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If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Geography of New Jersey - -Author: Henry Snyder - -Release Date: September 4, 2021 [eBook #66218] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Tom Cosmas produced from files generously provided on The - Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain. - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY *** - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis denoted as _Italics_ and =Bold=. Table of Contents added -to assist the reader. - - - - -GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY - - -Henry Snyder, A.M., Sc.D. - -Superintendent of Schools, Jersey City, New Jersey - - -Copyright, 1916, 1921, by American Book Company. - - - - - Table of Contents - - Section PAGE - EARLY HISTORY i - POSITION AND SIZE iv - RELIEF iv - CLIMATE vii - DRAINAGE viii - PLANTS AND ANIMALS ix - AGRICULTURE xi - MINERALS xii - TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION xiv - RECREATION AND HEALTH xv - GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION xvi - POPULATION xix - CITIES, TOWNS, BOROUGHS, AND VILLAGES xx - TABLES xxvii - - - - -EARLY HISTORY - - -The original inhabitants of New Jersey H were Indians of the Delaware -tribe, which belonged to the Algonquin family. The early white settlers -were of different nationalities,--Dutch, Swedes, English, and French. -The geographical names of the state are interesting reminders of the -various occupants. - -The first exploration of the state was made by Henry Hudson, who, in -the employ of the Dutch East India Company, sailed for a week in 1609 -on the waters of Delaware Bay and Delaware River, which the Dutch -called South River, in search of a northwest passage to India. Failing -to find it, he sailed north and entered New York Bay and Hudson River, -or North River, as it is still called. In 1614 the Dutch founded New -Amsterdam, afterwards New York, and, about the same time, established a -trading post in what is now Hudson County. Later the Swedes attempted -settlements in the southwestern part of the state, but were expelled by -the Dutch. The Dutch made settlements at various places, some of which -proved to be only temporary. The first permanent settlement in New -Jersey was at Bergen, now a part of Jersey City, to which was granted a -town form of government, separate from that of New Amsterdam, in 1660. - -In 1664 the English took possession of New Netherland--the Dutch Colony -including New York and New Jersey, King Charles II granted it to his -brother, the Duke of York, who in turn granted that part of it lying -between the Hudson and Delaware rivers to Lord John Berkeley and Sir -George Carteret. The latter had been governor of the Isle of Jersey, -and their new grant was named New Jersey in his honor. Disagreements -between Carteret and Berkeley led the latter to sell his interest to -other proprietors, among whom afterwards was William Penn. In 1676 the -colony was divided into East Jersey and West Jersey by a line running -from Little Egg Harbor to the Delaware in the northern part of the -state. It is because of this division that the state is still often -referred to as "the Jerseys." In 1702 the proprietors surrendered their -proprietary rights to the crown. From that time to its independence the -whole of New Jersey was under royal government. - -Five representatives from New Jersey signed the Declaration of -Independence. The position of the state made it "The War Path of the -Revolution." Paulus Hook, Springfield, Morristown, Monmouth, Princeton, -and Trenton are famous names in Revolutionary history. The troops of -the state were in every conflict. In the army of General Wayne, which -punished the Indians after the Wyoming massacre, one third were New -Jersey soldiers under General Maxwell. - -[Illustration: Trenton Battle Monument] - -[Illustration: Physical and Political New Jersey (north half)] - -[Illustration: Physical and Political New Jersey (south half)] - - - - -POSITION AND SIZE - - -New Jersey lies between 73° 55′ and 75° 32′ west longitude and between -38° 56′ and 41° 21′ north latitude. Its northernmost point is marked by -a rock on the shore of the Delaware River just south of Port Jervis, -New York, known as Tri-States Rock. From this point to Cape May the -length of the state is 166 miles. Its narrowest part, between Trenton -and Raritan Bay, is 335 miles wide. Its widest part, measured on a line -extending northwest from Great Egg Inlet, is 57 miles wide. - -It is the smallest of the Middle Atlantic states and has an area of -8224 square miles, of which 7514 square miles are land surface and 710 -square miles are water surface. It is the forty-fifth of the states in -size. - - - - -RELIEF - - -In a general way the surface of New Jersey may be described as -mountainous in the northern part, undulating in the middle part, and -low and sandy in the southern part. The state is divided into four -provinces or zones; namely, the Appalachian zone, the Highlands, the -Piedmont Plateau, and the Coastal Plain. These zones extend from -southwest to northeast. - -[Illustration: Tri-States Rock in the Delaware River. The rock on which -the man stands is at the intersection of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and -New York boundaries] - -[Illustration: Topographic provinces of New Jersey] - -The Appalachian zone, which consists of Kittatinny Mountain and -Kittatinny Valley, extends across the northwestern part of the state -from the Delaware River in the vicinity of the Delaware Water Gap to -the New York state line. The width of this belt varies from twelve to -fourteen miles. The Kittatinny Mountain extends along the Delaware -River for thirty miles in the northwestern corner of the state. It -extends into Pennsylvania, where it is known as Blue Mountain. The -height of this range varies from 1500 feet to 1800 feet. Its highest -point and the highest in the state is High Point, which has an -elevation of 1804 feet. The Kittatinny Valley is on the southeast side -of Kittatinny Mountain and runs parallel with it. - -[Illustration: Relief map of New Jersey] - -The Appalachian zone, with its rugged surface, extensive forests, and -many lakes, is noted for its beautiful scenery, which attracts many -summer visitors. The Delaware Water Gap is particularly noted on this -account. This is a break in the Kittatinny Mountain through which the -Delaware River flows. Because of the rough surface this section of -the state is not adapted to agriculture, although on the bottom lands -bordering on the streams and in the Kittatinny Valley there are many -farms devoted to the raising of crops and to grazing. - -The second zone, The Highlands, immediately southeast of the -Appalachian zone, extends from the Delaware River into New York. Its -southeastern boundary passes near Morristown and Boonton. This zone -is from ten to twenty miles wide. Its height generally varies from -900 feet to 1400 feet. Hamburg Mountain and Wawayanda Mountain reach -an altitude of 1469 feet. The Highlands, as well as the Appalachian -zone, belong to the Appalachian region, but in New Jersey the term -"Appalachian" is applied only to the region consisting of Kittatinny -Mountain and Valley. - -The Highlands contain many irregular mountain masses, interspersed with -fertile valleys, and much forest land. The zone contains, besides, many -lakes, most of which are of glacial origin. The section is consequently -one of great natural beauty, and is a popular resort for many who -desire out-door recreation. There is much fertile farm land and land -suitable for grazing. Parts of it are specially suitable for the -raising of peaches and other fruits. It contains many valuable mineral -deposits, including gravel, cement rock, zinc, and iron. - -Next to the Highlands and parallel with it is the Piedmont Plateau. -This extends from the Delaware River to the northeast corner of the -state and is about thirty miles wide. Its southeastern boundary is a -line running from Trenton to Woodbridge in Middlesex County, which -represents in this state the Fall Line (Sec. 47). It comprises about -one fifth of the area of the state. Its elevation varies from sea level -to about 900 feet. - -The Piedmont Plateau is characterized by the presence of red sandstone -and shale. Its surface is very irregular. In its eastern part it is -undulating or rolling. In the western, it contains higher lands which -may be called plateaus. It contains also irregular ridges such as -the Watchung Mountains, the Palisades, and the mountains in Hunterdon -County. The Watchung Mountains and the Palisades are composed of trap -rock, which in a molten condition was forced up through overlying rock -strata. The eastern sides of these trap ridges are steep slopes. The -underlying sandstone has been worn away while the harder trap rock has -resisted erosion. - -[Illustration: The Palisades of the Hudson] - -The Falls of the Passaic River at Paterson are located in this section. -These falls, which are seventy feet high, were formed by the water -passing over the hard trap rock and wearing away the softer rock below. - -Because of the nearness of the Piedmont Plateau to the great commercial -centers of the country and the excellent facilities for transportation, -most of the larger cities of the state are located in this zone. - -[Illustration: Barnegat lighthouse] - -The fourth zone, the Coastal Plain, includes the remainder of the state -south and east of the Fall Line. The land of this zone is highest -in the interior along a range of elevations extending from Atlantic -Highlands in the northeast to Mount Holly in the southwest, and slopes -outward from these elevations towards the margins of the zone. The -greatest elevation is 390 feet, which is found in Monmouth County. -About three fourths of this portion of the state has an elevation of -less than 100 feet and about one third has an elevation of less than 50 -feet. The Coastal Plain is bordered along Delaware Bay and the Atlantic -Coast by salt marshes, or tidal marshes, often called salt meadows, -whose elevation above sea level is rarely as much as four feet. The -total area of these marshes, including those of the valley of the -Hackensack River, is almost 660 square miles. Along the Atlantic coast -the marshes are separated from the ocean by beaches. These are low -ridges of sand, constructed in the shallow water by the action of the -waves and wind. These beaches are absent along the shore of Delaware -Bay and along the coast from Manasquan to Monmouth Beach. The water -between the beaches and the mainland is shallow and is becoming more -shallow because of the deposit of sediment which is washed down from -the land by streams. - -Although the coast line of the state along the Atlantic is 120 miles -long, there are no good harbors on this line, because of the barrier -beaches and the shallowness of the water between the beaches and the -mainland. - -The northern fourth of New Jersey was covered by ice during the Glacial -Period (Sec. 32). It therefore contains many moraines, or deposits of -material carried along by the glacier. These deposits consist of clay, -sand, gravel, and bowlders. In some places they take the form of hills -or ridges, in others they are spread out as level sheets. Some valleys -are partly filled by them. Many lakes in the northern part of the state -occupy basins which were scooped out by the glacier, or were formed -from river valleys whose outlets were blocked by glacial deposits. The -terminal moraine which marks the southern limit of the glacier extends -from Belvidere, through Morristown, to Perth Amboy. As the ice passed -over the hard rocks of the mountains it polished their surfaces, and -left in them scratches, which indicate the general southward movement -of the glacier. - -The Coastal Plain was once beneath the ocean and was part of the -continental shelf which extends along the Atlantic. The ancient shore -is now the Fall Line. - - - - -CLIMATE - - -The climate of New Jersey is milder and less subject to extreme -fluctuation than that of the interior states in the same latitude, -because it extends along the ocean (Sec. 107). The average annual -temperature of New Jersey is 51.5°. The average annual temperature of -the extreme northern part is 5° lower than that of the extreme southern -end of the state. The lower temperature of the northern part of the -state is due to the higher latitude, its distance from the ocean, and -its greater altitude. - -The prevailing winds are from the west and northwest. New Jersey is in -the track of storms, which cross the continent from the west. The south -and east winds blowing from the ocean toward the storm centers bring -with them much moisture and insure the state an ample rainfall. Local -showers or thunderstorms which move from the west or northwest are -frequent in the spring and summer months. In the summer time all along -the coast the benefit of sea breezes is felt (Sec. 372). - -The rainfall is sufficient for all kinds of crops which can be grown in -the state. It is greatest in the northeastern part of the state, where -the annual precipitation is more than fifty inches; and least in the -southern and southwestern part along Delaware Bay, where it is about -forty-one inches. - -[Illustration: Sandy Hook from the Highland Light] - -[Illustration: Drainage basins in New Jersey] - - - - -DRAINAGE - - -The divide between the streams that flow into the Delaware River and -Delaware Bay on the west and those that flow into the Hudson River, -Newark Bay, New York Bay, Raritan Bay, Sandy Hook Bay, and Atlantic -Ocean on the east is a very irregular line extending from the northwest -corner of the state to Cape May. It is so near the Delaware River and -Delaware Bay that only a little more than one third of the state is -drained into these waters. The tributaries which drain this basin are, -therefore, small. The eastern drainage area contains several rivers -of considerable size. The Wallkill River flows northeast through the -northwestern part of this state and through the southeast corner of -New York into the Hudson River. The Hackensack River rises in New -York and flows south into Newark Bay. The Passaic River, which has as -tributaries Saddle River, Pompton River, Ramapo River, Wanaque River -with Greenwood Lake, Pequannock River, and Rockaway River, follows -a very tortuous course and flows into Newark Bay. Just north of the -middle of the state is the Raritan River, which rises near the Delaware -River and flows into Raritan Bay. - -All the rivers which flow into the Atlantic Ocean or into the bays -which border the state are affected by the tidal flow, and the largest -are navigable for at least some parts of their courses. In the case -of the Delaware the tide extends to Trenton. Important cities which -are located on tidal waters are Hoboken, Jersey City, Bayonne, Newark, -Elizabeth, New Brunswick, Perth Amboy, Long Branch, Asbury Park, -Atlantic City, Camden, and Trenton. - -Between the Watchung Mountains on the east and south and the Highlands -on the northwest is a broad, flat basin, which is drained by the -Passaic River. Before the Glacial Period the Passaic River did not flow -from this basin through the mountains at Little Falls and Paterson, as -it does now. This area was then drained by a stream which crossed the -Watchung Mountains near Summit and Millburn and flowed southeast into -the sea. During the Glacial Period most of this basin was covered by -the ice sheet. As the ice receded, this gap in the Watchung Mountains -was filled with glacial drift and there was formed a large lake, which -the geologists call Lake Passaic and which was drained for a long time -by a stream which flowed southwest through the hills near Liberty -Corner into the Raritan River. As the ice sheet receded still farther -north, the gaps through the mountains at Little Falls and Paterson were -exposed. As these gaps are lower than the older outlets, the water -of Lake Passaic escaped through them over the present course of the -Passaic River to Newark Bay, and the lake disappeared. These changes in -the drainage of the Passaic basin explain the presence of much swampy -land in this section. - -The water power generated by the rapid descent of the streams in the -part of the state lying north of the Fall Line has long been utilized -for manufacturing purposes, and mills are found along all the streams -in this part of the state. The location of Paterson as a manufacturing -center is due to the water power developed from the Passaic Falls. At -Trenton, water power is secured from the rapids of the Delaware River. -In the northern part of the state, several streams and lakes are used -to provide electric power and light. - -Closely connected with drainage systems and dependent largely upon them -are the methods of supplying water to the people of towns and cities -for domestic purposes. Formerly water for such purposes was obtained -from near-by springs, wells, and streams. As population increased, -the local sources of water supply became contaminated and dangerous -to health. This danger and the larger quantity of water required by -the increased population and by manufacturing interests have forced -the larger cities to make provision for securing their water supply -from sources, more or less remote, which are not subject to pollution. -Their water-supply systems include pumping stations, reservoirs for -storage, and long pipe lines. The drainage basins from which water is -taken for municipal purposes are located in the thinly populated parts -of the state. The northern mountainous section, which is not specially -profitable for agriculture and other purposes, is particularly useful -in furnishing sources of water supply. The many large cities in the -northern part of the state draw their water from the upper parts of the -Hackensack, Passaic, and Raritan basins. Formerly Newark and Jersey -City drew their water from the Passaic River not far above the former -city. This river was gradually so polluted by the sewage and the waste -of factories discharged into it, that it had to be abandoned as a -source of supply. These cities now bring their water long distances, -Newark using the Pequannock basin, and Jersey City the Rockaway. In -some cases water is obtained from artesian wells. - -The pollution of streams by city sewers and drains from factories -destroys fish in fresh-water streams. The damage extends even into -tidal waters, and many oyster and clam fisheries in the bays have -been abandoned. The state is alive to the necessity of protecting its -streams against contamination of all kinds and has enacted legislation -designed to maintain their purity by preventing the flow of sewage -and other objectionable matter into them. It has provided for the -construction of a trunk-line sewer along the valley of the Passaic from -Paterson to the sea, into which the sewers of the cities along its -course will be discharged. In cooperation with Pennsylvania the state -has passed laws to prevent the pollution of the Delaware River. - - - - -PLANTS AND ANIMALS - - -=Forests.=--When the state was first settled it was covered with a vast -primeval forest, consisting of pine, oak, maple, chestnut, hickory, -ash, walnut, tulip, poplar, and cedar. For many years lumbering was -an important industry, but it ceased a long time ago, after the best -timber had been cut down. In the northern part of the state, where -agriculture is difficult or impossible, the mountains are still covered -with forests which promise to be of great value in the future. In the -southern part, the section called "The Pines" is covered with stunted -pines mingled with scrub oak. In all parts of the state are isolated -forested areas of varied extent. About forty per cent of the total land -surface of the state is covered with forest growth. - -Until a very recent period no organized efforts were made to protect -forest trees against forest fires or other destructive agencies, or -to provide for reforestation. The state has, however, realized the -commercial value of its forests and the importance of promoting their -growth on lands that are not available for farming purposes. The -state has also recognized the value of forests in preventing floods -(Secs. 93, 136, 224). In recent years an additional reason for forest -protection is the necessity of preserving the soils of the forested -areas in the drainage basins from which the cities obtain their supply -of water, so that by the storage of water in the soils and underlying -rock strata the supply may at all times be constant and sufficient. -The use of trees for shade and wind breaks and their natural beauty -also justify their protection and care. For these reasons the state has -adopted legislation which provides for the growth of trees and forests. -It owns and maintains six forest reserves located in different parts -of the state, containing nearly 14,000 acres, which are being devoted -to forest culture. It has authorized the counties to create extensive -parks and has provided for the diffusion of important information -regarding the care of forests. It maintains lookout stations from which -forest fires may be detected, and a force of firewardens to prevent or -extinguish fires and to arrest those who cause them. This state and -New York, acting together, have created the Palisades Interstate Park, -which embraces thousands of acres of forest land in the latter state -and the Palisades for a distance of twelve miles along the Hudson in -New Jersey. - -[Illustration: Shipping tomatoes, Swedesboro] - -=Animals.=--The larger wild animals have practically disappeared, -although the red deer is still frequently found in the northern and -southern parts of the state because of the protection afforded this -animal by the laws. Here are, also, still many of the smaller animals, -such as the rabbit and squirrel. In many parts of the state wild ducks -and quail are numerous. - -The fresh-water streams and lakes abound in bass, trout, pickerel, and -perch. In the spring the shad fisheries along the Delaware are very -profitable. The catch of sturgeon is also very large. All these waters -are constantly restocked by means of the hatcheries near Hackettstown -which the state maintains. The shad fisheries of the Hudson were -formerly extensive, but owing chiefly to destructive methods of fishing -and to the pollution of the river this industry has practically -disappeared. - -The sheltered bays and inlets of the state and the nearness of the -fisheries to the markets have made the salt water fisheries very -successful. Bluefish and weakfish for food, and menhaden for oil and -fertilizer are caught along the coast in large quantities, while -in the bays and coves immense quantities of oysters and clams are -gathered. Important centers of this industry are Keyport, Barnegat Bay, -Tuckerton, Absecon, Maurice River Cove, and Bivalve. - - - - -AGRICULTURE - - -=Soils.=--In the northern part of the state the sides of the higher -mountains are steep and are in many places denuded of soil. In the -valleys and on the hills north of the terminal moraine the soil -consists largely of glacial drift, which is composed of clay, sand, -and gravel mixed with bowlders. This soil is fertile, but a large part -of it is not easy to cultivate, because of the large stones in It and -because of the rugged surface. South of the terminal moraine, in the -Highlands and in the Piedmont Plateau, the soil is composed of gravel -and sand washed down by streams from the glacial deposits farther north -and of disintegrated underlying rocks, which in the Highlands consisted -largely of gneiss and in the Piedmont Plateau of sandstones and shales. -The soil of the Coastal Plain consists of extensive deposits of gravel, -sand, clay, and marl deposited in the ocean, which once covered this -region. The gravel, sand, and clay were carried into it by the streams -which flowed from the north. The marl consists largely of very small -shells of animals that lived in the sea. This mixed soil is very -fertile, particularly that in which there is an abundance of marl. This -is found in the "Marl Belt," which is a strip of land extending from -the Atlantic Highlands southwest past Trenton and Mount Holly as far -as Salem. Its width varies, being widest at its northeastern end and -becoming narrower and less rich in marl toward the southwest. Formerly -marl was used extensively as a fertilizer to enrich poorer soils, but -it has been generally displaced by the richer commercial fertilizers. -The so-called "Pine Barrens" which cover a large part of the Plain, -east of the Marl Belt, are comparatively unproductive, but by proper -cultivation and the application of fertilizers, these areas can be made -very productive. - -[Illustration: Gathering peaches, New Jersey] - -=Crops.=--In the production of grain crops the state cannot, on account -of its varied surface and its small farms, compete with the western -states with their great plains and large farms. Wheat is produced -mainly for local consumption. Corn is grown in large quantities -in all parts of the state. Rye and buckwheat are also raised in -limited quantities. Much of the land, particularly that which is not -adapted to the growth of other crops, is devoted to pasture and hay. -Many circumstances are extremely favorable to special agricultural -industries whose products are vegetables, fruits, flowers, poultry, -eggs, milk, and butter. These are: the climate, with its mild winters -and generous rainfall; the fertility of the soil; the large permanent -population of the state; the presence of thousands of visitors from -other states at the summer resorts of the state; the nearness of -the farm lands of the state to the great cities of New York and -Philadelphia; and the excellent facilities for the rapid transportation -of agricultural products to the markets. - -The constant demand of the large cities makes market gardening very -profitable, and this industry is carried on in all parts of the state, -but with special intensity in those sections which are near the cities. -All kinds of vegetables are raised. Of these the potato crop is the -most valuable. In the southern counties, which have a sandy soil, large -crops of sweet potatoes are produced. This section is also prominent -in the cultivation of tomatoes, beans, and peas, great quantities of -which are used in the canning industry. Cabbages, celery, and onions -are valuable products. The demand for fresh, early vegetables has -encouraged market gardeners to devote increased attention to growing -vegetables under glass. - -Fruits of all kinds are raised in all parts of the state. In the -northwestern section of the state, in parts of Warren, Morris, and -Hunterdon counties, peaches are grown in great quantities on the stony -soil of the glacial drift which is not favorable to general farming. In -the western section apples and pears are abundant. While strawberries, -blackberries, raspberries, and grapes are grown in all parts of the -state, they are grown in special abundance in the southern part of the -state. In this section establishments for the bottling of unfermented -grape juice have grown up. Huckleberries are common in the wooded -sections of the northern and southern parts of the state. Cranberry -bogs are found in Atlantic, Burlington, and Ocean counties. - -[Illustration: Poultry buildings, New Jersey Experimental Station, New -Brunswick] - -=Animal Products.=--Dairy farming is successful in all parts of the -state, particularly in the sections in which pasture and hay are easily -obtained, and in which facilities for the prompt transportation of milk -to the cities are at hand. Milk is produced not only by the general -farmer but also by special dairy farms, which, by devoting special -attention to the care and feeding of cattle and to the handling of -the milk, produce milk of a superior quality. Poultry raising and the -production of eggs are profitable. The poultry industry is especially -extensive in Cumberland, Atlantic, and Ocean counties. - -With the increase in the population of the cities the farm land of the -state is growing in extent and value, but it is clear that more rapid -growth is possible and desirable. The State Agricultural School at -Rutgers College, with Its Experiment Station and practical courses of -instruction, is doing much to improve agriculture in New Jersey. - -[Illustration: A dairy farm in Middlesex County. Corn for silage is -growing in front of the buildings] - - - - -MINERALS - - -Iron ore is found in many parts of the state. The mines of Morris -County in the Highlands are the most productive. Iron ore was smelted -at Shrewsbury in the seventeenth century by Colonel Lewis Morris, and -in many places at the time of the Revolution. The iron industry of the -state was most extensive and successful during the third quarter of the -last century. The greater abundance and richness of western ores has -since made it impossible to operate most of the mines and furnaces -of Warren and Morris counties profitably. The industry has therefore -declined. A few mines are still worked, however, in these two counties. -Very rich zinc mines are located in Sussex County, in the neighborhood -of Franklin Furnace. In the production of zinc this state ranks fifth -among the states of the Union. - -[Illustration: Portland cement factories near Phillipsburg] - -Granite of good quality is found in the Appalachian and Highland -zones. The quarrying of this material is a rapidly growing industry. -Besides granite the sandstone of the Piedmont Plateau is widely used -for building purposes. Slate is quarried to some extent in Sussex and -Warren counties. Talc, or soapstone, which, ground into powder, is used -in making certain kinds of paper and for other purposes, is found in -Warren County. The production of cement from limestone and shale, found -in the western part of the Highlands near Phillipsburg, has grown to -be a very important industry. This industry and the quarrying of slate -are parts of the great cement and slate industries of the adjacent -section of Pennsylvania, across the Delaware, near Easton, which are -among the most important in the country. The trap rock of the Piedmont -Plateau is used for building purposes, road making, and railroad beds. -Its hardness makes it particularly valuable for macadam roads. In all -parts of the state are found deposits of sand and gravel necessary in -building operations. - -The beds of marl found in the Coastal Plain have already been -mentioned. This region also contains very valuable beds of white sand -and fine clay. This sand is used in the making of glass, and has caused -the establishment of many glass factories in the southwestern part -of the state. Molding sand is also found in great quantity. The most -extensive beds of clay are found in Mercer and Middlesex counties. In -the former they are used in the making of pottery and in the latter -in the making of brick, terra cotta, tile, and other clay products. -The enormous industries of Trenton and of Perth Amboy and its vicinity -are due to the presence of these clays. For the finer pottery, clays -brought from other states or countries are used. Much clay is shipped -from this state to other states. - -[Illustration: Pottery works, Trenton] - -=Manufacturing.=--New Jersey is an important manufacturing state. -In this state the manufacturing industries have been developed in a -remarkable degree by a combination of conditions and causes. Very -early in the history of New Jersey the people of the state were forced -by their own needs and the demands of their neighbors to establish -manufacturing, and thus this industry has the advantage of many years -of growth. The state is rich in certain important natural resources, -which have been mentioned. It has profited greatly by its nearness to -the coal and iron fields of Pennsylvania and to the two great cities of -New York and Philadelphia, with their enormous demands for manufactured -products. The number of intelligent and skillful workers in the state -is unusually large. The facilities for rapid transportation, both of -raw materials from all sources and of finished products to all markets, -are unusually abundant. The navigable waters which fringe the state, -and the transcontinental railroad systems with their branches, which -cross it, facilitate shipments to every part of the world. - -Among the most important manufactures of New Jersey are refined copper, -silk and silk goods, foundry and machine shop products, petroleum -products, packed meats, woolen and felt goods, wire, leather and -leather goods, electrical machinery, tobacco manufactures, chemicals, -and ships. (See Table II for other manufactures.) - -[Illustration: Warping silk, silk mills, Paterson] - -[Illustration: Weaving silk, Paterson] - -Nearly one sixth of the people of the state are engaged in the -manufacturing industries. Only four states, Massachusetts, Rhode -Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire, show a larger proportion of -workers engaged in manufacturing. Although New Jersey is forty-fifth in -area and ninth in population, this state is sixth in the total value of -manufactured goods, first in the manufacture of silk and silk goods, in -the smelting and refining of copper, in the manufacture of oil cloth -and linoleum and of sewing machines, second in the manufacture of -chemicals, rubber goods, pottery, terra cotta, and fine clay products, -and of paint and varnish, third in the manufacture of electrical -machinery and supplies, and fourth in the manufacture of soap and gold -and silver articles. - - - - -TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION - - -In the early days of the state communication between the settlements -was by Indian trails, which, as travel increased, expanded into roads. -Settlements on the coast were also connected by sailing vessels. The -roads gradually increased in number and length as the interior of the -state was developed. Little effort was made, however, toward keeping -the public roads in good condition. The difficulties of travel and -transportation led to the construction of many "turnpikes," or roads -built by private companies, which charged tolls for their use. With -very few exceptions these have been made public roads. - -In the early part of the nineteenth century the foundations of -transportation by steamboat, canals, and railroads were laid. The -Morris Canal, from Phillipsburg to Jersey City, was projected and -constructed to bring anthracite coal from Pennsylvania to the iron -forges of northern New Jersey and to New York Bay, and to connect -the towns along its route with the city of New York. The Delaware and -Raritan Canal, from Bordentown to New Brunswick, the Camden and Amboy -Railroad, and the New Jersey Railroad were constructed in order to -increase transportation facilities between Philadelphia and New York -harbor. Now all parts of the state are connected with each other and -with those great centers by many railroad lines. The importance of -our railroads has been much increased by the development of the West -and by the geographical location of the state in the path of direct -communication between the western states and the city of New York. All -the trunk lines from the Middle West, with one exception, pass through -New Jersey, and have terminals in Jersey City, Hoboken, and Weehawken. -The state has 2464 miles of railroad, a greater mileage compared -with its area than any other state. Besides, there are 1294 miles of -electric railway which traverse all parts of the state and connect all -important points. - -[Illustration: Oil refinery and tanks, Elizabethport] - -Because of the superior advantages of railroads, the canals are now -obsolete, the Morris Canal being practically abandoned. The traffic -between New York and Philadelphia is growing so rapidly that it is -probable that the Delaware and Raritan Canal may be widened and -deepened and thus may become a barge or ship canal. - -Communication with Pennsylvania over the Delaware is by means of many -ferries and bridges. There is no bridge between New Jersey and New York -over the Hudson, but the construction of one has been proposed. Until -1908 the only means of communication was by ferries. The Pennsylvania -Railroad now enters New York by tunnels extending from the Hackensack -meadows to its terminal in the city, and Jersey City and Hoboken are -also connected with New York by tunnels. In cooperation with the State -of New York, New Jersey has provided for the construction of a tunnel -for vehicles between Jersey City and New York, and, in cooperation -with Pennsylvania, of a bridge over the Delaware between Camden and -Philadelphia. - -The state is noted for its excellent roads. The state and -municipalities are spending vast sums of money on their construction -and maintenance. Funds for state roads, which are in charge of a State -Highway Commission, are obtained from the issuance of automobile -licenses and from a special road tax. - - - - -RECREATION AND HEALTH - - -New Jersey is rich in its facilities for recreation and recuperation. -The long sea coast is one long line of attractive summer resorts, which -are famous all over the world, while some places are pleasure and -health resorts all the year round, and attractions of a different kind -are found in abundance among the mountains, woods, lakes, and streams -of the northern part of the state. - -Under authority given by state law the counties and cities have -provided many parks and playgrounds and have adopted progressive plans -for extending these healthful provisions. - -[Illustration: The Board Walk, Atlantic City] - -The state has adopted stringent measures regarding sanitation, -protection against disease, protection against injury in manufacturing, -housing conditions, safety in travel, protection of minors in -permissible occupations, and the segregation and treatment of the -tuberculous. State laws provide for the payment of damages to persons -injured in the industries, and of pensions to dependent widows. - -The salt marshes are a menace to health and comfort because they are -breeding places for mosquitoes. The counties are authorized by law to -spend large sums of money for the purpose of destroying these pests. - - - - -GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION - - -=Government.=--The Constitution of New Jersey divides the government -into three departments,--legislative, executive, and judicial. The -legislative department is vested in the legislature, which is composed -of the senate and the general assembly. The senate is composed of one -senator from each county, elected by the voters for three years. The -general assembly is composed of sixty assemblymen apportioned among -the counties according to population and elected by the voters for one -year. The executive power is vested in the governor, who is elected for -a term of three years. A person cannot be governor for two successive -terms. The judicial power is vested in many courts, of which the -principal are the court of errors and appeals, which is the highest -court, court of chancery, supreme court, circuit court, and courts of -common pleas or county courts. The judges are appointed by the governor -with the approval of the senate. - -[Illustration: State Capitol, Trenton] - -The principal state officers, besides the governor, are secretary of -state, state treasurer, state comptroller, and attorney-general. - -The state is divided into twenty-one counties, which are again divided -into townships, cities, boroughs, and towns. Each of these has its -own government, which is administered in accordance with laws passed -by the legislature. The principal county officers besides the judge -are sheriff, county clerk, surrogate, coroner, county collector, and -members of the board of freeholders who are elected by vote of the -people. - -The counties maintain courthouses, penitentiaries, farms or homes for -the aged poor, and may provide parental homes or detention homes for -juvenile delinquents or juvenile witnesses. - -The state is represented in the United States Congress by two senators -and twelve representatives. - -[Illustration: State Normal, Montclair - -State Normal, Trenton - -State Normal, Newark] - -=Education.=--The Constitution requires that "the legislature shall -provide for the maintenance and support of a thorough and efficient -system of free public schools for the instruction" of the children of -the state. It is because of this requirement and the desire of the -people to enforce it that the state has such excellent schools. - -The principal officers of the state department of public instruction -are the members of the state board of education, the commissioner -of education, and four assistant commissioners. Each county has a -county superintendent of schools, and each city and large town has its -own board of education and superintendent of schools or supervising -principal. - -[Illustration: Nassua Hall, Princeton University] - -In the school year 1919-1920 the number of pupils who attended the -public schools was 591,798. The number of teachers was 18,873. Because -of good schools and of compulsory school attendance, there were in -1910, only 113,502 illiterates, or persons of ten years of age and over -who could not read or write, or 5.6 per cent of the total population. -Of these illiterates, 93,000 were of foreign birth and less than one -per cent were of native white parentage. - -State normal schools for the training of teachers are located at -Trenton, Montclair, Newark, and Glassboro. City normal schools are -maintained for the same purpose by Jersey City, Paterson, Trenton, -and Camden. The state maintains summer schools for the preparation of -teachers and makes appropriations to the State Agricultural College, -a department of Rutgers College at New Brunswick. Special schools -maintained by the state are: Farnum School, at Beverly, which is -associated with the Trenton Normal School; the School for the Deaf at -Trenton; and the Manual Training and Industrial School for Colored -Youths at Bordentown. Higher institutions of learning which are located -in New Jersey are: Princeton University at Princeton, Rutgers College -at New Brunswick, Stevens Institute of Technology at Hoboken, St. -Peter's College at Jersey City, College of St. Elizabeth at Convent -Station, Mount St. Mary's College at Plainfield, Drew Theological -Seminary at Madison, Seton Hall College at South Orange, Upsala College -at Kenilworth, Bloomfield Theological Seminary at Bloomfield, and -College of Jersey City. - -[Illustration: The metropolitan district including northeastern New -Jersey and southeastern New York] - - - - -POPULATION - - -The population of New Jersey in 1910, according to the United States -Census, was 2,537,168; and the density of population, or the number of -people per square mile, was 337.7. In 1920, according to the United -States Census, the population was 3,155,900, an increase of 24.4 per -cent., giving a density of 420. Compared with other states. New Jersey -was tenth in population, and third in density of population, Rhode -Island being first and Massachusetts second. The area of greatest -density of population is the northeastern section, including Bergen, -Hudson, Passaic, Essex, Union, and Middlesex counties, which with an -area of 1018 square miles had a population of 2,112,933, or more than -sixty-five per cent, of the total population of the state. In this -section there were more than 2000 persons per square mile. Hudson -County, the smallest in the state, had the largest population, which -was 629,124 or 14,630 per square mile. In Hoboken, with an area of -less than two square miles, the population was more than 68,000 or -more than 34,000 to the square mile. Other thickly populated sections -are those of which Trenton and Camden are centers. Cape May County had -the smallest and Ocean County the most scattered population, which was -22,155 or 35 per square mile. - -The urban population, that is, the number residing in towns of more -than 2500 people, was 2,486,378 in 1920, or 79 per cent, of the total -population. This still leaves a rural population of 669,522, or about -90 per square mile, who are largely engaged in cultivation of the soil -or the raising of stock. - -The chief occupations of the people of the state are agriculture, -fishing, manufacturing, and commerce. Many thousands of people of New -Jersey are engaged in commercial and industrial enterprises and other -business pursuits, in the large cities of the neighboring states. Many -opportunities for comfortable residence with all conveniences and -advantages and unsurpassed facilities for rapidly traveling back and -forth attract many to this state who are employed in the cities of New -York and Philadelphia. - -[Illustration: Population of New Jersey] - -According to the United States Census of 1920 the population of the -New York City Metropolitan District was 7,750,237. Included in this -district are the cities and towns in Hudson County and in parts -of Bergen, Passaic, Essex, Union, and Middlesex counties, with a -population of 1,795,590. In the Metropolitan District of Philadelphia, -with a population of over 2,000,000, are parts of Burlington, Camden, -and Gloucester counties with a population of 239,740. It is clear, -therefore, that the occupations of two thirds of our people, at least, -are subject to the direct influence of the commercial and industrial -activities of these cities. (The United States Census Bureau defines a -Metropolitan District as that which embraces the central city and all -cities or parts of cities which lie within ten miles of its boundaries.) - -[Illustration: Broad and Market Streets, Newark] - - - - -CITIES, TOWNS, BOROUGHS, AND VILLAGES - - -The cities, towns, boroughs, and villages of New Jersey may be placed -in six groups: first, those in the New York City Metropolitan District; -second, places lying just outside the Metropolitan District of New -York; third, Trenton and the towns of the Upper Delaware Valley; -fourth, places in the Philadelphia Metropolitan District; fifth, places -in the southern part of the state, near Delaware Bay; sixth, cities and -towns on the Atlantic coast. - -=Metropolitan District of New York.=--The following are the chief -cities of New Jersey in the Metropolitan District of New York: Newark, -Jersey City, Hoboken, Bayonne, Paterson, Elizabeth, and Perth Amboy. - -=Newark and its Environs.=--Newark, in 1910, had a population of -347,469 and in 1920 of 414,216. It is the largest city in the state -and fifteenth in the United States. It was settled in 1666 by settlers -from Connecticut. It is located on the Passaic River and Newark Bay -and has a frontage on the river and bay of eleven miles. It has water -communication with New York Bay by way of Newark Bay and Kill van Kull. -The United States government has dredged a channel in the bay three -hundred fifty feet wide by twenty feet deep. This great improvement -and improvements made by the city at great expense will greatly -increase the commerce of the city. The city enjoys excellent railroad -facilities. Nine railroads including the great trunk lines have -fourteen stations in the city. It is directly connected with the city -of New York by passenger trains which pass through the Hudson tunnels. -It has numerous banks, fine office buildings, and large department -stores. Many trolley lines which radiate from it bring to it the trade -of the many neighboring cities. - -Newark is the first city in the state in the variety of its -manufactures and in the value of its manufactured products. It is -eleventh among the cities of the United States in the value of such -products. Its great progress in manufactures is due to an early start, -to the stimulus given by the opening of the Morris Canal and by -railroad and water transportation. It has a large number of important -industries which include smelting and refining, the making of shoes, -leather goods of all kinds, hats, jewelry, iron, steel, and brass -products of all kinds, watch cases, paints and varnishes, clothing, -electrical machinery and appliances, automobile supplies, tinware, -advertising novelties, celluloid products, trunks, fertilizers, furs, -brewery products, and cigars. - -[Illustration: Storage-battery factory, West Orange] - -Newark has an excellent supply of water which is drawn from the valley -of the Pequannock River in the northern part of the Passaic basin, -twenty-six miles from the city. - -Surrounding Newark are many important cities and towns which reflect -the social, commercial, and industrial influences of that city as -well as those of New York. Among these are =Belleville=, =Nutley=, -=Montclair=, =Glen Ridge=, =Bloomfield=, =Orange=, =East Orange=, -=West Orange=, =South Orange=, =Irvington=, and =Summit=. These are -all largely residential towns whose location and abundance of eligible -sites for homes are attractive. They are all exceptionally active in -providing educational facilities. They are all closely connected with -Newark and the city of New York by many railroad and trolley lines. -In most of them land is in such demand for residential purposes, that -it cannot be used profitably for manufacturing purposes, so that -this industry is naturally discouraged. In some of them, however, -especially those nearest to Newark, large industrial establishments -have grown up. =Belleville=, just north of Newark, has long been noted -for its industrial activity and is rapidly growing in importance in -this respect. Nutley, farther to the north, is well known as a town -of beautiful homes. =Montclair=, located on the slope of the Orange -Mountains, is noted for its beautiful scenery, its commanding view of -many square miles of surrounding country with many populous cities, and -its multitude of beautiful homes, and is the home of one of the state -normal schools. =Glen Ridge= and =Bloomfield=, similarly situated, -are also characterized by their fine dwellings. Bloomfield contains -many extensive manufacturing establishments. Among the products are -electrical lamps and appliances, woolen and worsted goods, colored -labels, cream separators, chemicals, rubber goods, and iron and steel -products. Besides being an attractive center for residences. =Orange= -is a very productive industrial center. Its principal industry is -the manufacture of hats. =East Orange= has long been famous because -of its superior attractiveness for dwelling purposes and is filled -with beautiful homes. While the high cost of land does not invite -manufactures, several large industries are located here. Electrical -motors and generators, surgical appliances, electrical appliances, -machinery, lamps, and hats are manufactured in large quantities. -=West Orange= is noted for the manufacture of phonographs, phonograph -records, moving picture instruments and films, and storage batteries. -Hats are also extensively manufactured. =South Orange= and =Summit= -are most attractive residential places, and are developing rapidly -along this line rather than in the line of manufactures. Summit has -an important silk industry. =Irvington=, while long known as a town -devoted to residences, is feeling the industrial impulse of Newark, -of which it is a suburb, and is rapidly becoming a manufacturing -center of great importance. Its industries are varied and include the -production of castings, graphite products, tools, cutlery, and gold, -silver, and platinum products. Across the Passaic River from Newark -are =East Newark=, =Harrison=, and =Kearney=, the last including -=Arlington=. These municipalities are located in Hudson County and are, -therefore, officially connected with Jersey City as its county seat. -But they are much nearer Newark, with which they are closely connected -by industrial and commercial ties. They are prosperous manufacturing -centers with industries of national importance. In =East Newark= the -most important manufactures are sewing thread and shade rollers. In -Harrison the industries are varied and the products include iron and -steel, incandescent lamps, steam pumps, roller bearings, elevators, -steel and tin toys, electric wire, trunks, brass products, tools, -metal novelties, castings, and machinery. In =Kearney= the important -manufactures are linoleums, yarns, twine, glue, oils, fertilizers, -ships, and castings. - -[Illustration: Jersey City as seen from the Hudson] - -=Jersey City and its Environs.=--A long narrow peninsula lies between -the Hudson River and New York Bay on the east, and the Hackensack -River and Newark Bay on the west. On this peninsula are located many -prosperous cities. On the southern half, which is in Hudson County, is -found the most densely populated part of the state, with many large -cities of great industrial and commercial importance. - -=Jersey City=, the largest of this group, had, in 1910, a population of -267,779, and in 1920, according to the United States Census, 297,864. -It is the second city of the state in size, and twenty-first in the -United States. Parts of it were occupied by the Dutch soon after New -York was settled, but the first permanent government was established -in 1660 at Bergen, which is now a part of the city. Here were also -established the first school and the first church in the state. It is -located on New York Bay and the Hudson River and extends westward from -these waters to Newark Bay and the Hackensack River. It has a frontage -on tidal waters of about twelve miles and has therefore unexcelled -facilities for transportation by vessels of any size to all the -seaports of the world. Thirteen railroads have terminals in the city. -Besides these, there are eleven other passenger and freight stations -in the city. Here the railroads bring the products of all parts of the -country directly to the ships which sail to all parts of the world. - -The city is connected directly with the city of New York by railroads -which pass through tunnels under the Hudson. Numerous trolley lines -connect the different parts of the city with each other and with other -parts of the state. There are nineteen banks and trust companies. -In manufacturing, Jersey City ranks second in the state. Its great -commercial and industrial growth is due to its nearness to New York, to -its connection with that city by ferries and railroad tunnels, by which -passengers and freight are carried to the heart of the city of New York -in a few minutes, and to the abundance of facilities for all kinds of -transportation. The most important products are sugar, printers' type, -soaps and perfumes, meats, silks and embroideries, graphite products, -lead pencils, tobacco, cigars, iron, steel and brass products, fire -hose, rubber goods, soups, watches, chemicals, electrical supplies, -heating and lighting apparatus, rope, and paints and varnishes. - -The water used by the city is of excellent quality and is brought from -the basin of the Rockaway River in the northern part of the state. The -city has eight municipal parks and one county park, containing nearly -two hundred fifty acres. The city maintains a normal school for the -training of its teachers and has an excellent public library. - -Besides being an active industrial center it is a residential city. -Many thousands whose occupations are in the city of New York live in -Jersey City. - -North of Jersey City and adjacent to it is =Hoboken=. It is the most -densely populated city in the state. It has connections with several -railroads, and one of the great trunk lines has its terminal station -here. The steamships of several of the most important transatlantic -lines, including Scandinavian and Dutch, dock in Hoboken. Hoboken is -connected with the city of New York by the Hudson River tunnels and by -ferries and with other cities of the state by many trolley lines. Its -manufacturing industries include shipbuilding and repairing and the -making of lead pencils, surveying and nautical instruments, marine -engines and boilers, silk goods, furniture, and wall paper. Here is -located the well-known Stevens Institute of Technology. - -North of Hoboken and Jersey City are several cities and towns which -are very important industrially and are rapidly growing in population. -Their nearness to these cities and to each other makes their industries -and interests similar. These are =West Hoboken=, =Union=, =West New -York=, =North Bergen=, =Weehawken=, =Guttenberg=, and =Secaucus=. These -are all populous and thriving communities. There are many valuable -industries, among which the manufacture of silks and embroideries is -the most important. This section leads the state in the manufacture -of embroideries and is second only to Paterson in that of silk goods. -Other industries are machine shops, marine construction, and the -manufacture of pianos, lamps, lard, and rubber goods. In =Secaucus= -vegetable gardening is important. - -South of Jersey City lies the city of =Bayonne=, which is the third -city of the state in the value of manufactured products. Its frontage -on New York Bay on the east, Newark Bay on the west, and Kill van -Kull on the south, gives it exceptional facilities for deep-water -transportation. It has, besides, ample railroad facilities. It is the -most important center for the refining of petroleum in the world. -The oil is brought in pipe lines from the oil fields of Pennsylvania -and Ohio to the refineries, from which the many refined products are -carried to all parts of the world. There are many other extensive -industries, of which the following may be mentioned: the manufacturing -of steam boilers, iron, steel, and bronze products, cottonseed oil, -nickel and copper products, borax, insulated wire, and silk goods. - -The northern part of the peninsula, which is in Bergen County, contains -many attractive towns which are largely residential in character. Among -them are =Englewood= and =Fort Lee=. =Edgewater= on the Hudson at the -foot of the Palisades has important industries. The chief products are -sugar and sirups. - -=Paterson and Neighboring Cities and Towns.=--Paterson, located at the -Falls of the Passaic River, had a population in 1920 of 135,866 and -is the third city of the state in size. The founding of the city was -suggested by Alexander Hamilton, who foresaw the value of the power -generated by the falls and made plans to use it for manufacturing -purposes. Its great growth as a manufacturing center is largely due to -this power. In the value of its manufactures, it is the fifth among the -cities of the state. Its most important industry is the manufacture of -silk products of all kinds. In this industry it stands first among the -cities of the country. It has many other extensive industrial plants, -which include machine shops, foundries, rolling mills, locomotive -works, dyeing establishments, and thread and cordage mills. - -=Passaic=, located on the Passaic River a few miles southeast of -Paterson, is specially noted for its manufacture of woolen and worsted -goods, in which it is the first city of the state. It has other -extensive industries, including the manufacture of handkerchiefs -and other cotton goods, rubber goods, belting and packing material, -machinery, metal, leather and silk goods, and print and chemical works. -Passaic is, besides, an attractive residential city. - -[Illustration: Docks at Hoboken. The principal port of embarkation and -debarkation of United States troops in the World War] - -Northeast of Passaic is =Hackensack= on the Hackensack River, which -is a prosperous residential town. Between Paterson and Passaic are -=Clifton=, a growing manufacturing town, =Lodi=, with its extensive -dyeing industry, and =Garfield= with its large establishments for the -manufacture of woolen and worsted goods, waxed paper, embroideries, -and yarns. Southwest of Paterson is =Little Falls=, whose principal -manufactures are carpets and rugs. =Rutherford=, =Hasbrouck Heights=, -=Ridgewood=, and =Westwood= are towns in this section which are -specially inviting to residents. - -=Elizabeth and Neighboring Towns.=--Elizabeth is one of the oldest -towns in the state. It was settled in 1664 and was the residence of -Sir Philip Carteret, the first Governor of New Jersey. It is most -favorably situated for both manufacturing and residential purposes. Its -location on Arthur Kill and Newark Bay gives it deep water connection -through Kill van Kull with New York Bay, and it has besides ample -railroad facilities. It has many industries, the largest of which, and -the largest of its kind in the world, is the manufacture of sewing -machines. Other industries are the manufacture of iron and steel -products of all kinds, and of electrical appliances, tanning, printing, -and shipbuilding. It has always been popular as a place of residence -with many whose business is in New York. - -=Rahway=, a few miles southwest of Elizabeth, is a flourishing city -whose chief industries are the manufacture of felt, cereals, steel -products, clothing, music boxes, and printing and book binding. -=Roselle=, =Roselle Park=, =Cranford=, and =Westfield= are attractive -residential towns west of Elizabeth, with excellent educational -facilities. =Garwood=, in this vicinity, is an important manufacturing -town. - -=Perth Amboy and Neighboring Towns.=--Perth Amboy was settled in 1684 -and alternated with Burlington as the meeting place of the New Jersey -assembly after the union of the provinces in 1702. Its great industrial -activity has increased its population by more than 100 per cent in the -last fifteen years. Its rapid industrial growth is due to its location -at the mouth of the Raritan River and on Raritan Bay and Arthur Kill, -as well as to its railroad facilities, and to the extensive deposits -of clay which are found here. The development of these has led to the -establishment of large manufacturing plants whose products are terra -cotta, earthenware, and tile of all kinds. Other important industries -are the refining of gold, silver, copper, and lead, the preparation of -vaseline, boat building, the shipping of coal, and the manufacture of -cigars, insulated wire, chemicals, and steel products. It is the fourth -city in the state in the value of manufactured products. - -Near Perth Amboy are =Metuchen=, =Woodbridge=, =South Amboy=, -=Sayreville=, and =South River=, which are populous towns and have -extensive industries similar to those of Perth Amboy. In =Woodbridge= -the output of fire brick is specially important. In =Sayreville= and -=South River= special attention is given to the manufacture of building -brick. In all there is considerable shipping of clays to other points. -Many varied industries are found in Carteret to the northeast of -Woodbridge. - -=Places on the Outskirts of the Metropolitan District of New -York.=--Lying just beyond the New York City Metropolitan District, yet -feeling its influence more and more as the facilities for communication -are increased, are a number of important towns. - -=Morristown=, in Morris County, is famous because of Its Revolutionary -associations. It is distinctively a residential town, which possesses -great municipal and educational advantages. =Madison= is another -residential town, whose peculiar and most important industry is the -cultivation of roses. =Boonton= and =Dover= have picturesque locations -and are industrially active. Their chief products are boilers, -furnaces, hosiery, iron, hats, and silk goods. - -In Union County is =Plainfield=, which is well known on account of its -residential advantages, its unexcelled schools, and its industrial -importance. Its principal manufactures are printing presses, electrical -appliances, garments, machine tools, and machine shop products. =North -Plainfield= is a residential suburb. - -=Somerville= is an attractive and prosperous town with industries which -manufacture clothing, laces, and iron pipe. =Bound Brook= is at the -junction of three trunk line railroads and is located on the Raritan -Canal. It is therefore an active industrial center. At =Finderne=, -between Somerville and Bound Brook, are large asbestos works. - -=New Brunswick=, which was built up about the ferry established here in -1697, is situated on the Raritan River and at the eastern end of the -Raritan Canal, and enjoys superior facilities for water and railroad -transportation. Its most extensive industry is the manufacture of -surgical dressings. Other manufactured products are machinery, woolen -goods, iron and steel products, automobiles, cigars, and wall paper. -Here is situated Rutgers College, which includes the State Agricultural -College and Experiment Station. The State Home for Boys is located at -=Jamesburg=. =Keyport=, with its fisheries and growing manufacturing -industries, is situated on lower New York Bay and has rail and water -connections with that city. =Freehold= is always associated with the -battle of Monmouth. It has important canning and rug-making industries. - -=Trenton and the Towns of the Upper Delaware Valley.=--Trenton, the -capital of the state since 1790, was settled about 1679. Here occurred -the Battle of Trenton, which is commemorated by an imposing monument. -It is situated on the Delaware at the head of navigation. The Delaware -and Raritan Canal passes through the city. It thus has the advantage -of transportation by water and railway. The water power developed by -the Falls of the Delaware encouraged the establishment and growth of -the city's industries, but these have grown so extensive that they -do not rely upon it. In the neighborhood of Trenton are deposits of -clay which were the basis of the pottery industry. It has forty-eight -potteries and in this industry it is rivaled by only one city in the -United States. The local clay is now used very little. The better -grades of pottery require the finer clays which are obtained from -England, France, and some states of this country. It manufactures -more sanitary earthenware than any other city in the country. Other -extensive industries are automobile factories, iron and steel works, -machine shops, foundries, rubber works, woolen mills, watch factories, -and oilcloth and linoleum factories. - -The state and city acting together have created a large public park -which extends along the Delaware River and includes the grounds around -the state capitol. The trade of the surrounding country makes the city -a thriving business center. - -Northeast of Trenton is =Princeton=, memorable as the scene of the -Battle of Princeton and rich in historic associations. Here is located -Princeton University, founded in 1746. - -=Lambertville=, on the Delaware northeast of Trenton, is a prosperous -town with considerable water power, whose principal industries are -rock quarries, rubber works, and canning factories. =Pennington= -and =Hopewell= in the interior are industrious canning centers. At -=Phillipsburg=, on the Delaware, opposite the mouth of the Lehigh, -five railroads meet. It is the western terminus of the Morris Canal. -These transportation facilities make it a strongly industrial town. Its -principal products are air compressors and rock drills, horseshoes, -canisters, iron pipe, boilers, and silks. The principal cement works of -the state are located near Phillipsburg. =Belvidere=, on the Delaware -above Phillipsburg; =Washington=, =Hackettstown=, and =Blairstown=, in -the interior, are popular residential towns. In =Washington= pianos -and organs, and in =Hackettstown= saws and leather, are the chief -industrial products. In =Hackettstown= and =Blairstown= well-known -educational institutions are located. =Newton= is located in the -picturesque mountain region of Sussex County. Here dairy farming is -important. Its chief manufactures are shoes, silks, and dyeing. - -=Flemington= and =High Bridge=, in Hunterdon County, though not located -in the Delaware Valley, are near it. They are important centers of -trade in agricultural sections with growing industries. =High Bridge= -is in the heart of the peach-growing section and has large steel works. -So also =Franklin Furnace=, in Sussex County, is in the Wallkill Valley -and is the center of the zinc-mining industry. - -=Camden and Neighboring Cities and Towns.=--In this group are included -the towns which are located in the southwestern part of the state and -which are usually considered as belonging to the Metropolitan District -of Philadelphia or are near it. All are vitally affected by its -stimulating commercial and industrial impulse. - -The largest city of this group is =Camden=, on the Delaware opposite -Philadelphia, founded about 1680 and known in colonial days as -Cooper's Ferry. It shares with Philadelphia the advantages of the -deep-water route to the ocean through the Delaware River and Bay. -It owes Its first industrial impulse to the opening of the Camden -and Amboy Railroad. From It many railroads radiate to all parts -of the state and one crosses the Delaware to Pennsylvania. Direct -communication with Philadelphia is maintained by ferries. More rapid -communication will soon be obtained when the proposed tunnels under -the Delaware are completed. Its industries, which are of the most -varied character, have increased with astonishing rapidity. The most -extensive are the manufacture of talking machines and shipbuilding. -Here the largest battleships and merchant vessels can be built. One of -the shipbuilding plants is the largest in the country. Other extensive -industries are foundries, machine shops, woolen mills, chemical works, -factories for the manufacture of cigars, paints, candies, leather, -licorice, linoleum, writing pens, and the preparation of soups. - -[Illustration: Canning factory, filling and capping cans, Camden] - -[Illustration: Camden, Philadelphia, and vicinity] - -Northeast of Camden, on the Delaware, are =Riverside= and =Beverly=, -which are important centers of manufacture and of truck farming. -Farther up is =Burlington=, which was settled in 1677 and was the -capital of West Jersey. It has ample facilities for transportation by -rail and water. Its interests are both agricultural and manufacturing. -Its principal products are shoes, iron pipe, and hardware. -=Bordentown=, the southwestern terminus of the Delaware and Raritan -Canal, also has excellent transportation facilities. Its most important -industries are the canning of vegetables and the manufacture of yarns -and clay products. In the interior, the old town. =Mount Holly=, -is rich in agricultural products and has industries which produce -hosiery, shoes, and tapestry goods. East and southeast of Camden are -=Merchantville=, =Moorestown=, =Collingswood=, and =Haddonfield=, which -are distinctively residential towns, but in which vegetable raising is -an important industry. - -=Gloucester=, on the Delaware south of Camden, is a growing industrial -center. Its products are yarns, paper, and gas mantles. It has -communication with Philadelphia by ferries, which transport the produce -of the rich truck and fruit farms of the surrounding country to that -city. =Woodbury= is a prosperous residential town with industries which -make pianos and glass bottles. Next to the southward are Swedesboro, -=Glassboro=, and =Clayton=, whose principal industrial activities are -connected with the making of glass and the raising and canning of -vegetables and fruits. - -=Towns near Delaware Bay.=--Farther south on the outskirts of the -Philadelphia Metropolitan District are the very active business -and industrial center, =Salem=, settled by the Quakers in 1675, -=Bridgeton=, =Vineland=, and =Millville=. - -In these towns the glass factories are extensive and make all kinds -of glass articles. In =Bridgeton= and =Millville= many persons are -employed in the mining and shipping of glass sand. Molding sand is also -a product. In and surrounding these towns are large areas of farm land -devoted to the raising of all kinds of vegetables, berries, and tree -fruits for the markets. Great quantities of these are preserved in the -many large canning factories which are located in them. =Vineland= -produces much bottled grape juice. These towns have also diversified -industries of other kinds. - -In =Cape May Court House= the important industrial activities are the -making of glass bottles and the raising of berries and other fruits. - -=Cities and Towns on the Atlantic Coast.=--Along the Atlantic coast are -many cities and towns which are popular health and pleasure resorts. -The many railroads which connect them with the large cities have made -them convenient of access so that thousands of people visit them in the -summer time. - -The largest of these is =Atlantic City=, which is the largest seaside -resort in the country and is devoted entirely to the entertainment of -visitors. It is said to contain more than one thousand hotels. Its -permanent population numbers somewhat more than 50,000, but in the -summer time its population is estimated at about 300,000. It has a -climate favorable to those who are convalescing from illness or seek to -recuperate their health. On this account it is a popular resort during -the entire year. It has a superior school system and all the other -facilities and institutions which mark the progressive city. =Long -Branch=, farther north, is the oldest resort on the coast. Another -resort of many years standing is =Cape May City=. Other well-known -resorts are =Ocean City=, =Point Pleasant=, =Sea Girt=, =Manasquan=, -=Spring Lake=, =Belmar=, =Ocean Grove=, =Asbury Park=, =Sea Bright=, -and =Atlantic Highlands=. =Red Bank=, with its many attractive country -homes, is situated on the Navesink and is classed as a seaside resort. - -=Lakewood=, among the pines of Ocean County, is a popular winter health -resort. - - - - -TABLES - - -Table I.--References on the Geography of New Jersey - - 1. Reports and other publications of the Department of - Conservation and Development of New Jersey, including - - a. Reports of the State Geological Survey and of the State - Geologist. - - b. The Geologic Atlas of New Jersey. - - c. Topographic Atlas, including state, geologic, and railroad - maps. - - d. Reports of the Forest Park Reservation Commission. - - e. Reports of the State Water Supply Commission. - - 2. Reports of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission. - - 3. Reports of the State Board of Agriculture. - - 4. The Industrial Directory of New Jersey, published by the Bureau - of Statistics. - - 5. Publications of the United States Geological Survey. - - 6. Reports and bulletins of the United States Census Bureau. - - 7. Publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, - including those of the Weather Bureau. - - 8. Legislative Manual, State of New Jersey. - - 9. New Jersey as a Colony and as a State--Lee. - - 10. A Brief History of New Jersey--Ellis and Snyder. - - 11. Local histories and transactions of local historical societies. - - -Table II.--Leading Manufacturing Industries of New Jersey, -According to the United States Census of 1914 - - ============================================================ - Industry | Value of - | Products - ---------------------------------------+--------------------- - All industries | $1,406,633,414 - Smelting and refining copper | 159,198,876 - Petroleum products | 90,876,993 - Silk and silk goods | 75,706,449 - Foundry and machine shop products | 74,126,941 - Electrical machinery and supplies | 40,740,810 - Slaughtering and meat packing | 40,108,471 - Tobacco | 39,695,997 - Woolen, worsted, and felt goods | 36,268,561 - Rubber goods, rubber hose, and belting | 35,798,793 - Chemicals | 31,686,865 - Leather | 31,651,831 - Dyeing and finishing textiles | 27,986,512 - Bread and bakery products | 25,458,216 - Cotton goods | 16,782,164 - Pottery, brick, tile, terra cotta | 16,693,447 - Soap | 16,692,406 - Food preparations, confec'y, chocolate | 16,529,429 - Paint and varnish | 16,086,717 - Printing and publishing | 14,083,011 - Gas, illuminating and heating | 14,020,050 - Canning and preserving | 13,764,955 - Copper, tin, and sheet iron products | 12,499,728 - Lumber and timber products | 12,482,553 - Ship and boat building | 11,860,965 - Clothing, men's, including shirts | 11,547,363 - Oilcloth and linoleum | 11,384,311 - Jewelry | 11,347,455 - Boots and shoes | 11,204,323 - Fertilizer | 11,197,690 - Paper and wood pulp | 10,931,431 - Hats and hat materials | 10,569,597 - Millinery and lace | 10,485,723 - Oils, grease and tallow | 10,475,379 - Iron and steel | 10,420,452 - Railway cars and shop products | 10,344,659 - Gold and silver refining | 10,078,176 - Automobiles, incl. bodies and parts | 8,237,416 - ============================================================ - - -Table III.--Area and Population of the Counties of New Jersey, -According to the United States Census of 1920 - - +============+========+========================+========+===========+ - | | Area | | | Area | | - | County | Square |Population | County | Square |Population | - | | Miles | 1920 | | Miles | 1920 | - +------------+--------+---------- | -----------+--------+-----------+ - | Atlantic | 569 | 83,883 | Middlesex | 312 | 162,334 | - | Bergen | 237 | 210,688 | Monmouth | 479 | 104,906 | - | Burlington | 815 | 81,770 | Morris | 475 | 82,294 | - | Camden | 222 | 190,460 | Ocean | 637 | 22,155 | - | Cape May | 265 | 10,460 | Passaic | 196 | 250,148 | - | Cumberland | 500 | 61,348 | Salem | 343 | 36,572 | - | Essex | 127 | 651,807 | Somerset | 305 | 48,015 | - | Gloucester | 332 | 48,224 | Sussex | 529 | 24,905 | - | Hudson | 43 | 620,124 | Union | 103 | 199,832 | - | Hunterdon | 437 | 32,885 | Warren | 362 | 45,057 | - | Mercer | 226 | 159,881 | The State | 7,514 |3,155,900 | - =============+========+========================+========+===========+ - - -Table IV.--Cities, Towns, Boroughs, and Villages of New Jersey -Having 2000 or More People in 1920 - - ==================================================================== - Cities, Towns, etc.| Population | Cities, Towns, etc.| Population - -------------------+------------ | --------------------+------------ - Newark | 414,216 | Haddonfield | 5,646 - Jersey City | 298,079 | Madison | 5,523 - Paterson | 135,866 | East Rutherford | 5,463 - Trenton | 110,289 | Roselle Park | 5,438 - Camden | 110,309 | Secaucus | 5,423 - | | | - Elizabeth | 95,682 | Boonton | 5,372 - Bayonne | 76,754 | Wrightstown | 5,288 - Hoboken | 68,166 | Hawthorne | 5,135 - Passaic | 63,824 | Fairview | 4,882 - East Orange | 50,710 | Highland Park | 4,866 - | | | - Atlantic City | 50,682 | Freehold | 4,768 - Perth Amboy | 41,707 | Merchantville | 4,754 - West Hoboken | 40,068 | Audubon | 4,740 - Orange | 33,268 | Lambertville | 4,660 - New Brunswick | 32,779 | Glen Ridge | 4,620 - | | | - West New York | 29,926 | Carlstadt | 4,472 - Montclair | 28,810 | Raritan | 4,457 - Plainfield | 27,700 | Keyport | 4,415 - Kearney | 26,724 | Bordentown | 4,371 - Clifton | 26,470 | Paulsboro | 4,352 - | | | - Irvington | 25,480 | Prospect Park | 4,292 - Bloomfield | 22,019 | Newton | 4,125 - Union | 20,651 | Franklin | 4,075 - Garfield | 19,381 | Caldwell | 3,993 - Hackensack | 17,667 | Bogota | 3,906 - | | | - Phillipsburg | 16,923 | Bergenfield | 3,667 - Harrison | 15,721 | Edgewater | 3,530 - Belleville | 15,660 | Haledon | 3,435 - West Orange | 15,573 | Dunellen | 3,394 - Millville | 14,691 | Pitman | 3,385 - | | | - Bridgeton | 14,323 | Washington | 3,341 - Long Branch | 13,521 | Metuchen | 3,334 - Morristown | 12,548 | East Newark | 3,057 - Asbury Park | 12,400 | Verona | 3,039 - Gloucester | 12,162 | Cape May | 2,999 - | | | - Englewood | 11,617 | Leonia | 2,979 - Roosevelt | 11,047 | Haddon Heights | 2,950 - Rahway | 11,042 | Hackettstown | 2,936 - Summit | 10,174 | Wanaque | 2,916 - Dover | 9,817 | Hasbrouck Heights | 2,895 - | | | - Rutherford | 9,497 | Butler | 2,886 - Nutley | 9,421 | Wharton | 2,877 - Red Bank | 9,251 | Wildwood | 2,790 - Burlington | 9,049 | Little Ferry | 2,715 - Westfield | 9,026 | Hightstown | 2,674 - | | | - Collingswood | 8,714 | Jamesburg | 2,671 - Ridgefield Park | 8,570 | Rockaway | 2,655 - Lodi | 8,175 | Palisades Park | 2,633 - South Amboy | 7,897 | Egg Harbor | 2,622 - Ridgewood | 7,580 | Westwood | 2,597 - | | | - Salem | 7,435 | Flemington | 2,590 - South Orange | 7,274 | Milltown | 2,573 - North Plainfield | 6,916 | Beverly | 2,562 - Vineland | 6,799 | Dumont | 2,537 - Guttenberg | 6,726 | Ocean City | 2,512 - | | | - Somerville | 6,718 | East Paterson | 2,441 - South River | 6,596 | Chatham | 2,421 - Hammonton | 6,417 | Westville | 2,380 - Pennsgrove | 6,060 | Riverton | 2,341 - Princeton | 5,917 | Bradley Beach | 2,307 - | | | - Boundbrook | 5,906 | Midland Park | 2,243 - Pleasantville | 5,887 | Ventnor | 2,203 - Woodbury | 5,801 | Bloomingdale | 2,193 - Fort Lee | 5,761 | Glen Rock | 2,181 - Roselle | 5,737 | Alpha | 2,140 - | | | - Wallington | 5,715 | Ramsey | 2,090 - Cliffside Park | 5,709 | Pompton Lakes | 2,008 - Tenafly | 5,650 | | - ==================================================================== - - - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber Note - - -Minor typos were corrected. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Geography of New Jersey</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Henry Snyder</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: September 4, 2021 [eBook #66218]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Tom Cosmas produced from files generously provided on The Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain.</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY ***</div> - - - -<div class="figcenter" id="cover" style="width: 195px;"> - <img src="images/cover.png" width="195" height="315" alt="Geography of New Jersey by Henry Snyder" /> -</div> - -<p class="caption3nb smcap">Transcriber Note</p> - -<p class="tdc pmb4">Table of Contents added to assist the reader.<br /> -Click on the images to view larger versions.</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_i">-i-</span></p> - -<h2>Table of Contents</h2> - -<table class="tblcont" summary="TOC"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl smaller smcap"> Section</td> - <td class="tdr smaller">PAGE</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">EARLY HISTORY</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#EARLY_HISTORY">i</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">POSITION AND SIZE</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#POSITION_AND_SIZE">iv</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">RELIEF</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#RELIEF">iv</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">CLIMATE</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CLIMATE">vii</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">DRAINAGE</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#DRAINAGE">viii</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">PLANTS AND ANIMALS</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PLANTS_AND_ANIMALS">ix</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">AGRICULTURE</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#AGRICULTURE">xi</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">MINERALS</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#MINERALS">xii</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#TRAVEL_AND_TRANSPORTATION">xiv</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">RECREATION AND HEALTH</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#RECREATION_AND_HEALTH">xv</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#GOVERNMENT_AND_EDUCATION">xvi</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">POPULATION</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#POPULATION">xix</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">CITIES, TOWNS, BOROUGHS, AND VILLAGES</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CITIES_TOWNS_BOROUGHS_AND_VILLAGES">xx</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">TABLES</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#TABLES">xxvii</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr class="tb" /> - - - - -<h1>GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY</h1> - - -<h2><span class="smcap">Henry Snyder</span>, A.M., Sc.D.</h2> - -<p class="caption3nb">Superintendent of Schools, Jersey City, New Jersey</p> - - -<p class="tdc">Copyright, 1916, 1921, by American Book Company.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="EARLY_HISTORY">EARLY HISTORY</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The original inhabitants of New Jersey H -were Indians of the Delaware tribe, which -belonged to the Algonquin family. The -early white settlers were of different nationalities,—Dutch, -Swedes, English, and French. -The geographical names of the state are -interesting reminders of the various occupants.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="trenton_battle_mon" style="width: 152px;"> - <a href="images/trenton_btlmon_lg.png"><img src="images/trenton_battle_mon.png" width="152" height="229" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Trenton Battle Monument</span></div> -</div> - -<p>The first exploration of the state was -made by Henry Hudson, who, in the employ -of the Dutch East -India Company, sailed for a -week in 1609 on the waters -of Delaware Bay and Delaware -River, which the Dutch -called South River, in search -of a northwest passage to -India. Failing to find it, -he sailed north and entered -New York Bay and Hudson -River, or North River, as it -is still called. In 1614 the -Dutch founded New Amsterdam, -afterwards New -York, and, about the same -time, established a trading -post in what is now Hudson -County. Later the Swedes -attempted settlements in -the southwestern part of -the state, but were expelled by the Dutch. -The Dutch made settlements at various -places, some of which proved to be only -temporary. The first permanent settlement -in New Jersey was at Bergen, now a part of -Jersey City, to which was granted a town -form of government, separate from that of -New Amsterdam, in 1660.</p> - -<p>In 1664 the English took possession of -New Netherland—the Dutch Colony including -New York and New Jersey, King Charles -II granted it to his brother, the Duke of -York, who in turn granted that part of it -lying between the Hudson and Delaware -rivers to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George -Carteret. The latter had been governor of -the Isle of Jersey, and their new grant was -named New Jersey in his honor. Disagreements -between Carteret and Berkeley led -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">the latter to sell his interest to other proprietors,</span><br /> -among whom afterwards was William -Penn. In 1676 the -colony was divided into -East Jersey and West Jersey -by a line running from -Little Egg Harbor to the -Delaware in the northern -part of the state. It is because -of this division that -the state is still often referred -to as "the Jerseys." -In 1702 the proprietors surrendered -their proprietary -rights to the crown. From -that time to its independence -the whole of New -Jersey was under royal -government.</p> - -<p>Five representatives from -New Jersey signed the Declaration -of Independence. -The position of the state made it "The -War Path of the Revolution." Paulus -Hook, Springfield, Morristown, Monmouth, -Princeton, and Trenton are famous names in -Revolutionary history. The troops of the -state were in every conflict. In the army of -General Wayne, which punished the Indians -after the Wyoming massacre, one third were -New Jersey soldiers under General Maxwell.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">-ii-</span><br /> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">-iii-</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="map_nj_north" style="width: 647px;"> - <a href="images/map_nj_no_lg.png"><img src="images/map_nj_north.png" width="641" height="527" alt="" /></a> - <a id="map_nj_south" href="images/map_nj_so_lg.png"><img src="images/map_nj_south.png" width="647" height="526" alt="" /></a> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">-iv-</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="POSITION_AND_SIZE">POSITION AND SIZE</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figleft" id="tristates_rock" style="width: 214px;"> - <a href="images/tristates_rk_lg.png"><img src="images/tristates_rock.png" width="214" height="164" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Tri-States Rock in the Delaware River. The rock -on which the man stands is at the intersection of New -Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York boundaries</div> -</div> - -<p>New Jersey lies between 73° 55′ and 75° -32′ west longitude and between 38° 56′ and -41° 21′ north latitude. Its northernmost -point is marked by a rock on the shore -of the Delaware River just south of Port -Jervis, New York, known as Tri-States Rock. -From this point to Cape May the length -of the state is 166 miles. Its narrowest -part, between Trenton and Raritan Bay, is -335 miles wide. Its widest part, measured -on a line extending northwest from Great -Egg Inlet, is 57 miles wide.</p> - -<p>It is the smallest of the Middle Atlantic -states and has an area of 8224 square miles, -of which 7514 square miles are land surface -and 710 square miles are water surface. -It is the forty-fifth of the states in size.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="RELIEF">RELIEF</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figright" id="topog_prv_nj" style="width: 221px;"> - <a href="images/topo_prv_lg.png"><img src="images/topog_prv_nj.png" width="221" height="394" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Topographic provinces of New Jersey</div> -</div> - -<p>In a general way the surface of New -Jersey may be described as mountainous in -the northern part, undulating in the middle -part, and low and sandy in the southern -part. The state is divided into four provinces -or zones; namely, the Appalachian -zone, the Highlands, the Piedmont Plateau, -and the Coastal Plain. These zones extend -from southwest to northeast.</p> - -<p>The Appalachian zone, which consists of -Kittatinny Mountain and Kittatinny Valley, -extends across the northwestern part of -the state from the Delaware River in the -vicinity of the Delaware Water Gap to the -New York state line. The width of this -belt varies from twelve to fourteen miles. -The Kittatinny Mountain extends along -the Delaware River for thirty miles in the -northwestern corner of the state. It extends -into Pennsylvania, where it is known as -Blue Mountain. The height of this range -varies from 1500 feet to 1800 feet. Its -highest point and the highest in the state -is High Point, which has an elevation of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">-v-</span> -1804 feet. The Kittatinny Valley is on -the southeast side of Kittatinny Mountain -and runs parallel with it.</p> - -<p>The Appalachian zone, with its rugged -surface, extensive forests, and many lakes, -is noted for its beautiful scenery, which -attracts many summer visitors. The Delaware -Water Gap is particularly noted on -this account. This is a break in the Kittatinny -Mountain through which the Delaware -River flows. Because of the rough -surface this section of the state is not -adapted to agriculture, although on the -bottom lands bordering on the streams and -in the Kittatinny Valley there are many -farms devoted to the raising of crops and -to grazing.</p> - -<p>The second zone, The Highlands, immediately -southeast of the Appalachian zone, -extends from the Delaware River into New -York. Its southeastern boundary passes -near Morristown and Boonton. This zone -is from ten to twenty miles wide. Its height -generally varies from 900 feet to 1400 feet. -Hamburg Mountain and Wawayanda Mountain -reach an altitude of 1469 feet. The -Highlands, as well as the Appalachian zone, -belong to the Appalachian region, but in -New Jersey the term "Appalachian" is -applied only to the region consisting of -Kittatinny Mountain and Valley.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="nj_relief_map" style="width: 218px;"> - <a href="images/nj_relief_map_lg.png"><img src="images/nj_relief_map.png" width="218" height="387" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Relief map of New Jersey</div> -</div> - -<p>The Highlands contain many irregular -mountain masses, interspersed with fertile -valleys, and much forest land. The zone -contains, besides, many lakes, most of which -are of glacial origin. The section is consequently -one of great natural beauty, and is -a popular resort for many who desire out-door -recreation. There is much fertile farm -land and land suitable for grazing. Parts -of it are specially suitable for the raising of -peaches and other fruits. It contains many -valuable mineral deposits, including gravel, -cement rock, zinc, and iron.</p> - -<p>Next to the Highlands and parallel with -it is the Piedmont Plateau. This extends -from the Delaware River to the northeast -corner of the state and is about thirty miles -wide. Its southeastern boundary is a line -running from Trenton to Woodbridge in -Middlesex County, which represents in this -state the Fall Line (Sec. 47). It comprises -about one fifth of the area of the state. Its -elevation varies from sea level to about -900 feet.</p> - -<p>The Piedmont Plateau is characterized by -the presence of red sandstone and shale. -Its surface is very irregular. In its eastern -part it is undulating or rolling. In the -western, it contains higher lands which may -be called plateaus. It contains also irregular -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">-vi-</span> -ridges such as the Watchung -Mountains, the Palisades, -and the mountains in Hunterdon -County. The Watchung -Mountains and the Palisades -are composed of trap rock, -which in a molten condition -was forced up through overlying -rock strata. The eastern -sides of these trap ridges -are steep slopes. The underlying -sandstone has been worn -away while the harder trap rock has resisted -erosion.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="palisades_nj" style="width:320px;"> - <a href="images/palisades_nj_lg.png"><img src="images/palisades_nj.png" width="320" height="176" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">The Palisades of the Hudson</div> -</div> - -<p>The Falls of the Passaic River at Paterson -are located in this section. These falls, -which are seventy feet high, were formed by -the water passing over the hard trap rock -and wearing away the softer rock below.</p> - -<p>Because of the nearness of the Piedmont -Plateau to the great commercial centers of -the country and the excellent facilities for -transportation, most of the larger cities of -the state are located in this zone.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="barnegat_lh" style="width: 120px;"> - <a href="images/barnegat_lh_lg.png"><img src="images/barnegat_lh.png" width="131" height="120" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Barnegat lighthouse></div> -</div> - -<p>The fourth zone, the Coastal Plain, includes -the remainder of the state south and east of -the Fall Line. The land of this zone is highest -in the interior along a range of elevations -extending from Atlantic Highlands in the -northeast to Mount Holly in the southwest, -and slopes outward from -these elevations towards the -margins of the zone. The -greatest elevation is 390 feet, -which is found in Monmouth -County. About three fourths -of this portion of the state -has an elevation of less than -100 feet and about one third -has an elevation of less than -50 feet. The Coastal Plain is -bordered along Delaware Bay -and the Atlantic Coast by salt marshes, or -tidal marshes, often called salt meadows, -whose elevation above sea level is rarely as -much as four feet. The total area of these -marshes, including those of the valley of the -Hackensack River, is almost 660 square miles. -Along the Atlantic coast the marshes are -separated from the ocean by beaches. These -are low ridges of sand, constructed in the -shallow water by the action of the waves -and wind. These beaches are absent along -the shore of Delaware Bay and along the -coast from Manasquan to Monmouth Beach. -The water between the beaches and the mainland -is shallow and is becoming more shallow -because of the deposit of sediment which is -washed down from the land by streams.</p> - -<p>Although the coast line of the state along -the Atlantic is 120 miles -long, there are no good -harbors on this line, -because of the barrier -beaches and the shallowness -of the water between -the beaches and -the mainland.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="grnwdlkdrive" style="width: 216px;"> - <a href="images/grnwdlkdrive_lg.png"><img src="images/grnwdlkdrive.png" width="216" height="143" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Lake Drive, Greenwood Lake</div> -</div> - -<p>The northern fourth of -New Jersey was covered -by ice during the Glacial -Period (Sec. 32). It -therefore contains many -moraines, or deposits of -material carried along by -the glacier. These deposits -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">-vii-</span> -consist of clay, sand, gravel, and -bowlders. In some places they take the -form of hills or ridges, in others they are -spread out as level sheets. Some valleys -are partly filled by them. Many lakes in -the northern part of the state occupy basins -which were scooped out by the glacier, or -were formed from river valleys whose outlets -were blocked by glacial deposits. The -terminal moraine which marks the southern -limit of the glacier extends from Belvidere, -through Morristown, to Perth Amboy. As -the ice passed over the hard rocks of the -mountains it polished their surfaces, and left -in them scratches, which indicate the general -southward movement of the glacier.</p> - -<p>The Coastal Plain was once beneath the -ocean and was part of the continental shelf -which extends along the Atlantic. The ancient -shore is now the Fall Line.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CLIMATE">CLIMATE</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The climate of New Jersey is milder and -less subject to extreme fluctuation than -that of the interior states in the same latitude, -because it extends along the ocean (Sec. -107). The average annual temperature of -New Jersey is 51.5°. The average annual -temperature of the extreme northern part -is 5° lower than that of the extreme southern -end of the state. The lower temperature -of the northern part of the state is due to -the higher latitude, its distance from the -ocean, and its greater altitude.</p> - -<p>The prevailing winds are from the west -and northwest. New Jersey is in the track -of storms, which cross the continent from the -west. The south and east winds blowing -from the ocean toward the storm centers -bring with them much moisture and insure -the state an ample rainfall. Local showers -or thunderstorms which move from the -west or northwest are frequent in the spring -and summer months. In the summer time -all along the coast the benefit of sea breezes -is felt (Sec. 372).</p> - -<p>The rainfall is sufficient for all kinds of -crops which can be grown in the state. It -is greatest in the northeastern part of the -state, where the annual precipitation is more -than fifty inches; and least in the southern -and southwestern part along Delaware Bay, -where it is about forty-one inches.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="sandyhook" style="width: 463px;"> - <a href="images/sandyhook_lg.png"><img src="images/sandyhook.png" width="463" height="141" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Sandy Hook from the Highland Light</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">-viii-</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DRAINAGE">DRAINAGE</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figright" id="nj_drainagebsn" style="width: 221px;"> - <a href="images/nj_drainagebsn_lg.png"><img src="images/nj_drainagebsn.png" width="221" height="391" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Drainage basins in New Jersey</div> -</div> - - -<p>The divide between the streams that -flow into the Delaware River and Delaware -Bay on the west and those that flow into the -Hudson River, Newark Bay, New York -Bay, Raritan Bay, Sandy Hook Bay, and -Atlantic Ocean on the east is a very irregular -line extending from the northwest corner -of the state to Cape May. It is so near the -Delaware River and Delaware Bay that only -a little more than one third of the state is -drained into these waters. The tributaries -which drain this basin are, therefore, small. -The eastern drainage area contains several -rivers of considerable size. The Wallkill -River flows northeast through the northwestern -part of this state and through the -southeast corner of New York into the -Hudson River. The Hackensack River rises -in New York and flows south into Newark -Bay. The Passaic River, which has as -tributaries Saddle River, Pompton River, -Ramapo River, Wanaque River with Greenwood -Lake, Pequannock River, and Rockaway -River, follows a very tortuous course -and flows into Newark Bay. Just north of -the middle of the state is the Raritan River, -which rises near the Delaware River and -flows into Raritan Bay.</p> - -<p>All the rivers which flow into the Atlantic -Ocean or into the bays which border the -state are affected by the tidal flow, and the -largest are navigable for at least some parts -of their courses. In the case of the Delaware -the tide extends to Trenton. Important -cities which are located on tidal waters -are Hoboken, Jersey City, Bayonne, Newark, -Elizabeth, New Brunswick, Perth Amboy, -Long Branch, Asbury Park, Atlantic City, -Camden, and Trenton.</p> - -<p>Between the Watchung Mountains on the -east and south and the Highlands on the -northwest is a broad, flat basin, which is -drained by the Passaic River. Before the -Glacial Period the Passaic River did not flow -from this basin through the mountains at -Little Falls and Paterson, as it does now. -This area was then drained by a stream -which crossed the Watchung Mountains -near Summit and Millburn and flowed southeast -into the sea. During the Glacial Period -most of this basin was covered by the ice -sheet. As the ice receded, this gap in the -Watchung Mountains was filled with glacial -drift and there was formed a large lake, -which the geologists call Lake Passaic and -which was drained for a long time by a -stream which flowed southwest through the -hills near Liberty Corner into the Raritan -River. As the ice sheet receded still farther -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">-ix-</span> -north, the gaps through the mountains at -Little Falls and Paterson were exposed. As -these gaps are lower than the older outlets, -the water of Lake Passaic escaped through -them over the present course of the Passaic -River to Newark Bay, and the lake disappeared. -These changes in the drainage of -the Passaic basin explain the presence of -much swampy land in this section.</p> - -<p>The water power generated by the rapid -descent of the streams in the part of the -state lying north of the Fall Line has long -been utilized for manufacturing purposes, -and mills are found along all the streams in -this part of the state. The location of -Paterson as a manufacturing center is due to -the water power developed from the Passaic -Falls. At Trenton, water power is secured -from the rapids of the Delaware River. In -the northern part of the state, several -streams and lakes are used to provide electric -power and light.</p> - -<p>Closely connected with drainage systems -and dependent largely upon them are the -methods of supplying water to the people -of towns and cities for domestic purposes. -Formerly water for such purposes was obtained -from near-by springs, wells, and -streams. As population increased, the local -sources of water supply became contaminated -and dangerous to health. This danger -and the larger quantity of water required -by the increased population and by manufacturing -interests have forced the larger -cities to make provision for securing their -water supply from sources, more or less -remote, which are not subject to pollution. -Their water-supply systems include pumping -stations, reservoirs for storage, and long -pipe lines. The drainage basins from which -water is taken for municipal purposes are -located in the thinly populated parts of the -state. The northern mountainous section, -which is not specially profitable for agriculture -and other purposes, is particularly -useful in furnishing sources of water supply. -The many large cities in the northern part -of the state draw their water from the -upper parts of the Hackensack, Passaic, -and Raritan basins. Formerly Newark and -Jersey City drew their water from the -Passaic River not far above the former city. -This river was gradually so polluted by the -sewage and the waste of factories discharged -into it, that it had to be abandoned as a -source of supply. These cities now bring -their water long distances, Newark using the -Pequannock basin, and Jersey City the -Rockaway. In some cases water is obtained -from artesian wells.</p> - -<p>The pollution of streams by city sewers -and drains from factories destroys fish in -fresh-water streams. The damage extends -even into tidal waters, and many oyster -and clam fisheries in the bays have been -abandoned. The state is alive to the necessity -of protecting its streams against contamination -of all kinds and has enacted -legislation designed to maintain their purity -by preventing the flow of sewage and other -objectionable matter into them. It has -provided for the construction of a trunk-line -sewer along the valley of the Passaic -from Paterson to the sea, into which the -sewers of the cities along its course will be -discharged. In cooperation with Pennsylvania -the state has passed laws to prevent -the pollution of the Delaware River.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="PLANTS_AND_ANIMALS">PLANTS AND ANIMALS</h2> -</div> - - -<p><b>Forests.</b>—When the state was first settled -it was covered with a vast primeval forest, -consisting of pine, oak, maple, chestnut, -hickory, ash, walnut, tulip, poplar, and -cedar. For many years lumbering was an -important industry, but it ceased a long -time ago, after the best timber had been -cut down. In the northern part of the -state, where agriculture is difficult or impossible, -the mountains are still covered with -forests which promise to be of great value -in the future. In the southern part, the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">-x-</span> -section called "The Pines" is covered with -stunted pines mingled with scrub oak. In -all parts of the state are isolated forested -areas of varied extent. About forty per -cent of the total land surface of the state is -covered with forest growth.</p> - -<p>Until a very recent period no organized -efforts were made to protect forest trees -against forest fires or other destructive -agencies, or to provide for reforestation. -The state has, however, realized the commercial -value of its forests and the importance -of promoting their growth on lands -that are not available for farming purposes. -The state has also recognized the value of -forests in preventing floods (Secs. 93, 136, -224). In recent years an additional reason -for forest protection is the necessity of preserving -the soils of the forested areas in the -drainage basins from which the cities obtain -their supply of water, so that by the storage -of water in the soils and underlying rock -strata the supply may at all times be constant -and sufficient. The use of trees for shade -and wind breaks and their natural beauty -also justify their protection and care. For -these reasons the state has adopted legislation -which provides for the growth of trees -and forests. It owns and maintains six -forest reserves located in different parts -of the state, containing nearly 14,000 acres, -which are being devoted to forest culture. -It has authorized the counties to create -extensive parks and has provided for the -diffusion of important information regarding -the care of forests. It maintains lookout -stations from which forest fires may be -detected, and a force of firewardens to prevent -or extinguish fires and to arrest those -who cause them. This state and New York, -acting together, have created the Palisades -Interstate Park, which embraces thousands -of acres of forest land in the latter state and -the Palisades for a distance of twelve miles -along the Hudson in New Jersey.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="ship_tomatoes" style="width: 215px;"> - <a href="images/ship_tomatoes_lg.png"><img src="images/ship_tomatoes.png" width="215" height="165" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Shipping tomatoes, Swedesboro</div> -</div> - -<p><b>Animals.</b>—The larger wild animals have -practically disappeared, although the red -deer is still frequently found in the northern -and southern parts of the state because of -the protection afforded this animal by the -laws. Here are, also, still many of the -smaller animals, such as the rabbit and -squirrel. In many parts of the state wild -ducks and quail are numerous.</p> - -<p>The fresh-water streams and lakes abound -in bass, trout, pickerel, and perch. In the -spring the shad fisheries along the Delaware -are very profitable. The catch of sturgeon -is also very large. All these waters are constantly -restocked by means of the hatcheries -near Hackettstown which the state maintains. -The shad fisheries of the Hudson -were formerly extensive, but owing chiefly -to destructive methods of fishing and to the -pollution of the river this industry has -practically disappeared.</p> - -<p>The sheltered bays and inlets of the state -and the nearness of the fisheries to the -markets have made the salt water fisheries -very successful. Bluefish and weakfish for -food, and menhaden for oil and fertilizer are -caught along the coast in large quantities, -while in the bays and coves immense quantities -of oysters and clams are gathered. -Important centers of this industry are Keyport, -Barnegat Bay, Tuckerton, Absecon, -Maurice River Cove, and Bivalve.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">-xi-</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="AGRICULTURE">AGRICULTURE</h2> -</div> - - -<p><b>Soils.</b>—In the northern part of the state -the sides of the higher mountains are steep -and are in many places denuded of soil. In -the valleys and on the hills north of the -terminal moraine the soil -consists largely of glacial -drift, which is composed of -clay, sand, and gravel mixed -with bowlders. This soil is -fertile, but a large part of it -is not easy to cultivate, because -of the large stones in -It and because of the rugged -surface. South of the terminal -moraine, in the Highlands -and in the Piedmont -Plateau, the soil is composed -of gravel and sand washed -down by streams from the -glacial deposits farther north -and of disintegrated underlying rocks, which -in the Highlands consisted largely of gneiss -and in the Piedmont Plateau of sandstones -and shales. The soil of the Coastal Plain -consists of extensive deposits of gravel, sand, -clay, and marl deposited in the ocean, which -once covered this region. The gravel, sand, -and clay were carried into it by the streams -which flowed from the north. The marl consists -largely of very small shells of animals -that lived in the sea. This mixed soil is -very fertile, particularly that in which there -is an abundance of marl. This is found in -the "Marl Belt," which is a strip of land -extending from the Atlantic Highlands southwest -past Trenton and Mount Holly as far as -Salem. Its width varies, being widest at its -northeastern end and becoming narrower -and less rich in marl toward the southwest. -Formerly marl was used extensively as a -fertilizer to enrich poorer soils, but it has -been generally displaced by the richer commercial -fertilizers. The so-called "Pine Barrens" -which cover a large part of the Plain, -east of the Marl Belt, are comparatively -unproductive, but by proper cultivation and -the application of fertilizers, these areas can -be made very productive.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="peaches" style="width: 149px;"> - <a href="images/peaches_lg.png"><img src="images/peaches.png" width="149" height="175" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Gathering peaches, New Jersey</div> -</div> - -<p><b>Crops.</b>—In the production of grain crops -the state cannot, on account of its varied -surface and its small farms, -compete with the western -states with their great plains -and large farms. Wheat is -produced mainly for local -consumption. Corn is grown -in large quantities in all parts -of the state. Rye and buckwheat -are also raised in -limited quantities. Much -of the land, particularly -that which is not adapted -to the growth of other crops, -is devoted to pasture and -hay. Many circumstances -are extremely favorable to -special agricultural industries whose products -are vegetables, fruits, flowers, poultry, eggs, -milk, and butter. These are: the climate, -with its mild winters and generous rainfall; -the fertility of the soil; the large permanent -population of the state; the presence of -thousands of visitors from other states at the -summer resorts of the state; the nearness of -the farm lands of the state to the great cities -of New York and Philadelphia; and the excellent -facilities for the rapid transportation -of agricultural products to the markets.</p> - -<p>The constant demand of the large cities -makes market gardening very profitable, and -this industry is carried on in all parts of the -state, but with special intensity in those sections -which are near the cities. All kinds of -vegetables are raised. Of these the potato -crop is the most valuable. In the southern -counties, which have a sandy soil, large -crops of sweet potatoes are produced. This -section is also prominent in the cultivation -of tomatoes, beans, and peas, great quantities -of which are used in the canning industry. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">-xii-</span> -Cabbages, celery, and onions are valuable -products. The demand for fresh, early vegetables -has encouraged market gardeners to -devote increased attention to growing vegetables -under glass.</p> - -<p>Fruits of all kinds are raised in all parts -of the state. In the northwestern section -of the state, in parts of Warren, Morris, -and Hunterdon counties, peaches are grown -in great quantities on the stony soil of the -glacial drift which is not favorable to general -farming. In the western section apples -and pears are abundant. While strawberries, -blackberries, raspberries, and grapes -are grown in all parts of the state, they are -grown in special abundance in the southern -part of the state. In this section establishments -for the bottling of unfermented grape -juice have grown up. Huckleberries are -common in the wooded sections of the -northern and southern parts of the state. -Cranberry bogs are found in Atlantic, Burlington, -and Ocean counties.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="poultry" style="width: 302px;"> - <a href="images/poultry_lg.png"><img src="images/poultry.png" width="302" height="101" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Poultry buildings, New Jersey Experimental Station, New Brunswick</div> -</div> - -<p><b>Animal Products.</b>—Dairy farming is successful -in all parts of the state, particularly in -the sections in which pasture and hay are -easily obtained, and in which -facilities for the prompt transportation -of milk to the -cities are at hand. Milk is -produced not only by the -general farmer but also by -special dairy farms, which, -by devoting special attention -to the care and feeding of -cattle and to the handling of -the milk, produce milk of a superior quality. -Poultry raising and the production of -eggs are profitable. The poultry industry is -especially extensive in Cumberland, Atlantic, -and Ocean counties.</p> - -<p>With the increase in the population of the -cities the farm land of the state is growing -in extent and value, but it is clear that more -rapid growth is possible and desirable. The -State Agricultural School at Rutgers College, -with Its Experiment Station and practical -courses of instruction, is doing much to -improve agriculture in New Jersey.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="dairyfarm" style="width: 459px;"> - <a href="images/dairyfarm_lg.png"><img src="images/dairyfarm.png" width="459" height="98" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">A dairy farm in Middlesex County. Corn for silage is growing in front of the buildings</div> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="MINERALS">MINERALS</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Iron ore is found in many parts of the -state. The mines of Morris County in the -Highlands are the most productive. Iron -ore was smelted at Shrewsbury in the seventeenth -century by Colonel Lewis Morris, -and in many places at the time of the Revolution. -The iron industry of the state was -most extensive and successful during the -third quarter of the last century. The -greater abundance and richness of western -ores has since made it impossible to operate -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">-xiii-</span> -most of the mines and furnaces of Warren -and Morris counties profitably. The industry -has therefore declined. A few mines -are still worked, however, in these two -counties. Very rich zinc mines are located -in Sussex County, in the neighborhood of -Franklin Furnace. In the production of -zinc this state ranks fifth among the states -of the Union.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="cementfctry" style="width: 214px;"> - <a href="images/cementfctry_lg.png"><img src="images/cementfctry.png" width="214" height="141" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Portland cement factories near Phillipsburg</div> -</div> - -<p>Granite of good quality is found in the -Appalachian and Highland zones. The -quarrying of this material is a rapidly growing -industry. Besides granite the sandstone -of the Piedmont Plateau is widely -used for building purposes. Slate is quarried -to some extent in Sussex and Warren counties. -Talc, or soapstone, which, ground -into powder, is used in making certain kinds -of paper and for other purposes, is found in -Warren County. The production of cement -from limestone and shale, found in the -western part of the Highlands near Phillipsburg, -has grown to be a very important -industry. This industry and the quarrying -of slate are parts of the great cement and -slate industries of the adjacent section of -Pennsylvania, across the Delaware, near -Easton, which are among the most important -in the country. The trap rock of the -Piedmont Plateau is used for building purposes, -road making, and railroad beds. Its -hardness makes it particularly valuable for -macadam roads. In all parts of the state -are found deposits of sand and gravel necessary -in building operations.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="pottery_trntn" style="width: 213px;"> - <a href="images/pottery_trntn_lg.png"><img src="images/pottery_trntn.png" width="213" height="139" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Pottery works, Trenton</div> -</div> - -<p>The beds of marl found in the Coastal -Plain have already been mentioned. This -region also contains very valuable beds of -white sand and fine clay. This sand is -used in the making of glass, and has caused -the establishment of many glass factories -in the southwestern part of the state. Molding -sand is also found in great quantity. -The most extensive beds of clay are found -in Mercer and Middlesex counties. In the -former they are used in the making of pottery -and in the latter in the making of brick, -terra cotta, tile, and other clay products. -The enormous industries of Trenton and of -Perth Amboy and its vicinity are due to the -presence of these clays. For the finer pottery, -clays brought from other states or -countries are used. Much clay is shipped -from this state to other states.</p> - -<p><b>Manufacturing.</b>—New Jersey is an important -manufacturing state. In this state -the manufacturing industries have been developed -in a remarkable degree by a combination -of conditions and causes. Very early -in the history of New Jersey the people -of the state were forced by their own needs -and the demands of their neighbors to establish -manufacturing, and thus this industry -has the advantage of many years of growth. -The state is rich in certain important natural -resources, which have been mentioned. It -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">-xiv-</span> -has profited greatly by its nearness to the -coal and iron fields of Pennsylvania and to -the two great cities of New York and Philadelphia, -with their enormous demands for -manufactured products. The number of intelligent -and skillful workers in the state -is unusually large. The facilities for rapid -transportation, both of raw materials from -all sources and of finished products to all -markets, are unusually abundant. The navigable -waters which fringe the state, and the -transcontinental railroad systems with their -branches, which cross it, facilitate shipments -to every part of the world.</p> - -<p>Among the most important manufactures -of New Jersey are refined copper, silk and -silk goods, foundry and machine shop products, -petroleum products, packed meats, -woolen and felt goods, wire, leather and -leather goods, electrical machinery, tobacco -manufactures, chemicals, and ships. (See -Table II for other manufactures.)</p> - -<table summary="Silk Production"> -<tr> - <td class="tdc"> - <a href="images/silk_lg.png"><img src="images/silk_warping.png" width="282" height="150" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Warping silk, silk mills, Paterson</div> - </td> - <td class="tdc"> - <a href="images/silk_lg.png"><img src="images/silk_weaving.png" width="167" height="149" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Weaving silk, Paterson</div> - </td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>Nearly one sixth of the people of the state -are engaged in the manufacturing industries. -Only four states, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, -Connecticut, and New Hampshire, show -a larger proportion of workers engaged in -manufacturing. Although New Jersey is -forty-fifth in area and ninth in population, -this state is sixth in the total value of manufactured -goods, first in the manufacture of -silk and silk goods, in the smelting and refining -of copper, in the manufacture of oil -cloth and linoleum and of sewing machines, -second in the manufacture of chemicals, -rubber goods, pottery, terra cotta, and fine -clay products, and of paint and varnish, third -in the manufacture of electrical machinery -and supplies, and fourth in the manufacture -of soap and gold and silver articles.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="TRAVEL_AND_TRANSPORTATION">TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION</h2> -</div> - - -<p>In the early days of the state communication -between the settlements was by -Indian trails, which, as travel increased, -expanded into roads. Settlements on the -coast were also connected by sailing vessels. -The roads gradually increased in number -and length as the interior of the state was -developed. Little effort was made, however, -toward keeping the public roads in good -condition. The difficulties of travel and -transportation led to the construction of -many "turnpikes," or roads built by private -companies, which charged tolls for their -use. With very few exceptions these have -been made public roads.</p> - -<p>In the early part of the nineteenth century -the foundations of transportation by steamboat, -canals, and railroads were laid. The -Morris Canal, from Phillipsburg to Jersey -City, was projected and constructed to -bring anthracite coal from Pennsylvania -to the iron forges of northern New Jersey -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">-xv-</span> -and to New York Bay, and to connect the -towns along its route with the city of New -York. The Delaware and Raritan Canal, -from Bordentown to New Brunswick, the -Camden and Amboy Railroad, and the New -Jersey Railroad were constructed in order -to increase transportation facilities between -Philadelphia and New York harbor. Now -all parts of the state are connected with each -other and with those great centers by many -railroad lines. The importance of our railroads -has been much increased by the development -of the West and by the geographical -location of the state in the path of direct -communication between the western states -and the city of New York. All the trunk -lines from the Middle West, with one exception, -pass through New Jersey, and have -terminals in Jersey City, Hoboken, and Weehawken. -The state has 2464 miles of railroad, -a greater mileage compared with its -area than any other state. Besides, there -are 1294 miles of electric railway which -traverse all parts of the state and connect -all important points.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="oil_refinery_tanks" style="width:458px;"> - <a href="images/oil_refinery_tanks_lg.png"><img src="images/oil_refinery_tanks.png" width="458" height="97" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Oil refinery and tanks, Elizabethport</div> -</div> - -<p>Because of the superior advantages of -railroads, the canals are now obsolete, the -Morris Canal being practically abandoned. -The traffic between New York and Philadelphia -is growing so rapidly that it is probable -that the Delaware and Raritan Canal -may be widened and deepened and thus may -become a barge or ship canal.</p> - -<p>Communication with Pennsylvania over -the Delaware is by means of many ferries -and bridges. There is no bridge between -New Jersey and New York over the Hudson, -but the construction of one has been proposed. -Until 1908 the only means of communication -was by ferries. The Pennsylvania -Railroad now enters New York by tunnels -extending from the Hackensack meadows to -its terminal in the city, and Jersey City and -Hoboken are also connected with New York -by tunnels. In cooperation with the State of -New York, New Jersey has provided for the -construction of a tunnel for vehicles between -Jersey City and New York, and, in cooperation -with Pennsylvania, of a bridge over the Delaware -between Camden and Philadelphia.</p> - -<p>The state is noted for its excellent roads. -The state and municipalities are spending -vast sums of money on their construction and -maintenance. Funds for state roads, which -are in charge of a State Highway Commission, -are obtained from the issuance of automobile -licenses and from a special road tax.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="RECREATION_AND_HEALTH">RECREATION AND HEALTH</h2> -</div> - - -<p>New Jersey is rich in its facilities for -recreation and recuperation. The long sea -coast is one long line of attractive summer -resorts, which are famous all over the world, -while some places are pleasure and health -resorts all the year round, and attractions -of a different kind are found in abundance -among the mountains, woods, lakes, and -streams of the northern part of the state.</p> - -<p>Under authority given by state law the -counties and cities have provided many -parks and playgrounds and have adopted -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">-xvi-</span> -progressive plans for extending these healthful -provisions.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="atlcty_boardwalk" style="width: 288px;"> - <a href="images/atlcty_brdwlk_lg.png"><img src="images/atlcty_boardwalk.png" width="288" height="141" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption"><p>The Board Walk, Atlantic City</p></div> -</div> - -<p>The state has adopted stringent measures -regarding sanitation, protection against disease, -protection against injury in manufacturing, -housing conditions, safety in travel, protection -of minors in permissible occupations, -and the segregation and treatment of the -tuberculous. State laws provide for the payment -of damages to persons injured in the industries, -and of pensions to dependent widows.</p> - -<p>The salt marshes are a menace to health -and comfort because they are breeding places -for mosquitoes. The counties are authorized -by law to spend large sums of money for the -purpose of destroying these pests.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="GOVERNMENT_AND_EDUCATION">GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION</h2> -</div> - - -<p><b>Government.</b>—The Constitution of New -Jersey divides the government into three -departments,—legislative, executive, and judicial. -The legislative department is vested -in the legislature, which is composed of the -senate and the general assembly. The senate -is composed of one senator from each -county, elected by the voters for three years. -The general assembly is composed of sixty -assemblymen apportioned among the counties -according to population and elected by the -voters for one year. The executive power -is vested in the governor, who is elected for -a term of three years. A person cannot be -governor for two successive -terms. The judicial power is -vested in many courts, of which -the principal are the court of -errors and appeals, which is the -highest court, court of chancery, -supreme court, circuit court, -and courts of common pleas or -county courts. The judges are -appointed by the governor with -the approval of the senate.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="stcapitol" style="width: 216px;"> - <a href="images/stcapitol_lg.png"><img src="images/stcapitol.png" width="216" height="142" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">State Capitol, Trenton</div> -</div> - -<p>The principal state officers, -besides the governor, are secretary -of state, state treasurer, state comptroller, -and attorney-general.</p> - -<p>The state is divided into twenty-one -counties, which are again divided into townships, -cities, boroughs, and towns. Each of -these has its own government, which is administered -in accordance with laws passed -by the legislature. The principal county -officers besides the judge are sheriff, county -clerk, surrogate, coroner, county collector, -and members of the board of freeholders -who are elected by vote of the people.</p> - -<p>The counties maintain courthouses, penitentiaries, -farms or homes for the aged poor, -and may provide parental homes or detention -homes for juvenile delinquents or juvenile -witnesses.</p> - -<p>The state is represented in the United -States Congress by two senators and twelve -representatives.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvii">-xvii-</span></p> - -<table summary="State Normal Schools"> -<tr> - <td class="tdc"> - <a href="images/stnormal_lg.png"><img src="images/stnorm_mont.png" width="155" height="139" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">State Normal, Montclair </div> - </td><td class="tdc"> - <a href="images/stnormal_lg.png"><img src="images/stnorm_trnt.png" width="131" height="139" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">State Normal, Trenton </div> - </td><td class="tdc"> - <a href="images/stnormal_lg.png"><img src="images/stnorm_newark.png" width="155" height="138" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">State Normal, Newark </div> - </td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><b>Education.</b>—The Constitution requires -that "the legislature shall provide for the -maintenance and support of a thorough and -efficient system of free public schools for the -instruction" of the children of the state. -It is because of this requirement and the -desire of the people to enforce it that the -state has such excellent schools.</p> - -<p>The principal officers of the state department -of public instruction are the members of -the state board of education, the commissioner -of education, and four assistant commissioners. -Each county has a county superintendent of -schools, and each city and large town has its -own board of education and superintendent -of schools or supervising principal.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="prnctn_univ" style="width:145px;"> - <a href="images/prnctn_univ_lg.png"><img src="images/prnctn_univ.png" width="145" height="191" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Nassua Hall, Princeton University</div> -</div> - -<p>In the school year 1919-1920 the number of pupils -who attended the public -schools was 591,798. The -number of teachers was -18,873. Because of good -schools and of compulsory -school attendance, there were -in 1910, only 113,502 illiterates, -or persons of ten years -of age and over who could -not read or write, or 5.6 per -cent of the total population. -Of these illiterates, 93,000 -were of foreign birth and -less than one per cent were -of native white parentage.</p> - - -<p>State normal schools for the training of -teachers are located at Trenton, Montclair, -Newark, and Glassboro. City normal schools -are maintained for the same purpose by Jersey -City, Paterson, Trenton, and Camden. -The state maintains summer schools for the -preparation of teachers and makes appropriations -to the State Agricultural College, -a department of Rutgers College at New -Brunswick. Special schools maintained by -the state are: Farnum School, at Beverly, -which is associated with the Trenton Normal -School; the School for the Deaf at Trenton; -and the Manual Training and Industrial -School for Colored Youths at Bordentown. -Higher institutions of learning which are -located in New Jersey are: -Princeton University at -Princeton, Rutgers College -at New Brunswick, Stevens -Institute of Technology at -Hoboken, St. Peter's College -at Jersey City, College of -St. Elizabeth at Convent -Station, Mount St. Mary's -College at Plainfield, Drew -Theological Seminary at -Madison, Seton Hall College -at South Orange, Upsala College -at Kenilworth, Bloomfield -Theological Seminary -at Bloomfield, and College -of Jersey City.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xviii">-xviii-</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter" id="ny_metro_map" style="width: 509px;"> - <a href="images/ny_metro_map_lg.png"><img src="images/ny_metro_map.png" width="509" height="651" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">The metropolitan district including northeastern New Jersey and southeastern New York</div> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xix">-xix-</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="POPULATION">POPULATION</h2> -</div> - - -<div class="figright" id="nj_pop_map" style="width: 218px;"> - <a href="images/nj_pop_map_lg.png"><img src="images/nj_pop_map.png" width="218" height="389" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Population of New Jersey</div> -</div> - -<p>The population of New Jersey in 1910, -according to the United States Census, was -2,537,168; and the density of population, -or the number of people per square mile, -was 337.7. In 1920, according to the United -States Census, the population was 3,155,900, -an increase of 24.4 per cent., giving a density -of 420. Compared with other states. New -Jersey was tenth in population, and third -in density of population, Rhode Island being -first and Massachusetts second. The area -of greatest density of population is the -northeastern section, including Bergen, Hudson, -Passaic, Essex, Union, and Middlesex -counties, which with an area of 1018 square -miles had a population of 2,112,933, or more -than sixty-five per cent, of the total population -of the state. In this section there -were more than 2000 persons per square -mile. Hudson County, the smallest in the -state, had the largest population, which -was 629,124 or 14,630 per square mile. In -Hoboken, with an area of less than two square -miles, the population was more than 68,000 or -more than 34,000 to the square mile. Other -thickly populated sections are those of which -Trenton and Camden are centers. Cape May -County had the smallest and Ocean County -the most scattered population, which was -22,155 or 35 per square mile.</p> - -<p>The urban population, that is, the number -residing in towns of more than 2500 people, -was 2,486,378 in 1920, or 79 per cent, of the -total population. This still leaves a rural population -of 669,522, or about 90 per square mile, -who are largely engaged in cultivation of the -soil or the raising of stock.</p> - -<div class="figleft" id="newark_brdmrkt" style="width: 214px;"> - <a href="images/newark_brdmrkt_lg.png"><img src="images/newark_brdmrkt.png" width="214" height="249" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Broad and Market Streets, Newark</div> -</div> - -<p>The chief occupations of the people of the -state are agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, -and commerce. Many thousands of people -of New Jersey are engaged in commercial and -industrial enterprises and other business pursuits, -in the large cities of the neighboring -states. Many opportunities for comfortable -residence with all conveniences and advantages -and unsurpassed facilities for rapidly -traveling back and forth attract many to this -state who are employed in the cities of New -York and Philadelphia.</p> - -<p>According to the United States Census of -1920 the population of the New York City -Metropolitan District was 7,750,237. Included -in this district are the cities and towns -in Hudson County and in parts of Bergen, -Passaic, Essex, Union, and Middlesex counties, -with a population of 1,795,590. In the -Metropolitan District of Philadelphia, with a -population of over 2,000,000, are parts of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xx">-xx-</span> -Burlington, Camden, and Gloucester counties -with a population of 239,740. It is clear, -therefore, that the occupations of two thirds -of our people, at least, are subject to the direct -influence of the commercial and industrial -activities of these cities. (The United States -Census Bureau defines a Metropolitan District -as that which embraces the central city -and all cities or parts of cities which lie within -ten miles of its boundaries.)</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CITIES_TOWNS_BOROUGHS_AND_VILLAGES">CITIES, TOWNS, BOROUGHS, AND VILLAGES</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The cities, towns, boroughs, and villages of -New Jersey may be placed in six groups: -first, those in the New York City Metropolitan -District; second, places lying just outside -the Metropolitan District of New York; -third, Trenton and the towns of the Upper -Delaware Valley; fourth, places in the -Philadelphia Metropolitan District; fifth, -places in the southern part of the state, near -Delaware Bay; sixth, cities and towns on -the Atlantic coast.</p> - -<p><b>Metropolitan District of New York.</b>—The -following are the chief cities of New Jersey -in the Metropolitan District of New York: -Newark, Jersey City, Hoboken, Bayonne, -Paterson, Elizabeth, and Perth Amboy.</p> - -<p><b>Newark and its Environs.</b>—Newark, in -1910, had a population of 347,469 and in -1920 of 414,216. It is the largest city in the -state and fifteenth in the United States. -It was settled in 1666 by settlers from Connecticut. -It is located on the Passaic River -and Newark Bay and has a frontage on the -river and bay of eleven miles. It has water -communication with New York Bay by way -of Newark Bay and Kill van Kull. The -United States government has dredged a -channel in the bay three hundred fifty feet -wide by twenty feet deep. This great improvement -and improvements made by the -city at great expense will greatly increase the -commerce of the city. The city enjoys -excellent railroad facilities. Nine railroads -including the great trunk lines have fourteen -stations in the city. It is directly connected -with the city of New York by passenger trains -which pass through the Hudson tunnels. It -has numerous banks, fine office buildings, -and large department stores. Many trolley -lines which radiate from it bring to it the -trade of the many neighboring cities.</p> - -<div class="figright" id="strgbatteryfactry" style="width: 300px;"> - <a href="images/strgbatfactry_lg.png"><img src="images/strgbatteryfactry.png" width="300" height="149" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Storage-battery factory, West Orange</div> -</div> - -<p>Newark is the first city in the state in -the variety of its manufactures and in the -value of its manufactured products. It is -eleventh among the cities of the United -States in the value of such products. Its -great progress in manufactures is due to an -early start, to the stimulus given by the -opening of the Morris Canal and by railroad -and water transportation. It has a -large number of important industries which -include smelting and refining, the making of -shoes, leather goods of all kinds, hats, jewelry, -iron, steel, and brass products of all kinds, -watch cases, paints and varnishes, clothing, -electrical machinery and appliances, automobile -supplies, tinware, advertising novelties, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxi">-xxi-</span> -celluloid products, trunks, -fertilizers, furs, brewery products, -and cigars.</p> - -<p>Newark has an excellent -supply of water which is -drawn from the valley of the -Pequannock River in the -northern part of the Passaic -basin, twenty-six miles from -the city.</p> - -<p>Surrounding Newark are many -important cities and towns which -reflect the social, commercial, -and industrial influences of that -city as well as those of New York. Among these -are <b>Belleville</b>, <b>Nutley</b>, <b>Montclair</b>, <b>Glen Ridge</b>, -<b>Bloomfield</b>, <b>Orange</b>, <b>East Orange</b>, <b>West Orange</b>, -<b>South Orange</b>, <b>Irvington</b>, and <b>Summit</b>. These are -all largely residential towns whose location and -abundance of eligible sites for homes are attractive. -They are all exceptionally active in providing -educational facilities. They are all -closely connected with Newark and the city of -New York by many railroad and trolley lines. In -most of them land is in such demand for residential -purposes, that it cannot be used profitably -for manufacturing purposes, so that this industry -is naturally discouraged. In some of them, however, -especially those nearest to Newark, large -industrial establishments have grown up. <b>Belleville</b>, -just north of Newark, has long been noted for -its industrial activity and is rapidly growing in -importance in this respect. Nutley, farther to -the north, is well known as a town of beautiful -homes. <b>Montclair</b>, located on the slope of the -Orange Mountains, is noted for its beautiful -scenery, its commanding view of many square miles -of surrounding country with many populous cities, -and its multitude of beautiful homes, and is the -home of one of the state normal schools. <b>Glen -Ridge</b> and <b>Bloomfield</b>, similarly situated, are also -characterized by their fine dwellings. Bloomfield -contains many extensive manufacturing establishments. -Among the products are electrical lamps -and appliances, woolen and worsted goods, colored -labels, cream separators, chemicals, rubber goods, -and iron and steel products. Besides being an -attractive center for residences. <b>Orange</b> is a very -productive industrial center. Its principal industry -is the manufacture of hats. <b>East Orange</b> has -long been famous because of its superior attractiveness -for dwelling purposes and is filled with beautiful -homes. While the high cost of land does not -invite manufactures, several large industries are -located here. Electrical motors and generators, -surgical appliances, electrical appliances, machinery, -lamps, and hats are manufactured in large -quantities. <b>West Orange</b> is noted for the manufacture -of phonographs, phonograph records, -moving picture instruments and films, and storage -batteries. Hats are also extensively manufactured. -<b>South Orange</b> and <b>Summit</b> are most -attractive residential places, and are developing -rapidly along this line rather than in the line of -manufactures. Summit has an important silk -industry. <b>Irvington</b>, while long known as a town -devoted to residences, is feeling the industrial -impulse of Newark, of which it is a suburb, and is -rapidly becoming a manufacturing center of great -importance. Its industries are varied and include -the production of castings, graphite products, tools, -cutlery, and gold, silver, and platinum products. -Across the Passaic River from Newark are -<b>East Newark</b>, <b>Harrison</b>, and <b>Kearney</b>, the last -including <b>Arlington</b>. These municipalities are -located in Hudson County and are, therefore, -officially connected with Jersey City as its county -seat. But they are much nearer Newark, with -which they are closely connected by industrial and -commercial ties. They are prosperous manufacturing -centers with industries of national importance. -In <b>East Newark</b> the most important manufactures -are sewing thread and shade rollers. In -Harrison the industries are varied and the products -include iron and steel, incandescent lamps, steam -pumps, roller bearings, elevators, steel and tin toys, -electric wire, trunks, brass products, tools, metal -novelties, castings, and machinery. In <b>Kearney</b> -the important manufactures are linoleums, yarns, -twine, glue, oils, fertilizers, ships, and castings.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxii">-xxii-</span></p> - -<div class="figleft" id="jerseycity" style="width: 214px;"> - <a href="images/jerseycity_lg.png"><img src="images/jerseycity.png" width="214" height="119" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Jersey City as seen from the Hudson</div> -</div> - -<p><b>Jersey City and its Environs.</b>—A long -narrow peninsula lies between the Hudson -River and New York Bay on the east, and -the Hackensack River and Newark Bay on -the west. On this peninsula are located -many prosperous cities. On the southern -half, which is in Hudson County, is found -the most densely populated part of the state, -with many large cities of great industrial and -commercial importance.</p> - -<p><b>Jersey City</b>, the largest of this group, had, -in 1910, a population of 267,779, and in 1920, -according to the United States Census, -297,864. It is the second city of the state -in size, and twenty-first in the United States. -Parts of it were occupied by the Dutch soon -after New York was settled, but the first -permanent government was established in -1660 at Bergen, which is now a part of the -city. Here were also established the first -school and the first church in the state. It -is located on New York Bay and the Hudson -River and extends westward from these -waters to Newark Bay and the Hackensack -River. It has a frontage on tidal waters -of about twelve miles and has therefore -unexcelled facilities for transportation by -vessels of any size to all the seaports of the -world. Thirteen railroads have terminals -in the city. Besides these, there are eleven -other passenger and freight stations in the -city. Here the railroads bring the products -of all parts of the country directly to the -ships which sail to all parts of the world.</p> - -<p>The city is connected directly with the city -of New York by railroads which pass through -tunnels under the Hudson. Numerous -trolley lines connect the different parts of -the city with each other and with other -parts of the state. There are nineteen -banks and trust companies. In manufacturing, -Jersey City ranks second in the state. -Its great commercial and industrial growth -is due to its nearness to New York, to its -connection with that city by ferries and -railroad tunnels, by which passengers and -freight are carried to the heart of the city -of New York in a few minutes, and to the -abundance of facilities for all kinds of transportation. -The most important products -are sugar, printers' type, soaps and perfumes, -meats, silks and embroideries, graphite -products, lead pencils, tobacco, cigars, -iron, steel and brass products, fire hose, -rubber goods, soups, watches, chemicals, -electrical supplies, heating and lighting apparatus, -rope, and paints and varnishes.</p> - -<p>The water used by the city is of excellent -quality and is brought from the basin of the -Rockaway River in the northern part of -the state. The city has eight municipal -parks and one county park, containing nearly -two hundred fifty acres. The city maintains -a normal school for the training of its -teachers and has an excellent public library.</p> - -<p>Besides being an active industrial center -it is a residential city. Many thousands whose -occupations are in the city of New York live -in Jersey City.</p> - -<p>North of Jersey City and adjacent to it is -<b>Hoboken</b>. It is the most densely populated city -in the state. It has connections with several -railroads, and one of the great trunk lines has its -terminal station here. The steamships of several -of the most important transatlantic lines, including -Scandinavian and Dutch, dock in Hoboken. -Hoboken is connected with the city of New York -by the Hudson River tunnels and by ferries and -with other cities of the state by many trolley -lines. Its manufacturing industries include shipbuilding -and repairing and the making of lead -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxiii">-xxiii-</span> -pencils, surveying and nautical instruments, -marine engines and boilers, silk goods, furniture, -and wall paper. Here is located the well-known -Stevens Institute of Technology.</p> - -<p>North of Hoboken and Jersey City are several -cities and towns which are very important industrially -and are rapidly growing in population. -Their nearness to these cities and to each other -makes their industries and interests similar. -These are <b>West Hoboken</b>, <b>Union</b>, <b>West New York</b>, -<b>North Bergen</b>, <b>Weehawken</b>, <b>Guttenberg</b>, and <b>Secaucus</b>. -These are all populous and thriving communities. -There are many valuable industries, -among which the manufacture of silks and embroideries -is the most important. This section -leads the state in the manufacture of embroideries -and is second only to Paterson in that of silk -goods. Other industries are machine shops, -marine construction, and the manufacture of -pianos, lamps, lard, and rubber goods. In <b>Secaucus</b> -vegetable gardening is important.</p> - -<p>South of Jersey City lies the city of <b>Bayonne</b>, -which is the third city of the state in the value -of manufactured products. Its frontage on New -York Bay on the east, Newark Bay on the west, -and Kill van Kull on the south, gives it exceptional -facilities for deep-water transportation. It -has, besides, ample railroad facilities. It is the -most important center for the refining of petroleum -in the world. The oil is brought in pipe lines from -the oil fields of Pennsylvania and Ohio to the -refineries, from which the many refined products -are carried to all parts of the world. There are -many other extensive industries, of which the -following may be mentioned: the manufacturing of -steam boilers, iron, steel, and bronze products, -cottonseed oil, nickel and copper -products, borax, insulated wire, -and silk goods.</p> - -<p>The northern part of the peninsula, -which is in Bergen County, -contains many attractive towns -which are largely residential in -character. Among them are <b>Englewood</b> and <b>Fort Lee</b>. <b>Edgewater</b> -on the Hudson at the foot -of the Palisades has important -industries. The chief products are -sugar and sirups.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width:287px;" id="hoboken"> - <a href="images/hoboken_lg.png"><img src="images/hoboken.png" width="287" height="152" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Docks at Hoboken. The principal port of embarkation and debarkation - of United States troops in the World War</div> -</div> - -<p><b>Paterson and Neighboring -Cities and Towns.</b>—Paterson, -located at the Falls of the -Passaic River, had a population -in 1920 of 135,866 and is the third city of -the state in size. The founding of the city -was suggested by Alexander Hamilton, who -foresaw the value of the power generated by -the falls and made plans to use it for manufacturing -purposes. Its great growth as a -manufacturing center is largely due to this -power. In the value of its manufactures, it -is the fifth among the cities of the state. Its -most important industry is the manufacture -of silk products of all kinds. In this industry -it stands first among the cities of the country. -It has many other extensive industrial plants, -which include machine shops, foundries, rolling -mills, locomotive works, dyeing establishments, -and thread and cordage mills.</p> - -<p><b>Passaic</b>, located on the Passaic River a few miles -southeast of Paterson, is specially noted for its -manufacture of woolen and worsted goods, in -which it is the first city of the state. It has other -extensive industries, including the manufacture -of handkerchiefs and other cotton goods, rubber -goods, belting and packing material, machinery, -metal, leather and silk goods, and print and -chemical works. Passaic is, besides, an attractive -residential city.</p> - -<p>Northeast of Passaic is <b>Hackensack</b> on the -Hackensack River, which is a prosperous residential -town. Between Paterson and Passaic are -<b>Clifton</b>, a growing manufacturing town, <b>Lodi</b>, with -its extensive dyeing industry, and <b>Garfield</b> with -its large establishments for the manufacture of -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxiv">-xxiv-</span> -woolen and worsted goods, waxed paper, embroideries, -and yarns. Southwest of Paterson is -<b>Little Falls</b>, whose principal manufactures are -carpets and rugs. <b>Rutherford</b>, <b>Hasbrouck Heights</b>, -<b>Ridgewood</b>, and <b>Westwood</b> are towns in this section -which are specially inviting to residents.</p> - -<p><b>Elizabeth and Neighboring Towns.</b>—Elizabeth is one of the oldest towns in the -state. It was settled in 1664 and was the -residence of Sir Philip Carteret, the first -Governor of New Jersey. It is most favorably -situated for both manufacturing and -residential purposes. Its location on Arthur -Kill and Newark Bay gives it deep water -connection through Kill van Kull with New -York Bay, and it has besides ample railroad -facilities. It has many industries, the largest -of which, and the largest of its kind in the -world, is the manufacture of sewing machines. -Other industries are the manufacture of iron -and steel products of all kinds, and of electrical -appliances, tanning, printing, and shipbuilding. -It has always been popular as a place -of residence with many whose business is in -New York.</p> - -<p><b>Rahway</b>, a few miles southwest of Elizabeth, is a -flourishing city whose chief industries are the manufacture -of felt, cereals, steel products, clothing, -music boxes, and printing and book binding. -<b>Roselle</b>, <b>Roselle Park</b>, <b>Cranford</b>, and <b>Westfield</b> -are attractive residential towns west of Elizabeth, -with excellent educational facilities. <b>Garwood</b>, in -this vicinity, is an important manufacturing town.</p> - -<p><b>Perth Amboy and Neighboring Towns.</b>—Perth -Amboy was settled in 1684 and alternated with Burlington as the meeting place -of the New Jersey assembly after the union -of the provinces in 1702. Its great industrial activity has increased its population by -more than 100 per cent in the last fifteen -years. Its rapid industrial growth is due to -its location at the mouth of the Raritan River -and on Raritan Bay and Arthur Kill, as well -as to its railroad facilities, and to the extensive -deposits of clay which are found here. The -development of these has led to the establishment -of large manufacturing plants whose -products are terra cotta, earthenware, and -tile of all kinds. Other important industries -are the refining of gold, silver, copper, and -lead, the preparation of vaseline, boat building, -the shipping of coal, and the manufacture -of cigars, insulated wire, chemicals, and steel -products. It is the fourth city in the state -in the value of manufactured products.</p> - -<p>Near Perth Amboy are <b>Metuchen</b>, <b>Woodbridge</b>, -<b>South Amboy</b>, <b>Sayreville</b>, and <b>South River</b>, which -are populous towns and have extensive industries -similar to those of Perth Amboy. In <b>Woodbridge</b> -the output of fire brick is specially important. -In <b>Sayreville</b> and <b>South River</b> special attention is -given to the manufacture of building brick. In -all there is considerable shipping of clays to other -points. Many varied industries are found in -Carteret to the northeast of Woodbridge.</p> - -<p><b>Places on the Outskirts of the Metropolitan -District of New York.</b>—Lying just beyond the -New York City Metropolitan District, yet -feeling its influence more and more as the -facilities for communication are increased, -are a number of important towns.</p> - -<p><b>Morristown</b>, in Morris County, is famous because -of Its Revolutionary associations. It is -distinctively a residential town, which possesses -great municipal and educational advantages. -<b>Madison</b> is another residential town, whose peculiar -and most important industry is the cultivation of -roses. <b>Boonton</b> and <b>Dover</b> have picturesque locations -and are industrially active. Their chief -products are boilers, furnaces, hosiery, iron, hats, -and silk goods.</p> - -<p>In Union County is <b>Plainfield</b>, which is well -known on account of its residential advantages, its -unexcelled schools, and its industrial importance. -Its principal manufactures are printing presses, -electrical appliances, garments, machine tools, -and machine shop products. <b>North Plainfield</b> is a -residential suburb.</p> - -<p><b>Somerville</b> is an attractive and prosperous town -with industries which manufacture clothing, laces, -and iron pipe. <b>Bound Brook</b> is at the junction of -three trunk line railroads and is located on the -Raritan Canal. It is therefore an active industrial -center. At <b>Finderne</b>, between Somerville and -Bound Brook, are large asbestos works.</p> - -<p><b>New Brunswick</b>, which was built up about the -ferry established here in 1697, is situated on the -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxv">-xxv-</span> -Raritan River and at the eastern end of the Raritan -Canal, and enjoys superior facilities for water and -railroad transportation. Its most extensive industry -is the manufacture of surgical dressings. Other -manufactured products are machinery, woolen -goods, iron and steel products, automobiles, -cigars, and wall paper. Here is situated Rutgers -College, which includes the State Agricultural -College and Experiment Station. The State -Home for Boys is located at <b>Jamesburg</b>. <b>Keyport</b>, with its fisheries and growing manufacturing -industries, is situated on lower New York Bay -and has rail and water connections with that city. -<b>Freehold</b> is always associated with the battle of -Monmouth. It has important canning and rug-making -industries.</p> - -<p><b>Trenton and the Towns of the Upper Delaware Valley.</b>—Trenton, the capital of the -state since 1790, was settled about 1679. -Here occurred the Battle of Trenton, which is -commemorated by an imposing monument. -It is situated on the Delaware at the head -of navigation. The Delaware and Raritan -Canal passes through the city. It thus has -the advantage of transportation by water and -railway. The water power developed by -the Falls of the Delaware encouraged the -establishment and growth of the city's industries, -but these have grown so extensive -that they do not rely upon it. In the -neighborhood of Trenton are deposits of clay -which were the basis of the pottery industry. -It has forty-eight potteries and in this -industry it is rivaled by only one city in the -United States. The local clay is now used -very little. The better grades of pottery -require the finer clays which are obtained -from England, France, and some states of -this country. It manufactures more sanitary -earthenware than any other city in the country. -Other extensive industries are automobile -factories, iron and steel works, machine -shops, foundries, rubber works, woolen mills, -watch factories, and oilcloth and linoleum -factories.</p> - -<p>The state and city acting together have -created a large public park which extends -along the Delaware River and includes the -grounds around the state capitol. The trade -of the surrounding country makes the city -a thriving business center.</p> - -<p>Northeast of Trenton is <b>Princeton</b>, memorable -as the scene of the Battle of Princeton and rich -in historic associations. Here is located Princeton -University, founded in 1746.</p> - -<p><b>Lambertville</b>, on the Delaware northeast of -Trenton, is a prosperous town with considerable -water power, whose principal industries are rock -quarries, rubber works, and canning factories. -<b>Pennington</b> and <b>Hopewell</b> in the interior are industrious -canning centers. At <b>Phillipsburg</b>, on the -Delaware, opposite the mouth of the Lehigh, five -railroads meet. It is the western terminus of the -Morris Canal. These transportation facilities -make it a strongly industrial town. Its principal -products are air compressors and rock drills, horseshoes, -canisters, iron pipe, boilers, and silks. The -principal cement works of the state are located -near Phillipsburg. <b>Belvidere</b>, on the Delaware -above Phillipsburg; <b>Washington</b>, <b>Hackettstown</b>, -and <b>Blairstown</b>, in the interior, are popular residential -towns. In <b>Washington</b> pianos and organs, and -in <b>Hackettstown</b> saws and leather, are the chief -industrial products. In <b>Hackettstown</b> and <b>Blairstown</b> well-known educational institutions are -located. <b>Newton</b> is located in the picturesque -mountain region of Sussex County. Here dairy -farming is important. Its chief manufactures are -shoes, silks, and dyeing.</p> - -<p><b>Flemington</b> and <b>High Bridge</b>, in Hunterdon -County, though not located in the Delaware -Valley, are near it. They are important centers -of trade in agricultural sections with growing -industries. <b>High Bridge</b> is in the heart of the -peach-growing section and has large steel works. -So also <b>Franklin Furnace</b>, in Sussex County, is in -the Wallkill Valley and is the center of the zinc-mining -industry.</p> - -<p><b>Camden and Neighboring Cities and Towns.</b>—In this group are included the towns -which are located in the southwestern part -of the state and which are usually considered -as belonging to the Metropolitan District of -Philadelphia or are near it. All are vitally -affected by its stimulating commercial and -industrial impulse.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width:226px;" id="canning_fact"> - <a href="images/canning_fact_lg.png"><img src="images/canning_fact.png" width="226" height="163" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption"><p>Canning factory, filling and capping cans, Camden</p></div> -</div> - -<p>The largest city of this group is <b>Camden</b>, -on the Delaware opposite Philadelphia, -founded about 1680 and known in colonial -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxvi">-xxvi-</span> -days as Cooper's -Ferry. It shares -with Philadelphia -the advantages of -the deep-water route -to the ocean through -the Delaware River -and Bay. It owes -Its first industrial -impulse to the opening -of the Camden -and Amboy Railroad. -From It many -railroads radiate to -all parts of the state -and one crosses the Delaware to Pennsylvania. -Direct communication with Philadelphia is -maintained by ferries. More rapid communication will soon -be obtained when -the proposed tunnels -under the Delaware -are completed. Its -industries, which are -of the most varied -character, have increased -with astonishing -rapidity. The -most extensive are -the manufacture of -talking machines and -shipbuilding. Here -the largest battleships -and merchant vessels can be built. -One of the shipbuilding plants is the largest -in the country. Other extensive industries -are foundries, machine shops, -woolen mills, chemical works, -factories for the manufacture -of cigars, paints, candies, -leather, licorice, linoleum, -writing pens, and the preparation of soups.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width:312px" id="cam_phil_map"> - <a href="images/cam_phil_map_lg.png"><img src="images/cam_phil_map.png" width="312" height="371" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Camden, Philadelphia, and vicinity</div> -</div> - -<p>Northeast of Camden, on the -Delaware, are <b>Riverside</b> and -<b>Beverly</b>, which are important -centers of manufacture and of -truck farming. Farther up is -<b>Burlington</b>, which was settled in -1677 and was the capital of West -Jersey. It has ample facilities for -transportation by rail and water. -Its interests are both agricultural -and manufacturing. Its principal -products are shoes, iron pipe, -and hardware. <b>Bordentown</b>, the -southwestern terminus of the -Delaware and Raritan Canal, also -has excellent transportation facilities. -Its most important industries -are the canning of vegetables -and the manufacture of yarns and -clay products. In the interior, -the old town. <b>Mount Holly</b>, is rich -in agricultural products and has -industries which produce hosiery, -shoes, and tapestry goods. East -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxvii">-xxvii-</span> -and southeast of Camden are <b>Merchantville</b>, -<b>Moorestown</b>, <b>Collingswood</b>, and <b>Haddonfield</b>, which -are distinctively residential towns, but in which -vegetable raising is an important industry.</p> - -<p><b>Gloucester</b>, on the Delaware south of Camden, -is a growing industrial center. Its products are -yarns, paper, and gas mantles. It has communication -with Philadelphia by ferries, which transport -the produce of the rich truck and fruit farms of the -surrounding country to that city. <b>Woodbury</b> is a -prosperous residential town with industries which -make pianos and glass bottles. Next to the -southward are Swedesboro, <b>Glassboro</b>, and <b>Clayton</b>, -whose principal industrial activities are connected -with the making of glass and the raising and -canning of vegetables and fruits.</p> - -<p><b>Towns near Delaware Bay.</b>—Farther south on -the outskirts of the Philadelphia Metropolitan -District are the very active business and industrial -center, <b>Salem</b>, settled by the Quakers -in 1675, <b>Bridgeton</b>, <b>Vineland</b>, and <b>Millville</b>.</p> - -<p>In these towns the glass factories are extensive -and make all kinds of glass articles. In <b>Bridgeton</b> -and <b>Millville</b> many persons are employed in the -mining and shipping of glass sand. Molding -sand is also a product. In and surrounding these -towns are large areas of farm land devoted to the -raising of all kinds of vegetables, berries, and tree -fruits for the markets. Great quantities of these -are preserved in the many large canning factories -which are located in them. <b>Vineland</b> produces -much bottled grape juice. These towns have also -diversified industries of other kinds.</p> - -<p>In <b>Cape May Court House</b> the important industrial -activities are the making of glass bottles and -the raising of berries and other fruits.</p> - -<p><b>Cities and Towns on the Atlantic Coast.</b>—Along -the Atlantic coast are many cities and -towns which are popular health and pleasure -resorts. The many railroads which connect -them with the large cities have made them -convenient of access so that thousands of -people visit them in the summer time.</p> - -<p>The largest of these is <b>Atlantic City</b>, which is the -largest seaside resort in the country and is devoted -entirely to the entertainment of visitors. It is -said to contain more than one thousand hotels. -Its permanent population numbers somewhat -more than 50,000, but in the summer time its -population is estimated at about 300,000. It has -a climate favorable to those who are convalescing -from illness or seek to recuperate their health. -On this account it is a popular resort during the -entire year. It has a superior school system -and all the other facilities and institutions which -mark the progressive city. <b>Long Branch</b>, farther -north, is the oldest resort on the coast. Another -resort of many years standing is <b>Cape May City</b>. -Other well-known resorts are <b>Ocean City</b>, <b>Point -Pleasant</b>, <b>Sea Girt</b>, <b>Manasquan</b>, <b>Spring Lake</b>, -<b>Belmar</b>, <b>Ocean Grove</b>, <b>Asbury Park</b>, <b>Sea Bright</b>, -and <b>Atlantic Highlands</b>. <b>Red Bank</b>, with its many -attractive country homes, is situated on the -Navesink and is classed as a seaside resort.</p> - -<p><b>Lakewood</b>, among the pines of Ocean County, -is a popular winter health resort.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="TABLES">TABLES</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="pmt2 caption3nb smcap">Table I.—References on the Geography of New Jersey</p> - -<div style="width: 30em; margin: 0 12em;"> - -<p class="hanging">1. Reports and other publications of the Department of Conservation and Development<br /> -of New Jersey, including</p> - -<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> - <li> Reports of the State Geological Survey and of the State Geologist.</li> - <li> The Geologic Atlas of New Jersey.</li> - <li> Topographic Atlas, including state, geologic, and railroad maps.</li> - <li> Reports of the Forest Park Reservation Commission.</li> - <li> Reports of the State Water Supply Commission.</li> -</ol> - -<p class="hanging">2. Reports of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission.</p> - -<p class="hanging">3. Reports of the State Board of Agriculture.</p> - -<p class="hanging">4. The Industrial Directory of New Jersey, published by the Bureau of Statistics.</p> - -<p class="hanging">5. Publications of the United States Geological Survey.</p> - -<p class="hanging">6. Reports and bulletins of the United States Census Bureau.</p> - -<p class="hanging">7. Publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, including those of the Weather<br /> -Bureau.</p> - -<p class="hanging">8. Legislative Manual, State of New Jersey.</p> - -<p class="hanging">9. New Jersey as a Colony and as a State—Lee.</p> - -<p class="hanging">10. A Brief History of New Jersey—Ellis and Snyder.</p> - -<p class="hanging">11. Local histories and transactions of local historical societies.</p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxviii">-xxviii-</span></p> - -<p class="pmt2 caption3nb smcap">Table II.—Leading Manufacturing Industries<br /> -of New Jersey, According to the United States<br />Census of 1914</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdt2 bdb tdc">Industry</td> - <td class="bdt2 bdl bdb tdc">Value of<br />Products</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">All industries</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">$1,406,633,414</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Smelting and refining copper</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">159,198,876</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Petroleum products</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">90,876,993</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Silk and silk goods</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">75,706,449</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Foundry and machine shop products</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">74,126,941</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Electrical machinery and supplies</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">40,740,810</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Slaughtering and meat packing</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">40,108,471</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Tobacco</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">39,695,997</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Woolen, worsted, and felt goods</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">36,268,561</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Rubber goods, rubber hose, and belting</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">35,798,793</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Chemicals</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">31,686,865</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Leather</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">31,651,831</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Dyeing and finishing textiles</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">27,986,512</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bread and bakery products</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">25,458,216</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cotton goods</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">16,782,164</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Pottery, brick, tile, terra cotta</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">16,693,447</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Soap</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">16,692,406</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Food preparations, confec'y, chocolate</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">16,529,429</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Paint and varnish</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">16,086,717</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Printing and publishing</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">14,083,011</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Gas, illuminating and heating</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">14,020,050</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Canning and preserving</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">13,764,955</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Copper, tin, and sheet iron products</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">12,499,728</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Lumber and timber products</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">12,482,553</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Ship and boat building</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">11,860,965</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Clothing, men's, including shirts</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">11,547,363</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Oilcloth and linoleum</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">11,384,311</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Jewelry</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">11,347,455</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Boots and shoes</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">11,204,323</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Fertilizer</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">11,197,690</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Paper and wood pulp</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">10,931,431</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hats and hat materials</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">10,569,597</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Millinery and lace</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">10,485,723</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Oils, grease and tallow</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">10,475,379</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Iron and steel</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">10,420,452</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Railway cars and shop products</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">10,344,659</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Gold and silver refining</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">10,078,176</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb tdl">Automobiles, incl. bodies and parts</td> - <td class="bdl bdb tdr">8,237,416</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="pmt2 caption3nb smcap">Table III.—Area and Population of the Counties<br /> -of New Jersey, According to the United<br />States Census of 1920</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td> - <table summary="data"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdt bdb bdl">County</td> - <td class="tdl bdt bdb bdl">Area Square Miles</td> - <td class="tdl bdt bdb bdl bdr">Population 1920</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Atlantic</td> - <td class="tdl bdl">569</td> - <td class="tdl bdl bdr">83,883</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Bergen</td> - <td class="tdl bdl">237</td> - <td class="tdl bdl bdr">210,688</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Burlington</td> - <td class="tdl bdl">815</td> - <td class="tdl bdl bdr">81,770</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Camden</td> - <td class="tdl bdl">222</td> - <td class="tdl bdl bdr">190,460</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Cape May</td> - <td class="tdl bdl">265</td> - <td class="tdl bdl bdr">10,460</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Cumberland</td> - <td class="tdl bdl">500</td> - <td class="tdl bdl bdr">61,348</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Essex</td> - <td class="tdl bdl">127</td> - <td class="tdl bdl bdr">651,807</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Gloucester</td> - <td class="tdl bdl">332</td> - <td class="tdl bdl bdr">48,224</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Hudson</td> - <td class="tdl bdl">43</td> - <td class="tdl bdl bdr">620,124</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Hunterdon</td> - <td class="tdl bdl">437</td> - <td class="tdl bdl bdr">32,885</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl bdr bdb">Mercer</td> - <td class="tdl bdl bdb">226</td> - <td class="tdl bdl bdr bdb">159,881</td> - </tr> - </table> - </td><td> - <table summary="data"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdt bdb bdl">County</td> - <td class="tdl bdt bdb bdl">Area Square Miles</td> - <td class="tdl bdt bdb bdl bdr">Population 1920</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Middlesex</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">312</td> - <td class="tdr bdl bdr">162,334</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Monmouth</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">479</td> - <td class="tdr bdl bdr">104,906</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Morris</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">475</td> - <td class="tdr bdl bdr">82,294</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Ocean</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">637</td> - <td class="tdr bdl bdr">22,155</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Passaic</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">196</td> - <td class="tdr bdl bdr">250,148</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Salem</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">343</td> - <td class="tdr bdl bdr">36,572</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Somerset</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">305</td> - <td class="tdr bdl bdr">48,015</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Sussex</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">529</td> - <td class="tdr bdl bdr">24,905</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Union</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">103</td> - <td class="tdr bdl bdr">199,832</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl">Warren</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">362</td> - <td class="tdr bdl bdr">45,057</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdl bdb">The State</td> - <td class="tdr bdl bdb">7,514</td> - <td class="tdr bdl bdb bdr">3,155,900</td> - </tr> - </table> - </td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p class="pmt2 caption3nb smcap">Table IV.—Cities, Towns, Boroughs, and Villages<br /> -of New Jersey Having 2000 or More People in 1920</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td> - <table summary="data"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdt2 bdb">Cities, Towns, etc.</td> - <td class="tdl bdt2 bdb bdl">Population</td> - <td class="bdt2 bdb2" rowspan="82"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Newark</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">414,216</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Jersey City</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">298,079</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Paterson</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">135,866</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Trenton</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">110,289</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Camden</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">110,309</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Elizabeth</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">95,682</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Bayonne</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">76,754</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Hoboken</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">68,166</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Passaic</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">63,824</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">East Orange</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">50,710</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Atlantic City</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">50,682</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Perth Amboy</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">41,707</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">West Hoboken</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">40,068</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Orange</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">33,268</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">New Brunswick</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">32,779</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">West New York</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">29,926</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Montclair</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">28,810</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Plainfield</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">27,700</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kearney</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">26,724</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Clifton</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">26,470</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Irvington</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">25,480</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Bloomfield</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">22,019</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Union</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">20,651</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Garfield</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">19,381</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Hackensack</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">17,667</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Phillipsburg</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">16,923</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Harrison</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">15,721</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Belleville</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">15,660</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">West Orange</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">15,573</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Millville</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">14,691</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Bridgeton</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">14,323</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Long Branch</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">13,521</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Morristown</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">12,548</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Asbury Park</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">12,400</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Gloucester</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">12,162</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Englewood</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">11,617</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Roosevelt</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">11,047</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Rahway</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">11,042</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Summit</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">10,174</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Dover</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">9,817</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Rutherford</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">9,497</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nutley</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">9,421</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Red Bank</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">9,251</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Burlington</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">9,049</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Westfield</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">9,026</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Collingswood</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">8,714</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ridgefield Park</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">8,570</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lodi</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">8,175</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">South Amboy</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">7,897</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ridgewood</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">7,580</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Salem</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">7,435</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">South Orange</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">7,274</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">North Plainfield</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">6,916</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Vineland</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">6,799</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Guttenberg</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">6,726</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Somerville</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">6,718</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">South River</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">6,596</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Hammonton</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">6,417</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Pennsgrove</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">6,060</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Princeton</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">5,917</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Boundbrook</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">5,906</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Pleasantville</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">5,887</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Woodbury</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">5,801</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Fort Lee</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">5,761</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Roselle</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">5,737</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wallington</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">5,715</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Cliffside Park</td> - <td class="tdr bdl">5,709</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl bdb2">Tenafly</td> - <td class="tdr bdb2 bdl">5,650</td> - </tr> - </table> - </td> - <td> - <table summary="data"> - <tr> - <td class="bdl bdt2 bdb2" rowspan="82"> </td> - <td class="tdl bdt2 bdb">Cities, Towns, etc.</td> - <td class="tdl bdt2 bdb bdl">Population</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Haddonfield</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">5,646</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Madison</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">5,523</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">East Rutherford</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">5,463</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Roselle Park</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">5,438</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Secaucus</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">5,423</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Boonton</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">5,372</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wrightstown</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">5,288</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Hawthorne</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">5,135</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Fairview</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,882</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Highland Park</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,866</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Freehold</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,768</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Merchantville</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,754</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Audubon</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,740</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lambertville</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,660</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Glen Ridge</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,620</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Carlstadt</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,472</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Raritan</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,457</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Keyport</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,415</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Bordentown</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,371</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Paulsboro</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,352</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Prospect Park</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,292</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Newton</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,125</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Franklin</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">4,075</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Caldwell</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">3,993</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Bogota</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">3,906</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Bergenfield</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">3,667</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Edgewater</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">3,530</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Haledon</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">3,435</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Dunellen</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">3,394</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Pitman</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">3,385</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Washington</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">3,341</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Metuchen</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">3,334</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">East Newark</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">3,057</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Verona</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">3,039</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Cape May</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,999</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Leonia</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,979</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Haddon Heights</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,950</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Hackettstown</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,936</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wanaque</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,916</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Hasbrouck Heights</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,895</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Butler</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,886</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wharton</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,877</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wildwood</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,790</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Little Ferry</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,715</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Hightstown</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,674</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Jamesburg</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,671</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Rockaway</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,655</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Palisades Park</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,633</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Egg Harbor</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,622</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Westwood</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,597</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Flemington</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,590</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Milltown</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,573</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Beverly</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,562</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Dumont</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,537</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ocean City</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,512</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">East Paterson</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,441</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Chatham</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,421</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Westville</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,380</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Riverton</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,341</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Bradley Beach</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,307</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Midland Park</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,243</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ventnor</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,203</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Bloomingdale</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,193</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Glen Rock</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,181</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Alpha</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,140</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="bdl"> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ramsey</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,090</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Pompton Lakes</td> - <td class="bdl tdr">2,008</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="bdb2"> </td> - <td class="bdb2 bdl"> </td> - </tr> - </table> - </td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="transnote"> - -<p class="caption3nb smcap">Transcriber Note</p> - -<p class="tdc">Minor typos were corrected.</p> -</div> - - - - - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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