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diff --git a/old/66364-0.txt b/old/66364-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c52cc15..0000000 --- a/old/66364-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,653 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Guide to the Norris Geyser Basin, by -George A. Algard - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Guide to the Norris Geyser Basin - -Author: George A. Algard - -Release Date: September 22, 2021 [eBook #66364] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO THE NORRIS GEYSER -BASIN *** - - - - - - GUIDE TO THE - NORRIS GEYSER BASIN - - - 15¢ - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - - - - NORRIS GEYSER BASIN - - -The Norris Geyser Basin was named for Philetus W. Norris who served as -Yellowstone’s second superintendent from 1877 until 1882. Although he -did not discover it, his explorations and reports were largely -responsible for calling attention to that area. - -Norris is considered to be the hottest and most active geyser basin in -Yellowstone. Here geysers and hot springs exhibit greater change in -activity over a short span of time than elsewhere in the park. It is not -unusual for a new hot spring to come into existence literally overnight. -The new feature may last for just a few days or perhaps a month or so; -upon occasion some have endured for many years. - -Because of constant change in the thermal features, the ground here is -unstable and hazardous in many locations. Therefore, you are required to -stay on designated trails and boardwalks at all times. This not only -protects you from possible serious burns but also helps preserve the -features as well. Remember also not to throw any objects into thermal -features. Debris of any kind in a hot spring or geyser could clog the -vent and destroy the feature. Because many scalding hot pools and -run-off channels are near trails and boardwalks, pets are not permitted -on the trails. - -The fact that thermal features change may come as a surprise, but -remember that geysers, hot springs and other thermal phenomena are -subject to natural stresses just like plant and animal communities. Of -course the changes in thermal activity result from a different set of -factors than those affecting plants and animals. Can you guess what they -might be? - -Shifts in the earth’s crust (earthquakes) result in movements along -cracks and fissures in the ground. These tremors usually cause changes -in the underground “plumbing systems” of thermal features, thus altering -activity patterns. Look for signs of recent activity variations as you -walk along the trails, or ask a naturalist if there have been some -recent changes. - -As you explore, look closely at the often intricate formations around -the edges of a few hot pools, geysers and in some thermal runoff -channels. You will notice a mineral called sinter or geyserite (a form -of silicon dioxide, SiO₂) being deposited like tiny spines. These rather -prickly formations result when geyserite is deposited from slightly acid -water, a characteristic of most thermal water in the Norris area. This -is in contrast to the bead-like structures that result when geyserite -forms from slightly alkaline water found in thermal features in the Old -Faithful area. - -Notice too the variety of colors staining the basins. The refraction -(breaking up) of light, mineral deposits and living organisms, algae and -bacteria, all add their hues. The assortment of colors reflects -variations in water temperature and chemistry. - -As you enjoy your walk remember that Norris is a great natural preserve -where nature is constantly at work designing and redesigning one of its -most unusual displays. We are only visitors here and must not spoil it -in any way. It also serves as a great natural research laboratory where -scientists from all over the world learn more about geothermal energy. -Help us preserve this unique area so that the next generation and those -who follow can come and enjoy it in the same grandeur you did. - -The Norris Geyser Basin is made up of two or more less separate areas -called Porcelain Basin and Back Basin. Both basins are served by trails -which begin at the Norris Museum and are shown on this map. The -following briefly describes a few features in each. - - - - - THERMAL FEATURES IN PORCELAIN BASIN - - -VALENTINE GEYSER—Located at the base of a large pear-shaped alcove, -Valentine is a typical cone type geyser that first erupted on -Valentine’s Day, 1907. Its activity has varied considerably—being -dormant some seasons, erratic during others, yet showing a high degree -of regularity at times. During the past several seasons, it has erupted -from a minimum of once every two days to a maximum of once a day. An -eruption lasts 5-7 minutes and reaches a height of 20-50 feet (6-15 m.) -above the seven foot cone. The eruption is followed by a steam phase -lasting an hour. - -LEDGE GEYSER—The largest geyser in the Porcelain Basin, changed -dramatically after an earthquake that occurred June 30, 1975. In 1974 it -had been erupting about twice a day, but after the quake Ledge was -dormant for nearly two years. Then during the summer of 1977 it had but -two eruptions. Check the prediction board at the museum to see if Ledge -Geyser is active this year. - -AFRICA GEYSER—named for the spring that preceded it which was roughly -the shape of the continent. The spring became a geyser in February of -1971. At first it was intermittent but as time passed the periods -between eruptions grew shorter until it became a constant geyser. In -1977 it was always powerful—sometimes emitting a mixture of steam and -water; other times just steam. - -THE WHIRLIGIGS AND CONSTANT GEYSERS—these three features seem to be -interconnected. Constant Geyser, dormant for several years, reactivated -in the early ’70’s and now erupts up to 30 feet (9 m.) once or twice an -hour; often prior to an eruption of one of the Whirligigs. In recent -years, Big and Little Whirligig have traded active periods. When one is -more active, the other is less. Watch for the 15 foot (4 m.) angled -plume from Little Whirligig’s orange vent or listen to the distinctive -chugging produced during Big Whirligig’s splashing eruption. As with -many geysers, the water level rises in these pools prior to an eruption. - -EBONY AND BEAR DEN GEYSERS—are another set of related features. In the -’60’s Bear Den Geyser first appeared and as it increased in activity, -Ebony Geyser became dormant. Today Bear Den Geyser erupts in bursts, -arcing up to 40 feet (12 m.) from the den-like vent, four to six times -daily. The death of Ebony Geyser may have been hastened by objects -thrown into its vent by thoughtless visitors. This debris is cemented -into place by the silica deposited from the water, choking off the vent. -Minute Geyser in the Back Basin may have suffered a similar fate. - - - - - THERMAL FEATURES IN BACK BASIN - - -EMERALD SPRING—The colors in and around thermal features are often -created by several kinds of algae that grow in hot water. However, the -deep green color of this spring is a result of a combination of the -yellow color from the sulphur lining the edge of the pool with the blue -that is refracted (“scattered”) from the clear water in the pool. The -bowl of this feature is about 27 feet (8 m.) deep and the temperature -normally varies between 194 and 200 degrees F. (90-93° C.) - -STEAMBOAT GEYSER—The world’s largest geyser, Steamboat has eruptions of -more than 300 feet (91 meters). It was largely dormant for nine years, -then startled observers in March 1978 with a full-scale eruption. The -water phase lasted approximately 20 minutes, followed by bellowing steam -for over 40 hours. This spectacular display inundated the immediate -area. At this writing, March 30, 1978, it is not known if Steamboat’s -eruptions will follow any pattern. Between 1961 and March 1969, it had a -total of 103 major eruptions, none of which could be predicted. You can -still see the effects of downpouring water on the landscape which killed -trees and scoured away soil. The nine-year respite allowed new lodgepole -pines to gain a foothold. We hope you are fortunate enough to witness -Steamboat Geyser and share in the excitement. Remember—protect camera -and eye glass lenses from the spray as it can scratch glass after -drying. - -CISTERN SPRING—In 1966 this feature changed from a grayish-black color -to its present brilliant blue. Concurrent with this the overflow -increased killing many trees near the spring. Since then a silica -terrace has rapidly built up. When Steamboat had a major eruption the -water level in Cistern dropped 4-8 feet, (1.2-2.4 m.) with a -corresponding drop in water temperature of around 60 degrees F. This -seems to indicate some connection between the two features. Whether or -not the increased water output of Cistern has resulted in the decline of -Steamboat is still unknown. - -ECHINUS GEYSER (ē-kī′-nŭs)—although not as well known as some other -geysers, erupts in a display that surpasses many of them. The name comes -from the sinter spine-covered rocks surrounding the pool which bear a -fanciful resemblance to spiny sea urchins. _Echinus_ was the Greek name -for these tide-pool dwellers. Stop and watch the water fill the basin -and begin to boil. Soon it will be propelled skyward in great explosive -bursts of steam and water, some reaching heights of over 75 feet (23 -m.). Usually the eruptions last three to six minutes but in 1977 Echinus -was erupting for up to twelve minutes. After erupting the pool drains -and begins to refill. Intervals between eruptions may be as short as 45 -minutes or better than 75 minutes. Listen for the peculiar gurgling -sound produced as the vent drains after each eruption. - -VIXEN GEYSER—Although its usual eruptions are small compared to others -(5-15 feet every few minutes), the geyser is unique in that water comes -from a circular tub-like vent. During normal activity little water is -ejected. Occasionally Vixen may have major eruptions of considerable -water, lasting 5 to 50 minutes and playing up to 30 feet. Listen for the -peculiar gurgling sound produced as the vent drains after each eruption. - - - - - TODAY’S GEYSER PREDICTIONS - -(Obtain data from the museum prediction board or from a naturalist). - - Echinus ______________________________ - Ledge ______________________________ - Valentine ______________________________ - Others ______________________________ - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - - Text written by George A. Algard, Norris Summer Naturalist 3/74 - 4/78 - - [Illustration: NORRIS GEYSER BASIN] - - BACK BASIN - Phillip’s Caldron - Grey Lakes - Green Dragon Spring - Yellow Funnel Spring - Palpitator Spring - Pearl Geyser - Vixen Geyser - Black Hermit’s Caldron - Minute Geyser - Mt. Holmes (10,336 feet—3160 meters) visible to the northwest - Veteran Geyser - Monarch Geyser Crater - Emerald Spring - Bathtub Spring - PORCELAIN BASIN - Ebony Geyser - Bear Den Geyser - Crackling Lake - Whale’s Mouth - Dark Cavern Geyser - Arch Steam Vent - Cistern Spring - NORRIS MUSEUM - Steamboat Geyser - Valentine Geyser - Lodge Geyser - Little Whirligig Geyser - Sieve Lake - Africa Geyser - Pinwheel Geyser - Echinus Geyser - Hurricane Vent - Colloidal Pool - Congress Pool - Ragged Spouter - Blue Geyser - Feisty Geyser - Carnegie Drill Site - Parking - Porcelain Terrace Springs - Nuphar Lake - LEGEND - trails and boardwalk - described thermal features - other thermal features - roads and parking - TO MADISON—16 MILES—26 KM - TO MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS—22 MILES—35 KM - TO CAMPGROUND—½ MILE—⅘ KM - TO CANYON VILLAGE—12 MILES—19 KM - - DANGEROUS THERMAL AREA - Boiling Water—Thin Crusts - Always Stay on Constructed Walkways - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO THE NORRIS GEYSER -BASIN *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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