Tac. _Ann._ XV, 71.
-
-[154] No ancient writer mentions this shield, but a number of coins and
-inscriptions portray it. Cf. C. I. L. IX, 5811, wherein two Victories
-carry a shield inscribed: “The senate and Roman people have given
-to Augustus a shield on account of his valor, clemency, justice and
-piety;” the very words of the _Res Gestæ_. For coins, cf. Eckhel,
-VI, 95, 103, 121; Cohen, _Aug._ nos. 50-53, 213-216, 253, 264-267,
-283, 286-297, 332. The Victory, which is frequently associated with the
-shield, probably indicates that the latter was placed by Augustus near
-the altar of Victory erected by him in the Curia Julia.
-
-[155] Cf. Note 151.
-
-[156] This title was given Feb. 5, 752. Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 386; II,
-No. 2107. As in the case of the title, prince of the youth, conferred
-upon Gaius and Lucius, and of the continuance of his supreme power by
-universal consent (cf. cc. 14 and 34), the appellation, father of the
-fatherland, was given by general acclamation, leaving to the senate
-only the formal ratification of the popular will. Suet. _Aug._ 58,
-expressly states this. Cf. also Ovid, _Fasti_, II, 128.
-
-The Augustan Forum was dedicated this same year, 752. Cf. c. 21, Note.
-In all probability the quadriga had been in existence some time before
-this, inasmuch as it appears on a coin of uncertain date with the
-inscription: “the senate and Roman people to Cæsar Augustus, parent and
-presever.” If the quadriga had been made at the time this inscription
-was ordered, the coin would surely have borne the formal title, “father
-of the fatherland,” not the designation, “parent.” Cf. Eckhel, VI, 113.
-
-[157] The seventy-sixth year of Augustus began Sept. 23, 766. Chapter
-8 mentions his third census, which was completed one hundred days
-before his death, hence May 11, 767. The _Res Gestæ_ must have
-been written, then, in the interval between this date and his start for
-Campania, on his last journey, as we know he left this document in the
-hands of the Vestal Virgins. Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 97.
-
-SUPPLEMENT.
-
-For a discussion of this supplement, see the Introduction.
-
-[158] Equivalent to 2,400,000,000 sesterces, about $120,000,000. This
-does not exactly correspond with the sum of the items mentioned in the
-_Res Gestæ_. These sum up 2,199,800,000 sesterces.
-
-[159] A mere summary of c. 19, with a bit from c. 20, the only
-principle of arrangement being to put temples first, and the rest
-haphazard. The difference in the Greek and Latin is curious. No attempt
-is made to reproduce _pulvinar_ in Greek, although in c. 19 it had
-been rendered ναόν.
-
-[160] A summary of c. 20.
-
-[161] A summary of cc. 22, 23.
-
-[162] For aid given to Naples, cf. Dio, LV, 10; to Venafrum, in
-Campania, C. I. L. X, 4842.
-
-[163] For aid to Paphos, cf. Dio, LIV, 23; to a number of towns in
-Asia, Dio, LIV, 30; to Laodicea and Tralles, Strabo, XII, 8, 18; to
-Thyatira and Chios, Suet. _Tib._ 8.
-
-[164] Cf. Suet. _Aug._ 41. The estate necessary to qualify a
-senator he raised from 800,000 sesterces to 1,200,000, and where
-senators were worthy, though poor, he made up their fortunes to that
-sum. Cf. Dio, LI, 17; LII, 19; LIII, 2; LIV, 17; LV, 13; LVI, 41.
-
-
-Transcriber’s Notes:—
-
-  The printer is thought to be Anvil Printing Company
-  (see front matter).
-
-  In Footnote 58, Cf. Dio, XLIT is taken as a typo for
-  Cf. Dio, XLIV.
-
-  On Page 28 the number of Roman citizens is given as four million,
-  two hundred and thirty thousand. In the associated footnote this
-  is given as 4,233,000.
-
-  Typographical errors in the Greek (All corrected).
-  Page 10 πρυκατηλειμένας changed to read προκατηλειμένας
-  Page 13 ψηψίσμασι changed to read ψηφίσμασι
-  Page 23 τόν changed to read τὸν
-  Page 25 οίας changed to read σίας
-  Page 33 ῷ changed to read ᾦ
-  Page 37 θαλὰσσης changed to read θαλάσσης
-  Page 43 ἑξὴκοντα changed to read ἑξήκοντα
-  Page 45 οὕς changed to read οὓς
-  Page 51 ἐπιγαφῆς changed to read ἐπιγραφῆς
-  Page 53 Ἂ[ρεω]ς changed to read Ἄ[ρεω]ς
-  Page 55 ᾷ changed to read ᾳ
-  Page 57 Ὑρὲρ changed to read Ὑπὲρ
-  Page 57 Γαίῷ changed to read Γαίῳ
-  Page 57 Ιαύῳ changed to read Γαίῳ
-  Page 57 Σε[ι]λανῳ changed to read Σε[ι]λανῷ
-  Page 59 τρ[ί]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι changed to read τρ[ι]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι
-  Page 61 ῷ changed to read ᾧ
-  Page 61 Αιβύη changed to read Λιβύη
-  Page 61 τοῦς changed to read τοὺς
-  Page 61 οὅ changed to read οἳ
-  Page 67 μείοζονος changed to read μείσζονος
-  Page 69 ρᾴ changed to read ρα
-  Page 69 αἵ changed to read αἳ
-  Page 69 ἔμοῦ changed to read ἐμοῦ
-  Page 73 ποτομοῦ changed to read ποταμοῦ
-  Page 77 ἐθνη changed to read ἔθνη
-  Page 85 εν changed to read ἐν
-
-  Typographical errors in the Latin (All corrected).
-  Page 39 turmœ changed to read turmæ and optious changed to read optios
-
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-
-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Monumentum Ancyranum, by Emperor Augustus</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Monumentum Ancyranum</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>The Deeds of Augustus</p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Emperor Augustus and William Fairley</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: October 22, 2021 [eBook #66595]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Turgut Dincer, Stephen Rowland, Brian Wilcox and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM ***</div>
-
-<p class="center noindent">CONTENTS<br />
-
-<a href="#PREFACE">Preface</a><br />
-<a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a><br />
-<a href="#H2LATIN">Latin Inscriptions</a><br />
-<a href="#H2GREEK">Greek Inscriptions</a><br />
-<a href="#H2ENGLISH">English Descriptions</a><br />
-<a href="#Supplement">Supplement</a><br />
-<a href="#CHRONOLOGICAL_TABLE">Chronological Table</a><br />
-<a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">Bibliography</a><br />
-<a href="#NOTES">Notes</a>
-
-</p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left smcap">Vol. V.</p>
-<p class="float-right smcap">No. 1.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="center padt2 large">Translations and Reprints</p>
-
-<p class="center padt2 smallest">FROM THE</p>
-
-<p class="center padt2 large"><b>Original Sources of European History</b></p>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<h1>MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM</h1>
-
-<p class="center larger">THE DEEDS OF AUGUSTUS</p>
-
-<h2><span class="smcap padt1">Edited by William Fairley, Ph.D.</span></h2>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p class="center small padt1 padb1">PUBLISHED BY<br />
-
-<br />The Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania.</p>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p class="center small padt1 padb1">Philadelphia, Pa., 1898.<br />
-
-<br /><span class="smcap">English Agency</span>: P. S. KING &amp; SON, 12-14 King Street, London, S. W.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<p class="center small padt2 padb2">Copyright, 1898,<br />
-<span class="smcap">William Fairley</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center smallest padt2">PHILADELPHIA<br />
-<span class="smcap">Anvil Printing Company</span><br />
-1898</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE">PREFACE</h2>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p>The method employed in this edition of the <cite>Monumentum Ancyranum</cite>
-is suggested by the purpose for which it is intended. That purpose
-is primarily to adapt it as one of the series of <cite>Translations and
-Reprints from the Original Sources of European History</cite>, published
-by the Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania.
-The English version is the core of the work. At the same time the
-opportunity has been seized to present the original texts in such form
-as to be of real philological service. That there is room for such
-an edition of the <cite>Monumentum Ancyranum</cite> there can be no doubt.
-The critical edition published by Mommsen in 1883, <cite>Res Gestæ Divi
-Augusti</cite>, must long remain for scholars the sufficient hand-book for
-the study of the greatest of inscriptions. But that edition, with its
-Latin notes, is not adapted for ordinary school or college use, or for
-historical study by those who do not readily use Latin. And although
-Roman histories constantly refer to this great source for the life and
-times of Augustus, there has been no accessible English translation. It
-is true that the English translation of Duruy’s <cite>History of Rome</cite>
-contains a version of the <cite>Monumentum</cite>, but it is not in full
-accord with the latest text as set forth by Mommsen, and is hidden away
-in the ponderous volumes of that expensive work.</p>
-
-<p>Aside from Mommsen’s edition of 1883, the only recent edition is a
-French one of 1886 by C. Peltier. But this is simply a condensation of
-Mommsen. While the present edition depends very largely on Mommsen’s
-work, it is more than a condensation. Not only is the English version
-given, but all the known studies of the text published since 1883,
-and in criticism of Mommsen, have been collated. The emendations thus
-suggested have been placed as footnotes to the Latin and Greek texts.
-Moreover, the notes have been carefully revised. For the most part they
-are much reduced in compass, but in many cases they are added to; and
-a large number of typographical errors in Mommsen’s edition have been
-corrected. Most of these errors were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span> reproduced in the French edition
-above mentioned. In a work with such a multitude of references it is
-too much to hope that all errors have been avoided, and the editor will
-be greatly indebted if users of the book will report them to him.</p>
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">W. Fairley.</span></p>
-
-<p><em>University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.</em></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</h2>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">I. History of the Inscription.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>Suetonius in his <cite>Life of Augustus</cite> tells us that that Emperor had
-placed in charge of the Vestal virgins his will and three other sealed
-documents; and the four papers were produced and read in the senate
-immediately after his death. One of these additional documents gave
-directions as to his funeral; another gave a concise account of the
-state of the empire; the third contained a list of “his achievements
-which he desired should be inscribed on brazen tablets and placed
-before his mausoleum.” These tablets perished in the decline of Rome.
-Centuries passed; men had ceased to ask about them, and there was no
-idea that they would ever be brought to light. Nor were the original
-tablets ever found. But in 1555 Buysbecche, a Dutch scholar, was sent
-on an embassy from the Emperor Ferdinand II. to the Sultan Soliman
-at Amasia in Asia Minor; and a letter of his, published among others
-at Frankfort in 1595, tells the story of the discovery of a copy of
-this epitaph of Augustus. He writes: “On our nineteenth day from
-Constantinople we reached Ancyra. Here we found a most beautiful
-inscription, and a copy of those tablets on which Augustus had placed
-the story of his achievements.” From this situation of the copy comes
-the common title, <cite>Monumentum Ancyranum</cite>. Buysbecche made some
-attempt to copy the Latin inscription, but his work was very hasty and
-incomplete. What he had discovered was of extreme importance, and his
-report stimulated such interest that European scholars never rested
-till as complete a copy as possible was finally made in our own time.
-The temple on whose walls the inscription was found was one dedicated
-to Augustus and Rome, as was a common custom during the lifetime of
-that Emperor. It was a hexastyle of white marble, with joints of such
-exquisite workmanship that even in this century it was difficult to
-trace some of them. This temple had served as a Christian church till
-the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span> fifteenth century, and from that time has been part of a Turkish
-mosque, some sections of its enclosure being used as a cemetery. The
-great inscription was cut on the two side walls of the pronaos, or
-vestibule. It was in six pages, three on the left as one entered, and
-three on the right. Each page contained from forty-two to fifty-four
-lines, and each line an average of sixty letters. The pages cover six
-courses of the masonry in height, about 2.70 metres, and the length of
-the inscription on each wall is about 4 metres. On one of the outer
-walls of the temple was a Greek translation of the Latin. This measures
-1.38 metres in height by 21 metres in length. Several Turkish houses
-had been built against the wall containing this Greek version, and
-this made the reading of it, and still more the copying, an extremely
-difficult task. The priceless value of the Greek version lies in the
-fact that it supplements in many cases the breaks in the Latin. For
-it is needless to say that an inscription so old and so exposed has
-suffered much from time and violence. Various travelers have described
-the temple and its treasure: Tournefort in his <cite>Voyage du Levant</cite>,
-Lyons, 1717; Kinneir, <cite>Journey Through Asia Minor</cite>, 1818; Texier,
-<cite>Description de l’Asie mineure</cite>, Paris, 1839; William Hamilton,
-<cite>Researches in Asia Minor</cite>, London, 1842; and most completely,
-Guillaume, Perrot and Delbet, in their <cite>Exploration archéologique de
-la Galatie, etc., in 1861</cite>, Paris, 1872.</p>
-
-<p>Numerous attempts were made at transcribing the inscription, and a
-number of editions were published. Buysbecche’s fragments found several
-editors in the century of their discovery. About a hundred years after
-him Daniel Cosson, a merchant from Leyden, who had lived many years at
-Smyrna, dying there in 1689, caused an attempt to be made to secure a
-copy, and with somewhat better results. His copy was edited at Leyden
-in 1695. In 1701 Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, under direction of
-Louis XIV, visited Ancyra, and attempted to secure a facsimile of the
-text. In 1705 Paul Lucas, also sent by Louis XIV, spent twenty days
-in copying the Latin, and his work was the last of its kind till the
-present century. While these early copies are far from being as perfect
-as more recent ones, they have this value: that in a number of cases
-they show parts of the inscription which progressive disintegration has
-now rendered illegible.</p>
-
-<p>The Greek text, owing to the buildings reared against it, was much
-harder to transcribe. In 1745 Richard Pococke published a few
-fragments, and in 1832 Hamilton copied pages 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the
-nineteen into which the Greek is divided.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span></p>
-
-<p>Within recent years all has been done that can possibly be done to
-secure perfect copies of both Greek and Latin. In 1859 the Royal
-Academy of Berlin commissioned a scholar named Mordtmann to secure a
-<em>papier maché</em> cast of the Latin, and to transcribe the Greek. He
-failed in both attempts, and declared that the casts would ruin the
-original.</p>
-
-<p>Napoleon III. commissioned George Perrot and Edmund Guillaume to
-explore Asia Minor. In their work above mentioned they give a facsimile
-copy of the whole of the Latin, and of as much of the Greek as they
-could get at. Their plates were the basis of an edition of the text by
-Mommsen in 1865, and another by Bergk in 1873, and of the text given in
-the <cite>Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum</cite>.</p>
-
-<p>But Mommsen and the Berlin Academy were not satisfied. Carl Humann had
-distinguished himself by his researches at Pergamos, and to him they
-committed the task of securing casts of the whole of both texts. The
-story of his achievement is extremely interesting. Difficulty after
-difficulty was met and surmounted. And finally he succeeded in his
-plan. With materials dug near-by he made plaster casts. The owners of
-the Turkish houses he succeeded in inducing to allow their walls to be
-so far torn away as to permit him to get at the entire Greek text. And
-finally twenty great cases containing the whole series of casts were
-sent away on pack mules to the coast and thence to Berlin. The Royal
-Academy now counts these casts among its chief treasures. This was
-in 1882. In 1883 Mommsen published his great critical edition of the
-text, on which this edition is based. His work is almost final on the
-subject, but especially in the matter of conjectural fillings of the
-<em>lacunæ</em> is subject to revision. But an inspection of the text
-as given in this volume will show that we have the words of Augustus
-almost in their entirety.</p>
-
-<p>At Apollonia, on the borders of Phrygia and Pisidia, has been found
-another ruined temple, with remnants of the Greek version of this
-inscription. At Apollonia the inscription originally covered seven
-pages. Of these there are still legible the upper portions of pages
-two, three, four and five. The correspondence between the text at
-Ancyra and that at Apollonia is almost exact, and where there is a
-divergence, it has been indicated.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">II. Character and Purpose of the Inscription.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>German scholars have waged a fierce warfare over the question of the
-literary character of the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>, as Mommsen commonly calls
-it.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span> He himself refrains from assigning it decidedly to any class of
-composition. Is it epitaph, or a “statement of account,” or “political
-statement”? Otto Hirschfeld contends strongly it is not an epitaph
-because it contains no dates of birth or death, and is in the first
-person. Wölfflin calls it a statement of account. Geppert sides with
-Hirschfeld. Bormann, Schmidt and Nissen all hold it to be an epitaph.
-And this appears to be the final agreement. The latest word is the
-discussion by Bormann, in 1895, in which he still maintains the epitaph
-view. For these discussions, cf. the bibliography at the end of this
-volume.</p>
-
-<p>Of course it is an epitaph of unique character. It has certain striking
-peculiarities, and specially of omission. There is no mention of
-domestic affairs. The wife of the Emperor is unnamed. Although in
-enumerating his honors and offices it was necessary to date events by
-the names of consuls, yet aside from this he mentions no person outside
-the imperial household, not even such favorites as Mæcenas and Agrippa.
-His foes, Brutus, Cassius and Antony, are several times alluded to,
-but never named. The same is true of Lepidus and Sextus Pompeius.
-Unfortunate events are not noticed. His omission of the disaster to
-the Roman arms under Varus has been severely criticised as an attempt
-to deceive; but if the inscription is really an epitaph one cannot
-wonder at such silence. The omission of the dates of birth and death
-has been variously explained. Some have thought that he meant his heirs
-to fill in any such gaps after his death, and to recast the whole into
-the third person. Or, it has been suggested that it was the desire of
-Augustus to be counted a divinity, and that therefore he wished to pose
-as one “without beginning of years, or end of days.” It certainly would
-be incongruous to record the death of a god. With regard to his general
-purpose Mommsen says: “No one would look for the arcana of empire in
-such a document, but for such things as an <em>imperator</em> of mind
-shrewd rather than lofty, and who skillfully bore the character of a
-great man while he himself was not great, wished the whole people, and
-especially the rabble, to believe about him.” Two purposes are manifest
-throughout the document. One is to pose as a saviour of the state from
-its foes, and not at all as a seeker after personal aggrandizement;
-another is to represent his whole authority as having been exercised
-under constitutional forms. These two ideas appear again and again.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">III. Divisions of the Text.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>The text may be roughly divided into three sections. Chapters one
-to fourteen give the various offices held by Augustus, and the
-honors<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span> bestowed upon him; chapters fifteen to twenty-four recount
-his expenditures for the good of the state and the people; and the
-remaining chapters, twenty-five to thirty-five, give the statement
-of his various achievements in war, and his works of a more peaceful
-character. This classification will not hold rigorously, but is true in
-the main.</p>
-
-<p>The division into chapters or paragraphs is marked in the Latin text
-by making the first line of each chapter project a little to the left
-of the remaining lines. Each such paragraph is relatively complete.
-And the use of such a topical method marks a new manner of composition
-quite different from the old annalistic style of Roman historiography.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">IV. The Greek Version.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>George Kaibel has made a special study of the Greek version, and is led
-to the opinion that it was made by a Roman rather than by a Greek. It
-is a grammar and dictionary rendering, rather than the idiomatic work
-of one quite at home in the use of Greek. This conclusion is based
-upon linguistic grounds. A further question remains as to where this
-translation was made, whether at Rome or in the provinces. The fact of
-the identity of the two copies at Apollonia and at Ancyra would seem to
-indicate a common Roman source.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">V. The Supplement.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>This is poorly written both in the Latin and in the Greek; and it is
-also a very imperfect summary of the document, summing up only what
-was spent upon games, donations and buildings. The fact that it is in
-the third person also proves that it is not the work of Augustus. The
-reckoning by denarii rather than by sesterces points to a Greek origin,
-and the mention of favors shown by Augustus to provincial towns (cf. c.
-4 and notes) would indicate one outside of Rome.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">VI. Trustworthiness of the Inscription.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>The corroborations of the inscription by other inscriptions, coins and
-later historians, as well as by allusions in contemporary literature,
-form an interesting study. And the trustworthiness of the record
-becomes more manifest the more one compares its statements with those
-of other writers. Only one point has been found where Augustus makes
-what might be challenged as a perversion of fact. (Cf. c. 2, note <a href="#Footnote_16">16</a>.)</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">VII. Masons’ Blunders.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>A number of apparent errors in the text are to be attributed in all
-probability to the stone-cutters at Ancyra. Such are the superfluous
-<em>et</em> of Latin ii, 2; <em>aede</em> for <em>aedem</em>, iv, 22;
-<em>quinquens</em> for <em>quinquiens</em>, iv, 31; <em>ducenti</em> for
-<em>ducentos</em>, iv, 45; <em>provicias</em> for <em>provincias</em>, v,
-11; <em>Tigrane</em> for <em>Tigranem</em>, v, 31. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εὔξησα</span> for
-<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἠύξησα</span>, Gr. iv, 8; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ῥωμάοις</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ῥωμαίοις</span>,
-vii, 6; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπατον</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπάτων</span>, vii, 15; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄνδρας
-μυριάδων</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνδρῶν μυριάδας</span>, viii, 8; omission of <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">
-τρὶς</span> before <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χειλίας</span>, ix, 13; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπεσκευσα</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">
-ἐπεσκευάσα</span>, x, 18; omission of <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ναὸν</span> before <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγοράν</span>,
-xi, 10; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">επεύξησα</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπηύξησα</span>, xiv, 4; omission of
-<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀρτάξου</span>, xv, 3; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μείσζονος</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μείζονος</span>, xv,
-15; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">προκατηλειμένας</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατειλημένας</span>, xv, 17; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">
-ἐπειταδε</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπίταδε</span>, xvi, 11; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βασιλεες</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">
-βασιλεῖς</span>, xvi, 22; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βασιλεις</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βασιλεὺς</span>, xvii, 4;
-<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπείκειαν</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπιείκειαν</span>, xviii, 5; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγορᾷ
-Σεβαστῇ</span> for <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγορὰ Σεβαστή</span>, xix, 1.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">VIII. Signs and Abbreviations.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p>The Latin and Greek texts are printed in such a way as to give the
-best idea practicable of their actual condition. Roman numerals denote
-the pages of the inscription, and the Arabic figures the lines. These
-numerals and the chapter headings are no part of the inscription. The
-projection of the first line of each chapter in the Latin is the only
-method of marking the divisions in the original.</p>
-
-<p>Parts of the Greek and Latin text included within brackets, [], are
-conjectural restorations of the portions of the inscription which have
-perished. The Greek generally is a guide to the Latin and <em>vice
-versa</em>, for the instances are rare where both versions have been
-lost. The textual notes show that not all scholars have reckoned the
-same number of missing letters. These variations are quite allowable,
-for it is impossible to say that just so many letters are missing in
-any given case, owing to the various sizes of different letters, and
-varying degrees of closeness of writing.</p>
-
-<p>Where dots (...) occur, it signifies that Mommsen reckons as many
-letters unrestored as there are dots.</p>
-
-<p>The sign § indicates a mark in the original resembling a figure 7, or a
-very open 3.</p>
-
-<p>The same sign in brackets [§] indicates an unfilled interval in the
-stone.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span></p>
-
-<p>The apices over vowels in the Latin indicate similar marks in the
-original in the case of a, e, o and u, and in the case of i a
-prolongation of that letter above the line.</p>
-
-<p>Where certain letters of the Latin text are italicized it indicates
-that while they do not appear in the plaster casts, yet they were
-traced by Alfred Domaszewski (a fellow-worker with Humann) on the stone
-itself, by means of certain discolorations from paint, or gilding, or
-weather, which marked the bottom of the incisions of the letters in
-several cases where the surface of the stone had been worn away.</p>
-
-<p>In the textual notes, B. stands for Bormann, G. for Geppert, S. for J.
-Schmidt, Sk. for Seeck, W. for Wölfflin, Apoll. for the inscription at
-Apollonia, and Anc. for that at Ancyra.</p>
-
-<p>The abbreviations of the names of authors and their works in the
-historical notes are indicated in the bibliography at the close of the
-book.</p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="H2LATIN">MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p class="indent">Rérum gestárum díví Augusti, quibus orbem terra[rum] imperio populi
-Rom. subiécit, § et inpensarum, quas in rem publicam populumque
-Ro[ma]num fecit, incísarum in duabus aheneís pílís, quae su[n]t Romae
-positae, exemplar sub[i]ectum.</p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">I.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 1.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 Annós undéviginti natus exercitum priváto consilio et privatá
-impensá</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; comparávi, [§] per quem rem publicam [do]minatione factionis
-oppressam</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; in libertátem vindicá[vi. Ob quae sen]atus decretis honor[ifi]cis in</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; ordinem suum m[e adlegit C. Pansa A. Hirti]o consulibu[s,
-c]on[sula]—</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; rem locum s[imul dans sententiae ferendae, et im]perium mihi dedit
-[§].</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; Rés publica n[e quid detrimenti caperet, me] pro praetore simul cum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; consulibus pro[videre iussit. Populus] autem eódem anno mé</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; consulem, cum [cos. uterque bello ceci]disset, et trium virum reí
-publi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; cae constituend[ae creavit].</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 2.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10 Qui parentem meum [interfecer]un[t, eó]s in exilium expulí
-iudiciís legi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; timís ultus eórum [fa]cin[us, e]t posteá bellum inferentis reí
-publicae</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; víci b[is a]cie.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 3.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13 [B]ella terra et mari c[ivilia exter]naque tóto in orbe terrarum
-s[uscepi]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; victorque omnibus [superstitib]us cívibus pepercí. § Exte[rnas]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; gentés, quibus túto [ignosci pot]ui[t, co]nserváre quam excídere
-m[alui].</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; Míllia civium Róma[norum adacta] sacrámento meo fuerunt circiter
-[quingen]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; ta. § Ex quibus dedú[xi in coloni]ás aut remísi in municipia sua
-stipen[dis emeri]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; tis millia aliquant[um plura qu]am trecenta et iís omnibus agrós a
-[me emptos]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; aut pecuniam pró p[raediis a] me dedí. § Naves cépi sescen[tas
-praeter]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; eás, si quae minóre[s quam trir]emes fuerunt. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 4.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21 [Bis] ováns triumpha[vi, tris egi c]urulis triumphós et appellá[tus
-sum viciens</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; se]mel imperátor. [Cum deinde plú]ris triumphos mihi se[natus
-decrevisset,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; eis su]persedi [§]. I[tem saepe laur]us deposuí, § in Capi[tolio
-votis, quae]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; quóque bello nuncu[paveram, solu]tís. § Ob res á [me aut per legatos]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">25&nbsp; &nbsp; meós auspicís meis terra m[ariqu]e pr[o]spere gestás qu[inquagiens
-et quin]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">26&nbsp; &nbsp; quiens decrevit senátus supp[lica]ndum esse dís immo[rtalibus. Dies
-autem</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">27&nbsp; &nbsp; pe]r quós ex senátús consulto [s]upplicátum est, fuere DC[CCLXXXX.
-In triumphis</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">28&nbsp; &nbsp; meis] ducti sunt ante currum m[e]um regés aut r[eg]um lib[eri novem.
-Consul</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">29&nbsp; &nbsp; fuer]am terdeciens, c[u]m [scribeb]a[m] haec, [et agebam se]p[timum
-et trigensimum annum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">30&nbsp; &nbsp; tribu]niciae potestatis.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 5.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">31 [Dictatura]m et apsent[i et praesenti mihi datam .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;. a
-populo et senatu</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">32&nbsp; &nbsp; M. Marce]llo e[t] L. Ar[runtio consulibus non accepi. Non recusavi
-in summa</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">33&nbsp; &nbsp; frumenti p]enuri[a c]uratio[ne]m an[nonae, qu]am ita
-ad[ministravi, ut .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">34&nbsp; &nbsp; paucis diebu]s metu et per[i]c[lo quo erat populu]m univ[ersum
-meis impen-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">35&nbsp; &nbsp; sis liberarem]. § Con[sulatum tum dat]um annuum e[t perpetuum non</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">36&nbsp; &nbsp; accepi.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 6.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">37 Consulibus M. Vinucio et Q. Lucretio et postea P.] et Cn.
-L[entulis et tertium</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">38&nbsp; &nbsp; Paullo Fabio Maximo et Q. Tuberone senatu populoq]u[e Romano consen-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">39&nbsp; &nbsp; tientibus].&nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">40&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">41&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">42&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 7.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">43&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">44&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;[Princeps senatus fui usque ad e eum diem, quo
-scrips]eram [haec,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">45&nbsp; &nbsp; per annos quadraginta. Pontifex maximus, augur, quindecimviru]m
-sacris [faciundis,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">46&nbsp; &nbsp; septemvirum epulonum, frater arvalis, sodalis Titius, fetiali]s fui.</p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">II.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 8.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 Patriciórum numerum auxí consul quintum iussú populi et senátús. §
-Sena-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; tum ter légi. et In consulátú sexto cénsum populi conlegá M.
-Agrippá égí. §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; Lústrum post annum alterum et quadragensimum féc[i]. § Quó lústro cívi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; um Románórum censa sunt capita quadragiens centum millia et sexa-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; g[i]nta tria millia. [§] [Iteru]m consulari cum imperio lústrum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; [s]ólus féci C. Censorin[o et C.] Asinio cos. § Quó lústro censa sunt</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; cívium Romanóru[m capita] quadragiens centum millia et ducen-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; ta triginta tria m[illia. Tertiu]m consulári cum imperio lústrum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; conlegá Tib. Cae[sare filio feci] § Sex. Pompeio et Sex. Appuleio cos.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; Quó lústro ce[nsa sunt civium Ro]mánórum capitum quadragiens</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; centum mill[ia et nongenta tr]iginta et septem millia. §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; Legibus noví[s latis complura e]xempla maiorum exolescentia</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; iam ex nost[ro usu reduxi et ipse] multárum rér[um exem]pla imi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; tanda pos[teris tradidi.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 9.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15 Vota pro valetudine mea suscipi per cons]ulés et sacerdotes
-qu[into]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; qu[oque anno senatus decrevit. Ex iis] votís s[ae]pe fecerunt vívo</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <em>me</em> [ludos aliquotiens sacerdotu]m quattuor amplissima collé-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; [gia, aliquotiens consules. Privat]im etiam et múnicipatim
-úniver<em>si</em></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; [cives sacrificaverunt sempe]r apud omnia pulvínária pró vale-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; [tudine mea.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 10.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21 Nomen meum senatus consulto inc]lusum est in saliáre carmen et
-sacrosan-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; [ctus ut essem ....... et ut q]uoa[d] víverem, tribúnicia potestás
-mihi</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; [esset, lege sanctum est. Pontif]ex maximus ne fierem in víví
-[c]onle-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; [gae locum, populo id sace]rdotium deferente mihi, quod pater meu[s</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">25&nbsp; &nbsp; habuit, recusavi. Cepi id] sacerdotium aliquod post annós eó mor-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">26&nbsp; &nbsp; [tuo qui civilis motus o]ccasione occupaverat [§], cuncta ex Italia</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">27&nbsp; &nbsp; [ad comitia mea .... tanta mu]ltitudine, quanta Romae nun[q]uam</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">28&nbsp; &nbsp; [antea fuisse fertur, coeunte] P. Sulpicio C. Valgio consulibu[s]
-§.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 11.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">29 [Aram Fortunae reduci iuxta? ae]dés Honoris et Virtutis ad portam</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">30&nbsp; &nbsp; [Capenam pro reditu meo se]nátus consacravit, in qua ponti-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">31&nbsp; &nbsp; [fices et virgines Vestales anni]versárium sacrificium facere</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">32&nbsp; &nbsp; [iussit die, quo consulibus Q. Luc]retio et [M. Vinuci]o in urbem ex</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">33&nbsp; &nbsp; [Syria redi, et diem Augustali]a ex [c]o[gnomine nost]ro appellavit.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 12.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">34 [Senatus consulto eodem tempor]e pars [praetorum et tri]bunorum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">35&nbsp; &nbsp; [plebi cum consule Q. Lucret]io et princi[pi]bus [viris ob]viam
-mihi</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">36&nbsp; &nbsp; mis[s]a e[st in Campan]ia[m, qui] honos [ad hoc tempus] nemini
-prae-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">37&nbsp; &nbsp; ter [m]e es[t decretus. Cu]m ex H[ispa]niá Gal[liaque, rebus in
-his p]rovincís prosp[e]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">38&nbsp; &nbsp; re [gest]i[s], R[omam redi] Ti. Ne[r]one P. Qui[ntilio consulibu]s
-[§], áram</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">39&nbsp; &nbsp; [Pácis A]u[g]ust[ae senatus pro] redi[t]ú meó co[nsacrari censuit]
-ad cam-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">40&nbsp; &nbsp; [pum Martium, in qua ma]gistratús et sac[erdotes et virgines]
-V[est]á[les</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">41&nbsp; &nbsp; anniversarium sacrific]ium facer[e iussit.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 13.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">42 Ianum] Quirin[um, quem cl]aussum ess[e maiores nostri voluer]unt,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">43&nbsp; &nbsp; [cum p]er totum i[mperium po]puli Roma[ni terra marique es]set
-parta vic-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">44&nbsp; &nbsp; [torii]s pax, cum pr[ius, quam] náscerer, [a condita] u[rb]e bis
-omnino clausum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">45&nbsp; &nbsp; [f]uisse prodátur m[emori]ae, ter me princi[pe senat]us claudendum
-esse censui[t.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 14.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">46 Fil]ios meos, quós iuv[enes mi]hi eripuit for[tuna], Gaium et
-Lucium Caesares</p>
-
-<p class="bq">III.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 honoris mei caussá senatus populusque Romanus annum quíntum et deci-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; mum agentís consulés designávit, ut [e]um magistrátum inírent post
-quín-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; quennium. Et ex eó die, quó deducti [s]unt in forum, ut interessent
-consiliis</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; publicis decrevit sena[t]us. § Equites [a]utem Románi universi
-principem</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; iuventútis utrumque eórum parm[is] et hastís argenteís donátum ap-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; pelláverunt. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 15.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7 Plebei Románae viritim HS trecenos numeravi ex testámento patris</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; meí, § et nomine meo HS quadringenos ex bellórum manibiís consul</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; quintum dedí, iterum autem in consulátú decimo ex [p]atrimonio</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; meo HS quadringenos congiári viritim pernumer[a]ví, § et consul</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; undecimum duodecim frúmentátiónes frúmento pr[i]vatim coémpto</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; emensus sum, [§] et tribuniciá potestáte duodecimum quadringenós</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; nummós tertium viritim dedí. Quae mea congiaria p[e]rvenerunt</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; ad [homi]num millia nunquam minus quinquáginta et ducenta. §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; Tribu[nic]iae potestátis duodevicensimum consul XII trecentís et</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; vigint[i] millibus plebís urbánae sexagenós denariós viritim dedí.
-§</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; In colon[i]s militum meórum consul quintum ex manibiís viritim</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; millia nummum singula dedi; acceperunt id triumphale congiárium</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; in colo[n]ís hominum circiter centum et viginti millia. § Consul
-ter-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; tium dec[i]mum sexagenós denáriós plebeí, quae tum frúmentum
-publicum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; accipieba[t] dedi; ea millia hominum paullo plúra quam ducenta
-fuerunt.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 16.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22 Pecuniam [pro] agrís, quós in consulátú meó quárto et posteá
-consulibus</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; M. Cr[asso e]t Cn. Lentulo augure adsignávi militibus, solví
-múnicipís. Ea</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; [s]u[mma sest]ertium circiter sexsiens milliens fuit, quam [p]ró
-Italicís</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">25&nbsp; &nbsp; praed[is] numeravi, § et ci[r]citer bis mill[ie]ns et sescentiens,
-quod pro agrís</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">26&nbsp; &nbsp; próvin[c]ialibus solví. § Id primus et [s]olus omnium, qui
-[d]edúxerunt</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">27&nbsp; &nbsp; colonias militum in Italiá aut in provincís, ad memor[i]am aetátis</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">28&nbsp; &nbsp; meae feci. Et postea Ti. Nerone et Cn. Pisone consulibus, [§]
-item[q]ue C. Antistio</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">29&nbsp; &nbsp; et D. Laelio cos., et C. Calvisio et L. Pasieno consulibus, et L.
-Le[ntulo et] M. Messalla</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">30&nbsp; &nbsp; consulibus, § et L. Cánínio [§] et Q. Fabricio co[s.] milit[ibus,
-qu]ós eme-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">31&nbsp; &nbsp; riteis stipendís in sua municipi[a remis]i, praem[ia n]umerato</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">32&nbsp; &nbsp; persolví [§] quam in rem seste[rtium] q[uater m]illien[s li]b[ente]r</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">33&nbsp; &nbsp; impendi.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 17.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">34 Quater [pe]cuniá meá iuví aerárium, ita ut sestertium míllien[s] et</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">35&nbsp; &nbsp; quing[en]t[ien]s ad eos quí praerant aerário detulerim. Et M.
-Lep[i]do</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">36&nbsp; &nbsp; et L. Ar[r]unt[i]o cos. i[n] aerarium militare, quod ex consilio
-m[eo]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">37&nbsp; &nbsp; co[nstitut]um est, ex [q]uo praemia darentur militibus, qui vicena</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">38&nbsp; &nbsp; [aut plu]ra sti[pendi]a emeruissent, [§] HS milliens et
-septing[e]nti-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">39&nbsp; &nbsp; [ens ex pa]t[rim]onio [m]eo detuli. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c.18.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">40 Inde ab eo anno, q]uo Cn. et P. Lentuli c[ons]ules fuerunt, cum
-d[e]ficerent</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">41&nbsp; &nbsp; [vecti]g[alia, tum] centum millibus h[omi]num tu[m pl]uribus
-i[nl]ato fru-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">42&nbsp; &nbsp; [mento vel ad n]umma[rió]s t[ributus ex agro] et pat[rimonio] m[e]o</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">43&nbsp; &nbsp; [opem tuli].</p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">IV.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 19.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 Cúriam et continens eí Chalcidicum, templumque Apollinis in</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; Palatio cum porticibus, aedem dívi Iulí, Lupercal, porticum ad cir-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; cum Fláminium, quam sum appellári passus ex nómine eíus qui pri-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; órem eódem in solo fecerat Octaviam, pulvinar ad circum maximum,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; aedés in Capitolio Iovis feretri et Iovis tonantis, [§] aedem
-Quiriní, §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; aedés Minervae § et Iúnonis reginae § et Iovis Libertatis in
-Aventíno, §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; aedem Larum in summá sacrá viá, § aedem deum Penátium in Velia, §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; aedem Iuventátis, § aedem Mátris Magnae in Palátio fécí. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 20.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9 Capitolium et Pompeium theatrum utrumque opus impensá grandí reféci</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; sine ullá inscriptione nominis meí. § Rívos aquarum complúribus
-locís</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; vetustáte labentés refécí, [§] et aquam quae Márcia appellátur
-duplicavi</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; fonte novo in rivum eius inmisso. § Forum Iúlium et basilicam,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; quafécíe fuit inter aedem Castoris et aedem Saturni, [§] coepta
-profligata-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; que opera á patre meó perféci § et eandem basilicam consumptam in-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; cendio ampliáto eius solo sub titulo nominis filiórum m[eorum i]n-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; choavi [§] et, si vivus nón perfecissem, perfici ab heredib[us
-iussi].</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; Duo et octoginta templa deum in urbe consul sext[um ex decreto]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; senatus reféci, nullo praetermisso quod e[o] temp[ore refici
-debebat].</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; Con[s]ul septimum viam Flaminiam a[b urbe] Ari[minum feci et pontes]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; omnes praeter Mulvium et Minucium.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 21.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21 In privato solo Mártis Ultoris templum [f]orumque Augustum [ex
-mani]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; biís fecí. § Theatrum ad aede Apollinis in solo magná ex parte á
-p[r]i[v]atis</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; empto féci, quod sub nomine M. Marcell[i] generi mei esset. §
-Don[a e]x</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; manibiís in Capitolio et in aede dívi Iú[l]í et in aede Apollinis
-et in ae-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">25&nbsp; &nbsp; de Vestae et in templo Martis Ultoris consacrávi, § quae mihi
-consti-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">26&nbsp; &nbsp; terunt HS circiter milliens. § Aurí coronárí pondo triginta et
-quin-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">27&nbsp; &nbsp; que millia múnicipiís et colonís Italiae conferentibus ad
-triumphó[s]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">28&nbsp; &nbsp; meós quintum consul remisi, et posteá, quotienscumque imperátor
-a[ppe]l-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">29&nbsp; &nbsp; látus sum, aurum coronárium nón accepi decernentibus municipií[s]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">30&nbsp; &nbsp; et coloni[s] aequ[e] beni[g]ne adque antea decreverant.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 22.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">31 <em>T</em>[e]<em>r mu</em>nus gladiátorium dedí meo nomine et
-quinquens filiórum me[o]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">32&nbsp; &nbsp; rum aut n[e]pótum nomine; quibus muneribus depugnaverunt homi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">33&nbsp; &nbsp; nu[m] ci[rc]iter decem millia. [§] Bis [at]hletarum undique
-accitorum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">34&nbsp; &nbsp; spec[ta]c[lum po]pulo pra[ebui meo] nómine et tertium nepo[tis]
-mei no-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">35&nbsp; &nbsp; mine. § L[u]dos feci m[eo no]m[ine] quater [§], aliorum autem
-m[agist]rá-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">36&nbsp; &nbsp; tu[um] vicem ter et vicie[ns] [§]. [Pr]o conlegio XV virorum
-magis[ter con-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">37&nbsp; &nbsp; l]e[gi]í colleg[a] M. Ag<em>ri</em>ppa [§] lud[os s]aecl[are]s C.
-Furnio C. [S]ilano cos. [feci.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">38&nbsp; &nbsp; C]on[sul XIII] ludos Mar[tia]les pr[imus feci], qu[os] p[ost i]d
-tempus deincep[s]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">39&nbsp; &nbsp; ins[equen]ti[bus ann]is ......... [fecerunt co]n[su]les. [§]
-[Ven]ati[o]n[es] best[ia]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">40&nbsp; &nbsp; rum Africanárum meo nómine aut filio[ru]m meórum et nepotum in ci[r]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">41&nbsp; &nbsp; co aut [i]n foro aut in amphitheatris popul[o d]edi sexiens et
-viciens, quibus</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">42&nbsp; &nbsp; confecta sunt bestiarum circiter tria m[ill]ia et quingentae.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 23.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">43 Navalis proelí spectaclum populo de[di tr]ans Tiberim, in quo loco</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">44&nbsp; &nbsp; nunc nemus est Caesarum, cavato [solo] in longitudinem mille</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">45&nbsp; &nbsp; et octingentós pedés, [§] in látitudine[m mille] e[t] ducentí. In
-quo tri-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">46&nbsp; &nbsp; ginta rostrátae náves trirémes a[ut birem]és, [§] plures autem</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">47&nbsp; &nbsp; minóres inter se conflixérunt. Q[uibus in] classibus pugnave-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">48&nbsp; &nbsp; runt praeter rémigés millia ho[minum tr]ia circiter. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 24.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">49 In templís omnium civitátium pr[ovinci]ae Asiae victor orna-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">50&nbsp; &nbsp; menta reposui, quae spoliátis tem[plis is] cum quó bellum gesseram</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">51&nbsp; &nbsp; privátim possederat §. Statuae [mea]e pedestrés et equestres et in</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">52&nbsp; &nbsp; quadrigeis argenteae steterunt in urbe XXC circiter, quas ipse</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">53&nbsp; &nbsp; sustuli [§] exque eá pecuniá dona aurea in áede Apol[li]nis meó
-nomi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">54&nbsp; &nbsp; ne et illórum, qui mihi statuárum honórem habuerunt, posui. §</p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">V.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 25.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 Mare pacávi á praedonibus. Eó belló servórum, qui fugerant á dominis</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; suis et arma contrá rem publicam céperant, triginta fere millia
-capta §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; dominis ad supplicium sumendum tradidi. § Iuravit in mea verba tóta</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; Italia sponte suá et me be[lli], quó víci ad Actium, ducem
-depoposcit. § Iura-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; verunt in eadem ver[ba provi]nciae Galliae Hispaniae Africa Sicilia
-Sar-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; dinia. § Qui sub [signis meis tum] militaverint, fuerunt senátórés
-plúres</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; quam DCC, in ií[s qui vel antea vel pos]teá consules facti sunt ad
-eum diem</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; quó scripta su[nt haec, LXXXIII, sacerdo]tés ci[rc]iter CLXX. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 26.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9 Omnium próv[inciarum populi Romani], quibus finitimae fuerunt</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; gentés quae n[on parerent imperio nos]tro, fines auxi. Gallias et
-Hispa-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; niás próviciá[s et Germaniam qua inclu]dit óceanus a Gádibus ad
-ósti-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; um Albis flúm[inis pacavi. Alpes a re]gióne eá quae proxima est Ha-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; driánó marí, [ad Tuscum pacari fec]i nullí gentí bello per iniúriam</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; inláto. § Cla[ssis mea per Oceanum] ab óstio Rhéni ad sólis orientis
-re-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; gionem usque ad fi[nes Cimbroru]m navigavit, [§] quó neque terra
-neque</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; mari quisquam Romanus ante id tempus adít, § Cimbrique et Charydes</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; et Semnones et eiusdem tractús alií Germánórum popu[l]i per legátós
-amici-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; tiam meam et populi Románi petierunt. § Meo iussú et auspicio ducti
-sunt</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; [duo] exercitús eódem fere tempore in Aethiopiam et in Ar[a]biam,
-quae appel-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; [latur] eudaemón, [maxim]aeque hos[t]ium gentís utr[iu]sque cop[iae]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; caesae sunt in acie et [c]om[plur]a oppida capta. In
-Aethiopi<em>a</em>m usque a<em>d</em> o<em>p</em>pi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; dum Nabata pervent[um] est, cuí proxima est Meroé. In Arabiam usque</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; ín fínés Sabaeorum pro[cess]it exerc[it]us ad oppidum Mariba. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 27.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24 Aegyptum imperio populi [Ro]mani adieci. § Armeniam maiorem inter-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">25&nbsp; &nbsp; fecto rége eius Artaxe § c[u]m possem facere provinciam, málui
-maiórum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">26&nbsp; &nbsp; nostrórum exemplo regn[u]m id Tigrani regis Artavasdis filio, nepoti
-au-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">27&nbsp; &nbsp; tem Tigránis regis, per T[i. Ne]ronem trad[er]e, qui tum mihi
-priv[ig]nus erat.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">28&nbsp; &nbsp; Et eandem gentem posteá d[esc]íscentem et rebellantem
-d<em>o</em>mit[a]m per Gai<em>u</em>m</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">29&nbsp; &nbsp; filium meum regi Ario[barz]ani regis Medorum Artaba[zi] filio
-<em>rege</em>n-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">30&nbsp; &nbsp; dam tradidi [§] et post e[ius] mortem filio eius Artavasdi. [§] Quo
-[inte]rfecto [Tigra]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">31&nbsp; &nbsp; ne, qui erat ex régió genere Armeniorum oriundus, in id re[gnum]
-mísí. § Pro-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">32&nbsp; &nbsp; vincias omnís, quae trans Hadrianum mare vergun[t a]d Orien[te]m,
-Cyre-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">33&nbsp; &nbsp; násque, iam ex parte magná regibus eas possidentibus, e[t]
-<em>ante</em>a Siciliam</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">34&nbsp; &nbsp; et Sardiniam occu<em>pat</em>ás bello servili reciperávi. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 28.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">35 Colonias in Áfri<em>ca Sicilia</em> [M]acedoniá utráque Hispániá
-Achai[a] As<em>i</em>a S[y]<em>ri</em>a</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">36&nbsp; &nbsp; Galliá Narb<em>onensi Pi</em>[si]<em>dia</em> militum dedúxi §. Italia
-autem XXVIII [colo]ni-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">37&nbsp; &nbsp; ás, quae vívo <em>me celeberrimae</em> et frequentissimae fuerunt,
-me[is auspicis]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">38&nbsp; &nbsp; deductas h<em>abet</em>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 29.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">39 Signa mílitaria <em>complur</em>[a per] aliós d[u]<em>c</em>és
-ámi[ssa] devicti[s hostibu]s re[cipe]ravi</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">40&nbsp; &nbsp; ex His<em>pania et</em> [Gallia et a Dalm]ateis. § Parthos trium
-exercitum Roman[o]-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">41&nbsp; &nbsp; rum <em>spolia et signa re</em>[ddere] mihi supplicesque amicitiam
-populí Romaní</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">42&nbsp; &nbsp; petere <em>coegi</em>. § <em>Ea autem si</em>[gn]a in penetrálí, quod
-e[s]t ín templo Martis Ultoris,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">43&nbsp; &nbsp; reposui.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 30.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">44 Pannonio<em>rum gentes</em>, <em>qua</em>[s a]nte me principem populi
-Romaní exercitus nun-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">45&nbsp; &nbsp; quam ad[i]<em>t</em>, <em>devictas per Ti.</em> [Ne]ronem, qui tum
-erat privignus et legátus meus,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">46&nbsp; &nbsp; ímperio po<em>puli Roma</em>ni <em>s</em>[ubie]ci, protulique finés
-Illyrici <em>ad</em> r[ip]am flúminis</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">47&nbsp; &nbsp; Dan[u]i. Citr[a] quod [D]ac[or]u[m tr]an[s]gressus exercitus meis
-a[u]sp[icis vict]us profliga-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">48&nbsp; &nbsp; tusque [est, et postea tran]s Dan[u]vium ductus ex[ercitus me]u[s]
-Da[cor]um</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">49&nbsp; &nbsp; gentes im[peria populi Romani perferre coegit.]</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 31.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">50 Ad me ex In[dia regum legationes saepe missae sunt, nunquam antea
-visae]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">51&nbsp; &nbsp; apud qu[em]q[uam] R[omanorum du]cem. § Nostram am[icitiam
-petierunt]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">52&nbsp; &nbsp; per legat[os] B[a]starn[ae Scythae]que et Sarmatarum q[ui sunt
-citra flu]men</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">53&nbsp; &nbsp; Tanaim [et] ultrá reg[es, Alba]norumque réx et Hibér[orum et
-Medorum.]</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 32.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">54 Ad mé supplices confug[erunt] regés Parthorum Tírida[tes et
-postea] Phrát[es]</p>
-
-<p class="bq">VI.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; regis Phrati[s filius]; [§] Medorum [Artavasdes; Adiabenorum
-A]rtaxa-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; res §; Britann[o]rum Dumnobellau[nus] <em>et Tim</em>......;
-[Sugambrorum]</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; Maelo; § Mar[c]omanórum Sueboru[m.....rus]. [Ad me] rex
-<em>Part</em>horum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; Phrates Orod[i]s filius filiós suós nepot[esque omnes misit] <em>in
-Ital</em>iam, non</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; bello superátú[s], sed amicitiam nostram per [liberorum] suorum
-pignora</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; petens. § Plúrimaeque aliae gentes exper[tae sunt p. R.]
-<em>fide</em>m me prin-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; cipe, quibus anteá cum populo Roman[o nullum extitera]t legationum</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; et amícitiae [c]ommercium. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 33.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9 Á me gentés Parthórum et Médóru[m per legatos] principes eárum gen-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; tium régés pet[i]tós accéperunt Par[thi Vononem regis Phr]átis
-fílium,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; régis Oródis nepótem; § Médí Ar[iobarzanem] regis Artavazdis fi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; lium, regis Ariobarzanis nep[otem].</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 34.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13 Ín consulátú sexto et septimo, b[ella ubi civil]ia exstinxeram</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; per consénsum úniversórum [potitus rerum omn]ium, rem publicam</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; ex meá potestáte [§] in senát[us populique Romani a]rbitrium
-transtulí.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; Quó pro merito meó senatu[s consulto Aug. appe]llátus sum et laureís</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; postés aedium meárum v[estiti publice coronaq]ue civíca super</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; iánuam meam fíxa est [§] [clupeusque aureu]s in [c]úriá Iúliá posi-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; tus, quem mihi senatum [populumque Romanu]m dare virtutis cle-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; [mentia]e iustitia[e pietatis causa testatum] est pe[r e]ius clúpei</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; [inscription]em. § Post id tem[pus praestiti omnibus dignitate
-potes-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; t]atis au[tem n]ihilo ampliu[s habui quam qui fuerunt m]ihi quo-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; que in ma[gis]tra[t]u conlegae.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 35</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24 Tertium dec[i]mum consulátu[m cum gerebam, senatus et equ]ester
-ordo</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">25&nbsp; &nbsp; populusq[ue] Románus úniversus [appellavit me patrem p]atriae idque</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">26&nbsp; &nbsp; in vestibu[lo a]edium meárum inscriben[dum esse et in curia e]t in
-foró Aug.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">27&nbsp; &nbsp; sub quadrig[i]s, quae mihi [ex] s. c. pos[itae sunt, decrevit. Cum
-scri]psi haec,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">28&nbsp; &nbsp; annum agebam septuagensu[mum sextum].</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 1.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">29 Summá pecún[i]ae, quam ded[it in aerarium vel plebei Romanae vel
-di]mis-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">30&nbsp; &nbsp; sis militibus: denarium se[xi]e[ns milliens].</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 2.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">31 Opera fecit nova § aedem Martis, [Iovis tonantis et feretri,
-Apollinis],</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">32&nbsp; &nbsp; díví Iúli, § Quirini, § Minervae, [Iunonis reginae, Iovis
-Libertatis],</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">33&nbsp; &nbsp; Larum, deum Penátium, [§] Iuv[entatis, Matris deum, Lupercal,
-pulvina]r</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">34&nbsp; &nbsp; ad circum, [§] cúriam cum ch[alcidico, forum Augustum, basilica]m</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">35&nbsp; &nbsp; Iuliam, theatrum Marcelli, [§] [p]or[ticus .........., nemus trans
-T]iberím</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">36&nbsp; &nbsp; Caesarum. §</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 3.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">37&nbsp; &nbsp; Refécit Capito[lium sacra]sque ae<em>d</em>es [nu]m[ero octoginta]
-duas, thea[t]rum Pom-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">38&nbsp; &nbsp; peí, aqu[arum rivos, vi]am Flamin[iam].</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 4.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">39 Ímpensa p....... [in spect]acul[a scaenica et munera] gladiatorum
-at-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">40&nbsp; &nbsp; [que athletas et venationes et naum]ach[iam] et donata pe[c]unia a
-(?)</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">41&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;. [ter]rae motu § incendioque consum-</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">42&nbsp; &nbsp; pt[is] a[ut viritim] a[micis senat]oribusque, quórum census explévit,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip padb2">43&nbsp; &nbsp; in[n]umera[bili]s. §</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 3. ob quae, W. quas ob res; S. and B. propter quae.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 5. ferendae, W. dicendae; simul ..... ferendae, B. sententiae
-dicendae mihi dans; after dedit B. erases [§].</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 7. jussit, B. jubens.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 14. superstitibus, Sk. following Hirschfield, veniam petentibus.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 18. aliquantum, B. and W. aliquanto; a me emptos, B. following
-Bergk, adsignavi.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 19. praediis a me, B. and W. praemiis militiae (me in stone might
-be iae.)</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 22. deinde, B. autem.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 23. decrevisset, S. decerneret; item saepe, S. itaque modo; item
-saepe laurus, B. laurumque potius.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 29. agebam, B. following Bergk, eram, and omits annum.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 31. datam......... a populo et senatu, W. nomine populi et senatus
-oblatam; S. a populo et senatu ultro delatam; et senatu, S. senatuque
-Romano.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 33, 34. ut......... paucis diebus, W. uti intra paucos dies; B. ut
-paucissimis diebus.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 34. quo erat, W. and S. praesenti.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">I, 34, 35. meis impensis, W. privata impensa; S. meis sumptibus.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 9. S. inserts meo after filio.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 12. complura, B. et multa.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 13. reduxi, B. sanxi; S. revocavi.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 15. suscipi, B. suscipere,</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 16. iis, S. quibus.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 17. me ludos aliquotiens, W. mihi ludos interdum; aliquotiens, B.
-votivos modo.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 18. aliquotiens, W. interdum; aliquotiens consules, B. modo
-consules ejus anni.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 19. sacrificaverunt, B. sacrificia; W. supplicaverunt; semper, B.
-concorditer; W. unanimiter.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 20. B. adds fecerunt.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 22. sacrosanctus ut essem ........ W. sacrosancta ut esset
-persona mea, or sacrosancta potestate ut essem.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 25. habuit, B. habuerat; cepi id, B. quod.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 26. qui civilis motus, B, suscepi qui id tumultus.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 27. ad comitia mea ......... B. propter mea comitia, or
-comitiorum caussa; Sk. inserts coeunte before ad.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 28. fertur, Sk. memoriae proditur; omits coeunte.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 29. reduci, B. reducis.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 32. B. inserts eo before die.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 33. redi, B. redieram.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 36. S. inserts ante after honos.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 42. S. inserts tum after quem.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 17. In, W. et.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 40. W. Jam before inde.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 41. vectigalia, Sk. publicani.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 41-43. inlato......... tuli, S. multo frumentarias et nummarias
-tessaras ex aere et patrimonio meo dedi.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 42. vel......... agro, W. atque nummariis tesseris divisis;
-tributus, Sk. titulos.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 43. opem tuli, Sk. and W. subveni.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">IV, 19. W. omits feci; inserts in ea after pontes.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">V, 7. qui vel antea vel, S. consulares, et qui.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">V, 11. et Germaniam qua includit, W. item Germaniam qua claudit.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">V, 13. pacem feci. W. pacificavi.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">V, 37. meis auspiciis, W. mea auctoritate.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">V, 49. imperia, W. imperium; perferre, W. accipere; S. sustinere.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">VI, 7. extiterat, S. fuerat.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">VI, 13. bella ubi, S. postquam bella; ubi, G. cum.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">VI, 16. Aug. S. Augustus.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">VI, 17. vestiti, W. velati sunt; S. inserts sunt after vestiti.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">VI, 22. quam, G. iis.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2 id="H2GREEK"><span class="inblk" lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μεθηρμηνευμέναι ὑπεγράφησαν πράξεις τε καὶ δωρεαὶ Σεβαστοῦ
-θεοῦ, ἃς ἀπέλιπεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης ἐνκεχαραγμένας χαλκαῖς στήλαις δυσί.</span></h2></div>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">I.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 1.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἐτῶν δεκαε[ν]νέα ὢν τὸ στράτευμα ἐμῇ γνώμῃ καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐμοῖς ἀν[αλ]ώμασιν ἡτοί[μασα], δι’ οὗ τὰ κοινὰ πρά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γματα [ἐκ τῆ]ς τ[ῶ]ν συνο[μοσα]μένων δουλήας</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ἠλευ]θέ[ρωσα. Ἐφ’ ο]ἷς ἡ σύνκλητος ἐπαινέσασά</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[με ψηφίσμασι] προσκατέλεξε τῇ βουλῇ Γαΐῳ Πά[νσ]α</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Αὔλῳ Ἱρτίῳ ὑ]π[ά]το[ι]ς, ἐν τῇ τάξει τῶν ὑπατ[ικῶ]ν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ἅμα τ]ὸ σ[υμβου]λεύειν δοῦσα, ῥάβδου[ς] τ’ ἐμοὶ ἔδωκεν.</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Περ]ὶ τὰ δημόσια πράγματα μή τι βλαβῇ, ἐμοὶ με-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τὰ τῶν ὑπά]των προνοεῖν ἐπέτρεψεν ἀντὶ στρατηγο[ῦ.]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[..... Ὁ δὲ] δ[ῆ]μος τῷ αὐτῷ ἐνιαυτῷ, ἀμφοτέρων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τῶν ὑπάτων π]ολέμῳ πεπτω[κ]ό[τ]ων, ἐμὲ ὕπα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τον ἀπέδειξ]εν καὶ τὴν τῶν τριῶν ἀνδρῶν ἔχον-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τα ἀρχὴν ἐπὶ] τῇ καταστάσει τῶν δ[η]μοσίων πρα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[γμάτων] ε[ἵλ]ατ[ο.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 2.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τοὺς τὸν πατέρα τὸν ἐμὸν φονεύ]σ[αν]τ[α]ς ἐξώρισα κρί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[σεσιν ἐνδί]κοις τειμω[ρ]ησάμε[ν]ος αὐτῶν τὸ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ἀσέβημα κ]αὶ [με]τὰ ταῦτα αὐτοὺς πόλεμον ἐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[πιφέροντας τῇ πα]τ[ρ]ίδι δὶς ἐνείκησα παρατάξει.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 3.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Πολέμους καὶ κατὰ γῆν] καὶ κατὰ θάλασσαν ἐμφυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">
-[λίους καὶ ἐξωτικοὺς] ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ οἰκουμένῃ πολ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[λοὺς
-ἀνεδεξάμην, νεικ]ήσας τε πάντων ἐφεισάμην</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τῶν περιόντων
-πολειτῶν. τ]ὰ ἔθνη, οἷς ἀσφαλὲς ἦν συν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[γνώμην ἔχειν,
-ἔσωσα μ]ᾶλ[λον] ἢ ἐξέκοψα. § Μυριάδες</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">II.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ῥωμαίων στρατ[εύ]σ[ασ]αι ὑπ[ὸ τὸ]ν ὅρκον τὸν ἐμὸν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐγένοντ[ο] ἐνγὺς π[εντήκ]ο[ντ]α· [ἐ]ξ ὧν κατή[γ]αγον εἰς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὰ[ς] ἀπο[ι]κίας ἢ ἀ[πέπεμψα εἰς τὰς] ἰδία[ς πόλεις] ἐκ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[λυομένους.]</span>&nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 4.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Δὶς ἐ[πὶ κέλητος ἐθριάμβευσα], τρὶς [ἐ]φ’ ἅρματος. Εἰκο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σά[κις καὶ ἅπαξ προσηγορεύθην αὐτο]κράτωρ. Τῆς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[συνκλήτου]</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψηφισσ</span>.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp;<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ων τὴν [δάφνην]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp;  <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Διὰ τὰ πράγ]μ[ατα, ἃ]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[αὐτὸς ἢ διὰ τῶν πρεσβευτῶν ἐμῶν] κατώρθω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σα, π[εντ]ηκοντάκις [καὶ] πεντά[κις ἐψ]ηφίσατο ἡ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σύ[νκλητ]ος θεοῖς δεῖ[ν] θύεσθαι. [Ἡμ]έραι οὖν αὗ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τα]ι ἐ[κ συ]ν[κλήτου] δ[ό]γματ[ο]ς ἐγένοντο ὀκτα[κ]όσιαι
-ἐνενή-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[κοντα]. Ἐν [τ]οῖς ἐμοῖς [θριάμ]βοις [πρὸ το]ῦ ἐμοῦ ἅρ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μ[ατος βασι]λεῖς ἢ [βασιλέων παῖ]δες [παρήχθ]ησαν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐννέα.</span> § <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Ὑπάτ]ε[υ]ον τρὶς καὶ δέκ[ατο]ν, ὅτε
-τ[αῦ]τα ἔγραφον</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ ἤμη[ν τρια]κ[οστὸ]ν καὶ ἕβδομ[ον δημαρχ]ικῆς</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">III.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐξουσίας</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 5.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Αὐτεξούσιόν μοι ἀρχὴν καὶ ἀπόντι καὶ παρόντι</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διδομένην [ὑ]πό τε τοῦ δήμου καὶ τῆς συνκλήτου</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μ[άρκ]ῳ [Μ]αρκέλλῳ καὶ Λευκίῳ Ἀρρουντίῳ ὑπάτοις</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ο[ὐκ ἐδ]εξάμην. § Οὐ παρητησάμην ἐν τῇ μεγίστῃ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τοῦ] σ[είτ]ου σπάνει τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν τῆς ἀγορᾶς, ἣν οὕ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τως ἐπετήδευ]σα, ὥστ’ ἐν ὀλίγαις ἡμέρα[ις το]ῦ παρόντος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φόβου καὶ κι[νδ]ύνου ταῖς ἐμαῖς δαπάναις τὸν δῆμον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐλευθερῶσα[ι]. Ὑπατείαν τέ μοι τότε δι[δ]ομένην καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐ[ν]ιαύσιον κα[ὶ δ]ι[ὰ] βίου οὐκ ἐδεξάμην.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 6.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὑπάτοις Μάρκῳ Οὐινουκίῳ καὶ Κοίντῳ Λ[ουκρ]ητ[ίῳ]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ μετὰ τα[ῦ]τα Ποπλίῳ καὶ Ναίῳ Λέντλοις καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρίτον Παύλλῳ Φαβίῳ Μαξίμῳ καὶ Κοίν[τῳ] Του-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βέρωι § τῆς [τε σ]υνκλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τοῦ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ῥωμαίων ὁμολογ[ο]ύντων, ἵν[α ἐπιμε]λητὴς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῶν τε νόμων καὶ τῶν τρόπων ἐ[πὶ τῇ με]γίστῃ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ἐξ]ουσ[ίᾳ μ]ό[νο]ς χειροτονηθῷ §, ἀρχὴν οὐδε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μ[ία]ν πα[ρὰ τὰ πά]τρ[ια] ἔ[θ]η διδομένην ἀνεδε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξάμην· § ἃ δὲ τότε δι’ ἐμοῦ ἡ σύνκλητος οἰ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κονομεῖσθαι ἐβούλετο, τῆς δημαρχικῆς ἐξο[υ]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σίας ὢν ἐτέλε[σα. Κ]αὶ ταύτης αὐτῆς τῆς ἀρχῆς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">συνάρχοντα [αὐτ]ὸς ἀπὸ τῆς συνκλήτου π[εν]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τάκις αἰτήσας [ἔλ]αβον.</span></p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">IV.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 7.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τριῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐγενόμην δημοσίων πραγμάτων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατορθωτὴς συνεχέσιν ἔτεσιν δέκα. § Πρῶτον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀξιώματος τόπον ἔσχον τῆς συνκλήτου ἄχρι</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ταύτης τῆς ἡμέρας, ἧς ταῦτα ἔγραφον, ἐπὶ ἔτη τεσ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σαράκοντα. § Ἀρχιερεύς, § αὔγουρ, § τῶν δεκαπέντε ἀν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δρῶν τῶν ἱεροποιῶν, § τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀνδρῶν ἱεροποι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ῶν, § ἀ[δε]λφὸς ἀρουᾶλις, § ἑταῖρος Τίτιος, § φητιᾶλις.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 8.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τῶν [πατ]ρικίων τὸν ἀριθμὸν εὔξησα πέμπτον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὕπατ[ος ἐπιτ]αγῇ τοῦ τε δήμου καὶ τῆς συνκλὴ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">του. § [Τὴν σύ]νκλητον τρὶς ἐπέλεξα. § Ἕκτον ὕπα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τος τὴν ἀπ[ο]τείμησιν τοῦ δήμου συνάρχον-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τ]α ἔχων Μᾶρκον Ἀγρίππαν ἔλαβον, ἧτις ἀπο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τείμη]σις μετὰ [δύο καὶ] τεσσαρακοστὸν ἐνιαυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὸν [σ]υνε[κ]λείσθη. Ἐν ᾗ ἀποτειμήσει Ῥωμαίων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐτει[μήσ]α[ντο] κεφαλαὶ τετρακό[σιαι ἑ]ξήκον-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τα μυ[ριάδες καὶ τρισχίλιαι. Δεύτερον ὑ]πατι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κῇ ἐξ[ουσίᾳ μόνος Γαΐῳ Κηνσωρίνῳ καὶ]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Γαίῳ [Ἀσινίῳ ὑπάτοις τὴν ἀποτείμησιν ἔλαβον·]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐν [ᾗ] ἀπ[οτειμήσει ἐτειμήσαντο Ῥωμαί]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ων τετ[ρακόσιαι εἴκοσι τρεῖς μυριάδες καὶ τ]ρι[σ]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χίλιοι. Κ[αὶ τρίτον ὑπατικῇ ἐξουσίᾳ τὰς ἀποτειμή]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σε[ι]ς ἔλα[βο]ν, [ἔχω]ν [συνάρχοντα Τιβέριον]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Καίσαρα τὸν υἱόν μο[υ Σέξτῳ Πομπηίῳ καὶ]</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">V.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Σέξτῳ Ἀππουληίῳ ὑπάτοις· ἐν ᾗ ἀποτειμήσει</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐτειμήσαντο Ῥωμαίων τετρακόσιαι ἐνενήκοντα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρεῖς μυριάδες καὶ ἑπτακισχείλιοι. § Εἰσαγαγὼν και-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νοὺς νόμους πολλὰ ἤδη τῶν ἀρχαίων ἐθῶν κα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ταλυόμενα διωρθωσάμην καὶ αὐτὸς πολλῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πραγμάτων μείμημα ἐμαυτὸν τοῖς μετέπει-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τα παρέδωκα.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 9.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Εὐχὰς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς σωτηρίας ἀναλαμβάνειν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διὰ τῶν ὑπάτων καὶ ἱερέων καθ’ ἑκάστην πεν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τετηρίδα ἐψηφίσατο ἡ σύνκλητος. ἐκ τού-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">των τῶν εὐχῶν πλειστάκις ἐγένοντο θέαι,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοτὲ μὲν ἐκ τῆς συναρχίας τῶν τεσσάρων ἱερέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ων, τοτὲ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ὑπάτων. Καὶ κατ’ ἰδίαν δὲ καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατὰ πόλεις σύνπαντες οἱ πολεῖται ὁμοθυμα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δ[ὸν] συνεχῶς ἔθυσαν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς σω[τ]ηρίας.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 10.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τὸ ὄν[ομ]ά μου συνκλήτου δόγματι ἐνπεριελή-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φθη εἰ[ς τοὺ]ς σαλίων ὕμνους. καὶ ἵνα ἱερὸς ᾦ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διὰ [βίο]υ [τ]ε τὴν δημαρχικὴν ἔχῳ ἐξουσίαν,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νό[μῳ ἐκ]υρώθη. § Ἀρχιερωσύνην, ἣν ὁ πατήρ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[μ]ου [ἐσχ]ήκει τοῦ δήμου μοι καταφέροντος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἰς τὸν τοῦ ζῶντος τόπον, οὐ προσεδεξά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μ[η]ν. § [ἣ]ν ἀρχιερατείαν μετά τινας ἐνιαυτοὺς</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">VI.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀποθανόντος τοῦ προκατειληφότος αὐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὴν ἐν πολειτικαῖς ταραχαῖς, ἀνείληφα, εἰς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὰ ἐμὰ ἀρχαιρέσια ἐξ ὅλης τῆς Ἰταλίας τοσού-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">του πλήθους συνεληλυθότος, ὅσον οὐδεὶς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔνπροσθεν ἱστόρησεν ἐπὶ Ῥώμης γεγονέναι Πο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλίῳ Σουλπικίῳ καὶ Γαίῳ Οὐαλγίῳ ὑπάτοις.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 11.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Βωμὸν Τύχης σωτηρίου ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανόδου</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρὸς τῇ Καπήνῃ πύλῃ ἡ σύνκλητος ἀφιέρωσεν·</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρὸς ᾧ τοὺς ἱερεῖς καὶ τὰς ἱερείας, ἐνιαύσιον θυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σίαν ποιεῖν ἐκέλευσεν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐν ᾗ ὑπάτοις Κοίντῳ Λουκρητίῳ καὶ Μάρκῳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Οὐινουκίῳ ἐκ Συρίας εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανεληλύ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θει[ν], τήν τε ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐπωνυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μίας προσηγόρευσεν Αὐγουστάλια.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 12.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Δόγματι σ[υ]νκλήτου οἱ τὰς μεγίστας ἀρχὰς ἄρ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξαντε[ς σ]ὺν μέρει στρατηγῶν καὶ δημάρχων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μετὰ ὑπ[ά]του Κοίντου Λουκρητίου ἐπέμφθη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σάν μοι ὑπαντήσοντες μέχρι Καμπανίας, ἥτις</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τειμὴ μέχρι τούτου οὐδὲ ἑνὶ εἰ μὴ ἐμοὶ ἐψηφίσ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θη. § Ὅτε ἐξ Ἱσπανίας καὶ Γαλατίας, τῶν ἐν ταύ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ταις ταῖς ἐπαρχείαις πραγμάτων κατὰ τὰς εὐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χὰς τελεσθέντων, εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπανῆλθον §</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τιβερίῳ [Νέ]ρωνι καὶ Ποπλίῳ Κοιντιλίῳ ὑπάτοις,</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">VII.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βωμὸν Ε[ἰρ]ήνης Σεβαστῆς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπανό-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δου ἀφιερωθῆναι ἐψηφίσατο ἡ σύνκλητος ἐν πε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δίῳ Ἄρεως, πρὸς ᾧ τούς τε ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ τοὺς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἱερεῖς τάς τε ἱερείας ἐνιαυσίους θυσίας ἐκέλευσε ποιεῖν</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 13.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πύλην Ἐνυάλιον, ἣν κεκλῖσθαι οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν ἠθέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λησαν εἰρηνευομένης τῆς ὑπὸ Ῥωμάοις πάσης γῆς τε</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ θαλάσσης, πρὸ μὲν ἐμοῦ, ἐξ οὗ ἡ πόλις ἐκτίσθη</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῷ παντὶ αἰῶνι δὶς μόνον κεκλεῖσθαι ὁμολογεῖ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ται, ἐπὶ δὲ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος τρὶς ἡ σύνκλητος ἐψη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φίσατο κλεισθῆναι</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 14.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὑιούς μου Γάιον καὶ Λεύκιον Καίσ[α]ρας, οὓς νεανίας ἀ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νήρπασεν ἡ τύχη, εἰς τὴν ἐμὴν τειμ[ὴ]ν ἥ τ[ε] σύνκλη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τος καὶ ὁ δῆμος τῶν Ῥωμαίων πεντεκαιδεκαέτεις</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὄντας ὑπάτους ἀπέδειξεν, ἵνα μετὰ πέντε ἔτη</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἰς τὴν ὑπάτον ἀρχὴν εἰσέλθωσιν· καὶ ἀφ’ ἧς ἂν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡμέ[ρα]ς [εἰς τὴν ἀ]γορὰν [κατ]αχθ[ῶ]σιν, ἵνα [με]τέχω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σιν, τῆς συ[ν]κλήτου ἐψηφίσατο. § ἱππεῖς δὲ Ῥω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαίων σύν[π]αντες ἡγεμόνα νεότητος ἑκάτε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρον αὐτῶν [πρ]οσηγόρευσαν, ἀσπίσιν ἀργυρέαις</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ δόρασιν [ἐτ]είμησαν.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 15.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Δήμῳ Ῥωμα[ίω]ν κατ’ ἄνδρα ἑβδομήκοντα π[έντ]ε</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δηνάρια ἑκάστῳ ἠρίθμησα κατὰ δια-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θήκην τοῦ πατρός μου, καὶ τῷ ἐμῷ ὀνόματι</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐκ λαφύρων [π]ο[λέ]μου ἀνὰ ἑκατὸν δηνάρια</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">VIII.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πέμπτον ὕπατος ἔδωκα, § πάλιν τε δέ[κατο]ν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπατεύων ἐκ τ[ῆ]ς ἐμῆς ὑπάρξεως ἀνὰ δηνά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρια ἑκατὸν ἠρίθ[μ]ησα, [§] καὶ ἑνδέκατον ὕπατος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δώδεκα σειτομετρήσεις ἐκ τοῦ ἐμοῦ βίου ἀπε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μέτρησα, [§] καὶ δημαρχικῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ δωδέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κατον ἑκατὸν δηνάρια κατ’ ἄνδρα ἔδωκα· αἵτ[ι]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νες ἐμαὶ ἐπιδόσεις οὐδέποτε ἧσσον ἦλθ[ο]ν ε[ἰ]ς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄνδρας μυριάδων εἴκοσι πέντε. δημα[ρ]χικῆς ἐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ξουσίας ὀκτωκαιδέκατον, ὕπατ[ος] δ[ωδέκατον]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τριάκοντα τρισ[ὶ] μυριάσιν ὄχλου πολειτικ[οῦ ἑ]ξή-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[κοντα δηνάρια κατ’ ἄνδρα ἔδωκα, κα]ὶ ἀποίκοις στρα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τιωτῶν ἐμῶν πέμπτον ὕπατος ἐ[κ] λαφύρων κατὰ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄνδρα ἀνὰ διακόσια πεντήκοντα δηνάρια ἔδ[ωκα·]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔλαβον ταύτην τὴν δωρεὰν ἐν ταῖς ἀποικίαις ἀν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θρώπων μυριάδες πλ[εῖ]ον δώδε[κα. ὕ]πατος τ[ρι]σ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καιδέκατον ἀνὰ ἑξήκοντα δηνάρια τῷ σειτομετ[ρου]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μένῳ δήμῳ ἔδω[κα· οὗτο]ς ἀρ[ι]θμ[ὸς πλείων εἴκο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σ]ι [μυ]ριάδων ὑπῆρχ[ε]ν</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 16.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Χρήματα ἐν ὑπατείᾳ τετάρτῃ ἐμῇ κα[ὶ] μετὰ ταῦτα ὑ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πάτοις Μάρκῳ Κράσσῳ καὶ Ναίῳ Λέντλῳ αὔγου-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρι ταῖς πόλεσιν ἠρίθμησα ὑπὲρ ἀργῶν, οὓς ἐμέρισα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοῖς στρατ[ιώ]ταις. Κεφαλαίου ἐγένοντο ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μὲν μύριαι π[εντακι]σ[χ]ε[ίλιαι μυ]ριάδες, [τῶ]ν [δὲ
-ἐ]παρ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χειτικῶν ἀγρῶν [μ]υ[ριάδες ἑξακισχίλ]ιαι πεν[τακό]σ[ιαι]</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bq">IX.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τοῦτο πρῶτος καὶ μόνος ἁπάντων ἐπόησα τῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[κατα]γαγόντων ἀποικίας στρατιωτῶν ἐν Ἰτα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λίᾳ ἢ ἐν ἐπαρχείαις μέχρι τῆς ἐμῆς ἡλικίας. § καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μετέπειτα Τιβερίῳ Νέρωνι καὶ Ναίῳ Πείσωνι ὑπά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοις καὶ πάλιν Γαίῳ Ἀνθεστίῳ καὶ Δέκμῳ Λαι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λίῳ ὑπάτοις καὶ Γαίῳ Καλουισίῳ καὶ Λευκίῳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πασσιήνῳ [ὑ]πάτο[ι]ς [καὶ Λ]ευκίῳ Λέντλῳ καὶ Μάρ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κῳ Μεσσάλ[ᾳ] ὑπάτοις κ[α]ὶ [Λ]ευκίῳ Κανιν[ί]ῳ καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Κ]οίντῳ Φα[β]ρικίῳ ὑπάτοις στρατιώταις ἀπολυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ομένοις, οὓς κατήγαγον εἰς τὰς ἰδίας πόλ[εις], φιλαν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θρώπου ὀνόματι ἔδωκα μ[υρ]ιάδας ἐγγὺς [μυρία]ς</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 17.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τετρά[κ]ις χρήμ[α]σιν ἐμοῖς [ἀν]έλαβον τὸ αἰράριον, [εἰς]
-ὃ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[κ]ατήνενκα [χ]ειλίας [ἑπτ]ακοσίας πεντήκοντα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μυριάδας. κ[αὶ] Μ[ά]ρκῳ [Λεπίδῳ] καὶ Λευκίῳ Ἀρρουν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τίῳ ὑ[πάτοις ε]ἰς τ[ὸ] στ[ρ]α[τιωτ]ικὸν αἰράριον, ὃ τῇ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ἐμῇ] γ[ν]ώ[μῃ] κατέστη, ἵνα [ἐ]ξ αὐτοῦ αἱ δωρ[ε]αὶ εἰσ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[έπειτα τοῖς ἐ]μοῖς σ[τρατι]ώταις δίδωνται, ο[ἳ εἴκο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σι]ν ἐνιαυτο[ὺ]ς ἢ πλείονας ἐστρατεύσαντο, μ[υ]ρι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">άδα[ς] τετρά[κ]ις χειλίας διακοσίας πεντήκοντα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ἐκ τῆς ἐ]μ[ῆς] ὑπάρξεως κατήνενκα</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 18.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Ἀπ’ ἐκ]είνου τ[ο]ῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ, ἐ[φ’] οὗ Ναῖος καὶ Πόπλιος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Λ]έντλοι ὕπατοι ἐγένοντο, ὅτε ὑπέλειπον αἱ δη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[μό]σιαι πρόσοδοι, ἄλλοτε μὲν δέκα μυριάσιν, ἄλ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[λοτε] δὲ πλείοσιν σειτικὰς καὶ ἀργυρικὰς συντάξεις</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">X.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐκ τῆς ἐμῆς ὑπάρξεως ἔδωκα.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 19.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Βουλευτήρ[ιο]ν καὶ τὸ πλησίον αὐτῷ χαλκιδικόν,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ναόν τε Ἀπόλλωνος ἐν Παλατίῳ σὺν στοαῖς,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ναὸν θεοῦ [Ἰ]ουλίου, Πανὸς ἱερόν, στοὰν πρὸς ἱπ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ποδρόμῳ τῷ προσαγορευομένῳ Φλαμινίῳ, ἣν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἴασα προσαγορεύεσθαι ἐξ ὀνόματος ἐκείνου Ὀκτα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ουίαν, ὃ[ς] πρῶτος αὐτὴν ἀνέστησεν, ναὸν πρὸς τῷ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μεγάλῳ ἱπποδρόμῳ, [§] ναοὺς ἐν Καπιτωλίῳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Διὸς τροπαιοφόρου καὶ Διὸς βροντησίου, ναὸν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Κυρείν[ο]υ, [§] ναοὺς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ Ἥρας βασιλίδος καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Διὸς Ἐλευθερίου ἐν Ἀουεντίνῳ, ἡρώων πρὸς τῇ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἱερᾷ ὁδῷ, θεῶν κατοικιδίων ἐν Οὐελίᾳ, ναὸν Νεό-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τητο[ς, να]ὸν μητρὸς θεῶν ἐν Παλατίῳ ἐπόησα.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 20.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Καπιτώλ[ιο]ν καὶ τὸ Πομπηίου θέατρον ἑκάτερον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὸ ἔργον ἀναλώμασιν μεγίστοις ἐπεσκεύασα ἄ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νευ ἐπιγραφῆς τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὀνόματος. § Ἀγωγοὺς ὑ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δάτω[ν ἐν πλεί]στοις τόποις τῇ παλαιότητι ὀλισ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θάνον[τας ἐπ]εσκευσα καὶ ὕδωρ τὸ καλούμενον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μάρ[κιον ἐδί]πλωσα πηγὴν νέαν εἰς τὸ ῥεῖθρον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[αὐτοῦ ἐποχετεύσ]ας. [§] Ἀγορὰν Ἰουλίαν καὶ βασι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[λικὴν τὴν μεταξὺ τ]οῦ τε ναοῦ τῶν Διοσκό-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ρων καὶ Κρόνου κατα]βεβλημένα ἔργα ὑπὸ τοῦ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[πατρὸς ἐτελείωσα κα]ὶ τὴν αὐτὴν βασιλικὴν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[καυθεῖσαν ἐπὶ αὐξηθέντι] ἐδάφει αὐτῆς ἐξ ἐπι</span>-</p>
-
-<p class="bq">XI.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γραφῆς ὀνόματος τῶν ἐμῶν υἱῶν ὑπ[ηρξάμη]ν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ εἰ μὴ αὐτὸς τετελειώκ[ο]ι[μι, τ]ελε[ι]ω[θῆναι ὑπὸ]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῶν ἐμῶν κληρονόμων ἐπέταξα. § Δ[ύ]ο [καὶ ὀγδο-]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ήκοντα ναοὺς ἐν τῇ πόλ[ει ἕκτ]ον ὕπ[ατος δόγμα]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τι συνκ[λ]ήτου ἐπεσκεύασ[α] ο[ὐ]δένα π[ε]ριλ[ιπών, ὃς]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐκείνῳ τῷ χρόνῳ ἐπισκευῆς ἐδεῖτο. § [Ὕ]πα[τος ἕ]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βδ[ο]μον ὁδὸν Φ[λαμινίαν ἀπὸ] Ῥώμης [Ἀρίμινον]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γ[εφ]ύρας τε τὰς ἐν αὐτῇ πάσας ἔξω δυεῖν τῶν μὴ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπ[ι]δεομένων ἐ[π]ισκευῆς ἐπόησα.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 21.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἐν ἰδιωτικῷ ἐδάφει Ἄρεως Ἀμύντορος ἀγοράν τε Σε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βαστὴν ἐκ λαφύρων ἐπόησα. [§] Θέατρον πρὸς τῷ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀπόλλωνος ναῷ ἐπὶ ἐδάφους ἐκ πλείστου μέρους ἀγο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρασθέντος ἀνήγειρα [§] ἐπὶ ὀνόματος Μαρκέλλου</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοῦ γαμβροῦ μου. Ἀναθέματα ἐκ λαφύρων ἐν Καπι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τωλίῳ καὶ ναῷ Ἰουλίῳ καὶ ναῷ Ἀπόλλωνος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ Ἑστίας καὶ Ἄ[ρεω]ς ἀφιέρωσα, ἃ ἐμοὶ κατέστη</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐνγὺς μυριάδω[ν δι]σχε[ι]λίων πεντακ[οσίων.]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Εἰς χρυσοῦν στέφανον λειτρῶν τρισ[μυρίων]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πεντακισχειλίων καταφερούσαις τα[ῖς ἐν Ἰ]ταλί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ᾳ πολειτείαις καὶ ἀποικίαις συνεχώρη[σ]α τὸ [πέμ]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πτον ὑπατεύων, καὶ ὕστερον ὁσάκις [αὐτ]οκράτωρ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">προσηγορεύθην, τὰς εἰς τὸν στέφανο[ν ἐ]παγγε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λίας οὐκ ἔλαβον ψηφιζομένων τῶν π[ολειτει]ῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ ἀποικιῶν μετὰ τῆς αὐτῆς προθ[υμίας, κα]θ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">XII.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ά[περ ἐψηφίσαντο π]ρό[τερον].</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 22.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Τρὶς μονο]μαχ[ίαν ἔδω]κα τῷ ἐμῷ ὀνόματι καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[πεντάκις τῶν υἱῶν μου ἢ υἱ]ωνῶν. ἐν αἷς μονο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[μαχίαις ἐμαχέσαντο ἐ]ν[γὺς μύ]ρι[ο]ι. Δὶς ἀθλητῶ[ν] παν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τ[αχόθεν] με[ταπεμφθέντων γυμνικο]ῦ ἀγῶνος θέαν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τῷ δήμῳ π]αρέσχον τ[ῷ ἐ]μῷ ὀνόματι καὶ τρίτ[ον]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τ[οῦ υἱωνοῦ μου. Θέας ἐπόη]σα δι’ ἐμοῦ τετράκ[ις,]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διὰ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἀρχῶν ἐν μέρει τρὶς καὶ εἰκοσάκις</span>. §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὑπὲρ τῶν δεκαπέντε [ἀνδρ]ῶν, ἔχων συνάρχοντα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Μᾶρκον Ἀγρίππ[αν, τὰς θ]έας [δ]ιὰ ἑκατὸν ἐτῶν γεινο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μένας ὀν[ομαζομένα]ς σ[αι]κλάρεις ἐπόησα Γαίῳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Φουρνίῳ κ[αὶ] Γαίῳ Σε[ι]λανῷ ὑπάτοις. [§] Ὕπατος τρισ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καιδέκατον [θέας Ἄρεως πρ]ῶτος ἐπόησα, ἃς μετ’ ἐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κεῖνο[ν χ]ρόνον ἑξῆς [τοῖς μ]ετέπειτα ἐνιαυτοῖς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δ</span> .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μοι ἐπόησαν οἱ ὕπα-</span> .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τοι]</span> .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ν</span> .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ης θηρίων ε</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 23.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ν[αυμαχίας θέαν τῷ δήμῳ ἔδω]κα πέ[ρ]αν τοῦ Τι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[βέριδος, ἐν ᾧ τόπῳ ἐστὶ νῦ]ν ἄλσος Καισά[ρω]ν,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐκκεχω[κὼς τὸ ἔδαφος] ε[ἰ]ς μῆκ[ο]ς χειλίων ὀκτακο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σίων ποδ[ῶν, εἰς π]λάτ[ο]ς χιλίων διακο[σ]ίων. ἐν ᾗ</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">XIII.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τριάκο[ν]τα ναῦς ἔμβολα ἔχουσαι τριήρεις ἢ δί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κροτ[οι, αἱ] δὲ ἥσσονες πλείους ἐναυμάχησαν</span>. §</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἐν τ[ούτῳ] τῷ στόλῳ ἠγωνίσαντο ἔξω τῶν ἐρετῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρόσπ[ο]υ ἄνδρες τρ[ι]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 24.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[Ἐν ναοῖ]ς π[ασ]ῶν πόλεω[ν] τῆς [Ἀ]σί[α]ς νεικήσας τὰ
-ἀναθέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ματα ἀπ]οκατέστησα, [ἃ εἶχεν] ἰ[δίᾳ] ἱεροσυλήσας ὁ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπ’ [ἐμοῦ] δ[ι]αγωνισθεὶς πολέ[μιος]. Ἀνδρίαντες πε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ζοὶ καὶ ἔφιπποί μου καὶ ἐφ’ ἅρμασιν ἀργυροῖ εἱστήκει-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σαν ἐν τῇ πόλει ἐνγὺς ὀγδοήκοντα, οὓς αὐτὸς ἦρα</span>,</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐκ τούτου τε τοῦ χρήματος ἀναθέματα χρυσᾶ ἐν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῷ ναῷ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος τῷ τε ἐμῷ ὀνόματι καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐκεῖνων, οἵτινές με [τ]ούτοις τοῖς ἀνδριᾶσιν ἐτείμη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σαν, ἀνέθηκα</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 25.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Θάλασσα[ν] πειρατευομένην ὑπὸ ἀποστατῶν δού-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λων [εἰρήν]ευσα. ἐξ ὧν τρεῖς που μυριάδας τοῖς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δε[σπόται]ς εἰς κόλασιν παρέδωκα.</span> § <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὤμοσεν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[εἰς τοὺς ἐμοὺ]ς λόγους ἅπασα ἡ Ἰταλία ἑκοῦσα κἀ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[μὲ πολέμου,] ᾧ ἐπ’ Ἀκτίῳ ἐνε[ί]κησα, ἡγεμόνα ἐξη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[τήσατο, ὤ]μοσαν εἰς τοὺς [αὐτοὺ]ς λόγους ἐπα[ρ]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χε[ῖαι Γαλα]τία Ἱσπανία Λιβύη Σι[κελία Σαρ]δώ. Οἱ ὑπ’ ἐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μ[αῖς σημέαις τό]τε στρατευ[σάμενοι ἦσαν συνκλητι-]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[κοὶ πλείους ἑπτ]α[κοσί]ων· [ἐ]ν [αὐτοῖς οἳ ἢ πρότερον ἢ]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[μετέπειτα] ἐγ[ένον]το [ὕπ]α[τοι εἰς ἐκ]ε[ί]ν[ην τὴν ἡ]μέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">[ραν, ἐν ᾗ ταῦτα γέγραπτα]ι, ὀ[γδοήκο]ντα τρε[ῖ]ς, ἱερ[εῖ]ς</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">XIV.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρόσπου ἑκατὸν ἑβδομή[κ]οντα</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 26.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πασῶν ἐπαρχειῶν δήμο[υ Ῥω]μαίων, αἷς ὅμορα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἦν ἔθνη τὰ μὴ ὑποτασσ[όμ]ενα τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἡ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">γεμονία, τοὺς ὅρους ἐπεύξ[ησ]α.</span> [§] <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Γαλατίας καὶ
-Ἱσ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πανίας, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Γερμανίαν καθὼς Ὠκεα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νὸς περικλείει ἀπ[ὸ] Γαδε[ίρ]ων μέχρι στόματος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἄλβιος ποταμο[ῦ ἐν] εἰρήνη κατέστησα. Ἄλπης ἀπὸ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κλίματος τοῦ πλησίον Εἰονίου κόλπου μέχρι Τυρ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρηνικῆς θαλάσσης εἰρηνεύεσθαι πεπόηκα</span>, [§] <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οὐδενὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔθνει ἀδίκως ἐπενεχθέντος πολέμου.</span> [§] <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Στόλος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐμὸς διὰ Ὠκεανοῦ ἀπὸ στόματος Ῥήνου ὡς πρὸς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀνατολὰς μέχρι ἔθνους Κίμβρων διέπλευσεν, οὗ οὔ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τε κατὰ γῆν οὔτε κατὰ θάλασσαν Ῥωμαίων τις πρὸ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τούτου τοῦ χρόνου προσῆλθεν· καὶ Κίμβροι καὶ Χάλυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βες καὶ Σέμνονες ἄλλα τε πολλὰ ἔθνη Γερμανῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διὰ πρεσβειῶν τὴν ἐμὴν φιλίαν καὶ τὴν δήμου Ῥω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μαίων ἠτήσαντο. Ἐμῇ ἐπιταγῇ καὶ οἰωνοῖς αἰσί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οις δύο στρατεύματα, ἐπέβη Αἰθιοπίᾳ καὶ Ἀραβίᾳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῇ εὐδαίμονι καλωυμένῃ μεγάλας τε τῶν πο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λεμίων δυνάμεις κατέκοψεν ἐν παρατάξει καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πλείστας πόλεις δοριαλώτους ἔλαβεν καὶ προ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">έβη ἐν Αἰθιοπίᾳ μέχρι πόλεως Ναβάτης, ἥτις</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐστὶν ἔνγιστα Μερόη, ἐν Ἀραβίᾳ δὲ μέχρι πόλε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ως Μαρίβας.</span></p>
-
-<div>
-<p class="float-left2">XV.</p>
-<p class="float-left3">c. 27.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Αἴγυπτον δήμου Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίᾳ προσέθηκα.</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀρμενίαν τὴν μ[εί]ζονα ἀναιρεθέντος τοῦ βασιλέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ως δυνάμενος ἐπαρχείαν ποῆσαι μᾶλλον ἐβου-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λήθην κατὰ τὰ πάτρια ἡμῶν ἔθη βασιλείαν Τιγρά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νῃ Ἀρταουάσδου υἱῷ, υἱωνῷ δὲ Τιγράνου βασι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λέως δ[ο]ῦν[α]ι διὰ Τιβερίου Νέρωνος, ὃς τότ’ ἐμοῦ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρόγονος ἦν· καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ἔθνος ἀφιστάμενον καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀναπολεμοῦν δαμασθὲν ὑπὸ Γαΐου τοῦ υἱοῦ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μου βασιλεῖ Ἀριοβαρζάνει, βασιλέως Μήδων Ἀρτα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βάζου υἱῷ παρέδωκα καὶ μετὰ τὸν ἐκείνου θάνα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τον τῷ υἱῷ αὐτοῦ Ἀρταουάσδη· οὗ ἀναιρεθέντος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τιγράνην, ὃς ἦν ἐκ γένους Ἀρμενίου βασιλικοῦ, εἰς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὴν βασιλείαν ἔπεμψα. § Ἐπαρχείας ἁπάσας, ὅσαι</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πέραν τοῦ Εἰονίου κόλπου διατείνουσι πρὸς ἀνα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τολὰς, καὶ Κυρήνην ἐκ μείσζονος μέρους ὑπὸ βασι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λέων κατεσχημένας καὶ ἔμπροσθεν Σικελίαν καὶ Σαρ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δῲ προκατειλημένας πολέμῳ δουλικῷ ἀνέλαβον.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 28.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀποικίας ἐν Λιβύῃ Σικελίᾳ Μακεδονίᾳ ἐν ἑκατέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρα τε Ἱσπανίᾳ Ἀχαίᾳ Ἀσίᾳ Συρίᾳ Γαλατίᾳ τῇ πε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρὶ Νάρβωνα Πισιδίᾳ στρατιωτῶν κατήγαγον. § Ἰτα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λία δὲ εἴκοσι ὀκτὼ ἀποικίας ἔχει ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ καταχθεί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σας, αἳ ἐμοῦ περιόντος πληθύουσαι ἐτύνχανον.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 29.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Σημέας στρατιωτικὰς [πλείους ὑ]πὸ ἄλλων ἡγεμό-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νων ἀποβεβλημένας [νικῶν τοὺ]ς πολεμίους</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">XVI.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀπέλαβον § ἐξ Ἱσπανίας καὶ Γαλατίας καὶ παρὰ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Δαλματῶν· Πάρθους τριῶν στρατευμάτων Ῥωμαί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ων σκῦλα καὶ σημέας ἀποδοῦναι ἐμοὶ ἱκέτας τε φι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λίαν δήμου Ῥωμαίων ἀξιῶσαι ἠνάγκασα. [§] ταύτας</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δὲ τὰς σημέας ἐν τῷ Ἄρεως τοῦ Ἀμύντορος ναοῦ ἀ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δύτῳ ἀπεθέμην.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 30.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Παννονίων ἔθνη, οἷς πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος στράτευ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μα Ῥωμαίων οὐκ ἤνγισεν, ἡσσηθέντα ὑπὸ Τιβερίου</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Νέρωνος, ὃς τότ’ ἐμοῦ ἦν πρόγονος καὶ πρεσβευτής,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἡγεμονίᾳ δῆμου Ῥωμαίων ὑπέταξα [§] τά τε Ἰλλυρι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κοῦ ὅρια μέχρι Ἴστρου ποταμοῦ προήγαγον· οὗ ἐπει-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ταδε Δάκων διαβᾶσα πολλὴ δύναμις ἐμοῖς αἰσίοις οἰω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νοῖς κατεκόπη. Καὶ ὕστερον μεταχθὲν τὸ ἐμὸν στρά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τευμα πέραν Ἴστρου τὰ Δάκων ἔθνη προστάλματα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δήμου Ῥωμαίων ὑπομένειν ἠνάγκασεν.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 31.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πρὸς ἐμὲ ἐξ Ἰνδίας βασιλέων πρεσβεῖαι πολλάκις ἀπε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στάλησαν, οὐδέποτε πρὸ τούτου χρόνου ὀφθεῖσαι παρὰ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμόνι. § Τὴν ἡμετέραν φιλίαν ἠξίωσαν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διὰ πρέσβεων § Βαστάρναι καὶ Σκύθαι καὶ Σαρμα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῶν οἱ ἐπιτάδε ὄντες τοῦ Τανάιδος ποταμοῦ καὶ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἱ πέραν δὲ βασιλεῖς, καὶ Ἀλβανῶν δὲ καὶ Ἰβήρων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ Μήδων βασιλεες.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 32.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πρὸς ἐμὲ ἱκέται κατέφυγον βασιλεῖς Πάρθων μὲν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τειριδάτης καὶ μετέπειτα Φραάτης βασιλέως</span> §</p>
-
-<p class="bq">XVII.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Φράτου [υἱός, Μ]ήδ[ων] δὲ Ἀρταο[υάσδ]ης, Ἀδιαβ[η]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νῶν [Ἀ]ρτα[ξάρης, Βριτα]ννῶν Δομνοελλαῦνος</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ Τ[ιμ........, Σο]υ[γ]άμβρων [Μ]αίλων, Μαρκο-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μάνων [Σουήβων] ........ρος. § [Πρὸ]ς ἐμὲ βασιλεις</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πάρθων Φρα[άτης Ὠρώδο]υ υἱὸ[ς ὑ]ιοὺς [αὐτοῦ] υἱω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νούς τε πάντας ἔπεμψεν εἰς Ἰταλίαν, οὐ πολέμῳ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λειφθείς, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἡμ[ε]τέραν φιλίαν ἀξιῶν ἐπὶ τέ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κνων ἐνεχύροις, πλεῖστά τε ἄλλα ἔθνη πεῖραν ἔλ[α]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βεν δήμου Ῥωμαίων πίστεως ἐπ’ ἐμοῦ ἡγεμόνος,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἷς τὸ πρὶν οὐδεμία ἦν πρὸς δῆμον Ῥωμαίων π[ρε]σ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βειῶν καὶ φιλίας κοινωνία.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 33.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Παρ’ ἐμοῦ ἔθνη Πάρθων καὶ Μήδων διὰ πρέσβεων τῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">παρ’ αὐτοῖς πρώτων βασιλεῖς αἰτησάμενοι ἔλαβ[ον]</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Πάρθοι Οὐονώνην βασιλέως Φράτου ὑ[ι]όν, βασιλ[έω]ς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὠρώδου υἱωνόν· Μῆδοι Ἀριοβαρζάνην βα[σ]ιλέως</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἀρταβάζου υἱόν, βασιλέως Ἀριοβαρζάν[ου υἱω]νόν.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 34.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">17 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἐν ὑπατείᾳ ἕκτῃ καὶ ἑβδόμῃ μετὰ τὸ τοὺς ἐνφυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λίους ζβέσαι με πολέμους [κ]ατὰ τὰς εὐχὰς τῶν ἐ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μῶν πολε[ι]τῶν ἐνκρατὴς γενόμενος πάντων τῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πραγμάτων, ἐκ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐξουσίας εἰς τὴν τῆς συν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τῶν Ῥωμαίων μετήνεγκα</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κυριήαν. ἐξ ἧς αἰτίας δόγματι συνκλήτου Σεβαστὸς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">προσ[ηγορε]ύθην καὶ δάφναις δημοσίᾳ τὰ πρόπυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λ[ά μου ἐστέφθ]η, ὅ τε δρύινος στέφανος ὁ διδόμενος</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">XVIII.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπὶ σωτηρία τῶν πολειτῶν ὑπερά[ν]ω τοῦ πυλῶ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νος τῆς ἐμῆς οἰκίας ἀνετέθη, § ὅπ[λ]ον τε χρυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σοῦν ἐν τῷ βο[υ]λευτηρίῳ ἀνατεθ[ὲ]ν ὑπό τε τῆς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">συνκλήτου καὶ τοῦ δήμου τῶν Ῥω[μα]ίων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διὰ τῆς ἐπιγραφῆς ἀρετὴν καὶ ἐπείκειαν κα[ὶ δ]ικαιοσύνην</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ εὐσέβειαν ἐμοὶ μαρτυρεῖ. § Ἀξιώμ[α]τι [§] πάντων</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">διήνεγκα, [§] ἐξουσίας δὲ οὐδέν τι πλεῖον ἔσχον</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῶν συναρξάντων μοι.</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">c. 35.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Τρισκαιδεκάτην ὑπατείαν ἄγοντός μου ἥ τε σύν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κλητος καὶ τὸ ἱππικὸν τάγμα ὅ τε σύνπας δῆμος τῶν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ῥωμαίων προσηγόρευσέ με πατέρα πατρίδος καὶ τοῦτο</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">12&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπὶ τοῦ προπύλου τῆς οἰκίας μου καὶ ἐν τῷ βουλευτη-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">13&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρίῳ καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ τῇ Σεβαστῇ ὑπὸ τῷ ἅρματι, ὅ μοι</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">14&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δόγματι συνκλήτου ἀνετέθη, ἐπιγραφῆναι ἐψηφίσα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">15&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">το. [§] Ὅτε ἔγραφον ταῦτα, ἤγον ἔτος ἑβδομηκοστὸν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">16&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἕκτον. §</span></p>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p class="inscrip">17 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Συνκεφαλαίωσις [§] ἠριθμημένου χρήματος εἰς τὸ αἰρά-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">18&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ριον ἢ εἰς τὸν δῆμον τὸν Ῥω[μαί]ων ἢ εἰς τοὺς ἀπολε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">19&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λυμένους στρατιώτας</span> [§]: <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἓξ μυριάδες μυριάδων. §</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">20&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἔργα καινὰ ἐγένετο ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ναοὶ μὲν Ἄρεως, Διὸς</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">21&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">βροντησίου καὶ τροπαιοφόρου, Πανός, Ἀπόλλω-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">22&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">νος, [§] θεοῦ Ἰουλίου, Κυρείνου, [§] Ἀ[θη]νᾶς, [§] Ἥρας
-βασιλί-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">23&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δος, [§] Διὸς Ἐλευθερίου, [§] ἡρώ[ων, θεῶν π]ατρίων, [§],
-Νε-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">24&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ότητος, [§] Μητρὸς θεῶν, [§] β[ουλευτήριον] σὺν χαλκι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="bq">XIX.</p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 1&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">δικῷ, [§] ἀγορᾷ Σεβαστῇ [§], θέατρον Μαρκέλλου, [§] β[α]σι-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 2&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">λικὴ Ἰουλία, [§] ἄλσος Καισάρων, [§] στοαὶ ἐ[ν] Παλατ[ί]ῳ,</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 3&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στοὰ ἐν ἱπποδρόμῳ Φλαμινίῳ. § Ἐπεσκευάσθ[η τὸ Κα]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 4&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πιτώλιον, [§] ναοὶ ὀγδοήκοντα δύο, [§]θέ[ατ]ρον Π[ομ]-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 5&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πηίου, [§] ὁδὸς Φλαμινία, [§] ἀγωγοὶ ὑδάτων. [Δαπ]άναι δὲ</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 6&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εἰς θέας καὶ μονομάχους καὶ ἀθλητὰς καὶ ναυμα-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 7&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χίαν καὶ θηρομαχίαν δωρεαί [τε] ἀποικίαις πόλεσιν</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 8&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ, πόλεσιν ἐν ἐπαρχείαις [§] σεισμῷ κα[ὶ] ἐνπυ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">&nbsp; 9&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρισμοῖς πεπονηκυίαις ἢ κατ’ ἄνδρα φίλοις καὶ συν-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">10&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">κλητικοῖς, ὧν τὰς τειμήσεις προσεξεπλήρωσεν</span>: <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἄ-</span></p>
-
-<p class="inscrip">11&nbsp; &nbsp; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πειρον πλῆθος.</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-
-<p class="bqp9em">l, 7. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἅμα</span> B. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μοι</span> or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐμοὶ</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">II, 16. Before <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐμῶν</span> W. inserts <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῶν</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">III, 14. Last word Apoll., <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοῦ</span>, Auc. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τῶν</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">VIII, 17. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οὗτος</span>, W. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σύνπας</span>; <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀριθμὸς</span>, S.
-<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀριθμῷ</span> or <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀριθμὸν</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">X, 22. S. inserts <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοῦ</span> before <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Κρόνου</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">X, 23. S. inserts <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μου</span> after <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πατρὸς</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">X, 24. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καυθεῖσαν ἐπὶ</span>, S. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καταφλεχθεῖσαν ἐν</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">XII, 1. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐψηφίσαντο</span>, S. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">καὶ ἐψήφιστο</span>.</p>
-
-<p class="bqp9em">XIII, 22. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἳ ἢ πρότερον ἢ,</span> S. <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ὑπατικοὶ καὶ οἳ</span>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="H2ENGLISH"><span class="inblk">Below is a copy of the deeds of the divine Augustus, by which he
-subjected the whole world to the dominion of the Roman people, and
-of the amounts which he expended upon the commonwealth and the Roman
-people, as engraved upon two brazen columns which are set up at Rome.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a>
-</span></h2></div>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 1.</h3></div>
-
-<p>In my twentieth year,<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> acting upon my own judgment<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> and at my
-own expense,<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> I raised an army<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a> by means of which I restored to
-liberty the commonwealth which had been oppressed by the tyranny of
-a faction.<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> On account of this the senate by laudatory decrees
-admitted me to its order,<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">7</a> in the consulship of Gaius Pansa and Aulus
-Hirtius, and at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> the same time gave me consular rank in the expression
-of opinion,<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">8</a> and gave me the <em>imperium</em>.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">9</a> It also voted that
-I as propraetor,<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a> together with the consuls, should see to it that
-the commonwealth suffered no harm.<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a> In the same year, moreover, when
-both consuls had perished in war, the people made me consul,<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">12</a> and
-triumvir for organizing the commonwealth.<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">13</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 2.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Those who killed my father<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">14</a> I drove into exile by lawful
-judgments,<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">15</a> avenging their crime, and afterwards, when they waged
-war against the commonwealth, I twice defeated them in battle.<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">16</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 3.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I undertook civil and foreign wars by land and sea throughout the whole
-world, and as victor I showed mercy to all surviving citizens.<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">17</a>
-Foreign peoples, who could be pardoned with safety, I preferred to
-preserve rather than to destroy. About five hundred thousand Roman
-citizens took the military oath of allegiance to me.<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">18</a> Of these I
-have settled in colonies or sent back to their <em>municipia</em>,<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">19</a>
-upon the expiration of their terms of service,<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">20</a> somewhat over three
-hundred thousand, and to all these I have given lands purchased by
-me, or money for farms,<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> out of my own means. I have captured six
-hundred ships, besides those which were smaller than triremes.<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">22</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 4.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Twice I have triumphed in the ovation,<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> and three times in the
-curule triumph,<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">24</a> and I have been twenty-one times saluted as
-imperator.<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">25</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span></p>
-
-<p>After that, when the senate decreed me many triumphs,<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">26</a> I declined
-them. Likewise I often deposited the laurels in the Capitol<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">27</a> in
-fulfilment of vows which I had also made in battle. On account of
-enterprises brought to a successful issue on land and sea by me, or
-by my lieutenants under my auspices, the senate fifty-five times
-decreed that there should be a thanksgiving to the immortal gods.<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">28</a>
-The number of days, moreover, on which thanksgiving was rendered
-in accordance with the decree of the senate was eight hundred and
-ninety.<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> In my triumphs there have been led before my chariot nine
-kings, or children of kings.<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">30</a> When I wrote these words I had been
-thirteen times consul, and was in the thirty-seventh year of the
-tribunitial power.<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">31</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 5.</h3></div>
-
-<p>The dictatorship which was offered to me by the people and the senate,
-both when I was absent and when I was present, in the consulship of
-Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius, I did not accept.<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a> At a time
-of the greatest dearth of grain I did not refuse the charge of the food
-supply, which I so administered that in a few days, at my own expense,
-I freed the whole people from the anxiety and danger in which they then
-were.<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> The annual and perpetual consulship offered to me at that
-time I did not accept.<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">34</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 6.</h3></div>
-
-<p>During the consulship of Marcus Vinucius and Quintus Lucretius, and
-afterwards in that of Publius and Cnaeus Lentulus, and a third time in
-that of Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero, by the consent of
-the senate and the Roman people I was voted the sole charge of the laws
-and of morals, with the fullest power;<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">35</a> but I accepted the proffer
-of no office which was contrary to the customs of the country.<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> The
-measures of which the senate at that time wished me to take charge, I
-accomplished in virtue of my possession of the tribunitial power.<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">37</a>
-In this office I five times associated with myself a colleague, with
-the consent of the senate.<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">38</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 7.</h3></div>
-
-<p>For ten years in succession I was one of the triumvirs for organizing
-the commonwealth.<a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">39</a>
-Up to that day on which I write these words<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span>
-I have been <em>princeps</em> of the senate through forty years.<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">40</a>
-I have been <em>pontifex maximus</em>,<a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">41</a> augur,<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">42</a> a member of the
-quindecemviral college of the sacred rites,<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">43</a> of the septemviral
-college of the banquets,<a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">44</a> an Arval Brother,<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">45</a> a member of the
-Titian sodality,<a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">46</a> and a fetial.<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">47</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 8.</h3></div>
-
-<p>In my fifth consulship, by order of the people and the senate, I
-increased the number of the patricians.<a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">48</a> Three times I have revised
-the list of the senate.<a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">49</a> In my sixth consulship, with Marcus Agrippa
-as colleague, I made a census of the people. I performed the lustration
-after forty-one years. In this lustration the number of Roman citizens
-was four million and sixty-three thousand.<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">50</a> Again assuming the
-consular power in the consulship of Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius,
-I alone performed the lustration. At this census the number of Roman
-citizens was four million, two hundred and thirty thousand.<a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">51</a> A third
-time, assuming the consular power in the consulship of Sextus Pompeius
-and Sextus Appuleius, with Tiberius Cæsar as colleague, I performed the
-lustration. At this lustration the number of Roman citizens was four
-million, nine hundred and thirty-seven thousand.<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">52</a> By new legislation
-I have restored many customs of our ancestors which had now begun to
-fall into disuse, and I have myself also committed to posterity many
-examples worthy of imitation.<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">53</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 9.</h3></div>
-
-<p>The senate decreed that every fifth year vows for my good health should
-be performed by the consuls and the priests. In accordance with these
-vows games have been often celebrated during my lifetime, sometimes
-by the four chief colleges, sometimes by the consuls.<a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">54</a> In private,
-also, and as municipalities, the whole body of citizens have constantly
-sacrificed at every shrine for my good health.<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">55</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 10.</h3></div>
-
-<p>By a decree of the senate my name has been included in the Salian
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span>hymn,<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">56</a> and it has been enacted by law that I should be sacrosanct,
-and that as long as I live I should be invested with the tribunitial
-power.<a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">57</a> I refused to be made <em>pontifex maximus</em> in the place of
-a colleague still living, when the people tendered me that priesthood
-which my father held. I accepted that office after several years, when
-he was dead who had seized it during a time of civil disturbance;
-and at the comitia for my election, during the consulship of Publius
-Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius, so great a multitude assembled as, it is
-said, had never before been in Rome.<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">58</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 11.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Close to the temples of Honor and Virtue, near the Capena gate, the
-senate consecrated in honor of my return an altar to Fortune the
-Restorer, and upon this altar it ordered that the <em>pontifices</em> and
-the Vestal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span> virgins should offer sacrifice yearly on the anniversary of
-the day on which I returned into the city from Syria, in the consulship
-of Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinucius, and it called the day the
-Augustalia, from our cognomen.<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">59</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 12.</h3></div>
-
-<p>By a decree of the senate at the same time a part of the prætors and
-tribunes of the people with the consul Quintus Lucretius and leading
-citizens were sent into Campania to meet me, an honor which up to this
-time has been decreed to no one but me.<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">60</a> When I returned from Spain
-and Gaul after successfully arranging the affairs of those provinces,
-in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius, the senate
-voted that in honor of my return an altar of the Augustan Peace should
-be consecrated in the Campus Martius, and upon this altar it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span> ordered
-the magistrates and priests and vestal virgins to offer sacrifices on
-each anniversary.<a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">61</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 13.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Janus Quirinus, which it was the purpose of our fathers to close when
-there was peace won by victory<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">62</a> throughout the whole empire of
-the Roman people on land and sea, and which, before I was born, from
-the foundation of the city, was reported to have been closed twice
-in all,<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">63</a> the senate three times ordered to be closed while I was
-<em>princeps</em>.<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">64</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 14.</h3></div>
-
-<p>My sons, the Cæsars Gaius and Lucius, whom fortune snatched from me in
-their youth,<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">65</a> the senate and Roman people, in order to dome honor,
-designated as consuls in the fifteenth year of each, with the intention
-that they should enter upon that magistracy after five years.<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">66</a> And
-the senate decreed that from the day in which they were introduced into
-the forum they should share in the public counsels.<a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">67</a> Moreover the
-whole body of the Roman knights gave them the title, <em>principes</em>
-of the youth, and gave to each a silver buckler and spear.<a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">68</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 15.</h3></div>
-
-<p>To each man of the Roman <em>plebs</em> I paid three hundred sesterces
-in accordance with the last will of my father;<a id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">69</a> and in my own name,
-when consul for the fifth time, I gave four hundred sesterces from
-the spoils of the wars;<a id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">70</a> again, moreover, in my tenth consulship I
-gave from my own estate four hundred sesterces to each man by way of
-<em>congiarium</em>;<a id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">71</a> and in my eleventh consulship I twelve times
-made distributions of food, buying grain at my own expense;<a id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">72</a> and
-in the twelfth year of my tribunitial power I three times gave four
-hundred sesterces to each man.<a id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">73</a> These my donations have never
-been made to less than two hundred and fifty thousand men.<a id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">74</a> In my
-twelfth consulship and the eighteenth year of my tribunitial power I
-gave to three hundred and twenty thousand of the city <em>plebs</em>
-sixty <em>denarii</em> apiece.<a id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">75</a> In the colonies of my soldiers, when
-consul for the fifth time, I gave to each man a thousand sesterces from
-the spoils; about a hundred and twenty thousand men in the colonies
-received that triumphal donation.<a id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">76</a> When consul for the thirteenth
-time I gave sixty <em>denarii</em> to the <em>plebs</em> who were at that
-time receiving public grain; these men were a little more than two
-hundred thousand in number.<a id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">77</a> <a id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">78</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 16.</h3></div>
-
-<p>For the lands which in my fourth consulship, and afterwards in the
-consulship of Marcus Crassus and Cnæus Lentulus, the augur, I assigned
-to soldiers, I paid money to the <em>municipia</em>. The sum which I paid
-for Italian farms was about six hundred million sesterces, and that for
-lands in the provinces was about two hundred and sixty millions.<a id="FNanchor_79" href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">79</a>
-Of all those who have established colonies of soldiers in Italy or
-in the provinces I am the first and only one within the memory of my
-age, to do this. And afterward in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and
-Cnæus Piso, and also in that of Gaius Antistius and Decimus Lælius,
-and in that of Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Pasienus, and in that of
-Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messala, and in that of Lucius Caninius and
-Quintus Fabricius, I gave gratuities in money to the soldiers whom I
-sent back to their <em>municipia</em> at the expiration of their terms
-of service, and for this purpose I freely spent four hundred million
-sesterces.<a id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">80</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 17.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Four times I have aided the public treasury from my own means, to such
-extent that I have furnished to those in charge of the treasury one
-hundred and fifty million sesterces.<a id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">81</a> And in the consulship of
-Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius I paid into the military treasury
-which was established by my advice that from it gratuities might be
-given to soldiers who had served a term of twenty or more years, one
-hundred and seventy million sesterces from my own estate.<a id="FNanchor_82" href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">82</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 18.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Beginning with that year in which Cnæus and Publius Lentulus were
-consuls, when the imposts failed, I furnished aid sometimes to a
-hundred thousand men, and sometimes to more, by supplying grain or
-money for the tribute from my own land and property.<a id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">83</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 19.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I constructed<a id="FNanchor_84" href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">84</a> the Curia,<a id="FNanchor_85" href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">85</a> and the Chalcidicum adjacent
-thereto,<a id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">86</a> the temple of Apollo on the Palatine, with its
-porticoes,<a id="FNanchor_87" href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a> the temple of the divine Julius,<a id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a> the Lupercal,<a id="FNanchor_89" href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">89</a>
-the portico to the Circus of Flaminius, which I allowed to bear the
-name, Portico Octavia, from his name who constructed the earlier one
-in the same place;<a id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">90</a> the Pulvinar at the Circus Maximus,<a id="FNanchor_91" href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">91</a> the
-temples of Jupiter the Vanquisher<a id="FNanchor_92" href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">92</a> and Jupiter the Thunderer, on the
-Capitol,<a id="FNanchor_93" href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">93</a> the temple of Quirinus,<a id="FNanchor_94" href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">94</a> the temples of Minerva and
-Juno Regina and of Jupiter Libertas, on the Aventine,<a id="FNanchor_95" href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">95</a> the temple of
-the Lares on the highest point of the Via Sacra,<a id="FNanchor_96" href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">96</a> the temple of the
-divine Penates on the Velian hill,<a id="FNanchor_97" href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">97</a> the temple of Youth,<a id="FNanchor_98" href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">98</a> and the
-temple of the Great Mother on the Palatine.<a id="FNanchor_99" href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">99</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 20.</h3></div>
-
-<p>The Capitol and the Pompeian theatre have been restored by me at
-enormous expense for each work, without any inscription of my name.<a id="FNanchor_100" href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">100</a>
-Aqueducts which were crumbling in many places by reason of age I have
-restored, and I have doubled the water which bears the name Marcian
-by turning a new spring into its course.<a id="FNanchor_101" href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">101</a> The Forum Julium and
-the basilica which was between the temple of Castor and the temple
-of Saturn, works begun and almost completed by my father, I have
-finished; and when that same basilica was consumed by fire, I began
-its reconstruction on an enlarged site, inscribing it with the names
-of my sons; and if I do not live to complete it, I have given orders
-that it be completed by my heirs.<a id="FNanchor_102" href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">102</a> In accordance with a decree of
-the senate, while consul for the sixth time, I have restored eighty-two
-temples of the gods, passing over none which was at that time in need
-of repair.<a id="FNanchor_103" href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">103</a> In my seventh consulship I constructed the Flaminian<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span>
-way from the city to Ariminum, and all the bridges except the Mulvian
-and Minucian.<a id="FNanchor_104" href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">104</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 21.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Upon private ground I have built with the spoils of war the temple
-of Mars the Avenger, and the Augustan Forum.<a id="FNanchor_105" href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">105</a> Beside the temple
-of Apollo, I built upon ground, bought for the most part at my own
-expense, a theatre, to bear the name of Marcellus, my son-in-law.<a id="FNanchor_106" href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">106</a>
-From the spoils of war I have consecrated gifts in the Capitol, and
-in the temple of the divine Julius, and in the temple of Apollo, and
-in the temple of Vesta, and in the temple of Mars the Avenger; these
-gifts have cost me about a hundred million sesterces.<a id="FNanchor_107" href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">107</a> In my fifth
-consulship I remitted to the <em>municipia</em> and Italian colonies the
-thirty-five<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span> thousand pounds given me as coronary gold on the occasion
-of my triumphs, and thereafter, as often as I was proclaimed imperator,
-I did not accept the coronary gold which the <em>municipia</em> and
-colonies voted to me as kindly as before.<a id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">108</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 22.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Three times in my own name, and five times in that of my sons or
-grandsons, I have given gladiatorial exhibitions; in these exhibitions
-about ten thousand men have fought.<a id="FNanchor_109" href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">109</a> Twice in my own name,
-and three times in that of my grandson, I have offered the people
-the spectacle of athletes gathered from all quarters.<a id="FNanchor_110" href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">110</a> I have
-celebrated games four times in my own name, and twenty-three times
-in the turns of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span> other magistrates.<a id="FNanchor_111" href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">111</a> In behalf of the college of
-quindecemvirs, I, as master of the college, with my colleague Agrippa,
-celebrated the Secular Games in the consulship of Gaius Furnius and
-Gaius Silanus.<a id="FNanchor_112" href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">112</a> When consul for the thirteenth time, I first
-celebrated the Martial games, which since that time the consuls have
-given in successive years.<a id="FNanchor_113" href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">113</a> Twenty-six times in my own name,
-or in that of my sons and grandsons, I have given hunts of African
-wild beasts in the circus, the forum, the amphitheatres, and about
-thirty-five hundred beasts have been killed.<a id="FNanchor_114" href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">114</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 23.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I gave the people the spectacle of a naval battle beyond the Tiber,
-where now is the grove of the Cæsars.<a id="FNanchor_115" href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">115</a> For this purpose an
-excavation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span> was made eighteen hundred feet long and twelve hundred
-wide. In this contest thirty beaked ships, triremes or biremes, were
-engaged, besides more of smaller size. About three thousand men fought
-in these vessels in addition to the rowers.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 24.</h3></div>
-
-<p>In the temples of all the cities of the province of Asia, I, as victor,
-replaced the ornaments of which he with whom I was at war had taken
-private possession when he despoiled the temples.<a id="FNanchor_116" href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">116</a> Silver statues
-of me, on foot, on horseback and in quadrigas, which stood in the city
-to the number of about eighty, I removed, and out of their money value,
-I placed golden gifts in the temple of Apollo in my own name, and in
-the names of those who had offered me the honor of the statues.<a id="FNanchor_117" href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">117</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 25.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I have freed the sea from pirates. In that war with the slaves I
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span>delivered to their masters for punishment about thirty thousand
-slaves who had fled from their masters and taken up arms against the
-state.<a id="FNanchor_118" href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">118</a> The whole of Italy voluntarily took the oath of allegiance
-to me, and demanded me as leader in that war in which I conquered at
-Actium. The provinces of Gaul, Spain, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swore
-the same allegiance to me.<a id="FNanchor_119" href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">119</a> There were more than seven hundred
-senators who at that time fought under my standards, and among these,
-up to the day on which these words are written, eighty-three have
-either before or since been made consuls, and about one hundred and
-seventy have been made priests.<a id="FNanchor_120" href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">120</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 26.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I have extended the boundaries of all the provinces of the Roman people
-which were bordered by nations not yet subjected to our sway.<a id="FNanchor_121" href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">121</a> I
-have reduced to a state of peace the Gallic and Spanish provinces, and
-Germany, the lands enclosed by the ocean from Gades to the mouth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span> of
-the Elbe.<a id="FNanchor_122" href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">122</a> The Alps from the region nearest the Adriatic as far as
-the Tuscan Sea I have brought into a state of peace, without waging an
-unjust war upon any people.<a id="FNanchor_123" href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">123</a> My fleet has navigated the ocean from
-the mouth of the Rhine as far as the boundaries of the Cimbri, where
-before that time no Roman had ever penetrated by land or sea;<a id="FNanchor_124" href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">124</a> and
-the Cimbri and Charydes and Semnones and other German peoples of that
-section, by means of legates, sought my friendship and that of the
-Roman people.<a id="FNanchor_125" href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">125</a> By my command and under my auspices two armies at
-almost the same time have been led into Ethiopia and into Arabia, which
-is called “the Happy,” and very many of the enemy of both peoples have
-fallen in battle, and many towns have been captured. Into Ethiopia the
-advance was as far as Nabata, which is next to Meroe.<a id="FNanchor_126" href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">126</a> In Arabia
-the army penetrated as far as the confines of the Sabaei, to the town
-Mariba.<a id="FNanchor_127" href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">127</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 27.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I have added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people.<a id="FNanchor_128" href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">128</a> Of greater
-Armenia, when its king Artaxes was killed I could have made<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span> a
-province, but I preferred, after the example of our fathers, to deliver
-that kingdom to Tigranes, the son of king Artavasdes, and grandson of
-king Tigranes; and this I did through Tiberius Nero, who was then my
-son-in-law.<a id="FNanchor_129" href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">129</a> And afterwards, when the same people became turbulent
-and rebellious, they were subdued by Gaius, my son, and I gave the
-sovereignty over them to king Ariobarzanes, the son of Artabazes, king
-of the Medes, and after his death to his son Artavasdes. When he was
-killed I sent into that kingdom Tigranes, who was sprung from the royal
-house of the Armenians.<a id="FNanchor_130" href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">130</a> I recovered all the provinces across the
-Adriatic Sea, which extend toward the east, and Cyrenaica, at that time
-for the most part in the possession of kings, together with Sicily and
-Sardinia, which had been engaged in a servile war.<a id="FNanchor_131" href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">131</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 28.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I have established colonies of soldiers<a id="FNanchor_132" href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">132</a> in Africa, Sicily,
-Macedonia, the two Spains, Achaia, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensis and
-Pisidia.<a id="FNanchor_133" href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">133</a> Italy also has twenty-eight colonies established under
-my auspices, which within my lifetime have become very famous and
-populous.<a id="FNanchor_134" href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">134</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 29.</h3></div>
-
-<p>I have recovered from Spain and Gaul, and from the Dalmatians, after
-conquering the enemy, many military standards which had been lost by
-other leaders.<a id="FNanchor_135" href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">135</a> I have compelled the Parthians to give up to me
-the spoils and standards of three Roman armies, and as suppliants to
-seek the friendship of the Roman people. Those standards, moreover,
-I have deposited in the sanctuary which is in the temple of Mars the
-Avenger.<a id="FNanchor_136" href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">136</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 30.</h3></div>
-
-<p>The Pannonian peoples, whom before I became <em>princeps</em>, no army
-of the Roman people had ever attacked, were defeated by Tiberius Nero,
-at that time my son-in-law and legate; and I brought them under<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span>
-subjection to the empire of the Roman people,<a id="FNanchor_137" href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">137</a> and extended the
-boundaries of Illyricum to the bank of the river Danube.<a id="FNanchor_138" href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">138</a> When an
-army of the Dacians crossed this river, it was defeated and destroyed,
-and afterwards my army, led across the Danube, compelled the Dacian
-people to submit to the sway of the Roman people.<a id="FNanchor_139" href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">139</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 31.</h3></div>
-
-<p>Embassies have been many times sent to me from the kings of India, a
-thing never before seen in the case of any ruler of the Romans.<a id="FNanchor_140" href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">140</a>
-Our friendship has been sought by means of ambassadors by the Bastarnae
-and the Scythians, and by the kings of the Sarmatae, who are on either
-side of the Tanais, and by the kings of the Albani, the Hiberi, and the
-Medes.<a id="FNanchor_141" href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">141</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 32.</h3></div>
-
-<p>To me have betaken themselves as suppliants the kings of the
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">76</span>Parthians, Tiridates, and later, Phraates, the son of king
-Phraates;<a id="FNanchor_142" href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">142</a> of the Medes, Artavasdes;<a id="FNanchor_143" href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">143</a> of the Adiabeni,
-Artaxares;<a id="FNanchor_144" href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">144</a> of the Britons, Dumnobellaunus and Tim_____;<a id="FNanchor_145" href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">145</a>
-of the Sicambri, Maelo;<a id="FNanchor_146" href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">146</a> and of the Marcomanian Suevi,
-__________rus.<a id="FNanchor_147" href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">147</a> Phraates, king of the Parthians, son of Orodes,
-sent all his children and grandchildren into Italy to me, not because
-he had been conquered in war, but rather seeking our friendship
-by means of his children as pledges.<a id="FNanchor_148" href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">148</a> Since I have been
-<em>princeps</em> very many other races have made proof of the good
-faith of the Roman people, who never before had had any interchange of
-embassies and friendship with the Roman people.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 33.</h3></div>
-
-<p>From me the peoples of the Parthians and of the Medes have received
-the kings they asked for through ambassadors, the chief men of those
-peoples: the Parthians, Vonones, the son of king Phraates, and
-grandson of king Orodes;<a id="FNanchor_149" href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">149</a> the Medes, Ariobarzanes, the son of king
-Artavasdes, and grandson of king Ariobarzanes.<a id="FNanchor_150" href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">150</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 34.</h3></div>
-
-<p>In my sixth and seventh consulships, when I had put an end to the
-civil wars, after having obtained complete control of affairs by
-universal consent, I transferred the commonwealth from my own dominion
-to the authority of the senate and Roman people.<a id="FNanchor_151" href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">151</a> In return for
-this favor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> on my part I received by decree of the senate the title
-Augustus,<a id="FNanchor_152" href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">152</a> the door-posts of my house were publicly decked with
-laurels, a civic crown was fixed above my door,<a id="FNanchor_153" href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">153</a> and in the Julian
-Curia was placed a golden shield, which, by its inscription, bore
-witness that it was given to me by the senate and Roman people on
-account of my valor, clemency, justice and piety.<a id="FNanchor_154" href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">154</a> After that time
-I excelled all others in dignity, but of power I held no more than
-those also held who were my colleagues in any magistracy.<a id="FNanchor_155" href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">155</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 35.</h3></div>
-
-<p>While I was consul for the thirteenth time the senate and the
-equestrian order and the entire Roman people gave me the title of
-father of the fatherland, and decreed that it should be inscribed upon
-the vestibule of my house and in the Curia, and in the Augustan Forum
-beneath the quadriga which had been, by decree of the senate, set up
-in my honor.<a id="FNanchor_156" href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">156</a> When I wrote these words I was in my seventy-sixth
-year.<a id="FNanchor_157" href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">157</a></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="Supplement"><span class="smcap">Supplement.</span></h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 1.</h3></div>
-
-<p>The sum of the money which he gave in to the treasury or to the
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span>
-Roman people, or to discharged soldiers, was six hundred million denarii.<a id="FNanchor_158" href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">158</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 2.</h3></div>
-
-<p>He constructed new works as follows: the temples of Mars, of Jupiter
-the Thunderer and the Vanquisher, of Apollo, of the divine Julius,
-of Quirinus, of Minerva, of Juno Regina, of Jupiter Libertas, of the
-Lares, of the divine Penates, of Youth, and of the Mother of the
-gods, the Lupercal, the Pulvinar in the Circus, the Curia with the
-Chalcidicum, the Augustan Forum, the Basilica Julia, the Theatre of
-Marcellus, the Portico on the Palatine, the Portico in the Flaminian
-Circus, the grove of the Cæsars beyond the Tiber.<a id="FNanchor_159" href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">159</a></p>
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 3.</h3></div>
-
-<p>He restored the Capitol, and sacred structures to the number of
-eighty-two, the Theatre of Pompey, the aqueducts, the Flaminian
-Way.<a id="FNanchor_160" href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">160</a></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak">c. 4.</h3></div>
-
-<p>His expenses for theatrical representations, for gladiatorial and
-athletic exhibitions, for chases and the naval combat,<a id="FNanchor_161" href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">161</a> also for
-gifts in money to the colonies and cities of Italy,<a id="FNanchor_162" href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">162</a> to provincial
-cities suffering<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span> from earthquake or conflagrations,<a id="FNanchor_163" href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">163</a> and to
-individual friends and to senators, whose property he raised to the
-standard,<a id="FNanchor_164" href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">164</a> were innumerable.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHRONOLOGICAL_TABLE">CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p class="center smaller">(<em>Roman numerals refer to chapters.</em>)</p>
-
-<p class="noindent"><span class="allsmcap">A. U. C.</span></p>
-
-<p class="chron">706.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Made <em>pontifex</em>, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">710.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Raises army at his own cost, I; gives to each citizen 300
-sesterces, according to will of Julius Cæsar, XV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">711.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Enters senate, receives consular rank, and the <em>imperium</em>,
-becomes <em>propraetor</em>, <em>imperator</em>, consul, I; triumvir, I
-and VII; exiles murderers of Julius Cæsar, II.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">712.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;War of Philippi, II; builds the curia, XIX, app. II.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">714.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<em>Imperator</em> second and third times; ovation, IV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">716.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Recovers Sardinia, XXVII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">718.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;The Sicilian war, III and XIX; fourth time <em>imperator</em>, IV;
-punishes revolted slaves, XXV; recovers Sicily, XXVII; ovation, IV;
-receives tribunitial power, X, cf. VI; builds temple of Apollo on the
-Palatine, XIX, app. II.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">721.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Fifth time <em>imperator</em>? IV; recovers standards from
-Dalmatians, XXIX.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">722.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Becomes leader against Antony, XXV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">723.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Victory of Actium; clemency as victor, III; sixth time
-<em>imperator</em>, IV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">724.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Fourth consulship; veterans colonized, XVI; provinces east of
-the Adriatic, and Cyrenae recovered; Egypt annexed, XXVII; Artavasdes
-the Mede and Tiridates the Parthian flee to Augustus, XXXII;
-ornaments replaced in temples of Asia, XXIV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">725.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Fifth consulship, VIII, XV, XXI; seventh time <em>imperator</em>;
-triple triumph, IV; declines coronary gold, XXI; gives to 120,000
-colonized soldiers 1,000 sesterces apiece; gives the people 400
-sesterces each, XV; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; consecrates gifts
-in various temples, XXI; closes temple of Janus, XIII; name placed in
-Salian hymn, X; increases number of patricians, VIII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">726.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Sixth consulship, VIII, XX, XXXIV. Takes census; revises list
-of senators, VIII; made <em>princeps senatus</em>, VII; restores city
-temples, XX, app. III; gives money to the treasury, XVII; gives
-gladiatorial and athletic shows, XXII; games vowed and celebrated for
-health of Augustus, IX; restores the commonwealth to the senate and
-people, XXXIV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">727.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Seventh consulship, XX, XXXIV. Continuation of transfer of
-power to senate and people; is called Augustus; door-posts decked
-with laurel; civic crown and golden shield accorded, XXXIV; repairs
-Flaminian Way, XX, app. III; melts down silver statues for offerings,
-XXIV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">729.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Eighth time <em>imperator</em>; refuses triumph, IV; closes temple
-of Janus the second time, XIII; Arabian expedition, XXVI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">730.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Tenth consulship; gives the people 400 sesterces each.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">731.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Eleventh consulship; twelve times supplies food for citizens,
-XV, cf. V; Ethiopian expedition, XXVI.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span></p>
-
-<p class="chron">732.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Consulship of Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius; refuses
-annual and perpetual consulship; also the dictatorship; accepts
-the administration of grain supply, V; dedicates temple of Jupiter
-Tonans, XIX.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">733.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Refuses consulship? V.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">734.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Receives embassy from India, XXXI; ninth time <em>imperator</em>?
-refuses a triumph, IV; recovers standards from Parthia, XXIX; gives
-Armenia Major to Tigranes, XXVII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">735.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinucius consuls; altar of Fortuna
-Redux consecrated; Augustalia established, XI; deputation of leading
-men meet Augustus in Campania, XII; declines the custody of laws and
-morals, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">736.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Cnaeus and Publius Lentulus consuls, VI, XVIII; remits tribute,
-XVIII; again declines custody of laws and morals; associates Agrippa
-in tribunitial power, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">737.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gaius Furnius and Gaius Silanus consuls; secular games, XXII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">738.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Augustus supplies money to the treasury, XVII; gives
-gladiatorial show, XXII; dedicates temple of Quirinus, XIX, app. II.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">739.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Tenth time <em>imperator</em>, IV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">740.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Marcus Crassus and Cnaeus Lentulus consuls; pays provincials for
-lands taken for veterans.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">741.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius consuls, XII; deposits
-laurel in the Capitol, IV; altar of the Augustan Peace dedicated,
-XII; again associates Agrippa in tribunitial power, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">742.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gaius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius consuls, X; twelfth year of
-tribunitial power, XV; eleventh time <em>imperator</em>, IV; made
-<em>pontifex maximus</em>, X; gives gladiatorial show, XXII; gives the
-people 400 sesterces each, XV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">743.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero consuls, VI; twelfth
-time <em>imperator</em>, IV; for the third time refuses the custody of
-laws and morals, VI; dedicates theater of Marcellus, XXI, app. II.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">745.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Thirteenth time <em>imperator</em>; deposits the laurel in temple
-of Jupiter Feretrius, IV; Tiberius Nero subdues the Pannonians, XXX.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">746.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius consuls; second census taken;
-list of senate revised, VIII; children of Phraates sent to Rome;
-Maelo, King of the Sicambri, surrenders himself, XXXII; fourteenth
-time <em>imperator</em>; refuses a triumph, IV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">747.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Tiberius Nero and Cnaeus Piso consuls; veterans discharged, with
-gratuities, XVI; Alpine peoples added to the empire, XXVI; gives
-gladiatorial show, XXII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">748.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gaius Antistius and Decimus Laelius consuls; veterans
-discharged, with gratuities, XVI; associates Tiberius in tribunitial
-power, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">749.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Eighteenth year of tribunitial power; twelfth consulship; gives
-sixty denarii each to 320,000 citizens; Gaius Cæsar consul designate,
-made prince of the youth, received into senate, XIV; aqueducts
-repaired, XX, app. III.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">750.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Passienus consuls; veterans
-discharged, with gratuities, XVI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">751.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messala consuls; veterans discharged,
-with gratuities, XVI.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span></p>
-
-<p class="chron">752.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Thirteenth consulship, XV, XXII, XXXV; Lucius Caninius and
-Quintus Fabricius consuls; veterans discharged, with gratuities,
-XVI; gives the citizens sixty denarii each, XV; Lucius Cæsar
-consul designate, prince of the youth, and admitted to senate,
-XIV; dedicates temple of Mars Ultor, XXI, app. II; martial games
-instituted, XXII; naval contest exhibited, XXIII; title <em>pater
-patriae</em> conferred, XXXV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">755.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Lucius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; fifteenth time <em>imperator</em>,
-IV; Armenia subdued by Gaius Cæsar and given to Ariobarzanes, XXVII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">757.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Gaius Cæsar dies, XIV, cf. XX; again associates Tiberius in
-tribunitial power, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">758.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Fleet penetrates to limits of the Cimbri; the Cimbri, Charudes
-and Semnones send ambassadors, XXVI; King Vonones given to the
-Parthians, XXXIII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">759.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius consuls, XVII; seventeenth
-time <em>imperator</em>, IV; Dacians subdued, XXX; gives gladiatorial
-show, XXII; military treasury established, XVII.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">762.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Nineteenth time <em>imperator</em>, IV.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">766.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Associates Tiberius the third time in tribunitial power, VI.</p>
-
-<p class="chron">767.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Sextus Pompeius and Sextus Appuleius consuls, VIII;
-thirty-seventh year of tribunitial power, IV; seventy-sixth year of
-Augustus, XXXV; third census taken; list of senate revised, VIII.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY.<br />
-<br />
-
-<span class="smaller">Abbreviations as used in the Notes are put in parentheses.</span></h2></div>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak" id="EDITIONS">I. <span class="smcap">Editions.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Mommsen, Theodor: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti ex Monumentis Ancyrano et
-Apolloniensi.</b> pp. LXXXXVII, 223. With eleven photogravure plates.
-Berlin, 1883. (<em>R. G.</em>)</p>
-
-<p class="bib2">This work is so exhaustive and so full that it puts all preceding
-editions and discussions out of date. Hence this bibliography
-enumerates only such editions and discussions as have appeared since
-1883.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>C. Peltier and R. Cagnat: Res Gestæ Divi Augusti, d’après la
-dernière recension de Th. Mommsen.</b> Paris, 1886.</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak" id="DISCUSSIONS">II. <span class="smcap">Discussions of the Monumentum.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Bormann, Ernest: Bemerkungen zum Schriftliche Nachlasse des
-Kaisers Augustus.</b> Marburg, 1884. Universitäts Einladung. pp. 1-46.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Bormann, Ernest: Verhandlungen der dreiundvierzigsten Versammlung
-Deutschen Philologen in Köln</b>, 1895. pp. 180-191. Leipzig, 1896.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Geppert, Paul: Zum Monumentum Ancyranum. Gymnasiums Programm.</b>
-pp. 1-18. Berlin, 1887.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Hirschfeld, Otto: Wiener Studien</b>, 1885. pp. 170-174.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Mommsen, Theodor: Historische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge</b>, XXI.
-pp. 385-397</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Nissen, H.: Rheinisches Museum</b>, XLI. 1886. pp. 481-499.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Plew, J.: Quellenuntersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers
-Hadrian, nebst einem Anhang über das Monumentum Ancyranum.</b>
-Strassburg, 1890. pp. 98-121.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Schiller, H.: Bursians Jahresbericht</b>, XLIV, 85-86.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Schmidt, Johannes: Philologus</b>, XLIV, 1885. pp. 442-470; XLV,
-1886. pp. 393-410; XLVI, 1887. pp. 70-86.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Seeck, Otto: Wochenschrift für Klassische Philologie</b>, 19 Nov.,
-1884. Col. 1473-1481.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>v. Wilamowitz, Ulrich: Hermes</b>, XXI, 1886. pp. 623-627.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Wölfflin, E.: Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen
-und historischen Klasse der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
-München</b>, 1886. pp. 253-282.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span></p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak" id="WORKS_OF_REFERENCE">III. <span class="smcap">Works of Reference Most Frequently Cited.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Gardthausen, V.: Augustus und seine Zeit.</b> 1er Th., 1er Bd.,
-pp. VIII, 484; 2er Th., 1er Hlb., pp. 276. Leipzig, 1891. 1er Th.,
-2er Bd., pp. 485-1032; 2er Th., 2er Hlb., pp. 277-649. 1896.<br />
-Not yet completed; the standard work on the subject. Second part
-contains the references. (<em>Aug.</em>)</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Marquardt, Joachim: Römische Staatsverwaltung.</b></p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Mommsen, Theodor: Römische Geschichte.</b> (<em>Röm. Gesch.</em>)</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.</b> (<b>C. I. L.</b>)</p>
-
-<div class="section">
-<h3 class="nobreak" id="CLASSICAL_AUTHORS">IV. <span class="smcap">Classical Authors Cited.</span></h3></div>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Ammianus Marcellinus (Amm.)</b>: <cite>Rerum Gestarum Libri</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Appianus (Appian)</b>: <cite>Bella Civilia (B. C.)</cite>; <cite>Illyrica
-(Illyr.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Cæsar, Gaius Julius (Cæs.)</b>: <cite>De Bello Gallico (B. G.)</cite>;
-<cite>De Bello Civili (B. C.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Cassiodorus (Cass.)</b>: <cite>Chronicon (Chron.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Cicero, Marcus Tullius (Cic.)</b>: <cite>Epistolae, ad Atticum (ad
-Att.)</cite>; <cite>pro Sextio (pro Sext.)</cite>; <cite>Philippica ( Phil.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Dio Cassius Cocceianus (Dio)</b>: <cite>Historia Romana</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Dionysius</b>: <cite>Archæologia Romana</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Eusebius</b>: <cite>Chronicon (Chron.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Eutropius</b>: <cite>Breviarium Historiæ Romanæ</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Festus, Sextus Pompeius</b>: <cite>De Verborum Significatione</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Florus, Lucius Annæus (Flor.)</b>: <cite>Epitome Rerum Romanarum</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Frontinus, Sextus Julius (Front.)</b>: <cite>De Aquæductibus Urbis
-Romæ Libri II (De Aq.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Gellius, Aulus (Gell.)</b>: <cite>Commentarii Noctium Atticarum</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Horatius Flaccus, Quintus (Hor.)</b>: <cite>Carmina (Carm.)</cite>;
-<cite>Satiræ (Sat.)</cite>; <cite>Carmen Sæculare (Carm. Sæc.)</cite>;
-<cite>Epistolæ (Ep.)</cite>; <cite>Epodon (Epod.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Hyginus, Gromaticus</b>: <cite>De Limitum Constructione (De Lim.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Jordanes</b>: <cite>De Getarum Origine et Rebus Gestis</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Josephus Flavius (Jos.)</b>: <cite>Jewish Wars (Wars)</cite>; <cite>Jewish
-Antiquities (Ant.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Justinus (Justin)</b>: <cite>Historiarum Philippicarum Libri XLIV</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Juvenal, Decimus Junius (Juv.)</b>: <cite>Satiræ (Sat.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Livius, Titus (Livy)</b>: <cite>Annales</cite>; <cite>Epitomæ (Ep.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius (Mac.)</b>:
-<cite>Saturnaliorum Conviviorum Libri VII (Sat.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Nepos, Cornelius (Nep.)</b>: <cite>De Viris Illustribus</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Orosius, Paulus (Oros.)</b>: <cite>Historiarum adversus Paganos (adv.
-Pag.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Ovidius Naso, Publius (Ovid)</b>: <cite>Metamorphoses (Met.)</cite>;
-<cite>Fasti</cite>; <cite>Tristia (Tr.)</cite>; <cite>Ars Amatoria (Ars Am.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span></p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Plinius Secundus, Gaius (Pliny)</b>: <cite>Historia Naturalis (Hist.
-Nat.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Plutarchus (Plut.)</b>: <cite>Vita Antonii (Ant.)</cite>; <cite>Vita Bruti
-(Brut.)</cite>; <cite>Moralia. De Fortuna Romanorum (De Fort. Rom.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Propertius, Sextus Aurelius (Prop.)</b>: <cite>Elegiæ</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Ptolemæus, Claudius (Ptol.)</b>: <cite>Geographia</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Seneca, Lucius Annæus (Sen.)</b>: <cite>De Clementia ad Neronem
-Cæsarem Libri II (De Clem.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Strabo</b>: <cite>Geographia</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Suetonius, Tranquillus Gaius (Suet.)</b>: <cite>Vita Duodecim
-Cæsarum</cite>; <cite>Julii (Jul.)</cite>; <cite>Augusti (Aug.)</cite>; <cite>Tiberii
-(Tib.)</cite>; <cite>Claudii (Claud.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Tacitus, Gaius Cornelius (Tac.)</b>: <cite>Historiæ (Hist.)</cite>;
-<cite>Annales (Ann.)</cite>; <cite>Germania (Ger.)</cite>; <cite>Agricola (Agr.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Valerius Maximus (Val.)</b>: <cite>De Factis Dictisque Memorabilibus
-Libri IX</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Varro, Marcus Terentius</b>: <cite>De Lingua Latina</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Velleius Paterculus, Gaius (Vell.)</b>: <cite>Historiæ Romanæ Libri
-II</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Vergilius Maro, Publius (Ver.)</b>: <cite>Æneid (Æn.)</cite>;
-<cite>Georgica, (Georg.)</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Victor, Sextus Aurelius (Vict.)</b>: <cite>Historia Romana</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="bib"><b>Zonaras, Joannes</b>: <cite>Annales</cite>.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="NOTES">NOTES:</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">1</a> This title at Ancyra extends over the first three pages of
-the Latin, that is over so much of the inscription as is on the left
-wall of the pronaos; the Greek title extends over seventeen of the
-nineteen pages of the Greek version.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">In its present form, the title cannot be the same as that over the
-original at Rome. All from “as engraved” is certainly an addition,
-probably made by the Galatian legate who ordered the magistrates of
-Ancyra to have the inscription placed on the temple of Augustus.
-The last two words in the Latin (placed first in the English), were
-probably inserted only by a blunder at Ancyra. “A copy subjoined,”
-doubtless stood in the legate’s letter, just as we might write “see
-enclosure.” But what of the remainder of the inscription, “Of the deeds
-... Roman people”? It is hardly conceivable that this was the title
-of the inscription at Rome, because it embraces only two of the three
-parts into which the subject-matter falls. It covers the achievements
-and the expenditures of Augustus; in reverse order, however, from that
-of the document itself; and it omits any allusion to the subject-matter
-of the first fourteen chapters, which have to do with the offices and
-honors conferred upon Augustus.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">It is impossible to say what was the superscription at Rome. Possibly
-there was none. The name of Augustus, most likely, was conspicuous
-somewhere in connection with the front of the mausoleum, and this
-inscription may very well have been devoid of title.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">2</a> Augustus was nineteen years old on Sept. 23, 710.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">3</a> Cicero (<cite>Ad Att.</cite> XVI, 8, 1,) on Nov. 1, 710, writes:
-“I have letters from Octavian; great things are doing; he has led over
-to his views the veterans of Casilinum and Calatia.” Cf. Vell. II, 61.
-Dio XLVI, 29.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">4</a> Cf. Cic. (<cite>Phil.</cite> III, 2, 3), “The young Cæsar,
-without our (the senate’s) advice or consent, raised an army and poured
-forth his patrimony.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">5</a> Gardthausen, <cite>Aug.</cite> 1er Th. 2er Bd. p. 524, thinks
-that this beginning the Res Gestae with the raising of an army, is an
-admission of the military foundation of the principate.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">6</a> Such a statement is part of Augustus’ scheme to pose as a
-restorer of the old order. He makes Brutus, Cassius, Pompey and Antony
-public enemies.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">7</a> Cicero says (<cite>Phil.</cite> V, 17, 46), that on Jan. 1, 711,
-“the senate voted that Gaius Cæsar, son of Gaius, pontiff, should be a
-senator, and hold praetorian rank in speaking.” Dio (XLVI, 29), says
-that on Jan. 2 or 3, “Cæsar was made senator as a quaestor.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">8</a> Livy (<cite>Ep.</cite> CXVIII), “he received the consular
-ornaments.” App. (<cite>B. C.</cite> III, 51) adds that he was given consular
-rank in speaking. Cf. Mommsen, <cite>Röm. St.</cite>, I, pp. 442, 443.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">9</a> Cf. Cic. (<cite>Phil.</cite> ii, 8, 20), “The senate gave Gaius
-Cæsar the fasces.” Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> I, 10; Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite> CXVIII.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">10</a> App. <em>B. C.</em> III, 51. Vell. II, 61.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">11</a> The formula by which in emergencies, extraordinary powers
-were given to the ordinary magistrates. This measure had since 216 B.
-C., entirely superseded the old custom of appointing a dictator. (Cf.
-note <a href="#Footnote_32">32</a>) Chap. V. The present formula, however, had been employed long
-before the disuse of the dictatorship. Cf. Livy III, 4; VI, 19. This
-extraordinary commission was not restricted to the consuls. Cf. Cæs.
-<em>B. C.</em> I, 5.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">12</a> Hirtius was killed April 16, 711, and Pansa died of
-wounds received on the 15th, in the fighting against Antonius. Cæsar
-Octavianus and Q. Pedius were elected consuls Aug. 19, 711. Dio
-LVI, 30; C. I. L. I, p. 400 = x, 8375; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> I, 9; Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 100. Vell. (II, 65), says the election was on Sept. 22. But
-Macrobius, (<cite>Sat.</cite> I, 35, 25), assigns the fact that he was made
-consul in the month Sextilis, as one of the reasons why the name of
-that month was changed to August.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">13</a> C. I. L. 1, p. 466 and App. <em>B. C.</em> IV, 7, fix the
-formal ratification of the triumvirate by the people, as having been
-proposed by the tribune Publius Titius and carried in a public assembly
-on Nov. 27, 711.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">14</a> An instance of Augustus’ avoiding the names of his
-enemies; here, particularly, Brutus and Cassius.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">15</a> The <cite>Lex Pedia</cite>, Sept., 711, named from Augustus’
-colleague in the consulship, constituted an extraordinary tribunal for
-this class of offenders: the penalty was interdiction from fire and
-water, <em>i. e.</em>, outlawry. Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite> CXX; Vell. II, 69; App.
-III, 95; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 10; Dio XLVI, 49.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">16</a> The only instance in the Res Gestae of a palpable
-distortion of fact. The battles at Philippi, in November, 712, are
-referred to. For the date see Gardthausen, <cite>Aug.</cite> 2er Th. 1er
-Halbband, p. 80. In the first fight, Suetonius says (<cite>Aug.</cite> 13),
-that Cæsar hardly escaped, ill and naked, from his camp to the wing of
-Antony’s army. He was ill, and had to be carried in a litter, according
-to Plutarch, <cite>Brut.</cite> p. 41. In <cite>Antony</cite>, 22, Plutarch says:
-“In the first battle, Cæsar was completely routed by Brutus, his camp
-taken, he himself very narrowly escaping by flight.” The decisive
-defeat of the Republicans was twenty days later.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">17</a> The text here is conjectural. Mommsen is almost alone
-in holding to “surviving,” Zumpt, in his edition of 1869, had read
-“suppliant” (<em>supplicibus</em>), Bergk, in 1873, “asking pardon”
-(<em>deprecantibus</em>). Hirschfeld, the same sense, (<em>veniam
-petentibus</em>). Seeck insists on the latter reading, in spite of
-Mommsen’s arguments for his own choice. Augustus did not spare all
-surviving citizens either after Philippi or Actium, cf. Dio LI, 2:
-After Actium “of the senators and knights, and other leading men, who
-in any way had helped Antony, he fined some, many he killed, some he
-spared.” For his conduct after Philippi, cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 13. But
-a coin of 727 (Eckhel VI, 88, Cohen I, p. 66, No. 30), has <span class="smcap">Cæsar
-cos vii Civibus Servateis</span>, “Cæsar for the seventh time consul, the
-citizens having been preserved.” It commemorates the civic crown given
-to Augustus, cf. c. XXXIV. There are other coins with <span class="smcap">Ob Cives
-Servatos</span>, “On account of the preservation of the citizens.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">18</a> This fact is one of the few which the latest text, based
-on Humann’s work, alone establishes. Merivale’s comment on the relation
-of Augustus to the army is noteworthy: “Their hero (Julius Cæsar)
-discarded the defence of the legions, and a few months witnessed his
-assassination. Augustus learned circumspection from the failure of his
-predecessor’s enterprise. He organized a military establishment of
-which he made himself the permanent head; to him every legionary swore
-personal fidelity; every officer depended upon his direct appointment.”
-(C. XXXII.)</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">19</a> C. 15 states the number colonized at 120,000. The
-200,000 over and above the 300,000 here named, are accounted for in
-the twenty-five legions, 150,000 men in service at his death, leaving
-only 50,000 as the number who died in service or were dishonorably
-discharged during the long rule of Augustus. For a study of the
-strength and disposition of the Roman army at the death of Augustus,
-cf. Mommsen’s R. G., pp. 67-76.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">20</a> The term of service in 741, was twelve years for
-praetorian soldiers and sixteen for legionaries, raised in 758 to
-sixteen and twenty years respectively. Cf. c. 17, N. 2.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">21</a> The reading of Wölfflin and others (see textual note)
-would give instead of “lands purchased by me,” “I have assigned lands,”
-and instead of “money for farms, out of my own means” “money for reward
-of service.” Bormann, <cite>Schr. Nachl.</cite> p. 18-20, does not think
-that Augustus meant to state that he paid these charges from private
-sources, but believes that such a statement would be irrelevant in this
-section, if true, and an anticipation of cc. 15 and 16.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">22</a> Sextus Pompeius lost thirty ships at Mylae, and at
-Naulochus, out of three hundred which he had, eighteen were sunk and
-the rest, with the exception of seventeen, burned or captured. Cf. App.
-<em>B. C.</em> V, 108, 118, 121. Plut. <cite>Ant.</cite> 68, says that Augustus
-took 300 ships at Actium. These captures give, in round numbers, 600
-vessels.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">23</a> The ovation was the lesser triumph. The general entered
-the city clad as an ordinary magistrate, and on foot, or as here, (see
-the Greek), on horseback, decked with myrtle. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 22,
-says, these ovations were after Philippi, and the Sicilian war; the
-former in 714, the latter, Nov. 13, 718. Cf. Dio XLVIII, 31, XLIX, 15;
-C. I. L. I, p. 461.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">24</a> In the curule triumph, for important victories, the
-general was vested in purple, and rode in a four-horse chariot,
-preceded by the fasces. These three triumphs were celebrated on the
-13th, 14th and 15th of August, 725, for the Dalmatian successes, the
-victory of Actium and the capture of Alexandria. Cf. C. I. L. 1, p.
-328 and 478. Prop. II, 1, 31, ff, gives an eye-witness’ account of the
-second day. Cf. Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite> CXXXIII; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 22; Verg.
-<cite>Aen.</cite> VIII; 714, Dio LI, 21.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">25</a> The acclamation as <em>imperator</em>, on account of
-success in war, must be carefully distinguished from the title used as
-a prefix to the name and as a mark of perpetual authority. The title
-imperator was regularly and permanently assumed at the beginning of
-each reign, after that of Augustus. To him it was formally assigned
-by the senate, in Jan., 725. C. I. L., V, 1873: <em>Senatus populusque
-Romanus imp. Cæsari, divi. Juli. f. cos. quinct. cos. design. sext.
-imp. sept. republica conservata.</em> The term thus had a double usage
-and meaning in such cases.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">It soon came about that only the <em>princeps</em> could assume the
-special designation for military successes, no matter whether won by
-him in person or not. Tacitus says, <cite>Ann.</cite> III, 74: “Tiberius
-allowed Blaesus to be saluted as imperator by the legions. Augustus
-conceded the title to some, but Tiberius’ allowing it to Blaesus was
-the last instance.” For a discussion of <em>Imperator</em> as permanent
-title, see Gardthausen, p. 527, and Merivale, <cite>History of the
-Romans</cite>, c. XXXI.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Most of the acclamations of Augustus as imperator can be traced. No
-Greek inscription records them. A list follows. In the later instances
-Tiberius was associated.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I. April 15 (?) 711. After battles about Mutina. C. I. L. X, 8375 and
-Dio XLVI, 38.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; II. Not traced.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; III. Before 717. Cohen, <cite>Vipsan.</cite> 3, gives a coin with the words
-<cite>imp. divi Juli f. ter. <span class="allsmcap">iii</span> Vir v. p. c. M. Agrippa cos. desig.</cite>
-Agrippa entered his consulship Jan. 1, 717.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; IV. Probably connected with the Sicilian victory and ovation of 718.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; V. 720 or 721. Probably connected with Dalmatian victories of one of
-those years. Cf. C. I. L. V, 526.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; VI. From Sept. 2, 723, to 725. On account of Actium. Cf. Oros. VI,
-19, 14. C. I. L. X, 3826. <cite>Imp. Cæsari divi f. imp. vi, cos.
-iii</cite> (723). C. I. L. X, 4830, <cite>imp. Cæsari divi f. cos. v</cite>
-(725) <cite>imp. vi</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; VII. From 725 to 729. C. I. L. VI, 873: <cite>senatus populusque Romanus
-imp. Cæsari divi Juli f. cos. quinct.</cite> (725) <cite>cos. desig. sex.
-imp. sept. republica conservata</cite>. On account of Thracian and
-Dacian victory of M. Licinius Crassus. Dio LI, 25, says: “Sacrifices
-and festivals were decreed to Cæsar and to Crassus. He did not,
-however, as some say, take the name imperator. Cæsar alone assumed
-that.”</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; VIII. From 729 to 734. Two inscriptions at Nismes (Donat. 96,
-6) read: <em>imp. Cæsari divi f. Augusto cos. nonum</em> (729)
-<em>designato decimum, imp. octavum</em>. Dio LIII, 26, says it was for
-a Celtic victory of Marcus Vinicius.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; IX. From 734 to 739 (?) Coins have the inscription <cite>Augustus Cæsar
-div. f. Armen. capt. imp. viii</cite>. These commemorate the Armenian
-expedition of Tiberius in 734. Possibly Augustus took the title on
-account of the return of the captured standards from Parthia, which
-he accounted a greater triumph than many a victory in open warfare.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; X. 739 (?) to 742. C. I. L. V, 8088 and others: <cite>Augustus imp. x,
-tribunicia potestate xi</cite>. The latter falls in the years 742, 743.
-Probably referable to successes in Rhætian war of 739.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; XI. 742. Coins (Cohen, n. 147-150) give: <cite>imp. xi</cite>. The causes
-were the successes of Tiberius in Pannonia in 742. Dio LIV, 31.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; XII. 743 to 744. C. I. L., III, 3117: <cite>imp. xii tr. pot. xiii</cite>
-and VI, 701, 702: <cite>pontifex maximus, imp. xii cos. xi trib. pot.
-xiv</cite>. Referable to Germanic victory of Drusus. Dio LIV, 33.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; XIII. Tiberius Imp. 745. Suet., <cite>Tib.</cite> 9, says that Tiberius
-received the oration for Pannonian and Dalmatian victories. Cf. Val.
-5, 5, 3. Dio LV, 2.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; XIV. Tiberius Imp. II. 746-755. Dio LV, 6, refers this acclamation
-to the Germanic victories of 746. Many coins, milestones and other
-inscriptions of the period indicated mention this fourteenth
-acclamation. Cf. C. I. L., II, 3827; 4931; V, 7243; 7817; VI, 1244.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;XV. 755. For the Armenian victory of C. Cæsar. Dio Cass. LV, 11. C.
-I. L. X, 3827; <cite>pont. max., cos. iii (xiii) imp. xv, tr. p. xxv, p.
-p.</cite></p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; XVI. Untraced.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; XVII. Tiberius Imp. III. 759. Dio LV, 28, referring to the German
-expedition of Tiberius in 759, says, “Nothing great was accomplished.
-Yet both Augustus and Tiberius received the acclamation as
-imperators.” Cf. C. I. L. V. 6416.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">XVIII. Tiberius Imp. IV. Probably for successes in Illyricum.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; XIX. Tiberius Imp. V, 762. Dio LVI, 17, refers to the Dalmatian war.
-A coin of 763-4 (Cohen n. 27) gives: <em>Ti. Cæsar August. f, imperat.
-v. pontifex, tribun. potestate xii</em>.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; &nbsp; XX. Tiberius Imp. VI. 765. The cause is not clear, probably for
-slight successes of Tiberius and Germanicus against the Germans in
-763, 764. Dio LVI, 25. A Spanish milestone, C. I. L. II, 4868, gives
-the data.</p>
-
-<p class="foot25">&nbsp; XXI. Tiberius Imp. VII. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> I, 9, says Augustus was
-twenty-one times Imperator. A coin of Lyons (Cohen n. 35-38) has:
-<em>Ti. Cæsar Augusti f. imperator VII</em>. This dates from the
-lifetime of Augustus. Tiberius did not receive a further acclamation.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">26</a> ᵃ After his own victory over the Cantabri, that of Varro
-over the Salassi and that of M. Vinicius over the Germans, in 729. Cf.
-Florus, IV, 12, 53.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">ᵇ After the restoration of the standards by the Parthians in 734. Cf.
-Borghesi II, 100 ff.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">ᶜ After the victories of Tiberius in Germany in 746. Dio LV, 6.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">ᵈ After the victories of Tiberius in Pannonia? Dio LVI, 17.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">27</a> A part of the ordinary ceremonial of the
-triumph. Cf. Mommsen, <cite>Röm. St.</cite> I, p. 61, 95, Marquardt,
-<cite>Staatsverwaltung</cite>, II, p. 582.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">28</a> For a thanksgiving after the expedition of Tiberius into
-Armenia cf. Dio LIV, 9. Cf. also Cic. <cite>Phil.</cite> XIV, 11, 29. For two
-other instances, cf. Mommsen, <cite>R. G.</cite>, appendix, pp. 161-178.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">29</a> Not an incredible number. Thanksgivings were offered
-in Julius Cæsar’s time of fifteen, twenty, forty and fifty days. Cf.
-Drumann III, 609, No. 84. Fifty days were decreed for the victories of
-Hirtius, Pansa and Octavian in 711.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">30</a> The only names traceable are those of Alexander and
-Cleopatra, the children of Cleopatra and Alexander brother of
-Jamblichus, King of the Emesenes. Cf. Dio LI, 2, 21. Prop. 2, 1, 33,
-tells of “Kings with their necks surrounded with golden chains,” in the
-triumph of Aug. 14, 725.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">31</a> The emperors assumed the consulship only irregularly and
-for short periods. Their taking of the “tribunitial power” was not
-through a regular election to the tribuneship, as was the case with
-the consulship, for Augustus as a patrician was ineligible; but it was
-the assumption of a power equal to that of the tribunes. This made the
-emperors sacrosanct, gave them the initiative and the veto, and well
-subserved the fiction of their being the representatives and champions
-of the people. For discussions of this power cf. Merivale, <cite>Hist. of
-Rom.</cite> C. XXXI; Mommsen, <cite>Röm. St.</cite> II, p. 759, 771-777, 833-845.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Succeeding emperors, down to 268 A. D., dated their accession from
-the day of assuming the tribunitial power. The wording is peculiar in
-this sentence. May it not have been that Augustus expected his heir
-or executors to fill in the exact dates at the time of his death, as
-suggested in the introduction?</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">32</a> Dio, LIV, 1, writes: “In the following year (732)
-the Tiber again overflowed; statues in the Pantheon were struck by
-lightning, so that the spear was knocked out of the hand of Augustus.
-Pestilence was so violent in all Italy that year that there was no
-one to till the fields; and I think the same was the case in foreign
-lands. The Romans thought that this plague and famine had come upon
-them, because they had not made Augustus consul that year; they wished
-to name him dictator, and with great show of violence compelled the
-senate, shut up in the curia, to decree this; threatening to burn
-them unless they did it. So the senate approached Augustus with the
-twenty-four fasces (insignia of dictatorship, the consul having
-only twelve), and begged him to accept the dictatorship and the
-administration of the food supply. He did indeed undertake the latter
-charge, and ordered that duumvirs, who had held the praetorship
-five years before, should be yearly appointed to have charge of the
-distribution of grain, but would by no means accept the dictatorship.
-When neither by words nor prayers he could move the people, he tore
-his garments. For he justly wished to avoid the jealousy and hatred of
-that name, since moreover, he already held a dignity and power superior
-to that of the dictatorship.” Vell. II, 89, 5, says: “The dictatorship
-which the people persistently thrust upon him, he as constantly
-repelled.”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The dictatorship had fallen into disuse after 552, and was revived,
-irregularly, by Sulla in 672. Cæsar made it the basis of his power,
-being made perpetual dictator shortly before his death. After that
-event, on motion of Antony, the office was abolished.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">33</a> In Chap. 15, Augustus states that in 731 he twelve times
-distributed grain at his own expense. This assumption of the grain
-administration in 732 was not strictly a charity. The extract from
-Dio under Note <a href="#Footnote_69">69</a>, gives some of the details. It is probable that from
-this time the tribute in kind was turned into the <em>fiscus</em>, or
-imperial treasury, instead of into the <em>ærarium</em>, or treasury of
-the senate, as heretofore. This new task of the imperial government
-involved not merely the gratuitous distribution of grain to the
-ordinary Roman citizens (after 752 even to senators and knights), but
-also the providing of a sufficient supply of grain for all purchasers
-at a minimum price, often below the market value. It appears that grain
-tickets “tessaræ frumentariæ” were distributed to the citizens entitled
-to free grain, and then, to assist the vast multitude of strangers,
-freedmen, and <em>attachés</em> of the great houses, money tickets,
-“tessaræ nummariæ” were given out. Cf. Mommsen, <cite>Röm. St.</cite>, II,
-992.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">34</a> Vell. II, 89; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 26; Dio, LIV, 10. Dio’s
-statement that Augustus in 735 accepted the consular power (differing
-from the consulship as the tribunitial power from the tribuneship. Cf.
-Note <a href="#Footnote_31">31</a>, Chap. 4.) for life, cannot be correct in face of the other two
-authorities cited, who corroborate Augustus here. Chapter 8 tells of
-two special assumptions of the consular power for the taking of the
-second and third census.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">35</a> Before the restoration of the text of this inscription,
-in this case depending entirely upon the remains at Apollonia, it used
-to be taught that Augustus accepted the formal superintendence of
-laws and morals. And there seemed to be good ground for such belief.
-Horace, c., 740 in <cite>Carm. IV</cite>, 5, v. 22, says, “Morality and law
-have subdued foul wrong;” and in <cite>Ep.</cite>, II, 1, v. 1, “Since thou
-hast protected Italy with arms, adorned her with morality, and improved
-her with laws.” Ovid wrote, <cite>Tristia</cite>, II, 233: “The city wearies
-thee with the care of laws and morals, which thou desirest should be
-like thy own.” Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 27, says: “He accepted the control of
-laws and morals for life, as he had the tribunitial power; and in the
-exercise of this control, altho’ without the honor of the censorship,
-he yet thrice took the census of the people, the first and third times
-with a colleague, the second time alone.” Dio, LIV, 10, 30, says that
-in 735 and 742 Augustus accepted this office for periods of five years.
-But the inscription shows that Suetonius and Dio were wrong, and that a
-natural but incorrect inference had been drawn from the poets.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">This power was offered to Augustus three times; in 735, 736 and 743,
-and as often refused. Why was it offered, and why refused? Cf. Dio,
-LIV, 10; Vell. II, 91, 92; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 19. While Augustus was in
-Asia in 735 M. Egnatius Rufus, who is painted as a sort of Catiline,
-tried to obtain the consulship, and even to supplant Augustus, and
-stirred up sedition in the attempt. This so alarmed the senate and
-people that they offered Augustus the plenary power of legislation and
-coercion. The repetition of the offer in 736 was from a similar cause.
-The reason for that of 743 is unknown. The power thus offered was
-analogous to the decemvirate, or the Sullan dictatorship. Cf. Mommsen,
-<cite>Röm.</cite>, St., II, 686.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">36</a> This sentence answers the second question asked in the
-above Note. It was part of Augustus’ policy to seem to keep wholly
-within the lines of the constitution. Hence his refusal to accept
-any extraordinary office. Yet his tribunitial power was new and
-extraordinary. Tacitus’ comment is caustic, <cite>Ann.</cite>, III, 56:
-“That specious title (the tribunitial power) importing nothing less
-than sovereign power, was invented by Augustus at a time when the name
-of king or dictator was not only unconstitutional but universally
-detested. And yet a new name was wanted to overtop the magistrates and
-the forms of the constitution.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">37</a> Dio, LIV, 16, names three laws promulgated by Augustus in
-736: one took cognizance of bribery by candidates for office; a second
-dealt with extravagance; and a third was for the encouragement of
-matrimony.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">38</a>ᵃ in 736 Agrippa was associated with Augustus for five
-years. Cf. Dio, LIV, 12; Vell. II, 90; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> III, 56.</p>
-<p class="noindent">ᵇ in 741 Agrippa again for five years. Cf. Dio, LIV, 12, 28.</p>
-<p class="noindent">ᶜ in 748 Tiberius for five years. Cf. Dio, LV, 9; Vell. II, 99; Suet.
-<cite>Tib.</cite> 9, 10, 11.</p>
-<p class="noindent">ᵈ in 757 Tiberius for ten years. Cf. Dio, LV,
-13; Vell. II, 103; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite>, I, 3, 10.</p>
-<p class="noindent">ᵉ in 766 Tiberius for an
-indefinite time. Cf. Dio, LVI, 28.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">39</a> Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 27: “He administered the triumvirate
-for organizing the commonwealth through ten years.” Cf. C. I. L. I, p.
-461 and p. 466. The first triumvirate lasted from Nov. 27, 711, to Dec.
-31, 716; the second from Jan. 1, 717, to Dec. 31, 721. But cf. c. 34,
-N. 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">40</a> Cf. Dio, LIII, 1. This title had been conferred upon the
-senior senator who had served as censor. Its only privilege was the
-right of speaking first in debate. The honor had fallen into abeyance
-with the death of Catulus in 694. It is readily seen how the revival
-of such a title and of the right to express his views before any other
-senator, gave Augustus a quasi-constitutional initiative in the senate.
-Gradually the title dropped its second part, and “prince” began to have
-something of its modern significance. Cf. Tacitus, <cite>Ann.</cite> III, 53,
-for Tiberius’ view of its meaning.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Augustus’ notation of time here, “through forty years,” is similar to
-the “thirty-seventh year of the tribunitial power” in Chap. IV, or “the
-seventy-sixth year” of Chap. 36.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">41</a> He was made <em>pontifex</em> in 706 by Julius Cæsar. Cf.
-Cic. <cite>Phil.</cite> V, 17, 46; Vell. II, 59. For his taking the office of
-<em>pontifex maximus</em> cf. c. 10, N. 3.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">42</a> The date of Augustus’ assumption of the augurate is
-discussed by Drumann, IV, 250. Coins are the chief witnesses, and their
-testimony is confused. The date probably was 713 or 714.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">43</a> A coin of Augustus (Cohen, <cite>Jul.</cite> 60; <cite>Aug.</cite>
-88) has <em>imp. Cæsar divi f. III vir iter. r. p. c. cos. iter. et tert
-desig.</em>, which fixes the time as between 717 and 720; it has also
-the tripod, the symbol of the quindecemvirate.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">44</a> We can say only that Augustus received this
-dignity before 738; for there is a coin of that year showing the
-<em>simpulum</em>, the <em>lituus</em> and the tripod, the symbols
-respectively of the three foregoing offices, and the <em>patera</em>, or
-bowl, that of the septemviral office. The four colleges thus associated
-are the chief ones. Cf. Chap. 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">45</a> The name of Augustus is twice found in the <cite>Acta
-Fratrum Arvalium</cite>, once in May, 767, in recording a vote, and in
-Dec., 767, in the record of the nomination of his successor.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">46</a> Tacitus says the Titian Sodality was instituted by Titus
-Tatius for keeping up the Sabine ritual. Cf. <cite>Ann.</cite> I, 54. The
-record here is all that is known of Augustus’ connection with it.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">47</a> The fetials had charge of the formalities in declaring
-war and peace. Dio L, 4, says that Augustus went through the
-old-fashioned ceremonies in declaring war against Cleopatra.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">These three colleges had fallen into abeyance in the time of Cicero.
-Augustus undoubtedly revived them. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 31. Such
-restoration, and religious conservatism in general, as even in the case
-of Domitian, marks the policy of the emperors for two hundred years,
-and was one of their favorite methods of posing simply as restorers of
-the good old times.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">48</a> In 725. The Saenian law, passed by the people in 724,
-authorized this proceeding, and the senate’s decree followed. Hence the
-order, “people and senate.” Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> XI, 25; Dio, LII, 42.
-An earlier creation of patricians is assigned by Dio to the year 721.
-But he is probably mistaken, as Tacitus, in the passage just noted,
-says that Claudius was obliged to create more patricians, “because the
-number had declined even after being recruited by the dictator Cæsar
-under the Cassian law, and by Augustus the <em>princeps</em> under the
-Saenian law.” Such a creation was not a right of the principate. Cæsar
-and Augustus did it by special authorization of people and senate.
-Claudius did it in virtue of his censorship, and this status continued
-till Domitian absorbed the censorship in the principate, and assumed
-the right as a permanent one.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">49</a> During most of the republican history the senate
-numbered, ideally, three hundred. In Cicero’s time it had over four
-hundred members. Julius Cæsar raised it to about nine hundred. Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite>, 35, says: “By two separate scrutinies he (Augustus)
-reduced to their former number and splendor the senate, which had been
-swamped by a disorderly crowd; for they were now more than a thousand,
-and some of them very mean persons, who, after Cæsar’s death, had been
-chosen by dint of interest and bribery, so that they had the name of
-Orcini among the people.” They were also called Charonites, because
-they owed their elevation to the last will of Cæsar, who had gone into
-Orcus to Charon. Dio, XL, 48, 63, tells of freedmen in the senate and,
-XLIII, 22, of a private soldier; Gell., XV, 4, of a muleteer, cf.
-Juvenal, <cite>Sat.</cite> VII, 199.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Dio, LII, 42, cf. LIII, 1, tells of the first scrutiny, in 725-6. A
-hint from Augustus was enough to cause the withdrawal first of sixty,
-then of one hundred and forty senators. He also tells, LIV, 13, 14,
-of a further revision in 736, by which the number was brought down to
-six hundred. He assigns a third sifting to 743 (LIV, 35), and a fourth
-to 757 (LV, 13). Mommsen, however, is inclined to connect the three
-revisions of Augustus with the censuses of 726, 746 and 767, and to
-regard those of 736 and 757 as extraordinary, and therefore not named
-by Augustus, in his desire to appear entirely within constitutional
-lines. Cf. Mommsen, <cite>R. G.</cite>, p. 35.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">50</a> Suetonius evidently depends on this inscription when he
-says, <cite>Aug.</cite> 27: “Three times he took the census of the Roman
-people, the first and third times with a colleague, the second time
-alone.” This first census was in 725-6. Cf. Dio, LII, 42; LIII, 1; C.
-I. L. IX, 422, <cite>imp. Cæsar VI, M. Agrippa II cos.; idem censoria
-potestate lustrum fecerunt</cite>.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The lustrum was strictly the expiatory offering made at the close
-of the census. The census had not been taken for forty-one years.
-The number of Roman citizens of military age in 684 had been given
-as but 450,000. This census of 726 reported 4,063,000. Probably the
-vast apparent increase rose from the fact of the earlier enumeration
-counting only such as presented themselves before the censors in the
-city, while at the later time the citizens throughout the empire were
-counted. Clinton, <cite>Fasti Hellenici</cite>, III, 461, estimates a total
-free citizenship of more than 17,000,000. The total population of the
-empire at this time, including citizens, allies, slaves and freedmen,
-has been estimated at 85,000,000. Cf. Merivale, <cite>Rom.</cite> cc. XXX,
-XXXIX.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The Greek of the inscription here reads erroneously 4,603,000.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">51</a> In 746. The result, 4,233,000, shows a gain of 170,000.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">52</a> In 767. Just before the death of Augustus. Result,
-4,937,000; gain since 746, 704,000.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">53</a> Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite> 34, relates his endeavors to
-compel matrimony. In Chap. 89, Suetonius writes: “In reading Greek or
-Latin authors he paid particular attention to precepts and examples
-which might be useful in public or private life. These he used to
-extract verbatim, and give to his domestics, or send to the commanders
-of the armies, the governors of the provinces, or the magistrates of
-the city, when any of them seemed to stand in need of admonition. He
-likewise read whole books to the senate, and frequently made them known
-to the people by his edicts; such as the orations of Quintus Metellus
-‘For the Encouragement of Marriage,’ and those of Rutilius ‘On the
-Style of Building;’ to show the people that he was not the first who
-had promoted those objects, but that the ancients likewise had thought
-them worthy of their attention.” Cf. Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite> LIX; Gell., I, 6.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">54</a> These games were first held in 726, and every fourth year
-thereafter. The expression “every fifth year” counts the year of the
-games as the fifth of the old series and also the first of the new.
-The consuls, or rather the consul Agrippa, Augustus not holding games
-in his own honor, celebrated the games of 726, the pontifices those of
-730, the augurs those of 734, the quindecemvirs those of 738, and the
-septemvirs those of 742. Cf. c. 7, N. 6. These games are mentioned by
-Dio, LIII, 1, 2; LIV, 19; Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite> VII, 48, 158; Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 44. They came to a close with the life of Augustus. We do
-not hear of them in connection with any subsequent emperor. Vows for
-his good health had a special fitness, for according to Suetonius,
-<cite>Aug.</cite> LXXXI, he was almost an invalid. “During his whole course
-of life he suffered at times dangerous fits of sickness. He was subject
-to fits of sickness at stated times every year, for about his birthday
-he was commonly indisposed. In the beginning of spring he was attacked
-with an inflammation of the midriff; and when the wind was southerly,
-with a cold in his head. By all these complaints his constitution was
-so shattered that he could not readily bear heat or cold.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">55</a> Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 59 and 98; Hor. <cite>Carm.</cite> IV, 5,
-33; Dio, LI, 19.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">56</a> Dio writes of the year 725, LI, 20: “When letters were
-brought about Parthian affairs it was decreed that he should be
-named in the hymns exactly as were the gods.” Tiridates, a Parthian
-pretender, sought the aid of Augustus. Cf. Chap. 32, and Dio, LI, 18.
-Augustus balanced Tiridates against Phraates, the legitimate monarch,
-who sent an embassy, and gave his son to Rome as a hostage.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">57</a> In 718, when Lepidus had been overthrown, the tribunitial
-power had been given to Octavian, as formerly to Julius, for life.
-Inviolability of person was one of the privileges of the tribunate.
-Cf. Oros. VI, 18, 34; Dio, XLIX, 15; LI, 18; LIII, 32. These two later
-statements relating to the years 724 and 731, Mommsen thinks have to
-do, the former with the extension of the tribunitial power beyond the
-city, and the latter to the making it annual, as well as perpetual, so
-that the years of the principate could be reckoned by it. Cf. Chap.
-4, note <a href="#Footnote_31">31</a>. Cf. also App. <em>B. C.</em> V, 132, and for a discussion of
-the tribunitial power as an expression of the principate, cf. Mommsen,
-<cite>Röm. St.</cite> II, 833, ff.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Wölfflin, cf. textual note, suggests, to fill the gap confessedly left
-by Mommsen’s emendation, a reading which would be translated “that my
-person should be sacrosanct.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">58</a> Augustus here characteristically avoids the name of
-Lepidus. The latter “in the confusion and tumult had seized the supreme
-pontificate,” cf. Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite> CXVII, “by craft,” cf. Velleius II,
-63; “Antony transferred the election of the pontifex maximus from the
-people to the priests again, and through them initiated Lepidus, almost
-entirely neglecting the customs of the fathers.” Cf. Dio, XLIV, 53.
-Lepidus dying in 741, cf. Dio, LIV, 27, Augustus entered
-upon the office Mar. 6, 742. Cf. C. I. L., I. p. 387. It was unlawful
-to deprive a living man of this office, cf. App., <em>B. C.</em>, V, 131.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">59</a> October 12, 735. In C. I. L. I. p. 404, is found an
-inscription of that date: <em>Feriae ex senatus consulto, quod eo die
-imp. Cæsar Augustus ex transmarinis provincis urbem intravit araq(ue)
-Fortunae reduci constituta.</em> There are also gold and silver coins
-(Eckhel VI, 100; Cohen, <cite>Aug.</cite> nos. 102-108) with the inscription,
-<em>Fortunae reduci, Cæsari Augusto senatus populusque Romanus</em>,
-Dio, LIV, 10, tells that Augustus after having arranged matters in
-Sicily, Greece, Asia and Syria, returned to Rome, and that many honors
-were decreed to him, but that he would accept none of them, “but that
-an altar should be consecrated to Fortune the Restorer, that the day
-should be accounted a feast day, and that it should be called the
-Augustalia.”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The location near the Porta Capena was chosen, because it was through
-that gate Augustus would enter the city, coming by the Appian Way from
-Brundisium. The altar was dedicated on Dec. 15, C. I. L. X, 8375. Cf.
-Dio, LI, 19; App. <em>B. C.</em> II, 106.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">60</a> Dio, LIV, 10, relates that in this year there were great
-tumults in connection with the consular comitia, and no election
-was possible. In consequence of this the senate sent messengers to
-Augustus urging him to deal with the trouble. Q. Lucretius, one of the
-delegates, was named consul by Augustus on the spot where they met. It
-is Mommsen’s idea (<cite>R. G.</cite>, p. 48) that the story of Dio, and the
-statement of Augustus relate to the same event, and that Augustus was
-not willing to admit that so late in his reign, such disturbances could
-be, and that he therefore conveys the impression that what was really
-an appeal for aid was rather an embassy of honor. This Mommsen thinks
-quite in keeping with the general character and method of Augustus.
-Bormann, on the other hand (<cite>Schr. Nach.</cite>, p. 29), sees no
-conflict in the two accounts. He believes that Dio narrates truthfully
-enough an earlier deputation sent to Augustus, possibly at Athens, some
-time before his return, and that Lucretius was named consul there by
-Augustus. Then, some time later, the deputation of honor, as recorded
-in the inscription, was sent into Campania.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">61</a> That this annual sacrifice was instituted July 4, 741,
-appears from C. I. L., I, 395. <em>Feriae ex. s. c. quod eo die ara Pacis
-Augustae in campo Martio constituta est Nerone et Varo cos.</em> Cf.
-Fasti of Præneste, Jan. 30, C. I. L., I, 313, for day of the actual
-dedication; also Ovid, <cite>Fasti</cite> I, 709; Dio, LIV, 25.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">This altar was probably on the Flaminian Way by which Augustus returned
-from Gaul.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">62</a> The exact conditions necessary for the closing of the
-temple, viz., “peace won by victories” were first made known in 1882 by
-this perfected text of the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">63</a> Cf. Livy, I, 19; Varro, V, 165. The temple of Janus (or
-as the Romans called it, Janus, without the word temple,) (cf. Latin
-text and Livy, l. c., and Horace, Carm, IV, 15, 9,) had been closed
-first under Numa and again after the first Punic War.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">64</a> Augustus first closed it in 725, after Actium. Cf. Livy,
-l. c.; Dio, LI, 20; Vell., II, 38; Victor, <cite>De Viris Ill.</cite>, LXXIX,
-6; Plut. <cite>De Fort. Rom.</cite>, 9; Oros., VI, 20, 8. C. I. L. I, p. 384,
-supplies the day, January 11. In 728 it was opened again, on account of
-the war with the Cantabri. Cf. Dio, LIII, 26, Plutarch, l. c. A second
-time it was closed in 729, cf. Dio, l. c.; Oros., VI, 21, 1. The time
-of its next opening cannot be determined; but in all probability it was
-reopened that very year, on account of the Arabian campaign. Dio, LIV,
-36, records that in 744 the Senate decreed that it should be closed,
-but that a Dacian rebellion interfered. But Dio must be mistaken, for
-Drusus was then in the midst of his German campaign. But after the
-campaigns of Drusus and Tiberius in Germany, closed in 746, up to 753,
-when Gaius Cæsar started for Armenia, the temple might well have been
-closed. Parts of Dio are lost here, which may have mentioned such
-closing. The birth of Jesus Christ, 749, falls in this period of peace.
-Cf. Milton’s <cite>Nativity Hymn</cite>. When it was opened for the third
-time cannot be said. Tacitus says it was opened when Augustus was an
-old man. But it can hardly have remained shut after the opening of the
-Armenian war in 753. Augustus was then sixty-two years old. That age
-may possibly suit the expression of Tacitus. Horace <cite>Ep.</cite>, II, 1,
-255, and <cite>Carm.</cite>, IV, 15, 9, mentions the closing of the temple.
-Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite> 22, says: “Janus Quirinus, which had been shut
-twice only, from the era of the building of the city to his own time,
-he closed thrice in a much shorter period, having established universal
-peace both by sea and land.” This is almost a literal transcript of the
-<cite>Res Gestæ</cite>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">65</a> Gaius and Lucius, the sons of Agrippa and Julia, the
-daughter of Augustus, were born, the one in 734 (Dio, LIV, 8), the
-other in 737 (Dio, LIV, 18) and were adopted by their grandfather
-immediately after the birth of the latter. Dio, LIV, 18, says: “Lucius
-and his brother Gaius, Augustus at once adopted and made heirs of the
-empire, without waiting till they grew to manhood, in order that he
-might be the more secure against conspiracies.” The will of Augustus
-(Suet. <cite>Tib.</cite> 23), speaks much as this chapter does of the death
-of the two Cæsars: “Since harsh fortune has snatched from me my sons,
-Gaius and Lucius, let Tiberius Cæsar be heir to two-thirds of my
-estate.” Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite> 26, says that Augustus took his twelfth
-and thirteenth consulships, for the purpose of introducing these two
-boys into the forum.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">66</a> Dio, LV, 9, under the year 748 writes that these lads
-were wild and insolent and that the younger, then eleven years old,
-actually proposed to the people to make Gaius consul. Augustus appeared
-very angry at this, saying it would be a public calamity for the
-consulship to be borne by one of less age than that at which he himself
-had assumed it, viz., twenty. Gaius was, however, designated consul
-in 749, and Lucius in 752. Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> I, 3; a coin of Rome
-has on one side: <em>Cæsar Augustus, divi. f., pater patriæ</em>; on the
-other: <em>C. L. Cæsares, Augusti f., cos. desig., princ. juvent.</em>
-(Eckhel VI, 171). This must have been struck between Feb. 5, 752, when
-Augustus received the title <em>pater patriæ</em>, and January 1, 754,
-when Gaius entered upon his actual consulship. Cf. C. I. L. III, n.
-323, and VI, 900.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Lucius died, Aug. 20, 755, and so did not reach the consulship to which
-he had been elected. Gaius died in 757. Cf. Dio, LV, II; C. I. L. I. p.
-472.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">67</a> Cf. Dio, LV, 9; C. I. L. I, p. 286 and 565.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">68</a> Dio, LV, 12, says: “The bodies of Lucius and Gaius were
-carried to Rome by military tribunes, and the chief men of each city;
-and the golden (sic) shields and spears, which they had received from
-the knights when they assumed the <em>toga virilis</em>, were suspended
-in the curia.”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The title of <em>princeps juventutis</em> is somewhat difficult to
-explain. The fact is attested by Zonaras, X, 35, and by an inscription
-found near Viterbo (cf. Mommsen <cite>R. G.</cite>, p. 53), which reads:
-<em>C. Cæsari Aug. f.d.n. pontif. cos. design. principi juventut</em>,
-“To Caius Cæsar, son of Augustus, nephew of the divine (Julius)
-pontifex, consul designate, prince of the youth.” Mommsen sums up his
-investigation of this (Cf. <cite>R. G.</cite> p. 54, ff.): the knights were
-divided into <em>turmæ</em>, or troops, each officered by <em>seviri</em>,
-three <em>decurions</em> and three <em>optios</em> or adjutants. Gaius
-and Lucius were <em>decurions</em> of the first <em>turma</em>, and their
-title, “princes of the youth,” was a special one, and always thereafter
-reserved for members of the imperial family. The title does not appear
-to have been official, or formally bestowed, but was given by common
-consent of the knights.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">69</a> Cf. Suet. <cite>Cæs.</cite> LXXXIII: “He (Cæsar) bequeathed
-to the Roman people his gardens near the Tiber, and three hundred
-sesterces to each man.” Dio, XLIV, 35, is peculiar, saying: “Cæsar left
-to the people his gardens on the Tiber, and to each man one hundred
-and twenty sesterces, as Augustus himself says, or as others say,
-three hundred sesterces apiece.” May it be that Dio has reversed the
-facts here, and that it was “others” who reported the smaller sum and
-Augustus the larger? Augustus is substantiated, or followed, by Plut.;
-<cite>Ant.</cite>, XVI, <cite>Brut.</cite>, XX; App. <em>B. C.</em>, II, 143.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Three hundred sesterces equals about fifteen dollars. The date of
-this disbursement is 710: its amount, supposing the minimum number of
-receivers, 250,000, comes to $3,750,000.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">70</a> The second (and the seventh, cf. Note <a href="#Footnote_76">76</a>) donations
-belong to the year 725 and were connected with the triple triumph. Dio
-mentions the two together, LI, 21. Four hundred sesterces is about
-twenty dollars.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">71</a> The third donation was in 730, on the return of Augustus
-after subduing the Cantabri. Dio, LIII, 28, says: “Augustus gave the
-people a hundred denarii (four hundred sesterces) apiece, but forbade
-the distribution until his act should receive the sanction of the
-senate.” It would seem to have been unlawful to give money to the
-people without the consent of the senate. Probably this was a measure
-of precaution against demagogues.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The term <em>congiarium</em>, which is transferred rather than
-translated, means a gift, primarily of food or drink, and is derived
-from <em>congius</em>, a measure holding about three quarts, which was
-perhaps originally brought to be filled with grain or oil, or the like.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">72</a> Cf. c. 5 and Note <a href="#Footnote_33">33</a>. The date was 731.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">73</a> The fifth distribution was in 742. We learn from Dio,
-LIV, 29, that in that year Agrippa died, leaving to the Roman people
-his gardens and bath, and that Augustus, as his executor, not only
-turned over these properties, but made a donation besides, as if it had
-been so willed by Agrippa. Cf. C. I. L., I. p. 472.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">74</a> As c. 8 furnishes a basis for estimating the total
-population of the empire, so here we have a guide to the number of
-people in the city. Merivale, <cite>History of the Romans</cite>, c. XL,
-gives 700,000 as the limit; Bunsen, 1,300,000; Gibbon, c. XXXI,
-1,200,000.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">75</a> Sixty denarii is about twelve dollars. This donation of
-749, and the last one mentioned in this chapter, of 752, have been
-connected with the introduction in those years of Gaius and Lucius
-Cæsar, into the forum. Cf. c. 14. The amounts are the same in the two
-cases, and they vary from the sum given at other times.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">76</a> Up to this point the donations have been enumerated in
-order of time. But here, between the largesses to citizens in 749 and
-752 is introduced one given to veterans in 725. Why this break in the
-order? Mommsen, <cite>R. G.</cite> p. 2 and 59, thinks that a first draft of
-this inscription was prepared about 750. In this draft Augustus first
-mentioned all his gifts to the city people; and at the end placed the
-one gift to the soldiers. Then, when in 767, the document was brought
-down to date, this later gift to the people was placed last, instead
-of being interpolated after the civil donation of 749 and before
-the military one of 725. But his reasoning has not convinced other
-scholars.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">77</a> Cf. Dio, LV, 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">78</a> Augustus omits any mention of his bounty to discharged
-soldiers. Cf. Dio, XLVI, 46; XLIX, 14; LV, 6; Appian, V, 129. The
-total of the donations in this list is 619,800,000 sesterces = about
-$30,990,000.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">79</a> Cf. c. 3; Dio, LI, 3, 4; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 17. The last
-writer says that there was a mutiny at Brundisium in a detachment
-sent there immediately after Actium, and that they demanded reward
-and discharge. Augustus was forced to come from Samos to settle the
-trouble. This was in 724. There were 120,000 veterans to be provided
-for. Cf. c. 15. 600,000,000 sesterces was the compensation for the
-lands given to these men, an average of 5000 sesterces ($250) for each
-holding. But not all Italian proprietors were reimbursed. The Italians
-who had favored Antony were simply dispossessed. To some other Italians
-were given lands at Dyracchium and Philippi. His expenditure for land
-in Italy was $30,000,000. As to colonies outside of Italy, Dio, LIV,
-23, tells of many settlements in Gallia (Narbonensis) and Iberia in
-739. Eusebius notes colonies at Berytus in Syria, and Patræ in Achaia,
-as founded in 739. Cf. <cite>Chron.</cite> ad. a. Abr. 2001; C. I. L. III, p.
-95.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">80</a> The dates are 747, 748, 750, 751 and 752. The amount is
-$20,000,000. It was in 741 (Dio, LIV, 25) that Augustus determined upon
-a gift in money as a substitute for the assignments of land customary
-up to that time. Why such payments began only in 747 is a matter of
-conjecture; also why they ceased after 752. Probably because the years
-742-746 were occupied with the German and Pannonian wars of Tiberius
-and Drusus, and either there were no discharges, or else no money to
-spare from the expenses of war. Again in 753 troubles began in the
-East.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81" class="label">81</a> Only two of these occasions can be traced. Dio, LIII, 2, mentions
-one. He says that in 726, when it was determined to exhibit games in
-honor of Actium, Augustus replenished the empty treasury for that
-purpose. And there is a coin of c. 738 with the inscription: <em>Senatus
-populusque Romanus imperatori Cæsari quod viæ munitæ sunt ex ea pecunia
-quam is ad ærarium detulit.</em> Eckhel VI, 105.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Up to 726 the treasury was in charge of the quæstors. Thence to 731 two
-exprætors, after that year two prætors presided over it, up to the time
-of Claudius. Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> XIII, 29; Dio, LIII, 2 and 32; Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 36. The sum mentioned here is $7,500,000. In the Greek
-<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρίς</span> has evidently been omitted before <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">χειλίας</span>.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82" class="label">82</a> This was in 759. In 741 (Dio, LIV, 25) Augustus had fixed the
-term of service at twelve years for the prætorians and sixteen for
-the legionaries. The gift to the former upon discharge was also
-larger. In 758 the terms of service were lengthened to sixteen and
-twenty years. Cf. Dio, LV, 23. In LV, 25, Dio writes of this year 759:
-“Augustus contributed, in his own name and in that of Tiberius, money
-for that treasury which is called the military.” The sum so given was
-$8,500,000. Tributary states and kings also assisted. But income could
-not keep pace with expenses. The old tax of a twentieth on bequests,
-except when the heir was a very near relative, or very poor, was
-revived, much to the discontent of the Roman people. Cf. Dio, LV, 25. Other
-taxes were devised, such as that of one <em>per cent</em> on sales. Cf.
-Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> I, 78. On sales of slaves two <em>per cent</em> was
-exacted. Cf. Dio, LV, 31.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">A glance at the military establishment of Augustus may help to some
-idea of its vast expense. Mommsen discusses the matter in detail (<cite>R.
-G.</cite> pp. 68-76). Augustus seems to have left at his death a standing
-army of twenty-five legions. Each legion approximated seven thousand
-men, giving a total of 175,000 soldiers. His legions were numbered from
-one to twenty-two. The number twenty-five is accounted for as follows:
-the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth had been exterminated
-under the leadership of Varus. But there were three legions, one in
-Africa, one in Syria and one in Cyrenaica, bearing the title third,
-and the fourth, fifth, sixth and tenth were each double. After Actium,
-Augustus disbanded the legions numbered above twelve (cf. his colonies
-of veterans at this time, numbering 120,000 men, c. XV). But by reason
-of the repetitions above alluded to, the legions bearing the numbers
-up to twelve, really amounted to eighteen. These duplications may have
-risen from the absorption into Augustus’ army of legions bearing the
-same numbers from the forces of Lepidus and later from those of Antony.
-In 759, eight new legions, the thirteenth to the twentieth, seem to
-have been enrolled, in view of the German and Pannonian wars. This made
-twenty six. Three were lost with Varus, and their numbers, seventeen,
-eighteen and nineteen, seem never to have been restored to the list.
-To offset this loss in a measure, two new legions, the twenty-first
-and twenty-second were levied. Thus the twenty-five remaining at the
-death of Augustus are accounted for. Such an establishment was
-enormously and increasingly expensive. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, VII,
-45.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83" class="label">83</a> This form of benefaction began in 736. It is a little
-remarkable that Augustus should not mention the exact years of its
-continuance, its amount, or the beneficiaries, while he does name the
-minimum number of men who received aid from time to time. Perhaps he
-did not go into details because these gifts concerned the provincials
-and would be of slight interest to the city people for whose reading
-the inscription was intended. In 742, “when Asia was in need of aid on
-account of earthquakes, he paid the year’s tribute of the province out
-of his own means.” Dio, LIV, 30.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">His supplying grain as well as money rose from the fact that taxes
-were imposed both in kind and in money. Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> IV, 6;
-<cite>Agr.</cite> XIX and XXXI; C. I. Gr. 4957, 47. These passages all speak
-of taxes both in money and in produce. As to the method of levy,
-Hyginus is interesting (<cite>De Lim.</cite> p. 205). “The tax on agriculture
-is arranged in many ways. In some provinces the harvest is chargeable
-with a certain proportion, here a fifth, there a seventh, elsewhere
-a cash payment, and for this purpose certain values are determined
-for the fields by an estimation of the soil; as in Pannonia there is
-arable of the first class, of the second, meadows, mast-bearing woods,
-common woods, pastures: upon all these the tax is laid by the single
-acre, according to the fertility of the soil.” This was in the time of
-Trajan.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84" class="label">84</a> The structures detailed here and in cc. 20 and 21, fall
-into three classes. First, those of c. 19, being either new buildings
-in place of ruined ones, or else entirely new ones, both classes on
-soil already consecrated; second, those of c. 20, being repairs of
-public works; third, public works upon soil given by himself, as noted
-in the first part of c. 21.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Augustus does not mention structures which he erected in the name of
-others, as the portico of Octavia, (different from the one below, Note
-<a href="#Footnote_90">90</a>), the portico of Livia, cf. Dio, XLIX, 43 and LIV, 23. He also omits
-the temple of Concord dedicated by Tiberius in 763 (C. I. L. I. p.
-384), though he paid for it.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The order of the works is chronological for the most part.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85" class="label">85</a> This was the Curia Julia, begun in 712. Cf. Dio XLVII,
-19; XLIV, 5; XLV, 17. It was dedicated in 725 after Actium. Cf. Dio
-LI, 22. Here the senate met. Its location was near the forum.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86" class="label">86</a> A shrine of Minerva Chalcidica.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87" class="label">87</a> Begun after the Sicilian victories in 718. Cf. Dio XLIX,
-15; Vell. II, 81, dedicated Oct. 9, 726. Cf. Dio, LIII, 1; C. I. L. I,
-p. 403. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 29, says: “He reared a temple of Apollo in
-that part of his estate on the Palatine which the haruspices declared
-was desired by the god because it had been struck by lightning; he
-attached to it a portico and a Greek and Latin library.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88" class="label">88</a> An altar was placed at once on the spot in the forum
-where the body of Julius Cæsar was cremated. In 712 the senate decreed
-that a temple should be built there.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_89" href="#FNanchor_89" class="label">89</a> Dionysius (I, 32), observes that the ancient condition
-of this place (originally a grotto near the Palatine, sacred to Pan)
-had been so changed as to be hardly recognizable. This was by reason
-of the changes made in his time, which nearly coincided with that of
-Augustus. Cf. C. I. L. VI, 912, 6, 9, and 841. Its precise location is
-undetermined.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_90" href="#FNanchor_90" class="label">90</a> Festus, <cite>De Verb. Sig.</cite> L. 13, writes: “There were
-two Octavian porticoes, the one built near the theatre of Marcellus
-by Octavia, the sister of Augustus, the other close to the theatre of
-Pompey, built by Cn. Octavius, son of Cnæus, who was curule aedile,
-prætor, consul (589) decemvir for the sacred rites, and celebrated
-a naval triumph for a victory over King Perseus. It was the latter
-which, after its destruction by fire, Cæsar Augustus rebuilt.” Its
-reconstruction was in 721. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 43, who, however, confounds
-this Octavian portico with the other built some years after in the name
-of Augustus’ sister, Octavia.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_91" href="#FNanchor_91" class="label">91</a> The Pulvinar was the place of honor from which the
-imperial family witnessed the games. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 45;
-<cite>Claud.</cite> 4. This restoration followed the burning of the Circus
-Maximus in 723. Cf. Dio, L, 10.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92" class="label">92</a> A temple attributed to Romulus, in ruins in the time of
-Augustus, till restored by him on the suggestion of Atticus. Cf. Nepos,
-<cite>Atticus</cite>, 20; Livy, IV, 20. The temple was probably restored in
-723.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93" class="label">93</a> Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite> 29, writes: “He dedicated the
-temple to Jupiter the Thunderer, in acknowledgment of his escape from a
-great danger in his Cantabrian expedition; when, as he was traveling by
-night, his litter was struck by lightning, which killed the slave who
-carried the torch before him.” This expedition was in 728-729, and the
-temple was dedicated Sept. 1, 732. Cf. Dio, LIV, 4; C. I. L. I, 400.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_94" href="#FNanchor_94" class="label">94</a> This was dedicated in 738, on the Quirinal. Cf. Dio, LIV,
-19.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_95" href="#FNanchor_95" class="label">95</a> These three temples have more than an accidental
-collocation. Just as the Tarpeian mount and the Quirinal hill had their
-triple divinities, so had the Aventine. Cf. Varro (<cite>De Lin.</cite>) V,
-158. The temple of Juno is ascribed to the time of Camillus, and is
-said to have been built for the Veientines. The date of the other two
-is unknown, as is that of this restoration by Augustus.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_96" href="#FNanchor_96" class="label">96</a> Also of unknown origin, location and restoration, other
-than as mentioned here.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_97" href="#FNanchor_97" class="label">97</a> Dionysius, I, 68, describes the old temple, not the
-restoration by Augustus of which we have only this statement.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_98" href="#FNanchor_98" class="label">98</a> The original temple was dedicated in 563, in the Circus
-Maximus. Cf. Livy, XXXVI, 36. Burned in 738. Cf. Dio, LIV, 19.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_99" href="#FNanchor_99" class="label">99</a> The original temple was burned in 756. Cf. Val. Max. I,
-8, 11; Dio, LV, 12; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 57.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_100" href="#FNanchor_100" class="label">100</a> The Capitol means the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_101" href="#FNanchor_101" class="label">101</a> Frontinus, <cite>De Aq.</cite> c. 125, speaks of a decree of
-the Senate in the year 743 “concerning the putting in order of the
-streams, conduits and arches of the Julian, Marcian, Appian, Tepulan
-and Aniene waters, which Augustus has promised the Senate that he will
-repair at his own expense.” Aqueducts were repaired in 749-750. Cf.
-C. I. L. VI, 1244. C. I. L. VI, 1249, gives <em>Iul. Tep. Mar.; imp.
-Cæsar divi f. Augustus ex s. c.; XXV; ped. CCXL</em>. C. I. L. VI,
-1243, records the repairs of the Marcian aqueduct. Frontinus, <em>op.
-cit.</em>, 12, gives some details of the doubled supply of this source,
-and says the new spring had to be conducted eight hundred feet to join
-the older fountain.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102" class="label">102</a> Julius Cæsar dedicated this forum Sept. 24 or 25, 708.
-Cf. Dio, XLIII, 22; App. <em>B. C.</em>, III, 28; C. I. L. I, p. 402 and
-397. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, XXXV, 12, 156, mentions its completion
-by Augustus.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Augustus uses the word <em>profligata</em> here for “unfinished,” a use
-which was common enough but not elegant, and is severely criticised by
-Gellius, XV, 5. The word really means wretched rather than unfinished.
-That Augustus was not a purist this inscription testifies, and
-Suetonius also tells us, <cite>Aug.</cite>, 87 and 88, how peculiar he was in
-diction and orthography.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The basilica which was unfinished at the death of Augustus he refrains
-from naming while it was not yet dedicated. But we know from Suetonius,
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 29, and Dio, LVI, 27, that it was built in honor of his
-grandchildren, Gaius and Lucius.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_103" href="#FNanchor_103" class="label">103</a> There is abundant testimony to this architectural
-activity. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 29 and 30; Dio, LIII, 2; LVI, 40; Livy
-IV, 20; Ovid, <cite>Fasti</cite>, II, 59; Hor. <cite>Carm.</cite>, III, 6. Nor was
-this the zeal of a mere archæologist and architect. The emperor was
-anxious for a revival of religious observance, as a conservative force
-in his new organization of the state.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_104" href="#FNanchor_104" class="label">104</a> It is remarkable that Augustus should say he
-“<em>constructed</em>” the Flaminian Way, etc., for it was made nearly
-two hundred years before this date, 727. Moreover, the whole chapter is
-given up to an account of reconstructions, and of course it is meant
-that he <em>repaired</em> the road and the bridges in question. The
-Latin verb is wanting and is restored from the Greek, <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπόησα</span>,
-which is unmistakable,—“I made.” Mommsen does not comment on the
-incorrectness of this statement, but Wölfflin regards the Greek verb
-as a blunder of the stone-cutter at Ancyra, and thinks there was no
-verb at all at the end of this chapter, but that the mason by mistake
-took the last word of the preceding chapter which is <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπόησα</span>. A
-substitution of <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπόησα</span> for the proper verb seems more likely,
-as it seems improbable that the sentence would end without a verb.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">These repairs are attested by an inscription on an arch at Ariminum,
-thus restored by Bormann: Cf. C. I. L. XI, 365.</p>
-
-<p class="center">SENATUS POPULUS<em>Q ue romanus</em></p>
-<p class="noindent"><em>imp. cæsari divi f. augusto imp. sept.</em><br />
-COS. SEPT. DESIGNAT. OCTAVOM <em>Via flamin</em> IA <em>et reliquei</em>S<br />
-CELEBERRIMEIS ITALIÆ VIEIS CONSILIO <em>et sumptib</em> US <em>eius mu</em>NITEIS.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Cf. also Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 30; Dio, LIII, 22. Other roads of Italy were
-repaired by those who obtained triumphs; of which more were celebrated
-from 726 to 728 than at any other epoch.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105" class="label">105</a> Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 29. Its construction was vowed in
-712 and it was dedicated in 752. Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 393, May 12. In c.
-35, Augustus mentions the quadriga dedicated to him in this forum.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106" class="label">106</a> This theatre was begun by Julius Cæsar. Augustus
-completed it in honor of Marcellus, who died in 731. It was dedicated
-May 4, 743. Cf. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, VIII, 17, 65. Dio, LIV, 36,
-assigns its dedication to 741.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107" class="label">107</a> Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite>, 30, says that on one occasion
-Augustus deposited in the <em>cella</em> of Jupiter Capitolinus sixteen
-thousand pounds of gold (= $3,200,000) and gems and pearls of the
-value of fifty million sesterces (= $2,500,000). But such statements
-are fabulous, in view of Augustus’ own statement that the total of
-his gifts of this kind was only one hundred million sesterces (=
-$5,000,000).</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108" class="label">108</a> In earlier times it had been customary for cities
-affected by a victory to give crowns of gold to the triumphing
-<em>imperator</em>. This grew into an abuse and was forbidden by law,
-unless the gift preceded the decree for the triumph. Later, the value
-of the crown was commuted for cash, and it came to be a frequent means
-of extortion on the part of provincial governors. To L. Antonius
-crowns of gold were given by each of the thirty-five Roman tribes in
-713. Cf. Dio, XLVIII, 4. The amount named here, thirty-five thousand
-pounds of gold, would appear to have been from the thirty-five tribes.
-On the general subject, <em>aurum coronarium</em>, cf. Marquardt,
-<cite>Staatsverwaltung</cite>, II, p. 285.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_109" href="#FNanchor_109" class="label">109</a> The sons of Augustus were Gaius, adopted in 737,
-died in 757; Lucius, adopted at the same time, died in 755; Agrippa
-Postumus, adopted in 757, exiled in 760. These were the sons of Agrippa
-and Julia. On the death of Gaius in 757, Augustus adopted Tiberius.
-With him Germanicus, nephew and adopted son of Tiberius, and Drusus,
-Tiberius’ own son, became the legal grandchildren of Augustus. None of
-these could celebrate games in his own name after adoption, as they had
-no property rights, but were absolutely dependent on the head of their
-house, according to the <em>patria potestas</em> of the Roman law. See
-this very plainly set forth in Suetonius, <cite>Tib.</cite> 15: “After his
-(Tiberius’) adoption he never again acted as master of a family, nor
-exercised in the smallest degree the rights which he had lost by it.
-For he neither disposed of anything in the way of gift, nor manumitted
-a slave; nor so much as received an estate left him by will, or any
-legacy, without reckoning it as a part of his <em>peculium</em>, or
-property held under his father.” Tiberius was forty-six years old when
-he was adopted.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Seven of these exhibitions can be traced. 1. In 725, on the dedication
-of the temple of the Divine Julius. Dio, LI, 22. 2. In 726, in honor
-of the victory of Actium. Dio, LIII, 1. 3. In 738, in accordance with
-a decree of the senate. This was in the name of Tiberius and Drusus.
-Dio, LIV, 19. 4. In 742, at the Quinquatria held March 19-23, in honor
-of Minerva. This was in the name of Gaius and Lucius. Dio, LIV, 28, 29.
-5. In 747; funeral games in honor of Agrippa. Dio, LV, 8. 6. In 752,
-at the dedication of the temple of Mars. Vell. II, 100. 7. In 759, in
-honor of Drusus, in the name of his sons Germanicus and Claudius. Dio,
-LV, 27; Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, II, 26, 96; VIII, 2, 4. Possibly the
-eighth occasion may be found in Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite>, 43.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_110" href="#FNanchor_110" class="label">110</a> Cf. Dio, LIII, 1; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>, 43. Wooden seats
-were erected in the Campus Martius for gymnastic contests in 726.
-Whether Germanicus or Drusus is the grandson mentioned here is unknown.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_111" href="#FNanchor_111" class="label">111</a> These were the lesser games of the circus and theatres,
-given ordinarily by magistrates holding the lower offices, which
-Augustus never filled. He took upon himself the care and expense where
-the proper magistrates were absent or too poor. Cf. Dio, XLV, 6; C. I.
-L., I, p. 397.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112" class="label">112</a> The charge of the Secular Games, celebrated
-supposedly once in a century, though in reality oftener, fell to the
-quindecemvirs. Cf. Eckhel, VI. 102, for a coin with <em>imp. Cæsar
-Augustus lud. saec. XV S. F.</em> This was in 737. Cf. also C. I. L.,
-I, p. 442. The college evidently gave the presidency to Augustus and
-Agrippa, since it was very convenient that these two members of the
-sacred body also held the tribunitial power, and so the games came into
-the charge of the two greatest men of the state in a perfectly natural
-way. Cf. C. I. L., IX, p. 29, No. 262, for confirmation of Agrippa’s
-membership in the college of quindecemvirs.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113" class="label">113</a> These games were celebrated on August 1. Dio, LX, 5,
-and LVI, 46, tells of their being annual, and in charge of the consuls
-after the death of Augustus. They began in 752. This passage is one of
-the few where both the Latin and Greek are incapable of restoration.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_114" href="#FNanchor_114" class="label">114</a> Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 43. Some of these occasions were:
-in 743 in connection with the dedication of the theatre of Marcellus.
-Cf. Dio, LIV, 26. Here six hundred beasts were killed, and the tiger
-was shown for the first time. Cf. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, VIII, 17,
-65. In 752, two hundred and sixty lions and thirty-six crocodiles were
-killed. Cf. Dio, LV, 10. In 765, in the games given by Germanicus, two
-hundred lions were killed. Cf. Dio, LVI, 27.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Augustus says “amphitheatres,” though there was but one such structure.
-He may have regarded it as being two theatres joined at their straight
-side and facing each other.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_115" href="#FNanchor_115" class="label">115</a> Velleius II, 100, writes: “The divine Augustus in the
-year when he was consul with Gallus Caninius (752) sated the minds
-and the eyes of the Roman people at the dedication of the temple of
-Mars with the most magnificent gladiatorial shows and naval battles.”
-Dio, LV, 10, says that traces of the excavation could be seen in
-his time (c. 200 A. D.), and that the fight represented a battle of
-Athenians and Persians, in which the former were victorious. Cf. Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 43; Ovid, <cite>Ars Am.</cite> I, 171.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Claudius gave a similar exhibition on the Fucine Lake, but with a
-hundred triremes and quadriremes, and a force of nineteen thousand
-men, “as once Augustus did in a pond by the Tiber, but with lighter
-vessels and a smaller force.” Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> XII, 56; Suet.
-<cite>Claud.</cite>, 21; Dio, LX, 33.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116" class="label">116</a> Another instance of avoidance of the name of an enemy
-while distinctly referring to him. Antony had stripped various temples
-at Samos, Ephesus, Pergamos, and Rhœteum, all in the province of Asia,
-and had given the spoils to Cleopatra. Dio, LI, 17, says that great
-numbers of such things were found in her palace when Alexandria was
-captured. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, XXXIV, 8, 58, says: “He (Myro) made
-an Apollo, which was taken away by the triumvir Antony, but restored
-to the Ephesians by the divine Augustus.” Strabo, XIII, 1, 30, writes
-of Rhœteum: “Cæsar Augustus gave back to the Rhœtians the shrine and
-statue of Ajax which Antony had taken away and given to Egypt. He did
-the like for other cities. For Antony took away the finest votive
-offerings from the most famous shrines for the gratification of the
-Egyptian woman, but Augustus restored them.” Ib. XIV, 1, 14, writes of
-the temple of Hera, at Samos: “Antony took away three colossal sitting
-statues on one base, but Augustus Cæsar restored two of them, Athene
-and Heracles, to the same base; the Zeus, however, he placed upon the
-Capitol.”</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_117" href="#FNanchor_117" class="label">117</a> Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite>, 52, says these gifts took the
-form of tripods. Cf. Dio, LIII, 22; LII, 35; LIV, 35.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_118" href="#FNanchor_118" class="label">118</a> The allusion is to Sextus Pompeius, whose fleets, manned
-largely by slaves, cut off the grain ships on their way to Rome. Again
-Augustus avoids the name of an opponent. Cf. Vell., II, 73, who thinks
-it remarkable that a son of the great Pompey, who had freed the sea
-from pirates, should himself defile it with piratical crimes. Florus,
-IV, 8, reflects the same sentiment. App. <em>B. C.</em>, V, 77, 80, says
-that captured pirates under torture confessed that Sextus Pompeius was
-the instigator of their crimes. When the peace of Misenum was made,
-Sextus Pompeius stipulated for the freedom of the slaves who had fought
-under him. It was after the overthrow of Pompey, in 718, that the
-slaves were returned. Dio, XLIX, 12, adds that slaves whose masters
-did not claim them were returned to their several cities, there to be
-crucified. Cf. App. <em>B. C.</em>, V, 131; Oros. VI, 18.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119" class="label">119</a> This was in 722, just before the breaking out of
-hostilities between Antony and Octavian. Cf. Dio, L, 6; Suet.,
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 17.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_120" href="#FNanchor_120" class="label">120</a> Cf. c. 8, Note <a href="#Footnote_49">49</a>. There were a thousand senators at this
-time. Augustus, in his statement, probably means that seven hundred
-of the thousand then in the senate were on his side, not merely seven
-hundred who then or later were senators.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The number of consulars, eighty-three, is quite consistent with the
-facts, as is shown in a careful analysis of the <cite>Fasti Consulares</cite>
-for the period by Mommsen. <cite>R. G.</cite>, p. 100.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The priests referred to were probably members of the four great
-colleges and the Arval brotherhood. Cf. c. 7, notes <a href="#Footnote_40">40</a>-<a href="#Footnote_45">45</a>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121" class="label">121</a> This statement is borne out by what we otherwise know.
-Taking the provinces in order we find: First, the German frontier is
-pushed forward from the Rhine to the Elbe. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 21.
-Second, in Illyricum and Macedonia he had erected the new provinces
-of Pannonia and Moesia. Third, in Asia Minor he did not extend the
-older limits of Bithynia, but out of the kingdom of Amyntas, he made
-the new province of Galatia and later added Paphlagonia to it. Fourth,
-in Africa, Augustus rather narrowed than extended the empire by his
-partition with Juba in 729. But a number of Roman proconsuls won
-laurels there.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_122" href="#FNanchor_122" class="label">122</a> Here the record is of commotions quelled within the
-recognized limits of the empire. In Spain there was the Cantabrian
-war from 727 to 735. In Gaul, G. Carrinas had subdued the Morini, and
-triumphed, July 14, 726; and M. Messala had suppressed the Aquitani,
-triumphing Sept. 25, 727. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>, 20, 21.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The German campaigns extending at intervals over the years from 742
-to the very end of Augustus’ reign it is needless to detail. This
-reference to the pacification of Germany has been the subject of
-much dispute. Mommsen in two places (<cite>R. G.</cite>, p. VI, and 48),
-uses the word “crafty” (<em>callidus</em>) of Augustus, referring to
-his alleged glozing over of unsatisfactory events. Hirschfeld goes
-further, and in connection with the present passage accuses Augustus
-(<cite>Wiener Studien</cite>, V, 117) of a “masterly concealment and
-whitewashing (übertünchung) of all that could hurt his reputation.”
-This charge is made because Augustus omits all mention of the disaster
-under Varus. Against this charge Johannes Schmidt defends Augustus,
-(<cite>Philologus</cite>, XLV, p. 394, ff.). The contest between Schmidt and
-Hirschfeld is based really upon opposing views of the purpose of the
-<em>Res Gestae</em>. Schmidt believed it to be an epitaph. In this there
-would be no place for anything save the fortunate events of a life.
-If <em>nil de mortuis nisi bonum</em> be wise, Augustus might well have
-adapted the adage to his own case and said, <em>nil de me morituro nisi
-bonum</em>. But Hirschfeld insists that the <em>Res Gestae</em> constitute
-not an epitaph, but “an account of his administration,” and therefore
-contends that the omission of the German disaster was not in good
-faith. To this, Schmidt answers that Augustus had nothing to gain by
-such concealment—indeed that concealment of so notorious a disaster
-would be absurd. And in the text itself he finds a recognition of the
-real state of affairs, inasmuch as Augustus expressly distinguishes
-Germany from the provinces, Gallic and Spanish, and while claiming
-it for Rome, does not assert that it belongs to her as do organized
-provinces. Schmidt also says that <em>pacavi</em>, “I pacified” does
-not necessarily imply that Germany continued in a state of peace. It
-may well enough cover the fact that there was temporary success. But
-this is hair-splitting. The character of the <em>Res Gestae</em> must
-be always had in mind. Cf. Introduction. Its deliverances were <em>ad
-populum</em> and they constituted an epitaph.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_123" href="#FNanchor_123" class="label">123</a> Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite> 21, says: “He waged war upon no
-people without just and necessary causes.” The present Torbia near
-Monaco, derives its name from a <em>Tropæa Augusti</em>, “Trophy of
-Augustus,” some fragments of which still exist.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The inscription has been preserved by Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, III,
-20, 136: <em>imp. Cæsari divi f. Augusto pontifice maxumo imp. XIIII
-tribunic. potestate XVII s. p. q. R. quod ejus ductu auspiciisque
-gentes Alpinæ omnes quæ a mari supero ad inferum pertinebant sub
-imperium p. R. sunt redactæ</em>—“the Roman senate and people to Cæsar
-... Augustus ... because under his leadership and auspices all the
-Alpine nations, from the upper to the lower sea have been brought
-into subjection to the Roman empire.” Then follows an enumeration of
-forty-six peoples. Pliny adds, “the Cottian states were not annexed
-because they had not been hostile;” and an arch at Segusio was placed
-in honor of Augustus, and on it are the names of fourteen states, six
-being repetitions from the Torbia monument. Cf. C. I. L. V, 7817 and
-7231.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The campaigns here referred to are: First, of Varro Murena against the
-Salassi in 729. Cf. Strabo, IV, 6, 7, p. 205; Dio, LIII, 25; Livy,
-<cite>Epit.</cite>, CXXXV; Cass. <cite>ad. ann.</cite> 729; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>
-21. Second, of Publius Silius against the Vennones and Camunni in
-738. Cf. Dio, LIV, 20. Third, of Tiberius and Drusus against the Ræti
-and Vindelici in 739. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 21. Fourth, against the
-Ligurians of the Maritime Alps in 740. Cf. Dio, LIV, 24. Finally these
-regions were formed into the province of Rætia in 747-748.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_124" href="#FNanchor_124" class="label">124</a> This naval expedition was connected with the German
-campaign of Tiberius in 758. Cf. Vell. II, 106; Pliny, <cite>Hist.
-Nat.</cite>, II, 67, 167.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_125" href="#FNanchor_125" class="label">125</a> Strabo, VII, 2, 1, describes an embassy of the Cimbri
-asking for “peace and amnesty.” They dwelt in the end of Jutland.
-Cf. Ptolemy, II, 10. Below them were the Charudes, whom the mason at
-Ancyra makes Charydes, and the Greek translator, thinking of the fable,
-transforms into Chalybes, living just south of the Cimbri. Cf. Ptolemy,
-ii, 11, 12. The Semnones were between the Elbe and the Oder.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_126" href="#FNanchor_126" class="label">126</a> When the Egyptian garrisons were weakened on account of
-the Arabian expedition, Queen Candace took advantage of it and captured
-a number of towns in Upper Egypt. These the præfect, C. Petronius,
-re-took, and inflicted severe punishment upon the Æthiopians. This took
-place 730-732. Cf. Strabo, XVII, I, 54; Dio, LIV, 5; Pliny, <cite>Hist.
-Nat.</cite>, VI, 29, 181, 182.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">In 1896 Capt. Lyons, R. E., found, at Philæ, an inscription in Latin,
-Greek and hieroglyphics, of which Prof. Mahaffy gives this translation:
-“Gaius Cornelius, son of Cnaeus Gallus, a Roman knight, appointed
-first prefect, after the kings were conquered by Cæsar, son of Divus,
-of Alexandria and Egypt—who conquered the revolt of the Thebaid in
-fifteen days, having won two pitched battles, together with the capture
-of the leaders of his opponents, having taken five cities, some by
-assault, some by siege, viz., Boresis, Coptos, Ceramice, Diospolis
-the Great, Ombos (?); having slain the leaders of these revolts, and
-having brought his army beyond the cataract of the Nile to a point
-whither neither the Roman people nor the Kings of Egypt had yet carried
-their standards, a military district impassable before his day; having
-subdued, to the common terror of all the kings, all the Thebaid, which
-was not subject to the kings, and having received the ambassadors of
-the Ethiopians at Philæ, and guest-friendship from their king (and
-received their king under his protection) and having appointed him
-tyrant of the 30-<em>schoeni</em> district of Lower Ethiopia—makes this
-thank-offering to the Dii Patrii, and to the Nile, who aided him in his
-deeds.” <cite>London Athenæum</cite>, March 14, 1896, and <cite>Sitzungsberichte
-d. kgl. Pr. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin</cite>, 1896, I, pp. 469-480.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_127" href="#FNanchor_127" class="label">127</a> The Arabian campaign, under C. Aelius Gallus was
-probably in 729-730. Cf. Dio, LIII, 29; Hor. <cite>Carm.</cite> I, 29, 35;
-Strabo, XVI, 4, 22, 24. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, VI, 28, 159, 160,</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_128" href="#FNanchor_128" class="label">128</a> Egypt was made an integral part of the empire
-after Actium and the death of Cleopatra, in 724. Its connection
-with the empire was peculiar. W. T. Arnold, <cite>Roman Provincial
-Administration</cite>, p. 113, says: “The government of Egypt was in many
-points wholly exceptional. Julius Cæsar had deliberately abstained from
-making it a province of the country (cf. Suet., <cite>Jul.</cite> 35); and
-when Augustus added it to the empire he subjected it to an altogether
-exceptional treatment. The country was his private property, or rather
-the Emperor’s private property; it passed as a matter of course, that
-is, from emperor to emperor. Augustus appointed a præfect to represent
-him in the province, just as in earlier times the urban prætors had
-sent prefects to represent them in the municipalities of Italy. This
-præfect was of equestrian, and not of the highest equestrian rank (Tac.
-<cite>Ann.</cite>, XII, 60; II, 59; <cite>Hist.</cite> I. 11); no senators were
-admitted into the province; and the greatest jealousy was shown of the
-smallest interference with it. The reasons for the special jealousy
-of Egypt shown by Augustus and his successors were partly the great
-defensibility of the country (in case of insurrection—<span class="smcap">Ed.</span>),
-partly its immense importance as the granary of Rome. ‘It was an
-accepted principle with our fathers,’ says Pliny, ‘that our city could
-not possibly be fed and maintained without the resources of Egypt.’”
-For a fuller treatment cf. Marquardt, <cite>Röm. Staatsverwaltung</cite>, I,
-282-298.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_129" href="#FNanchor_129" class="label">129</a> Armenia Major had been raised to greatness by Tigranes I
-(658-699) who had been a formidable ally of Mithridates. Pompey finally
-subdued him, 688. Henceforth Armenia was in a subject condition.
-Tigranes was succeeded by his son Artavasdes. In 718, when Antony
-attacked the Parthians, this king sided with him against Phraates of
-Parthia, and another Artavasdes, king of Media. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 25.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">But presently the two Artavasdes changed relations, the king of Armenia
-passing to the Parthian side and he of Media joining Antony. Cf.
-Plut., <cite>Ant.</cite>, 52; Dio, XLIX, 33, 44. Antony captured Artavasdes
-of Armenia and gave him over to Cleopatra, who killed him in 721. His
-kingdom was assigned to Antony’s son Alexander to whom was betrothed
-Jotape daughter of Artavasdes of Media. The Armenians made Artaxes,
-son of the late Artavasdes, their king. When Octavian overcame Antony
-he did not befriend all the Oriental enemies of the latter, but for
-purposes of his own set up a rival to Phraates of Parthia in Tiridates.
-Cf. c. 32. And, angered at the Armenians, who had dealt harshly with
-certain Romans in that kingdom, he held as hostages the brothers of
-king Artaxes, and set Artavasdes of Media over Armenia Minor as a check
-upon Artaxes. Cf. Dio, LI, 16; LIV, 9. In 734 Augustus went to the
-East to arrange affairs there. A campaign against Artaxes was planned,
-but he was assassinated. Cf. Dio, LIV, 9; Tac., <cite>Ann.</cite>, II, 3;
-Vell., II, 94, 122; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>, 21; Jos., <cite>Ant.</cite>, XV, 4,
-3; Eckhel, VI, 98. At this point the action of Augustus, recorded here
-in the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>, takes place. Augustus follows the example of
-Pompey, who, in dealing with Armenia in 688 had contented himself with
-making the Armenian king accept his royalty as a gift from Rome. Cf.
-Cic. <cite>pro Sext.</cite> 27. The affair was conducted by Tiberius, not yet
-adopted. Cf. Suet. <cite>Tib.</cite>, 9; Vell., II, 122. Henceforth Armenia
-was regarded as part of the empire, though its native sovereigns were
-continued. Cf. Vell., II, 94, 122: “Armenia restored to the control
-of the Roman people;” “Armenia retaken.” “The Medes likewise were
-subjected.” Cf. c. 33.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_130" href="#FNanchor_130" class="label">130</a> The reign of Tigranes was brief. The Parthians winning
-some success against Rome, stirred up Armenia. Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite>,
-II, 3; Vell., II, 100. They favored the children of Tigranes, Tigranes
-III and Erato. A Roman faction set up his younger brother Artavasdes.
-Cf. Tacitus l. c. The suppression of the disorder was enjoined upon
-Tiberius. But at this juncture, 748, he went into retirement at Rhodes.
-Cf. Dio, LV, 9. Artavasdes died and the young Tigranes courted the
-aid of Rome, but was soon killed, probably by Parthian means, and his
-sister Erato abdicated. Cf. fragments of Dio, cited by Mommsen, <cite>R.
-G.</cite>, p. 113, and Dio, LV, 10. Tacitus confirms the delivery of
-Armenia to Ariobarzanes by Gaius. Cf. <cite>Ann.</cite>, II, 3; and Dio, LV,
-10. The Parthian faction did not accept him, and it was in a contest
-over him that Gaius received a wound, of which he died, Feb. 21, 757.
-Cf. C. I. L. I, p. 472. For the succession of Artavasdes, cf. Dio,
-LV, 10. The Tigranes IV, next mentioned “of the royal house of the
-Armenians” was a grandson of Herod the Great, of Judea, on the one
-side, and of Archelaus, King of Cappadocia, and probably an Armenian
-princess on the other. Cf. Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> VI, 40; XIV, 26; Jos.,
-<cite>Ant.</cite> XVIII, 5, 4; <cite>Wars</cite>, I, 28, 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131" class="label">131</a> For Sicily and Sardinia, cf. c. 25 and notes.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">By the treaty of Brundisium, Antony had received Macedonia, Achaia,
-Asia, Pontus, Bithynia, Cilicia, Cyprus, Syria, Crete, Cyrenaica. The
-five last named he had given over to foreign kings. As to Asia and
-Bithynia, Dio, XLIX, 41 and Plut. <cite>Ant.</cite> 54, are in conflict.
-But the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite> tends to confirm the latter. Lycaonia and
-Pamphylia were taken from the province of Cilicia and given to
-Amyntas, King of Galatia. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 32. He extended Egypt again
-by restoring to it Cyprus. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 32, 41; Plut. l. c.; Strabo,
-XIV, 6, 6: he granted to Cleopatra and Cæsarion, her son by Julius
-Cæsar, the coast land of Syria, Tyre and Sidon excepted, cf. Jos.
-<cite>Ant.</cite> XV, 4, 1; <cite>Wars</cite>, I, 18, 5; also Coele-Syria, cf. Jos.
-<cite>Ant.</cite> XV, 3, 8; Plut. l. c.; Ituraea, Judaea and Arabia Nabataea,
-cf. Dio, XLIX, 32; Jos. <cite>Ant.</cite> XV, 4, 1; 5, 3; <cite>Wars</cite>, I, 18,
-5; 20, 3; parts of Cilicia, cf. Strabo, XIV, 5, 3; 5, 6: and perhaps
-Crete also, cf. Dio, XLIX, 32: and Cyrenaica, cf. Plut. l. c. To his
-younger son Ptolemy Philadelphus he gave Syria, and part of Cilicia,
-cf. Dio, XLIX, 41; Plut. l. c.: for the elder, Alexander he planned a
-kingdom made up of Armenia, Media and Parthia, cf. Livy, <cite>Epit.</cite>
-CXXXI; Plutarch, l. c. These alienations of Roman territory were made
-the occasion of Octavian’s attack upon Antony. Cf. Dio, L, 1; Plut. l.
-c.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_132" href="#FNanchor_132" class="label">132</a> Mommsen believes that Augustus founded only military
-colonies. Zumpt thinks otherwise. Cf. <cite>Comment Epig.</cite>, I, 362.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_133" href="#FNanchor_133" class="label">133</a> Known colonies of Augustus are: In Africa, Carthage,
-cf. C. I. L. VIII, p. 133; Dio, LII, 43; App. <cite>Pun.</cite> CXXXVI. In
-Sicily, Panhormus, Thermes, Tyndaris, cf. Dio, LIV, 7; Pliny, <cite>Hist.
-Nat.</cite>, III, 8, 88; 89; 90. Marquardt, <cite>Röm. Staatsverwaltung</cite>
-I, 246, names seven colonies of Augustus in Sicily. In Macedonia,
-Dyrrachium, Philippi, cf. Dio, LI, 4. Cassandrea, cf. Pliny, <cite>Hist.
-Nat.</cite>, IV, 10. In Hither Spain, Cæsaraugusta, cf. coin in Eckhel
-I, 37, which also gives the numbers of the legions whose veterans
-were colonized here: <em>leg. IV</em>, <em>leg. VI</em>, <em>leg. X</em>.
-Marquardt <em>op. cit.</em>, I, 256, names six colonies of Augustus here.
-In Farther Spain, Emerita, cf. Eckhel I, 12, and 19, <em>leg. V</em>,
-<em>X</em>; Marquardt, <em>op. cit.</em>, I, 257. In Achaia, Patrae, cf.
-C. I. L. III, p. 95, <em>leg. X</em>, <em>XII</em>. In Asia, Alexandrea of
-the Troad, cf. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, V, 30. In Syria, Berytus, cf.
-Eckhel III, 356, <em>leg. V</em>, <em>VIII</em>; Heliopolis, cf. Eckhel,
-III, 334. In Gallia Narbonensis, Reii and Aquae Sextiae, cf. Herzog,
-<cite>Gall. Narb. inscr.</cite> n. 113, 356. In Pisidia, Antioch, cf. Eckhel
-III, 18; Cremna, cf. Eckhel III, 20; Olbasa, cf. Eckhel, III, 20;
-Parlais, cf. Ramsay, <cite>Bull. de Corr. Hell.</cite>, VII, p. 318.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">No colonies are assigned to Sardinia, the three Gauls and two
-Germanies, Raetia, Noricum, Bithynia, Pontus, Galatia, Galatian Pontus,
-Paphlagonia, part of Phrygia, Lycaonia, Isauria, Cilicia, Cyprus,
-Crete, Egypt, Cyrenaica. As for parts of the empire under subject
-kings, such as Thrace, Cappadocia, Mauretania, no account is taken of
-them, though there were certainly colonies in Mauretania, at Cartenna
-and Tupusuctu. Cf. Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>, V, 2, 20; C. I. L., VIII,
-8857.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_134" href="#FNanchor_134" class="label">134</a> Cf. an article by Mommsen, <cite>Hermes</cite>, XVIII, 161 ff.
-on the “Colonies of Italy from Sulla to Vespasian.”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">When Augustus wrote, Italy was separated from Illyricum by the river
-Arsia. Yet Illyricum was not counted by him as a province. It had
-colonies at Emona, Iader, Salona, and possibly at Epidaurus and Narona.
-Cf. C. I. L., III, pp. 489, 374, 304, 287, 291. Mommsen thinks this
-omission was intended by Augustus; that he had been able to satisfy
-some of his veterans, to whom Italian farms had been promised, with
-lands over the Italian border in Illyricum, and because he could not
-call it a province, nor yet a part of Italy, he eludes the difficulty
-by omitting the Illyrian colonies.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The names of the twenty-eight Italian colonies are somewhat difficult
-to establish. Several perplexing questions rise in the attempt. What
-of the colonies founded by Antony and Octavian as triumvirs? Were they
-Antoniæ Juliæ, or some Juliæ and others Antoniæ? If the former were
-true and they dropped the name Antoniæ, the result would be far more
-than twenty-eight Julian and Augustan colonies. The second probability
-is more likely, and that the colonies Antoniæ simply dropped their name
-after Actium.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">A third difficulty rises in the case of the enlargement of old
-colonies and their resettlement, as, <em>e. g.</em>, of Minturnæ.
-Cf. Hyginus, <cite>De Lim.</cite>, p. 177. Mommsen gives a list which
-nearly meets the statement of Augustus. 1. Ariminum, <cite>Augusta</cite>;
-2. Ateste; 3. <cite>Augusta</cite> Prætoria; 4. <cite>Julia Augusta</cite>
-Taurinorum; 5. Beneventum, <cite>Julia Augusta</cite>; 6. Bononia; 7.
-Brixia, <cite>Augusta</cite>; 8. Capua, <cite>Julia Augusta</cite>; 9. Castrum
-novum Etruriæ, <cite>Julia</cite>; 10. Concordia, <cite>Julia</cite>; 11. Cumæ
-(?) <cite>Julia</cite>; 12. Dertona, <cite>Julia</cite>; 13. Fanum Fortunæ,
-<cite>Julia</cite>; 14. Falerio; 15. Hispellum, <cite>Julia</cite>; 16. Lucus
-Feroniæ, <cite>Julia</cite>; 17. Minturnæ; 18. Nola, <cite>Augusta</cite>; 19.
-Parentium, <cite>Julia</cite>; 20. Parma, <cite>Julia Augusta</cite>; 21. Pisae,
-<cite>Julia</cite>; 22. Pisaurum, <cite>Julia</cite>; 23. Pola, <cite>Julia</cite>;
-24. Sæna (?), <cite>Julia</cite>; 25. Sora, <cite>Julia</cite>; 26. Suessa,
-<cite>Julia</cite>; 27. Sutrium, <cite>Julia</cite>; 28. Tuder, <cite>Julia</cite>;
-29, Venafrum, <cite>Julia Augusta</cite>. Cf. Marquardt, <cite>Röm.
-Staatsverwaltung</cite>, I, 118-132.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_135" href="#FNanchor_135" class="label">135</a> Of standards recovered in Spain and Gaul we have no
-further knowledge. It may be that in the Cantabrian war of 728, 729,
-some such thing took place.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Appian, <cite>Illyr.</cite> XII, XXV, XXVIII, narrates the capture of
-standards by the Dalmatians from Gabinius in 706, and their restoration
-to Augustus in 721. These were then placed in the Octavian portico; and
-probably later transferred to the temple of Mars.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_136" href="#FNanchor_136" class="label">136</a> The standards had been lost by Crassus and Antony. Cf.
-Justin, XLII, 5, 11; Livy, <cite>Epit.</cite>, CXLI; Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite>
-21; Vell., II, 91; Vergil, <cite>Æn.</cite> VII, 606; Horace, <cite>Carm.</cite>,
-I, 12, 56; III, 5, 4; Dio, LIII, 33; LIV, 8; Cass. <cite>Chron.</cite> ad.
-734; Oros., VI, 21; Florus IV, 12; Eutropius, VII, 9. One detachment of
-Antonius’ army, under L. Decidius Saxa, was exterminated in 714, and
-another in 718 under Oppius Statianus. Cf. Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite> CXXI; Dio,
-XLVIII, 24.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Tiberius received the standards from the Parthians in 734. Cf. Dio,
-LIV, 8, etc.; Suet. <cite>Tib.</cite> 9. Eckhel, VI, 95, shows a coin with
-a Parthian on bended knee presenting a standard to Augustus. Cf. also
-Horace, <cite>Epis.</cite>, I, 12, 27; Oros., VI, 21, 29; and c. 32 of the
-inscription.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">There were two temples of Mars Ultor, a smaller one on the Capitoline,
-and a larger in the forum, dedicated in 752. The standards were removed
-to the larger temple. Cf. Dio, LV, 10; Horace, <cite>Carm.</cite>, IV, 5, 16;
-<cite>Epis.</cite>, I, 18, 56; Propertius, III, 10, 3; Ovid, <cite>Trist.</cite>
-II, 295; <cite>Fasti</cite>, V, 549; VI, 459.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_137" href="#FNanchor_137" class="label">137</a> Augustus himself had fought the Pannonians in 719, 720.
-Cf. Dio, XLIX, 36-38. The campaigns of Tiberius were from 742 to 745.
-Cf. Vell. II, 96; Dio, LIV, 31, 34; LV, 2; Suet. <cite>Tib.</cite>, 9.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_138" href="#FNanchor_138" class="label">138</a> This statement varies somewhat from Dio, L, 24, who says
-Augustus reached the Danube in 720, and from Suetonius, <cite>Tib.</cite> 16,
-who assigns the complete subjection of the district to 759.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_139" href="#FNanchor_139" class="label">139</a> The Dacians had become organized and strong in the
-latter years of the Roman republic. Cf. Justin. XXXII, 3; Jordanis,
-<cite>Get.</cite>, XI, 67; Strabo, XVI, 2, 39; VII, 3, 5; 11; Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite>, 44. Julius Cæsar was about to proceed against them when he
-died. Cf. Suet. <cite>Jul.</cite>, 44; <cite>Aug.</cite>, 8; App. <em>B. C.</em>, II,
-110; III, 25, 37; <cite>Illyr.</cite>, 13; Vell., II. 59; Livy, <cite>Epit.</cite>,
-CXVII. In 719 Augustus began his Illyrican campaign by occupying
-Segesta on the Save, whence he threatened the Dacians and Bastarnæ. Cf.
-App. <cite>Illyr.</cite>, 22, 23. Antony is responsible for the statement
-that Augustus sought to secure the goodwill of Cotiso, king of the
-Getæ (Dacians), by giving him his daughter and by himself marrying a
-daughter of Cotiso. Cf. Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite>, 63. Cotiso refused
-the alliance and joined the party of Antony. Cf. Dio, L, 6; LI, 22.
-Antony’s story as to the proposed marriages is hardly credible, and may
-have been invented by him to offset his own alliance with Cleopatra.
-During the struggle between Antony and Octavian, an invasion of the
-Dacians was the constant dread of Italy. Cf. Vergil, <cite>Georg.</cite>, II,
-497; Hor. <cite>Sat.</cite>, II, 6, 53; <cite>Carm.</cite>, III, 6, 13. When Antony
-was overthrown M. Crassus undertook the suppression of the Dacians,
-and triumphed, July 4, 727. Cf. Dio, LI, 23; Tab. Triumph. But Dacian
-incursions were still frequent. Dio records one in 738, cf. LIV, 20;
-and one in 744, cf. LIV, 36. Probably it was in this latter incursion
-that the defeat here alluded to was met by them. Finally an army was
-sent against them under Lentulus, in 759. Cf. Dio, LV, 30; Strabo,
-VII, 12 and 13; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>, 21; Florus, IV, 12, 19, 20; Tac.
-<cite>Ann.</cite>, IV, 44.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_140" href="#FNanchor_140" class="label">140</a> Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>, 21; Flor. IV, 12, 62;
-<cite>Oros.</cite>, VI, 21, 19, says that deputies of Indians and Scythians
-came to Augustus at Tarracona in 728 or 729; Dio, LIV, 9, that
-deputies from India came to him at Samos in 734. Strabo gives the
-name of the Indian king as Porus. Cf. XV., 1, 4 and 73. Cf. also
-Ver. <cite>Georg.</cite>, II, 170; <cite>Aen.</cite>, VI, 794; VIII, 705; Hor.
-<cite>Carm.</cite>, I, 12, 56; <cite>Carm. Saec.</cite>, 55, 56; <cite>Carm.</cite>, IV,
-14, 41.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_141" href="#FNanchor_141" class="label">141</a> For a general statement, cf. Suetonius, <cite>Aug.</cite>
-21. For the Scythians, cf. Note 140, above. For the Bastarnæ, cf. Livy,
-<cite>Ep.</cite> CXXXIV; Dio, LI, 23, 24. For the Sarmatæ, cf. Flor. l. c.;
-Strabo, II, 5, 30; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite>, VI, 33; Pliny, <cite>Hist. Nat.</cite>,
-II, 108, 246; VI, 7, 19; VI, 5, 16; VI, 13, 40. Vergil refers to them
-as Gelones. Cf. <cite>Aen.</cite>, VIII, 725. Cf. also Hor. <cite>Carm.</cite>, II,
-9; III, 8, 23. For the Albani and Iberi, cf. Dio, XLIX, 24. For the
-Medes, cf. c. 27 and notes.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_142" href="#FNanchor_142" class="label">142</a> For Phraates and Tiridates, cf. Justin, XLII, 5; Dio,
-LI, 18. Tiridates had supplanted Phraates and in turn was driven out
-by him. He then, in 724, came to Augustus for aid. But the latter was
-anxious to regain the lost standards from Parthia, and simply played
-off Tiridates against Phraates by setting him over Syria. Dio, in the
-passage cited, makes mention of a son of Phraates who was captured by
-Tiridates and given up to Augustus. This was possibly the Phraates
-here mentioned, though there are difficulties in the way of this
-explanation. For Augustus implies the voluntary coming of a reigning
-king, not the delivery of an abducted prince. We know that in 731
-Tiridates was in Rome asking that Parthia be assigned to him, and that
-at the same time Phraates sent an embassy begging the restitution of
-his son. Cf. Dio, LIII, 33. Augustus laid the matter before the senate,
-and by their advice restored the prince in exchange for the standards,
-but did not yield to the plea of Tiridates.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143" class="label">143</a> Cf. c. 27.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_144" href="#FNanchor_144" class="label">144</a> A people east of the Tigris, and west of Media
-Atropatane. Nothing is known of Artaxares. For the Adiabeni and their
-kingdom, cf. Strabo, XVI, 1, 19; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite>, XII, 13; Josephus,
-<cite>Ant.</cite>, XX, 2, 1.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145" class="label">145</a> Augustus several times was on the point of invading
-Britain. Cf. Dio, XLIX, 38, for 720; LIII, 22, 25, for 727, 728.
-The poets have many prophecies of victories in Britain. Cf. Ver.
-<cite>Georg.</cite>, I, 30, written in 724; III, 25; Hor. <cite>Epode</cite>, VII,
-7; <cite>Carm.</cite>, I. 35, 29, of the year 727, 728; <cite>Carm.</cite>, III, 5;
-I, 21, 15; III, 4, 33; IV, 14, 48. But nothing came of these plans. Cf.
-Strabo, IV, 5, 3, for embassies from Britain. Coins of Dumnobellaunus
-have been found. Cf. J. Evans, <cite>Coins of the Ancient Britons</cite>
-(London, 1864), p. 198, and the following plate 4, Nos. 6-12.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_146" href="#FNanchor_146" class="label">146</a> The great defeat of Lollius in 738 was by the Sicambri,
-joined with the Usipites and Tencteri. Cf. Dio, LIV, 20; Vell., II,
-97; Suet., <cite>Aug.</cite>, 23. There was a temporary peace. Cf. Horace,
-<cite>Carm.</cite>, IV, 2. 36; 14, 51. They rebelled in 742, and were put
-down, first by Drusus and later by Tiberius. Cf. Dio, LIV, 32, 33,
-36. In 746 they were completely subjugated and removed into Gaul. Cf.
-Dio, LV, 6; Vell. II, 97; Suet., <cite>Aug.</cite>, 21; <cite>Tib.</cite>, 9; Tac.
-<cite>Ann.</cite>, II, 26; XII, 39; Strabo, VII, 1, 3. Probably the coming of
-Maelo was during this surrender of 746.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_147" href="#FNanchor_147" class="label">147</a> The Marcomani were a branch of the Suevi. Cf. Tac.,
-<cite>Germ.</cite>, XXXVIII; <cite>Ann.</cite>, II, 44, 62.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_148" href="#FNanchor_148" class="label">148</a> The four sons were Seraspedes, Rhodaspedes, Vonones
-and Phraates, with the wives of two of them and four children. Cf.
-Strabo, XVI, 1, 28; VI, 4, 2; Justin, XLII, 5, 11; Vell., II, 94; Tac.,
-<cite>Ann.</cite>, II, 1; Oros., VI, 21, 29; Suet., <cite>Aug.</cite> 21, 43; Jos.,
-<cite>Antiq.</cite>, XVIII, 2, 4. They were sent to be out of harm’s way
-during troubles in Parthia, according to all but Josephus, who says
-they were removed so as not to hinder the succession of Phraataces, an
-illegitimate son. When Phraates died, Phraataces in vain asked Augustus
-for the return of the princes. This was c. 750. Cf. Dio, fragments,
-Ursin. 39. The two elder princes died in Rome. Cf. C. I. L., VI, 7799.
-Vonones was sent back by Augustus. Cf. c. 33, Note <a href="#Footnote_149">149</a>; Phraates was
-returned by Tiberius in 788. Cf. Tac., <cite>Ann.</cite>, VI, 31; Dio, LVIII,
-16. Probably the princes were sent to Augustus in 744. Cf. Mommsen,
-<cite>R. G.</cite>, p. 141.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_149" href="#FNanchor_149" class="label">149</a> The comment of Mommsen here seems too severe. He says:
-“The writer magnifies his splendors beyond what is exact: for the
-Parthians and Medes asked Augustus, not so much to appoint kings for
-them, as to restore to them those to whom the kingdom had fallen by
-hereditary right.” Such a criticism seems to overlook the force of the
-word <em>petitos</em>, as applied to <em>reges</em>: they got the kings
-they “asked for.”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Phraataces was reigning in 754. Cf. Dio, LV, 10; Vell. II, 101. He was
-succeeded by Orodes for a short time. Then came the choice of Vonones.
-Cf. Jos. <cite>Ant.</cite> XVIII, 2, 4; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> II, 1. Josephus
-gives no date. Tacitus implies 770. Augustus, however, returned
-Vonones, and the date must be much earlier, probably c. 760. A Parthian
-embassy was in Rome between 757 and 759. Cf. Suet. <cite>Tib.</cite>, 16.
-Coins also show the name of Vonones in 761. Cf. Gardner, <cite>Parthian
-Coinage</cite>, p. 46. His reign was very brief. Cf. Tacitus and Josephus,
-ll. cc.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_150" href="#FNanchor_150" class="label">150</a> Cf. c. 27.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_151" href="#FNanchor_151" class="label">151</a> This chapter is possibly the most weighty in the whole
-inscription, inasmuch as it sets forth the view of his policy which
-Augustus wished the world to hold. How far his statements in the
-opening and closing sentences represent his own actual notions of his
-relations to the sovereign power in Rome is a matter of debate. For a
-full discussion Mommsen, <cite>Röm. St.</cite> II, p. 723, ff., may be read,
-and Gardthausen, <cite>Aug.</cite> Iᵉʳ Th. IIᵉʳ Bd., pp. 485-540 and IIᵉʳ
-Th., pp. 277-299.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The question is: Did Augustus in any real sense restore the republic,
-or did he conceive of himself as monarch, but find it politic to
-suppress all outward marks of royalty? Was his chief concern to
-maintain the peace and prosperity of the Roman people, with as little
-alteration as possible of the old constitutional forms, or was his
-object the building up of power for his own sake? This is confessedly
-one of the riddles of history. The best that can be done is to study
-his actions, estimating their worth and tendency, and leaving the
-motives of the great statesman where he hid them,—locked in his own
-bosom.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Undoubtedly, all through the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>, as is pointed out in
-the introduction, and as has been noticed from time to time in these
-notes, one of his great aims is to represent himself as a conservative,
-moving within constitutional limits. Coins of the period emphasize the
-view set forth in the opening sentence of this chapter with regard to
-the restoration of the republic. Cf. Eckhel, VI, 83: <cite>imp. Cæsar
-divi f. cos. VI, libertatis p. R. vindex</cite>; “The imperator, Cæsar,
-son of the divine (Cæsar) consul for the sixth time, (726) restorer of
-the freedom of the Roman people.” Cf. C. I. L. VI, 1527: “the whole
-world pacified, the republic restored.” Also, C. I. L. I, p. 384; the
-date referred to is Jan. 13, 727: “The senate decreed that an oaken
-crown should be fixed above the door of the imperator, Cæsar Augustus,
-because he restored the Roman republic.” Contemporary Roman writers
-simply echo the views of Augustus. Cf. Ovid, <cite>Fasti</cite>, I, 589,
-for Jan. 13, 727, Velleius, II, 89, says: “When the civil wars were
-finished in the twentieth year, (724) and the foreign wars brought to
-a close, peace was brought back, power restored to the laws, authority
-to the tribunals, majesty to the senate, the <em>imperium</em> of the
-magistrates reduced to its old time form, the original and ancient
-form of the state restored.” Cf. Livy, <cite>Epit.</cite>, CXXXIV. The
-Greek Strabo, also a contemporary, writes, XVII, 3, 25: “The country
-committed to him the headship of her sovereignty, and made him lord of
-peace and war for life.” Later writers, even the Romans, are equally
-free in their judgments. Dio, LII, I, says: “From this time (725)
-the affairs of Rome began to be in the control of one man
-(<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μοναρχεῖσθαι</span>).” Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite>, 28; Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite>, III,
-28. Dio’s account of the conference in which Agrippa advises a real
-abdication by Augustus, and Mæcenas urges a bold assumption of supreme
-power (LII, 1-40) is regarded as fictitious.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The facts in the case are these: In 711 the Titian law gave the
-triumvirs a five years’ lease of power. In 716 this was renewed not
-by formal legislation, but “by universal consent.” Cf. App., <em>B.
-C.</em> V, 95. This triumviral power Augustus wielded till his sixth
-consulship, 726, though there was a pretence of its cessation in 721.
-Cf. c. 7, N, 1, and Mommsen, <cite>Röm. St.</cite>, II, 698. In this and the
-following years he divested himself gradually of one extraordinary
-power after another. He could not at once fall back to the position
-of an ordinary magistrate. The armies, the laws, the provinces, the
-revenues had all been in his control. These he must gradually restore
-Cf. Dio, LII, 13; LIII, 4, 9, 10. In 726 he began his return to older
-customs by alternating with Agrippa, his colleague, in the consulship,
-in having the fasces borne before him by the lictors for a month. Cf.
-Dio, LIII, 1. The restoration of the censorship was part of the same
-programme. Dio, LIII, 2, says that by an edict he declared all the
-revolutionary and extraordinary acts of the triumviral period should
-cease to be effective with the expiration of his sixth consulship
-(726). The inscription of Jan. 13, 727, above alluded to, C. I. L. I,
-p. 384, marks that date as that on which the business of restoring the
-provinces was finally given over to the senate.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">From this time on the senate divided the control of the provinces
-with him. Augustus took the troublesome provinces and the frontier
-ones, leaving to the senate the older and more peaceable. Over these
-provinces he received a proconsular imperium for ten years, which was
-renewed at the expiration of that term. In c. 7 he says that he found
-the tribunitial power a sufficient basis for all the measures which
-he wished to put through. Now the proconsulship and tribuneship were
-both ordinary and constitutional offices. Augustus’ occupancy of each
-affords an illustration of the way in which he held ordinary offices in
-an extraordinary way. For by the old customs a proconsul must exercise
-his <em>imperium</em> in his province, and never at Rome. Augustus could
-not be in ten provinces at once, and must be at Rome most of the time.
-Hence a violation of the constitution was necessary. The tribuneship,
-instituted for the protection of plebeians could be held only by a
-plebeian. But Augustus was a patrician. For this reason he did not
-take the tribuneship in the ordinary way, nor by the ordinary title,
-but designated himself as <em>tribunicia potestate</em>, “of tribunitial
-authority.”</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The title <em>princeps</em>, “prince” is never used by Augustus as an
-official designation in laws and inscriptions, but indicates simply his
-primacy of rank and is so used throughout the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>. Cf. cc.
-13, 30, 32.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_152" href="#FNanchor_152" class="label">152</a> Cf. C. I. L. 1, p. 384; X. 8375; Livy, <cite>Ep.</cite>, 134;
-Cass. ad. an. 727; Oros. VI, 20, 8; Vell. II, 91; Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 7;
-Dio, LIII, 16.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_153" href="#FNanchor_153" class="label">153</a> Cf. coins in Eckhel, VI, 88; Cohen, <cite>Aug.</cite> nos.
-43-48, 50, 207-212, 301, 341, 356, 385, 426, 476-8, 482. All these
-show either the crown or the laurels and many of them have both. With
-the crown is generally <em>ob civis servatos</em>, “for preserving the
-citizens.” The civic crown being the reward of any soldier who saved
-a citizen’s life, Augustus was pre-eminently deemed worthy of it,
-because he had saved so many by putting an end to the civil wars, and
-by his clemency. Cf. Dio, LIII, 16; Suet. <cite>Claud.</cite> 17; Sen. <cite>De
-Clem.</cite> I, 26, 5; Ovid, <cite>Tr.</cite> III, 1, 39, 41, 47; <cite>Fasti</cite>
-IV, 953; III, 137; Val. Max. II, 8, 7; Juv. VI, 52, 79; X, 65; XII, 91;
-Tac. <cite>Ann.</cite> XV, 71.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_154" href="#FNanchor_154" class="label">154</a> No ancient writer mentions this shield, but a number of
-coins and inscriptions portray it. Cf. C. I. L. IX, 5811, wherein two
-Victories carry a shield inscribed: “The senate and Roman people have
-given to Augustus a shield on account of his valor, clemency, justice
-and piety;” the very words of the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>. For coins, cf.
-Eckhel, VI, 95, 103, 121; Cohen, <cite>Aug.</cite> nos. 50-53, 213-216, 253,
-264-267, 283, 286-297, 332. The Victory, which is frequently associated
-with the shield, probably indicates that the latter was placed by
-Augustus near the altar of Victory erected by him in the Curia Julia.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_155" href="#FNanchor_155" class="label">155</a> Cf. Note <a href="#Footnote_151">151</a>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_156" href="#FNanchor_156" class="label">156</a> This title was given Feb. 5, 752. Cf. C. I. L. I, p.
-386; II, No. 2107. As in the case of the title, prince of the youth,
-conferred upon Gaius and Lucius, and of the continuance of his supreme
-power by universal consent (cf. cc. 14 and 34), the appellation,
-father of the fatherland, was given by general acclamation, leaving
-to the senate only the formal ratification of the popular will. Suet.
-<cite>Aug.</cite> 58, expressly states this. Cf. also Ovid, <cite>Fasti</cite>, II,
-128.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The Augustan Forum was dedicated this same year, 752. Cf. c. 21, Note.
-In all probability the quadriga had been in existence some time before
-this, inasmuch as it appears on a coin of uncertain date with the
-inscription: “the senate and Roman people to Cæsar Augustus, parent and
-presever.” If the quadriga had been made at the time this inscription
-was ordered, the coin would surely have borne the formal title, “father
-of the fatherland,” not the designation, “parent.” Cf. Eckhel, VI, 113.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_157" href="#FNanchor_157" class="label">157</a> The seventy-sixth year of Augustus began Sept. 23,
-766. Chapter 8 mentions his third census, which was completed one
-hundred days before his death, hence May 11, 767. The <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>
-must have been written, then, in the interval between this date and
-his start for Campania, on his last journey, as we know he left this
-document in the hands of the Vestal Virgins. Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 97.</p>
-
-<p class="center">SUPPLEMENT.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">For a discussion of this supplement, see the Introduction.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_158" href="#FNanchor_158" class="label">158</a> Equivalent to 2,400,000,000 sesterces, about
-$120,000,000. This does not exactly correspond with the sum of the
-items mentioned in the <cite>Res Gestæ</cite>. These sum up 2,199,800,000
-sesterces.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_159" href="#FNanchor_159" class="label">159</a> A mere summary of c. 19, with a bit from c. 20, the
-only principle of arrangement being to put temples first, and the rest
-haphazard. The difference in the Greek and Latin is curious. No attempt
-is made to reproduce <em>pulvinar</em> in Greek, although in c. 19 it had
-been rendered <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ναόν</span>.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_160" href="#FNanchor_160" class="label">160</a> A summary of c. 20.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_161" href="#FNanchor_161" class="label">161</a> A summary of cc. 22, 23.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_162" href="#FNanchor_162" class="label">162</a> For aid given to Naples, cf. Dio, LV, 10; to Venafrum,
-in Campania, C. I. L. X, 4842.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_163" href="#FNanchor_163" class="label">163</a> For aid to Paphos, cf. Dio, LIV, 23; to a number of
-towns in Asia, Dio, LIV, 30; to Laodicea and Tralles, Strabo, XII, 8,
-18; to Thyatira and Chios, Suet. <cite>Tib.</cite> 8.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="noindent"><a id="Footnote_164" href="#FNanchor_164" class="label">164</a> Cf. Suet. <cite>Aug.</cite> 41. The estate necessary to
-qualify a senator he raised from 800,000 sesterces to 1,200,000, and
-where senators were worthy, though poor, he made up their fortunes to
-that sum. Cf. Dio, LI, 17; LII, 19; LIII, 2; LIV, 17; LV, 13; LVI, 41.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="transnote"><p>Transcriber&#8217;s Notes:—</p>
-<p class="noindent">The original accentuation, spelling, punctuation and hyphenation
-has been retained, except for apparent printer&#8217;s errors.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">A list of contents has been added.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The printer is thought to be Anvil Printing Company (see front matter).</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">In Footnote 58, Cf. Dio, XLIT is taken as a typo for Cf. Dio, XLIV.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">On Page 28 the number of Roman citizens is given as four million, two hundred
-and thirty thousand. In the associated footnote this is given as 4,233,000.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">
-Typographical errors in the Greek (All corrected).<br />
-Page 10 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">πρυκατηλειμένας</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">προκατηλειμένας</span><br />
-Page 13 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψηψίσμασι</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ψηφίσμασι</span><br />
-Page 23 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τόν</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τὸν</span><br />
-Page 25 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οίας</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σίας</span><br />
-Page 33 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ῷ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ᾦ</span><br />
-Page 37 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θαλὰσσης</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">θαλάσσης</span><br />
-Page 43 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑξὴκοντα</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἑξήκοντα</span><br />
-Page 45 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οὕς</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οὓς</span><br />
-Page 51 ἐπιγαφῆς changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐπιγραφῆς</span><br />
-Page 53 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἂ[ρεω]ς</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ἄ[ρεω]ς</span><br />
-Page 55 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ᾷ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ᾳ</span><br />
-Page 57 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὑρὲρ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ὑπὲρ</span><br />
-Page 57 Γαίῷ changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Γαίῳ</span><br />
-Page 57 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Ιαύῳ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Γαίῳ</span><br />
-Page 57 Σε[ι]λανῳ changed to read Σε[ι]λανῷ<br />
-Page 59 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρ[ί]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τρ[ι]σχ[ε]ί[λ]ιοι</span><br />
-Page 61 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ῷ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ᾧ</span><br />
-Page 61 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Αιβύη</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">Λιβύη</span><br />
-Page 61 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοῦς</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">τοὺς</span><br />
-Page 61 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οὅ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">οἳ</span><br />
-Page 67 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μείοζονος</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μείσζονος</span><br />
-Page 69 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρᾴ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ρα</span><br />
-Page 69 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αἵ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">αἳ</span><br />
-Page 69 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔμοῦ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐμοῦ</span><br />
-Page 73 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ποτομοῦ</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ποταμοῦ</span><br />
-Page 77 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐθνη</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔθνη</span><br />
-Page 85 <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">εν</span> changed to read <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐν</span></p>
-
-<p class="noindent">Typographical errors in the Latin (All corrected).<br />
-Page 39 turmœ changed to read turmæ and optious changed to read optios</p>
-
-</div>
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