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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e935c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #66278 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66278) diff --git a/old/66278-0.txt b/old/66278-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7e47f11..0000000 --- a/old/66278-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3231 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Summer Flowers of the High Alps, by -Somerville Hastings - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Summer Flowers of the High Alps - -Author: Somerville Hastings - -Illustrator: Somerville Hastings - -Release Date: September 12, 2021 [eBook #66278] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Karl Eichwalder and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian - Libraries) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUMMER FLOWERS OF THE HIGH -ALPS *** - - - - - -SUMMER FLOWERS OF THE HIGH ALPS - - -[Illustration: CIRCIUM SPINOSISSIMUM. SCOP. - -The Spiny Fuller’s Thistle. Le Chardon le plus épineux. Stachlige -Kratzdistel. - -FRONTISPIECE, _see page 50_.] - - - - - SUMMER FLOWERS - OF - THE HIGH ALPS - - BY - SOMERVILLE HASTINGS - M.S. - AUTHOR OF “ALPINE PLANTS AT HOME,” SERIES I. AND II. - - [Illustration] - - ILLUSTRATED BY REPRODUCTIONS - FROM DIRECT COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHS - BY THE AUTHOR - - LONDON: J. M. DENT & SONS, LTD. - NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO. - - - - -Preface - - -The coloured plates of Alpine plants, which are the special feature of -this book, are all reproduced from colour photographs taken directly from -nature. The plants were all photographed exactly as they were found, -with two exceptions, in the immediate neighbourhood of Rosenlaui in the -Bernese Oberland during the month of July 1909; so that the pictures are -true portraits of the flowers “at home.” - -The Lumière process of colour photography which was used, depends on the -action of light on a photographic plate after its passage through various -coloured starch grains. The process is entirely beyond the control of -the operator, and the exact colours are automatically reproduced. These -photographs have in turn been carefully reproduced for this work by the -three colour process. - -The flowers here photographed were selected as good examples of common -and typical species; and, of course, they represent but a very small -portion of the rich flora of Switzerland. The present volume is intended -as a short introduction to the subject, for the fuller study of which the -following works are recommended:— - - A. Gremli, “The Flora of Switzerland.” Translated by Paitson. - - A. W. Bennett, “The Flora of the Alps.” - - G. Hoffmann, “Alpine Flora.” Translated by E. S. Barton. - - L. and C. Schröter, “Coloured Vade-mecum to the Alpine Flora.” - - C. Schröter, “Das Pflanzenleben der Alpen.” - - F. E. Hulme, “Familiar Swiss Flowers.” - - “Hints and Notes for Travellers in the Alps,” being the General - Introduction to Ball’s Alpine Guide. - -They have all been freely referred to in the preparation of the -accompanying notes. - -Wherever possible the common name of each plant in English, French, and -German has been given on the corresponding plate. It is hoped that this -may be of use to the reader. - -In conclusion I would like to thank the publishers for the great trouble -they have taken in the preparation of the plates, and Mr Howard Farmer, -of the Polytechnic School of Photography, for much valuable advice. - - SOMERVILLE HASTINGS. - - NEW CAVENDISH STREET, W. - _April 1910._ - - - - -Illustrations - - - THE SPINY FULLER’S THISTLE _Frontispiece_ - - FACING PAGE - - THE NARCISSUS-FLOWERED ANEMONE 2 - - THE GLOBE FLOWER 4 - - THE COMMON MONK’S-HOOD 6 - - THE YELLOW WOLF’S-BANE 8 - - THE TWO-FLOWERED VIOLET 10 - - THE LONG-SPURRED PANSY 12 - - THE BOX-LEAVED MILKWORT 14 - - THE CREEPING GYPSOPHILA 16 - - THE MOSS CAMPION OR CUSHION PINK 18 - - THE WOOD GERANIUM 20 - - THE ALPINE CLOVER 22 - - THE BROWN CLOVER 24 - - THE COLD MOUNTAIN-LENTIL 26 - - THE DULL-FLOWERED SWEET CLOVER OR ALPINE SAINFOIN 28 - - THE WHITE DRYAS 30 - - THE ALPINE ROSE 32 - - FLEISCHER’S WILLOW-HERB 34 - - THE MOUNTAIN HOUSE-LEEK 36 - - SEMPERVIVUM FUNCKII 38 - - THE EVERGREEN SAXIFRAGE 40 - - THE LARGE ASTRANTIA 42 - - THE ALPINE STARWORT OR ALPINE ASTER 44 - - THE CAT’S-FOOT, MOUNTAIN EVERLASTING OR MOUNTAIN CUDWEED 46 - - THE ARNICA 48 - - THE ROUND-HEADED RAMPION 52 - - THE BEARDED BELL-FLOWER OR CAMPANULA 54 - - THE DWARF HAIR-BELL OR BELL-FLOWER 56 - - THE HAIRY-LEAVED ALPENROSE 58 - - THE LESSER WINTER-GREEN 60 - - THE STEMLESS GENTIAN 62 - - THE SHORT-LEAVED GENTIAN 64 - - THE ALPINE TOAD-FLAX 66 - - THE ALPINE BALSAM 68 - - THE LEAFY LOUSEWORT 70 - - THE YELLOW AURICULA 72 - - THE MARSH ORCHIS 74 - - THE LADY’S SLIPPER 76 - - THE WHITE VERATRUM 78 - - - - -Introduction - - -No one can visit Switzerland for the first time without being struck -with the singular beauty of its wild flowers. In the early summer the -whole country from the lowland meadows right up to the snowline is ablaze -with beauty. Probably in no other part of the world are the forms of -the flowers more pleasing and their colours more brilliant. Hence it is -that almost everyone who visits the Alps, however little interest he may -take in the wild flowers of his own home, desires to know something of -the wonderful new forms that everywhere meet his gaze. Here the charm -of novelty also comes in, for at least half the flowers met with in the -Alps are absent from the plains, and many of the species that occur in -both situations have, as we shall see later, acquired such different -characters at high altitudes as to be with difficulty at first sight -recognised. Those who would see Switzerland in all its beauty, and as -far as its floral treasures are concerned, at its best, must visit it in -early June before the hay is cut. Otherwise they will miss the glory of -the unmown meadows, and although many of the spring flowers, like the -Crocuses and Primulas (Plate 35), may still be found in small quantities -at high altitudes even in July, the striking effect of the large masses -of these flowers will be entirely wanting. - -If we travel to Switzerland by the ordinary tourist route, across Germany -or France, and then ascend the mountain peaks, we shall, in the first -part of our journey, notice but few differences in the vegetation from -that to which we are accustomed. The wild flowers of France and Germany -are very like those of the South of England and, except that perhaps the -yellow Fuller’s Thistle (_Circium oloraceum_) may be seen in damp places -near the railway, very little of botanical interest will be observed -until the customs are passed and Switzerland itself is reached. Even -here the traveller may be for a time a little disappointed. The first -unfamiliar plant to be noticed will very likely be the Red-berried Elder -(_Sambucus racemosa_). A little later, in some shady wood, the tall -feathery Spiræa (_Spiræa Aruncus_), or the beautiful little May-Lily -(_Maianthemum bifolium_), may be seen. Or a glimpse of the white-flowered -Rampion (_Phyteuma spicatum_) or the Alpine Honeysuckle (_Lonicera -alpigena_), with its twin red berries, may be had in passing. But not -until the mountains themselves are reached will the tourist discover that -he has entered into an entirely new plant world. - -The main factor which determines the character of the flora of any given -region in the Alps is its altitude. But we must not forget that there are -other things to be considered beside the absolute height above the sea -level, and the local conditions of exposure to the sun and protection -from the cold winds are quite important factors. Generally speaking, -it may be said that the climate is a good deal milder on the southern -slopes of the Alps than in the north. Olives can be grown in some of -the lower mountain regions of the south, and with them are found many -of the plants of Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region which are -never seen in places of the same altitude on the northern slopes. It -is exceedingly probable that most of the lower parts of the Alps were -originally covered to a large extent by forest trees. The oak, ash, and -beech still flourish in many parts, although much of the original forest -has been removed long ago, and used for building purposes or as fuel, -and large areas have been thus cleared for meadow and pasture land. In -many districts the spruce and the pine appear to be usurping the place of -the other forest trees mainly because the young plants are less eagerly -devoured by browsing animals, especially the goats. Below 4000 feet on -the northern slopes and 5000 feet or a little over on the south side of -the Alps may be described as the REGION OF FOREST TREES, and above this -level the ordinary deciduous trees become dwarfed and scarce. That this -altitude corresponds fairly well with a transition to a colder climate -is seen by the change in the character of the herbaceous plants also. -For the next 2000 feet we have the SUBALPINE REGION covered mainly by -Coniferous trees. Here are vast forests, particularly of Spruce (_Picea -excelsa_) and Silver Fir (_Abies pectinata_). The former is the familiar -“Christmas tree,” which grows to a great height on the mountain sides, -its lower branches festooned with grey lichens. Besides these trees the -Larch (_Larix Europæa_) on primary rock, and the Scotch Fir (_Pinus -sylvestris_) and the Arolla (_Pinus Cembra_) are also to be seen. - -Above 6000 feet in the north and 7000 in the south the Conifers become -dwarfed and stunted, and gradually disappear to give place to the ALPINE -REGION. Sometimes as we look along a valley the line of transition is -seen to be abrupt and straight, at other times irregular and undulating. -Bushes of Alpenrose, Juniper, and Alpine Willow extend upward to the -Alpine region, but larger trees are entirely absent. Here are found in -profusion the greater number of the plants and flowers peculiar to the -Alps. Many of the species may of course be found in sheltered or secluded -spots at much lower levels, but here are to be seen in abundance the -bright-coloured Saxifrages, Gentians, Anemones, and Pansies, which make -the Alps their particular home. Here are the _alps_ or upland pasture -grounds of the Swiss, and here are situated the _châlets_ or summer homes -of Swiss herdsmen. In June or July, when the pasture is becoming scarce -in the valleys and when all the snow is melted on the mountain slopes, -the native farmer packs a large copper caldron and whatever else he may -require for making cheese into his bullock waggon, and accompanied by his -cattle, and often by his family as well, treks upward. The “alps” may be -two or three days’ journey from his home, so that he must take with him -all that he will probably require for his two or three months’ stay. - -The Alpine region extends from the upper tree limit to the snowline, -which may be taken as somewhere between 8000 and 9000 feet. Some of the -most charming and brightly coloured of Alpine plants like _Eritrichium -nanum_ and the Cushion pinks (Plate 9) are to be found just below the -snowline. Even above this level flowering plants may be met with, for -even at the highest altitudes bare rock is to be found from which the -snow has been blown by the wind or melted by the sun, or where the slope -is too great for more than a very thin covering to remain lodged. The -Glacier Crowfoot (_Ranunculus glacialis_), a pink-flowered buttercup, -has for example been found within a short distance of the summit of the -Finsteraarhorn, the highest peak in the Bernese Oberland. - -Just over two thousand different species of flowering plants are to be -found in Switzerland, and a little over half of these are exclusively -Alpine. In contrasting the flowers of the Alps with those of our own -country, it may be first of all well to consider what we have that -Switzerland has not. Of course our seashore plants will be mainly absent, -but strange to say a few species of Thrift are here and there found, -and the yellow Horned Sea-poppy (_Glaucium luteum_) even grows in the -neighbourhood of Lake Neuchâtel. We are so used to the bluebells of our -woods, the purple heather of our heaths, and the yellow gorse of our -commons, that we hardly realise how glorious they are. In Switzerland -the gorse is very rare, the bluebells are not found at all, and the -bell-heathers are absent though the ling is found everywhere. Even the -purple foxglove is replaced by a yellow variety. These facts should be -borne in mind, lest a too unfavourable comparison be made with our own -rich flora. - -But the flowers of the mountains are truly wonderful, and it is their -abundance as well as their bright colours that make them so striking. -At the same time, it must be remembered that though so numerous neither -the flowers themselves nor the plants that bear them are really -larger than their lowland relatives. Indeed, in spite of their bright -conspicuous flowers, the plants that grow at the higher altitudes are -generally stunted and dwarfed. Most of the peculiarities of Alpine -plants, which we will now enumerate, are to be accounted for by the -conditions under which they live. That this is really so is shown by the -fact that “within the bounds of what must unquestionably be regarded -as a single species, individuals change in character as we ascend to -higher altitudes, the leaves become more hairy and more fleshy, and the -flowers brighter and larger.” Even more direct evidence of this is to -be obtained by cultivating Alpine plants at lower levels and lowland -plants at high altitudes. Not a few of the plants of the mountains when -grown in our gardens at home change in character very considerably. -They tend to elongate so that their leaves are separated by longer -intervals of stem, and their hairy characters very largely disappear. -The Bearded Bell-flower (Plate 26) may lose its bearded character, -and the familiar Edelweiss may, in some cases, develop smooth green -leaves almost as hairless as those of an ordinary plant. Conversely, we -have the observations of Professor Bonnier, who cultivated the plants -of the lowlands at high altitudes in the Alps and Pyrenees. Where the -plants were able to grow at all they became, in most cases, stunted and -dwarfed. The Jerusalem Artichoke, for example, which forms a tall leafy -stem like a sunflower in the plains, became a short stumpy plant with -leaves arranged in a rosette at its base. Generally speaking, the plants -developed a better marked underground stem, and thicker, darker green -leaves than the same species grown under more ordinary conditions. - -One of the principal characteristics of Alpine plants is the extensive -development of the rootstock and underground stem. This is required to -protect them against the strong winds, and to extract as large a supply -of water and nourishment as possible from the frequently scanty soil. But -there is another consideration of at any rate equal importance. During at -least half of the year owing to the white coverlet of snow, all activity -in the Alpine plant world ceases so that the production of flowers and -seeds, indeed all the vital processes of the plants must be crowded into -the few months when the ground is clear. Crocuses and Snowbells and -other plants are found blooming at the very edge of the snow, therefore -everything must be ready for immediate flower production directly the -snow melts. For this to take place a reserve store of nourishment -is essential, and accordingly Alpine plants are furnished with thick -underground stems and fleshy roots where the food substances can be -stored. - -It is further interesting to note that the number of plants that go -through their life cycle in a single year and then die off (annuals as -they are called), is in the Alps comparatively small, for most of the -plants persist from year to year. Kerner states that while only 44 per -cent. of the plants on the Danube plains are perennials, there are as -many as 96 per cent. in the Alps. That this has something to do with -the conditions under which the plants grow is seen by the fact that the -annual meadow-grass (_Poa annua_) becomes perennial in the Alps. Annuals -persist through the winter season, only in the form of seed, so that -a single wet summer such as the last (1909), by interfering with the -ripening of the seeds, might threaten with extinction an entire species. -Annuals have but little food stored up for a sudden outburst of activity -on the approach of spring, nor can the tiny root of a budding seedling -obtain from the soil all that is necessary for the rapid production of -flowers and seeds. Moreover, as we shall see immediately, the production -of seeds is in most plants very largely dependent on the presence of -insect visitors, and without them either less fertile seeds or no seeds -at all are in most cases formed. Insects are said to be less numerous -in the Alps than in the plains, and thus the assumption of a perennial -character makes the existence of the plant less dependent on external -conditions. - -Another point which has already been referred to is the low stature -and stunted character of so many Alpine plants. Undoubtedly there are -marked exceptions, such as the tall Gentians; but, generally speaking, -it must be admitted that mountain plants are short stemmed and dwarfed, -the vegetative part of the plant being often merely represented by a -wreath of leaves. This is also very largely the result of the peculiar -conditions of plant-life at high altitudes. The bright sunlight by day -and intense cold at night have both a retarding effect on the growth -of the stem. As regards light, the converse result is well seen in the -long, lanky shoots of a potato growing in a dark cellar. But there is -also another factor of some importance. The green leaves of plants are -constantly giving out as watery vapour the fluid which has been absorbed -by the roots. The decreased atmospheric pressure at high altitudes, the -general dryness of the air, and the bright sunlight by day all unite to -accelerate this process. During the day the ground is warmed even to -a larger extent than the air, and thus the absorption of water by the -roots is correspondingly hastened. During the night the intense radiation -rapidly cools down the soil on which the plant grows, but the surrounding -air is not cooled to anything like the same extent. The result is that -the absorption of fluid by the roots is diminished in a much larger -degree than the effusion of watery vapour from the leaves, and the plant -is in imminent danger of being dried up. To this danger the plants of -high altitudes respond in various ways. In the first place, their stunted -character not only diminishes the area of leaf surface for the exhalation -of watery vapour and protects them to some extent from strong winds, but -it also places them in the lowest stratum of air which is most likely -to assume the temperature of the soil. The felted, cushion-like habit -(Plate 9) of so many Alpine plants, and the rosette-like arrangement -of their leaves (Plate 19), are also of advantage to the plants by -exposing less leaf surface directly to the air. The succulent leaves of -plants like the house-leeks (Plates 18 and 19), and the hairy covering -of the Cat’s-foot (Plate 23), Edelweiss, and others, seem also designed -to counteract the tendency to too rapid desiccation, and the tough -leathery character of many leaves (Plate 7), and the thickened cuticle of -others (Plate 30), are clearly of like value. The relatively increased -thickness of the leaves of many Alpine plants is also, no doubt, due to -the intensity of the sunlight, for direct experiments have shown that -increased illumination has this effect. Their usual dark green colour is -thought to result from an excess of the green pigment by which plants -are able to extract the carbon required for their growth from the air. -The rarefaction of the air and shortness of the season of growth at high -altitudes, as well as the low stature of most Alpine plants, make it -essential that assimilation should take place as rapidly as possible when -conditions are favourable for it. - -But it is in connection with their flowers that the wonderful adaptation -of Alpine plants to their surroundings is perhaps best seen. The plants -of high altitudes generally bear more numerous and more brightly coloured -flowers than do their relatives of the plains. The low stature of the -plants that bear them gives rise to the impression that the flowers of -the Alps are also larger than those of lowland districts, but though -undoubtedly more numerous and more crowded together they are of about the -same size as those of other nearly related species. The colours of the -flowers are, however, undoubtedly deeper and more intense. If we examine -specimens of the same kind of flower, for instance the Forget-me-not or -Eyebright, that have been found growing at different altitudes, we shall -be struck with the deeper tints of the flowers from the higher regions. -That this character has something to do with the conditions of life in -Alpine districts is shown by the disappointment that we sometimes feel -at the diminished brilliancy of the flowers of Alpine plants when grown -in our gardens at home. The flowers of the Alps are also, as a rule, of -a more highly organised type than those of the plains, and corresponding -with this increase in complexity is a relative increase in the number of -pink and blue flowers, and a diminution in that of the yellow and white. -Alpine plants, too, seem to produce more honey than do the corresponding -plants in the plains; at any rate, the yield of honey from bee-hives is -greater, and Bonnier has shown that the secretion of honey by flowers of -the same kind increases with the altitude, and that in some cases there -is a corresponding increase in the intensity of the scent of the flower. - -While many of the characteristics of Alpine flowers are to be explained -as a direct result of the conditions of life at high altitudes, it is -probable that the process of natural selection has also had a good -deal to do with their production. One of the principal objects of the -life of a flowering plant is to produce seeds. It has been shown that, -generally speaking, more numerous and healthier seeds are produced when -the seed-producing apparatus of a flower is fertilised by pollen from -the stamens of a flower of a different plant. Hence arrangements have -to be made by plants for the conveyance of their pollen from flower -to flower. This is sometimes effected by the wind, but much pollen is -lost, so that this is manifestly a very wasteful method. Plants have -therefore adopted the more economical plan of getting insect visitors to -do this carrying business for them. The bright colours and sweet scents -are to attract insects to the flower, and honey is provided for their -entertainment there. It is generally believed that the total number of -insect visitors in the Alps is less than in the plains, and therefore the -competition for their services being more severe, greater attractions in -the form of brighter coloured flowers and more abundant honey have to -be provided for them. But, unfortunately, the direct observations of H. -Müller do not confirm this view. There can be no question, however, that -the relative proportion of the several varieties of insects in the Alps -is very different from that in the plains. There are comparatively few -flies, bees, and wasps, but numerous humble-bees, butterflies, and moths -in the mountain regions. These insects have longer tongues and prefer to -visit flowers of a more complicated structure, where the honey cannot -be reached by their shorter tongued relatives. Flowers of this sort -with less easily obtained honey are more often of a red or blue or pink -colour, and more rarely of a yellow tint. Not a few Alpine flowers like -the Aconites (Plates 3 and 4) are entirely dependent on humble-bees for -their fertilisation, and an even larger number, such as the Long-Spurred -Pansy (Plate 5), and several of the Gentians are exclusively visited by -butterflies and moths. Müller even goes so far as to suggest that not a -few of the Alpine flowers, especially those of a pale crimson colour and -with a clove-like smell, such as the Pinks (Plate 9), have been evolved -in the Alps under the influence of butterflies and moths. In spite of -this it is curious to note that the number of flowers that are habitually -self-fertilised is greater in the Alps than in the plains. But when it -is explained that these are for the most part of the same type of flower -that is pollinated by flies, bees, and wasps in lowland districts the -apparent anomaly becomes clear. - -The question of the origin of the Alpine flora is a subject upon which -botanists are by no means completely agreed at the present time. A large -number of the thousand different plants that are found in the high Alps -reappear in distant mountains and the Arctic regions, though absent in -the intervening country. Thus the late John Ball calculated that 17 per -cent. of the Alpine species were met with in the Arctic regions, and 25 -per cent. in the Altai Mountains of Northern Asia. That this is not due -to the conveyance of seeds from place to place by the agency of wind -or birds is shown by the fact that the resemblance of the plants of -different mountain chains to one another is in no way proportional to -their geographical proximity, even when their climate is similar. The -true explanation is probably to be sought in the Glacial Period, in which -the greater part of Europe was covered by ice, so that the climate of -the plains was very similar to that of the high Alps and Arctic regions -at the present time. At this period the flora of the extreme north was -able to mingle with that of the mountain regions. When the climate of the -intervening districts became once more less severe, the competition with -the present lowland flora became so keen that the Alpine-Arctic plants -retreated to high altitudes or the far north. It may be that the high -mountain regions have formed centres for the evolution of new species, as -Mr John Ball believed, but there is but little direct evidence for this -view. - -Nearly every visitor to Switzerland who regards its rich flora in any -way worthy of notice is desirous to obtain some permanent record of the -pleasing impressions obtained. Either the flowers are pressed, or the -plants are pulled up with more or less of their roots to be planted in -some garden at home, or, as the author would suggest is by far the best -method, photographs of the plants are taken. May we here, first of all, -protest against the wholesale destruction of Alpine plants that goes on -every year by careless visitors. Where a few flowers are required for -study or to be preserved by pressing, they may, by all means, be picked. -There seems no reason also why a few of the more common or abundant -plants should not be dug up with their roots, carefully packed, and taken -home, although the Swiss authorities do not permit even this, but it is -disgraceful that large nosegays of choice flowers should be gathered -for the mere pleasure of watching them wither in the hand, and then -thrown away. The Swiss natives, unhappily, set us a very bad example -in this respect; but it is fortunate that the Edelweiss and Alpenrose -are the only flowers that they at all extensively attack. Many of the -more frequented tourist routes have become almost bare of any but the -commonest flowers. One has only to ascend to some peak or glacier by two -paths, one that is well-trodden, and a second but little used, to see how -complete this destruction of wild flowers has been. - -Excellent little presses for preserving plants and flowers can be bought -in Switzerland. They take up no more room in one’s bag than a Baedeker -or Bradshaw’s Guide, and do the work much more efficiently. Their only -disadvantage is that they are generally too small to display any but -the tiniest plants completely, and it is really wiser to take out from -England a couple of boards with straps and a good supply of blotting -paper. The special paper sold for pressing plants is much to be preferred -to ordinary white or pink blotting-paper, as the plants tend to stick to -it much less. A fair amount will be required, as the plants need frequent -changing and the paper must be dried. Specimens should be carefully set -out by pressing on them with the finger till they take up the required -positions, and stored when dry in some exercise book or between sheets of -paper. - -The cultivation of Alpine plants in our gardens at home is by no means -as easy as might at first be supposed. The climate and conditions of -life in Peckham are very different to those at the summit of Pilatus, -and unless the thing is done carefully and thoroughly it had better not -be attempted at all. The chief difficulty in growing Alpine plants in -our climate is not the cold but the excessive moisture of winter, which -tends to rot their roots, and from which they are protected in their -native home by their snowy covering. Our object should be to reproduce, -as far as possible, in our gardens the conditions under which the plants -grow in the high Alps. For the rockery a porous stone will be required, -such as limestone or sandstone, and it is essential to select a kind -that does not crumble with the frost. The partially fused masses of -brick, which can be obtained very cheaply as a waste product from brick -kilns, when washed over with a mixture of cement and sand do very well. -The rocks and stones must be so laid that every bed or pocket in which -the plants are to grow is thoroughly well drained, for nothing is so -destructive to them as water-logging of the soil. Plants that grow in -the clefts of rocks should be planted in a sloping position, as water is -then less liable to collect in the rosettes of leaves. Those that grow -in cool, moist, spongy soil are best planted in a mixture of peat moss -and earth. It is also important to notice whether the plant which is -being cultivated was previously growing on limestone or granitic soil, -for it is easy to add a little chalk to the earth if this is required. In -planting out one has to be careful not to curl up the roots, and it is -wise to sprinkle the plant with water two or three times a day for the -first week or so. Alpine plants should never be manured. It should be -remembered that mountain plants grow slowly, and though very many species -can be successfully cultivated, the Houseleeks and Saxifrages are likely -to give the best results with a minimum of trouble. - -It is impossible in such a book as this to give more than a few general -suggestions as to the photography of Alpine plants. One of the chief -difficulties with which one has to contend is the wind. When the plant is -photographed anywhere near its natural size the smallest stop has to be -used to obtain depth of focus, and this greatly increases the duration -of the exposure. Many of the colour photographs herein reproduced were -given as long as five or ten minutes. When the wind is intermittent it -is quite safe to give repeated exposures of a few seconds at a time, -being careful in removing and replacing the cap not to shake the camera, -for the plant is sure to return to exactly the same position after being -blown to and fro by the wind. Where tall plants are being taken it is -wisest to select a time in the early morning or near sunset, for though -the intensity of light is diminished at these times, there is usually but -little wind. The writer has found a strip of white calico, some 12 or 15 -inches wide, with long knitting needles sewn on to it at intervals, of -great value as a wind screen in plant photography. The knitting needles -can be pushed into the ground, and the plant surrounded on three sides or -completely by such a screen, and thus very largely shaded from the wind. -With a little care the screen does not appear in the photograph, and it -is easily rolled up and carried from place to place. For near objects -the intensity of light in the Alps is only slightly greater than that in -England at the same time of day, but it is always wiser to make use of an -exposure meter if the best results are desired. By the use of the swing -back any plane surface, whatever be its inclination to the vertical, can -be easily focussed. This will be found of especial value where a blurred -background is desired, and the slight distortion thus obtained, which is -so noticeable in architectural subjects, is quite negligible in the case -of plant portraits. The deep shadows that are produced when flowers are -photographed in bright sunlight are generally best avoided. - - - - -SUMMER FLOWERS OF THE HIGH ALPS - - HERE FOLLOW COLOURED PLATES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF 39 SWISS - PLANTS, WITH THEIR NAMES IN LATIN, ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND GERMAN - - - - -The Narcissus-Flowered Anemone - -(_ANEMONE NARCISSIFLORA_) - - -Many varieties of Anemone are found in Switzerland. Not only have we the -common English Wood Anemone (_A. nemorosa_) of the early spring, and the -much rarer Pasque Flower (_A. Pulsatilla_) of our downs, but there is -also the white or yellow Alpine Anemone (_A. alpina_), which forms so -marked a feature of the Alpine pastures in early summer. Even in July and -August, when most of the flowers have faded, the feathery tufts of seeds -of the Alpine Anemone are still to be seen as the so-called “Chamois’ -beards.” - -The Narcissus-flowered Anemone, here photographed, is a widely -distributed plant. It occurs on grassy slopes and in pastures between -4000 and 7000 feet above the sea level, and seems to prefer a limestone -soil. The finely divided leaves are well seen in the photograph. Unlike -every other species of Anemone found in Switzerland the flower stalk -bears not a single flower only but two to eight, or even more, and at the -point where the flower stalk divides a green collaret or involucre is -seen. The flowers are pure white inside, and their external surfaces are -often slightly woolly and tinged with pink, especially in the bud. The -seeds have no feathery appendages like those of the Alpine Anemone. The -flowers are without honey. They are visited by pollen-collecting insects, -and should these fail will become self-fertilised. The plant blooms in -May and June, and some flowers may still be found even in July in the -highest Alpine pastures. It is met with widely distributed over Central -Europe, North America and Northern Asia, but is absent in Scandinavia. -On account of the numerous closely allied species which are found in -Northern Asia, it is thought that this plant may have originated in that -region and then spread east and west to America and Europe respectively. - -[Illustration: PLATE I. - -ANEMONE NARCISSIFLORA. L. - -The Narcissus-flowered Anemone. Anémone à fleurs de Narcisse. -Narcissenblüthige Anemone oder Berg-Windröschen.] - - - - -The Globe Flower - -(_TROLLIUS EUROPÆUS_) - - -THIS large and stately plant is common in mountain pastures from the -lower levels right up to 7000 feet. It has finely divided leaves and -bright yellow globe-like flowers, borne on long stalks which are -usually unbranched. It is evidently a near relation of the buttercups, -but differs from them in the possession of numerous brightly-coloured -sepals, which enclose and conceal the much smaller tongue-shaped petals. -Although not exclusively Alpine, being found all over Central Europe, -in Scandinavia, and the north of England, it has been included in this -series because it is sure to be noticed by anyone visiting Switzerland -for the first time. - -It flowers in May, June, and July, and flourishes best in damp places. A -much smaller form, bearing only a single flower, is found exclusively on -high mountains (_var. humilis_). It should probably be regarded merely as -a variety and not as a distinct species. - -The Globe Flower, the Anemones, and the two species of Aconitum -illustrated in the two following plates are all examples of the buttercup -order, the Ranunculaceæ. The common yellow buttercup so abundantly -found in Alpine meadows is _Ranunculus montanus_. This species very -closely resembles the ordinary upright buttercup of our English fields -(_Ranunculus acris_), which it replaces in the Alps, but differs from it -in the possession of a solid (not hollow) stem and a hairy disc beneath -the seeds. It is a somewhat smaller plant, with less numerous—generally -only two or three—flowers. - -[Illustration: PLATE II. - -TROLLIUS EUROPÆUS. L. - -The Globe Flower. Trolle d’Europe ou Boule d’Or. Echte oder Europäische -Trollblume.] - - - - -The Common Monk’s-Hood - -(_ACONITUM NAPELLUS_) - - -Several species of Aconitum are met with in Switzerland. They have -all bright-coloured flowers, especially adapted for fertilisation by -humble-bees. It is only where there are humble-bees to convey the -pollen from flower to flower that seeds can mature, so that where these -insects do not exist the Aconites cannot spread. The five sepals of -the Aconite flowers are coloured for attractive purposes, the highest -being especially large and helmet-shaped. Protected by this are the -representatives of the petals, so modified and reduced that they no -longer have any attractive function, and are only of use to the plant by -producing honey. They form a couple of nectaries on long stalks inside -the helmet-shaped sepal. - -The Common Monk’s-Hood is found in rich moist meadows between 3000 and -7000 feet. It seems to be especially common in the neighbourhood of -Alpine dairies and cow houses. It flowers in June and July, and is very -poisonous. From the conical root, resembling that of horseradish, the -preparations of aconite used in medicine are prepared. When applied -externally, aconite causes tingling and numbness and may relieve the pain -of neuralgia. Internally, it depresses the action of the heart and lowers -the temperature of the body. Homeopathists still use it for this purpose, -but in doses so small as to have no appreciable action whatever. The -single straight flower stalk, closely packed with blossoms, is rarely -branched in its upper part, though small branches may be met with below. - -The Panicled Monk’s-hood (_Ac. paniculatum_) resembles the above rather -closely, but differs from it in the more open arrangement of the flowers -on the hairy flower stalk, which is usually branched near the top. The -leaves of both plants are finely divided, but the sub-divisions of those -of the common Monk’s-hood are longer and narrower, more strap-shaped in -fact, than those of the panicled form. - -[Illustration: PLATE III. - -ACONITUM NAPELLUS. L. - -The Common Monk’s-Hood. Aconit Napel ou Napel bleu. Rübenwurzliger -Eisenhut.] - - - - -The Yellow Wolf’s-Bane - -(_ACONITUM LYCOCTONUM_) - - -This plant is a species of Aconite, and a close relation of the common -Monk’s-hood illustrated on the previous page. It is common on the -borders of woods and in bushy places between 3000 and 7000 feet above -the sea level. In this species, which, like the common Monk’s-hood, is -visited almost exclusively by humble-bees, the upper helmet-like sepal -which conceals the honey is especially long. It is interesting to note -that the humble-bees do not, in all cases, obtain the honey in the way -intended by the plant. A dark spot is often to be seen near the tip of -the helmet where a humble-bee has nibbled through the flower leaf and -obtained access to the nectary direct. In this way the designs of the -plant for cross fertilisation may be frustrated, for where the honey is -obtained in this manner no pollen is carried from flower to flower by the -insect visitor. _Aconitum Anthora_, which is rather like the above, has -more finely divided leaves and darker yellow flowers which are much less -elongated than those of the Wolf’s-bane. The flowers, in fact, closely -resemble those of the common Monk’s-hood except that they are yellow -instead of blue. Both plants are poisonous. - -[Illustration: PLATE IV. - -ACONITUM LYCOCTONUM. L. - -The Yellow Wolf’s-bane. Aconit Tue-loup ou Cappe de Moine. Wolftödtender -Eisenhut.] - - - - -The Two-Flowered Violet - -(_VIOLA BIFLORA_) - - -This pretty little plant is common in moist shady places between 3000 and -7000 feet all over Switzerland. It is also found in Bohemia, Silesia, -the Vosges, and other parts of Central Europe. It flowers from May to -August in the clefts of rocks, and amongst the boulders on the banks of -streams. It was in just such a place as this that the present photograph -was taken. The flowers are bright yellow, streaked with brown, and the -dark green leaves are kidney-shaped and entire. Although there are -several other violets with yellow flowers to be found in Switzerland, no -other species has broad kidney-shaped leaves. The smooth, erect flower -stalk, which also bears some leaves, frequently divides into two near -the middle, each branch being terminated by a bright yellow flower. -This character, which has given to the violet its name, is, however, by -no means constant, and flower stems bearing a single or three or more -flowers are also often seen. The number of flowers borne by the plant -would seem rather to be determined by its size and vigour, which, of -course, again depend largely on the conditions under which it grows. - -[Illustration: PLATE V. - -VIOLA BIFLORA. L. - -The Two-flowered Violet. Violette à deux Fleurs. Zweiblüthiges Veilchen -oder Zwillings-Veilchen.] - - - - -The Long-Spurred Pansy - -(_VIOLA CALCARATA_) - - -The Long-Spurred Pansy flowers in June and July, and is a typical Alpine -plant. The high mountain pastures are sometimes literally carpeted with -its large purple flowers, all turned towards the sun. It is common on -sunny slopes and among rocky débris between 5000 and 9000 feet, and -prefers a limestone soil. The underground stem of the plant bears at its -extremity a small rosette of leaves, and a short flower stalk terminated -by the single large flower. The flower, which has a delicate and sweet -scent, is usually of a rich purple colour, much more rarely yellow (_var. -flava_). Sometimes the purple becomes paler and a lavender variety -results, and, rarest of all, the flower may be pure white. From the many -other violets and pansies which are found in Switzerland, the species -we are now considering is recognised by its narrow, notched leaves, by -the upward direction of the lateral petals, and especially by the long, -narrow spur, which is quite as long as the corolla. - -Unlike most of the violets which are fertilised by bees, the Long-Spurred -Pansy depends entirely on butterflies for the conveyance of its pollen. -The narrow opening to the flower and the long spur, at the bottom -of which the honey is concealed, are only suited to insects such as -butterflies and moths with relatively long tongues. It is pretty to see -the butterflies flitting from flower to flower, and Müller observed a -single insect visit no less than one hundred and ninety-four different -blossoms in 6¾ minutes. - -[Illustration: PLATE VI. - -VIOLA CALCARATA. L. - -The Long-spurred Pansy. Violette à long éperon ou Violette éperonnée. -Langgesporntes Veilchen.] - - - - -The Box-Leaved Milkwort - -(_POLYGALA CHAMÆBUXUS_) - - -The Box-leaved Milkwort is a shrubby mountain plant with a woody -branching stem and leathery evergreen leaves, which resemble those of the -common box but are somewhat thicker. The flowers occur singly or in pairs -in the axils of the upper leaves. They consist of a boat-shaped corolla -of a pale yellow colour, which becomes darker towards the tip, and two -wing-like appendages, which look like petals but are really sepals. These -are usually white but are sometimes purple red. It is stated that their -colour is determined by the soil on which the plant grows and is white or -pure slate; on calcareous, slate coloured. - -The Box-leaved Milkwort is widely distributed in Switzerland, Germany, -and Austria, between 1500 and 7000 feet, and grows on wooded hills and in -dry rocky places, where it is often extremely abundant. It flowers from -May till the end of August. The plant is quite distinctive and will be -readily recognised. Although belonging to the Milkwort tribe it is quite -different from all other species, which have red, white or blue, never -yellow, flowers and deciduous, not evergreen, leaves. - -The Common Milkwort (_Polygala vulgaris_) of our English downs and heaths -is also found in the Alps. It is a small herbaceous plant with a slender -stem, perhaps three or four inches long, which is thickly covered with -leaves, and terminates in a cluster of pink, blue, or white flowers. -_Polygala calcarea_, a nearly-related species found only in limestone -districts, has sky-blue flowers and leaves for the most part clustered in -the form of a rosette at the base of the stem. - -[Illustration: PLATE VII. - -POLYGALA CHAMÆBUXUS. L. - -The Box-leaved Milkwort. Polygala faux-buis. Immergrüne Kreuzblume.] - - - - -The Creeping Gypsophila - -(_GYPSOPHILA REPENS_) - - -The Creeping Gypsophila is a perennial plant with a woody stem, from -which branches arise bearing the narrow strap-shaped leaves and pale -crowded flowers. It is found in all the limestone regions of the Alps, -amongst the rocky boulders beside mountain streams, and in dry torrent -beds between 1000 and 7000 feet, and even descends to the plains with -certain of the rivers. It is found, for example, near Munich on the banks -of the Isar. The plant is also widely distributed in the mountain regions -of Central Europe and extends from the Pyrenees to the Carpathians. The -flowers, which open in July and August, are white with more or less of -a tinge of pink about them, which may be quite marked in certain cases. -Together they form what is botanically known as a corymb. The numerous -flower stalks branching off from different points of the ascending stem -are of such a length that all the flowers are approximately on the same -level. In this way they are displayed to the best advantage, so that -their insect visitors may find it easy to pass from flower to flower. -There are several species of Sandwort and Chickweed to be found in -Switzerland that closely resemble the Creeping Gypsophila. Apart from -technicalities the chief points to keep in mind in the identification of -the plant are the woody creeping stem, the much-branched flower stalks, -and the entire absence of hairs. - -[Illustration: PLATE VIII. - -GYPSOPHILA REPENS. L. - -The Creeping Gypsophila. Gypsophile rampante. Kriechendes Gipskraut.] - - - - -The Moss Campion or Cushion Pink - -(_SILENE ACAULIS_) - - -Wherever conditions are unfavourable to plant life, not only on high -mountains but also in deserts and by the seashore, the plants that manage -to survive frequently respond by a process of co-operation and form dense -cushion-like masses. In the high Alps many examples of this are seen. The -individual plants are closely huddled together in the form of a tuft, not -only on account of warmth and natural protection and to prevent their -being blown away by rough winds, but also because the cushion acts as a -sort of reservoir or sponge and prevents the little plants being dried up -by the fierce rays of the sun. - -The Moss Campion is a typical “Cushion plant.” It is found abundantly -all over the Alps, especially in the limestone regions between 5000 and -10,000 feet or even higher. It grows in open rocky places, often on the -bare rock itself, and in the neighbourhood of glaciers, and may be found -close up to the snowline. The bright green moss-like cushions formed of -the dense clusters of leaves become sprinkled over with pinkish-purple -star-like flowers in June, July, and August. Occasionally the flowers are -white. The long conical root penetrates far into the soil or into some -fissure in the rocks, thus securely anchoring the plant, and divides -above into numerous branches, which radiate in all directions and are -thickly covered below with brown dead leaves and terminate above in a -rosette of bright green linear leaflets. The flowers, which are visited -by many kinds of insects, are of three kinds. Rarely we find cushions -of flowers containing both stamens and pistil in the same flower, but -even here the pistil becomes ready to receive pollen before the stamens -open so as to prevent self-fertilisation. Usually, however, the flowers -are unisexual and contain stamens or pistil only, and staminate and -pistillate flowers are borne on different cushions. - -The Moss Campion is widely distributed in the mountain regions of -Southern Europe, North America, and the Arctic regions. _Silene exscapa_ -closely resembles the above, but is much less common. Its flowers are -smaller and less brightly coloured, and the separation between calyx and -flower stalk is more gradual and less abrupt than in the Moss Campion. -Its seed-vessel or capsule is, moreover, hardly longer than the remains -of the calyx which encloses it, whereas the capsule of the Moss Campion -projects well beyond the enclosing calyx leaves. - -[Illustration: PLATE IX. - -SILENE ACAULIS. L. - -The Moss Campion or Cushion Pink. Silène à Courte tige. Stengelloses -Leimkraut oder Moos-Leimkraut.] - - - - -The Wood Geranium - -(_GERANIUM SYLVATICUM_) - - -Seventeen species of Geranium or Crane’s-bill, so named from the shape -of the seed, are met with in Switzerland, and several of them are rather -difficult to distinguish from one another. - -The Wood Geranium is found in England, but is not very common. In -Switzerland it is exceedingly abundant on the borders of woods and in -rich mountain meadows and pastures between 3000 and 7000 feet. Though -a beautiful plant it is by no means welcome to the herdsman, for it is -not good for fodder. The finely divided leaves are well seen in the -photograph. The purple-blue flowers have more of a tinge of red in them -when they first open. The Wood Geranium will be recognised by its erect -stem, hairy above, leaves which are arranged opposite to one another, -purple-violet flowers with petals that are not notched in the middle, -and sepals drawn out to a long point. The Brook Crane’s-bill (_Geranium -rivulare_) has white flowers varied with red, and the Meadow Crane’s-bill -(_Geranium pratense_) has larger flowers which tend to hang down, and the -Blood Geranium (_Geranium sanguinum_) has unbranched flower stalks and -notched petals. - -[Illustration: PLATE X. - -GERANIUM SYLVATICUM. L. - -The Wood Geranium or Wood Crane’s-bill. Géranie des Forêts. -Wald-Storchschnabel.] - - - - -The Alpine Clover - -(_TRIFOLIUM ALPINUM_) - - -This plant is the most beautiful and most sweetly scented of all the -clover tribe. The long conical root stock which penetrates far into the -soil terminates above in many radiating branches. On these are borne the -long stalked leaves, composed of three narrow leaflets with serrated -margins. The flowers, which are larger than those of any other clover, -are borne in a group of four to twelve on top of a long flower stalk. -They begin to appear early in June and continue coming out till the end -of August; they are usually of a delicate pinkish-purple colour, but -occasionally a cream or white variety may be found. The Alpine breezes -are often filled with their delicate fragrance. When the flower fades the -petals are not shed, but remain attached to the seeds and act as wings -which aid in their dispersal. Unlike most of our English clovers, which -are annuals, the Alpine clover is a perennial and lives for many years, -throwing up fresh leaves and branches every spring. The thick solid -rootstock of some of these plants must be many years old. This species -is very common in the meadows and pastures in the central Alps between -5000 and 8000 feet, where it grows in greatest abundance and especially -luxuriantly on primary granitic rock. It is probably a true native -of the Alps, but is also found in South Tyrol, the Pyrenees, and the -Carpathians. - -The Alpine clover will be readily recognised by its few-flowered -flower-heads and narrow pointed leaflets arranged in groups of three. -The much rarer _Trifolium pallescens_ is perhaps a little like the -pale flowered variety, but it has many flowered flower-heads and ovate -leaflets. - -[Illustration: PLATE XI. - -TRIFOLIUM ALPINUM. L. - -The Alpine Clover. Trèfle des Alpes ou Réglisse des Alpes. Alpenklee.] - - - - -The Brown Clover - -(_TRIFOLIUM BADIUM_) - - -Unlike the greater number of Alpine plants which persist from year -to year the Brown Clover is a biennial, that is to say, its life is -limited to two years, and at the end of its second summer the plant dies -off. It is found abundantly in the limestone districts of Switzerland -between 4000 and 7000 feet, and flowers in July and August. It grows in -meadows and pastures, and seems to prefer a moist, open spot, where the -competition with other plants will be less severe. Thus it is met with -on moraines, on the fresh soil brought down by avalanches and streams, -and even on the dirt heaps around Alpine cow houses. The much-branched -brownish stem bears the rather long-stalked leaves, composed of three -leaflets with serrated margins and blunt points. The flower-heads, -made up of numerous florets closely packed together, are at first of a -golden yellow colour. As the individual flowers fade—and the lowest fade -first—they become brown and scale-like and turn downwards, and the dry -brown corolla remaining attached to the seed forms an important aid in -its dispersal by the wind. The Brown Clover is widely distributed in the -mountain regions of Central Europe. It will be readily recognised by its -globular flower-heads of yellow flowers and bright green leaves made up -of three leaflets, which are arranged opposite to one another on the -upper part of the stem. - -_Trifolium spadiceum_ is very like the above, but is not so common. Its -flower-heads become more elongated and change to a darker brown tint than -those of the plant here photographed as the flowers fade. - -[Illustration: PLATE XII. - -TRIFOLIUM BADIUM. SCHREB. - -The Brown Clover. Trèfle brun. Braunklee.] - - - - -The Cold Mountain-Lentil - -(_PHACA FRIGIDA_) - - -The Cold Milk-Vetch or Mountain-lentil—to give a literal translation -to its popular Swiss name, for it has no English—is a typical Alpine -plant, found in fair abundance between 5000 and 8000 feet, perhaps most -frequently in limestone districts. In rocky places or mountain meadows -it often grows in profusion, but it seems to avoid the pastures. The -stem is usually unbranched, about 6 or 8 inches high, and bears the pale -yellow or cream-coloured flowers and the bright green leaves, made up of -four or five pairs of leaflets with an odd one at the tip. The leaves are -arranged in pairs opposite to one another, and where they join the stem a -couple of pale broad wing-like stipules are attached. It is unfortunate -that these are not well seen in the photograph, for they are the most -characteristic thing about the plant. The Cold Mountain-lentil has an -extensive range, being found in mountain districts all over Europe, -Northern Asia, North America, and in the Arctic regions. It is thought to -have originated in the Steppes of Northern Asia. - -_Phaca alpina_ differs from the above in being a somewhat taller plant -with branched stem, deeper yellow flowers, leaves made up of nine to -eleven pairs of leaflets, and smaller, narrower, stipules. - -[Illustration: PLATE XIII. - -PHACA FRIGIDA. L. - -The Cold Milk-Vetch or Mountain-Lentil. Phaque Froide. Kalte Berglinse -oder Einfache Gletscherlinse.] - - - - -The Dull-Flowered Sweet Clover or Alpine Sainfoin - -(_HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM_) - - -The Alpine Sainfoin is the only member of the sixteen European species -of _Hedysarum_ (Sainfoin) that is found in Switzerland. The plant -consists of a thick, dense underground stem which persists from year to -year and serves as a storehouse for food. Underground branches extend -outward from this in various directions and give rise to ascending shoots -bearing leaves and flowers. The short stalked leaves bear eleven to -nineteen leaflets which are arranged in pairs; the purple-red flowers -occur in clusters. The flowers are visited by bees on account of the -honey they contain. By means of a sort of catapult arrangement, which -only goes off when the bee settles on the flower, the body of the insect -becomes dusted with pollen and as the bee travels from flower to flower -pollination is effected. In the Western Alps a variety of this plant -with yellowish flowers is occasionally to be found. The seed vessel of -the Alpine Sainfoin is very characteristic. It is not unlike an ordinary -pea-pod, but is smaller, more flattened, and divided into two or three -oval segments by constrictions. The plant is fairly abundant between 5000 -and 8000 feet, and flowers in July and August. It is rare in meadows, -but is found on the rocky borders of Alpine pastures and on the banks -of streams. It is met with in all parts of the Alps, in the mountainous -districts of Europe and Asia, and in the Arctic regions, and is thought -to have taken origin in the Steppes of Northern Asia. It should be very -easily recognised. The drooping habit of the flowers and the constricted -seed-pods are most characteristic. - -The flowers of this species have generally more red in them than those of -the specimen photographed. - -[Illustration: PLATE XIV. - -HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM. L. - -The Dull-Flowered Sweet Clover or Alpine Sainfoin. Esparcette des Alpes. -Dunkler Süssklee.] - - - - -The White Dryas - -(_DRYAS OCTOPETALA_) - - -The White Dryas, or Silver-herb as the Swiss call it, is a characteristic -Alpine plant which is found all over Switzerland between 3000 and 8000 -feet, and even descends to the plains with some of the rivers. It is -common in dry mountain pastures and rocky places, and seems to grow best -on limestone soil. Often the bare surfaces of rocks and boulders are -thickly covered with its matted growth, which persists from year to year -as soil gradually accumulates around it. - -The thick dense rootstock gives rise to long trailing branches, which -extend in all directions and bear the leaves and flowers. Associated -with the root tips is a curious fungus growth, which from its constant -presence is thought to be of value to the plant. The tough leathery -evergreen leaves have rolled back notched edges. Their upper surfaces are -dark green, smooth, and polished, and devoid of the stomata or little -pores by which air is absorbed by green plants generally; the lower -surfaces are covered by thick white felt-like hairs. The flowers, which -appear from May till July, resemble those of the Alpine Anemone, but are -smaller. They have usually eight petals, hence the Latin name. Inside -the petals are a large number of stamens arranged in the form of a ring, -and inside these again a honey secreting gland which surrounds the mass -of closely packed carpels in the centre of the flower. The carpels bear -long silky styles, which grow out into beautiful feathery appendages -as the seeds ripen—another point of resemblance to the Alpine Anemone. -The carpels become ready for pollination before the stamens shed their -pollen. Then the outermost stamens open, and only after several days have -elapsed do the innermost stamens become mature. A little consideration -will show how wonderfully this arrangement is adapted to favour the -cross-fertilisation of the carpels by pollen brought from another -flower by the agency of insect visitors. Should this, for any reason, -fail, self-fertilisation will almost certainly be effected by means of -the pollen from the innermost stamens. If a large number of plants of -the White Dryas be carefully examined some will be found with flowers -containing both stamens and carpels, as above described, while others, -less numerous, have flowers with stamens only. These will of course -produce no seeds. Some plants, again, will be seen to bear both kind of -flowers. The White Dryas is found in the mountainous districts of Europe -and in the Arctic regions of the new and old worlds. The plant will be -readily recognised, for its leaves are quite different from those of an -anemone. - -[Illustration: PLATE XV. - -DRYAS OCTOPETALA. L. - -The White Dryas or Silver-herb. Dryade à huit pétales. Echte Silberwurz.] - - - - -The Alpine Rose - -(_ROSA ALPINA_) - - -THE Alpine Rose or Dog-Rose must not be confounded with the Alpenrose. -The resemblance is only in the names, for the Alpenrose so much beloved -by the Swiss is really a rhododendron and quite a different plant. The -Alpine Rose is a shrub sometimes 8 or 10 feet high, and only a single -branch is shown in the photograph. It is found on the borders of mountain -woods and in bushy places, from the lower slopes up to about 7000 feet, -and flowers in May, June, and July. The leaves consist of seven to -eleven leaflets, and there are broad stipules at the base of each leaf. -The sweet-scented flowers are of a rich rose-red colour. The sepals are -exceptionally long and project beyond the petals; this is especially -noticeable in the bud. The fruit or hip is flask-shaped and rather -narrowed at the base. Thorns are as a rule absent from the flowering -branches, but are generally to be found on the lower and younger shoots, -which point downwards. Sometimes they are absent altogether. The Alpine -Rose is found pretty abundantly in the mountain woods of Southern and -Central Europe, but does not extend to the North. Thus it grows in the -Pyrenees, Auvergne, the Balkans, and in one part of the Black Forest. - -The Dog-Roses are phenomenally difficult to distinguish from one another, -and as many as fifty Swiss species are described. The characteristics -above mentioned, and especially the high elevation at which it is found, -will assist in the recognition of the present species. By the arrangement -and character of the leaves and spines and the shape of the fruit, the -Alpine Rose itself has been sub-divided into some thirty sub-species. - -[Illustration: PLATE XVI. - -ROSA ALPINA. L. - -The Alpine Rose. Eglantine des Alpes. Alpen-Heckenrose.] - - - - -Fleischer’s Willow-Herb - -(_EPILOBIUM FLEISCHERI_) - - -This plant is fairly common in the Alps and grows in dry stony places, -especially amongst the boulders of dried-up torrent beds and beside -some of the streams; with some of these it descends towards the plains. -Like not a few of the less common Alpine plants, where it is found at -all, it is usually met with in great abundance. The flowers which open -out in July are of great beauty, and their arrangements to prevent -self-pollination are of considerable interest. The stamens first ripen, -and while these are held erect the stigma is bent downward and the four -segments into which it is divided above are closely pressed together. -(Most of the flowers are in this stage in the photograph.) When the -pollen is shed the stamens bend downward, and not till then does the -stigma rise in the centre of the flower and its four lips become -separated from one another. - -The flowers of Fleischer’s Willow-herb closely resemble those of the -Rose-bay (_Epilobium angustifolium_), common in bushy places all over -England, Switzerland, and Central Europe. But the Rose-bay is a bigger -plant with tall, usually unbranched stem and much larger leaves, which -are veined underneath. As will be seen by the photograph, the leaves -of Fleischer’s Willow-herb are narrow and lance-shaped, and the few -veins that can be made out are all parallel to one another. Closely -resembling the plant here photographed is the Rosemary-leaved Willow-herb -(_Epilobium rosmarinifolium_). Its leaves are usually more numerous, -narrower, and more strap-shaped, and its stem is taller and, as a rule, -more branched. But the most constant difference between the two plants is -to be found in the length of the stalk which bears the stigma (style). -This is as long as the stamens in _Epilobium rosmarinifolium_, but only -half this length in _Epilobium Fleischeri_. - -[Illustration: PLATE XVII. - -EPILOBIUM FLEISCHERI. HOCHST. - -Fleischer’s Willow-Herb. Epilobe des Moraines. Weidenröschen.] - - - - -The Mountain House-Leek - -(_SEMPERVIVUM MONTANUM_) - - -Several varieties of House-leek are found in Switzerland. They grow in -dry, rocky places, where moisture is scarce and where they are exposed -to the fierce heat of the sun. Their succulent leaves, covered by a -thick, almost leathery, cuticle, are arranged in rosettes, and serve -as storehouses for water. The plants grow slowly and in clusters, and -when each one has accumulated sufficient strength it throws up a long -central stalk bearing star-like flowers, and dies as the seeds mature. -The house-leeks are reproduced not only by means of seeds, but also by -runners, which extend outward and bear a small rosette of leaves at their -extremities. Some of these can be made out in the photograph. Some of the -Saxifrages closely resemble the house-leeks in habit of growth, but are -less succulent. - -The Mountain House-leek is common all over the Alps between 4000 and -8000 feet, or even higher in certain parts. It seems to grow best on -primary granitic rock. The wedge-shaped rosette leaves are covered with -short glandular hairs. The rosettes are unfortunately not well seen in -the photograph, the leaves that can be made out being mainly those of -a species of Primula. From the centre of the rosette the flower stalk -arises. It is some 3 to 6 inches long and is covered with succulent -leaves with reddish tips. Above it divides into branches which bear -the beautiful star-like flowers. The flowers, which appear in July and -August, are usually of a pale red colour with a darker central stripe to -each petal. A variety with cream-coloured petals is very occasionally -found. - -The Cobweb House-leek (_Sempervivum arachnoideum_) is not unlike the -plant here photographed, but will be readily distinguished from it by the -long white hairs borne at the tips of the rosette leaves, which become -interwoven with those of adjoining leaves to form a spider’s-web-like -structure. Its flowers are a brighter crimson than those of the Mountain -House-leek. - -[Illustration: PLATE XVIII. - -SEMPERVIVUM MONTANUM. L. - -The Mountain House-leek. Joubarbe des Montagnes. Berg-Hauswurz.] - - - - -Sempervivum Funckii - - -Not unlike the Mountain House-leek photographed on the previous page -is _Sempervivum Funckii_. It is not a common plant, being only found -in Eastern Switzerland, the Tyrol, the Carpathians, and a few other -mountainous districts, and does not seem to have acquired any local name. -Compared with the Mountain House-leek the rosettes of leaves are a little -smaller. They are covered with much longer hairs, which are not, however, -twisted together into a spider’s web like those of the Cobweb House-leek. -As will be seen the flowers are of a beautiful pale pink colour, and each -petal has a stripe of a darker tint running down its centre. The plant -grows in rocky places. - -The Common House-leek (_Sempervivum tectorum_), which is often seen in -England growing on old walls and on cottage roofs, where it is supposed -to protect from lightning, is also found in Switzerland. It is fairly -common in dry, rocky places, and ascends from the plains to 7000 feet. -Its purple flowers are not unlike those of _Sempervivum Funckii_, but -its wedge-shaped rosette leaves are only provided with hairs along -their margins, and are armed with sharp spines at their extremities. It -is, moreover, a much larger plant. The rosette leaves of _Sempervivum -Wulfeni_, another Alpine species, are very like those of the Common -House-leek, but the plant is readily distinguished by its yellow or -greenish-yellow flowers. It grows on primary rock between 6000 and 8000 -feet, and is rather uncommon. - -[Illustration: PLATE XIX. - -SEMPERVIVUM FUNCKII. BRAUN. - -Funcke’s House-leek. Joubarbe de Funcke. Funcke’s Hauswurz.] - - - - -The Evergreen Saxifrage - -(_SAXIFRAGA AIZOIDES_) - - -THE Saxifrages have been extraordinarily successful in the Alps. Some -thirty different species, some of them exceedingly common, are met with -in Switzerland. - -The Evergreen Saxifrage is one of the most abundant. It grows in moist -rocky places, at the foot of glaciers, and on the banks of mountain -streams and waterfalls. It ascends to 9000 feet in places and descends -almost to the plains with some of the rivers. The plant grows in tufts. -The erect flower stems are covered by the narrow, succulent leaves, which -have hairs along each margin; they terminate in branches bearing four to -eight flowers. The star-like flowers, which appear in July and August, -are made up of five brightly coloured petals alternating with five green -sepals. The petals may be lemon yellow with orange red spots, or, as in -the specimen here photographed (var. _atrorubens_), pure orange red. Next -comes a ring of ten stamens with dark red pollen, and then the showy -ring-like nectary and the two styles in the centre of the flower. The -honey is so obvious and abundant that insects of all kinds—flies, bees, -butterflies, and beetles—visit the flowers; but self-fertilisation is, -in the main, prevented by the pollen being shed before the ovaries with -their stigmata are ready for fertilisation. The Evergreen Saxifrage is to -be found in all parts of the Alps, and is also met with in the Arctic -regions. - -With the help of the photograph no difficulty should be experienced in -recognising the plant. From the Stonecrops, notably the Biting Stonecrop -(_Sedum acre_), it is recognised by its possession of two styles. But -several of the other Saxifrages resemble it much more closely. The -Rough Saxifrage (_S. aspera_) has paler flowers and more hairy leaves. -The Moss-like Saxifrage (_S. bryoides_) has a moss-like growth and the -flowers are borne on long, usually unbranched, flower stalks. _Saxifraga -Sequieri_ has more flattened leaves, and _Saxifraga Hirculus_, which is -rare, has two raised spots at the base of each yellow petal. - -[Illustration: PLATE XX. - -SAXIFRAGA AIZOIDES. L. - -The Evergreen Saxifrage. Saxifrage toujours verte ou Saxifrage pain -d’Oiseau. Immergrüner Steinbrech oder Borsten-Steinbrech.] - - - - -The Large Astrantia - -(_ASTRANTIA MAJOR_) - - -This tall and handsome plant is common from the lower mountain region up -to 6000 feet all over Switzerland. It grows in meadows, bushy places, -and mountain woods. Several long-stalked leaves rise directly from the -root stock. They are of a large size, circular in general outline, and -consist of five or six radiating lobes with deep depressions between -them. The branched flower-stem, perhaps some 2 or 3 feet in height, -bears relatively few leaves. Its various branches terminate in what -appear to be single flowers, but what are really masses of tiny flowerets -with short stalks all of the same length, surrounded by a sort of cup -made up of radiating leaves. The individual flowers are greenish-white, -often with a pinkish tinge, and the radiating leaves are pale pink, -with a central green stripe and greenish tip. The flower-masses of -the Astrantia are an excellent example of the way in which small and -unattractive flowers combine together and form a structure, both large -and conspicuous, to attract insect visitors. These floral societies are -even better seen in the large natural order the Compositæ, of which our -next four photographs are examples. The Large Astrantia flowers in July -and August, and is met with in many of the mountain woods of Central -Europe as well as in the Alps. It is occasionally found in England. - -The Small Astrantia (_Astrantia minor_) is a much smaller and more -slender plant. The notches in its leaves extend right up to the stem, -thus completely separating the eight or nine leaflets from one another. -The Hare’s-ear (_Bupleurum ranunculoides_) somewhat resembles the Large -Astrantia, but its flower-masses are entirely devoid of any tinge of pink -and its leaves are strap-shaped. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXI. - -ASTRANTIA MAJOR. L. - -The Large Astrantia or Master-wort. Astrance Majeure ou Radiaire. Grosse -Sterndolde.] - - - - -The Alpine Starwort or Alpine Aster - -(_ASTER ALPINUS_) - - -The beautiful little Alpine Aster is found all over the Alps. It flowers -in July, August, and September, but occasionally it may be found in bloom -even as early as May. It grows in dry Alpine pastures, sunny meadows, and -rocky places, not infrequently in company with the Edelweiss, between -4000 and 9000 feet; in a few places it extends much lower. The plant -consists of a rosette of woolly tufted leaves, with a central stem -bearing the solitary flower-head. In the higher regions the flower-stem -is short, perhaps only 4 inches in length, but nearer the plains it may -be 8 or 9 inches. In any case, however, the flower-head is large, an -inch or two in diameter, and conspicuous on account of the broad purple -ray florets, which contrast strongly with the golden yellow centre. -The Alpine Aster is very widely distributed, being found in Northern -Asia, Arctic America, and in most of the mountain ranges of Central and -Southern Europe, but not in the far North. - -Closely resembling this plant is the Alpine Fleabane (_Erigeron alpina_). -It has narrower ray florets, which are arranged in several rows and -not in a single row like those of the Alpine Aster, and a branched -flower-stem bearing several separate flower-heads. The much rarer _Aster -Amellus_ differs from the Alpine Aster in the possession of a branched -flower-stem and blue, not purple, ray florets. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXII. - -ASTER ALPINUS. L. - -The Alpine Aster or Alpine Starwort. Aster des Alpes. Alpen-Aster.] - - - - -The Cat’s-Foot, Mountain Everlasting or Mountain Cudweed - -(_ANTENNARIA DIOICA_) - - -The Cat’s-foot, which is, after all, perhaps the most suitable name for -this curious plant, is abundant in the Alps from the lowest levels right -up to 7000 or 8000 feet. It is found in dry places, on moors and heaths, -and in dry open woods. It sometimes forms an unwished-for inhabitant of -the mountain pastures where it is disliked by the herdsmen, for it is an -undesirable plant for fodder. The leaves, like those of the Edelweiss, -are covered with white woolly hairs, and the flower stems are also hairy. -The flowers, which are pink or white, are dioicious, that is to say, the -same flower does not produce both pollen and seed, and seed-forming and -pollen-producing flowers do not occur on the same plant. As the pollen -is not carried by the wind from flower to flower, the plant is entirely -dependent upon its insect visitors for the fertilisation of its seeds, -and without them no seeds will be formed. The plant is also spread by -means of runners, which extend over the soil and take root at intervals. -The Swiss peasants make wreaths of the Mountain Everlasting, which -they wear as a charm, especially on Ascension Day. The plant is widely -distributed, and is found in the North of England and Scotland, as well -as most parts of Europe and the Polar regions. - -The Carpathians Cudweed (_Antennaria carpathica_), which is also common -in Switzerland, differs from the Cat’s-foot in that its flowers are brown -rather than white or pink, and that it does not send out runners. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXIII. - -ANTENNARIA DIOICA. GÄRTNER. - -The Cat’s-Foot, Mountain Everlasting, or Mountain Cudweed. Gnaphale -dioique ou Pied de Chat. Echtes Katzenpfötchen oder Mayensässblume.] - - - - -The Arnica - -(_ARNICA MONTANA_) - - -A bright conspicuous plant is the Arnica, with its yellow star-like -flower-heads. It grows in meadows, pastures, and on sunny moors, and is -widely distributed in the Alps, from the lower mountain regions up to -8000 feet. It is much less common in limestone than in other districts. -Four broad green leaves grow from the root in the form of a cross. In -the centre of these rises the erect flower-stalk some 8 or 9 inches -long, and covered with glandular hairs. On the flower-stalk are borne -the one or two pairs of leaves, without stalks, and arranged opposite -to one another. The flower-heads are drooping in the bud, but when they -open they are large and conspicuous and of a deep yellow colour. They -give forth a faint, resinous, not very pleasing, odour. The outer or ray -florets of the flower-head have long projecting strap-shaped petals. -Their purpose is to attract insects to the floral society, and the less -conspicuous florets in the centre of the flower-head produce just as good -seeds. At first but a single flower-head is formed, but later on, if the -plant is vigorous, buds appear in the axils of the opposite stem-leaves, -and two more flower-heads appear. This is what has happened in the two -specimens here photographed, and a second pair of buds is seen in one -of them. It is interesting to note that a mould-like fungus is found -constantly associated with the roots of the plant. It is believed that -the two plants grow together to the mutual advantage of each, the fungus -assisting the Arnica to obtain nourishment from the soil, and in return -receiving from it some of the organic matter manufactured from the air -with the help of light. The root has a bitter aromatic taste. From it -is made the tincture of Arnica, which is often applied to bruises, -apparently, however, without any very considerable influence upon them. - -Several other Alpine plants, the Doronicum and Aronics, for example, have -bright yellow flower-heads like the Arnica, but as no similar Alpine -plant has pairs of opposite leaves on the flower-stem, the recognition of -the Arnica becomes a very simple matter. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXIV. - -ARNICA MONTANA. L. - -The Arnica. Arnica. Echtes Wohlverlei.] - - - - -The Spiny Fuller’s Thistle - -(_CIRCIUM SPINOSISSIMUM_) - -(_See Frontispiece_) - - -This stately and beautiful plant is common in all parts of the Alps, -but is found nowhere else. It grows in moist places in the meadows and -pastures, and beside the streams, between 4000 and 7000 feet. It is -generally looked upon as a noxious weed by the herdsmen, but in one or -two places the upper and more succulent parts are gathered and preserved -as pigs’ food for the winter. - -The thick evergreen leaves, armed with formidable spines, are paler -at the upper part of the stem where they surround the large brown -flower-head. Usually but a single flower-head is borne by each plant, -but each one produces some hundreds of seeds. Each seed has a feathery -wing-like appendage, so that it may be more easily distributed by the -wind. The Spiny Fuller’s Thistle is usually some 3½ or 4 feet high, as -was the specimen photographed, but in high altitudes the plant is more -bushy and stunted. Under these conditions it is not unlike the Stemless -or Alpine Carline Thistle (_Carlina acaulis_), which, in spite of its -name, has sometimes a stem some 8 or 10 inches long. But the Carline -Thistle has a larger and more flattened flower-head, and when the flowers -are in bloom they are of a purple colour, though they soon turn brown as -they get dried up. - -Probably the nearest relation of the plant here photographed is the -Common Fuller’s Thistle (_Circium oloraceum_), abundant in moist places, -both in the Alps and lowlands. It is a plant that would seem to be -protected by its resemblance to other members of its family, for though -it appears spiny, it is soft and succulent, and bears not a single -prickle anywhere. The leaves, which are sparsely distributed on the -slender stem, are of a dirty grey-green colour, and though as tall as its -spiny relative, the plant is much less robust. - - - - -The Round-Headed Rampion - -(_PHYTEUMA ORBICULARE_) - - -In England we have only two kinds of Rampion and both are rare, but in -Switzerland there are no less than ten different species, with blue -and white flowers, and some of them are extremely abundant. One of -the commonest of the blue-flowered varieties is here photographed. It -grows in mountain pastures and poor meadows between 3000 and 8000 feet, -and is found not only in the Alps but all over Central Europe, though -absent in the North. It flowers in July, and the size of the plant -undergoes considerable variation according to the altitude at which it -grows. Sometimes the flower-stalks are but 3 or 4 inches long, at others -16 or 18. The leaves, which grow from the root stock, have serrated -edges, and are frequently a good deal larger than those of the specimen -photographed. The methods adopted by the plant for the distribution -of its pollen and the fertilisation of its seeds through the agency -of insect visitors are of particular interest. Each flower of the -flower-head is formed of a blue tubular structure (corolla), which is at -first closed above. In the centre of this is the style covered by short -hairs and surrounded by the five stamens. While still in the bud the -stamens shed their pollen, which collects in the tube around the style -and is retained in position by the short hairs. Now the flower opens -at its tip, and while maintaining its tubular character above splits -longitudinally below into five or six segments, so that linear openings -are formed. The result is that when an insect settles on the flower the -tubular corolla is very easily depressed, exposing the style surrounded -on all sides by pollen. Any pollen that is not removed by the insect -falls from the style, for the short hairs on the style by which it is -held in position very soon fade. The style then splits above into three -segments, exposing for the first time the sticky stigmatic surface now -ready for pollination. - -The Round-headed Rampion is one of the five Swiss species with rounded, -not elongated, flower-heads. Three of them can at once be put aside, -because they are usually much smaller plants and have less than twelve -flowers to a flower-head, whereas the Round-headed Rampion has always -more. _Phyteuma Scheuchzeri_ is distinguished from this plant by its -lilac flowers, longer stalked and usually broader basal leaves, and -especially by the circle of leaves immediately beneath the flower-head, -which are longer than the flowers themselves. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXV. - -PHYTEUMA ORBICULARE. L. - -The Round-headed Rampion. Raiponce à Capitules Arrondies. Kugelköpfige -Rapunzel.] - - - - -The Bearded Bell-flower or Campanula - -(_CAMPANULA BARBATA_) - - -Of the numerous Bell-flowers which abound in the Alps none is more -quaint and beautiful than the one here photographed. The whole plant, -stem, leaves, and flowers, is covered with short hairs, but around the -mouth of the bell the hairs are longer and stiffer, and pure white. It -is interesting to note that when cultivated in rockeries in England the -hairy character of the plant almost entirely disappears. Some three to -five pendent flowers are borne by each flower-stalk, all turned in the -same direction. Occasionally a single flowered variety is met with, -usually at a high altitude. The ordinary pale blue colour of the flower -may disappear entirely, and specimens with pure white blossoms are not -infrequent. The plant is found abundantly all over the Alps and Sub-Alps, -in meadows and pastures, and to a less extent in open woods, from 3000 -feet almost to the snowline (7000 to 9000 feet). It is usually less -abundant on limestone than on other rocks. The Bearded Bell-flower is -also met with in the Carpathians, Jura, southern parts of Norway, and in -other mountainous districts in Europe. It is probably a native of the -Alps. - -No difficulty will be experienced in recognising the Bearded Campanula. -No other Bell-flower has little projections between each of the five -teeth of the calyx which are turned back towards the stem. Only one -other Bell-flower (_Campanula Zoysii_), and that a species not always -recognised as distinct, has a light blue corolla with long hairs around -its mouth. But here there is a constriction just immediately below the -opening of the bell, and the plant is smaller and very rare, and occurs -only in Eastern Switzerland. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXVI. - -CAMPANULA BARBATA. L. - -The Bearded Bell-flower or Campanula. Campanule Barbue. Bärtige -Glockenblume.] - - - - -The Dwarf Hair-Bell or Bell-Flower - -(_CAMPANULA PUSILLA_) - - -The photograph gives a good general idea of the tufted growth of the -Dwarf Bell-flower. The plant is quite small, rarely more than 3 or 4 -inches high, and forms dense close-growing tufts of some size. The -smooth or hairy flower-stalks bear one to six pale blue flowers and the -narrow leaves, which are most numerous and have serrated edges below. -There are also short flowerless branches covered with similar leaves, -and a few broader leaves with longer stalks grow directly from the root -stock. These last are not well seen in the photograph. The plant is very -abundant in dry rocky and sandy places, in dried up torrent-beds, by the -roadside and on the tops of walls. It is found from the lower mountain -region up to some 8000 feet, and descends with some of the rivers towards -the plains. It is also found in the Jura and parts of the Black Forest. - -The Dwarf Bell-flower will be recognised from most of the other species -of Campanula which abound in Switzerland by its broad basal leaves, its -narrow stem leaves, and its erect seed pod. But, unfortunately, there -are three other Swiss species to which this description equally well -applies. Of these the rare _Campanula excisa_ is at once picked out by -the deep rounded clefts between the five segments of its bell-shaped -flower. _Campanula Scheuchzeri_ is a larger plant of more open and less -tufted growth and with fewer flowerless leafy shoots. Its bell-shaped -flowers are usually of a darker blue, are more conical, and have a -wider opening; they are, in fact, less truly bell-shaped. _Campanula -rotundifolia_, the common Hair-bell of our heaths and downs, which occurs -also in Switzerland, is slightly taller than our plant and has also more -cone-shaped flowers. Its flower buds are held erect, while those of the -other three Bell-flowers we are considering are dependent. In a general -way, the low stature and tufted growth of the Dwarf Bell-flower will, in -most cases, suffice for its recognition. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXVII. - -CAMPANULA PUSILLA. HÆNK. - -The Dwarf Hair-bell or Bell-flower. Petite Campanule ou Campanule Naine. -Kleine Glockenblume.] - - - - -The Hairy-Leaved Alpenrose - -(_RHODODENDRON HIRSUTUM_) - - -The Alpenrose is the commonest and best known of all the Alpine plants. -It abounds almost everywhere; were it not so it would have become -practically extinct years before, for it is gathered unmercifully. Nor -are the visitors to Switzerland alone responsible for this. Every Sunday -throughout the summer, crowds of the native peasants, both children and -adults, may be seen returning home, each bearing in his arms an immense -bunch of the favourite flower, and often with a second and smaller -nosegay tied round the top of his alpenstock. - -There are really two distinct species of Alpenrose, the Hairy-leaved -(_Rhododendron hirsutum_), and the Rusty-leaved (_Rhododendron -ferrugineum_) varieties, and a hybrid or cross between them is also -less commonly found. Both varieties are low evergreen shrubs with thick -leathery leaves which only fade after three or four years. Both have -raised brown spots on the lower surfaces of the leaves, only they are -much more numerous on the Rusty-leaved species, so that the under surface -of the leaf is completely covered with them while they are only sparsely -scattered on the leaf of the Hairy-leaved variety. They contain a balsam, -and are thought to be of use to the plant in preventing its drying up. -They may also assist in the absorption of water. The flowers of both -species are admirably adapted for cross-fertilisation by the humble-bees -which visit them. The stamens first mature, and not until the great -part of the pollen is shed does the stigma lengthen and become ready -for pollination. The long hairs growing from the stalks which bear the -stamens interlock with similar hairs on the inside of the corolla, and -thus effectively prevent the entrance of smaller insects which might -visit the flower in search of the abundant honey, but which would fail -to effect its fertilisation. The flowers of the species here illustrated -are usually a little paler in colour, slightly smaller, and open a -little later than those of the Rusty-leaved variety. The plant usually -forms a lower and more thickly branched shrub, with rather shorter -twigs. But the essential distinguishing features between the two are -to be found in their leaves. The leaves of _Rhododendron hirsutum_ are -usually broader and less pointed, green underneath, and have well-marked -hairs all round their edges. In _Rhododendron ferrugineum_ the leaves -tend to be narrower, darker green above, and brown underneath, and are -entirely devoid of hairs, but have rolled back edges. Both species are -found abundantly in rocky places between 4000 and 8000 feet, and flower -in June, July, and August, and may be seen at their best in July. The -Rusty-leaved variety seems to prefer a rather moister spot and may also -be found on peat. It is most abundant on primary granitic rock, while the -other species grows best on limestone. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII. - -RHODODENDRON HIRSUTUM. L. - -The Hairy-leaved Alpenrose. Rhododendron cilié ou hérissé. Bewimperte -Alpenrose, oder Wimpern-Alpenrose.] - - - - -The Lesser Winter-Green - -(_PYROLA MINOR_) - - -The plant here photographed derives its English name from the evergreen -character of its leaves. It is in fact a British plant, being found -somewhat rarely in Scotland and in the North, but is much more common -in Switzerland. It grows among the moss in shady woods, from the plains -right up to the tree-limit and may even reach 8000 feet or higher, where -protected by shrubs and bushes. The plant is widely distributed in -Switzerland and is also found in Vosges, Pyrenees, and Jura. It flowers -in July. - -The Lesser Winter-Green will be recognised by its short, straight style, -which does not project beyond the flower and which is closely surrounded -by the stamens which converge toward it. Of the four other Swiss Pyrolas -which resemble the above, two only are at all common, and these two will -alone be mentioned. _Pyrola secunda_ will be recognised by its longer -straight style, which projects beyond the petals and by its greenish -white flowers, which are all turned in the same direction. Its leaves are -more pointed and have deeper notches than those of our plant. _Pyrola -rotundifolia_ has also a style that projects beyond the petals, but it is -curved so that the stigmatic surface at its extremity is far below the -centre of the flower. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXIX. - -PYROLA MINOR. L. - -The Lesser Winter-green. Petite Pyrole. Kleines Wintergrün.] - - - - -The Stemless Gentian - -(_GENTIANA ACAULIS_) - - -Many species of Gentian are met with in the Alps. One of the best known -of the smaller varieties is the Stemless Gentian or Gentianella, which is -a frequent inhabitant of heaths, meadows and pastures all over the higher -parts of Switzerland, and is also found in the Jura and Carpathians, -being less common on limestone soil and more abundant on primary granitic -rock. The plant grows at an altitude of 4000 to 8000 feet, and flowers -in June, July, and August. Occasionally it descends much lower and may -even be found below 1500 feet in a few special localities. Each plant -consists of a small rosette of leaves, a very short stem, and a single -bell-shaped flower of deep azure blue. Very often two or three plants -are found growing together and a small group such as that photographed -is not infrequent. Occasionally also specimens with pale blue, rose red -or even white flowers may be seen. When the flower has been fertilised, -and while the seeds are maturing, the brightly coloured corolla shrivels -up and surrounds the seed vessel, at the same time becoming of a green -colour and perhaps taking on a vegetative function. The leaves are rather -leathery, narrow, and pointed. - -It is often quite a difficult matter to distinguish between the Stemless -Gentian, here illustrated, and the Carved Gentian (_Gentiana excisa_), -not only because the two plants are so much alike but also because -intermediate forms exist; indeed, it is open to question whether the -two plants are really to be regarded as distinct species. In the Carved -Gentian the calyx lobes become contracted just above their bases, to -widen out again above, and the recesses between the lobes are more -rounded and less pointed. The leaves also are broader, less leathery, and -not nearly so sharp pointed as those of the so-called stemless variety. -The flowers of the Marsh Gentian (_Gentiana Pneumonanthe_) are also not -unlike those of the plant here photographed, but it should be readily -distinguished because its leaves are much narrower and several flowers -are borne by a single plant. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXX. - -GENTIANA ACAULIS. L. (GENTIANA CLUSII). - -The Stemless Gentian. Gentiane à Tige Courte. Stengelloser Enzian oder -Erd-Enzian.] - - - - -The Short-Leaved Gentian - -(_GENTIANA BRACHYPHYLLA_) - - -A particularly fine group of this beautiful little Gentian is here -photographed. It is typical of the high Alps or snow region, and is -rarely found below 6000 feet, and while scarce above 9000 is to be -gathered even at 12,000 feet on the Matterhorn. But a single flower is -borne by each little plant at the top of a short stem, which also bears -the small, thick, closely packed leaves. The plant is found growing in -the turf of mountain pastures and rocky places in the central parts of -the whole Alpine chain. It is moderately common particularly on primary -rock, and is also met with in Dauphiny and the Pyrenees. - -Of the twenty or more species of Gentian that occur in Switzerland, -some are tall, stately plants, bearing numerous blue, yellow, or purple -flowers. Others are much smaller and bear relatively few flowers, or -even one only in small feeble plants. A few never have more than a -single blossom to each little plant. Among these last are the Stemless -Gentian with its bell-shaped flower, figured on the previous plate, -and the Short-leaved Gentian with its star-like flower, which we here -illustrate. As a matter of fact, there are really three single-flowered -Star-Gentians and to distinguish between them is not easy. Of these the -Bavarian Gentian (_Gentiana bavarica_) is recognised from our plant by -its longer stem, perhaps 2 to 3 inches long, on which only two or three -pairs of opposite leaves are borne, and by the fact that the lower leaves -are smaller than the upper. The Spring Gentian (_Gentiana verna_) has a -very short stem, covered by closely packed leaves like the short-leaved -variety, and like it, too, the lower leaves are the larger, but its -leaves are harder, narrower, and more pointed, and short wing-like -projections are found on its calyx. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXI. - -GENTIANA BRACHYPHYLLA. FROL. - -The Short-leaved Gentian. Gentiane à Feuilles Courtes. Kurzblättriger -Enzian oder Eiförmiger Enzian.] - - - - -The Alpine Toad-Flax - -(_LINARIA ALPINA_) - - -This beautiful little plant is abundant in all parts of the Alps. It -is one of the first to take possession of fresh soil, but disappears -rapidly under the stress of competition with other plants. Its numerous -winged seeds are carried far and wide by the wind, and take root and grow -rapidly on any open space. Hence it is found among the general rocky -débris of the mountain-side, on the moraines of glaciers, and on the -fresh soil brought down by avalanches, and is most abundant in limestone -districts. Its true home is the high Alps and the snow region, and it -flourishes best between 5000 and 9000 feet; but it is often carried down -to a much lower level by the rivers, and is even found locally in the -plains of Southern Germany. The Alpine Toad-flax is an inhabitant of most -of the mountain ranges of Central and Southern Europe, and is thought to -have taken origin in the South. It flowers from June till September, and -seems to have derived its name from its flax-like foliage. - -From the root stock arise one or more prostrate branches which creep over -the rocks and soil, and turn upward at their extremities to terminate -in a bunch of the brightly-coloured flowers. The grey-green leaves are -narrow and succulent, and are arranged in whorls of four on the stem. The -flowers are furnished with a long spur which contains the honey, and -are only visited by bees and humble-bees. The common humble-bee has a -long enough tongue to reach to the tip of the spur and is the chief agent -in the fertilisation of the plant. The orange-yellow spot at the only -opening to the flower is equivalent to a notice “this way to the honey.” -Should no insect visit a flower self-fertilisation will nevertheless -occur and seeds will be produced all the same. A variety of this plant, -with flowers of a uniform red-violet colour and without any orange-yellow -spot, grows on primary granitic rock. A second and much rarer type has -pure yellow blossoms. - -The plant is sure to be easily recognised. The prostrate stem, narrow -leaves, and entirely closed up flowers that grow together in bunches are -some of the more characteristic features. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXII. - -LINARIA ALPINA. MILL. - -The Alpine Toad-flax. Linaire des Alpes. Alpen-Leinkraut.] - - - - -The Alpine Balsam - -(_ERINUS ALPINUS_) - - -The Alpine Balsam is a characteristic rock plant of the limestone Alps. -Taking root in the clefts of the rocks, it sends out radiating branches -in all directions, which adhere closely to the surface. It may also be -sought in dry mountain meadows and among the grass of dry stony slopes, -and is fairly common between 4000 and 7000 feet. Sometimes it is met -with at a lower altitude in rocky places. The leaves, which are broader -at their free extremities and covered by short hairs, are crowded -together at the base of the stem. They have deeply serrated edges. -The violet-purple or occasionally white flowers, which are formed of -five petals united at their bases, are borne at the extremities of the -branches. The Alpine Balsam is found not only in the Swiss Alps but also -in the Tyrol, the Jura, the Vosges and Pyrenees. It flowers from early -June till August. - -The flowers of the Bird’s-eye or Mealy Primrose (_Primula farinosa_) are -not unlike those of the Alpine Balsam, at any rate at first sight. But -each Mealy Primrose plant bears but a single leafless flower-stem which -terminates in a cluster of flowers. Moreover, the Mealy Primrose is found -in moist meadows and boggy places, and rarely among rocks, and its leaves -have a grey, powdery bloom on their lower surfaces. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXIII. - -ERINUS ALPINUS. L. - -The Alpine Balsam. Erine des Alpes. Alpen-Leberbalsam.] - - - - -The Leafy Lousewort - -(_PEDICULARIS FOLIOSA_) - - -The Louseworts as a whole have been exceedingly successful in the Alps. -No less than fourteen different species are to be found, and some of -them are exceedingly common. In spite of their unpleasant name they -are for the most part really beautiful plants, and as a group they are -interesting in several ways. In the first place, they are all in some -degree parasites on other plants. Branches arise from the roots which -attach themselves to the roots of neighbouring plants and absorb from -them water or salts or even organic nourishment. The Leafy Lousewort -is not a great offender in this respect, but other species are capable -of completely destroying many of the surrounding plants. The method of -pollination of the Lousewort flowers is also somewhat remarkable. The -flowers are only visited by humble bees, for no other insect appears to -be strong enough to force an entrance into the flower. As may be made out -from the photograph, the flower consists of two lips. In the upper is a -vertical slit through which the stigma alone projects, but immediately -behind the slit are the four stamens. The lower lip forms practically a -landing stage for insect visitors. When the humble-bee alights on the -flower his head is sure to come in contact with the projecting stigma -and some of the pollen which he unconsciously carries with him will be -removed. As he bends forward and thrusts his head into the flower to -suck the honey the vertical slit in the upper lip will be widened out -and the stamens will protrude and strike the insect’s head. When the -humble-bee at last leaves the flower to continue his journey its various -parts will resume their former relative positions. Should no insects -visit the flower self-pollination will occur. This appears to be the -usual course of events in the North where humble-bees are scarce. In -Spitzbergen, where there are no humble-bees, a nearly-related species, -_Pedicularis lanata_, is said to be regularly self-fertilised without -apparently suffering in any possible way. - -The Leafy Lousewort here illustrated is the commonest variety in most -districts. It is a tall, stately plant, often some two feet high, which -is found on grassy slopes and in rocky places between 3500 and 7000 feet, -and grows best on a limestone soil. The large fine-divided leaves are -even found among the pale yellow flowers on the flower-stem. The plant -flowers in June and July, and is found in the Alps, Pyrenees, Vosges, and -Jura. It will be readily recognised by its alternate leaves, and pale -yellow hairy flowers, without any beak-like projection at their summits. -_Pedicularis Oederi_, which is a little like it, has no foliage leaves -between the flowers, which are devoid of hairs, and have a blackish red -spot on either side of the upper lip. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXIV. - -PEDICULARIS FOLIOSA. L. - -The Leafy Lousewort. Pédiculaire à épi feuillé. Reichbeblättertes -Läusekraut.] - - - - -The Yellow Auricula - -(_PRIMULA AURICULA_) - - -Directly the snow melts up come the Auriculas, but only on limestone -soil. The Auricula is really a spring plant, and usually flowers in -May, but where protected by slowly melting masses of snow it may not -bloom till much later; the accompanying photograph was taken in July. -The thick, dense rootstock penetrates deep into the clefts of the rock. -The leaves are smooth, rather fleshy, and of a bluish-green colour. The -upper surface of the leaves, the flower-stalk and the calyx are covered -with a white mealy substance. The leaves appear to serve the plant as a -means of absorbing or storing water. Although the thick, dense cuticle -usually present on leaves which have this function is here absent, they -are found to dry up very slowly. It is probable that the thick cellulose -walls between the individual cells replace the cuticle in the leaves of -this plant. The flowers give forth a pleasant odour, something like that -of the cowslip, but rather sweeter. Like the flowers of the primrose, -they are of two kinds. The one has a long stigma which projects as far -as the opening of the flower, and short stamens, and the converse is the -case in the other. The object of this arrangement is to facilitate the -pollination of the flowers by the agency of insect visitors as they pass -from the one type to the other. Darwin found that very few seeds were -formed when the flowers were self-fertilised. - -The Auricula grows in rocky places between 3000 and 7000 feet. It is only -found in limestone districts, and is rather local. It is also to be met -with in the Jura, Dauphiny, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, and in one or -two places in the Black Forest. - -The Auricula will be readily recognised. From the Oxlip (_Primula -elatior_) and Cowslip (_Primula officinalis_ or _veris_), it is -distinguished by its smooth, not wrinkled, leaves and mealy stem. It is -probable that most of the brilliantly coloured garden Auriculas were -originally derived from this species. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXV. - -PRIMULA AURICULA. L. - -The Yellow Auricula. Primevère Auricule. Felsen-Aurikel oder -Flühblüemli.] - - - - -The Marsh Orchis - -(_ORCHIS LATIFOLIA_) - - -A large number of Orchids are to be found in the Alps. They form a -well-defined group of plants which are particularly interesting in -view of complicated devices which they have adopted to ensure the -fertilisation of their seeds by the agency of insect visitors. Nearly all -the English species are found in Switzerland, and most of them are met -with in much greater abundance there. The beautiful pink Helleborine, the -sweet-scented Butterfly Orchis, may be found in profusion on the lower -mountain slopes, and the dark red Nigritella, with its odour of vanilla, -and the ghost-like Coral-root, in the higher regions. - -Of the genus Orchis alone there are no less than seventeen Swiss species. -Many of these are much alike, and by no means easy to distinguish from -one another. One of the most abundant is the Marsh Orchis, which is also -met with in England, but is not nearly so common there. The plant grows -in damp meadows and boggy places, where an average sized plant may be 18 -inches or two feet high. Its large purple spotted flowers appear in June -and may last until July. - -The methods adopted by the plant to ensure the fertilisation of its -flowers by means of insect visitors are most elaborate and exact, but -without the aid of diagrams they are a little difficult to explain. It is -curious that no honey is contained in the spur. It is probably the cell -sap in it that is attractive to insects. - -The Marsh Orchis will be recognised by its spreading spotted leaves, -hollow stem, the palm-shaped tubers of its root, and the thick spur to -the flower. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXVI. - -ORCHIS LATIFOLIA. L. - -The Marsh Orchis. L’Orchis à Feuilles Larges. Breitblättriges -Knabenkraut.] - - - - -The Lady’s Slipper - -(_CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS_) - - -This is one of the most striking plants of the Swiss flora, and while -nowhere common is pretty widely distributed in the limestone districts of -the Alps. It is a plant of some size, perhaps 12 to 24 inches in height, -and grows in stony woods from the lower mountain region up to 6500 feet. -One to three large yellow flowers are borne by each plant. Their method -of fertilisation is of exceptional interest. Close to the attachment of -the yellow slipper-shaped petal to the rest of the flower is a projection -bearing on each side a stigmatic surface below and a mass of pollen -above. The large yellow petal is smooth inside and has overhanging edges, -rather like those of the familiar beetle-trap that is used for catching -cockroaches, and as we shall see in a moment it acts in a similar manner. -There is no honey in the flower, and it is not quite clear what the small -bees that have been seen visiting it go there for. But at any rate when -they once get in they have the greatest possible difficulty in getting -out again, and only succeed in doing so by climbing up the attached side -of the flower where the edges are not overhanging, that is on either side -of the central projection. In doing this they are sure to brush first -against the stigmatic surface, leaving behind some of the pollen they may -chance to have sticking to them, and then against the viscid mass of -pollen, some of which is sure to become attached to them. This process -has been actually observed by Dr Herman Müller in the Alps. - -The Lady’s Slipper Orchid is found also in the Jura, Tyrol, Dauphiny, -Pyrenees, in certain parts of Central and Southern Germany, and even in -the North of England. It is everywhere rather rare, but specially so -in this country. It flowers in May and June, and is sure to be easily -recognised, for there is no other plant in the least like it. - -No doubt such names as the Lady’s Slipper, Lady’s Mantle, and -Lady’s-Tresses refer to the dedication of the plant to the Virgin in -mediæval times. The French name, “Sabot de Vénus,” refers to a very -different personage. A comparison between the English, French, German, -and the scientific names, for the last of which Linneus is responsible, -is a good example of the way in which the goddess Venus and the Virgin -Mary were often confounded with one another in the early days. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXVII. - -CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS. L. - -The Lady’s-Slipper Orchid. Sabot de Vénus. Gemeiner Frauenschuh.] - - - - -The White Veratrum - -(_VERATRUM ALBUM_) - - -The White Veratrum is a tall weed with large green leaves, very abundant -in moist meadows and pastures in all parts of the Alps between 2000 and -6000 feet. Before the flowers appear it strongly suggests one of the -larger Gentians, but the flowers, which come out in July and August, -are quite different. It is a widely distributed plant, being found in -Russia, Siberia, Lapland, as well as in most of the mountain ranges of -Central and Southern Europe. It appears to have been left as a relic of -the glacial period in the higher parts of Silesia and the Black Forest. -The large green leaves are downy beneath, and the flowers, which are -always green externally, may be pure white (var. _typicum_), or more -commonly yellowish-green (var. _Lobelianum_), internally. Some would -regard these two varieties as distinct species. The whole plant is -extremely poisonous. Sometimes it is eaten by the sheep and goats with -disastrous results to the herdsmen, but the cattle are wiser and rarely -make this mistake. The poison is an alkaloid Veratrin, which is contained -in largest quantities in the root from which it is extracted for medical -purposes. If the root be tasted it will at first appear sweet, but its -acrid, bitter flavour soon overpowers this first impression. The Swiss -herdsmen look upon the White Veratrum as a noxious weed, not only because -of its poisonous properties but also because it grows in the richest -soil and robs the true fodder plants of nourishment. In the Jura, on the -other hand, the farmers rather welcome it. They say that the shade of its -large leaves preserves the grass for the cattle and prevents it becoming -dried up by the scorching sun. - -The White Veratrum will be easily recognised. Its nearest relative, the -Black Veratrum (_Veratrum nigrum_), is a much rarer plant that grows in -woods. It has reddish-black or chocolate flowers, which grow in large -spikes like those of the plant here illustrated, but each individual -flower has a relatively longer flower-stalk. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXVIII. - -VERATRUM ALBUM. L. - -The White Veratrum. Hellébore blanc ou Vératre blanc. Weisser Germer.] - - - - -Index - - - A - - _Abies pectinata_, xi - - Aconites, 6 - - _Aconitum Anthora_, 8 - _Lycoctonum_, 8 - _Napellus_, 6 - _paniculatum_, 7 - - Alpenrose, the Hairy-leaved, 58 - the Rusty-leaved, 58 - - Alpine anemone, 2 - Aster, 44 - Balsam, 68 - Carline Thistle, 50 - Clover, 22 - Fleabane, 44 - Honeysuckle, x - Region, xii - Rose, 32 - Sainfoin, 28 - Starwort, 44 - Toad-flax, 66 - - _Alps_, xii - - Altitude, x - - _Anemone alpina_, 2 - _Narcissiflora_, 2 - _nemorosa_, 2 - _Pulsatilla_, 2 - - _Antennaria carpathica_, 47 - _dioica_, 46 - - _Arnica montana_, 48 - - Arnica, 48 - - Arolla, xii - - Aronics, 49 - - _Aster alpinus_, 44 - _Amellus_, 45 - - Aster, the Alpine, 44 - - _Astrantia major_, 42 - - _Astrantia minor_, 43 - - Astrantia, the Large, 42 - the Small, 43 - - Auricula, the Yellow, 72 - - Auriculas, garden, 73 - - - B - - Ball, John, xxii - - Balsam, the Alpine, 68 - - Bavarian Gentian, 64 - - Bearded Bell-flower, 54 - - Bell-flower, the Bearded, 54 - the Dwarf, 56 - - Bird’s-eye, 68 - - Biting Stonecrop, 41 - - Black Veratrum, 79 - - Blood Geranium, 20 - - Bonnier, Professor, xv - - Box-leaved Milkwort, 14 - - Brook Crane’s-bill, 20 - - Brown Clover, 24 - - _Bupleurum ranunculoides_, 43 - - - C - - _Campanula barbata_, 54 - _excisa_, 56 - _pusilla_, 56 - _rotundifolia_, 57 - _Scheuchzeri_, 57 - _Zoysii_, 55 - - Campanula, the Bearded, 54 - - Campion, the Moss, 18 - - _Carlina acaulis_, 50 - - Carline Thistle, the Alpine, 50 - - Carpathians Cudweed, 47 - - Carved Gentian, 62 - - Cat’s-foot, 46 - - “Chamois’ beards,” 2 - - Chickweed, 16 - - Christmas tree, xi - - _Circium oloraceum_, 51 - _spinosissimum_, 50 - - Climate of Alps, xi - - Clover, the Alpine, 22 - Brown, 24 - Dull-flowered Sweet, 28 - - Cobweb House-leek, 37 - - Cold Milk-Vetch, 26 - Mountain-lentil, 26 - - Colours of Alpine flowers, xix - - Common Fuller’s Thistle, 51 - Milk wort, 14 - Monk’s-Hood, 6 - - Cowslip, 73 - - Crane’s-bill, Brook, 20 - Meadow, 20 - - Creeping Gypsophila, 16 - - Crocuses, xv - - Cudweed, Carpathian, 47 - Mountain, 46 - - Cultivation of Alpine plants, xxiv - - Cushion Pink, 18 - - “Cushion plant,” 18 - - _Cypripedium calceolus_, 76 - - - D - - Destruction of Alpine plants, xxiii - - Dog-Rose, 32 - - Doronicum, 49 - - _Dryas octopetala_, 30 - - Dryas, the White, 30 - - Dull-flowered Sweet Clover, 26 - - Dwarf Bell-flower, 56 - Hair-Bell, 56 - - - E - - Edelweiss, xv, xviii, 46 - - _Epilobium angustifolium_, 34 - _Fleischeri_, 34 - _rosmarinifolium_, 35 - - _Erigeron alpina_, 44 - - _Erinus alpinus_, 68 - - _Eritrichium nanum_, xiii - - Evergreen Saxifrage, 40 - - Everlasting, the Mountain, 46 - - Eyebright, xix - - - F - - Fleabane, the Alpine, 44 - - Fleischer’s Willow-herb, 34 - - Flowers of Alpine plants, xix - - Forget-me-not, xix - - Fuller’s Thistle, the Common, 51 - the Spiny, 50 - - - G - - Gentian, the Bavarian, 64 - the Carved, 63 - the Marsh, 36 - the Short-leaved, 64 - the Spring, 65 - the Stemless, 62 - - _Gentiana acaulis_, 62 - _bavarica_, 64 - _brachyphylla_, 64 - - _Gentiana excisa_, 63 - _Pneumonanthe_, 63 - _verna_, 65 - - Geranium, the Blood, 20 - the Wood, 20 - - _Geranium pratense_, 20 - _rivulare_, 20 - _sanguinum_, 20 - _sylvaticum_, 20 - - Glacial period, xxii - - Glacier Crowfoot, xiii - - _Glaucium luteum_, xiii - - Globe Flower, 4 - - Gypsophila, the Creeping, 16 - - _Gypsophila repens_, 16 - - - H - - Hair-bell, the Common, 57 - the Dwarf, 56 - - Hairy-leaved Alpenrose, 58 - - Hare’s-ear, 43 - - _Hedysarum obscurum_, 28 - - Horned Sea-poppy, xiii - - House-leek, the Cobweb, 37 - the Common, 38 - the Mountain, 36 - - - I - - Insects in the Alps, xx - - - L - - Lady’s Mantle, 77 - Slipper, 76 - Tresses, 77 - - Larch, xi - - Large Astrantia, 42 - - _Larix Europæa_, x - - Leafy Lousewort, 70 - - Lesser Winter-Green, 60 - - _Linaria alpina_, 66 - - Long-Spurred Pansy, 12 - - _Lonicera alpigena_, x - - Lousewort, the Leafy, 70 - - Low stature of Alpine plants, xvii - - - M - - _Maianthemum bifolium_, x - - Marsh Gentian, 63 - Orchis, 74 - - May-Lily, x - - Meadow Crane’s-bill, 20 - - Mealy Primrose, 68 - - Milk-Vetch, the Cold, 26 - - Milkwort, the Box-leaved, 14 - the Common, 14 - - Monk’s-Hood, the Common, 6 - - Moss Campion, 18 - - Moss-like Saxifrage, 41 - - Mountain Cudweed, 46 - Everlasting, 46 - House-leek, 36 - -lentil, the Cold, 26 - - Müller, H., xx, xxi, 13 - - - N - - Narcissus-flowered Anemone, 2 - - - O - - _Orchis latifolia_, 74 - - Orchis, the Marsh, 74 - - Origin of Alpine flora, xxi - - Oxlip, 73 - - - P - - Panicled Monk’s-hood, 7 - - Pansy, the Long-Spurred, 12 - - Pasque Flower, 2 - - _Pedicularis foliosa_, 70 - _lanata_, 71 - _Oederi_, 71 - - Perennials in the Alps, xvi - - _Phaca alpina_, 26 - _frigida_, 26 - - Photography of Alpine plants, xxv - - _Phyteuma orbicular_, 52 - _Scheuchzeri_, 53 - _spicatum_, x - - _Picea excelsa_, xi - - _Pinus Cembra_, xii - _sylvestris_, xii - - _Poa annua_, xvi - - _Polygala calcarea_, 15 - _chamæbuxus_, 14 - _vulgaris_, 14 - - Preserving Alpine plants, xxiii - - Pressing Alpine plants, xxiii - - Primrose, the Mealy, 68 - - _Primula auricula_, 72 - _elatior_, 73 - _farinosa_, 68 - _officinalis_, 73 - _veris_, 73 - - _Pyrola minor_, 60 - _rotundifolia_, 60 - _secunda_, 60 - - - R - - Rampion, the Round-headed, 52 - the White-flowered, x - - _Ranunculaceæ_, 4 - - _Ranunculus acris_, 5 - _glacialis_, xiii - _montanus_, 4 - - Red-berried Elder, x - - Region of forest trees, xi - - _Rhododendron ferrugineum_, 58 - _hirsutum_, 58 - - Rock gardens, xxiv - - _Rosa alpina_, 32 - - Rose-bay, 34 - - Rose, the Alpine, 32 - - Rosemary-leaved Willow-herb, 3 - - Rough Saxifrage, 41 - - Round-headed Rampion, 52 - - Rusty-leaved Alpenrose, 58 - - - S - - “Sabot de Vénus,” 77 - - Sainfoin, the Alpine, 28 - - _Sambucus racemosa_, x - - Sandwort, 16 - - _Saxifraga Aizoides_, 40 - _aspera_, 41 - _bryoides_, 41 - _Hirculus_, 41 - _Sequieri_, 41 - - Saxifrage, the Evergreen, 40 - the Moss-like, 41 - the Rough, 41 - - Scotch Fir, xii - - _Sedum acre_, 41 - - _Sempervivum arachnoideum_, 37 - _Funckii_, 38 - _montanum_, 36 - _tectorum_, 38 - _Wulfeni_, 38 - - Short-leaved Gentian, 64 - - _Silene acaulis_, 18 - _exscapa_, 19 - - Silver Fir, xi - - Silver-herb, 30 - - Slipper, the Lady’s, 76 - - Small Astrantia, 43 - - Snowbells, xv - - Spiny Fuller’s Thistle, 50 - - _Spiræa Aruncus_, x - - _Spiræa_, x - - Spring Gentian, 65 - - Spruce, xi - - Star-Gentians, 64 - - Starwort, the Alpine, 44 - - Stemless Carline Thistle, 50 - Gentian, 62 - - Stonecrops, 41 - - Stunted character of Alpine plants, xvii - - Subalpine Region, xi - - Sweet Clover, the Dull-flowered, 28 - - - T - - Toad-flax, the Alpine, 66 - - _Trifolium alpinum_, 22 - _badium_, 24 - _pallescens_, 23 - _spadiceum_, 25 - - _Trollius Europæus_, 4 - - Two-flowered Violet, 10 - - - U - - Underground stem of Alpine plants, xv - - - V - - _Veratrum album_, 78 - _nigrum_, 79 - - Veratrum, the Black, 79 - the White, 78 - - _Viola biflora_, 10 - _calcarata_, 12 - - Violet, the Two-flowered, 10 - - - W - - White Dryas, 30 - Veratrum, 78 - - Willow-herb, Fleischer’s, 34 - the Rosemary-leaved, 35 - - Winter-Green, the Lesser, 60 - - Wolf’s-bane, the Yellow, 8 - - Wood Anemone, 2 - Geranium, 20 - - - Y - - Yellow Auricula, 72 - Wolf’s-bane, 8 - - - PRINTED BY - TURNBULL AND SPEARS, - EDINBURGH - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUMMER FLOWERS OF THE HIGH ALPS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Summer Flowers of the High Alps</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Somerville Hastings</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Illustrator: Somerville Hastings</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: September 12, 2021 [eBook #66278]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Karl Eichwalder and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUMMER FLOWERS OF THE HIGH ALPS ***</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_i"></a>[i]</span></p> - -<h1>SUMMER FLOWERS OF THE HIGH ALPS</h1> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii"></a>[ii]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="frontispiece"> - -<p class="caption">CIRCIUM SPINOSISSIMUM. SCOP.</p> - -<img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Spiny Fuller’s Thistle. <span class="spacer">Le -Chardon le plus épineux.</span> <span class="spacer">Stachlige -Kratzdistel.</span></p> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Frontispiece</span>, -<a href="#Page_50"><i>see page 50</i></a>.</p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iii"></a>[iii]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger">SUMMER FLOWERS<br /> -<span class="smaller">OF</span><br /> -THE HIGH ALPS</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br /> -SOMERVILLE HASTINGS<br /> -<span class="smaller">M.S.<br /> -AUTHOR OF “ALPINE PLANTS AT HOME,” SERIES I. AND II.</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter titlepage" style="width: 150px;"> -<img src="images/dent.jpg" width="150" height="250" alt="Imprimatur of J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd" /> -</div> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">ILLUSTRATED BY REPRODUCTIONS<br /> -FROM DIRECT COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHS<br /> -BY THE AUTHOR</p> - -<p class="titlepage">LONDON: <span class="smcap">J. M. DENT & SONS, Ltd.</span><br /> -NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv"></a>[iv]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v"></a>[v]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">Preface</h2> - -</div> - -<p>The coloured plates of Alpine plants, which are the special -feature of this book, are all reproduced from colour photographs -taken directly from nature. The plants were all -photographed exactly as they were found, with two exceptions, -in the immediate neighbourhood of Rosenlaui in the -Bernese Oberland during the month of July 1909; so that -the pictures are true portraits of the flowers “at home.”</p> - -<p>The Lumière process of colour photography which was -used, depends on the action of light on a photographic plate -after its passage through various coloured starch grains. -The process is entirely beyond the control of the operator, -and the exact colours are automatically reproduced. These -photographs have in turn been carefully reproduced for this -work by the three colour process.</p> - -<p>The flowers here photographed were selected as good -examples of common and typical species; and, of course, -they represent but a very small portion of the rich flora of -Switzerland. The present volume is intended as a short -introduction to the subject, for the fuller study of which the -following works are recommended:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="hanging">A. Gremli, “The Flora of Switzerland.” Translated -by Paitson.</p> - -<p class="hanging">A. W. Bennett, “The Flora of the Alps.”</p> - -<p class="hanging">G. Hoffmann, “Alpine Flora.” Translated by E. S. -Barton.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vi"></a>[vi]</span></p> - -<p class="hanging">L. and C. Schröter, “Coloured Vade-mecum to the -Alpine Flora.”</p> - -<p class="hanging">C. Schröter, “Das Pflanzenleben der Alpen.”</p> - -<p class="hanging">F. E. Hulme, “Familiar Swiss Flowers.”</p> - -<p class="hanging">“Hints and Notes for Travellers in the Alps,” being the -General Introduction to Ball’s Alpine Guide.</p> - -</div> - -<p>They have all been freely referred to in the preparation -of the accompanying notes.</p> - -<p>Wherever possible the common name of each plant in -English, French, and German has been given on the corresponding -plate. It is hoped that this may be of use to the -reader.</p> - -<p>In conclusion I would like to thank the publishers for -the great trouble they have taken in the preparation of the -plates, and Mr Howard Farmer, of the Polytechnic School -of Photography, for much valuable advice.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Somerville Hastings.</span></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">New Cavendish Street, W.</span><br /> -<i>April 1910.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vii"></a>[vii]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">Illustrations</h2> - -</div> - -<table summary="List of illustrations"> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Spiny Fuller’s Thistle</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#frontispiece"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdpg smaller">FACING<br />PAGE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Narcissus-Flowered Anemone</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Narcissus-Flowered_Anemone">2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Globe Flower</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Globe_Flower">4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Common Monk’s-Hood</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Common_Monks-Hood">6</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Yellow Wolf’s-Bane</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Yellow_Wolfs-Bane">8</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Two-Flowered Violet</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Two-Flowered_Violet">10</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Long-Spurred Pansy</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Long-Spurred_Pansy">12</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Box-Leaved Milkwort</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Box-Leaved_Milkwort">14</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Creeping Gypsophila</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Creeping_Gypsophila">16</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Moss Campion or Cushion Pink</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Moss_Campion">18</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Wood Geranium</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Wood_Geranium">20</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Alpine Clover</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Alpine_Clover">22</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Brown Clover</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Brown_Clover">24</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Cold Mountain-Lentil</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Cold_Mountain-Lentil">26</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Dull-Flowered Sweet Clover or Alpine Sainfoin</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Dull-Flowered_Sweet_Clover">28</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The White Dryas</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#White_Dryas">30</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Alpine Rose</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Alpine_Rose">32</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Fleischer’s Willow-Herb</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Fleischers_Willow-Herb">34</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Mountain House-Leek</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Mountain_House-Leek">36</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">Sempervivum Funckii</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Sempervivum_Funckii">38</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Evergreen Saxifrage</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Evergreen_Saxifrage">40</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Large Astrantia</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Large_Astrantia">42</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_viii"></a>[viii]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Alpine Starwort or Alpine Aster</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Alpine_Starwort">44</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Cat’s-Foot, Mountain Everlasting or Mountain Cudweed</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Cats-Foot_Mountain_Everlasting">46</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Arnica</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Arnica">48</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Round-Headed Rampion</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Round-Headed_Rampion">52</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Bearded Bell-Flower or Campanula</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Bearded_Bell-flower">54</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Dwarf Hair-Bell or Bell-Flower</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Dwarf_Hair-Bell">56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Hairy-Leaved Alpenrose</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Hairy-Leaved_Alpenrose">58</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Lesser Winter-Green</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Lesser_Winter-Green">60</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Stemless Gentian</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Stemless_Gentian">62</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Short-Leaved Gentian</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Short-Leaved_Gentian">64</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Alpine Toad-Flax</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Alpine_Toad-Flax">66</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Alpine Balsam</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Alpine_Balsam">68</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Leafy Lousewort</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Leafy_Lousewort">70</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Yellow Auricula</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Yellow_Auricula">72</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Marsh Orchis</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Marsh_Orchis">74</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The Lady’s Slipper</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ladys_Slipper">76</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td><span class="smcap">The White Veratrum</span></td> - <td class="tdpg"><a href="#White_Veratrum">78</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ix"></a>[ix]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">Introduction</h2> - -</div> - -<p>No one can visit Switzerland for the first time without being -struck with the singular beauty of its wild flowers. In the -early summer the whole country from the lowland meadows -right up to the snowline is ablaze with beauty. Probably -in no other part of the world are the forms of the flowers -more pleasing and their colours more brilliant. Hence it is -that almost everyone who visits the Alps, however little -interest he may take in the wild flowers of his own home, -desires to know something of the wonderful new forms that -everywhere meet his gaze. Here the charm of novelty also -comes in, for at least half the flowers met with in the Alps -are absent from the plains, and many of the species that -occur in both situations have, as we shall see later, acquired -such different characters at high altitudes as to be with -difficulty at first sight recognised. Those who would see -Switzerland in all its beauty, and as far as its floral treasures -are concerned, at its best, must visit it in early June before -the hay is cut. Otherwise they will miss the glory of the -unmown meadows, and although many of the spring flowers, -like the Crocuses and Primulas (<a href="#plate35">Plate 35</a>), may still be found -in small quantities at high altitudes even in July, the striking -effect of the large masses of these flowers will be entirely -wanting.</p> - -<p>If we travel to Switzerland by the ordinary tourist route, -across Germany or France, and then ascend the mountain<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_x"></a>[x]</span> -peaks, we shall, in the first part of our journey, notice but -few differences in the vegetation from that to which we -are accustomed. The wild flowers of France and Germany -are very like those of the South of England and, except that -perhaps the yellow Fuller’s Thistle (<i>Circium oloraceum</i>) may -be seen in damp places near the railway, very little of -botanical interest will be observed until the customs are -passed and Switzerland itself is reached. Even here the -traveller may be for a time a little disappointed. The first -unfamiliar plant to be noticed will very likely be the Red-berried -Elder (<i>Sambucus racemosa</i>). A little later, in some -shady wood, the tall feathery Spiræa (<i>Spiræa Aruncus</i>), or -the beautiful little May-Lily (<i>Maianthemum bifolium</i>), may -be seen. Or a glimpse of the white-flowered Rampion -(<i>Phyteuma spicatum</i>) or the Alpine Honeysuckle (<i>Lonicera -alpigena</i>), with its twin red berries, may be had in passing. -But not until the mountains themselves are reached will the -tourist discover that he has entered into an entirely new plant -world.</p> - -<p>The main factor which determines the character of the -flora of any given region in the Alps is its altitude. But we -must not forget that there are other things to be considered -beside the absolute height above the sea level, and the local -conditions of exposure to the sun and protection from the -cold winds are quite important factors. Generally speaking, -it may be said that the climate is a good deal milder on the -southern slopes of the Alps than in the north. Olives can<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xi"></a>[xi]</span> -be grown in some of the lower mountain regions of the -south, and with them are found many of the plants of -Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region which are -never seen in places of the same altitude on the northern slopes. -It is exceedingly probable that most of the lower parts of the -Alps were originally covered to a large extent by forest -trees. The oak, ash, and beech still flourish in many parts, -although much of the original forest has been removed long -ago, and used for building purposes or as fuel, and large -areas have been thus cleared for meadow and pasture land. -In many districts the spruce and the pine appear to be -usurping the place of the other forest trees mainly because -the young plants are less eagerly devoured by browsing -animals, especially the goats. Below 4000 feet on the -northern slopes and 5000 feet or a little over on the south -side of the Alps may be described as the <span class="smcap">region of -forest trees</span>, and above this level the ordinary deciduous -trees become dwarfed and scarce. That this altitude -corresponds fairly well with a transition to a colder climate -is seen by the change in the character of the herbaceous -plants also. For the next 2000 feet we have the <span class="smcap">subalpine -region</span> covered mainly by Coniferous trees. Here are vast -forests, particularly of Spruce (<i>Picea excelsa</i>) and Silver Fir -(<i>Abies pectinata</i>). The former is the familiar “Christmas -tree,” which grows to a great height on the mountain sides, -its lower branches festooned with grey lichens. Besides -these trees the Larch (<i>Larix Europæa</i>) on primary rock, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xii"></a>[xii]</span> -the Scotch Fir (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i>) and the Arolla (<i>Pinus Cembra</i>) -are also to be seen.</p> - -<p>Above 6000 feet in the north and 7000 in the south the -Conifers become dwarfed and stunted, and gradually -disappear to give place to the <span class="smcap">alpine region</span>. Sometimes -as we look along a valley the line of transition is seen to be -abrupt and straight, at other times irregular and undulating. -Bushes of Alpenrose, Juniper, and Alpine Willow extend -upward to the Alpine region, but larger trees are entirely -absent. Here are found in profusion the greater number of -the plants and flowers peculiar to the Alps. Many of the -species may of course be found in sheltered or secluded -spots at much lower levels, but here are to be seen in -abundance the bright-coloured Saxifrages, Gentians, -Anemones, and Pansies, which make the Alps their particular -home. Here are the <i>alps</i> or upland pasture grounds of the -Swiss, and here are situated the <i>châlets</i> or summer homes of -Swiss herdsmen. In June or July, when the pasture is -becoming scarce in the valleys and when all the snow is -melted on the mountain slopes, the native farmer packs a -large copper caldron and whatever else he may require for -making cheese into his bullock waggon, and accompanied by -his cattle, and often by his family as well, treks upward. -The “alps” may be two or three days’ journey from his -home, so that he must take with him all that he will -probably require for his two or three months’ stay.</p> - -<p>The Alpine region extends from the upper tree limit to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xiii"></a>[xiii]</span> -the snowline, which may be taken as somewhere between -8000 and 9000 feet. Some of the most charming and -brightly coloured of Alpine plants like <i>Eritrichium nanum</i> -and the Cushion pinks (<a href="#plate9">Plate 9</a>) are to be found just below -the snowline. Even above this level flowering plants may -be met with, for even at the highest altitudes bare rock is to -be found from which the snow has been blown by the -wind or melted by the sun, or where the slope is too great -for more than a very thin covering to remain lodged. The -Glacier Crowfoot (<i>Ranunculus glacialis</i>), a pink-flowered -buttercup, has for example been found within a short -distance of the summit of the Finsteraarhorn, the highest -peak in the Bernese Oberland.</p> - -<p>Just over two thousand different species of flowering -plants are to be found in Switzerland, and a little over half -of these are exclusively Alpine. In contrasting the flowers -of the Alps with those of our own country, it may be first -of all well to consider what we have that Switzerland has -not. Of course our seashore plants will be mainly absent, -but strange to say a few species of Thrift are here and -there found, and the yellow Horned Sea-poppy (<i>Glaucium -luteum</i>) even grows in the neighbourhood of Lake Neuchâtel. -We are so used to the bluebells of our woods, the purple -heather of our heaths, and the yellow gorse of our commons, -that we hardly realise how glorious they are. In Switzerland -the gorse is very rare, the bluebells are not found at all, -and the bell-heathers are absent though the ling is found<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xiv"></a>[xiv]</span> -everywhere. Even the purple foxglove is replaced by a -yellow variety. These facts should be borne in mind, lest -a too unfavourable comparison be made with our own -rich flora.</p> - -<p>But the flowers of the mountains are truly wonderful, -and it is their abundance as well as their bright colours -that make them so striking. At the same time, it must be -remembered that though so numerous neither the flowers -themselves nor the plants that bear them are really larger -than their lowland relatives. Indeed, in spite of their bright -conspicuous flowers, the plants that grow at the higher -altitudes are generally stunted and dwarfed. Most of the -peculiarities of Alpine plants, which we will now enumerate, -are to be accounted for by the conditions under which they -live. That this is really so is shown by the fact that -“within the bounds of what must unquestionably be -regarded as a single species, individuals change in character -as we ascend to higher altitudes, the leaves become more -hairy and more fleshy, and the flowers brighter and larger.” -Even more direct evidence of this is to be obtained by -cultivating Alpine plants at lower levels and lowland plants -at high altitudes. Not a few of the plants of the mountains -when grown in our gardens at home change in character -very considerably. They tend to elongate so that their -leaves are separated by longer intervals of stem, and their -hairy characters very largely disappear. The Bearded -Bell-flower (<a href="#plate26">Plate 26</a>) may lose its bearded character, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xv"></a>[xv]</span> -the familiar Edelweiss may, in some cases, develop smooth -green leaves almost as hairless as those of an ordinary plant. -Conversely, we have the observations of Professor Bonnier, -who cultivated the plants of the lowlands at high altitudes -in the Alps and Pyrenees. Where the plants were able -to grow at all they became, in most cases, stunted and -dwarfed. The Jerusalem Artichoke, for example, which -forms a tall leafy stem like a sunflower in the plains, became -a short stumpy plant with leaves arranged in a rosette at its -base. Generally speaking, the plants developed a better -marked underground stem, and thicker, darker green leaves -than the same species grown under more ordinary -conditions.</p> - -<p>One of the principal characteristics of Alpine plants is -the extensive development of the rootstock and underground -stem. This is required to protect them against the strong -winds, and to extract as large a supply of water and -nourishment as possible from the frequently scanty soil. -But there is another consideration of at any rate equal -importance. During at least half of the year owing to the -white coverlet of snow, all activity in the Alpine plant -world ceases so that the production of flowers and seeds, -indeed all the vital processes of the plants must be crowded -into the few months when the ground is clear. Crocuses -and Snowbells and other plants are found blooming at the -very edge of the snow, therefore everything must be -ready for immediate flower production directly the snow<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xvi"></a>[xvi]</span> -melts. For this to take place a reserve store of nourishment -is essential, and accordingly Alpine plants are furnished -with thick underground stems and fleshy roots where the -food substances can be stored.</p> - -<p>It is further interesting to note that the number of -plants that go through their life cycle in a single year and -then die off (annuals as they are called), is in the Alps -comparatively small, for most of the plants persist from year -to year. Kerner states that while only 44 per cent. of the -plants on the Danube plains are perennials, there are as -many as 96 per cent. in the Alps. That this has something -to do with the conditions under which the plants grow is -seen by the fact that the annual meadow-grass (<i>Poa annua</i>) -becomes perennial in the Alps. Annuals persist through -the winter season, only in the form of seed, so that a single -wet summer such as the last (1909), by interfering with the -ripening of the seeds, might threaten with extinction an -entire species. Annuals have but little food stored up for -a sudden outburst of activity on the approach of spring, nor -can the tiny root of a budding seedling obtain from the soil -all that is necessary for the rapid production of flowers and -seeds. Moreover, as we shall see immediately, the production -of seeds is in most plants very largely dependent on -the presence of insect visitors, and without them either less -fertile seeds or no seeds at all are in most cases formed. -Insects are said to be less numerous in the Alps than in the -plains, and thus the assumption of a perennial character<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xvii"></a>[xvii]</span> -makes the existence of the plant less dependent on external -conditions.</p> - -<p>Another point which has already been referred to is the -low stature and stunted character of so many Alpine plants. -Undoubtedly there are marked exceptions, such as the tall -Gentians; but, generally speaking, it must be admitted that -mountain plants are short stemmed and dwarfed, the vegetative -part of the plant being often merely represented by a wreath -of leaves. This is also very largely the result of the peculiar -conditions of plant-life at high altitudes. The bright sunlight -by day and intense cold at night have both a retarding effect -on the growth of the stem. As regards light, the converse -result is well seen in the long, lanky shoots of a potato growing -in a dark cellar. But there is also another factor of some -importance. The green leaves of plants are constantly giving -out as watery vapour the fluid which has been absorbed -by the roots. The decreased atmospheric pressure at high -altitudes, the general dryness of the air, and the bright -sunlight by day all unite to accelerate this process. During -the day the ground is warmed even to a larger extent than -the air, and thus the absorption of water by the roots is -correspondingly hastened. During the night the intense -radiation rapidly cools down the soil on which the plant -grows, but the surrounding air is not cooled to anything -like the same extent. The result is that the absorption of -fluid by the roots is diminished in a much larger degree than -the effusion of watery vapour from the leaves, and the plant<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xviii"></a>[xviii]</span> -is in imminent danger of being dried up. To this danger -the plants of high altitudes respond in various ways. In -the first place, their stunted character not only diminishes -the area of leaf surface for the exhalation of watery vapour -and protects them to some extent from strong winds, but it -also places them in the lowest stratum of air which is most -likely to assume the temperature of the soil. The felted, -cushion-like habit (<a href="#plate9">Plate 9</a>) of so many Alpine plants, and -the rosette-like arrangement of their leaves (<a href="#plate19">Plate 19</a>), are -also of advantage to the plants by exposing less leaf surface -directly to the air. The succulent leaves of plants like the -house-leeks (<a href="#plate18">Plates 18 and 19</a>), and the hairy covering of -the Cat’s-foot (<a href="#plate23">Plate 23</a>), Edelweiss, and others, seem also -designed to counteract the tendency to too rapid desiccation, -and the tough leathery character of many leaves -(<a href="#plate7">Plate 7</a>), and the thickened cuticle of others (<a href="#plate30">Plate -30</a>), are clearly of like value. The relatively increased -thickness of the leaves of many Alpine plants is also, -no doubt, due to the intensity of the sunlight, for direct -experiments have shown that increased illumination has this -effect. Their usual dark green colour is thought to result -from an excess of the green pigment by which plants are able -to extract the carbon required for their growth from the air. -The rarefaction of the air and shortness of the season of -growth at high altitudes, as well as the low stature of most -Alpine plants, make it essential that assimilation should take -place as rapidly as possible when conditions are favourable for it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xix"></a>[xix]</span></p> - -<p>But it is in connection with their flowers that the -wonderful adaptation of Alpine plants to their surroundings -is perhaps best seen. The plants of high altitudes generally -bear more numerous and more brightly coloured flowers than -do their relatives of the plains. The low stature of the -plants that bear them gives rise to the impression that the -flowers of the Alps are also larger than those of lowland -districts, but though undoubtedly more numerous and more -crowded together they are of about the same size as those -of other nearly related species. The colours of the flowers -are, however, undoubtedly deeper and more intense. If we -examine specimens of the same kind of flower, for instance -the Forget-me-not or Eyebright, that have been found growing -at different altitudes, we shall be struck with the deeper -tints of the flowers from the higher regions. That this -character has something to do with the conditions of life in -Alpine districts is shown by the disappointment that we -sometimes feel at the diminished brilliancy of the flowers of -Alpine plants when grown in our gardens at home. The -flowers of the Alps are also, as a rule, of a more highly -organised type than those of the plains, and corresponding -with this increase in complexity is a relative increase in the -number of pink and blue flowers, and a diminution in that -of the yellow and white. Alpine plants, too, seem to produce -more honey than do the corresponding plants in the plains; -at any rate, the yield of honey from bee-hives is greater, -and Bonnier has shown that the secretion of honey by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xx"></a>[xx]</span> -flowers of the same kind increases with the altitude, and -that in some cases there is a corresponding increase in the -intensity of the scent of the flower.</p> - -<p>While many of the characteristics of Alpine flowers -are to be explained as a direct result of the conditions of -life at high altitudes, it is probable that the process of -natural selection has also had a good deal to do with their -production. One of the principal objects of the life of a -flowering plant is to produce seeds. It has been shown that, -generally speaking, more numerous and healthier seeds are -produced when the seed-producing apparatus of a flower is -fertilised by pollen from the stamens of a flower of a -different plant. Hence arrangements have to be made -by plants for the conveyance of their pollen from flower to -flower. This is sometimes effected by the wind, but much -pollen is lost, so that this is manifestly a very wasteful -method. Plants have therefore adopted the more economical -plan of getting insect visitors to do this carrying business for -them. The bright colours and sweet scents are to attract -insects to the flower, and honey is provided for their -entertainment there. It is generally believed that the total -number of insect visitors in the Alps is less than in the -plains, and therefore the competition for their services being -more severe, greater attractions in the form of brighter -coloured flowers and more abundant honey have to be -provided for them. But, unfortunately, the direct observations -of H. Müller do not confirm this view. There can be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxi"></a>[xxi]</span> -no question, however, that the relative proportion of the -several varieties of insects in the Alps is very different from -that in the plains. There are comparatively few flies, bees, -and wasps, but numerous humble-bees, butterflies, and -moths in the mountain regions. These insects have longer -tongues and prefer to visit flowers of a more complicated -structure, where the honey cannot be reached by their -shorter tongued relatives. Flowers of this sort with less -easily obtained honey are more often of a red or blue or -pink colour, and more rarely of a yellow tint. Not a few -Alpine flowers like the Aconites (<a href="#plate3">Plates 3 and 4</a>) are entirely -dependent on humble-bees for their fertilisation, and an -even larger number, such as the Long-Spurred Pansy (<a href="#plate5">Plate -5</a>), and several of the Gentians are exclusively visited by -butterflies and moths. Müller even goes so far as to suggest -that not a few of the Alpine flowers, especially those of a -pale crimson colour and with a clove-like smell, such as the -Pinks (<a href="#plate9">Plate 9</a>), have been evolved in the Alps under the -influence of butterflies and moths. In spite of this it is -curious to note that the number of flowers that are habitually -self-fertilised is greater in the Alps than in the plains. But -when it is explained that these are for the most part of the -same type of flower that is pollinated by flies, bees, and -wasps in lowland districts the apparent anomaly becomes -clear.</p> - -<p>The question of the origin of the Alpine flora is a -subject upon which botanists are by no means completely<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxii"></a>[xxii]</span> -agreed at the present time. A large number of the thousand -different plants that are found in the high Alps reappear in -distant mountains and the Arctic regions, though absent in -the intervening country. Thus the late John Ball calculated -that 17 per cent. of the Alpine species were met with in -the Arctic regions, and 25 per cent. in the Altai Mountains -of Northern Asia. That this is not due to the conveyance -of seeds from place to place by the agency of wind or birds -is shown by the fact that the resemblance of the plants of -different mountain chains to one another is in no way -proportional to their geographical proximity, even when their -climate is similar. The true explanation is probably to be -sought in the Glacial Period, in which the greater part of -Europe was covered by ice, so that the climate of the plains -was very similar to that of the high Alps and Arctic regions -at the present time. At this period the flora of the extreme -north was able to mingle with that of the mountain regions. -When the climate of the intervening districts became once -more less severe, the competition with the present lowland -flora became so keen that the Alpine-Arctic plants retreated -to high altitudes or the far north. It may be that the high -mountain regions have formed centres for the evolution of -new species, as Mr John Ball believed, but there is but little -direct evidence for this view.</p> - -<p>Nearly every visitor to Switzerland who regards its rich -flora in any way worthy of notice is desirous to obtain some -permanent record of the pleasing impressions obtained. Either<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxiii"></a>[xxiii]</span> -the flowers are pressed, or the plants are pulled up with more -or less of their roots to be planted in some garden at home, -or, as the author would suggest is by far the best method, -photographs of the plants are taken. May we here, first of -all, protest against the wholesale destruction of Alpine plants -that goes on every year by careless visitors. Where a few -flowers are required for study or to be preserved by pressing, -they may, by all means, be picked. There seems no -reason also why a few of the more common or abundant -plants should not be dug up with their roots, carefully -packed, and taken home, although the Swiss authorities do -not permit even this, but it is disgraceful that large nosegays -of choice flowers should be gathered for the mere pleasure -of watching them wither in the hand, and then thrown away. -The Swiss natives, unhappily, set us a very bad example in -this respect; but it is fortunate that the Edelweiss and -Alpenrose are the only flowers that they at all extensively -attack. Many of the more frequented tourist routes have -become almost bare of any but the commonest flowers. One -has only to ascend to some peak or glacier by two paths, -one that is well-trodden, and a second but little used, to see -how complete this destruction of wild flowers has been.</p> - -<p>Excellent little presses for preserving plants and flowers -can be bought in Switzerland. They take up no more room -in one’s bag than a Baedeker or Bradshaw’s Guide, and do -the work much more efficiently. Their only disadvantage -is that they are generally too small to display any but the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxiv"></a>[xxiv]</span> -tiniest plants completely, and it is really wiser to take out -from England a couple of boards with straps and a good -supply of blotting paper. The special paper sold for pressing -plants is much to be preferred to ordinary white or -pink blotting-paper, as the plants tend to stick to it much -less. A fair amount will be required, as the plants need -frequent changing and the paper must be dried. Specimens -should be carefully set out by pressing on them with the -finger till they take up the required positions, and stored -when dry in some exercise book or between sheets of paper.</p> - -<p>The cultivation of Alpine plants in our gardens at home -is by no means as easy as might at first be supposed. The -climate and conditions of life in Peckham are very different -to those at the summit of Pilatus, and unless the thing is -done carefully and thoroughly it had better not be attempted -at all. The chief difficulty in growing Alpine plants in our -climate is not the cold but the excessive moisture of winter, -which tends to rot their roots, and from which they are -protected in their native home by their snowy covering. -Our object should be to reproduce, as far as possible, -in our gardens the conditions under which the plants -grow in the high Alps. For the rockery a porous stone -will be required, such as limestone or sandstone, and it is -essential to select a kind that does not crumble with the frost. -The partially fused masses of brick, which can be obtained -very cheaply as a waste product from brick kilns, when -washed over with a mixture of cement and sand do very<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxv"></a>[xxv]</span> -well. The rocks and stones must be so laid that every bed -or pocket in which the plants are to grow is thoroughly well -drained, for nothing is so destructive to them as water-logging -of the soil. Plants that grow in the clefts of rocks should be -planted in a sloping position, as water is then less liable to -collect in the rosettes of leaves. Those that grow in cool, -moist, spongy soil are best planted in a mixture of peat moss -and earth. It is also important to notice whether the plant -which is being cultivated was previously growing on limestone -or granitic soil, for it is easy to add a little chalk to -the earth if this is required. In planting out one has to be -careful not to curl up the roots, and it is wise to sprinkle -the plant with water two or three times a day for the first -week or so. Alpine plants should never be manured. It -should be remembered that mountain plants grow slowly, -and though very many species can be successfully cultivated, -the Houseleeks and Saxifrages are likely to give the best -results with a minimum of trouble.</p> - -<p>It is impossible in such a book as this to give more -than a few general suggestions as to the photography of -Alpine plants. One of the chief difficulties with which one -has to contend is the wind. When the plant is photographed -anywhere near its natural size the smallest stop has to be -used to obtain depth of focus, and this greatly increases -the duration of the exposure. Many of the colour photographs -herein reproduced were given as long as five or ten -minutes. When the wind is intermittent it is quite safe to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxvi"></a>[xxvi]</span> -give repeated exposures of a few seconds at a time, being -careful in removing and replacing the cap not to shake the -camera, for the plant is sure to return to exactly the same position -after being blown to and fro by the wind. Where tall -plants are being taken it is wisest to select a time in the -early morning or near sunset, for though the intensity of -light is diminished at these times, there is usually but little -wind. The writer has found a strip of white calico, some 12 -or 15 inches wide, with long knitting needles sewn on to -it at intervals, of great value as a wind screen in plant -photography. The knitting needles can be pushed into -the ground, and the plant surrounded on three sides or -completely by such a screen, and thus very largely shaded from -the wind. With a little care the screen does not appear in -the photograph, and it is easily rolled up and carried from -place to place. For near objects the intensity of light in -the Alps is only slightly greater than that in England at the -same time of day, but it is always wiser to make use of an -exposure meter if the best results are desired. By the use of -the swing back any plane surface, whatever be its inclination -to the vertical, can be easily focussed. This will be found -of especial value where a blurred background is desired, and -the slight distortion thus obtained, which is so noticeable in -architectural subjects, is quite negligible in the case of plant -portraits. The deep shadows that are produced when flowers -are photographed in bright sunlight are generally best -avoided.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter blockquote"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<p class="center larger"><b>SUMMER FLOWERS OF THE HIGH ALPS</b></p> - -<p class="noindent">HERE FOLLOW COLOURED PLATES AND -DESCRIPTIONS OF 39 SWISS PLANTS, -WITH THEIR NAMES IN LATIN, ENGLISH, -FRENCH, AND GERMAN</p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Narcissus-Flowered_Anemone">The Narcissus-Flowered Anemone<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>ANEMONE NARCISSIFLORA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Many varieties of Anemone are found in Switzerland. -Not only have we the common English Wood Anemone -(<i>A. nemorosa</i>) of the early spring, and the much rarer Pasque -Flower (<i>A. Pulsatilla</i>) of our downs, but there is also the -white or yellow Alpine Anemone (<i>A. alpina</i>), which forms -so marked a feature of the Alpine pastures in early summer. -Even in July and August, when most of the flowers have -faded, the feathery tufts of seeds of the Alpine Anemone -are still to be seen as the so-called “Chamois’ beards.”</p> - -<p>The Narcissus-flowered Anemone, here photographed, is -a widely distributed plant. It occurs on grassy slopes and -in pastures between 4000 and 7000 feet above the sea -level, and seems to prefer a limestone soil. The finely -divided leaves are well seen in the photograph. Unlike -every other species of Anemone found in Switzerland the -flower stalk bears not a single flower only but two to eight, or -even more, and at the point where the flower stalk divides a -green collaret or involucre is seen. The flowers are pure -white inside, and their external surfaces are often slightly -woolly and tinged with pink, especially in the bud. The -seeds have no feathery appendages like those of the Alpine -Anemone. The flowers are without honey. They are visited -by pollen-collecting insects, and should these fail will become<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span> -self-fertilised. The plant blooms in May and June, and -some flowers may still be found even in July in the highest -Alpine pastures. It is met with widely distributed over -Central Europe, North America and Northern Asia, but is -absent in Scandinavia. On account of the numerous closely -allied species which are found in Northern Asia, it is thought -that this plant may have originated in that region and then -spread east and west to America and Europe respectively.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate1"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate I.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">ANEMONE NARCISSIFLORA. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate1.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Narcissus-flowered Anemone. <span -class="spacer">Anémone à fleurs de Narcisse.</span> <span -class="spacer">Narcissenblüthige Anemone oder Berg-Windröschen.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Globe_Flower">The Globe Flower<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>TROLLIUS EUROPÆUS</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>THIS large and stately plant is common in mountain pastures -from the lower levels right up to 7000 feet. It has finely -divided leaves and bright yellow globe-like flowers, borne on -long stalks which are usually unbranched. It is evidently -a near relation of the buttercups, but differs from them in -the possession of numerous brightly-coloured sepals, which -enclose and conceal the much smaller tongue-shaped petals. -Although not exclusively Alpine, being found all over -Central Europe, in Scandinavia, and the north of England, -it has been included in this series because it is sure to be -noticed by anyone visiting Switzerland for the first time.</p> - -<p>It flowers in May, June, and July, and flourishes best in -damp places. A much smaller form, bearing only a single -flower, is found exclusively on high mountains (<i>var. humilis</i>). -It should probably be regarded merely as a variety and not -as a distinct species.</p> - -<p>The Globe Flower, the Anemones, and the two species -of Aconitum illustrated in the two following plates are all -examples of the buttercup order, the Ranunculaceæ. The -common yellow buttercup so abundantly found in Alpine -meadows is <i>Ranunculus montanus</i>. This species very closely -resembles the ordinary upright buttercup of our English -fields (<i>Ranunculus acris</i>), which it replaces in the Alps,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span> -but differs from it in the possession of a solid (not hollow) -stem and a hairy disc beneath the seeds. It is a somewhat -smaller plant, with less numerous—generally only two or -three—flowers.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate2"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate II.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">TROLLIUS EUROPÆUS. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate2.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Globe Flower. <span class="spacer">Trolle d’Europe -ou Boule d’Or.</span> <span class="spacer">Echte oder Europäische -Trollblume.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Common_Monks-Hood">The Common Monk’s-Hood<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>ACONITUM NAPELLUS</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Several species of Aconitum are met with in Switzerland. -They have all bright-coloured flowers, especially adapted for -fertilisation by humble-bees. It is only where there are -humble-bees to convey the pollen from flower to flower that -seeds can mature, so that where these insects do not exist the -Aconites cannot spread. The five sepals of the Aconite -flowers are coloured for attractive purposes, the highest being -especially large and helmet-shaped. Protected by this are -the representatives of the petals, so modified and reduced -that they no longer have any attractive function, and are only -of use to the plant by producing honey. They form a couple -of nectaries on long stalks inside the helmet-shaped sepal.</p> - -<p>The Common Monk’s-Hood is found in rich moist -meadows between 3000 and 7000 feet. It seems to be -especially common in the neighbourhood of Alpine dairies -and cow houses. It flowers in June and July, and is very -poisonous. From the conical root, resembling that of horseradish, -the preparations of aconite used in medicine are -prepared. When applied externally, aconite causes tingling -and numbness and may relieve the pain of neuralgia. -Internally, it depresses the action of the heart and lowers -the temperature of the body. Homeopathists still use it -for this purpose, but in doses so small as to have no<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span> -appreciable action whatever. The single straight flower -stalk, closely packed with blossoms, is rarely branched in its -upper part, though small branches may be met with below.</p> - -<p>The Panicled Monk’s-hood (<i>Ac. paniculatum</i>) resembles -the above rather closely, but differs from it in the more open -arrangement of the flowers on the hairy flower stalk, which -is usually branched near the top. The leaves of both plants -are finely divided, but the sub-divisions of those of the -common Monk’s-hood are longer and narrower, more strap-shaped -in fact, than those of the panicled form.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate3"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate III.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">ACONITUM NAPELLUS. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate3.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Common Monk’s-Hood. <span class="spacer">Aconit -Napel ou Napel bleu.</span> <span class="spacer">Rübenwurzliger -Eisenhut.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Yellow_Wolfs-Bane">The Yellow Wolf’s-Bane<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>ACONITUM LYCOCTONUM</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plant is a species of Aconite, and a close relation of the -common Monk’s-hood illustrated on the previous page. It -is common on the borders of woods and in bushy places -between 3000 and 7000 feet above the sea level. In -this species, which, like the common Monk’s-hood, is visited -almost exclusively by humble-bees, the upper helmet-like -sepal which conceals the honey is especially long. It is -interesting to note that the humble-bees do not, in all cases, -obtain the honey in the way intended by the plant. A dark -spot is often to be seen near the tip of the helmet where a -humble-bee has nibbled through the flower leaf and obtained -access to the nectary direct. In this way the designs of the -plant for cross fertilisation may be frustrated, for where the -honey is obtained in this manner no pollen is carried from -flower to flower by the insect visitor. <i>Aconitum Anthora</i>, -which is rather like the above, has more finely divided leaves -and darker yellow flowers which are much less elongated -than those of the Wolf’s-bane. The flowers, in fact, closely -resemble those of the common Monk’s-hood except that -they are yellow instead of blue. Both plants are poisonous.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate4"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate IV.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">ACONITUM LYCOCTONUM. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate4.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Yellow Wolf’s-bane. <span class="spacer">Aconit -Tue-loup ou Cappe de Moine.</span> <span class="spacer">Wolftödtender -Eisenhut.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Two-Flowered_Violet">The Two-Flowered Violet<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>VIOLA BIFLORA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This pretty little plant is common in moist shady places -between 3000 and 7000 feet all over Switzerland. It is -also found in Bohemia, Silesia, the Vosges, and other parts -of Central Europe. It flowers from May to August in the -clefts of rocks, and amongst the boulders on the banks of -streams. It was in just such a place as this that the present -photograph was taken. The flowers are bright yellow, -streaked with brown, and the dark green leaves are kidney-shaped -and entire. Although there are several other violets -with yellow flowers to be found in Switzerland, no other -species has broad kidney-shaped leaves. The smooth, erect -flower stalk, which also bears some leaves, frequently divides -into two near the middle, each branch being terminated by -a bright yellow flower. This character, which has given -to the violet its name, is, however, by no means constant, -and flower stems bearing a single or three or more flowers -are also often seen. The number of flowers borne by the -plant would seem rather to be determined by its size and -vigour, which, of course, again depend largely on the conditions -under which it grows.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate5"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate V.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">VIOLA BIFLORA. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate5.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Two-flowered Violet. <span class="spacer">Violette -à deux Fleurs.</span> <span class="spacer">Zweiblüthiges Veilchen oder -Zwillings-Veilchen.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Long-Spurred_Pansy">The Long-Spurred Pansy<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>VIOLA CALCARATA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The Long-Spurred Pansy flowers in June and July, and -is a typical Alpine plant. The high mountain pastures are -sometimes literally carpeted with its large purple flowers, all -turned towards the sun. It is common on sunny slopes and -among rocky débris between 5000 and 9000 feet, and -prefers a limestone soil. The underground stem of the -plant bears at its extremity a small rosette of leaves, and a -short flower stalk terminated by the single large flower. The -flower, which has a delicate and sweet scent, is usually of a -rich purple colour, much more rarely yellow (<i>var. flava</i>). -Sometimes the purple becomes paler and a lavender variety -results, and, rarest of all, the flower may be pure white. -From the many other violets and pansies which are found in -Switzerland, the species we are now considering is recognised -by its narrow, notched leaves, by the upward direction of -the lateral petals, and especially by the long, narrow spur, -which is quite as long as the corolla.</p> - -<p>Unlike most of the violets which are fertilised by bees, -the Long-Spurred Pansy depends entirely on butterflies for -the conveyance of its pollen. The narrow opening to the -flower and the long spur, at the bottom of which the honey -is concealed, are only suited to insects such as butterflies -and moths with relatively long tongues. It is pretty to see<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span> -the butterflies flitting from flower to flower, and Müller -observed a single insect visit no less than one hundred and -ninety-four different blossoms in 6¾ minutes.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate6"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate VI.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">VIOLA CALCARATA. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate6.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Long-spurred Pansy. <span class="spacer">Violette -à long éperon ou Violette éperonnée.</span> <span -class="spacer">Langgesporntes Veilchen.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Box-Leaved_Milkwort">The Box-Leaved Milkwort<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>POLYGALA CHAMÆBUXUS</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The Box-leaved Milkwort is a shrubby mountain plant with -a woody branching stem and leathery evergreen leaves, which -resemble those of the common box but are somewhat thicker. -The flowers occur singly or in pairs in the axils of the upper -leaves. They consist of a boat-shaped corolla of a pale -yellow colour, which becomes darker towards the tip, and two -wing-like appendages, which look like petals but are really -sepals. These are usually white but are sometimes purple red. -It is stated that their colour is determined by the soil on which -the plant grows and is white or pure slate; on calcareous, -slate coloured.</p> - -<p>The Box-leaved Milkwort is widely distributed in -Switzerland, Germany, and Austria, between 1500 and 7000 -feet, and grows on wooded hills and in dry rocky places, -where it is often extremely abundant. It flowers from May -till the end of August. The plant is quite distinctive and -will be readily recognised. Although belonging to the -Milkwort tribe it is quite different from all other species, -which have red, white or blue, never yellow, flowers and -deciduous, not evergreen, leaves.</p> - -<p>The Common Milkwort (<i>Polygala vulgaris</i>) of our English -downs and heaths is also found in the Alps. It is a small -herbaceous plant with a slender stem, perhaps three or four<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span> -inches long, which is thickly covered with leaves, and terminates -in a cluster of pink, blue, or white flowers. <i>Polygala -calcarea</i>, a nearly-related species found only in limestone -districts, has sky-blue flowers and leaves for the most part -clustered in the form of a rosette at the base of the stem.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate7"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate VII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">POLYGALA CHAMÆBUXUS. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate7.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Box-leaved Milkwort. <span class="spacer">Polygala -faux-buis.</span> <span class="spacer">Immergrüne Kreuzblume.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Creeping_Gypsophila">The Creeping Gypsophila<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>GYPSOPHILA REPENS</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The Creeping Gypsophila is a perennial plant with a woody -stem, from which branches arise bearing the narrow -strap-shaped leaves and pale crowded flowers. It is found -in all the limestone regions of the Alps, amongst the rocky -boulders beside mountain streams, and in dry torrent beds -between 1000 and 7000 feet, and even descends to the -plains with certain of the rivers. It is found, for example, -near Munich on the banks of the Isar. The plant is also -widely distributed in the mountain regions of Central Europe -and extends from the Pyrenees to the Carpathians. The -flowers, which open in July and August, are white with -more or less of a tinge of pink about them, which may be -quite marked in certain cases. Together they form what -is botanically known as a corymb. The numerous flower -stalks branching off from different points of the ascending -stem are of such a length that all the flowers are -approximately on the same level. In this way they are displayed -to the best advantage, so that their insect visitors may find -it easy to pass from flower to flower. There are several -species of Sandwort and Chickweed to be found in Switzerland -that closely resemble the Creeping Gypsophila. Apart -from technicalities the chief points to keep in mind in the -identification of the plant are the woody creeping stem, the -much-branched flower stalks, and the entire absence of hairs.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate8"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate VIII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">GYPSOPHILA REPENS. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate8.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Creeping Gypsophila. <span -class="spacer">Gypsophile rampante.</span> <span -class="spacer">Kriechendes Gipskraut.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Moss_Campion">The Moss Campion or Cushion Pink<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>SILENE ACAULIS</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Wherever conditions are unfavourable to plant life, not only -on high mountains but also in deserts and by the seashore, -the plants that manage to survive frequently respond by a -process of co-operation and form dense cushion-like masses. -In the high Alps many examples of this are seen. The -individual plants are closely huddled together in the form of -a tuft, not only on account of warmth and natural protection -and to prevent their being blown away by rough winds, but -also because the cushion acts as a sort of reservoir or sponge -and prevents the little plants being dried up by the fierce rays -of the sun.</p> - -<p>The Moss Campion is a typical “Cushion plant.” It is -found abundantly all over the Alps, especially in the limestone -regions between 5000 and 10,000 feet or even higher. -It grows in open rocky places, often on the bare rock itself, -and in the neighbourhood of glaciers, and may be found close -up to the snowline. The bright green moss-like cushions -formed of the dense clusters of leaves become sprinkled over -with pinkish-purple star-like flowers in June, July, and -August. Occasionally the flowers are white. The long -conical root penetrates far into the soil or into some fissure -in the rocks, thus securely anchoring the plant, and divides<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> -above into numerous branches, which radiate in all directions -and are thickly covered below with brown dead leaves and -terminate above in a rosette of bright green linear leaflets. -The flowers, which are visited by many kinds of insects, are -of three kinds. Rarely we find cushions of flowers containing -both stamens and pistil in the same flower, but even here the -pistil becomes ready to receive pollen before the stamens -open so as to prevent self-fertilisation. Usually, however, the -flowers are unisexual and contain stamens or pistil only, and -staminate and pistillate flowers are borne on different -cushions.</p> - -<p>The Moss Campion is widely distributed in the mountain -regions of Southern Europe, North America, and the -Arctic regions. <i>Silene exscapa</i> closely resembles the above, -but is much less common. Its flowers are smaller and less -brightly coloured, and the separation between calyx and flower -stalk is more gradual and less abrupt than in the Moss -Campion. Its seed-vessel or capsule is, moreover, hardly -longer than the remains of the calyx which encloses it, whereas -the capsule of the Moss Campion projects well beyond the -enclosing calyx leaves.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate9"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate IX.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">SILENE ACAULIS. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate9.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Moss Campion or Cushion Pink. -<span class="spacer">Silène à Courte tige.</span> <span -class="spacer">Stengelloses Leimkraut oder Moos-Leimkraut.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Wood_Geranium">The Wood Geranium<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>GERANIUM SYLVATICUM</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Seventeen species of Geranium or Crane’s-bill, so named from -the shape of the seed, are met with in Switzerland, and several -of them are rather difficult to distinguish from one another.</p> - -<p>The Wood Geranium is found in England, but is not -very common. In Switzerland it is exceedingly abundant on -the borders of woods and in rich mountain meadows and -pastures between 3000 and 7000 feet. Though a beautiful -plant it is by no means welcome to the herdsman, for it is -not good for fodder. The finely divided leaves are well -seen in the photograph. The purple-blue flowers have more -of a tinge of red in them when they first open. The Wood -Geranium will be recognised by its erect stem, hairy above, -leaves which are arranged opposite to one another, purple-violet -flowers with petals that are not notched in the middle, -and sepals drawn out to a long point. The Brook Crane’s-bill -(<i>Geranium rivulare</i>) has white flowers varied with red, and the -Meadow Crane’s-bill (<i>Geranium pratense</i>) has larger flowers -which tend to hang down, and the Blood Geranium (<i>Geranium -sanguinum</i>) has unbranched flower stalks and notched petals.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate10"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate X.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">GERANIUM SYLVATICUM. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate10.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Wood Geranium or Wood Crane’s-bill. -<span class="spacer">Géranie des Forêts.</span> <span -class="spacer">Wald-Storchschnabel.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Alpine_Clover">The Alpine Clover<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>TRIFOLIUM ALPINUM</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plant is the most beautiful and most sweetly scented -of all the clover tribe. The long conical root stock which -penetrates far into the soil terminates above in many -radiating branches. On these are borne the long stalked -leaves, composed of three narrow leaflets with serrated -margins. The flowers, which are larger than those of any -other clover, are borne in a group of four to twelve on top -of a long flower stalk. They begin to appear early in June -and continue coming out till the end of August; they are -usually of a delicate pinkish-purple colour, but occasionally -a cream or white variety may be found. The Alpine -breezes are often filled with their delicate fragrance. When -the flower fades the petals are not shed, but remain attached -to the seeds and act as wings which aid in their dispersal. -Unlike most of our English clovers, which are annuals, the -Alpine clover is a perennial and lives for many years, -throwing up fresh leaves and branches every spring. The -thick solid rootstock of some of these plants must be many -years old. This species is very common in the meadows -and pastures in the central Alps between 5000 and 8000 -feet, where it grows in greatest abundance and especially -luxuriantly on primary granitic rock. It is probably a true -native of the Alps, but is also found in South Tyrol, the -Pyrenees, and the Carpathians.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span></p> - -<p>The Alpine clover will be readily recognised by its few-flowered -flower-heads and narrow pointed leaflets arranged -in groups of three. The much rarer <i>Trifolium pallescens</i> is -perhaps a little like the pale flowered variety, but it has many -flowered flower-heads and ovate leaflets.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate11"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XI.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">TRIFOLIUM ALPINUM. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate11.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Alpine Clover. <span class="spacer">Trèfle -des Alpes ou Réglisse des Alpes.</span> <span -class="spacer">Alpenklee.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Brown_Clover">The Brown Clover<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>TRIFOLIUM BADIUM</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Unlike the greater number of Alpine plants which persist -from year to year the Brown Clover is a biennial, that is to -say, its life is limited to two years, and at the end of its -second summer the plant dies off. It is found abundantly -in the limestone districts of Switzerland between 4000 and -7000 feet, and flowers in July and August. It grows in -meadows and pastures, and seems to prefer a moist, open spot, -where the competition with other plants will be less severe. -Thus it is met with on moraines, on the fresh soil brought -down by avalanches and streams, and even on the dirt heaps -around Alpine cow houses. The much-branched brownish -stem bears the rather long-stalked leaves, composed of three -leaflets with serrated margins and blunt points. The flower-heads, -made up of numerous florets closely packed together, -are at first of a golden yellow colour. As the individual -flowers fade—and the lowest fade first—they become brown -and scale-like and turn downwards, and the dry brown -corolla remaining attached to the seed forms an important -aid in its dispersal by the wind. The Brown Clover is -widely distributed in the mountain regions of Central Europe. -It will be readily recognised by its globular flower-heads of -yellow flowers and bright green leaves made up of three -leaflets, which are arranged opposite to one another on the -upper part of the stem.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span></p> - -<p><i>Trifolium spadiceum</i> is very like the above, but is not so -common. Its flower-heads become more elongated and -change to a darker brown tint than those of the plant -here photographed as the flowers fade.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate12"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">TRIFOLIUM BADIUM. SCHREB.</p> - -<img src="images/plate12.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Brown Clover. <span class="spacer">Trèfle -brun.</span> <span class="spacer">Braunklee.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Cold_Mountain-Lentil">The Cold Mountain-Lentil<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>PHACA FRIGIDA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The Cold Milk-Vetch or Mountain-lentil—to give a literal -translation to its popular Swiss name, for it has no English—is -a typical Alpine plant, found in fair abundance between -5000 and 8000 feet, perhaps most frequently in limestone -districts. In rocky places or mountain meadows it often -grows in profusion, but it seems to avoid the pastures. The -stem is usually unbranched, about 6 or 8 inches high, -and bears the pale yellow or cream-coloured flowers and the -bright green leaves, made up of four or five pairs of leaflets -with an odd one at the tip. The leaves are arranged in -pairs opposite to one another, and where they join the stem -a couple of pale broad wing-like stipules are attached. It is -unfortunate that these are not well seen in the photograph, -for they are the most characteristic thing about the plant. -The Cold Mountain-lentil has an extensive range, being -found in mountain districts all over Europe, Northern Asia, -North America, and in the Arctic regions. It is thought to -have originated in the Steppes of Northern Asia.</p> - -<p><i>Phaca alpina</i> differs from the above in being a somewhat -taller plant with branched stem, deeper yellow flowers, -leaves made up of nine to eleven pairs of leaflets, and -smaller, narrower, stipules.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate13"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XIII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">PHACA FRIGIDA. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate13.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Cold Milk-Vetch or Mountain-Lentil. <span -class="spacer">Phaque Froide.</span> <span class="spacer">Kalte Berglinse -oder Einfache Gletscherlinse.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Dull-Flowered_Sweet_Clover">The Dull-Flowered Sweet Clover or Alpine Sainfoin<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The Alpine Sainfoin is the only member of the sixteen -European species of <i>Hedysarum</i> (Sainfoin) that is found in -Switzerland. The plant consists of a thick, dense underground -stem which persists from year to year and serves as a -storehouse for food. Underground branches extend outward -from this in various directions and give rise to ascending -shoots bearing leaves and flowers. The short stalked leaves -bear eleven to nineteen leaflets which are arranged in pairs; -the purple-red flowers occur in clusters. The flowers are visited -by bees on account of the honey they contain. By means -of a sort of catapult arrangement, which only goes off when -the bee settles on the flower, the body of the insect becomes -dusted with pollen and as the bee travels from flower to flower -pollination is effected. In the Western Alps a variety -of this plant with yellowish flowers is occasionally to be -found. The seed vessel of the Alpine Sainfoin is very -characteristic. It is not unlike an ordinary pea-pod, but is -smaller, more flattened, and divided into two or three oval -segments by constrictions. The plant is fairly abundant -between 5000 and 8000 feet, and flowers in July and August. -It is rare in meadows, but is found on the rocky borders of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span> -Alpine pastures and on the banks of streams. It is met with -in all parts of the Alps, in the mountainous districts of Europe -and Asia, and in the Arctic regions, and is thought to have -taken origin in the Steppes of Northern Asia. It should be -very easily recognised. The drooping habit of the flowers -and the constricted seed-pods are most characteristic.</p> - -<p>The flowers of this species have generally more red in -them than those of the specimen photographed.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate14"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XIV.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate14.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Dull-Flowered Sweet Clover or Alpine -Sainfoin. <span class="spacer">Esparcette des Alpes.</span> <span -class="spacer">Dunkler Süssklee.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="White_Dryas">The White Dryas<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>DRYAS OCTOPETALA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The White Dryas, or Silver-herb as the Swiss call it, is a -characteristic Alpine plant which is found all over Switzerland -between 3000 and 8000 feet, and even descends to the plains -with some of the rivers. It is common in dry mountain -pastures and rocky places, and seems to grow best on limestone -soil. Often the bare surfaces of rocks and boulders -are thickly covered with its matted growth, which persists -from year to year as soil gradually accumulates around it.</p> - -<p>The thick dense rootstock gives rise to long trailing -branches, which extend in all directions and bear the leaves -and flowers. Associated with the root tips is a curious -fungus growth, which from its constant presence is thought -to be of value to the plant. The tough leathery evergreen -leaves have rolled back notched edges. Their upper surfaces -are dark green, smooth, and polished, and devoid of the -stomata or little pores by which air is absorbed by green -plants generally; the lower surfaces are covered by thick -white felt-like hairs. The flowers, which appear from May -till July, resemble those of the Alpine Anemone, but are -smaller. They have usually eight petals, hence the Latin -name. Inside the petals are a large number of stamens -arranged in the form of a ring, and inside these again a honey -secreting gland which surrounds the mass of closely packed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span> -carpels in the centre of the flower. The carpels bear long -silky styles, which grow out into beautiful feathery appendages -as the seeds ripen—another point of resemblance to the -Alpine Anemone. The carpels become ready for pollination -before the stamens shed their pollen. Then the outermost -stamens open, and only after several days have elapsed do -the innermost stamens become mature. A little consideration -will show how wonderfully this arrangement is adapted to -favour the cross-fertilisation of the carpels by pollen brought -from another flower by the agency of insect visitors. Should -this, for any reason, fail, self-fertilisation will almost certainly -be effected by means of the pollen from the innermost stamens. -If a large number of plants of the White Dryas be carefully -examined some will be found with flowers containing both -stamens and carpels, as above described, while others, less -numerous, have flowers with stamens only. These will of -course produce no seeds. Some plants, again, will be seen -to bear both kind of flowers. The White Dryas is found -in the mountainous districts of Europe and in the Arctic -regions of the new and old worlds. The plant will be -readily recognised, for its leaves are quite different from those -of an anemone.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate15"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XV.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">DRYAS OCTOPETALA. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate15.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The White Dryas or Silver-herb. <span -class="spacer">Dryade à huit pétales.</span> <span class="spacer">Echte -Silberwurz.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Alpine_Rose">The Alpine Rose<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>ROSA ALPINA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>THE Alpine Rose or Dog-Rose must not be confounded -with the Alpenrose. The resemblance is only in the names, -for the Alpenrose so much beloved by the Swiss is really a -rhododendron and quite a different plant. The Alpine Rose -is a shrub sometimes 8 or 10 feet high, and only a single -branch is shown in the photograph. It is found on the -borders of mountain woods and in bushy places, from the -lower slopes up to about 7000 feet, and flowers in May, -June, and July. The leaves consist of seven to eleven leaflets, -and there are broad stipules at the base of each leaf. The -sweet-scented flowers are of a rich rose-red colour. The sepals -are exceptionally long and project beyond the petals; this is -especially noticeable in the bud. The fruit or hip is flask-shaped -and rather narrowed at the base. Thorns are as a -rule absent from the flowering branches, but are generally -to be found on the lower and younger shoots, which point -downwards. Sometimes they are absent altogether. The -Alpine Rose is found pretty abundantly in the mountain -woods of Southern and Central Europe, but does not extend -to the North. Thus it grows in the Pyrenees, Auvergne, -the Balkans, and in one part of the Black Forest.</p> - -<p>The Dog-Roses are phenomenally difficult to distinguish -from one another, and as many as fifty Swiss species are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span> -described. The characteristics above mentioned, and -especially the high elevation at which it is found, will assist -in the recognition of the present species. By the arrangement -and character of the leaves and spines and the shape of -the fruit, the Alpine Rose itself has been sub-divided into -some thirty sub-species.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate16"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XVI.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">ROSA ALPINA. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate16.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Alpine Rose. <span class="spacer">Eglantine des -Alpes.</span> <span class="spacer">Alpen-Heckenrose.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Fleischers_Willow-Herb">Fleischer’s Willow-Herb<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>EPILOBIUM FLEISCHERI</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This plant is fairly common in the Alps and grows in dry -stony places, especially amongst the boulders of dried-up -torrent beds and beside some of the streams; with some of -these it descends towards the plains. Like not a few of the -less common Alpine plants, where it is found at all, it is usually -met with in great abundance. The flowers which open out -in July are of great beauty, and their arrangements to -prevent self-pollination are of considerable interest. The -stamens first ripen, and while these are held erect the stigma -is bent downward and the four segments into which it is -divided above are closely pressed together. (Most of the -flowers are in this stage in the photograph.) When the -pollen is shed the stamens bend downward, and not till then -does the stigma rise in the centre of the flower and its four -lips become separated from one another.</p> - -<p>The flowers of Fleischer’s Willow-herb closely resemble -those of the Rose-bay (<i>Epilobium angustifolium</i>), -common in bushy places all over England, Switzerland, and -Central Europe. But the Rose-bay is a bigger plant with -tall, usually unbranched stem and much larger leaves, which -are veined underneath. As will be seen by the photograph, -the leaves of Fleischer’s Willow-herb are narrow and -lance-shaped, and the few veins that can be made out<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span> -are all parallel to one another. Closely resembling the plant -here photographed is the Rosemary-leaved Willow-herb -(<i>Epilobium rosmarinifolium</i>). Its leaves are usually more -numerous, narrower, and more strap-shaped, and its stem is -taller and, as a rule, more branched. But the most constant -difference between the two plants is to be found in the -length of the stalk which bears the stigma (style). This -is as long as the stamens in <i>Epilobium rosmarinifolium</i>, but -only half this length in <i>Epilobium Fleischeri</i>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate17"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XVII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">EPILOBIUM FLEISCHERI. HOCHST.</p> - -<img src="images/plate17.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">Fleischer’s Willow-Herb. <span class="spacer">Epilobe -des Moraines.</span> <span class="spacer">Weidenröschen.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Mountain_House-Leek">The Mountain House-Leek<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>SEMPERVIVUM MONTANUM</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Several varieties of House-leek are found in Switzerland. -They grow in dry, rocky places, where moisture is scarce and -where they are exposed to the fierce heat of the sun. Their -succulent leaves, covered by a thick, almost leathery, cuticle, are -arranged in rosettes, and serve as storehouses for water. -The plants grow slowly and in clusters, and when each one -has accumulated sufficient strength it throws up a long central -stalk bearing star-like flowers, and dies as the seeds mature. -The house-leeks are reproduced not only by means of seeds, -but also by runners, which extend outward and bear a small -rosette of leaves at their extremities. Some of these can -be made out in the photograph. Some of the Saxifrages -closely resemble the house-leeks in habit of growth, but are -less succulent.</p> - -<p>The Mountain House-leek is common all over the Alps -between 4000 and 8000 feet, or even higher in certain -parts. It seems to grow best on primary granitic rock. -The wedge-shaped rosette leaves are covered with short -glandular hairs. The rosettes are unfortunately not well -seen in the photograph, the leaves that can be made out -being mainly those of a species of Primula. From the -centre of the rosette the flower stalk arises. It is some 3 -to 6 inches long and is covered with succulent leaves with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span> -reddish tips. Above it divides into branches which bear the -beautiful star-like flowers. The flowers, which appear in -July and August, are usually of a pale red colour with a -darker central stripe to each petal. A variety with cream-coloured -petals is very occasionally found.</p> - -<p>The Cobweb House-leek (<i>Sempervivum arachnoideum</i>) -is not unlike the plant here photographed, but will be readily -distinguished from it by the long white hairs borne at the -tips of the rosette leaves, which become interwoven with -those of adjoining leaves to form a spider’s-web-like -structure. Its flowers are a brighter crimson than those of -the Mountain House-leek.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate18"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XVIII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">SEMPERVIVUM MONTANUM. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate18.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Mountain House-leek. <span -class="spacer">Joubarbe des Montagnes.</span> <span -class="spacer">Berg-Hauswurz.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Sempervivum_Funckii">Sempervivum Funckii</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Not unlike the Mountain House-leek photographed on the -previous page is <i>Sempervivum Funckii</i>. It is not a common -plant, being only found in Eastern Switzerland, the Tyrol, -the Carpathians, and a few other mountainous districts, and -does not seem to have acquired any local name. Compared -with the Mountain House-leek the rosettes of leaves are a -little smaller. They are covered with much longer hairs, -which are not, however, twisted together into a spider’s web -like those of the Cobweb House-leek. As will be seen the -flowers are of a beautiful pale pink colour, and each petal has -a stripe of a darker tint running down its centre. The -plant grows in rocky places.</p> - -<p>The Common House-leek (<i>Sempervivum tectorum</i>), which -is often seen in England growing on old walls and on cottage -roofs, where it is supposed to protect from lightning, is also -found in Switzerland. It is fairly common in dry, rocky -places, and ascends from the plains to 7000 feet. Its purple -flowers are not unlike those of <i>Sempervivum Funckii</i>, but its -wedge-shaped rosette leaves are only provided with hairs -along their margins, and are armed with sharp spines at their -extremities. It is, moreover, a much larger plant. The -rosette leaves of <i>Sempervivum Wulfeni</i>, another Alpine -species, are very like those of the Common House-leek, but -the plant is readily distinguished by its yellow or greenish-yellow -flowers. It grows on primary rock between 6000 and -8000 feet, and is rather uncommon.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate19"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XIX.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">SEMPERVIVUM FUNCKII. BRAUN.</p> - -<img src="images/plate19.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">Funcke’s House-leek. <span class="spacer">Joubarbe de -Funcke.</span> <span class="spacer">Funcke’s Hauswurz.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Evergreen_Saxifrage">The Evergreen Saxifrage<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>SAXIFRAGA AIZOIDES</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>THE Saxifrages have been extraordinarily successful in the -Alps. Some thirty different species, some of them exceedingly -common, are met with in Switzerland.</p> - -<p>The Evergreen Saxifrage is one of the most abundant. It -grows in moist rocky places, at the foot of glaciers, and on -the banks of mountain streams and waterfalls. It ascends to -9000 feet in places and descends almost to the plains with -some of the rivers. The plant grows in tufts. The erect -flower stems are covered by the narrow, succulent leaves, -which have hairs along each margin; they terminate in -branches bearing four to eight flowers. The star-like -flowers, which appear in July and August, are made up of -five brightly coloured petals alternating with five green -sepals. The petals may be lemon yellow with orange -red spots, or, as in the specimen here photographed (var. -<i>atrorubens</i>), pure orange red. Next comes a ring of ten -stamens with dark red pollen, and then the showy ring-like -nectary and the two styles in the centre of the flower. -The honey is so obvious and abundant that insects of all -kinds—flies, bees, butterflies, and beetles—visit the flowers; -but self-fertilisation is, in the main, prevented by the pollen -being shed before the ovaries with their stigmata are ready -for fertilisation. The Evergreen Saxifrage is to be found in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span> -all parts of the Alps, and is also met with in the Arctic -regions.</p> - -<p>With the help of the photograph no difficulty should be -experienced in recognising the plant. From the Stonecrops, -notably the Biting Stonecrop (<i>Sedum acre</i>), it is recognised -by its possession of two styles. But several of the other -Saxifrages resemble it much more closely. The Rough -Saxifrage (<i>S. aspera</i>) has paler flowers and more hairy leaves. -The Moss-like Saxifrage (<i>S. bryoides</i>) has a moss-like growth -and the flowers are borne on long, usually unbranched, -flower stalks. <i>Saxifraga Sequieri</i> has more flattened leaves, -and <i>Saxifraga Hirculus</i>, which is rare, has two raised spots at -the base of each yellow petal.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate20"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XX.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">SAXIFRAGA AIZOIDES. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate20.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Evergreen Saxifrage. <span -class="spacer">Saxifrage toujours verte ou Saxifrage pain -d’Oiseau.</span> <span class="spacer">Immergrüner Steinbrech oder -Borsten-Steinbrech.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Large_Astrantia">The Large Astrantia<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>ASTRANTIA MAJOR</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This tall and handsome plant is common from the lower -mountain region up to 6000 feet all over Switzerland. It -grows in meadows, bushy places, and mountain woods. -Several long-stalked leaves rise directly from the root stock. -They are of a large size, circular in general outline, and -consist of five or six radiating lobes with deep depressions -between them. The branched flower-stem, perhaps some -2 or 3 feet in height, bears relatively few leaves. Its -various branches terminate in what appear to be single -flowers, but what are really masses of tiny flowerets with -short stalks all of the same length, surrounded by a -sort of cup made up of radiating leaves. The individual -flowers are greenish-white, often with a pinkish tinge, and -the radiating leaves are pale pink, with a central green stripe -and greenish tip. The flower-masses of the Astrantia are -an excellent example of the way in which small and unattractive -flowers combine together and form a structure, both -large and conspicuous, to attract insect visitors. These floral -societies are even better seen in the large natural order the -Compositæ, of which our next four photographs are examples. -The Large Astrantia flowers in July and August, and is met -with in many of the mountain woods of Central Europe as -well as in the Alps. It is occasionally found in England.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span></p> - -<p>The Small Astrantia (<i>Astrantia minor</i>) is a much smaller -and more slender plant. The notches in its leaves extend -right up to the stem, thus completely separating the eight -or nine leaflets from one another. The Hare’s-ear -(<i>Bupleurum ranunculoides</i>) somewhat resembles the Large -Astrantia, but its flower-masses are entirely devoid of any -tinge of pink and its leaves are strap-shaped.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate21"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXI.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">ASTRANTIA MAJOR. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate21.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Large Astrantia or Master-wort. <span -class="spacer">Astrance Majeure ou Radiaire.</span> <span -class="spacer">Grosse Sterndolde.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Alpine_Starwort">The Alpine Starwort or Alpine Aster<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>ASTER ALPINUS</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The beautiful little Alpine Aster is found all over the Alps. -It flowers in July, August, and September, but occasionally it -may be found in bloom even as early as May. It grows in -dry Alpine pastures, sunny meadows, and rocky places, not -infrequently in company with the Edelweiss, between 4000 -and 9000 feet; in a few places it extends much lower. The -plant consists of a rosette of woolly tufted leaves, with a -central stem bearing the solitary flower-head. In the higher -regions the flower-stem is short, perhaps only 4 inches -in length, but nearer the plains it may be 8 or 9 inches. -In any case, however, the flower-head is large, an inch -or two in diameter, and conspicuous on account of the broad -purple ray florets, which contrast strongly with the golden -yellow centre. The Alpine Aster is very widely distributed, -being found in Northern Asia, Arctic America, and in most -of the mountain ranges of Central and Southern Europe, but -not in the far North.</p> - -<p>Closely resembling this plant is the Alpine Fleabane -(<i>Erigeron alpina</i>). It has narrower ray florets, which are -arranged in several rows and not in a single row like those -of the Alpine Aster, and a branched flower-stem bearing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span> -several separate flower-heads. The much rarer <i>Aster -Amellus</i> differs from the Alpine Aster in the possession of -a branched flower-stem and blue, not purple, ray florets.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate22"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">ASTER ALPINUS. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate22.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Alpine Aster or Alpine Starwort. -<span class="spacer">Aster des Alpes.</span> <span -class="spacer">Alpen-Aster.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Cats-Foot_Mountain_Everlasting">The Cat’s-Foot, Mountain Everlasting or Mountain Cudweed<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>ANTENNARIA DIOICA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The Cat’s-foot, which is, after all, perhaps the most suitable -name for this curious plant, is abundant in the Alps from the -lowest levels right up to 7000 or 8000 feet. It is found in -dry places, on moors and heaths, and in dry open woods. -It sometimes forms an unwished-for inhabitant of the mountain -pastures where it is disliked by the herdsmen, for it is -an undesirable plant for fodder. The leaves, like those of -the Edelweiss, are covered with white woolly hairs, and the -flower stems are also hairy. The flowers, which are pink or -white, are dioicious, that is to say, the same flower does not -produce both pollen and seed, and seed-forming and pollen-producing -flowers do not occur on the same plant. As the -pollen is not carried by the wind from flower to flower, the -plant is entirely dependent upon its insect visitors for the -fertilisation of its seeds, and without them no seeds will be -formed. The plant is also spread by means of runners, -which extend over the soil and take root at intervals. -The Swiss peasants make wreaths of the Mountain Everlasting, -which they wear as a charm, especially on -Ascension Day. The plant is widely distributed, and is -found in the North of England and Scotland, as well as -most parts of Europe and the Polar regions.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span></p> - -<p>The Carpathians Cudweed (<i>Antennaria carpathica</i>), -which is also common in Switzerland, differs from the Cat’s-foot -in that its flowers are brown rather than white or pink, -and that it does not send out runners.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate23"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXIII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">ANTENNARIA DIOICA. GÄRTNER.</p> - -<img src="images/plate23.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Cat’s-Foot, Mountain Everlasting, or Mountain -Cudweed. <span class="spacer">Gnaphale dioique ou Pied de Chat.</span> -<span class="spacer">Echtes Katzenpfötchen oder Mayensässblume.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Arnica">The Arnica<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>ARNICA MONTANA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>A bright conspicuous plant is the Arnica, with its yellow -star-like flower-heads. It grows in meadows, pastures, and -on sunny moors, and is widely distributed in the Alps, from -the lower mountain regions up to 8000 feet. It is much -less common in limestone than in other districts. Four -broad green leaves grow from the root in the form of a -cross. In the centre of these rises the erect flower-stalk -some 8 or 9 inches long, and covered with glandular hairs. -On the flower-stalk are borne the one or two pairs of leaves, -without stalks, and arranged opposite to one another. The -flower-heads are drooping in the bud, but when they open they -are large and conspicuous and of a deep yellow colour. They -give forth a faint, resinous, not very pleasing, odour. The -outer or ray florets of the flower-head have long projecting -strap-shaped petals. Their purpose is to attract insects to -the floral society, and the less conspicuous florets in the -centre of the flower-head produce just as good seeds. At -first but a single flower-head is formed, but later on, if the -plant is vigorous, buds appear in the axils of the opposite -stem-leaves, and two more flower-heads appear. This is -what has happened in the two specimens here photographed, -and a second pair of buds is seen in one of them. It is -interesting to note that a mould-like fungus is found constantly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span> -associated with the roots of the plant. It is believed -that the two plants grow together to the mutual advantage -of each, the fungus assisting the Arnica to obtain nourishment -from the soil, and in return receiving from it some of -the organic matter manufactured from the air with the help -of light. The root has a bitter aromatic taste. From it is -made the tincture of Arnica, which is often applied to -bruises, apparently, however, without any very considerable -influence upon them.</p> - -<p>Several other Alpine plants, the Doronicum and Aronics, -for example, have bright yellow flower-heads like the Arnica, -but as no similar Alpine plant has pairs of opposite leaves -on the flower-stem, the recognition of the Arnica becomes -a very simple matter.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate24"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXIV.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">ARNICA MONTANA. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate24.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Arnica. <span class="spacer">Arnica.</span> <span -class="spacer">Echtes Wohlverlei.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Spiny_Fullers_Thistle">The Spiny Fuller’s Thistle<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>CIRCIUM SPINOSISSIMUM</i>)</span></h2> - -<p class="center">(<a href="#frontispiece"><i>See Frontispiece</i></a>)</p> - -</div> - -<p>This stately and beautiful plant is common in all parts of -the Alps, but is found nowhere else. It grows in moist -places in the meadows and pastures, and beside the streams, -between 4000 and 7000 feet. It is generally looked upon as a -noxious weed by the herdsmen, but in one or two places the -upper and more succulent parts are gathered and preserved -as pigs’ food for the winter.</p> - -<p>The thick evergreen leaves, armed with formidable -spines, are paler at the upper part of the stem where they -surround the large brown flower-head. Usually but a single -flower-head is borne by each plant, but each one produces -some hundreds of seeds. Each seed has a feathery wing-like -appendage, so that it may be more easily distributed by the -wind. The Spiny Fuller’s Thistle is usually some 3½ or 4 -feet high, as was the specimen photographed, but in high -altitudes the plant is more bushy and stunted. Under these -conditions it is not unlike the Stemless or Alpine Carline -Thistle (<i>Carlina acaulis</i>), which, in spite of its name, has -sometimes a stem some 8 or 10 inches long. But the -Carline Thistle has a larger and more flattened flower-head, -and when the flowers are in bloom they are of a purple -colour, though they soon turn brown as they get dried up.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span></p> - -<p>Probably the nearest relation of the plant here photographed -is the Common Fuller’s Thistle (<i>Circium oloraceum</i>), -abundant in moist places, both in the Alps and lowlands. It -is a plant that would seem to be protected by its resemblance -to other members of its family, for though it appears spiny, -it is soft and succulent, and bears not a single prickle anywhere. -The leaves, which are sparsely distributed on the -slender stem, are of a dirty grey-green colour, and though as -tall as its spiny relative, the plant is much less robust.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Round-Headed_Rampion">The Round-Headed Rampion<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>PHYTEUMA ORBICULARE</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>In England we have only two kinds of Rampion and both -are rare, but in Switzerland there are no less than ten -different species, with blue and white flowers, and some of -them are extremely abundant. One of the commonest of -the blue-flowered varieties is here photographed. It grows -in mountain pastures and poor meadows between 3000 and -8000 feet, and is found not only in the Alps but all over -Central Europe, though absent in the North. It flowers in -July, and the size of the plant undergoes considerable variation -according to the altitude at which it grows. Sometimes -the flower-stalks are but 3 or 4 inches long, at others 16 -or 18. The leaves, which grow from the root stock, have -serrated edges, and are frequently a good deal larger than -those of the specimen photographed. The methods adopted -by the plant for the distribution of its pollen and the -fertilisation of its seeds through the agency of insect visitors -are of particular interest. Each flower of the flower-head -is formed of a blue tubular structure (corolla), which is at -first closed above. In the centre of this is the style covered -by short hairs and surrounded by the five stamens. While still -in the bud the stamens shed their pollen, which collects in -the tube around the style and is retained in position by the -short hairs. Now the flower opens at its tip, and while<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span> -maintaining its tubular character above splits longitudinally -below into five or six segments, so that linear openings are -formed. The result is that when an insect settles on the -flower the tubular corolla is very easily depressed, exposing -the style surrounded on all sides by pollen. Any pollen that -is not removed by the insect falls from the style, for the -short hairs on the style by which it is held in position very -soon fade. The style then splits above into three segments, -exposing for the first time the sticky stigmatic surface now -ready for pollination.</p> - -<p>The Round-headed Rampion is one of the five Swiss -species with rounded, not elongated, flower-heads. Three -of them can at once be put aside, because they are usually -much smaller plants and have less than twelve flowers to a -flower-head, whereas the Round-headed Rampion has always -more. <i>Phyteuma Scheuchzeri</i> is distinguished from this -plant by its lilac flowers, longer stalked and usually -broader basal leaves, and especially by the circle of leaves -immediately beneath the flower-head, which are longer than -the flowers themselves.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate25"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXV.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">PHYTEUMA ORBICULARE. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate25.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Round-headed Rampion. <span -class="spacer">Raiponce à Capitules Arrondies.</span> <span -class="spacer">Kugelköpfige Rapunzel.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Bearded_Bell-flower">The Bearded Bell-flower or Campanula<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>CAMPANULA BARBATA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Of the numerous Bell-flowers which abound in the Alps none -is more quaint and beautiful than the one here photographed. -The whole plant, stem, leaves, and flowers, is covered with -short hairs, but around the mouth of the bell the hairs are -longer and stiffer, and pure white. It is interesting to note -that when cultivated in rockeries in England the hairy -character of the plant almost entirely disappears. Some -three to five pendent flowers are borne by each flower-stalk, -all turned in the same direction. Occasionally a single -flowered variety is met with, usually at a high altitude. The -ordinary pale blue colour of the flower may disappear entirely, -and specimens with pure white blossoms are not infrequent. -The plant is found abundantly all over the Alps and Sub-Alps, -in meadows and pastures, and to a less extent in open -woods, from 3000 feet almost to the snowline (7000 to -9000 feet). It is usually less abundant on limestone than -on other rocks. The Bearded Bell-flower is also met with -in the Carpathians, Jura, southern parts of Norway, and in -other mountainous districts in Europe. It is probably a -native of the Alps.</p> - -<p>No difficulty will be experienced in recognising the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span> -Bearded Campanula. No other Bell-flower has little projections -between each of the five teeth of the calyx which are -turned back towards the stem. Only one other Bell-flower -(<i>Campanula Zoysii</i>), and that a species not always recognised -as distinct, has a light blue corolla with long hairs around its -mouth. But here there is a constriction just immediately -below the opening of the bell, and the plant is smaller and very -rare, and occurs only in Eastern Switzerland.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate26"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXVI.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">CAMPANULA BARBATA. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate26.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Bearded Bell-flower or Campanula. <span -class="spacer">Campanule Barbue.</span> <span class="spacer">Bärtige -Glockenblume.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Dwarf_Hair-Bell">The Dwarf Hair-Bell or Bell-Flower<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>CAMPANULA PUSILLA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The photograph gives a good general idea of the tufted -growth of the Dwarf Bell-flower. The plant is quite small, -rarely more than 3 or 4 inches high, and forms dense close-growing -tufts of some size. The smooth or hairy flower-stalks -bear one to six pale blue flowers and the narrow leaves, which -are most numerous and have serrated edges below. There -are also short flowerless branches covered with similar -leaves, and a few broader leaves with longer stalks grow -directly from the root stock. These last are not well seen -in the photograph. The plant is very abundant in dry -rocky and sandy places, in dried up torrent-beds, by the -roadside and on the tops of walls. It is found from the -lower mountain region up to some 8000 feet, and descends -with some of the rivers towards the plains. It is also found -in the Jura and parts of the Black Forest.</p> - -<p>The Dwarf Bell-flower will be recognised from most of -the other species of Campanula which abound in Switzerland -by its broad basal leaves, its narrow stem leaves, and its -erect seed pod. But, unfortunately, there are three other -Swiss species to which this description equally well applies. -Of these the rare <i>Campanula excisa</i> is at once picked out<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span> -by the deep rounded clefts between the five segments of its -bell-shaped flower. <i>Campanula Scheuchzeri</i> is a larger -plant of more open and less tufted growth and with fewer -flowerless leafy shoots. Its bell-shaped flowers are usually -of a darker blue, are more conical, and have a wider -opening; they are, in fact, less truly bell-shaped. <i>Campanula -rotundifolia</i>, the common Hair-bell of our heaths and downs, -which occurs also in Switzerland, is slightly taller than our -plant and has also more cone-shaped flowers. Its flower -buds are held erect, while those of the other three Bell-flowers -we are considering are dependent. In a general -way, the low stature and tufted growth of the Dwarf Bell-flower -will, in most cases, suffice for its recognition.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate27"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXVII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">CAMPANULA PUSILLA. HÆNK.</p> - -<img src="images/plate27.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Dwarf Hair-bell or Bell-flower. <span -class="spacer">Petite Campanule ou Campanule Naine.</span> <span -class="spacer">Kleine Glockenblume.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Hairy-Leaved_Alpenrose">The Hairy-Leaved Alpenrose<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>RHODODENDRON HIRSUTUM</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The Alpenrose is the commonest and best known of all the -Alpine plants. It abounds almost everywhere; were it not -so it would have become practically extinct years before, for -it is gathered unmercifully. Nor are the visitors to Switzerland -alone responsible for this. Every Sunday throughout -the summer, crowds of the native peasants, both children -and adults, may be seen returning home, each bearing in -his arms an immense bunch of the favourite flower, and -often with a second and smaller nosegay tied round the top -of his alpenstock.</p> - -<p>There are really two distinct species of Alpenrose, the -Hairy-leaved (<i>Rhododendron hirsutum</i>), and the Rusty-leaved -(<i>Rhododendron ferrugineum</i>) varieties, and a hybrid -or cross between them is also less commonly found. Both -varieties are low evergreen shrubs with thick leathery leaves -which only fade after three or four years. Both have raised -brown spots on the lower surfaces of the leaves, only they -are much more numerous on the Rusty-leaved species, so -that the under surface of the leaf is completely covered with -them while they are only sparsely scattered on the leaf of -the Hairy-leaved variety. They contain a balsam, and are -thought to be of use to the plant in preventing its drying -up. They may also assist in the absorption of water. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span> -flowers of both species are admirably adapted for cross-fertilisation -by the humble-bees which visit them. The -stamens first mature, and not until the great part of the -pollen is shed does the stigma lengthen and become ready -for pollination. The long hairs growing from the stalks -which bear the stamens interlock with similar hairs on the -inside of the corolla, and thus effectively prevent the -entrance of smaller insects which might visit the flower -in search of the abundant honey, but which would fail to -effect its fertilisation. The flowers of the species here -illustrated are usually a little paler in colour, slightly smaller, -and open a little later than those of the Rusty-leaved variety. -The plant usually forms a lower and more thickly branched -shrub, with rather shorter twigs. But the essential distinguishing -features between the two are to be found in -their leaves. The leaves of <i>Rhododendron hirsutum</i> are -usually broader and less pointed, green underneath, and -have well-marked hairs all round their edges. In <i>Rhododendron -ferrugineum</i> the leaves tend to be narrower, darker green -above, and brown underneath, and are entirely devoid of -hairs, but have rolled back edges. Both species are found -abundantly in rocky places between 4000 and 8000 feet, -and flower in June, July, and August, and may be seen at -their best in July. The Rusty-leaved variety seems to -prefer a rather moister spot and may also be found on peat. -It is most abundant on primary granitic rock, while the other -species grows best on limestone.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate28"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXVIII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">RHODODENDRON HIRSUTUM. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate28.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Hairy-leaved Alpenrose. <span -class="spacer">Rhododendron cilié ou hérissé.</span> <span -class="spacer">Bewimperte Alpenrose, oder Wimpern-Alpenrose.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Lesser_Winter-Green">The Lesser Winter-Green<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>PYROLA MINOR</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The plant here photographed derives its English name from -the evergreen character of its leaves. It is in fact a British -plant, being found somewhat rarely in Scotland and in the -North, but is much more common in Switzerland. It grows -among the moss in shady woods, from the plains right up to -the tree-limit and may even reach 8000 feet or higher, where -protected by shrubs and bushes. The plant is widely -distributed in Switzerland and is also found in Vosges, -Pyrenees, and Jura. It flowers in July.</p> - -<p>The Lesser Winter-Green will be recognised by its -short, straight style, which does not project beyond the flower -and which is closely surrounded by the stamens which -converge toward it. Of the four other Swiss Pyrolas which -resemble the above, two only are at all common, and these -two will alone be mentioned. <i>Pyrola secunda</i> will be -recognised by its longer straight style, which projects beyond -the petals and by its greenish white flowers, which are all -turned in the same direction. Its leaves are more pointed -and have deeper notches than those of our plant. <i>Pyrola -rotundifolia</i> has also a style that projects beyond the petals, -but it is curved so that the stigmatic surface at its extremity -is far below the centre of the flower.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate29"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXIX.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">PYROLA MINOR. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate29.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Lesser Winter-green. <span class="spacer">Petite -Pyrole.</span> <span class="spacer">Kleines Wintergrün.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Stemless_Gentian">The Stemless Gentian<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>GENTIANA ACAULIS</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Many species of Gentian are met with in the Alps. One of -the best known of the smaller varieties is the Stemless -Gentian or Gentianella, which is a frequent inhabitant of -heaths, meadows and pastures all over the higher parts of -Switzerland, and is also found in the Jura and Carpathians, -being less common on limestone soil and more abundant on -primary granitic rock. The plant grows at an altitude of -4000 to 8000 feet, and flowers in June, July, and August. -Occasionally it descends much lower and may even be found -below 1500 feet in a few special localities. Each plant -consists of a small rosette of leaves, a very short stem, and -a single bell-shaped flower of deep azure blue. Very often -two or three plants are found growing together and a small -group such as that photographed is not infrequent. -Occasionally also specimens with pale blue, rose red or -even white flowers may be seen. When the flower has -been fertilised, and while the seeds are maturing, the brightly -coloured corolla shrivels up and surrounds the seed vessel, -at the same time becoming of a green colour and perhaps -taking on a vegetative function. The leaves are rather -leathery, narrow, and pointed.</p> - -<p>It is often quite a difficult matter to distinguish between -the Stemless Gentian, here illustrated, and the Carved<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span> -Gentian (<i>Gentiana excisa</i>), not only because the two plants are -so much alike but also because intermediate forms exist; -indeed, it is open to question whether the two plants are -really to be regarded as distinct species. In the Carved -Gentian the calyx lobes become contracted just above their -bases, to widen out again above, and the recesses between -the lobes are more rounded and less pointed. The leaves -also are broader, less leathery, and not nearly so sharp pointed -as those of the so-called stemless variety. The flowers of the -Marsh Gentian (<i>Gentiana Pneumonanthe</i>) are also not unlike -those of the plant here photographed, but it should be readily -distinguished because its leaves are much narrower and -several flowers are borne by a single plant.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate30"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXX.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">GENTIANA ACAULIS. L. (GENTIANA CLUSII).</p> - -<img src="images/plate30.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Stemless Gentian. <span class="spacer">Gentiane -à Tige Courte.</span> <span class="spacer">Stengelloser Enzian oder -Erd-Enzian.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Short-Leaved_Gentian">The Short-Leaved Gentian<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>GENTIANA BRACHYPHYLLA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>A particularly fine group of this beautiful little Gentian -is here photographed. It is typical of the high Alps or -snow region, and is rarely found below 6000 feet, and while -scarce above 9000 is to be gathered even at 12,000 feet on -the Matterhorn. But a single flower is borne by each little -plant at the top of a short stem, which also bears the small, -thick, closely packed leaves. The plant is found growing in -the turf of mountain pastures and rocky places in the central -parts of the whole Alpine chain. It is moderately common -particularly on primary rock, and is also met with in Dauphiny -and the Pyrenees.</p> - -<p>Of the twenty or more species of Gentian that occur in -Switzerland, some are tall, stately plants, bearing numerous -blue, yellow, or purple flowers. Others are much smaller -and bear relatively few flowers, or even one only in small -feeble plants. A few never have more than a single -blossom to each little plant. Among these last are the -Stemless Gentian with its bell-shaped flower, figured on the -previous plate, and the Short-leaved Gentian with its star-like -flower, which we here illustrate. As a matter of fact, there -are really three single-flowered Star-Gentians and to distinguish -between them is not easy. Of these the Bavarian -Gentian (<i>Gentiana bavarica</i>) is recognised from our plant by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span> -its longer stem, perhaps 2 to 3 inches long, on which -only two or three pairs of opposite leaves are borne, and by -the fact that the lower leaves are smaller than the upper. -The Spring Gentian (<i>Gentiana verna</i>) has a very short stem, -covered by closely packed leaves like the short-leaved -variety, and like it, too, the lower leaves are the larger, but -its leaves are harder, narrower, and more pointed, and short -wing-like projections are found on its calyx.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate31"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXXI.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">GENTIANA BRACHYPHYLLA. FROL.</p> - -<img src="images/plate31.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Short-leaved Gentian. <span -class="spacer">Gentiane à Feuilles Courtes.</span> <span -class="spacer">Kurzblättriger Enzian oder Eiförmiger Enzian.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Alpine_Toad-Flax">The Alpine Toad-Flax<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>LINARIA ALPINA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This beautiful little plant is abundant in all parts of the -Alps. It is one of the first to take possession of fresh -soil, but disappears rapidly under the stress of competition -with other plants. Its numerous winged seeds are carried -far and wide by the wind, and take root and grow rapidly -on any open space. Hence it is found among the general -rocky débris of the mountain-side, on the moraines of -glaciers, and on the fresh soil brought down by avalanches, -and is most abundant in limestone districts. Its true home -is the high Alps and the snow region, and it flourishes best -between 5000 and 9000 feet; but it is often carried down -to a much lower level by the rivers, and is even found -locally in the plains of Southern Germany. The Alpine -Toad-flax is an inhabitant of most of the mountain ranges of -Central and Southern Europe, and is thought to have taken -origin in the South. It flowers from June till September, and -seems to have derived its name from its flax-like foliage.</p> - -<p>From the root stock arise one or more prostrate branches -which creep over the rocks and soil, and turn upward at their -extremities to terminate in a bunch of the brightly-coloured -flowers. The grey-green leaves are narrow and succulent, -and are arranged in whorls of four on the stem. The flowers -are furnished with a long spur which contains the honey,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span> -and are only visited by bees and humble-bees. The common -humble-bee has a long enough tongue to reach to the tip -of the spur and is the chief agent in the fertilisation of the -plant. The orange-yellow spot at the only opening to the -flower is equivalent to a notice “this way to the honey.” -Should no insect visit a flower self-fertilisation will nevertheless -occur and seeds will be produced all the same. A variety of -this plant, with flowers of a uniform red-violet colour and without -any orange-yellow spot, grows on primary granitic rock. -A second and much rarer type has pure yellow blossoms.</p> - -<p>The plant is sure to be easily recognised. The prostrate -stem, narrow leaves, and entirely closed up flowers that grow -together in bunches are some of the more characteristic -features.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate32"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXXII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">LINARIA ALPINA. MILL.</p> - -<img src="images/plate32.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Alpine Toad-flax. <span class="spacer">Linaire des -Alpes.</span> <span class="spacer">Alpen-Leinkraut.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Alpine_Balsam">The Alpine Balsam<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>ERINUS ALPINUS</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The Alpine Balsam is a characteristic rock plant of the -limestone Alps. Taking root in the clefts of the rocks, it -sends out radiating branches in all directions, which adhere -closely to the surface. It may also be sought in dry -mountain meadows and among the grass of dry stony slopes, -and is fairly common between 4000 and 7000 feet. Sometimes -it is met with at a lower altitude in rocky places. The -leaves, which are broader at their free extremities and covered -by short hairs, are crowded together at the base of the stem. -They have deeply serrated edges. The violet-purple or -occasionally white flowers, which are formed of five petals -united at their bases, are borne at the extremities of the -branches. The Alpine Balsam is found not only in the Swiss -Alps but also in the Tyrol, the Jura, the Vosges and -Pyrenees. It flowers from early June till August.</p> - -<p>The flowers of the Bird’s-eye or Mealy Primrose (<i>Primula -farinosa</i>) are not unlike those of the Alpine Balsam, at any -rate at first sight. But each Mealy Primrose plant bears -but a single leafless flower-stem which terminates in a -cluster of flowers. Moreover, the Mealy Primrose is found -in moist meadows and boggy places, and rarely among rocks, -and its leaves have a grey, powdery bloom on their lower -surfaces.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate33"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXXIII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">ERINUS ALPINUS. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate33.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Alpine Balsam. <span class="spacer">Erine des -Alpes.</span> <span class="spacer">Alpen-Leberbalsam.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Leafy_Lousewort">The Leafy Lousewort<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>PEDICULARIS FOLIOSA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The Louseworts as a whole have been exceedingly successful -in the Alps. No less than fourteen different species are to -be found, and some of them are exceedingly common. In -spite of their unpleasant name they are for the most part -really beautiful plants, and as a group they are interesting -in several ways. In the first place, they are all in some degree -parasites on other plants. Branches arise from the roots -which attach themselves to the roots of neighbouring plants -and absorb from them water or salts or even organic nourishment. -The Leafy Lousewort is not a great offender in this -respect, but other species are capable of completely destroying -many of the surrounding plants. The method of pollination -of the Lousewort flowers is also somewhat remarkable. The -flowers are only visited by humble bees, for no other insect -appears to be strong enough to force an entrance into the -flower. As may be made out from the photograph, the -flower consists of two lips. In the upper is a vertical slit -through which the stigma alone projects, but immediately -behind the slit are the four stamens. The lower lip forms -practically a landing stage for insect visitors. When the -humble-bee alights on the flower his head is sure to come -in contact with the projecting stigma and some of the pollen -which he unconsciously carries with him will be removed.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span> -As he bends forward and thrusts his head into the flower -to suck the honey the vertical slit in the upper lip will be -widened out and the stamens will protrude and strike -the insect’s head. When the humble-bee at last leaves -the flower to continue his journey its various parts will -resume their former relative positions. Should no insects -visit the flower self-pollination will occur. This appears to -be the usual course of events in the North where humble-bees -are scarce. In Spitzbergen, where there are no -humble-bees, a nearly-related species, <i>Pedicularis lanata</i>, is -said to be regularly self-fertilised without apparently -suffering in any possible way.</p> - -<p>The Leafy Lousewort here illustrated is the commonest -variety in most districts. It is a tall, stately plant, often some -two feet high, which is found on grassy slopes and in -rocky places between 3500 and 7000 feet, and grows best on -a limestone soil. The large fine-divided leaves are even found -among the pale yellow flowers on the flower-stem. The -plant flowers in June and July, and is found in the Alps, -Pyrenees, Vosges, and Jura. It will be readily recognised by -its alternate leaves, and pale yellow hairy flowers, without any -beak-like projection at their summits. <i>Pedicularis Oederi</i>, -which is a little like it, has no foliage leaves between the -flowers, which are devoid of hairs, and have a blackish red -spot on either side of the upper lip.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate34"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXXIV.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">PEDICULARIS FOLIOSA. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate34.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Leafy Lousewort. <span class="spacer">Pédiculaire -à épi feuillé.</span> <span class="spacer">Reichbeblättertes -Läusekraut.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Yellow_Auricula">The Yellow Auricula<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>PRIMULA AURICULA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>Directly the snow melts up come the Auriculas, but only -on limestone soil. The Auricula is really a spring plant, -and usually flowers in May, but where protected by slowly -melting masses of snow it may not bloom till much later; -the accompanying photograph was taken in July. The thick, -dense rootstock penetrates deep into the clefts of the rock. -The leaves are smooth, rather fleshy, and of a bluish-green -colour. The upper surface of the leaves, the flower-stalk -and the calyx are covered with a white mealy substance. -The leaves appear to serve the plant as a means of absorbing -or storing water. Although the thick, dense cuticle usually -present on leaves which have this function is here absent, -they are found to dry up very slowly. It is probable that -the thick cellulose walls between the individual cells replace -the cuticle in the leaves of this plant. The flowers give -forth a pleasant odour, something like that of the cowslip, -but rather sweeter. Like the flowers of the primrose, they -are of two kinds. The one has a long stigma which projects -as far as the opening of the flower, and short stamens, and -the converse is the case in the other. The object of this -arrangement is to facilitate the pollination of the flowers by -the agency of insect visitors as they pass from the one type -to the other. Darwin found that very few seeds were -formed when the flowers were self-fertilised.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span></p> - -<p>The Auricula grows in rocky places between 3000 and -7000 feet. It is only found in limestone districts, and is -rather local. It is also to be met with in the Jura, Dauphiny, -the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, and in one or two places in -the Black Forest.</p> - -<p>The Auricula will be readily recognised. From the -Oxlip (<i>Primula elatior</i>) and Cowslip (<i>Primula officinalis</i> -or <i>veris</i>), it is distinguished by its smooth, not wrinkled, -leaves and mealy stem. It is probable that most of the -brilliantly coloured garden Auriculas were originally derived -from this species.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="plate35"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXXV.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">PRIMULA AURICULA. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate35.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Yellow Auricula. <span class="spacer">Primevère -Auricule.</span> <span class="spacer">Felsen-Aurikel oder -Flühblüemli.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Marsh_Orchis">The Marsh Orchis<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>ORCHIS LATIFOLIA</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>A large number of Orchids are to be found in the Alps. -They form a well-defined group of plants which are particularly -interesting in view of complicated devices which they -have adopted to ensure the fertilisation of their seeds by the -agency of insect visitors. Nearly all the English species are -found in Switzerland, and most of them are met with in -much greater abundance there. The beautiful pink Helleborine, -the sweet-scented Butterfly Orchis, may be found in -profusion on the lower mountain slopes, and the dark red -Nigritella, with its odour of vanilla, and the ghost-like -Coral-root, in the higher regions.</p> - -<p>Of the genus Orchis alone there are no less than seventeen -Swiss species. Many of these are much alike, and by -no means easy to distinguish from one another. One of the -most abundant is the Marsh Orchis, which is also met with -in England, but is not nearly so common there. The plant -grows in damp meadows and boggy places, where an average -sized plant may be 18 inches or two feet high. Its large -purple spotted flowers appear in June and may last until July.</p> - -<p>The methods adopted by the plant to ensure the fertilisation -of its flowers by means of insect visitors are most -elaborate and exact, but without the aid of diagrams they -are a little difficult to explain. It is curious that no honey<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span> -is contained in the spur. It is probably the cell sap in it -that is attractive to insects.</p> - -<p>The Marsh Orchis will be recognised by its spreading -spotted leaves, hollow stem, the palm-shaped tubers of its -root, and the thick spur to the flower.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate36"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXXVI.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">ORCHIS LATIFOLIA. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate36.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Marsh Orchis. <span class="spacer">L’Orchis -à Feuilles Larges.</span> <span class="spacer">Breitblättriges -Knabenkraut.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Ladys_Slipper">The Lady’s Slipper<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>This is one of the most striking plants of the Swiss flora, and -while nowhere common is pretty widely distributed in the -limestone districts of the Alps. It is a plant of some size, -perhaps 12 to 24 inches in height, and grows in stony woods -from the lower mountain region up to 6500 feet. One to -three large yellow flowers are borne by each plant. Their -method of fertilisation is of exceptional interest. Close to -the attachment of the yellow slipper-shaped petal to the rest -of the flower is a projection bearing on each side a stigmatic -surface below and a mass of pollen above. The large yellow -petal is smooth inside and has overhanging edges, rather like -those of the familiar beetle-trap that is used for catching -cockroaches, and as we shall see in a moment it acts in a -similar manner. There is no honey in the flower, and it is -not quite clear what the small bees that have been seen -visiting it go there for. But at any rate when they once get -in they have the greatest possible difficulty in getting out -again, and only succeed in doing so by climbing up the -attached side of the flower where the edges are not overhanging, -that is on either side of the central projection. In -doing this they are sure to brush first against the stigmatic -surface, leaving behind some of the pollen they may chance to -have sticking to them, and then against the viscid mass of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span> -pollen, some of which is sure to become attached to them. -This process has been actually observed by Dr Herman -Müller in the Alps.</p> - -<p>The Lady’s Slipper Orchid is found also in the Jura, Tyrol, -Dauphiny, Pyrenees, in certain parts of Central and -Southern Germany, and even in the North of England. It -is everywhere rather rare, but specially so in this country. -It flowers in May and June, and is sure to be easily recognised, -for there is no other plant in the least like it.</p> - -<p>No doubt such names as the Lady’s Slipper, Lady’s Mantle, -and Lady’s-Tresses refer to the dedication of the plant to -the Virgin in mediæval times. The French name, “Sabot -de Vénus,” refers to a very different personage. A comparison -between the English, French, German, and the scientific -names, for the last of which Linneus is responsible, is a good -example of the way in which the goddess Venus and the -Virgin Mary were often confounded with one another in the -early days.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate37"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXXVII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate37.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The Lady’s-Slipper Orchid. <span class="spacer">Sabot -de Vénus.</span> <span class="spacer">Gemeiner Frauenschuh.</span></p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="White_Veratrum">The White Veratrum<br /> -<span class="smaller">(<i>VERATRUM ALBUM</i>)</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The White Veratrum is a tall weed with large green leaves, -very abundant in moist meadows and pastures in all parts of -the Alps between 2000 and 6000 feet. Before the flowers -appear it strongly suggests one of the larger Gentians, but -the flowers, which come out in July and August, are quite -different. It is a widely distributed plant, being found in -Russia, Siberia, Lapland, as well as in most of the mountain -ranges of Central and Southern Europe. It appears to have -been left as a relic of the glacial period in the higher parts -of Silesia and the Black Forest. The large green leaves are -downy beneath, and the flowers, which are always green -externally, may be pure white (var. <i>typicum</i>), or more commonly -yellowish-green (var. <i>Lobelianum</i>), internally. Some would -regard these two varieties as distinct species. The whole -plant is extremely poisonous. Sometimes it is eaten by the -sheep and goats with disastrous results to the herdsmen, -but the cattle are wiser and rarely make this mistake. The -poison is an alkaloid Veratrin, which is contained in largest -quantities in the root from which it is extracted for medical -purposes. If the root be tasted it will at first appear sweet, -but its acrid, bitter flavour soon overpowers this first -impression. The Swiss herdsmen look upon the White -Veratrum as a noxious weed, not only because of its poisonous<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span> -properties but also because it grows in the richest soil and -robs the true fodder plants of nourishment. In the Jura, -on the other hand, the farmers rather welcome it. They -say that the shade of its large leaves preserves the grass -for the cattle and prevents it becoming dried up by the -scorching sun.</p> - -<p>The White Veratrum will be easily recognised. Its -nearest relative, the Black Veratrum (<i>Veratrum nigrum</i>), is a -much rarer plant that grows in woods. It has reddish-black -or chocolate flowers, which grow in large spikes like those of -the plant here illustrated, but each individual flower has a -relatively longer flower-stalk.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="plate38"> - -<p class="caption-r"><span class="smcap">Plate XXXVIII.</span></p> - -<p class="caption">VERATRUM ALBUM. L.</p> - -<img src="images/plate38.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">The White Veratrum. <span class="spacer">Hellébore blanc ou -Vératre blanc.</span> <span class="spacer">Weisser Germer.</span></p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">Index</h2> - -</div> - -<ul> - -<li class="ifrst">A</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Abies pectinata</i>, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aconites, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Aconitum Anthora</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Lycoctonum</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Napellus</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>paniculatum</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alpenrose, the Hairy-leaved, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Rusty-leaved, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alpine anemone, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Aster, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Balsam, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Carline Thistle, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Clover, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Fleabane, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Region, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Rose, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Sainfoin, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Starwort, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Toad-flax, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Alps</i>, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Altitude, <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Anemone alpina</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Narcissiflora</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>nemorosa</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Pulsatilla</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Antennaria carpathica</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>dioica</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Arnica montana</i>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arnica, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arolla, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aronics, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Aster alpinus</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Amellus</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aster, the Alpine, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Astrantia major</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Astrantia minor</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Astrantia, the Large, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Small, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Auricula, the Yellow, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Auriculas, garden, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">B</li> - -<li class="indx">Ball, John, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Balsam, the Alpine, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bavarian Gentian, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bearded Bell-flower, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bell-flower, the Bearded, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Dwarf, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bird’s-eye, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Biting Stonecrop, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Veratrum, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blood Geranium, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bonnier, Professor, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Box-leaved Milkwort, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brook Crane’s-bill, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brown Clover, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Bupleurum ranunculoides</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">C</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Campanula barbata</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>excisa</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>pusilla</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>rotundifolia</i>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Scheuchzeri</i>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Zoysii</i>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Campanula, the Bearded, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span>Campion, the Moss, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Carlina acaulis</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carline Thistle, the Alpine, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carpathians Cudweed, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carved Gentian, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cat’s-foot, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“Chamois’ beards,” <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chickweed, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christmas tree, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Circium oloraceum</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>spinosissimum</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Climate of Alps, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clover, the Alpine, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Brown, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Dull-flowered Sweet, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cobweb House-leek, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cold Milk-Vetch, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Mountain-lentil, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Colours of Alpine flowers, <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Common Fuller’s Thistle, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Milk wort, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Monk’s-Hood, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cowslip, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crane’s-bill, Brook, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Meadow, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Creeping Gypsophila, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crocuses, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cudweed, Carpathian, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Mountain, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cultivation of Alpine plants, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cushion Pink, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“Cushion plant,” <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Cypripedium calceolus</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">D</li> - -<li class="indx">Destruction of Alpine plants, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dog-Rose, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Doronicum, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Dryas octopetala</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dryas, the White, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dull-flowered Sweet Clover, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dwarf Bell-flower, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Hair-Bell, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">E</li> - -<li class="indx">Edelweiss, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a>, <a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Epilobium angustifolium</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Fleischeri</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>rosmarinifolium</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Erigeron alpina</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Erinus alpinus</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Eritrichium nanum</i>, <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Evergreen Saxifrage, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Everlasting, the Mountain, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eyebright, <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">F</li> - -<li class="indx">Fleabane, the Alpine, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fleischer’s Willow-herb, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Flowers of Alpine plants, <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Forget-me-not, <a href="#Page_xix">xix</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fuller’s Thistle, the Common, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Spiny, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">G</li> - -<li class="indx">Gentian, the Bavarian, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Carved, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Marsh, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Short-leaved, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Spring, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Stemless, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Gentiana acaulis</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>bavarica</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span><i>brachyphylla</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Gentiana excisa</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Pneumonanthe</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>verna</i>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Geranium, the Blood, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Wood, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Geranium pratense</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>rivulare</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>sanguinum</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>sylvaticum</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Glacial period, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Glacier Crowfoot, <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Glaucium luteum</i>, <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Globe Flower, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gypsophila, the Creeping, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Gypsophila repens</i>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">H</li> - -<li class="indx">Hair-bell, the Common, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Dwarf, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hairy-leaved Alpenrose, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hare’s-ear, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Hedysarum obscurum</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horned Sea-poppy, <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></li> - -<li class="indx">House-leek, the Cobweb, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Common, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Mountain, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">I</li> - -<li class="indx">Insects in the Alps, <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">L</li> - -<li class="indx">Lady’s Mantle, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Slipper, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tresses, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Larch, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Large Astrantia, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Larix Europæa</i>, <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leafy Lousewort, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lesser Winter-Green, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Linaria alpina</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Long-Spurred Pansy, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Lonicera alpigena</i>, <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lousewort, the Leafy, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Low stature of Alpine plants, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">M</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Maianthemum bifolium</i>, <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marsh Gentian, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Orchis, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">May-Lily, <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Meadow Crane’s-bill, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mealy Primrose, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Milk-Vetch, the Cold, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Milkwort, the Box-leaved, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Common, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monk’s-Hood, the Common, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moss Campion, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moss-like Saxifrage, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mountain Cudweed, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Everlasting, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="isub1">House-leek, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> -<li class="isub1">-lentil, the Cold, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Müller, H., <a href="#Page_xx">xx</a>, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">N</li> - -<li class="indx">Narcissus-flowered Anemone, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">O</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Orchis latifolia</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orchis, the Marsh, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Origin of Alpine flora, <a href="#Page_xxi">xxi</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span>Oxlip, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">P</li> - -<li class="indx">Panicled Monk’s-hood, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pansy, the Long-Spurred, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pasque Flower, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Pedicularis foliosa</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>lanata</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Oederi</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Perennials in the Alps, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Phaca alpina</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>frigida</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Photography of Alpine plants, <a href="#Page_xxv">xxv</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Phyteuma orbicular</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Scheuchzeri</i>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>spicatum</i>, <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Picea excelsa</i>, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Pinus Cembra</i>, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>sylvestris</i>, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Poa annua</i>, <a href="#Page_xvi">xvi</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Polygala calcarea</i>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>chamæbuxus</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>vulgaris</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Preserving Alpine plants, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pressing Alpine plants, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Primrose, the Mealy, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Primula auricula</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>elatior</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>farinosa</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>officinalis</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>veris</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Pyrola minor</i>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>rotundifolia</i>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>secunda</i>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">R</li> - -<li class="indx">Rampion, the Round-headed, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the White-flowered, <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Ranunculaceæ</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Ranunculus acris</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>glacialis</i>, <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>montanus</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red-berried Elder, <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Region of forest trees, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Rhododendron ferrugineum</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>hirsutum</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rock gardens, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Rosa alpina</i>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rose-bay, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rose, the Alpine, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rosemary-leaved Willow-herb, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rough Saxifrage, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Round-headed Rampion, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rusty-leaved Alpenrose, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">S</li> - -<li class="indx">“Sabot de Vénus,” <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sainfoin, the Alpine, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Sambucus racemosa</i>, <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandwort, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Saxifraga Aizoides</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>aspera</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>bryoides</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Hirculus</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Sequieri</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saxifrage, the Evergreen, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Moss-like, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Rough, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scotch Fir, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Sedum acre</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Sempervivum arachnoideum</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Funckii</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>montanum</i>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>tectorum</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Wulfeni</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Short-leaved Gentian, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Silene acaulis</i>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>exscapa</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silver Fir, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silver-herb, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span>Slipper, the Lady’s, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Small Astrantia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Snowbells, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spiny Fuller’s Thistle, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Spiræa Aruncus</i>, <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Spiræa</i>, <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spring Gentian, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spruce, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Star-Gentians, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Starwort, the Alpine, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stemless Carline Thistle, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Gentian, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stonecrops, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stunted character of Alpine plants, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Subalpine Region, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sweet Clover, the Dull-flowered, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">T</li> - -<li class="indx">Toad-flax, the Alpine, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Trifolium alpinum</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>badium</i>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>pallescens</i>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>spadiceum</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Trollius Europæus</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Two-flowered Violet, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">U</li> - -<li class="indx">Underground stem of Alpine plants, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">V</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Veratrum album</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>nigrum</i>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Veratrum, the Black, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the White, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Viola biflora</i>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>calcarata</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Violet, the Two-flowered, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">W</li> - -<li class="indx">White Dryas, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Veratrum, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Willow-herb, Fleischer’s, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> -<li class="isub1">the Rosemary-leaved, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Winter-Green, the Lesser, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wolf’s-bane, the Yellow, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wood Anemone, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Geranium, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Y</li> - -<li class="indx">Yellow Auricula, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Wolf’s-bane, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - -</ul> - -<p class="titlepage">PRINTED BY<br /> -TURNBULL AND SPEARS,<br /> -EDINBURGH</p> - 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