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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #66365 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66365)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Vicksburg, by J. Frank Hanly
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Vicksburg
-
-Author: J. Frank Hanly
-
-Release Date: September 22, 2021 [eBook #66365]
-
-Language: English
-
-Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading
- Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
- images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VICKSBURG ***
-
-
- [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-
-
-
- VICKSBURG
-
-
- By
- J. FRANK HANLY
-
- [Illustration: decorative glyph]
-
-
- Cincinnati: Jennings and Graham
- New York: Eaton and Mains
-
- Copyright, 1912,
- By Jennings and Graham
-
-
-
-
- DEDICATION
- OF THE
- INDIANA MONUMENTS
- AT
- VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI
- December 29, 1908
- J. Frank Hanly
-
-
-
-
- Vicksburg
-
-
-_Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Indiana-Vicksburg Monument
- Commission_:
-
-To you this is no new stage. Its remotest confines were once familiar.
-You looked upon it, front and rear. You stood before its footlights. You
-knew its comedy—its tragedy. You had honorable and distinguished cast in
-the great drama that gave it fame in every land beneath the sun and
-place in the country’s every annal—a drama real as human life in tensest
-mood—in which every character was a hero, every actor a patriot, and
-every word a deed—a drama, the memory of which is enduring, fadeless,
-and the scenes of which take form and color even now and rise before you
-vivid as a living picture. How clear the outline is:
-
-Time: The Nation’s natal day, forty-five years ago.
-
-Place: This historic field; yon majestic river; that heroic city there—a
-beleaguered fortress, girdled with these hills.
-
-Scene: The river’s broad expanse; Admiral Porter’s fleet—grim engines of
-war, with giant guns and floating batteries, facing deep-mouthed and
-frowning cannon on terraced heights; the intrepid Army of the Tennessee,
-with camp and equipage, occupying a line of investment twelve miles in
-length, with sap and mine, battery and rifle pit, marking a progress
-that would not be stayed, fronting a system of detached works, redans,
-lunets, and redoubts on every height or commanding point, with raised
-field works connected with rifle pits, numerous gullies and ravines,
-nature’s defenses, impassable to troops; all in all more impregnable
-than Sevastopol; with here and there ensanguined areas where brave men
-met death in wild, mad charge against redoubt and bastion; or fell, in
-the delirium of frenzied struggle, on parapets, where torn and ragged
-battle flags borne by valorous arms, leaped and fluttered for a moment
-amid cannon’s smoke and muskets’ glare, only to fall from nerveless
-hands, lost in the chagrin and grief of repulse, crushing and
-disastrous.
-
-Denouement: Fortifications sapped and mined! A city wrecked, subdued by
-want! An army in capitulation! A mighty host, surrendered! Flags furled!
-Arms stacked! One hundred and seventy-two captured cannon! Sixty
-thousand rifles taken! Twenty-nine thousand four hundred and ninety-one
-men prisoners of war—hungry, emaciated, broken, dejected men, worn by
-sleepless vigil, the ordeal of war, the alarm of siege—men who suffered
-and endured, but would not yield till dire distress compelled—men whose
-gallant valor challenges admiration and respect, and gives them equal
-claim to fame with their invincible captors, whose iron grip and
-ever-tightening hold they could not break! Victory complete and
-splendid! And over all—river, field, and city—where crash of musketry,
-roar of cannon, scream of shell, and all the tumultuous din of war had
-reigned—the hush and awe of silence, unbroken by cheer or shout or cry
-of exultation!
-
-Result: The fall of Port Hudson, an impregnable fortress, two hundred
-and fifty miles below; the disenthrallment of the Mississippi—unvexed by
-war, its waters free to seek the sea in peace; the bisecting of the
-Confederacy—cut in two—severed completely—its doom decreed—its fate
-forever sealed—all thereafter dying in its defense going hopeless and in
-vain to sacrificial altars; the establishment of the Union’s
-indissolubility—its power made manifest East and West—faith in its
-ultimate triumph, though the pathway led through toil and blood, became
-assured—the Nation saw the end, distant but sure—it found itself and it
-found a man, and that man had found himself, and had found others,
-too—Sherman, McPherson, Logan, Hovey, Osterhaus, McGinnis—a quiet,
-silent man, of grim determination, who “looked upon side movements as a
-waste of time”—a man of immovable purpose, who went to his object
-unswerving as a bullet—a man of sublime courage, who wanted “on the same
-side of the river with the enemy”—a man of calm confidence, who relied
-upon himself and the disciplined, hardy men who followed him, who, under
-him, knew no defeat and who were unwilling to learn what it was—a man
-who knew the trade of war, its science and its rules, but who dared
-ignore its long-accepted axioms when occasion required; who, when he
-could not protect his communications with his base without delay and the
-diminution of his force, could cut loose from all communications and
-have no base, though moving in the heart of the enemy’s country—a man of
-daring brilliancy, who could fight in detail a force superior in the
-aggregate to his own and defeat in turn its scattered fragments before
-they could consolidate—who had no rear, whose every side was front—who
-knew that “time was worth more than re-enforcements,” and that delay
-only gave “the enemy time to re-enforce and fortify”—whose strategy,
-celerity, and rapidity of movement threw confusion into the councils of
-opposing generals, in a land strange to him and filled with his
-enemies—a land with which they were familiar and where every denizen was
-an ally—a man who could keep two governments guessing for weeks both as
-to his purpose and his whereabouts—who could refuse to obey an order
-that had been so long in transmission as to be obsolete when it reached
-him, and ride away to victory and to fame—whose blows fell so thick and
-hard and fast that his foe had neither time nor rest nor food nor
-sleep—a man who was gentle and considerate enough when his foes
-surrendered to forbid his men to cheer lest they should wound the
-sensibilities of their captives—who, in the hour of supreme and final
-triumph, could speak for peace and give back to his captured countrymen
-their horses that crops might be put in and cultivated.
-
-Time, place, scene, denouement, and result, taken together, and all in
-all, have no parallel in all the six thousand years of human history.
-
-It was, therefore, inevitable and in accord with man’s nobler self, that
-this spot—the place where the great drama was staged and played—should
-become hallowed ground to those who struggled here to retain or to
-possess it; that it should be held forever sacred by the Blue and the
-Gray—the victors and the vanquished—by the Blue because of what was won,
-by the Gray because of what was lost—by both because of heroic effort
-and devoted sacrifice made and endured; because of the new national life
-begun, the new birth of freedom had, through their spilled blood.
-
-Vicksburg was the most important point in the Confederacy and its
-retention the most essential thing to the defense of the Confederacy.
-After the safety of Washington, its capture was the first necessity of
-the Federal Government. It commanded the Mississippi River, and “the
-valley of the Mississippi is America.” The control of this great central
-artery of the continent was necessary to the perpetuation of the
-Confederacy and indispensable to the preservation of the Union. To lose
-it was death to the one. To gain it was life to the other. The campaign
-for its capture was, therefore, the most important enterprise of the
-Civil War. Its importance was understood and appreciated by the
-authorities at both capitals, and no one in authority in either capital
-understood it more clearly or appreciated it more fully than the
-commanders of the two opposing armies—Grant and Pemberton. Both knew the
-stake and its value and both were conscious that the fight to possess it
-by the one and to retain it by the other would be waged to the last
-extremity. And each was resolved that the great issue should be with
-him. They commanded armies equally brave and well disciplined,
-efficiently officered, and equally devoted to them and to the respective
-cause for which they fought.
-
-Strength of position, natural and artificial, was with Pemberton. His
-task was defensive—to hold what he had. Grant’s was offensive—to possess
-what he did not have. But the initiative was with him, and to genius
-that itself is an advantage.
-
-Pemberton knew the ground—the scene of the campaign. Its every natural
-adaptation of advantage or defense was to him as a thing ingrained in
-his consciousness and every denizen of the country about him was the
-friend of his army and his cause.
-
-Grant was in a strange land, without accurate knowledge of its
-topography or of its natural difficulties of approach or opportunities
-of defense, and concerning which such knowledge could be acquired only
-by the exercise of infinite patience, by unremitting toil, and constant
-investigation. Its inhabitants looked upon him as an invader come to
-despoil their country—to lay waste their homes. Among them all, his army
-had no friend, his cause no advocate.
-
-But, while position and natural advantage was with Pemberton, the
-ability to command armies, the genius of concentration, to decide
-quickly and accurately, to design with daring boldness and to execute
-with celerity and rapidity; the tenacity of purpose that, come what
-will, can not be bent or turned aside, and the grim determination that
-rises in some men—God’s chosen few—supreme above every let or
-hindrance—were with Grant. And it was this ability to command, more than
-all other things, that finally enabled him to wrest the great prize from
-the hands of Pemberton and the Confederacy, and give it into the keeping
-of the Union.
-
-The campaign was Grant’s—his alone—in conception and in execution, from
-the beginning to the end. Its details his government did not know. For a
-time even its immediate object was unknown in Washington. Its design was
-without successful military precedent. His most trusted general was
-opposed to it. But Grant saw and understood. The day he crossed his army
-at Bruinsburg he was “born again.” He caught a vision that inspired him.
-He was transformed. There came to him a confidence that thenceforth was
-never shaken—a faith in which there was no flaw. Less than two years
-before he had doubtfully asked himself whether he could hope ever to
-command a division, and if so, whether he could command it successfully.
-Now he knew he could command an army; that he could plan campaigns, and
-that he could execute them with high skill and matchless vigor. He had
-found himself.
-
-General Banks, with a substantial force, was at Port Hudson, two hundred
-and fifty miles down the river. The two armies were expected by the
-authorities at Washington to co-operate with each other in an attack
-upon Pittsburg or Port Hudson. Grant had heard from Banks that he could
-not come to him at Grand Gulf for weeks. Instantly his purpose
-crystallized. His resolve was made. He would not go to Banks at Port
-Hudson nor would he wait for him at Grand Gulf. Waiting meant delay.
-Delay meant strengthened fortifications and a re-enforced enemy. He
-would move independently of Banks. His army was inferior in numbers to
-the aggregate forces of the enemy, but he would invade Mississippi,
-fight and defeat whatever force he found east of Vicksburg, and invest
-that city from the rear. And he would not wait a day. He would move at
-once. He would go now—go swiftly to Jackson, destroy or drive away any
-force in that direction, and then turn upon Pemberton and drive him into
-Vicksburg. He would keep his own army a compact force—“round as a cannon
-ball,” and he would fight and defeat the enemy in detail before his
-forces could be concentrated. The concept was worthy of Napoleon in
-his best moments. It was remarkably brilliant, audaciously daring. It
-was the turning point in Grant’s career—a momentous hour, big with
-destiny for him, his army, and his country. In its chalice was
-Vicksburg—Chattanooga—Spotsylvania—Appomattox—national solidarity—and
-deathless personal fame. The decision was made without excitement,
-without a tremor of the pulse, in the calmness of conscious power. John
-Hay fancifully compares his action at this time “to that of the wild bee
-in the Western woods, who, rising to the clear air, flies for a moment
-in a circle, and then darts with the speed of a rifle bullet to its
-destination.”
-
-A long-established and universally accepted axiom of war—one that ought
-in no case to be violated—required any great body of troops moving
-against an enemy to go forward only from an established base of
-supplies, which, together with the communications thereto, should be
-carefully covered and guarded as the one thing upon which the life of
-the movement depended. The idea of supporting a moving column in the
-enemy’s country from the country itself was regarded as impractical and
-perilous, if not actually impossible. The movement he had determined
-upon would uncover his base and imperil his communications. Defeat meant
-irremediable failure and disgrace. The hazard seemed so great, and the
-proposal so contrary to all the accepted maxims of war and military
-precedents, that Sherman, seeing the danger, urged Grant “to stop all
-troops till the army is partially supplied with wagons, and then act as
-quickly as possible, for this road will be jammed as sure as life.”
-
-Grant knew the difficulty and the peril, but he was not afraid. He knew
-the military and the political need of the country. He knew his
-officers. He knew the army he commanded. And, knowing all, he assumed
-the responsibility and took the hazard; cut loose from his base, severed
-his communications, went where there was no way, and left a path that
-will shine while history lasts.
-
-Having decided his course, he telegraphed the government at Washington:
-“I shall not bring my troops into this place (Grand Gulf), but
-immediately follow the enemy, and if all promises as favorably as it
-does now, not stop until Vicksburg is in our possession.” Here was the
-first and the only intimation of his purpose given the government. The
-execution of his purpose was immediately begun and pressed with personal
-energy, attention, and vigor without parallel in the life of a
-commanding general of an army. Sherman, who of all men had the best
-opportunity to know and was best qualified to weigh the extent and
-character of his work, declares: “No commanding general of an army ever
-gave more of his personal attention to detail, or wrote so many of his
-own orders, reports, or letters. I still retain many of his letters and
-notes in his own handwriting, prescribing the route of march of
-divisions and detachments, specifying the amount of food and tools to be
-carried along.”
-
-Washburn wrote: “On this whole march of five days he has had neither a
-horse nor an orderly or servant, a blanket or overcoat, or clean shirt
-or even a sword. His entire baggage consists of a tooth brush.”
-
-John Hay says of him: “All his faculties seemed sharpened by the
-emergency. There was nothing too large for him to grasp; nothing
-small enough for him to overlook.” He gave “direction to generals,
-sea-captains, quartermasters, commissaries, for every incident
-of the opening of the campaign, then mounted his horse and rode
-to his troops.” And then, for three weeks, in quick and dazzling
-succession, came staggering, stunning blows, one after the
-other—Raymond—Jackson—Champion’s Hill—The Big Black—until he
-stood with his army at the very gates of Vicksburg!
-
-The government, hearing that he had left Grand Gulf for the interior of
-Mississippi without supplies or provision for communication with his
-base, telegraphed him in concern and alarm to turn back and join Banks
-at Port Hudson. The despatch reached him days after at the Big Black
-Bridge, while the battle there was in progress. The message was handed
-him. He read it; said it came too late, that Halleck would not give it
-now if he knew his position. As he spoke the cheering of his soldiers
-could be heard. Looking up he saw Lawler, in his shirt sleeves, leading
-a charge upon the enemy, in sight of the messenger who bore the
-despatch. Wheeling his horse, he rode away to victory and to Vicksburg,
-leaving the officer to ruminate as long as he liked upon the obsolete
-message he had brought.
-
-I have spoken much of Grant. There is reason that I should. No campaign
-of the war is so insolubly linked with the personality of the commanding
-general as the Vicksburg campaign.
-
-For three weeks he was the Army of the Tennessee. He dominated it
-absolutely. His personality, with its vigor and its action, was in all,
-through all, over all. His corps and divisions were commanded by great
-men, but, with a single exception, they were loyal and devoted and
-reflected his will, and sought the achievement of his purpose in every
-act and movement. During these days Sherman was his right arm, McPherson
-his left, and neither ever failed him. The whole army, officers and men,
-caught his spirit and shared his indomitable purpose. Nothing could
-daunt it or turn it aside. There was no service it did not perform, no
-need it did not meet. It had capacity for everything. Grant justly said:
-“There is nothing which men are called upon to do, mechanical or
-professional, that accomplished adepts can not be found for the duty
-required in almost every regiment. Volunteers can be found in the ranks
-and among the commanding officers to meet any call.” Every obstacle was
-overcome; every difficulty surmounted. When bridges were burned, new
-ones were built in a night, or the streams forded. In every event the
-light of the morning found his soldiers on the same side of the river
-with the enemy. If rains descended and floods came, they marched on
-though the roads were afloat with water. They fought and marched,
-endured and toiled, but they did not complain or even murmur. They, as
-well as their officers, understood the value of the stake for which they
-struggled. They knew they were marching and fighting and toiling under
-the eye of a great commander, one who knew where he was going and how to
-go; that there was no hardship which he did not share, no task from
-which he shrunk. Weary from much marching, they marched on; worn from
-frequent fighting, they fought on; all but exhausted from incessant
-toil, they toiled on, in a hot climate, exposed to all sorts of weather,
-through trying and terrible ordeals, watching by night and by day, until
-they stood in front of the rifle pits and of the batteries of the city,
-and even here they would not be content until they were led in assault
-upon the enemy’s works and had stood upon their parapets in a vain but
-glorious struggle for their possession.
-
-What a story it is! How it stirs the blood! How it inspires to love of
-country! How it impels to high endeavor! And what a valorous foe they
-met! They were, and are, thank God, our countrymen—besiegers and
-besieged. In their veins flowed kindred blood—blood that leaps and burns
-in ours to-day. They differed. Differed until at last the parliament of
-debate was closed, and then, like men, they fought their differences
-out, in open war—on the field of battle—sealing the settlement with
-their blood and giving the world a new concept of human valor.
-
-There were wounds. There was suffering. There was heartache. There were
-asperities. There was death. There was bereavement. These were
-inevitable. But there was a nobility about it all, that, seen through
-the intervening years, silences discord, softens hate, and makes
-forgiveness easy. To-day we laugh and weep together. Wounds are healed;
-asperities are forgotten; the past is remembered without bitterness;
-glory hovers like a benediction over this immortal field and guards with
-solemn round the bivouac of all the dead, giving no heed to the garb
-they wore. Their greatness is the legacy of all—the heritage of the
-Nation. Reconciliation has come with influences soft and holy. The birds
-build nests in yonder cannon. The songs of school children fill the air.
-
-Indiana has come to Mississippi to dedicate monuments erected by her to
-the memory of her soldiers, living and dead, who struggled here; but she
-comes with malice toward none, with love for all. With you, sir, the
-Governor of this Commonwealth, and with your people she would pour her
-tribute of tears upon these mounds where sleep sixteen thousand of our
-uncommon common dead. Her troops were here with Grant. One of her
-regiments, the 6th, sought out the way for the army beyond the river
-yonder. They were the “entering wedge.” They were in every battle. At
-Champion’s Hill, Hovey’s division bore for hours the battle’s brunt.
-Fighting under the eye of the great general himself, they captured a
-battery, lost it, and recaptured it, and at night slept upon the field
-wet with their blood.
-
-This gray-haired general here (General McGinnis) was with them. He is a
-member of the commission that erected these granite tributes, and has in
-charge these ceremonies. He has come to lend the benediction of his
-presence to this occasion, and to look again upon the ground where so
-many dramatic and tragic scenes were enacted—scenes in which he had
-honorable share—scenes that were burned into the very fiber of his young
-manhood’s memory, and which he would not forget if he could. His days
-have been long lengthened. We are glad and grateful that he is here. His
-associates on the commission were here; and so were these battle-scarred
-veterans standing here round about you. They give character and purpose
-to this occasion and a benediction to this service. Through them and
-their comrades, and the great Army in Gray with whom they contended,
-both we and you are beginning to understand the message and the meaning
-of the war. They have taught us charity and forgiveness. We are coming
-“to know one another better, to love one another more.” Here upon these
-hills and heights was lighted the torch of a national life, that to-day
-is blessing, enlightening, and enriching the peoples of the earth. Our
-prayer—a prayer in which we are sure your hearts are joined with
-ours—is, that this mighty Nation, grown great and powerful, may know war
-no more, forever; that it may walk uprightly, deal justly with its own
-people and with all nations; that its purpose may be hallowed, its deeds
-ennobled, its glory sanctified, by the memories of the crucible through
-which it came, and that in the future if war must come, its sword may be
-drawn only in Freedom’s cause, and that its soldiery in such case may
-acquit themselves as nobly as did those who struggled here.
-
-Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Commission, in the name of the State
-of Indiana and on her behalf, I accept these splendid monuments and
-these markers you have erected and which you have so eloquently tendered
-me, and in the name of the State and on behalf of her people, Captain
-Rigby, I now present them to you, as the representative of the National
-Government, and give them through you into its keeping, to be held and
-kept forever as a sacred trust—a reminder to the countless thousands
-that in the gathering years may look upon them, of the share Indiana had
-in the great campaign that ended here July 4, 1863.
-
-
-
-
- Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
- is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
- _underscores_.
-
-
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VICKSBURG ***
-
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-<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Vicksburg, by J. Frank Hanly</p>
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Vicksburg</p>
- <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: J. Frank Hanly</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: September 22, 2021 [eBook #66365]</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
- <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) </p>
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VICKSBURG ***</div>
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Vicksburg" width="640" height="1000" />
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p0.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="uncaptioned" width="659" height="1000" />
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<h1>VICKSBURG</h1>
-<p class="center"><span class="sc">By</span>
-<br />J. FRANK HANLY</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p1.jpg" id="ncfig2" alt="decorative glyph" width="57" height="100" />
-</div>
-<hr class="dwide" />
-<p class="center"><span class="sc">Cincinnati: Jennings and Graham</span>
-<br /><span class="sc">New York: Eaton and Mains</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div>
-<p class="center smaller"><span class="sc">Copyright, 1912,
-<br />By Jennings and Graham</span></p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_ii">ii</div>
-<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">DEDICATION</span>
-<br /><span class="smaller">OF THE</span>
-<br />INDIANA MONUMENTS
-<br /><span class="smaller">AT</span>
-<br />VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI
-<br /><span class="sc">December 29, 1908</span>
-<br /><span class="sc">J. Frank Hanly</span></h2>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div>
-<h1 title="">Vicksburg</h1>
-<hr class="dwide" />
-<p class="revint"><i>Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the
-Indiana-Vicksburg Monument
-Commission</i>:</p>
-<p>To you this is no new stage.
-Its remotest confines were
-once familiar. You looked
-upon it, front and rear.
-You stood before its footlights. You
-knew its comedy&mdash;its tragedy. You
-had honorable and distinguished cast
-in the great drama that gave it fame
-in every land beneath the sun and
-place in the country&rsquo;s every annal&mdash;a
-drama real as human life in tensest
-mood&mdash;in which every character was
-a hero, every actor a patriot, and
-<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span>
-every word a deed&mdash;a drama, the
-memory of which is enduring, fadeless,
-and the scenes of which take
-form and color even now and rise
-before you vivid as a living picture.
-How clear the outline is:</p>
-<p>Time: The Nation&rsquo;s natal day,
-forty-five years ago.</p>
-<p>Place: This historic field; yon
-majestic river; that heroic city there&mdash;a
-beleaguered fortress, girdled with
-these hills.</p>
-<p>Scene: The river&rsquo;s broad expanse;
-Admiral Porter&rsquo;s fleet&mdash;grim engines
-of war, with giant guns and floating
-batteries, facing deep-mouthed and
-frowning cannon on terraced heights;
-the intrepid Army of the Tennessee,
-with camp and equipage, occupying
-<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span>
-a line of investment twelve miles in
-length, with sap and mine, battery
-and rifle pit, marking a progress that
-would not be stayed, fronting a
-system of detached works, redans,
-lunets, and redoubts on every height
-or commanding point, with raised
-field works connected with rifle pits,
-numerous gullies and ravines, nature&rsquo;s
-defenses, impassable to troops;
-all in all more impregnable than
-Sevastopol; with here and there ensanguined
-areas where brave men
-met death in wild, mad charge
-against redoubt and bastion; or fell,
-in the delirium of frenzied struggle,
-on parapets, where torn and ragged
-battle flags borne by valorous arms,
-leaped and fluttered for a moment
-<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span>
-amid cannon&rsquo;s smoke and muskets&rsquo;
-glare, only to fall from nerveless
-hands, lost in the chagrin and grief
-of repulse, crushing and disastrous.</p>
-<p>Denouement: Fortifications sapped
-and mined! A city wrecked, subdued
-by want! An army in capitulation!
-A mighty host, surrendered!
-Flags furled! Arms stacked! One
-hundred and seventy-two captured
-cannon! Sixty thousand rifles taken!
-Twenty-nine thousand four hundred
-and ninety-one men prisoners of
-war&mdash;hungry, emaciated, broken, dejected
-men, worn by sleepless vigil,
-the ordeal of war, the alarm of siege&mdash;men
-who suffered and endured,
-but would not yield till dire distress
-compelled&mdash;men whose gallant valor
-<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span>
-challenges admiration and respect,
-and gives them equal claim to fame
-with their invincible captors, whose
-iron grip and ever-tightening hold
-they could not break! Victory complete
-and splendid! And over all&mdash;river,
-field, and city&mdash;where crash
-of musketry, roar of cannon, scream
-of shell, and all the tumultuous din
-of war had reigned&mdash;the hush and
-awe of silence, unbroken by cheer
-or shout or cry of exultation!</p>
-<p>Result: The fall of Port Hudson,
-an impregnable fortress, two hundred
-and fifty miles below; the disenthrallment
-of the Mississippi&mdash;unvexed
-by war, its waters free to seek
-the sea in peace; the bisecting of the
-Confederacy&mdash;cut in two&mdash;severed
-<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span>
-completely&mdash;its doom decreed&mdash;its
-fate forever sealed&mdash;all thereafter
-dying in its defense going hopeless
-and in vain to sacrificial altars; the
-establishment of the Union&rsquo;s indissolubility&mdash;its
-power made manifest
-East and West&mdash;faith in its ultimate
-triumph, though the pathway led
-through toil and blood, became assured&mdash;the
-Nation saw the end, distant
-but sure&mdash;it found itself and it
-found a man, and that man had
-found himself, and had found others,
-too&mdash;Sherman, McPherson, Logan,
-Hovey, Osterhaus, McGinnis&mdash;a
-quiet, silent man, of grim determination,
-who &ldquo;looked upon side movements
-as a waste of time&rdquo;&mdash;a man
-of immovable purpose, who went
-<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span>
-to his object unswerving as a bullet&mdash;a
-man of sublime courage, who
-wanted &ldquo;on the same side of the
-river with the enemy&rdquo;&mdash;a man of
-calm confidence, who relied upon
-himself and the disciplined, hardy
-men who followed him, who, under
-him, knew no defeat and who were
-unwilling to learn what it was&mdash;a
-man who knew the trade of war, its
-science and its rules, but who dared
-ignore its long-accepted axioms when
-occasion required; who, when he
-could not protect his communications
-with his base without delay and
-the diminution of his force, could
-cut loose from all communications
-and have no base, though moving in
-the heart of the enemy&rsquo;s country&mdash;a
-<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span>
-man of daring brilliancy, who
-could fight in detail a force superior
-in the aggregate to his own and
-defeat in turn its scattered fragments
-before they could consolidate&mdash;who
-had no rear, whose every side was
-front&mdash;who knew that &ldquo;time was
-worth more than re-enforcements,&rdquo;
-and that delay only gave &ldquo;the enemy
-time to re-enforce and fortify&rdquo;&mdash;whose
-strategy, celerity, and rapidity
-of movement threw confusion into
-the councils of opposing generals,
-in a land strange to him and filled
-with his enemies&mdash;a land with which
-they were familiar and where every
-denizen was an ally&mdash;a man who
-could keep two governments guessing
-for weeks both as to his purpose
-<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span>
-and his whereabouts&mdash;who could
-refuse to obey an order that had
-been so long in transmission as to
-be obsolete when it reached him, and
-ride away to victory and to fame&mdash;whose
-blows fell so thick and hard
-and fast that his foe had neither
-time nor rest nor food nor sleep&mdash;a
-man who was gentle and considerate
-enough when his foes surrendered
-to forbid his men to cheer
-lest they should wound the sensibilities
-of their captives&mdash;who, in
-the hour of supreme and final triumph,
-could speak for peace and
-give back to his captured countrymen
-their horses that crops might
-be put in and cultivated.</p>
-<p>Time, place, scene, denouement,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_18">18</span>
-and result, taken together, and all
-in all, have no parallel in all the
-six thousand years of human history.</p>
-<p>It was, therefore, inevitable and
-in accord with man&rsquo;s nobler self,
-that this spot&mdash;the place where the
-great drama was staged and played&mdash;should
-become hallowed ground
-to those who struggled here to retain
-or to possess it; that it should
-be held forever sacred by the Blue
-and the Gray&mdash;the victors and the
-vanquished&mdash;by the Blue because
-of what was won, by the Gray because
-of what was lost&mdash;by both
-because of heroic effort and devoted
-sacrifice made and endured; because
-of the new national life begun, the
-<span class="pb" id="Page_19">19</span>
-new birth of freedom had, through
-their spilled blood.</p>
-<p>Vicksburg was the most important
-point in the Confederacy and its
-retention the most essential thing
-to the defense of the Confederacy.
-After the safety of Washington, its
-capture was the first necessity of the
-Federal Government. It commanded
-the Mississippi River, and &ldquo;the valley
-of the Mississippi is America.&rdquo;
-The control of this great central
-artery of the continent was necessary
-to the perpetuation of the Confederacy
-and indispensable to the
-preservation of the Union. To lose
-it was death to the one. To gain
-it was life to the other. The campaign
-for its capture was, therefore,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_20">20</span>
-the most important enterprise of
-the Civil War. Its importance was
-understood and appreciated by the
-authorities at both capitals, and no
-one in authority in either capital
-understood it more clearly or appreciated
-it more fully than the
-commanders of the two opposing
-armies&mdash;Grant and Pemberton.
-Both knew the stake and its value
-and both were conscious that the
-fight to possess it by the one and to
-retain it by the other would be
-waged to the last extremity. And
-each was resolved that the great
-issue should be with him. They
-commanded armies equally brave
-and well disciplined, efficiently officered,
-and equally devoted to them
-<span class="pb" id="Page_21">21</span>
-and to the respective cause for which
-they fought.</p>
-<p>Strength of position, natural and
-artificial, was with Pemberton. His
-task was defensive&mdash;to hold what
-he had. Grant&rsquo;s was offensive&mdash;to
-possess what he did not have. But
-the initiative was with him, and to
-genius that itself is an advantage.</p>
-<p>Pemberton knew the ground&mdash;the
-scene of the campaign. Its
-every natural adaptation of advantage
-or defense was to him as a
-thing ingrained in his consciousness
-and every denizen of the country
-about him was the friend of his army
-and his cause.</p>
-<p>Grant was in a strange land, without
-accurate knowledge of its topography
-<span class="pb" id="Page_22">22</span>
-or of its natural difficulties
-of approach or opportunities of defense,
-and concerning which such
-knowledge could be acquired only
-by the exercise of infinite patience,
-by unremitting toil, and constant
-investigation. Its inhabitants looked
-upon him as an invader come to
-despoil their country&mdash;to lay waste
-their homes. Among them all, his
-army had no friend, his cause no
-advocate.</p>
-<p>But, while position and natural
-advantage was with Pemberton, the
-ability to command armies, the
-genius of concentration, to decide
-quickly and accurately, to design
-with daring boldness and to execute
-with celerity and rapidity; the tenacity
-<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span>
-of purpose that, come what
-will, can not be bent or turned aside,
-and the grim determination that
-rises in some men&mdash;God&rsquo;s chosen
-few&mdash;supreme above every let or
-hindrance&mdash;were with Grant. And
-it was this ability to command,
-more than all other things, that
-finally enabled him to wrest the
-great prize from the hands of Pemberton
-and the Confederacy, and
-give it into the keeping of the
-Union.</p>
-<p>The campaign was Grant&rsquo;s&mdash;his
-alone&mdash;in conception and in execution,
-from the beginning to the end.
-Its details his government did not
-know. For a time even its immediate
-object was unknown in Washington.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_24">24</span>
-Its design was without successful
-military precedent. His most trusted
-general was opposed to it. But
-Grant saw and understood. The
-day he crossed his army at Bruinsburg
-he was &ldquo;born again.&rdquo; He
-caught a vision that inspired him.
-He was transformed. There came to
-him a confidence that thenceforth
-was never shaken&mdash;a faith in which
-there was no flaw. Less than two
-years before he had doubtfully asked
-himself whether he could hope ever
-to command a division, and if so,
-whether he could command it successfully.
-Now he knew he could
-command an army; that he could
-plan campaigns, and that he could
-execute them with high skill and
-<span class="pb" id="Page_25">25</span>
-matchless vigor. He had found
-himself.</p>
-<p>General Banks, with a substantial
-force, was at Port Hudson, two hundred
-and fifty miles down the river.
-The two armies were expected by
-the authorities at Washington to
-co-operate with each other in an
-attack upon Pittsburg or Port Hudson.
-Grant had heard from Banks
-that he could not come to him at
-Grand Gulf for weeks. Instantly
-his purpose crystallized. His resolve
-was made. He would not go to
-Banks at Port Hudson nor would
-he wait for him at Grand Gulf.
-Waiting meant delay. Delay meant
-strengthened fortifications and a re-enforced
-enemy. He would move
-<span class="pb" id="Page_26">26</span>
-independently of Banks. His army
-was inferior in numbers to the aggregate
-forces of the enemy, but
-he would invade Mississippi, fight
-and defeat whatever force he found
-east of Vicksburg, and invest that
-city from the rear. And he would
-not wait a day. He would move
-at once. He would go now&mdash;go
-swiftly to Jackson, destroy or drive
-away any force in that direction,
-and then turn upon Pemberton and
-drive him into Vicksburg. He would
-keep his own army a compact force&mdash;&ldquo;round
-as a cannon ball,&rdquo; and
-he would fight and defeat the enemy
-in detail before his forces could
-be concentrated. The concept was
-worthy of Napoleon in his best
-<span class="pb" id="Page_27">27</span>
-moments. It was remarkably brilliant,
-audaciously daring. It was
-the turning point in Grant&rsquo;s career&mdash;a
-momentous hour, big with destiny
-for him, his army, and his
-country. In its chalice was Vicksburg&mdash;Chattanooga&mdash;Spotsylvania&mdash;Appomattox&mdash;national
-solidarity&mdash;and
-deathless personal fame.
-The decision was made without excitement,
-without a tremor of the
-pulse, in the calmness of conscious
-power. John Hay fancifully compares
-his action at this time &ldquo;to
-that of the wild bee in the Western
-woods, who, rising to the clear air,
-flies for a moment in a circle, and
-then darts with the speed of a rifle
-bullet to its destination.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div>
-<p>A long-established and universally
-accepted axiom of war&mdash;one that
-ought in no case to be violated&mdash;required
-any great body of troops
-moving against an enemy to go forward
-only from an established base
-of supplies, which, together with
-the communications thereto, should
-be carefully covered and guarded
-as the one thing upon which the
-life of the movement depended.
-The idea of supporting a moving
-column in the enemy&rsquo;s country from
-the country itself was regarded as
-impractical and perilous, if not actually
-impossible. The movement
-he had determined upon would uncover
-his base and imperil his communications.
-Defeat meant irremediable
-<span class="pb" id="Page_29">29</span>
-failure and disgrace. The
-hazard seemed so great, and the
-proposal so contrary to all the accepted
-maxims of war and military
-precedents, that Sherman, seeing the
-danger, urged Grant &ldquo;to stop all
-troops till the army is partially supplied
-with wagons, and then act as
-quickly as possible, for this road
-will be jammed as sure as life.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Grant knew the difficulty and the
-peril, but he was not afraid. He
-knew the military and the political
-need of the country. He knew his
-officers. He knew the army he commanded.
-And, knowing all, he assumed
-the responsibility and took
-the hazard; cut loose from his base,
-severed his communications, went
-<span class="pb" id="Page_30">30</span>
-where there was no way, and left
-a path that will shine while history
-lasts.</p>
-<p>Having decided his course, he telegraphed
-the government at Washington:
-&ldquo;I shall not bring my troops
-into this place (Grand Gulf), but
-immediately follow the enemy, and
-if all promises as favorably as it
-does now, not stop until Vicksburg
-is in our possession.&rdquo; Here was the
-first and the only intimation of his
-purpose given the government. The
-execution of his purpose was immediately
-begun and pressed with
-personal energy, attention, and vigor
-without parallel in the life of a commanding
-general of an army. Sherman,
-who of all men had the best
-<span class="pb" id="Page_31">31</span>
-opportunity to know and was best
-qualified to weigh the extent and
-character of his work, declares: &ldquo;No
-commanding general of an army ever
-gave more of his personal attention
-to detail, or wrote so many of his
-own orders, reports, or letters. I
-still retain many of his letters and
-notes in his own handwriting, prescribing
-the route of march of divisions
-and detachments, specifying
-the amount of food and tools to be
-carried along.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Washburn wrote: &ldquo;On this whole
-march of five days he has had neither
-a horse nor an orderly or servant, a
-blanket or overcoat, or clean shirt
-or even a sword. His entire baggage
-consists of a tooth brush.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div>
-<p>John Hay says of him: &ldquo;All his
-faculties seemed sharpened by the
-emergency. There was nothing too
-large for him to grasp; nothing small
-enough for him to overlook.&rdquo; He
-gave &ldquo;direction to generals, sea-captains,
-quartermasters, commissaries,
-for every incident of the opening
-of the campaign, then mounted
-his horse and rode to his troops.&rdquo;
-And then, for three weeks, in quick
-and dazzling succession, came staggering,
-stunning blows, one after
-the other&mdash;Raymond&mdash;Jackson&mdash;Champion&rsquo;s
-Hill&mdash;The Big Black&mdash;until
-he stood with his army at
-the very gates of Vicksburg!</p>
-<p>The government, hearing that he
-had left Grand Gulf for the interior
-<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span>
-of Mississippi without supplies or
-provision for communication with
-his base, telegraphed him in concern
-and alarm to turn back and join
-Banks at Port Hudson. The despatch
-reached him days after at the
-Big Black Bridge, while the battle
-there was in progress. The message
-was handed him. He read it; said
-it came too late, that Halleck would
-not give it now if he knew his position.
-As he spoke the cheering of
-his soldiers could be heard. Looking
-up he saw Lawler, in his shirt
-sleeves, leading a charge upon the
-enemy, in sight of the messenger
-who bore the despatch. Wheeling
-his horse, he rode away to victory
-and to Vicksburg, leaving the officer
-<span class="pb" id="Page_34">34</span>
-to ruminate as long as he liked upon
-the obsolete message he had brought.</p>
-<p>I have spoken much of Grant.
-There is reason that I should. No
-campaign of the war is so insolubly
-linked with the personality of the
-commanding general as the Vicksburg
-campaign.</p>
-<p>For three weeks he was the Army
-of the Tennessee. He dominated it
-absolutely. His personality, with
-its vigor and its action, was in all,
-through all, over all. His corps and
-divisions were commanded by great
-men, but, with a single exception,
-they were loyal and devoted and
-reflected his will, and sought the
-achievement of his purpose in every
-act and movement. During these
-<span class="pb" id="Page_35">35</span>
-days Sherman was his right arm,
-McPherson his left, and neither ever
-failed him. The whole army, officers
-and men, caught his spirit and shared
-his indomitable purpose. Nothing
-could daunt it or turn it aside.
-There was no service it did not perform,
-no need it did not meet. It
-had capacity for everything. Grant
-justly said: &ldquo;There is nothing which
-men are called upon to do, mechanical
-or professional, that accomplished
-adepts can not be found for the duty
-required in almost every regiment.
-Volunteers can be found in the ranks
-and among the commanding officers
-to meet any call.&rdquo; Every obstacle
-was overcome; every difficulty surmounted.
-When bridges were
-<span class="pb" id="Page_36">36</span>
-burned, new ones were built in a
-night, or the streams forded. In
-every event the light of the morning
-found his soldiers on the same side
-of the river with the enemy. If
-rains descended and floods came,
-they marched on though the roads
-were afloat with water. They fought
-and marched, endured and toiled,
-but they did not complain or even
-murmur. They, as well as their
-officers, understood the value of the
-stake for which they struggled.
-They knew they were marching and
-fighting and toiling under the eye of
-a great commander, one who knew
-where he was going and how to go;
-that there was no hardship which he
-did not share, no task from which
-<span class="pb" id="Page_37">37</span>
-he shrunk. Weary from much
-marching, they marched on; worn
-from frequent fighting, they fought
-on; all but exhausted from incessant
-toil, they toiled on, in a hot climate,
-exposed to all sorts of weather,
-through trying and terrible ordeals,
-watching by night and by day, until
-they stood in front of the rifle pits
-and of the batteries of the city, and
-even here they would not be content
-until they were led in assault upon
-the enemy&rsquo;s works and had stood
-upon their parapets in a vain but
-glorious struggle for their possession.</p>
-<p>What a story it is! How it stirs
-the blood! How it inspires to love
-of country! How it impels to high
-endeavor! And what a valorous foe
-<span class="pb" id="Page_38">38</span>
-they met! They were, and are,
-thank God, our countrymen&mdash;besiegers
-and besieged. In their veins
-flowed kindred blood&mdash;blood that
-leaps and burns in ours to-day.
-They differed. Differed until at
-last the parliament of debate was
-closed, and then, like men, they
-fought their differences out, in open
-war&mdash;on the field of battle&mdash;sealing
-the settlement with their blood and
-giving the world a new concept of
-human valor.</p>
-<p>There were wounds. There was
-suffering. There was heartache.
-There were asperities. There was
-death. There was bereavement.
-These were inevitable. But there
-was a nobility about it all, that,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_39">39</span>
-seen through the intervening years,
-silences discord, softens hate, and
-makes forgiveness easy. To-day we
-laugh and weep together. Wounds
-are healed; asperities are forgotten;
-the past is remembered without bitterness;
-glory hovers like a benediction
-over this immortal field and
-guards with solemn round the bivouac
-of all the dead, giving no heed
-to the garb they wore. Their greatness
-is the legacy of all&mdash;the heritage
-of the Nation. Reconciliation has
-come with influences soft and holy.
-The birds build nests in yonder cannon.
-The songs of school children
-fill the air.</p>
-<p>Indiana has come to Mississippi
-to dedicate monuments erected by
-<span class="pb" id="Page_40">40</span>
-her to the memory of her soldiers,
-living and dead, who struggled here;
-but she comes with malice toward
-none, with love for all. With you,
-sir, the Governor of this Commonwealth,
-and with your people she
-would pour her tribute of tears upon
-these mounds where sleep sixteen
-thousand of our uncommon common
-dead. Her troops were here with
-Grant. One of her regiments, the
-6th, sought out the way for the
-army beyond the river yonder. They
-were the &ldquo;entering wedge.&rdquo; They
-were in every battle. At Champion&rsquo;s
-Hill, Hovey&rsquo;s division bore for
-hours the battle&rsquo;s brunt. Fighting
-under the eye of the great general
-himself, they captured a battery,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_41">41</span>
-lost it, and recaptured it, and at
-night slept upon the field wet with
-their blood.</p>
-<p>This gray-haired general here
-(General McGinnis) was with them.
-He is a member of the commission
-that erected these granite tributes,
-and has in charge these ceremonies.
-He has come to lend the benediction
-of his presence to this occasion, and
-to look again upon the ground where
-so many dramatic and tragic scenes
-were enacted&mdash;scenes in which he
-had honorable share&mdash;scenes that
-were burned into the very fiber of
-his young manhood&rsquo;s memory, and
-which he would not forget if he
-could. His days have been long
-lengthened. We are glad and grateful
-<span class="pb" id="Page_42">42</span>
-that he is here. His associates
-on the commission were here; and
-so were these battle-scarred veterans
-standing here round about you.
-They give character and purpose to
-this occasion and a benediction to
-this service. Through them and
-their comrades, and the great Army
-in Gray with whom they contended,
-both we and you are beginning to
-understand the message and the
-meaning of the war. They have
-taught us charity and forgiveness.
-We are coming &ldquo;to know one another
-better, to love one another
-more.&rdquo; Here upon these hills and
-heights was lighted the torch of a
-national life, that to-day is blessing,
-enlightening, and enriching the peoples
-<span class="pb" id="Page_43">43</span>
-of the earth. Our prayer&mdash;a
-prayer in which we are sure your
-hearts are joined with ours&mdash;is, that
-this mighty Nation, grown great
-and powerful, may know war no
-more, forever; that it may walk
-uprightly, deal justly with its own
-people and with all nations; that
-its purpose may be hallowed, its
-deeds ennobled, its glory sanctified,
-by the memories of the crucible
-through which it came, and that
-in the future if war must come, its
-sword may be drawn only in Freedom&rsquo;s
-cause, and that its soldiery
-in such case may acquit themselves
-as nobly as did those who struggled
-here.</p>
-<p>Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of
-<span class="pb" id="Page_44">44</span>
-the Commission, in the name of the
-State of Indiana and on her behalf,
-I accept these splendid monuments
-and these markers you have erected
-and which you have so eloquently
-tendered me, and in the name of
-the State and on behalf of her people,
-Captain Rigby, I now present them
-to you, as the representative of the
-National Government, and give them
-through you into its keeping, to be
-held and kept forever as a sacred
-trust&mdash;a reminder to the countless
-thousands that in the gathering years
-may look upon them, of the share
-Indiana had in the great campaign
-that ended here July 4, 1863.</p>
-<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
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