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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b83b52 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #66365 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66365) diff --git a/old/66365-0.txt b/old/66365-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1785f55..0000000 --- a/old/66365-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,790 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Vicksburg, by J. Frank Hanly - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Vicksburg - -Author: J. Frank Hanly - -Release Date: September 22, 2021 [eBook #66365] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VICKSBURG *** - - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - - - - VICKSBURG - - - By - J. FRANK HANLY - - [Illustration: decorative glyph] - - - Cincinnati: Jennings and Graham - New York: Eaton and Mains - - Copyright, 1912, - By Jennings and Graham - - - - - DEDICATION - OF THE - INDIANA MONUMENTS - AT - VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI - December 29, 1908 - J. Frank Hanly - - - - - Vicksburg - - -_Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Indiana-Vicksburg Monument - Commission_: - -To you this is no new stage. Its remotest confines were once familiar. -You looked upon it, front and rear. You stood before its footlights. You -knew its comedy—its tragedy. You had honorable and distinguished cast in -the great drama that gave it fame in every land beneath the sun and -place in the country’s every annal—a drama real as human life in tensest -mood—in which every character was a hero, every actor a patriot, and -every word a deed—a drama, the memory of which is enduring, fadeless, -and the scenes of which take form and color even now and rise before you -vivid as a living picture. How clear the outline is: - -Time: The Nation’s natal day, forty-five years ago. - -Place: This historic field; yon majestic river; that heroic city there—a -beleaguered fortress, girdled with these hills. - -Scene: The river’s broad expanse; Admiral Porter’s fleet—grim engines of -war, with giant guns and floating batteries, facing deep-mouthed and -frowning cannon on terraced heights; the intrepid Army of the Tennessee, -with camp and equipage, occupying a line of investment twelve miles in -length, with sap and mine, battery and rifle pit, marking a progress -that would not be stayed, fronting a system of detached works, redans, -lunets, and redoubts on every height or commanding point, with raised -field works connected with rifle pits, numerous gullies and ravines, -nature’s defenses, impassable to troops; all in all more impregnable -than Sevastopol; with here and there ensanguined areas where brave men -met death in wild, mad charge against redoubt and bastion; or fell, in -the delirium of frenzied struggle, on parapets, where torn and ragged -battle flags borne by valorous arms, leaped and fluttered for a moment -amid cannon’s smoke and muskets’ glare, only to fall from nerveless -hands, lost in the chagrin and grief of repulse, crushing and -disastrous. - -Denouement: Fortifications sapped and mined! A city wrecked, subdued by -want! An army in capitulation! A mighty host, surrendered! Flags furled! -Arms stacked! One hundred and seventy-two captured cannon! Sixty -thousand rifles taken! Twenty-nine thousand four hundred and ninety-one -men prisoners of war—hungry, emaciated, broken, dejected men, worn by -sleepless vigil, the ordeal of war, the alarm of siege—men who suffered -and endured, but would not yield till dire distress compelled—men whose -gallant valor challenges admiration and respect, and gives them equal -claim to fame with their invincible captors, whose iron grip and -ever-tightening hold they could not break! Victory complete and -splendid! And over all—river, field, and city—where crash of musketry, -roar of cannon, scream of shell, and all the tumultuous din of war had -reigned—the hush and awe of silence, unbroken by cheer or shout or cry -of exultation! - -Result: The fall of Port Hudson, an impregnable fortress, two hundred -and fifty miles below; the disenthrallment of the Mississippi—unvexed by -war, its waters free to seek the sea in peace; the bisecting of the -Confederacy—cut in two—severed completely—its doom decreed—its fate -forever sealed—all thereafter dying in its defense going hopeless and in -vain to sacrificial altars; the establishment of the Union’s -indissolubility—its power made manifest East and West—faith in its -ultimate triumph, though the pathway led through toil and blood, became -assured—the Nation saw the end, distant but sure—it found itself and it -found a man, and that man had found himself, and had found others, -too—Sherman, McPherson, Logan, Hovey, Osterhaus, McGinnis—a quiet, -silent man, of grim determination, who “looked upon side movements as a -waste of time”—a man of immovable purpose, who went to his object -unswerving as a bullet—a man of sublime courage, who wanted “on the same -side of the river with the enemy”—a man of calm confidence, who relied -upon himself and the disciplined, hardy men who followed him, who, under -him, knew no defeat and who were unwilling to learn what it was—a man -who knew the trade of war, its science and its rules, but who dared -ignore its long-accepted axioms when occasion required; who, when he -could not protect his communications with his base without delay and the -diminution of his force, could cut loose from all communications and -have no base, though moving in the heart of the enemy’s country—a man of -daring brilliancy, who could fight in detail a force superior in the -aggregate to his own and defeat in turn its scattered fragments before -they could consolidate—who had no rear, whose every side was front—who -knew that “time was worth more than re-enforcements,” and that delay -only gave “the enemy time to re-enforce and fortify”—whose strategy, -celerity, and rapidity of movement threw confusion into the councils of -opposing generals, in a land strange to him and filled with his -enemies—a land with which they were familiar and where every denizen was -an ally—a man who could keep two governments guessing for weeks both as -to his purpose and his whereabouts—who could refuse to obey an order -that had been so long in transmission as to be obsolete when it reached -him, and ride away to victory and to fame—whose blows fell so thick and -hard and fast that his foe had neither time nor rest nor food nor -sleep—a man who was gentle and considerate enough when his foes -surrendered to forbid his men to cheer lest they should wound the -sensibilities of their captives—who, in the hour of supreme and final -triumph, could speak for peace and give back to his captured countrymen -their horses that crops might be put in and cultivated. - -Time, place, scene, denouement, and result, taken together, and all in -all, have no parallel in all the six thousand years of human history. - -It was, therefore, inevitable and in accord with man’s nobler self, that -this spot—the place where the great drama was staged and played—should -become hallowed ground to those who struggled here to retain or to -possess it; that it should be held forever sacred by the Blue and the -Gray—the victors and the vanquished—by the Blue because of what was won, -by the Gray because of what was lost—by both because of heroic effort -and devoted sacrifice made and endured; because of the new national life -begun, the new birth of freedom had, through their spilled blood. - -Vicksburg was the most important point in the Confederacy and its -retention the most essential thing to the defense of the Confederacy. -After the safety of Washington, its capture was the first necessity of -the Federal Government. It commanded the Mississippi River, and “the -valley of the Mississippi is America.” The control of this great central -artery of the continent was necessary to the perpetuation of the -Confederacy and indispensable to the preservation of the Union. To lose -it was death to the one. To gain it was life to the other. The campaign -for its capture was, therefore, the most important enterprise of the -Civil War. Its importance was understood and appreciated by the -authorities at both capitals, and no one in authority in either capital -understood it more clearly or appreciated it more fully than the -commanders of the two opposing armies—Grant and Pemberton. Both knew the -stake and its value and both were conscious that the fight to possess it -by the one and to retain it by the other would be waged to the last -extremity. And each was resolved that the great issue should be with -him. They commanded armies equally brave and well disciplined, -efficiently officered, and equally devoted to them and to the respective -cause for which they fought. - -Strength of position, natural and artificial, was with Pemberton. His -task was defensive—to hold what he had. Grant’s was offensive—to possess -what he did not have. But the initiative was with him, and to genius -that itself is an advantage. - -Pemberton knew the ground—the scene of the campaign. Its every natural -adaptation of advantage or defense was to him as a thing ingrained in -his consciousness and every denizen of the country about him was the -friend of his army and his cause. - -Grant was in a strange land, without accurate knowledge of its -topography or of its natural difficulties of approach or opportunities -of defense, and concerning which such knowledge could be acquired only -by the exercise of infinite patience, by unremitting toil, and constant -investigation. Its inhabitants looked upon him as an invader come to -despoil their country—to lay waste their homes. Among them all, his army -had no friend, his cause no advocate. - -But, while position and natural advantage was with Pemberton, the -ability to command armies, the genius of concentration, to decide -quickly and accurately, to design with daring boldness and to execute -with celerity and rapidity; the tenacity of purpose that, come what -will, can not be bent or turned aside, and the grim determination that -rises in some men—God’s chosen few—supreme above every let or -hindrance—were with Grant. And it was this ability to command, more than -all other things, that finally enabled him to wrest the great prize from -the hands of Pemberton and the Confederacy, and give it into the keeping -of the Union. - -The campaign was Grant’s—his alone—in conception and in execution, from -the beginning to the end. Its details his government did not know. For a -time even its immediate object was unknown in Washington. Its design was -without successful military precedent. His most trusted general was -opposed to it. But Grant saw and understood. The day he crossed his army -at Bruinsburg he was “born again.” He caught a vision that inspired him. -He was transformed. There came to him a confidence that thenceforth was -never shaken—a faith in which there was no flaw. Less than two years -before he had doubtfully asked himself whether he could hope ever to -command a division, and if so, whether he could command it successfully. -Now he knew he could command an army; that he could plan campaigns, and -that he could execute them with high skill and matchless vigor. He had -found himself. - -General Banks, with a substantial force, was at Port Hudson, two hundred -and fifty miles down the river. The two armies were expected by the -authorities at Washington to co-operate with each other in an attack -upon Pittsburg or Port Hudson. Grant had heard from Banks that he could -not come to him at Grand Gulf for weeks. Instantly his purpose -crystallized. His resolve was made. He would not go to Banks at Port -Hudson nor would he wait for him at Grand Gulf. Waiting meant delay. -Delay meant strengthened fortifications and a re-enforced enemy. He -would move independently of Banks. His army was inferior in numbers to -the aggregate forces of the enemy, but he would invade Mississippi, -fight and defeat whatever force he found east of Vicksburg, and invest -that city from the rear. And he would not wait a day. He would move at -once. He would go now—go swiftly to Jackson, destroy or drive away any -force in that direction, and then turn upon Pemberton and drive him into -Vicksburg. He would keep his own army a compact force—“round as a cannon -ball,” and he would fight and defeat the enemy in detail before his -forces could be concentrated. The concept was worthy of Napoleon in -his best moments. It was remarkably brilliant, audaciously daring. It -was the turning point in Grant’s career—a momentous hour, big with -destiny for him, his army, and his country. In its chalice was -Vicksburg—Chattanooga—Spotsylvania—Appomattox—national solidarity—and -deathless personal fame. The decision was made without excitement, -without a tremor of the pulse, in the calmness of conscious power. John -Hay fancifully compares his action at this time “to that of the wild bee -in the Western woods, who, rising to the clear air, flies for a moment -in a circle, and then darts with the speed of a rifle bullet to its -destination.” - -A long-established and universally accepted axiom of war—one that ought -in no case to be violated—required any great body of troops moving -against an enemy to go forward only from an established base of -supplies, which, together with the communications thereto, should be -carefully covered and guarded as the one thing upon which the life of -the movement depended. The idea of supporting a moving column in the -enemy’s country from the country itself was regarded as impractical and -perilous, if not actually impossible. The movement he had determined -upon would uncover his base and imperil his communications. Defeat meant -irremediable failure and disgrace. The hazard seemed so great, and the -proposal so contrary to all the accepted maxims of war and military -precedents, that Sherman, seeing the danger, urged Grant “to stop all -troops till the army is partially supplied with wagons, and then act as -quickly as possible, for this road will be jammed as sure as life.” - -Grant knew the difficulty and the peril, but he was not afraid. He knew -the military and the political need of the country. He knew his -officers. He knew the army he commanded. And, knowing all, he assumed -the responsibility and took the hazard; cut loose from his base, severed -his communications, went where there was no way, and left a path that -will shine while history lasts. - -Having decided his course, he telegraphed the government at Washington: -“I shall not bring my troops into this place (Grand Gulf), but -immediately follow the enemy, and if all promises as favorably as it -does now, not stop until Vicksburg is in our possession.” Here was the -first and the only intimation of his purpose given the government. The -execution of his purpose was immediately begun and pressed with personal -energy, attention, and vigor without parallel in the life of a -commanding general of an army. Sherman, who of all men had the best -opportunity to know and was best qualified to weigh the extent and -character of his work, declares: “No commanding general of an army ever -gave more of his personal attention to detail, or wrote so many of his -own orders, reports, or letters. I still retain many of his letters and -notes in his own handwriting, prescribing the route of march of -divisions and detachments, specifying the amount of food and tools to be -carried along.” - -Washburn wrote: “On this whole march of five days he has had neither a -horse nor an orderly or servant, a blanket or overcoat, or clean shirt -or even a sword. His entire baggage consists of a tooth brush.” - -John Hay says of him: “All his faculties seemed sharpened by the -emergency. There was nothing too large for him to grasp; nothing -small enough for him to overlook.” He gave “direction to generals, -sea-captains, quartermasters, commissaries, for every incident -of the opening of the campaign, then mounted his horse and rode -to his troops.” And then, for three weeks, in quick and dazzling -succession, came staggering, stunning blows, one after the -other—Raymond—Jackson—Champion’s Hill—The Big Black—until he -stood with his army at the very gates of Vicksburg! - -The government, hearing that he had left Grand Gulf for the interior of -Mississippi without supplies or provision for communication with his -base, telegraphed him in concern and alarm to turn back and join Banks -at Port Hudson. The despatch reached him days after at the Big Black -Bridge, while the battle there was in progress. The message was handed -him. He read it; said it came too late, that Halleck would not give it -now if he knew his position. As he spoke the cheering of his soldiers -could be heard. Looking up he saw Lawler, in his shirt sleeves, leading -a charge upon the enemy, in sight of the messenger who bore the -despatch. Wheeling his horse, he rode away to victory and to Vicksburg, -leaving the officer to ruminate as long as he liked upon the obsolete -message he had brought. - -I have spoken much of Grant. There is reason that I should. No campaign -of the war is so insolubly linked with the personality of the commanding -general as the Vicksburg campaign. - -For three weeks he was the Army of the Tennessee. He dominated it -absolutely. His personality, with its vigor and its action, was in all, -through all, over all. His corps and divisions were commanded by great -men, but, with a single exception, they were loyal and devoted and -reflected his will, and sought the achievement of his purpose in every -act and movement. During these days Sherman was his right arm, McPherson -his left, and neither ever failed him. The whole army, officers and men, -caught his spirit and shared his indomitable purpose. Nothing could -daunt it or turn it aside. There was no service it did not perform, no -need it did not meet. It had capacity for everything. Grant justly said: -“There is nothing which men are called upon to do, mechanical or -professional, that accomplished adepts can not be found for the duty -required in almost every regiment. Volunteers can be found in the ranks -and among the commanding officers to meet any call.” Every obstacle was -overcome; every difficulty surmounted. When bridges were burned, new -ones were built in a night, or the streams forded. In every event the -light of the morning found his soldiers on the same side of the river -with the enemy. If rains descended and floods came, they marched on -though the roads were afloat with water. They fought and marched, -endured and toiled, but they did not complain or even murmur. They, as -well as their officers, understood the value of the stake for which they -struggled. They knew they were marching and fighting and toiling under -the eye of a great commander, one who knew where he was going and how to -go; that there was no hardship which he did not share, no task from -which he shrunk. Weary from much marching, they marched on; worn from -frequent fighting, they fought on; all but exhausted from incessant -toil, they toiled on, in a hot climate, exposed to all sorts of weather, -through trying and terrible ordeals, watching by night and by day, until -they stood in front of the rifle pits and of the batteries of the city, -and even here they would not be content until they were led in assault -upon the enemy’s works and had stood upon their parapets in a vain but -glorious struggle for their possession. - -What a story it is! How it stirs the blood! How it inspires to love of -country! How it impels to high endeavor! And what a valorous foe they -met! They were, and are, thank God, our countrymen—besiegers and -besieged. In their veins flowed kindred blood—blood that leaps and burns -in ours to-day. They differed. Differed until at last the parliament of -debate was closed, and then, like men, they fought their differences -out, in open war—on the field of battle—sealing the settlement with -their blood and giving the world a new concept of human valor. - -There were wounds. There was suffering. There was heartache. There were -asperities. There was death. There was bereavement. These were -inevitable. But there was a nobility about it all, that, seen through -the intervening years, silences discord, softens hate, and makes -forgiveness easy. To-day we laugh and weep together. Wounds are healed; -asperities are forgotten; the past is remembered without bitterness; -glory hovers like a benediction over this immortal field and guards with -solemn round the bivouac of all the dead, giving no heed to the garb -they wore. Their greatness is the legacy of all—the heritage of the -Nation. Reconciliation has come with influences soft and holy. The birds -build nests in yonder cannon. The songs of school children fill the air. - -Indiana has come to Mississippi to dedicate monuments erected by her to -the memory of her soldiers, living and dead, who struggled here; but she -comes with malice toward none, with love for all. With you, sir, the -Governor of this Commonwealth, and with your people she would pour her -tribute of tears upon these mounds where sleep sixteen thousand of our -uncommon common dead. Her troops were here with Grant. One of her -regiments, the 6th, sought out the way for the army beyond the river -yonder. They were the “entering wedge.” They were in every battle. At -Champion’s Hill, Hovey’s division bore for hours the battle’s brunt. -Fighting under the eye of the great general himself, they captured a -battery, lost it, and recaptured it, and at night slept upon the field -wet with their blood. - -This gray-haired general here (General McGinnis) was with them. He is a -member of the commission that erected these granite tributes, and has in -charge these ceremonies. He has come to lend the benediction of his -presence to this occasion, and to look again upon the ground where so -many dramatic and tragic scenes were enacted—scenes in which he had -honorable share—scenes that were burned into the very fiber of his young -manhood’s memory, and which he would not forget if he could. His days -have been long lengthened. We are glad and grateful that he is here. His -associates on the commission were here; and so were these battle-scarred -veterans standing here round about you. They give character and purpose -to this occasion and a benediction to this service. Through them and -their comrades, and the great Army in Gray with whom they contended, -both we and you are beginning to understand the message and the meaning -of the war. They have taught us charity and forgiveness. We are coming -“to know one another better, to love one another more.” Here upon these -hills and heights was lighted the torch of a national life, that to-day -is blessing, enlightening, and enriching the peoples of the earth. Our -prayer—a prayer in which we are sure your hearts are joined with -ours—is, that this mighty Nation, grown great and powerful, may know war -no more, forever; that it may walk uprightly, deal justly with its own -people and with all nations; that its purpose may be hallowed, its deeds -ennobled, its glory sanctified, by the memories of the crucible through -which it came, and that in the future if war must come, its sword may be -drawn only in Freedom’s cause, and that its soldiery in such case may -acquit themselves as nobly as did those who struggled here. - -Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Commission, in the name of the State -of Indiana and on her behalf, I accept these splendid monuments and -these markers you have erected and which you have so eloquently tendered -me, and in the name of the State and on behalf of her people, Captain -Rigby, I now present them to you, as the representative of the National -Government, and give them through you into its keeping, to be held and -kept forever as a sacred trust—a reminder to the countless thousands -that in the gathering years may look upon them, of the share Indiana had -in the great campaign that ended here July 4, 1863. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VICKSBURG *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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} -.fnblock dl { margin-top:0; margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; } -.fnblock dt { text-align:justify; } -dl.catalog dd { font-style:italic; } -dl.catalog dt { margin-top:1em; } -.author { text-align:right; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; display:block; } - -dl.biblio dt { margin-top:.6em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt div { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; text-indent:0; } -dl.biblio dd { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -p.biblio { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0; text-align:center; margin-top:0; font-size:110%; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; } -span.inside { font-size:80%; font-weight:bold; display:block; - float:left; margin-top:.5em; margin-bottom:.5em; - margin-right:1em; max-width:8em; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Vicksburg, by J. Frank Hanly</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Vicksburg</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: J. Frank Hanly</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: September 22, 2021 [eBook #66365]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) </p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VICKSBURG ***</div> -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Vicksburg" width="640" height="1000" /> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p0.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="uncaptioned" width="659" height="1000" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1>VICKSBURG</h1> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">By</span> -<br />J. FRANK HANLY</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p1.jpg" id="ncfig2" alt="decorative glyph" width="57" height="100" /> -</div> -<hr class="dwide" /> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">Cincinnati: Jennings and Graham</span> -<br /><span class="sc">New York: Eaton and Mains</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div> -<p class="center smaller"><span class="sc">Copyright, 1912, -<br />By Jennings and Graham</span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_ii">ii</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">DEDICATION</span> -<br /><span class="smaller">OF THE</span> -<br />INDIANA MONUMENTS -<br /><span class="smaller">AT</span> -<br />VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI -<br /><span class="sc">December 29, 1908</span> -<br /><span class="sc">J. Frank Hanly</span></h2> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<h1 title="">Vicksburg</h1> -<hr class="dwide" /> -<p class="revint"><i>Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the -Indiana-Vicksburg Monument -Commission</i>:</p> -<p>To you this is no new stage. -Its remotest confines were -once familiar. You looked -upon it, front and rear. -You stood before its footlights. You -knew its comedy—its tragedy. You -had honorable and distinguished cast -in the great drama that gave it fame -in every land beneath the sun and -place in the country’s every annal—a -drama real as human life in tensest -mood—in which every character was -a hero, every actor a patriot, and -<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span> -every word a deed—a drama, the -memory of which is enduring, fadeless, -and the scenes of which take -form and color even now and rise -before you vivid as a living picture. -How clear the outline is:</p> -<p>Time: The Nation’s natal day, -forty-five years ago.</p> -<p>Place: This historic field; yon -majestic river; that heroic city there—a -beleaguered fortress, girdled with -these hills.</p> -<p>Scene: The river’s broad expanse; -Admiral Porter’s fleet—grim engines -of war, with giant guns and floating -batteries, facing deep-mouthed and -frowning cannon on terraced heights; -the intrepid Army of the Tennessee, -with camp and equipage, occupying -<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span> -a line of investment twelve miles in -length, with sap and mine, battery -and rifle pit, marking a progress that -would not be stayed, fronting a -system of detached works, redans, -lunets, and redoubts on every height -or commanding point, with raised -field works connected with rifle pits, -numerous gullies and ravines, nature’s -defenses, impassable to troops; -all in all more impregnable than -Sevastopol; with here and there ensanguined -areas where brave men -met death in wild, mad charge -against redoubt and bastion; or fell, -in the delirium of frenzied struggle, -on parapets, where torn and ragged -battle flags borne by valorous arms, -leaped and fluttered for a moment -<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span> -amid cannon’s smoke and muskets’ -glare, only to fall from nerveless -hands, lost in the chagrin and grief -of repulse, crushing and disastrous.</p> -<p>Denouement: Fortifications sapped -and mined! A city wrecked, subdued -by want! An army in capitulation! -A mighty host, surrendered! -Flags furled! Arms stacked! One -hundred and seventy-two captured -cannon! Sixty thousand rifles taken! -Twenty-nine thousand four hundred -and ninety-one men prisoners of -war—hungry, emaciated, broken, dejected -men, worn by sleepless vigil, -the ordeal of war, the alarm of siege—men -who suffered and endured, -but would not yield till dire distress -compelled—men whose gallant valor -<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span> -challenges admiration and respect, -and gives them equal claim to fame -with their invincible captors, whose -iron grip and ever-tightening hold -they could not break! Victory complete -and splendid! And over all—river, -field, and city—where crash -of musketry, roar of cannon, scream -of shell, and all the tumultuous din -of war had reigned—the hush and -awe of silence, unbroken by cheer -or shout or cry of exultation!</p> -<p>Result: The fall of Port Hudson, -an impregnable fortress, two hundred -and fifty miles below; the disenthrallment -of the Mississippi—unvexed -by war, its waters free to seek -the sea in peace; the bisecting of the -Confederacy—cut in two—severed -<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span> -completely—its doom decreed—its -fate forever sealed—all thereafter -dying in its defense going hopeless -and in vain to sacrificial altars; the -establishment of the Union’s indissolubility—its -power made manifest -East and West—faith in its ultimate -triumph, though the pathway led -through toil and blood, became assured—the -Nation saw the end, distant -but sure—it found itself and it -found a man, and that man had -found himself, and had found others, -too—Sherman, McPherson, Logan, -Hovey, Osterhaus, McGinnis—a -quiet, silent man, of grim determination, -who “looked upon side movements -as a waste of time”—a man -of immovable purpose, who went -<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span> -to his object unswerving as a bullet—a -man of sublime courage, who -wanted “on the same side of the -river with the enemy”—a man of -calm confidence, who relied upon -himself and the disciplined, hardy -men who followed him, who, under -him, knew no defeat and who were -unwilling to learn what it was—a -man who knew the trade of war, its -science and its rules, but who dared -ignore its long-accepted axioms when -occasion required; who, when he -could not protect his communications -with his base without delay and -the diminution of his force, could -cut loose from all communications -and have no base, though moving in -the heart of the enemy’s country—a -<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span> -man of daring brilliancy, who -could fight in detail a force superior -in the aggregate to his own and -defeat in turn its scattered fragments -before they could consolidate—who -had no rear, whose every side was -front—who knew that “time was -worth more than re-enforcements,” -and that delay only gave “the enemy -time to re-enforce and fortify”—whose -strategy, celerity, and rapidity -of movement threw confusion into -the councils of opposing generals, -in a land strange to him and filled -with his enemies—a land with which -they were familiar and where every -denizen was an ally—a man who -could keep two governments guessing -for weeks both as to his purpose -<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span> -and his whereabouts—who could -refuse to obey an order that had -been so long in transmission as to -be obsolete when it reached him, and -ride away to victory and to fame—whose -blows fell so thick and hard -and fast that his foe had neither -time nor rest nor food nor sleep—a -man who was gentle and considerate -enough when his foes surrendered -to forbid his men to cheer -lest they should wound the sensibilities -of their captives—who, in -the hour of supreme and final triumph, -could speak for peace and -give back to his captured countrymen -their horses that crops might -be put in and cultivated.</p> -<p>Time, place, scene, denouement, -<span class="pb" id="Page_18">18</span> -and result, taken together, and all -in all, have no parallel in all the -six thousand years of human history.</p> -<p>It was, therefore, inevitable and -in accord with man’s nobler self, -that this spot—the place where the -great drama was staged and played—should -become hallowed ground -to those who struggled here to retain -or to possess it; that it should -be held forever sacred by the Blue -and the Gray—the victors and the -vanquished—by the Blue because -of what was won, by the Gray because -of what was lost—by both -because of heroic effort and devoted -sacrifice made and endured; because -of the new national life begun, the -<span class="pb" id="Page_19">19</span> -new birth of freedom had, through -their spilled blood.</p> -<p>Vicksburg was the most important -point in the Confederacy and its -retention the most essential thing -to the defense of the Confederacy. -After the safety of Washington, its -capture was the first necessity of the -Federal Government. It commanded -the Mississippi River, and “the valley -of the Mississippi is America.” -The control of this great central -artery of the continent was necessary -to the perpetuation of the Confederacy -and indispensable to the -preservation of the Union. To lose -it was death to the one. To gain -it was life to the other. The campaign -for its capture was, therefore, -<span class="pb" id="Page_20">20</span> -the most important enterprise of -the Civil War. Its importance was -understood and appreciated by the -authorities at both capitals, and no -one in authority in either capital -understood it more clearly or appreciated -it more fully than the -commanders of the two opposing -armies—Grant and Pemberton. -Both knew the stake and its value -and both were conscious that the -fight to possess it by the one and to -retain it by the other would be -waged to the last extremity. And -each was resolved that the great -issue should be with him. They -commanded armies equally brave -and well disciplined, efficiently officered, -and equally devoted to them -<span class="pb" id="Page_21">21</span> -and to the respective cause for which -they fought.</p> -<p>Strength of position, natural and -artificial, was with Pemberton. His -task was defensive—to hold what -he had. Grant’s was offensive—to -possess what he did not have. But -the initiative was with him, and to -genius that itself is an advantage.</p> -<p>Pemberton knew the ground—the -scene of the campaign. Its -every natural adaptation of advantage -or defense was to him as a -thing ingrained in his consciousness -and every denizen of the country -about him was the friend of his army -and his cause.</p> -<p>Grant was in a strange land, without -accurate knowledge of its topography -<span class="pb" id="Page_22">22</span> -or of its natural difficulties -of approach or opportunities of defense, -and concerning which such -knowledge could be acquired only -by the exercise of infinite patience, -by unremitting toil, and constant -investigation. Its inhabitants looked -upon him as an invader come to -despoil their country—to lay waste -their homes. Among them all, his -army had no friend, his cause no -advocate.</p> -<p>But, while position and natural -advantage was with Pemberton, the -ability to command armies, the -genius of concentration, to decide -quickly and accurately, to design -with daring boldness and to execute -with celerity and rapidity; the tenacity -<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span> -of purpose that, come what -will, can not be bent or turned aside, -and the grim determination that -rises in some men—God’s chosen -few—supreme above every let or -hindrance—were with Grant. And -it was this ability to command, -more than all other things, that -finally enabled him to wrest the -great prize from the hands of Pemberton -and the Confederacy, and -give it into the keeping of the -Union.</p> -<p>The campaign was Grant’s—his -alone—in conception and in execution, -from the beginning to the end. -Its details his government did not -know. For a time even its immediate -object was unknown in Washington. -<span class="pb" id="Page_24">24</span> -Its design was without successful -military precedent. His most trusted -general was opposed to it. But -Grant saw and understood. The -day he crossed his army at Bruinsburg -he was “born again.” He -caught a vision that inspired him. -He was transformed. There came to -him a confidence that thenceforth -was never shaken—a faith in which -there was no flaw. Less than two -years before he had doubtfully asked -himself whether he could hope ever -to command a division, and if so, -whether he could command it successfully. -Now he knew he could -command an army; that he could -plan campaigns, and that he could -execute them with high skill and -<span class="pb" id="Page_25">25</span> -matchless vigor. He had found -himself.</p> -<p>General Banks, with a substantial -force, was at Port Hudson, two hundred -and fifty miles down the river. -The two armies were expected by -the authorities at Washington to -co-operate with each other in an -attack upon Pittsburg or Port Hudson. -Grant had heard from Banks -that he could not come to him at -Grand Gulf for weeks. Instantly -his purpose crystallized. His resolve -was made. He would not go to -Banks at Port Hudson nor would -he wait for him at Grand Gulf. -Waiting meant delay. Delay meant -strengthened fortifications and a re-enforced -enemy. He would move -<span class="pb" id="Page_26">26</span> -independently of Banks. His army -was inferior in numbers to the aggregate -forces of the enemy, but -he would invade Mississippi, fight -and defeat whatever force he found -east of Vicksburg, and invest that -city from the rear. And he would -not wait a day. He would move -at once. He would go now—go -swiftly to Jackson, destroy or drive -away any force in that direction, -and then turn upon Pemberton and -drive him into Vicksburg. He would -keep his own army a compact force—“round -as a cannon ball,” and -he would fight and defeat the enemy -in detail before his forces could -be concentrated. The concept was -worthy of Napoleon in his best -<span class="pb" id="Page_27">27</span> -moments. It was remarkably brilliant, -audaciously daring. It was -the turning point in Grant’s career—a -momentous hour, big with destiny -for him, his army, and his -country. In its chalice was Vicksburg—Chattanooga—Spotsylvania—Appomattox—national -solidarity—and -deathless personal fame. -The decision was made without excitement, -without a tremor of the -pulse, in the calmness of conscious -power. John Hay fancifully compares -his action at this time “to -that of the wild bee in the Western -woods, who, rising to the clear air, -flies for a moment in a circle, and -then darts with the speed of a rifle -bullet to its destination.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div> -<p>A long-established and universally -accepted axiom of war—one that -ought in no case to be violated—required -any great body of troops -moving against an enemy to go forward -only from an established base -of supplies, which, together with -the communications thereto, should -be carefully covered and guarded -as the one thing upon which the -life of the movement depended. -The idea of supporting a moving -column in the enemy’s country from -the country itself was regarded as -impractical and perilous, if not actually -impossible. The movement -he had determined upon would uncover -his base and imperil his communications. -Defeat meant irremediable -<span class="pb" id="Page_29">29</span> -failure and disgrace. The -hazard seemed so great, and the -proposal so contrary to all the accepted -maxims of war and military -precedents, that Sherman, seeing the -danger, urged Grant “to stop all -troops till the army is partially supplied -with wagons, and then act as -quickly as possible, for this road -will be jammed as sure as life.”</p> -<p>Grant knew the difficulty and the -peril, but he was not afraid. He -knew the military and the political -need of the country. He knew his -officers. He knew the army he commanded. -And, knowing all, he assumed -the responsibility and took -the hazard; cut loose from his base, -severed his communications, went -<span class="pb" id="Page_30">30</span> -where there was no way, and left -a path that will shine while history -lasts.</p> -<p>Having decided his course, he telegraphed -the government at Washington: -“I shall not bring my troops -into this place (Grand Gulf), but -immediately follow the enemy, and -if all promises as favorably as it -does now, not stop until Vicksburg -is in our possession.” Here was the -first and the only intimation of his -purpose given the government. The -execution of his purpose was immediately -begun and pressed with -personal energy, attention, and vigor -without parallel in the life of a commanding -general of an army. Sherman, -who of all men had the best -<span class="pb" id="Page_31">31</span> -opportunity to know and was best -qualified to weigh the extent and -character of his work, declares: “No -commanding general of an army ever -gave more of his personal attention -to detail, or wrote so many of his -own orders, reports, or letters. I -still retain many of his letters and -notes in his own handwriting, prescribing -the route of march of divisions -and detachments, specifying -the amount of food and tools to be -carried along.”</p> -<p>Washburn wrote: “On this whole -march of five days he has had neither -a horse nor an orderly or servant, a -blanket or overcoat, or clean shirt -or even a sword. His entire baggage -consists of a tooth brush.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div> -<p>John Hay says of him: “All his -faculties seemed sharpened by the -emergency. There was nothing too -large for him to grasp; nothing small -enough for him to overlook.” He -gave “direction to generals, sea-captains, -quartermasters, commissaries, -for every incident of the opening -of the campaign, then mounted -his horse and rode to his troops.” -And then, for three weeks, in quick -and dazzling succession, came staggering, -stunning blows, one after -the other—Raymond—Jackson—Champion’s -Hill—The Big Black—until -he stood with his army at -the very gates of Vicksburg!</p> -<p>The government, hearing that he -had left Grand Gulf for the interior -<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span> -of Mississippi without supplies or -provision for communication with -his base, telegraphed him in concern -and alarm to turn back and join -Banks at Port Hudson. The despatch -reached him days after at the -Big Black Bridge, while the battle -there was in progress. The message -was handed him. He read it; said -it came too late, that Halleck would -not give it now if he knew his position. -As he spoke the cheering of -his soldiers could be heard. Looking -up he saw Lawler, in his shirt -sleeves, leading a charge upon the -enemy, in sight of the messenger -who bore the despatch. Wheeling -his horse, he rode away to victory -and to Vicksburg, leaving the officer -<span class="pb" id="Page_34">34</span> -to ruminate as long as he liked upon -the obsolete message he had brought.</p> -<p>I have spoken much of Grant. -There is reason that I should. No -campaign of the war is so insolubly -linked with the personality of the -commanding general as the Vicksburg -campaign.</p> -<p>For three weeks he was the Army -of the Tennessee. He dominated it -absolutely. His personality, with -its vigor and its action, was in all, -through all, over all. His corps and -divisions were commanded by great -men, but, with a single exception, -they were loyal and devoted and -reflected his will, and sought the -achievement of his purpose in every -act and movement. During these -<span class="pb" id="Page_35">35</span> -days Sherman was his right arm, -McPherson his left, and neither ever -failed him. The whole army, officers -and men, caught his spirit and shared -his indomitable purpose. Nothing -could daunt it or turn it aside. -There was no service it did not perform, -no need it did not meet. It -had capacity for everything. Grant -justly said: “There is nothing which -men are called upon to do, mechanical -or professional, that accomplished -adepts can not be found for the duty -required in almost every regiment. -Volunteers can be found in the ranks -and among the commanding officers -to meet any call.” Every obstacle -was overcome; every difficulty surmounted. -When bridges were -<span class="pb" id="Page_36">36</span> -burned, new ones were built in a -night, or the streams forded. In -every event the light of the morning -found his soldiers on the same side -of the river with the enemy. If -rains descended and floods came, -they marched on though the roads -were afloat with water. They fought -and marched, endured and toiled, -but they did not complain or even -murmur. They, as well as their -officers, understood the value of the -stake for which they struggled. -They knew they were marching and -fighting and toiling under the eye of -a great commander, one who knew -where he was going and how to go; -that there was no hardship which he -did not share, no task from which -<span class="pb" id="Page_37">37</span> -he shrunk. Weary from much -marching, they marched on; worn -from frequent fighting, they fought -on; all but exhausted from incessant -toil, they toiled on, in a hot climate, -exposed to all sorts of weather, -through trying and terrible ordeals, -watching by night and by day, until -they stood in front of the rifle pits -and of the batteries of the city, and -even here they would not be content -until they were led in assault upon -the enemy’s works and had stood -upon their parapets in a vain but -glorious struggle for their possession.</p> -<p>What a story it is! How it stirs -the blood! How it inspires to love -of country! How it impels to high -endeavor! And what a valorous foe -<span class="pb" id="Page_38">38</span> -they met! They were, and are, -thank God, our countrymen—besiegers -and besieged. In their veins -flowed kindred blood—blood that -leaps and burns in ours to-day. -They differed. Differed until at -last the parliament of debate was -closed, and then, like men, they -fought their differences out, in open -war—on the field of battle—sealing -the settlement with their blood and -giving the world a new concept of -human valor.</p> -<p>There were wounds. There was -suffering. There was heartache. -There were asperities. There was -death. There was bereavement. -These were inevitable. But there -was a nobility about it all, that, -<span class="pb" id="Page_39">39</span> -seen through the intervening years, -silences discord, softens hate, and -makes forgiveness easy. To-day we -laugh and weep together. Wounds -are healed; asperities are forgotten; -the past is remembered without bitterness; -glory hovers like a benediction -over this immortal field and -guards with solemn round the bivouac -of all the dead, giving no heed -to the garb they wore. Their greatness -is the legacy of all—the heritage -of the Nation. Reconciliation has -come with influences soft and holy. -The birds build nests in yonder cannon. -The songs of school children -fill the air.</p> -<p>Indiana has come to Mississippi -to dedicate monuments erected by -<span class="pb" id="Page_40">40</span> -her to the memory of her soldiers, -living and dead, who struggled here; -but she comes with malice toward -none, with love for all. With you, -sir, the Governor of this Commonwealth, -and with your people she -would pour her tribute of tears upon -these mounds where sleep sixteen -thousand of our uncommon common -dead. Her troops were here with -Grant. One of her regiments, the -6th, sought out the way for the -army beyond the river yonder. They -were the “entering wedge.” They -were in every battle. At Champion’s -Hill, Hovey’s division bore for -hours the battle’s brunt. Fighting -under the eye of the great general -himself, they captured a battery, -<span class="pb" id="Page_41">41</span> -lost it, and recaptured it, and at -night slept upon the field wet with -their blood.</p> -<p>This gray-haired general here -(General McGinnis) was with them. -He is a member of the commission -that erected these granite tributes, -and has in charge these ceremonies. -He has come to lend the benediction -of his presence to this occasion, and -to look again upon the ground where -so many dramatic and tragic scenes -were enacted—scenes in which he -had honorable share—scenes that -were burned into the very fiber of -his young manhood’s memory, and -which he would not forget if he -could. His days have been long -lengthened. We are glad and grateful -<span class="pb" id="Page_42">42</span> -that he is here. His associates -on the commission were here; and -so were these battle-scarred veterans -standing here round about you. -They give character and purpose to -this occasion and a benediction to -this service. Through them and -their comrades, and the great Army -in Gray with whom they contended, -both we and you are beginning to -understand the message and the -meaning of the war. They have -taught us charity and forgiveness. -We are coming “to know one another -better, to love one another -more.” Here upon these hills and -heights was lighted the torch of a -national life, that to-day is blessing, -enlightening, and enriching the peoples -<span class="pb" id="Page_43">43</span> -of the earth. Our prayer—a -prayer in which we are sure your -hearts are joined with ours—is, that -this mighty Nation, grown great -and powerful, may know war no -more, forever; that it may walk -uprightly, deal justly with its own -people and with all nations; that -its purpose may be hallowed, its -deeds ennobled, its glory sanctified, -by the memories of the crucible -through which it came, and that -in the future if war must come, its -sword may be drawn only in Freedom’s -cause, and that its soldiery -in such case may acquit themselves -as nobly as did those who struggled -here.</p> -<p>Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of -<span class="pb" id="Page_44">44</span> -the Commission, in the name of the -State of Indiana and on her behalf, -I accept these splendid monuments -and these markers you have erected -and which you have so eloquently -tendered me, and in the name of -the State and on behalf of her people, -Captain Rigby, I now present them -to you, as the representative of the -National Government, and give them -through you into its keeping, to be -held and kept forever as a sacred -trust—a reminder to the countless -thousands that in the gathering years -may look upon them, of the share -Indiana had in the great campaign -that ended here July 4, 1863.</p> -<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VICKSBURG ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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