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diff --git a/old/66199-0.txt b/old/66199-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 355cdcc..0000000 --- a/old/66199-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3492 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes and Queries, Number 205, October 1, -1853, by George Bell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Notes and Queries, Number 205, October 1, 1853 - A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, - Antiquaries, Geneologists, etc - -Author: Various - -Editor: George Bell - -Release Date: September 1, 2021 [eBook #66199] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The Internet - Library of Early Journals.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NUMBER 205, -OCTOBER 1, 1853 *** - - - - - -{309} - -NOTES AND QUERIES: - -A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, -GENEALOGISTS, ETC. - - * * * * * - - -="When found, make a note of."=--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. - - * * * * * - - - No. 205.] - SATURDAY, OCTOBER 1. 1853. - [Price Fourpence. - Stamped Edition, 5_d._ - - * * * * * - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - NOTES:-- Page - - The Groaning-board, a Story of the Days of Charles II., - by Dr. E. F. Rimbault 309 - - The Etymology of the Word "Awkward" 310 - - Inedited Poem--"The Deceitfulness of Love," by - Chris. Roberts 311 - - Bale MSS., referred to in Tanner's "Bibliotheca - Britannico-Hibernica," by Sir F. Madden 311 - - Charles Fox and Gibbon 312 - - Samuel Williams 312 - - Shakspeare Correspondence, by Samuel Hickson, &c. 313 - - MINOR NOTES:--Doings of the Calf's Head Club--Epitaph - by Wordsworth--Tailor's "Cabbage"--Misquotations--The - Ducking Stool--Watch-paper Inscription 315 - - QUERIES:-- - - Birthplace of Gen. Monk, by F. Kyffin Lenthall 316 - - MINOR QUERIES:--Harmony of the Four Gospels--The - Noel Family--Council of Trent--Roman Catholic - Patriarchs--The "Temple Lands" in Scotland--Cottons - of Fowey--Draught or Draft of Air--Admiral Sir Thomas - Tyddeman--Pedigree Indices--Apparition of the White - Lady--Rundlestone--Tottenham--Duval Family--Noses of the - Descendants of John of Gaunt--General Wall--John Daniel - and Sir Ambrose Nicholas Salter--Edward Bysshe--President - Bradshaw and John Milton 316 - - MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Ket the - Tanner--"Namby-pamby" 318 - - REPLIES:-- - - Editions of Books of Common Prayer, by the Rev. - Thomas Lathbury, &c. 318 - - The Crescent, by J. W. Thomas 319 - - Seals of the Borough of Great Yarmouth 321 - - Moon Superstitions, by J. N. Radcliffe and G. William - Skyring 321 - - Latin Riddle, by the Rev. Robert Gibbings 322 - - "Hurrah!" by Sir J. E. Tennent and J. Sansom 323 - - PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Process for Printing - on Albumenized Paper 324 - - REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Anderson's Royal - Genealogies--Thomas Wright of Durham--Weather - Predictions--Bacon's Essays: Bullaces--Nixon the - Prophet--Parochial Libraries--"Ampers and," &c.--The - Arms of De Sissonne--St. Patrick's Purgatory--Sir - George Carr--Gravestone Inscription--"A Tub to - the Whale"--Hour-glasses in Pulpits--Slow-worm - Superstition--Sincere--Books chained to Desks - in Churches: Seven Candlesticks--D. Ferrand: - French Patois--Wood of the Cross--'Ladies' - Arms in a Lozenge--Burial in unconsecrated - Ground--Table-turning--"Well's a fret"--Tenet - for Tenent 326 - - MISCELLANEOUS:-- - - Books and Odd Volumes wanted 330 - - Notices to Correspondents 330 - - Advertisements 331 - - * * * * * - - - - -Notes. - - -THE GROANING-BOARD, A STORY OF THE DAYS OF CHARLES II. - -The English public has ever been distinguished by an enormous amount of -gullibility. - - "Ha ha, ha ha! this world doth pass - Most merrily I'll be sworn; - For many an honest Indian ass - Goes for an unicorn." - -So sung old Thomas Weelkes in the year 1608, and so echo we in the year -1853! What with "spirit-rapping," "table-moving," "Chelsea ghosts," -"Aztec children," &c., we shall soon, if we go on at the same rate, get -the reputation of being past all cure. - -In looking over, the other day, a volume in the Museum, marked MS. Sloane -958., I noticed the following hand-bill pasted on the first page: - - "At the sign of the Wool-sack, in Newgate Market, is to be seen - a strange and wonderful thing, which is an _elm board_, being - touched with a hot iron, doth express itself as if it were a - man dying _with groans_, and trembling, to the great admiration - of all the hearers. It hath been presented before the king and - his nobles, and hath given great satisfaction. _Vivat Rex._" - -At the top of the bill is the king's arms, and the letters C. R., and in -an old hand is written the date 1682. On the same page is an autograph of -the original possessor of the volume, "Ex libris Jo. Coniers, Londini, -pharmacopol, 1673." - -In turning to Malcolm (_Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London_, -4to. 1811, p. 427.), we find the following elucidation of this mysterious -exhibition: - - "One of the most curious and ingenious amusements ever offered - to the publick ear was contrived in the year 1682, when an elm - plank was exhibited to the king and the credulous of London, - which being touched by a hot iron, invariably produced a sound - resembling deep groans. This sensible, and very irritable - board, received numbers of noble visitors; and other boards, - sympathising with their afflicted brother, demonstrated how - much affected they might be by similar means. The publicans - in different parts of the city immediately applied ignited - metal to all the woodwork of their houses, in hopes of finding - sensitive timber; but I do {310} not perceive any were so - successful as the landlord of the Bowman Tavern in Drury Lane, - who had a mantle tree so extremely prompt and loud in its - responses, that the sagacious observers were nearly unanimous - in pronouncing it part of the same trunk which had afforded the - original plank." - -The following paragraph is also given by Malcolm from the _Loyal London -Mercury_, Oct. 4, 1682: - - "Some persons being this week drinking at the Queen's Arms - Tavern, in St. Martin's-le-Grand, in the kitchen, and - having laid the fire-fork in the fire to light their pipes, - accidentally fell a discoursing of the _groaning-board_, and - what might be the cause of it. One in the company, having the - fork in his hand to light his pipe, would needs make trial of - a long dresser that stood there, which, upon the first touch, - made a great noise and groaning, more than ever the board that - was showed did; and then they touched it three or four times, - and found it far beyond the other. They all having seen it, the - house is almost filled with spectators day and night, and any - company calling for a glass of wine may see it; which, in the - judgment of all, is far louder, and makes a longer groan than - the other; which to report, unless seen, would seem incredible." - -Among the _Bagford Ballads_ in the Museum (three vols., under the -press-mark 643. m.) is preserved the following singular broadside upon -the subject, which is now reprinted for the first time: - - "A NEW SONG, ON THE STRANGE AND WONDERFUL GROANING-BOARD. - - "What fate inspir'd thee with groans, - To fill phanatick brains? - What is't thou sadly thus bemoans, - In thy prophetick strains? - - "Art thou the ghost of _William Pryn_, - Or some old politician? - Who, long tormented for his sin, - Laments his sad condition? - - "Or must we now believe in thee, - The old cheat transmigration? - And that thou now art come to be - A call to reformation? - - "The giddy vulgar to thee run, - Amaz'd with fear and wonder; - Some dare affirm, that hear thee groan, - Thy noise is petty thunder. - - "One says and swears, you do foretell - A change in Church and State; - Another says, you like not well - Your master _Stephen's_ fate.[1] - - "Some say you groan much like a _whigg_, - Or rather like a _ranter_; - Some say as loud, and full as big, - As _Conventicle Canter_. - - "Some say you do petition, - And think you represent - The woe and sad condition - Of Old _Rump Parliament_. - - "The wisest say you are a cheat; - Another politician - Says, 'tis a misery as great - And true as _Hatfield's vision_.[2] - - "Some say, 'tis a _new evidence_, - Or witness of the _plot_; - And can discover many things - Which are the Lord knows what. - - "And lest you should the _plot_ disgrace, - For wanting of a name, - _Narrative Board_ henceforth we'll place - In registers of fame. - - "London: Printed for T. P. in the year 1682." - -The extraordinary and long-lived popularity of the "groaning-board" is -fully evinced by the number of cotemporary allusions: a few will suffice. - -Mrs. Mary Astell, in her _Essay in Defence of the Female Sex_, 1696, -speaking of the character of a "coffee-house politician," observes: - - "He is a mighty listener after prodigies: and never hears of - a whale or a comet, but he apprehends some sudden revolution - in the state, and looks upon a _groaning-board_, or a - speaking-head, as forerunners of the day of judgment." - -Swift, in his _Tale of a Tub_, written in the following year (1697), says -of Jack: - - "He wore a large plaister of artificiall causticks on his - stomach, with the fervor of which he would set himself a - _groaning_ like the famous _board_ upon application of a - red-hot iron." - -Steele, in the 44th number of the _Tatler_, speaking of Powell, the -"puppet showman," says: - - "He has not brains enough to make even wood speak as it ought - to do: and I, that have heard the _groaning-board_, can despise - all that his puppets shall be able to speak as long as they - live." - -So much for the "story" of the _groaning-board_. As to "how it was done," -we leave the matter open to the reader's sagacity. - -EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. - -[Footnote 1: This was _Stephen_ College, a joiner by trade, but a man -of an active and violent spirit, who, making himself conspicuous by his -opposition to the Court, obtained the name of the Protestant joiner. His -fate is well known.] - -[Footnote 2: Martha Hatfield, a child twelve years old in Sept. 1652, who -pretended to have visions "concerning Christ, faith, and other subjects." -She was a second edition of the "holy maid of Kent."] - - * * * * * - - -THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD "AWKWARD." - -Most persons who have given their attention to the formation of words, -and have employed their leisure in endeavouring to trace them to their -source, must have remarked that there are many words in the English -language which show on the {311} part of learned philologists, the -compilers of dictionaries, either a strange deficiency in reading, or a -want of acquaintance with the older tongues: or perhaps, if we must find -an excuse for them, a habit of "nodding." - -The word _awkward_ is one of these. Skinner's account is as follows: - - "Ineptus, ἀμφαριστερός, præposterus, ab A.-S. æþerd perversus; - hoc ab _æ_ præp. loquelari negativa privativa, et _weard_, - versus." - -Johnson follows Skinner, interpreting _awkward_ in the same way, and with -the same derivation; but unfortunately he had met with the little word -_awk_, and, not caring to inquire into the origin of it, as it seemed so -plain, he explains it as "a barbarous contraction of _awkward_," giving -the following example from L'Estrange: - - "We have heard as arrant jingling in the pulpits as the - steeples; and the professors ringing as _awk_ as the bells to - give notice of the conflagration." - -Now the real state of the case is, that just as _forward_ and _backward_ -are correlatives, so also are _toward_ and _awkward_. We speak of a -_toward_ child as one who is quick and ready and apt; while, by an -_awkward_ one, we mean precisely the contrary. By the former we imply a -disposition or readiness to press on to the mark; by the latter, that -which is averse to it, and fails of the right way. Parallel instances, -though of course not corresponding in meaning, are found in the Latin -_adversus_, _reversus_, _inversus_, _aversus_. - -The term _awkward_ is compounded of the two A.-S. words _aweg_ or _awæg_ -(which is itself made up of _a_, from, and _wæg_, a way), meaning away, -out: "auferendi vim habet," says Bosworth, of which we have an instance -in _aweg weorpan_, to throw away; and _weard_, toward, as in _hamweard_, -homewards. We thus have the correlatives _to-weard_ and _aweg-weard_, -with the same termination, but with prefixes of exactly opposite -meanings. In the latter word, the prefix would naturally come to be -pronounced as one syllable, and the _g_ as naturally converted into _k_. - -The propriety of the use of the word _awkward_ by Shakspeare, in the -Second Part of Henry VI., Act III. Sc. 2., is thus rendered apparent: - - "And twice by awkward wind from England's bank, - Drove back again," &c., - -_i.e._ untoward wind, or contrary: an epithet which editors, while they -thought it required an apology, have been unable to explain rightly. - -With regard to the word _awk_, I can only say that it is one of very -unfrequent occurrence; I have met with it but once in the course of my -own reading, so that I am unable to confirm my view as fully as I could -wish; still, that one instance seems, as far as it goes, satisfactory -enough: it occurs in Golding's translation of Ovid's _Metam._, London, -1567, fol. 177. p. 2.: - - "She sprincled us with bitter jewce of uncouth herbes, and strake - The _awk_ end of her charmed rod uppon our heads, and spake - Woordes to the former contrarie," &c. - -The _awk_ end here is, of course, the wrong end, that which was not -_towards_ them. - -Perhaps some of the readers of "N. & Q." may have met with other -instances of the usage of the word. It does not occur in Chaucer nor (I -am pretty sure) in Gower. - -H. C. K. - - * * * * * - - -INEDITED POEM.--"THE DECEITFULNESS OF LOVE." - -The following lines, written about 1600, are, I think, well worthy of -preservation in your columns. I believe they have never been published; -but if any of your correspondents should have met with them, and can -inform me of the author, I shall feel much obliged. - -CHRIS. ROBERTS. - -Bradford, Yorkshire. - - _Deceitfulness of Love._ - - Go, sit by the summer sea, - Thou, whom scorn wasteth, - And let thy musing be - Where the flood hasteth. - Mark how o'er ocean's breast - Rolls the hoar billow's crest; - Such is his heart's unrest - Who of love tasteth. - - Griev'st thou that hearts should change? - Lo! where life reigneth, - Or the free sight doth range, - What long remaineth? - Spring with her flow'rs doth die; - Fast fades the gilded sky; - And the full moon on high - Ceaselessly waneth. - - Smile, then, ye sage and wise; - And if love sever - Bonds which thy soul doth love, - Such does it ever! - Deep as the rolling seas, - Soft as the twilight breeze, - But of _more_ than these - Boast could it never! - - * * * * * - - -BALE MSS., REFERRED TO IN TANNER'S "BIBLIOTHECA BRITANNICO-HIBERNICA." - -Most persons who consult this laborious and useful work will probably -have been struck and puzzled by the frequent occurrence of two references -given by the Bishop as his authorities, namely, "MS. Bal. Sloan." and -"MS. Bal. Glynn." {312} To answer, therefore (by anticipation), a Query -very likely to be made on this subject, I have to state, that by "MS. -Bal. Sloan." Tanner refers to a manuscript work in two volumes, in Bale's -handwriting, formerly in Sir Hans Sloane's collection, and numbered 287, -but presented by him to the Bodleian Library; as appears by a letter from -Hearne to Baker (in MS. Harl. 7031. f. 142.), dated August 6, 1715, in -which he writes: - - "We have _Bale's accounts of the Carmelites_, in two volumes, - being not long since given to our public library by Dr. Sloane." - -In the original MS. Sloane Catalogue, the work was thus entered: _Joannes -Balæus de sanctis et illustribus viris Ordinis Carmelitarum, et eorum -Scriptis: Joannis Balæi Annales Carmelitarum_. Another volume, partly, -if not wholly, in Bale's handwriting, relative to the Carmelite Order, -existed formerly in the Cottonian Library, under the press-mark Otho, D. -IV., but was almost entirely destroyed in the fire which took place in -1731. - -By "MS. Bal. Glynn.," or (as more fully referred to under "Adamus -Carthusiensis") "MS. Bale penes D. Will. Glynn.," Tanner undoubtedly -means a printed copy of Bale's _Scriptorum Illustrium Majoris Brytanniæ -Catalogus_, with marginal notes in manuscript (probably by Bale himself) -which was preserved in the library of Sir William Glynne, Bart., of -Anbrosden. I learn this from Tanner's original Memoranda for his -_Bibliotheca_, preserved in the Additional MSS. 6261. 6262., British -Museum; in the former of which, ff. 122--124., is a transcript of the -"MS. notæ in margine Balei, penes D. Will. Glynne." The Glynne MSS. are -described in the _Catt. MSS. Angliæ_, fol. 1697, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 49.; -but the copy of Bale, here mentioned, is not included among them. These -MSS. are said to be preserved at present in the library of Christ Church -College, Oxford; and it is somewhat singular, that no account of the MSS. -in this college should have been printed, either in the folio Catalogue -of 1697, or in the valuable Catalogue of the MSS. in the college -libraries recently published. Perhaps some of the correspondents of "N. & -Q." may communicate information on this head. - -F. MADDEN. - - * * * * * - - -CHARLES FOX AND GIBBON. - -The following is taken from the fly-leaves of my copy of Gibbon's _Rome_, -1st vol. 1779, 8vo.: - - "The following anecdote and verses were written by the late - Charles James Fox in the first volume of _his_ Gibbon's - _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_. - - "The author of this work declared publicly at Brookes's (a - gaming-house in St. James' Street), upon the delivery of the - Spanish Rescript in June, 1779, that there was no salvation - for this country unless six of the heads of the cabinet - council were cut off and laid upon the tables of both houses - of parliament as examples; and in less than a fortnight he - accepted a place under the same cabinet council. - - "ON THE AUTHOR'S PROMOTION TO THE BOARD OF TRADE IN 1779. - By the Right Hon. C. J. Fox. - - "King George in a fright - Lest Gibbon should write - The story of Britain's disgrace, - Thought no means more sure - His pen to secure - Than to give the historian a place. - - "But his caution is vain, - 'Tis the curse of his reign - That his projects should never succeed; - Tho' he wrote not a line, - Yet a cause of decline - In our author's example we read. - - "His book well describes - How corruption and bribes - O'erthrew the great empire of Rome; - And his writings declare - A degeneracy there, - Which his conduct exhibits at home." - -G. M. B. - - * * * * * - - -SAMUEL WILLIAMS. - -The obituary of the past week records the death of Samuel Williams, a -self-taught artist, whose pencil and graver have illustrated very many -of the most popular works during the last forty years, and to whose -productions the modern school of book-illustrations owes its chief force -and character. Samuel Williams was born Feb. 23, 1788, at Colchester in -Essex; and during his very earliest years, his self-taught powers were -remarkable, as he could draw or copy with the greatest ease anything -he saw; and he would get up at early dawn, before the other members of -the family were stirring, to follow the bent of his genius. His boyish -talents attracted much notice, and, had he not been very diffident, -would have brought him before the world as a painter. In 1802, he was -apprenticed to Mr. J. Marsden, a printer in Colchester, and thenceforward -his pencil was destined to be employed in illustrating books. Whilst yet -a lad, he etched on copper a frontispiece to a brochure entitled the -_Coggeshall Volunteers_; and this was a remarkable production, as he had -never seen etching or engraving on copper; and he about the same time -taught himself engraving on wood, executing numerous little cuts for Mr. -Marsden: amongst others, a frontispiece to a _History of Colchester_. -So much was his talent seen by parties calling at his employer's, that -Mr. Crosby, a publisher of some note in his day, promised that, when his -apprenticeship ended, he {313} should draw and engrave for him a natural -history; and this promise was faithfully performed, and a series of -three hundred cuts given to him immediately. Besides these, he executed -numerous commissions for Mozley, Darton and Harvey, Arliss's _Pocket -Magazine_, and other works; in all which a strong natural feeling and -vigorous drawing were leading characteristics. - -In 1809 he visited London for a short time, and returned to Colchester; -and resided there till 1819, when he settled in London. In 1822, Mr. C. -Whittingham published an edition of _Robinson Crusoe_, the illustrations -to which are drawn and engraved by the subject of this notice; and the -freedom of handling, as compared with cotemporary works, was conspicuous. -After these, Trimmer's _Natural History_, published by Whittingham; the -illustrations to Wiffin's _Garcilasso de la Vega_; and other works, -showed his talents as a designer as well as engraver. - -In 1825, William Hone started his _Every-Day Book_, employing Mr. -Williams to make the drawings for the "Months," and other illustrations; -and the peculiar style, like pen-and-ink sketches, attracted much notice, -the freedom and ease of these drawings being greatly admired; and some -of our present artists confess to having been first taught by copying -the free off-hand sketches in Hone's _Every-Day Book_. A second volume -followed in 1846, and the _Table Book_ in 1847; in 1848 the _Olio_ was -published, and afterwards the _Parterre_; both works remarkable for their -spirited illustrations. Several of the engravings to the _London Stage_, -1847, displayed great variety of expression in the figures and faces. -Howitt's _Rural Life of England_, Selby's _Forest Trees_, Thomson's -_Seasons_ (the edition published by Bogue), Miller's _Pictures of Country -Life_, all drawn and engraved by him, exhibit exquisite rural "bits," in -which, like Bewick, Samuel Williams could express with the graver the -touch of his pencil, thus far excelling his cotemporaries. The _Memorials -of the Martyrs_ was the last work on which he exercised his double skill. -Of works not drawn by himself, Wiffin's _Tasso_ shows some of his best -efforts; but as for years past he had been engaged on most of the best -works of the day, it is impossible to specify all. Had he devoted his -time to painting, which the constant employment with pencil and graver -prevented, he would have taken high rank as a painter of rural life, as -his pictures of "Sketching a Countryman," and "Interior of a Blacksmith's -Shop," exhibited in the Royal Academy when at Somerset House, testify, -as they are marked by perfect drawing and admirable expression. Some -miniatures on ivory, painted in his very youthful days, are marvellous -for close manipulation and correct likeness. After a long and painful -illness, borne with great fortitude, Mr. Williams expired on the 19th -September, his wife having predeceased him not quite six weeks, leaving -behind him four sons. - -J. T. - - * * * * * - - -SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE. - -_On a Passage in the Second Part of Henry IV.--The Death of Falstaff._--I -have read with much pleasure your very temperate remarks on the fiery -contributions of some of your correspondents; and I trust that, after -so gentle a rebuke from certainly the most good-natured Editor living, -all will henceforth go "merry as a marriage bell." Amongst the lore that -I have picked up since my first acquaintance with "N. & Q.," is that -profound truth, - - "'Tis a very good world that we live in:" - -but I must say I think it would be a very dull one if we all thought -alike; as "N. & Q." would be a very dull book if it were not seasoned -with differences of opinion, and its pages diversified with discussions -and ingenious argument. And what can be more agreeable, when, like an -animated conversation, it is conducted with fairness and good temper? - -However, now we are to start fair again; and to begin with a difference, -I must presume to question a decision of your own which I would fain see -recalled. I believe with you that MR. COLLIER'S _Notes and Emendations_ -gives the true reading of the passage in _Henry V._, "on a table of -green frieze," and I, moreover, think that Theobald's conjecture "and 'a -babbled o' green fields," was worthy of any poet. Theobald was engaged -in the laborious work of minute verbal correction, and necessarily took -an isolated view of particular passages. Presenting the difficulty which -this passage did, his suggestion was a happy and poetical thought. But -when you say that the scholiast excelled his author, we must take another -view of the case. The question is not as to which passage is the most -poetical, but which is most in place; which was the idea most natural -to be expressed. And in this I think you will admit that Shakspeare's -judgment must be deferred to, and that taking the character of Falstaff, -_together with the other circumstances detailed of his death_, it is not -natural that he should be represented as "babbling o' green fields." - -You are aware that Fielding, in his _Journey from this World to the -next_, met with Shakspeare, who, in answer to a similar question to that -put to Göthe, gave a like answer to the one you report. This arises in -a great measure from the imperfection of language; the most careful -writers at times express themselves obscurely. But with regard to Ben -Jonson, I should say that, though neither a mean nor an unfriendly -critic, he was certainly a prejudiced one. He saw Shakspeare from -the conventional-classic point of view, and {314} would doubtless -have "blotted" much that we should have regretted submitting to his -judgment. Yet, after all, the anecdote is not according to the fact. -Shakspeare _did_ "blot" thousands of lines, probably many more than Ben -Jonson himself ever did; and of this we have the best evidence in whole -plays almost re-written. Even in the single instance rare Ben gives of -Shakspeare's incorrectness, published many years after the latter's -death, the memory or hearing of the former either were at fault, or the -line had been "blotted." - -Absolute perfection is, of course, not to be looked for; there is no -such thing in reference to human affairs, unless it be in constant and -unobstructed growth and development. This is exhibited in Shakspeare's -writing to a degree shown by no other writer. The shortcomings of -Shakspeare are most evident when he is compared with himself,--the -earlier with the later writer. But take his earliest work, so far as -can be ascertained, in its earliest form, and the literature of the age -cannot produce its equal. - -SAMUEL HICKSON. - - "I knew there was but one way, for his nose was as sharp as a - pen, and 'a babbled of green fields."--_Shakspeare._ - - "I knew there was but one way, for his nose was as sharp as a - pen on a table of green frieze."--_Shakspeare corrected._ - -Some of the alterations in the manuscript corrections in MR. COLLIER'S -old edition of Shakspeare's plays I agree with, but certainly not in this -one, since we lose much and gain nothing by it. Shakspeare, in drawing -a character such as Falstaff, loaded with every vice that flesh is heir -to, and yet making him a favourite with the audience, must have been most -anxious respecting his death, and therefore awakened our sympathy in -his favour. In ushering in the account of the death-bed scene, he makes -Bardolph say: - - "Would I were with him, wheresome'er he is, either in heaven or - in hell." - -This expression Burns the poet considered the highest mark of regard that -one man could pay to another, for in his poem on a departed friend, he -says: - - "With such as he, where'er he be, - May I be saved, or damn'd." - -Mrs. Quickly, in describing the scene, says: - - "He's in Arthur's (Abraham's) bosom, if ever man went to - Arthur's bosom. 'A made a finer end, and went away, an it had - been any christom child; for after I saw him fumble with the - sheets, and play with flowers, and smile upon his finger's - ends, I knew there was but one way; for his nose was as sharp - as a pen, and 'a _babbled of green fields_." - -Mrs. Quickly, after describing the outward signs of decay and second -childishness, tells us he _babbled_. Shakspeare, as the only means of -gaining our forgiveness, makes him die in repentance for his sins, and -seems to have had the Twenty-third Psalm in his mind, where David puts -his trust in God's grace, when amongst other passages it says: "He maketh -me lie down in _green pastures_," and further on, "Yea, though I walk -through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for thou -art with me." I have endeavoured to give you a reason why I prefer the -_old_ reading of the text: if any of your correspondents will give a -better for the _new_, I shall be glad to see it, as I am convinced the -more we examine into the works of our wonderful bard, the more we shall -be convinced of his superhuman genius; we are, therefore, all indebted -to MR. COLLIER for his searching investigations, as they set us in a -reflective mood. - -J. B. - -Your just remarks on Theobald's "'a babbled of green fields" recalls -to me a note which I find appended to the passage in the margin of my -Shakspeare, - - "'A babbled of green fields, _i.e._ singing snatches of the - 23rd Psalm: - - 'In pastures green He feedeth me,' &c. - 'And though I walk e'en at death's door,' &c." - -This note I jotted down in my schoolboy days, and thirty years' -experience at the beds of the dying only convinces me of its correctness. -Again and again have I heard the same sweet strains hymned from the lips -of the dying, and soothing with hope the sinking spirit, ay, even of -great and grievous sinners. Indeed, I have come to stamp it as a sure -mark of impending death, and have said with the dame, "I knew there -was but one way, for 'a babbled of green fields;" though I trust with -different doctrine than her's, viz. that religion is the business of none -but the dying, and thence, that to talk of religion is a sure sign of -approaching death. - -When Falstaff "babbled of green fields," he was labouring under no -"calenture." His heart was far away amid the early fresh pure scenes of -childhood, and he was babbling forth snatches of hymns and holy songs, -learned on his mother's knee, and now called up, in his hour of need, -to cheer, as best they might, his parting spirit. Strange is it that -Theobald, when he suggested so happy an emendation, missed half its -beauty and its real bearing. - -Throughout the whole passage it is evident that Falstaff was ejaculating -scraps of long forgotten hymns and Scripture texts, which were utterly -incomprehensible to those about him. "'A babbled of green fields,"--"he -cried out of sack,"--"and of women,"--"incarnate,"--"whore of -Babylon,"--all suggest holy ejaculations, perverted by the ignorance of -the godless bystanders. - -In all Shakspeare there is hardly to be found a more touching scene, or -one more true to nature; {315} it is most graphic and characteristic. -The loneliness of the dying sinner, with none to stand by him but the -godless companions of his riot and debauchery; the eagerness of the -despairing man to catch at anything of the semblance of hope that he -could recall from the lessons of his childhood, "He shall feed me in a -green pasture," &c.--then--ere he could reach those assuring words, "Yea, -though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear -no evil, for Thou art with me, Thy rod and Thy staff comfort me," the -miserable consciousness that it is all too late, "So 'a cried out God, -God, God;"--then--the utter want of religious sympathy in the bystanders, -Nym, Quickly, Bardolph, Boy, in their misinterpretations, and perverse -commentaries on his ejaculations, just such as we might expect from -hearts gorged to the full with vice and sensuality;--then--the redeeming -touch of tenderness in the Dame, beaming through all her benighted -efforts to cheer, in her own way (awful to think on, the only way known -to her), the last hours of her dear old roysterer, "Now I, to comfort -him, bid him 'a should not think of God, I hoped there was no need to -trouble himself with any such thoughts yet;" and the undying fondness -with which she upholds his memory, and will not brook a word of ribaldry, -or what _she_ deems slander, against it, all evidencing that-- - - "The worst of _sin_ had left her woman still." - -Surely a scene more characteristic of all the parties in it, is not to be -found in Shakspeare. - -NEMO. - - * * * * * - - -Minor Notes. - -_Doings of the Calf's Head Club._--In an old newspaper called _The Weekly -Oracle_, of Feb. 1, 1735, is the following curious paragraph: - - "Thursday (Jan. 29) in the evening a disorder of a very - particular nature happened in Suffolk Street; 'tis said that - several young gentlemen of distinction having met at a house - there, calling themselves the Calf's Head Club; and about seven - o'clock a bonfire being lit up before the door, just when it - was in its height, they brought a calf's head to the window - dressed in a napkin-cap, and after some huzzas, threw it into - the fire. The mob were entertained with strong beer, and for - some time hallooed as well as to best; but taking a disgust at - some healths which were proposed, grew so outrageous that they - broke all the windows, forced themselves into the house, and - would probably have pulled it down, had not the guards been - sent to prevent further mischief. The damage is computed at - some hundred pounds. The guards were posted all night in the - street for the security of the neighbourhood." - -E. G. BALLARD. - -_Epitaph by Wordsworth._--There is a beautiful epitaph by Wordsworth in -Sprawley Church, Worcestershire, to the wife of G. C. Vernon, Esq., of -Hanbury. Wordsworth has made the following slight alterations to it, in -his published poems: I quote from the one-volume 8vo. edition of Moxon -(1845). The first two lines are not on the tablet. The words within -brackets are those which appear in the original epitaph:-- - - "_By a blest husband guided, Mary came_ - _From nearest kindred_, Vernon _her new name_; - She came, though meek of soul, in seemly pride - Of happiness and hope, a youthful bride. - O dread reverse! if aught _be_ so which proves - That GOD will chasten whom he dearly loves, - Faith bore her up through pains in mercy given, - And troubles _that_ [which] were each a step to Heaven. - Two babes were laid in earth before she died; - A third now slumbers at the mother's side; - Its sister-twin survives, whose smiles _afford_ [impart] - A trembling solace to _her widow'd lord_ [her father's heart.] - - Reader! if to thy bosom cling the pain - Of recent sorrow combated in vain; - Or if thy cherish'd grief have fail'd to thwart - Time, still intent on his insidious part, - Lulling the mourner's best good thoughts asleep, - Pilfering regrets we would, but cannot, keep; - Bear with _him_ [those]--judge _him_ [those] gently who _makes_ - [make] known - _His_ [their] bitter loss by _this memorial_ [monumental] stone; - And pray that in _his_ [their] faithful breast the grace - Of resignation find a hallow'd place." - -CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A. - -_Tailor's "Cabbage."_-- - - "The term _cabbage_, by which tailors designate the cribbed - pieces of cloth, is said to be derived from an old word, - 'cablesh,' _i. e._ wind-fallen wood. And their 'hell,' where - they store the cabbage, from 'helan,' to hide." - -CLERICUS RUSTICUS. - -_Misquotations._--1. Sallust's memorable definition of friendship, as put -into the mouth of Catiline (cap. 20.), is quoted in the "Translation of -Aristotle's Ethics," in Bohn's _Classical Library_ (p. 241. note _h_), as -the saying of Terence. - -2. The _Critic_ of September 1st quotes the "Viximus insignes inter -utramque facem" of Propertius (lib. iv. 11. 46.) as from Martial. - -3. In _Fraser's Magazine_ for October 1852, p. 461., we find "Quem -patente portâ," &c. quoted from Terence instead of Catullus, as it is -correctly in the number for May, 1853. - -P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A. - -_The Ducking Stool._--In the Museum at Scarborough, one of these engines -is preserved. It is said that there are persons still living in the town, -who remember its services being employed when it stood upon the old pier. -It is a substantial arm-chair of oak; with an iron bar extending {316} -from elbow to elbow, just as the wooden one is placed in child's chair to -prevent the occupant from falling forward. - -W. J. BERNHARD SMITH. - -Temple. - -_Watch-paper Inscription._--Akin to dial inscriptions are inscriptions on -watch-papers used in the days of our grandfathers, in the outer case of -the corpulent watch now a-days seldom seen. I send you the following one, -which I read many years since; but as I did not copy the lines, I cannot -vouch for their being strictly accurate: - - "Onward perpetually moving, - These faithful hands are ever proving - How quick the hours fly by; - This monitory pulse-like beating, - Seems constantly, methinks, repeating, - Swift! swift! the moments fly. - Reader, be ready--for perhaps before - These hands have made one revolution more - Life's spring is snapt--you die!" - -F. JAMES. - - * * * * * - - - - -Queries. - - -BIRTHPLACE OF GEN. MONK. - -In a clever biographical sketch by M. Guizot, originally published in a -French periodical (the _Revue Française_) under the title of "Monk, Etude -Historique," George Monk, first Duke of Albemarle, is said to have been -born on the 6th of December, 1608, at the manor-house of Potheridge, the -ancient inheritance of his family, in the county of Devon. - -This Potheridge (otherwise Pen-the-ridge) is, it appears, a village -or hamlet situated "on the ascendant ridge of a small hill," in the -parish of Merton, about four miles south-west of Torrington. As M. -Guizot's statement, in so far as locality is concerned, seems open to -doubt at least, if not positive exception, I wish to elicit, and place -on record, through the medium of "N. & Q." if I can, some farther and -perhaps more decisive information on the subject. In opposition to M. -Guizot's authority (whence derived or whatever it might be), Lysons, -in his account of Devonshire in the _Magna Britannia_, positively lays -the _venue_ of Monk's birth in the parish of Lancros or Landcross, near -Bideford, confirmatorily alleging that his baptism took place there on -the 11th of December in the year above mentioned. In another account, a -notice of the Restoration by M. Riordan de Muscry, appended to Monteth's -_History of the Rebellion_, he is said to have been born in Middlesex, -an assertion to which (in the absence of all authority) little value -can, of course, be given. The slightest local investigation, including -a reference to the parochial registers of Landcross and Merton, would, -however, probably at once solve the difficulty. But for the known -fidelity of Lysons, and the probability of his possessing superior -information on the specific point at issue over that of M. Guizot, I -should be most reluctant to impeach the accuracy of any statement of -fact, however trifling or minute, emanating from that distinguished -writer. Few indeed there are, even amongst our own historians, whose -claims on our faith, arising from close and accurate research, intimate -knowledge, clear perception, and thorough comprehension of the events -of that most eventful period of English history, commencing with the -Revolution of 1640, can (as manifested in their published works at -least) vie with those of M. Guizot. With some few of the opinions, -interpretations, constructions, and comments passed or placed by M. -Guizot on the life and actions of Monk in this same "Etude Historique," -I shall, perhaps (with all deference), be tempted to deal on some future -occasion. An able translation of the work, from the pen of the present -Lord Wharncliffe, appeared in 1838, the year immediately succeeding its -first publication. The prefatory observations and valuable notes there -introduced richly illustrate the text of M. Guizot, whose labours, in -this instance, are certainly not discreditably reflected through the -medium of his English editor. With one expression of Lord Wharncliffe's, -however (in the note to which this paper chiefly refers), I take leave -to differ, wherein he hints that the question of Monk's birthplace can -have little interest beyond the limits of the county of Devon, clearly a -palpable error. - -F. KYFFIN LENTHALL. - - * * * * * - - -Minor Queries. - -_Harmony of the Four Gospels._--Can any of your correspondents furnish me -with the date of the earliest Harmony, or the titles of any early ones? -Any information on the subject will much oblige - -Z.4. - -_The Noel Family._-Will any of your readers be kind enough to give me -information on the following point? About the commencement of the last -century, a Rev. Wm. Noel lived at Ridlington, county of Rutland: he was -rector of that parish about the year 1745. What relation was he to the -Earl of Gainsborough then living? Was it not one of the daughters of this -clergyman who married a Capt. Furye? - -TEECEE. - -_Council of Trent._--References are requested to any worlds illustrative -of the extent of knowledge attainable by the Romish clergy at the -sittings of this council, in (1.) ecclesiastical antiquities, (2.) -historical traditions, (3.) biblical hermeneutics. - -T. J. BUCKTON. - -Birmingham. - -{317} - -_Roman Catholic Patriarchs._--Has any bishop in the Western Church held -the title of patriarch besides the Patriarch of Venice? And what peculiar -authority or privileges has he? - -W. FRASER. - -Tor-Mohun. - -_The "Temple Lands" in Scotland._--I am anxious to learn some particulars -of these lands. I recollect of reading, some time ago, that the -superiorities of them had been acquired by John B. Gracie, Esq., W. S. -Edinburgh; but whether by purchase or otherwise, I did not ascertain. Mr. -Gracie died some four or five years ago. Perhaps some correspondent will -favour me with some information on the subject. In the Justice Street -of Aberdeen, there is a tenement of houses called Mauchlan or Mauchline -Tower Court, which is said to have belonged to the order. In the charters -of this property, themselves very ancient, reference is made to another, -of about the earliest date at which the order began to acquire property -in Scotland. - -ABREDONENSIS. - -_Cottons of Fowey._--A family of "Cotton" was settled at Fowey, in -Cornwall, in the seventeenth century. The first name of which I have any -notice is that of Abraham Cotton, who married at Fowey in 1597. They -bore for their arms, Sable, a chevron between three cotton-hanks, Or a -crescent for difference: crest, a Cornish chough holding in the beak -a cotton-hank proper. William Cotton, mayor of Plymouth in 1671, was -probably one of this family. The name is not Cornish; and these Cottons -had without doubt migrated at no distant period from some other part of -the kingdom. Any information relating to the family or its antecedents -will be very gratefully received by - -R. W. C. - -_Draught or Draft of Air._--Will some of your contributors inform a -reader what term or word may be correctly used to signify the phrase -"current of air" up the flue of a chimney, or through a room, &c.? The -word _draught_ or _draft_ is generally or universally used; but that -signification is not to be found attached to the word _draught_ or -_draft_ in any dictionary accessible to the inquirer. The word is used by -many English scientific writers, and was undoubtedly used by Dr. Franklin -to signify a current of air in the flue of a chimney (see also Ure's -_Dict._). Yet the word cannot be found in Johnson or Ogilvie's _Imp. -Dict._ with this signification. The word "tirage" is also used by French -writers with the above signification; and though in French dictionaries -its meaning is nearly the same, and nearly as extended as the English -word _draught_ or _draft_, yet it cannot be found in the _Dict. de -l'Acad._ to signify as above. - -New York. - -_Admiral Sir Thomas Tyddeman_ commanded the squadron sent during the -war with the Dutch in the reign of Charles II. to assist in the capture -of certain richly laden merchant vessels which had put into Bremen, but -(owing to the treachery of the Danish governor, who instead of acting in -concert with the English, as had been agreed, opened fire upon them from -the town) was unable to effect his purpose. - -After the admiral's return to England, a question was raised as to his -conduct during the engagement; and some persons went so far as to accuse -him of cowardice; but the Duke of York, who was then in command of the -fleet, entirely freed him from such charges, and declared that he had -acted with the greatest discretion and bravery in the whole affair. - -He died soon after this, in 1668, according to Pepys's account, of a -broken heart occasioned by the scandal that had been circulated about -him, and the slight he felt he was suffering from the Parliament. -Perhaps some of your readers can inform me where I may meet with farther -particulars relating to Admiral Tyddeman. I am particularly desirous to -gain information as to his family and his descendants; also to learn upon -what occasion he was created a baronet or knight. - -CAPTAIN. - -_Pedigree Indices._--Is there any published table of kin to Sir Thomas -White, the founder of St. John's College, Oxford, or of William of -Wykeham, after the plan of _Stemmata Chicheliana_? - -Is there any Index to the Welsh and Irish pedigrees in the British -Museum? Sims' valuable book is confined to England. - -Are there Indices to the pedigrees in the Lambeth Library, or the -Bodleian Library at Oxford? - -The proper mode of making a search in the Universities of Oxford and -Cambridge wanted? - -Y. S. M. - -_Apparition of the White Lady._--I observe in two works lately published, -an allusion made to an apparition of the "White Lady," as announcing the -death of a prince; in the one case of the throne of Brandenburgh[3], the -other that of France.[4] Can any of your readers point out the origin of -this popular tradition? - -C. M. W. - -[Footnote 3: In Michaud's _Biographie_.] - -[Footnote 4: _Louis XVII._, by A. De Beauchesne.] - -_Rundlestone._--Can any information be given of the origin of the term -"Rundlestone," as applied to a rock off the Land's End; and also to a -remarkable stone near Hessory Tor? (Vide Mr. Bray's Journal, Sept. 1802, -in Mrs. Bray's work on the Tamar and Tavy: and see also in the Ordnance -Maps.) - -J. S. R. - -Garrison Library, Malta. - -{318} - -_Tottenham._--What is the derivation of Tottenham Park, Wilts, and of -Tottenham Court Road? The ancestor of the Irish family of that name was -from Cambridgeshire. - -Y. S. M. - -_Duval Family._--Is or was there a French family of the name of Duval, -gentilhommes; and if so, can any relationship be traced between such -family and the "Walls of Coolnamuck," an ancient Anglo-Norman family of -the south of Ireland, who are considered to have been originally named -"Duval?" - -H. - -_Noses of the Descendants of John of Gaunt_ (Vol. vii., p. 96.).--What -peculiarity have they? I am one, and I know many others; but I am at _a -loss to know_ the meaning of E. D.'s remark. - -Y. S. M. - -_General Wall._--Can any of your Irish correspondents give me any -information respecting the parentage and descent of General Richard Wall, -who was Prime Minister at the Court of Spain in the year 1750 or 1753 -(vide Lord Mahon); also whether the General belonged to that branch of -the Walls of Coolnamuck, whose property fell into the hands of certain -English persons named Ruddall, in whose family some Irish property still -remains? - -Did the general have any sisters? Is there any monograph life of the -general? - -H. - -_John Daniel and Sir Ambrose Nicholas Salter._--Can any of the readers of -"N. & Q." give any information respecting one John Danyel or Daniel, of -Clement's Inn, who translated from the Spanish, _Jehovah, A free Pardon -with many Graces therein contained, granted to all Christians by our most -Holy and Reuerent Father God Almightie, the principal High Priest and -Bishoppe in Heaven and Earth, 1576_; and _An excellent Comfort to all -Christians against all kinde of Calamities, 1576_? - -Also any information respecting Sir Ambrose Nicholas Salter, son of John -Nicholas of Redingworth, in Huntingdonshire, to whom the first tract is -dedicated; or of his mayoralty of the city of London, 1575-6. - -B. B. W. - -_Edward Bysshe._--I shall feel particularly obliged to any of your -correspondents who will favour me with a biographical notice of Edward -Bysshe, author of _The Art of English Poetry, The British Parnassus_, -&c., especially the dates and places of his birth and death. - -CIVIS. - -_President Bradshaw and John Milton._--In a pamphlet by T. W. Barlow, -Esq., of the Honorable Society of Gray's Inn, entitled _Cheshire, its -Historical and Literary Associations_, published in 1852, it is stated -that among the memorials of friends which President Bradshaw's will -contains, is a bequest of _ten pounds_ to his _kinsman, John Milton_, -which cannot be said to be an insignificant legacy two centuries ago. - -Can any of your numerous correspondents afford a clue to the family -connexion between these distinguished individuals? - -T. P. L. - -Manchester. - - * * * * * - - -Minor Queries with Answers. - -_Ket the Tanner._--Can you or any of your correspondents give me any -information about "Ket the Tanner;" or refer me to any book or books -containing a history or biography of that remarkable person? As I want -the information for a historical purpose, I hope you will give me as -lengthy an account as possible. - -W. J. LINTON. - -Brantwood, Coniston, Lancashire. - -[A long account of Ket, and his insurrection, is given in Blomefield's -_Norfolk_, vol. iii. pp. 222-260., edit. 1806. Incidental notices -of him will be also found in Alexander Nevyllus' _Norfolke Furies -and their Folye, under Ket, their accursed Captaine_, 4to., 1623; -Strype's _Ecclesiastical Memorials_, vol. i.; Heylin's _History of the -Reformation_; Stow's _Chronicle_; Godwin's _Annales of England_; and -Sharon Turner's _Modern History of England_, under Edward VI. A Fragment -of the Requests and Demands of Ket and his Accomplices is preserved in -the Harleian MS. 304. art. 44.] - -"_Namby-pamby._"--What is the derivation of namby-pamby? - -Clericus Rusticus. - -[Sir John Stoddart, in his article "Grammar" (_Ency. Metropolitana_, -vol.i. p. 118.), remarks, that the word "_Namby-pamby_ seems to be of -modern fabrication, and is particularly intended to describe that style -of poetry which affects the infantine simplicity of the nursery. It would -perhaps be difficult to trace any part of it to a significant origin."] - - * * * * * - - - - -Replies. - - -EDITIONS OF BOOKS OF COMMON PRAYER. - -(Vol. vii., pp. 18. 91. 321.) - -As you have printed various lists of Prayer-Books, I send you the -following of such books as are in my own possession. Other persons may, -perhaps, send lists of copies in private libraries: - - 1549. Book of Common Prayer. Whitchurch. June. Folio. - 1549. May. Folio. (Wants title and last leaf.) - 1549. June. Folio. (Last leaf wanting.) - 1552. Whitchurch. Folio. - 1552. Grafton. Folio. (Title wanting) - 1552. Whitchurch. 4to. The first edition to which the prose - Psalter and the Godly Prayers were appended. - 1567. 4to. (No title.) - 1571. 24mo. - - {319} - - 1580. Folio. - 1574. 4to. - 1578. Folio. - 1551. Ordinatio Ecclesiæ seu Ministerii, &c. 4to. A Latin - translation of the Book of 1549. - 1548. Ordo Distributionis Sacramenti, &c. 12mo. A Latin - translation of the Order of Communion. - 1571. Liber Precum Publicarum, &c. Londini, 24mo. - 1574. 8vo. - 1596. 8vo. - 1604. Book of Common Prayer. Folio. (Royal Arms on sides.) - The first edit. of the reign of James I. - 1605. Folio. - 1605. Folio. - 1614. 4to. - 1615. Folio. - 1618. 4to. - 1616. 12mo., bound in silver by the nuns of Little Gidding. - 1621. 4to. In Welsh. - 1622. Folio. - Liturgia Inglesia, 4to., large paper. A Spanish translation, - made at the cost of Archbishop Williams. - 4to. The same. - 1616. La Liturgie Angloise, 4to., large paper. This translation - was also made at the charge of Williams. - 4to. The same. - 1625. Common Prayer. Folio. First edition of the reign of - Charles I. This copy was used by Secretary Nicholas, - in his family, during the period of the Commonwealth. - A clause in his own hand is inserted in the Prayer for - the King. - 1628. 12mo. - 1631. Folio. - 1633. Folio. - 1633. Edinburgh. 12mo. (Young.) - 1633. 12mo. The same. - 1634. 4to. - 1636. Folio, large paper. (Royal Arms on sides.) - 1636. Folio. - 1637. 4to. - 1637. 12mo. - 1639. 4to. - 1640. 24mo. - 1657. Edinburgh. Folio. (Young.) - 1713. 8vo., large paper. (Watson's reprint of the preceding.) - 1660. Folio. - 1660. Folio. (A different edition.) - 1660. 4to. - 1690. 12mo. - 1661. Folio, large paper, with the Form at the Healing. - 1662. Folio, large paper, with the Form at the Healing. - 1662. Folio, large paper. - 1662. Folio. - 1662. Folio. - 1662. Folio. Second edition of this year. - 1662. Cambridge. 8vo. - 1662. Cambridge. 8vo. Different edition. - 1669. Folio. - 1686. Folio. - 1687. Folio, large paper. - 1692. 8vo. - 1694. Folio. - 1699. 8vo. - 1700. 8vo. - 1703. Folio, with the Form at the Healing. - 1708. 8vo., with the Form at the Healing. - 1769. 12mo., with the Form at the Healing. - 1715. Folio, with the Form at the Healing. - -I have excluded from my list all those thin editions of the Prayer Book, -which were usually bound up with Bibles, except in three instances. The -exceptions are these:--The folio, 1578; Young's edition, 1633; and that -of 1715. Generally these thin books, which have only references to the -Epistles and Gospels, are of no value whatever. The exceptions in this -list, however, are important books. The book of 1578 was prepared by the -Puritans, and is so altered that the word _priest_ does not occur in a -single rubric. Young's book of 1633 is the first Prayer Book printed in -Scotland; and the edition of 1715 is remarkable for "The Healing," though -George I. never attempted to touch for the king's evil. - -Should you deem this list worth printing, I will send another of -_occasional forms_, now in my possession, from the reign of Elizabeth to -the accession of the House of Hanover. It may lead others to do the same, -and thus bring to light some forms not generally known. The Prayer Books -and occasional forms in our public libraries are known to most persons; -but it is important to ascertain the existence of others in private -collections. - -THOMAS LATHBURY. - -Bristol. - -I possess a copy of the Prayer Book of an edition I do not see mentioned -in any of the lists published in "N. & Q." It is small octavo, -_imprinted_ by Bonham, Norton, and John Bill, 1627. - -K. L. - - * * * * * - - -THE CRESCENT. - -(Vol. viii., p. 196.) - -Your correspondent W. ROBSON, in asking to have pointed out "the period -at which the crescent became the standard of Mahometanism," appears -to assume, what is more than doubtful, that it _has been_, and still -_is_ so. For although "modern poets and even historians have named it -as the antagonistic standard to the cross," the crescent cannot be -considered as "_the_ standard" of Mahometanism--emphatically, much less -exclusively--except in a poetical and figurative sense. That it is -_one_ among several standards, I admit; it is used by {320} the Turks -as an ornament, and probably as a symbol, of their dominion, or in -connexion with their religion. This may have originated in the following -fact:--Mahomet, at the introduction of his religion, said to his -followers, who were ignorant of astronomy, "When you see the new moon, -begin the fast; when you see the moon, celebrate the Bairam." And at this -day, although the precise time of the lunar changes may be ascertained -from their ephemerides, yet they never begin either the Ramazan, or -the Bairam, till some have testified that they have seen the new moon. -(Cantemir's _History of the Othman Empire_, pref. pp. iv, v.) But the -ancient Israelites had precisely the same custom in commencing _their_ -"new moons and appointed feasts." (See _Calmet_, art. "Month.") That -which may properly be called the standard of the Turks, is the _Sanjak -Cherif_, or Standard of the Prophet. It is of green silk[5], preserved in -the treasury with the utmost care, and never brought out of the seraglio -but to be carried to the army. This banner is supposed by the Turks to -ensure victory, and is the sacred signal to which they rally. (De Tott's -_Memoirs_, vol. ii. pp. 2, 3.) - -The military ensigns which the grand seignior bestows on the governors of -provinces and other great men, include the following: 1. The _sanjak_, -or standard, only distinguished from that of Mahomet by the colour, one -being red and the other green. 2. The _tug_, or standard consisting -of one, two, or three horse-tails, according to the dignity of the -office borne by him who receives it. Pachas of the highest rank are -distinguished by three tails, and the title _beglerbeg_, or prince of -princes. Those next in rank are the pachas of two tails, and the beys -are honoured but with one. These tails are not _worn_ by the pachas, -but fastened at the end of a lance, having a gilt handle, and carried -before the pacha, or fixed at the side of his tent. 3. The _alem_ is a -large broad standard, which instead of a spear-head has a silver plate in -the middle, bored in the shape of a _crescent or half-moon_. (Cantemir, -_Hist. Oth. Emp._, p. 10.) - -The sultan's barge, with canopy of purple silk, supported throne-like -by four gilt pillars, is adorned with _three gilt candlesticks_; and -only the capudan pacha, when going to sea, is allowed to have similar -ornaments, as he is then considered as _deriyá padishahi_, emperor of the -sea. Even the vizier is only permitted to display a canopy of green silk -on ivory pillars, but without candlesticks. (_Ib._, p. 424.) - -Thus it appears that the crescent holds but a subordinate position -among the ensigns at present in use among the Turks. As to its history, -I have found no trace of it in connexion with that of the Crusades. -Tasso, in _La Gerusalemme Liberata_, mentions "the spread standards" of -the soldan's army "waving to the wind" ("Sparse al vento ondeggiando -ir le bandiere," canto xx. st. 28.), but he makes no allusion to _the -crescent_. I have not access to Michaud's _Histoire des Croisades_, and -shall be glad if your correspondent will quote the passage to which he -has referred. Does Michaud speak of it as existing _at that time_? This -does not clearly appear from the reference. There were several sultans -named Mahomet who reigned in or near the age of the Crusades, two of the -Seljak dynasty; the first the conqueror of Bagdad, the second cotemporary -with Baldwin III., king of Jerusalem. In the Carizmian dynasty, Mahomet -I. was cotemporary with Godfrey, Baldwin I., and Baldwin II.; and -Mahomet II. commenced his reign about A.D. 1206. But the conqueror of -Constantinople, Mahomet II., was of the Othman dynasty, and lived some -centuries later, the fall of that city having taken place A.D. 1453. _To -which_ of these eras does Michaud ascribe the use of _the crescent_ for -the first time? - -After all, perhaps, the Turkish crescent, like the modern crown of -Western Europe, may be but a variation of the horn, the ancient symbol of -authority, so often alluded to in the Old Testament. The _two_ cusps or -horns of the crescent, and the circle of diverging _rays_ in the diadem, -suggest that the variation is simply one of number; and the derivation is -strongly corroborated by etymology. The Hebrew word קרן (_keren_) is -connected with, and possibly the original source of, our two words _horn_ -and _crown_. Its dual (_karnaim_) signifies _horns_ or _rays_, as in -Habak. iii. 4. - -A fact mentioned by D'Herbelot may have some connexion with the Turkish -crescent. When the celebrated warrior, Tamugin, whose conquests preceded -those of the Othman dynasty, assumed in a general assembly of the -Moguls and Tartars the title of _Ghenghis Khan_, or king of kings, "Il -y ordonna qu'une cornette blanche seroit dorénavant l'étendart général -de ses troupes" (_Bibliothèque Orientale_, p. 379.). Thus did the Mogul -conqueror (to use the words of the Psalmist) "lift up the horn on -high." (Psalm lxxv. 5.) About half a century after the death of Ghengis -Khan, Aladin, Sultan of Iconium, conferred on Othman, who afterwards -founded the Turkish empire, the _tabl alem_--the drum, standards, and -other ornaments of a general. (Cantemir, _Hist. Oth. Emp._, p. 10.) The -explanation of the _alem_ by the historian in his annotations, I have -already quoted. This is the only allusion to the crescent as an ensign -that I have met with in Cantemir. - -{321} - -The painters of Christendom (no high authorities in this matter) often -represent the crescent as a part of Turkish costume, worn in front -of the turban. But in the portraits of the Turkish emperors, "taken -from originals in the grand seignior's palace," there appears no such -ornament. (See the plates in Cantemir's _History_.) Many of them are -represented as wearing the _sorgus_, a crest of feathers adorned with -precious stones. Like the horn, it is an emblem of authority. Many of -them have two fastened to the turban. - -Your correspondent states that "the crescent is common upon the reverses -of coins of the Eastern empire long before the Turkish conquest." I -think this highly probable, but would be glad to see the authorities for -the fact. I cannot admit, however, that the crescent was in any degree -"peculiar to Sclave nations" for, first, the Sclave nations reached -no farther south than Moravia, Bohemia, and their vicinity, they did -not occupy the seat of the Eastern empire, which was partly Greek and -partly Roman. Secondly, though I have no work on numismatics to consult, -I have casually met with instances in which the heavenly bodies are -represented on Persian, Phœnician, and Roman coins. As instances, in -Calmet's _Dictionary_, art. "Moloch," is represented a Persian coin with -the figures of a star and _crescent_; in the Pictorial Bible, 2 Chron. -xv. 16., a Phœnician coin bearing a _crescent_; and in Matt. xx. 1., -on a Roman coin of Augustus, there is the figure of a star. The Turks, -however, stamp nothing on their coins but the emperor's name and the date -of coinage. - -Again, in European heraldry, Frank, German, Gothic, and not Sclave, the -_crescent_ appears; in "common charges," for example, as one of the -emblems of power, glory, &c. and among "differences," to distinguish a -second son. - -Should the above facts tend to throw any light on the subject of your -correspondent's inquiry, I shall be gratified; and if any of my views can -be shown to be erroneous, it will afford me equal pleasure to correct -them. - -J. W. THOMAS. - -Dewsbury. - -[Footnote 5: So says De Tott; Cantemir says it is _red_. But this -discrepancy in the authorities is easily accounted for, since the -_Sanjak Cherif_ is so sacred that it must be looked upon by none but -the _Muslimans_, the true believers. If seen by the eyes of _giaours_ -(unbelievers), it would be profaned. (De Tott, _Memoirs_, p. 3.)] - - * * * * * - - -SEALS OF THE BOROUGH OF GREAT YARMOUTH. - -(Vol. viii., p. 269.) - -I fear that the result of my researches will be but of little service; -but your Querist is heartily welcome to the mite I offer. - -The second seal appears to have been the seal of assay; probably used for -certifying the correctness of the king's beam, or for sealing documents -authorising exports, of which there were formerly many and various from -this port. Yarmouth was held by the kings until 9 John, when a charter -was granted to his burgesses, inhabitants of Gernemue, that they should -henceforth hold the town in "fee-farm," paying yearly the sum of 55_l._ -in lieu of all rents, tolls, &c. Probably on this occasion a seal of -arms was granted. About the year 1306 a dispute fell out between Great -Yarmouth and the men of Little Yarmouth and Gorleston adjoining, the -latter insisting on the right to load and unload fish in their harbours; -but the former prevailed as being free burgh, which the others were not. -In 1332 a charter was granted (6 Ed. III.) for adjusting these disputes, -wherein it was directed-- - - "That ships laden with wool, leather, and skins upon which - the great custom is due, shall clear out from that port where - our beam and the seal called _coket_ remain, and nowhere else - (ubi thronus noster et sigillum nostrum, quod dicitur _coket_, - existunt, et non alibi carcentur)." - -What _coket_ is, I am unable to say: but the king's beam for weighing -merchandise, called _thronus_ or _tronus_, stood usually in the most -public place of the town or port. The legend on this seal appears to be -old French, and is evidently the "seal of assay of Great Yarmouth." - -The third seal has probably belonged to Little Yarmouth. The arms -of Great Yarmouth were "azure three herrings in pale argent." It is -not unlikely that during disputes between the two ports the Little -Yarmouthites might assume a seal of arms; but as such thing were more -carefully looked after then than in these degenerate days, they would -not venture on the _three herrings_, but content themselves with one; -and they might desire to dignify their town as "New" instead of "Little" -Yarmouth. - -With regard to the first seal, I should judge from its oval shape, the -cross, and legend, that it is ecclesiastic, and has no connexion with -Yarmouth. - -BROCTUNA. - -Bury, Lancashire. - - * * * * * - - -MOON SUPERSTITIONS. - -(Vol. viii., pp. 79. 145.) - -Notwithstanding the authority upon which MR. INGLEBY founds the -assertion, that there is not the "slightest observable dependence" -between the moon and the weather, the dictum is open to something more -than doubt. That the popular belief of a full moon bringing fine weather -is not strictly correct, is undoubted; and the majority of the popular -ideas entertained on the influence of the moon on the weather are equally -fallacious; but that the moon exerts no influence whatever on the changes -of the weather, is a statement involving grave errors. - -The action of the moon on meteorological processes is a highly complex -problem; but the principal {322} conclusions to which scientific -observations tend, on this matter, may be pointed out without perhaps -encroaching too much on the space of "N. & Q." - -Luke Howard, of Ackworth, several years ago, concluded, from a series of -elaborate observations, extending over many years, that the moon exerted -a distinct influence on atmospheric pressure: and Col. Sabine has more -recently shown, from observations made at the British Magnetical and -Meteorological Observatory at St. Helena since 1842-- - - "That the attraction of the moon causes the mercury in the - barometer to stand, on the average, .004 of an English inch - higher when the moon is on the meridian above or below - the pole, than when she is six hours distant from the - meridian."--_Cosmos_, vol. i. note 381, (author. trans.); - _Phil. Trans._, 1847, art. v. - -Luke Howard farther gives cogent reasons, from his tabulated -observations, for the conclusion that the moon has an appreciable effect -upon the weather, exerted through the influence of its attraction on -the course and direction of the winds, upon which it acts as a marked -disturbing cause; and through them it affects the local distribution of -temperature, and the density of the atmosphere. There is no constant -agreement between the _phases_ of the moon and certain states of the -weather; but an apparent connexion is not unfrequently observed, due -to the prevalence of certain winds, which would satisfactorily account -for the origin and persistence of the popular belief: for, "it is the -peculiar and perpetual error of the human understanding to be more moved -and excited by affirmatives than negatives" (_Nov. Org._, Aph. 46.). For -example, in 1807, "not a twentieth part of the rain of the year fell in -that quarter of the whole space, which occurred under the influence of -the moon at full" (_Lectures on Meteorology_, by L. Howard, 1837, p. -81.). In 1808, however, this phase lost this character completely. - -A more marked relation is found between the state of the weather and the -_declination_ of the moon: for-- - - "It would appear, that while the moon is far south of the - equator, there falls but a moderate quantity of rain with us; - that while she is crossing the equator towards these latitudes, - our rain increases; that the greatest depth of rain falls, with - us, in the week in which she is in the full north declination, - or most nearly vertical to these latitudes; and that during her - return over the equator to the south, the rain is reduced to - its minimum quantity. _And this distribution obtains in very - nearly the same proportions both in an extremely dry and in an - extremely wet season._"--_Climate of London_, by L. Howard, - vol. ii. p. 251., 1820. - -Still more recently, Luke Howard has summed up the labours of his life on -this subject, and he writes: - - "We have, I think, evidence of a great _tidal wave_, or swell - in the atmosphere, caused by the moon's attraction, preceding - her in her approach to us, and following slowly as she departs - from these latitudes. Were the atmosphere a calm fluid ocean - of air of uniform temperature, this tide would be manifested - with as great regularity as those of the ocean of waters. But - the currents uniformly kept up by the sun's varying influence - effectually prevent this, and so complicate the problem. - - "There is also manifest in the lunar influence a _gradation - of effects_, which is here shown, as it is found to operate - _through a cycle of eighteen years_. In these the mean weight - of our atmosphere increases through the forepart of the period; - and having kept for a year at the maximum it has attained, - decreases again through the remaining years to a minimum; about - which there seems to be a fluctuation, before the mean begins - to rise again."--"On a Cycle of Eighteen Years in the Height - of the Barometer" (_Papers on Meteorology_, Part II.; _Phil. - Trans._, 1841, Part II.). - -It is satisfactory to all interested in this matter to know that "the -incontestable action of our satellite on atmospheric pressure, aqueous -precipitations, and the dispersion of clouds, will be treated in the -latter and purely telluric portion of the _Cosmos_" (vol. iii. p. 368., -and note 596, where an interesting illustration is given of the effects -of the radiation of heat from the moon in the upper strata of our -atmosphere). - -JNO. N. RADCLIFFE. - -Dewsbury. - -Not being quite satisfied with MR. INGLEBY'S answer to W. W.'s Query, -I beg to refer inquirers to the _Nautical Magazine_ for July, 1850, -and three subsequent months, in which will be found a translation by -Commander L. G. Heath, R.N., of a paper published by M. Arago in the -_Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes_ for the year 1833, entitled "Does the -Moon exercise any appreciable Influence on our Atmosphere?" This treatise -enters fully into the subject, and gives the results of several courses -of experiments extending over many years; which go to prove that in -Germany, at all events, there is more rain during the waxing than during -the waning moon. Several popular errors are shown to have arisen in the -belief that certain appearances in the moon, really the _effect_ of -peculiar states of the atmosphere, were the _cause_ of such atmospheric -peculiarities; but we are allowed some ground for supposing that this -"vulgar error" may have some foundation in "vulgar truth." - -G. WILLIAM SKYRING. - - * * * * * - - -LATIN RIDDLE. - -(Vol. viii., p. 243.) - -The enigma of Aulus Gellius (_Noctes Atticæ_, lib. xii. cap. vi.), though -transmitted to us in a corrupt form, is solved at once by the story -mentioned by Livy (lib. i. cap. lv.). When Tarquinius {323} Superbus was -about to build the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, it was found necessary -to "exaugurate" or dispossess the other deities whose shrines had -previously occupied the ground. All readily gave way to Father Jupiter -with the exception of _Terminus_; and the point of the riddle lies in the -analogy between "_Semel_ minus," "_Bis_ minus," and "_Ter_ minus." - -I extract a note from the copy of Aulus Gellius before me: - - Barthius (_Adv._, lib. xvi. cap. xxii.) hos versus ita legebat: - - 'Semel minus? Non. Bisminus? Non. Sat scio. - An utrumque? Verum; ut quondam audivi dicier, - Jovi ipsi regi noluit concedere.' - - "Ita et trimetri sua sibi constant lege, et acumen repetitis - interrogatiunculis. Alioquin frigidum responsum. Potest tamen - ita intelligi, ut semel, bis, imo ter Jove minus sit, et - noluerit tamen Jovi cedere."--Page 560. N.: Lugd. Batav., 1706, - 4to. - -Lactantius, "the Christian Cicero," thus tells the story: - - "Nam cum Tarquinius Capitolium facere vellet, eoque in loco - multorum deorum sacella essent: consuluit eos per augurium; - utrum Jovi cederent, et cedentibus cæteris, solus Terminus - mansit. Unde illum Poeta 'Capitoli immobile Saxum' vocat - (Virg., _Æn._ ix. 441.). Facto itaque Capitolio, supra ipsum - Terminum foramen est in tecto relictum: ut quia non cesserat, - libero cœlo frueretur."--_De Falsa Relig._, lib. i. cap. xx. - _ad fin._ - -Livy, in a subsequent book (v. 45.), Dionysius of Halicarnassus (_Antiqu. -Rom._, lib. iii. cap. lxix.) and Florus assert that _Juventas_ also -refused to move; and St. Augustine tells the same story of _Mars_. I may -as well quote his words: - - "Cum Rex Tarquinius Capitolium fabricare vellet, eumque locum - qui ei dignior aptiorque videbatur, ab Diis aliis cerneret - præoccupatum, non audens aliquid contra eorum facere arbitrium, - et credens eos tanto numini suoque principi voluntate - cessuros; quia multi erant illic ubi Capitolium constitutum - est, per augurium quæsivit, utrum concedere locum vellent - Jovi: atque ipsi inde cedere omnes voluerunt, præter illos, - quos commemoravi, Martem, Terminum, Juventatem: atque ideo - Capitolium ita constitutum est, ut etiam iste tres intus - essent tam obscuris signis, ut hoc vix homines doctissimi - scirent."--_De Civit. Dei_, lib. iv. cap. xxiii. 3. - -Nor must I omit the following from Ovid: - - "Quid, nova quum fierent Capitolia? Nempe Deorum - Cuncta Jovi cessit turba, locumque dedit, - Terminus ut memorant veteres, inventus in æde, - Restitit, et magno cum Jove templa tenet. - Nunc quoque, se supra ne quid nisi sidera cernat, - Exiguum templi tecta foramen habent." - - _Fast._, lib. ii. 667., &c. - -Much more information may be found in Smith's _Dictionary of Greek and -Roman Biography_, &c., sub voc. TERMINUS. Servius, _ad Aen._ ix. 448. -Politiani, _Miscell._ c. 36. _Histoire Romaine_, par Catrou et Rouille, -vol. i. p. 343. &c., N.: à Paris, 1725, 4to. Grævii, _Thesaur. Antiqu. -Rom._, vol. ix. 218. N., and vol. x. 783. Traject. ad Rhen., 1699, fol. -Plutarch, in _Vit. Numæ_. - -ROBERT GIBBINGS. - - * * * * * - - -"HURRAH!" - -(Vol. viii., p. 20. &c.) - -In two previous Numbers (Vol. vi., p. 54.; Vol. vii., p. 594.) Queries -have been inserted as to the derivation of the exclamations _Hurrah!_ and -_Hip, hip, hurrah!_ These have elicited much learned remark (Vol. vii., -p. 633.; Vol. viii., pp. 20. 277.), but still I think the real originals -have not yet been reached by your correspondents. - -As to _hip, hip!_ I fear it must remain questionable, whether it be not a -mere fanciful conjecture to resolve it into the initials of the war-cry -of the Crusaders, "Hierosolyma est perdita!" The authorities, however, -seem to establish that it should be written "hep" instead of _hip_. I -would only remark, _en passant_, that there is an error in the passage -cited by MR. BRENT (Vol. viii., p. 88.) in opposition to this mediæval -solution, which entirely destroys the authority of the quotation. He -refers to a note on the ballad of "Old Sir Simon the King," in which, on -the couplet-- - - "Hang up all the poor _hep_ drinkers, - Cries Old Sir Sim, the king of skinkers." - -the author says that "_hep_ was a term of derision applied to those who -drank a weak infusion of the hep (or _hip_) berry or sloe: and that the -exclamation 'hip, hip, hurrah!' is merely a corruption of 'hip, hip, -away!'" But, unfortunately for this theory, the hip is not the sloe, as -the annotator seems to suppose; nor is it capable of being used in the -preparation of any infusion that could be substituted for wine, or drunk -"with all the honours." It is merely the hard and tasteless _buckey_ -of the wild dog-rose, to the flower of which Chaucer likens the gentle -knight Sir Thopas: - - "As swete as is the bramble flour, - That beareth, the red _hepe_." - -This demurrer, therefore, does not affect the validity of the claim -which has been set up in favour of an oriental origin for this convivial -_refrain_. - -As to _hurrah!_ if I be correct in my idea of its parentage, there -are few words still in use which can boast such a remote and widely -extended prevalence. It is one of those interjections in which sound so -echoes sense, that men seem to have adopted it almost instinctively. In -India and Ceylon, the Mahouts and attendants of the baggage-elephants -cheer them on by perpetual repetitions of _ur-ré, ur-ré!_ The Arabs and -camel-drivers {324} in Turkey, Palestine, and Egypt encourage their -animals to speed by shouting _ar-ré, ar-ré!_ The Moors seem to have -carried the custom with them into Spain, where the mules and horses are -still driven with cries of _arré_ (whence the muleteers derive their -Spanish appellation of _arrieros_). In France, the sportsman excites the -hound by shouts of _hare, hare!_ and the waggoner turns his horses by -his voice, and the use of the word _hurhaut!_ In Germany, according to -Johnson (_in verbo_ HURRY), "_Hurs_ was a word used by the old Germans -in urging their horses to speed." And to the present day, the herdsmen -in Ireland, and parts of Scotland, drive their cattle with shouts of -_hurrish, hurrish!_ In the latter country, in fact, to _hurry_, or to -_harry_, is the popular term descriptive of the predatory habits of the -border reivers in plundering and "driving the cattle" of the lowlanders. - -The sound is so expressive of excitement and energy, that it seems to -have been adopted in all nations as a stimulant in times of commotion; -and eventually as a war-cry by the Russians, the English, and almost -every people of Europe. Sir Francis Palgrave, in the passage quoted from -his _History of Normandy_ ("N. & Q.," Vol. viii., p. 20.), has described -the custom of the Normans in raising the country by "the cry of _haro_," -or _haron_, upon which all the lieges were bound to join in pursuit of -the offender. This _clameur de haron_ is the origin of the English "hue -and cry;" and the word _hue_ itself seems to retain some trace of the -prevailing pedigree. - -This stimulating interjection appears, in fact, to have enriched the -French language as well as our own with some of the most expressive -etymologies. It is the parent of the obsolete French verb _harer_, "to -hound on, or excite clamour against any one." And it is to be traced in -the epithet for a worn-out horse, a _haridelle_, or _haridan_. - -In like manner, our English expressions, to _hurry_, to _harry_, and -_harass_ a flying enemy, are all instinct with the same impulse, and all -traceable to the same root. - -J. EMERSON TENNENT. - -The following extract frown Mr. Thos. Dicey's _Hist. of Guernsey_ (edit. -Lond. 1751), pp. 8, 9, 10., may be worth adding to the foregoing notes on -this subject: - - "One thing more relating to _Rollo_ Mr. Falle, in his account - of Jersey, introduces in the following manner, not only for the - singularity of it, but the particular concern which that island - has still in it, viz.-- - - "Whether it began through Rollo's own appointment, or took its - rise among the people from an awful reverence of him for his - justice, it matters not; but so it is, that a custom obtained - in his time, that in case of incroachment and invasion of - property, or of any other oppression and violence requiring - immediate remedy, the party aggrieved need do no more than - call upon the name of the Duke, though at never so great a - distance, thrice repeating aloud _Ha-Ro_, &c., and instantly - the aggressor was at his peril to forbear attempting anything - further.--_Aa!_ or _Ha!_ is the exclamation of a person - suffering; _Ro_ is the Duke's name abbreviated; so that _Ha-Ro_ - is as much as to say, _O! Rollo, my Prince, succour me._ - Accordingly (says Mr. Falle) with us, in Jersey, the cry is, - _Ha-Ro, à l'aide, mon Prince!_ And this is that famous _Clameur - de Haro_, subsisting in practice even when Rollo was no more, - so much praised and commented upon by all who have wrote on the - Norman laws. A notable example of its virtue and power was seen - about one hundred and seventy years after Rollo's death, at - William the Conqueror's funeral, when, in confidence thereof, - a private man and a subject dared to oppose the burying of his - body, in the following manner: - - "It seems that, in order to build the great Abbey of St. - Stephen at Caen, where he intended to lie after his decease, - the Conqueror had caused several houses to be pulled down - for enlarging the area, and amongst them one whose owner had - received no satisfaction for his loss. The son of that person - (others say the person himself) observing the grave to be dug - on that very spot of ground which had been the site of his - father's house, went boldly into the assembly, and forbid them, - _not in the name of God_, as some have it, but _in the name of - Rollo_, to bury the body there. - - "Paulus Æmylius, who relates the story, says that he addressed - himself to the company in these words:--'He who oppressed - kingdoms by his arms has been my oppressor also, and has kept - me under a continual fear of death. Since I have outlived him - who injured me, I mean not to acquit him now he is dead. The - ground whereon you are going to lay this man is mine; and I - affirm that none may in justice bury their dead in ground which - belongs to another. If, after he is gone, force and violence - are still used to detain my right from me, I APPEAL TO ROLLO, - the founder and father of our nation, who, though dead, lives - in his laws. I take refuge in those laws, owning no authority - above them.' - - "This uncommonly brave speech, spoken in presence of the - deceased king's own son, Prince Henry, afterwards our King - Henry I., wrought its effect: the _Ha-Ro_ was respected, - the man had compensation made him for his wrongs, and, all - opposition ceasing, the dead king was laid in his grave." - -J. SANSOM. - - * * * * * - - -PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. - -_Process for Printing on Albumenized Paper._--The power of obtaining -agreeable and well-printed positives from their negatives being the great -object with all photographers, induces me to communicate the following -mode of preparing albumenized paper; a mode which, although it does not -possess any remarkable novelty, seems to me deserving of being made -generally known, from its giving a uniformity of results which may at all -times be depended upon. - -{325} - -Independently of the very rich and agreeable tones which may be produced -by the process which I am about to describe, it has the property of -affording permanent pictures, not liable to that change by time to -which pictures produced by the use of the ammonio-nitrate solution are -certainly liable. I have upon all occasions advocated the economical -practice of photography, and the present process will be found of that -character; but at the same time I can assure your readers that a rapidity -of action and intensity are hereby obtained with a 40-grain solution of -nitrate of silver, fully equal to those gained from solutions of 120, or -even 200, grains to the ounce, as is frequently practised. - -In eight ounces of water (distilled or not) dissolve forty grains of -common salt, and the same quantity of muriate of ammonia.[6] Mix this -solution with eight ounces of albumen; beat[7] the whole well together, -allow it to stand in tall vessel from twenty-four to forty hours, when -the clear liquor may be poured off into a porcelain dish rather larger -than the paper intended to be albumenized. - -Undoubtedly the best paper for this process, and relative quantity of -chemicals, is the _thin_ Canson Frères' but a much cheaper, and perhaps -equally suitable paper, is that made by Towgood of St. Neots. Neither -with Whatman's nor Turner's papers, excellent as they are for some -processes, have I obtained such satisfactory results. If the photographer -should unfortunately possess some of the thick paper of any inferior -makers, he had far better throw it away than waste his chemicals, time, -and temper upon the vain endeavour to turn it to any good account. - -The paper, having first been marked on the right-hand upper corner of the -smooth side, is then to be floated with that marked side on the albumen. -This operation, which is very easy to perform, is somewhat difficult to -describe. I will however try. Take the marked corner of the sheet in the -right-hand, the opposite corner of the lower side of the paper in the -left; and bellying out the sheet, let the lower end fall gently on to -the albumen. Then gradually let the whole sheet fall, so as to press out -before it any adherent particles of air. If this has been carefully done, -no air-bubbles will have been formed. The presence of an air-bubble may -however soon be detected by the puckered appearance, which the back of -the paper assumes in consequence. When this is the case, the paper must -be carefully raised, the bubble dispersed, and the paper replaced. A thin -paper requires to float for three minutes on the albumen, but a thicker -one proportionably longer. At the end of that time raise the marked -corner with the point of a blanket pin; then take hold of it with the -finger and thumb, and so raise the sheet steadily and _very slowly_, that -the albumen may drain off at the lower left corner. I urge this raising -it very slowly, because air-bubbles are very apt to form on the albumen -by the sudden snatching up of the paper. - -Each sheet, as it is removed from the albumen, is to be pinned up by the -marked corner on a long slip of wood, which must be provided for the -purpose. In pinning it up, be careful that the albumenized side takes an -inward curl, otherwise, from there being two angles of incidence, streaks -will form from the middle of the paper. During the drying, remove from -time to time, with a piece of blotting-paper, the drop of fluid which -collects at the lower corner of the paper. - -In order to fix the albumen, it is necessary that the paper should be -ironed with an iron as hot as can be used without singeing the paper. It -should be first ironed between blotting-paper, and when the iron begins -to cool, it may be applied directly to the surface of each sheet. - -To excite this paper it is only needful to float it carefully from three -to five minutes, in the same way as it was floated on the albumen, upon -a solution of nitrate of silver of forty grains to the ounce. Each sheet -is then to be pinned up and dried as before. It is scarcely necessary to -add, that this exciting process must be carried on by the light of a lamp -or candle. - -This paper has the property of keeping good for several days, if kept -in a portfolio. It has also the advantage of being very little affected -by the ordinary light of a room, so that it may be used and handled in -any apartment where the direct light is not shining upon it; yet in a -tolerably intense light it prints much more rapidly than that prepared -with the ammonio-nitrate. - -The picture should be fixed in a bath of saturated solution of hypo. The -hypo. never gets discoloured, and should always be carefully preserved. -When a new bath is formed, it is well to add forty grains of chloride of -silver to every eight ounces of the solution. - -A beautiful violet or puce tint, with great whiteness of the high lights, -may be obtained by using the following bath as a fixing solution: - - Hyposulphite of soda 8 ounces. - Sel d'or 7 grains. - Iodide of silver 10 grains. - Water 8 ounces. - -It may be as well to add, that although the nitrate of silver solution -used for exciting becomes {326} discoloured, it acts equally well, even -when of a dark brown colour; but it may always be deprived of its colour, -and rendered sufficiently pure again, by filtering it through a little -animal charcoal. - -HUGH W. DIAMOND. - -[Footnote 6: The addition of one drachm of acetic acid much facilitates -the easy application of the albumen to the paper; but it is apt to -produce the unpleasant redness so often noticeable in photographs. The -addition of forty grains of chloride of barium to the two muriates, -yields a bistre tint, which is admired by some photographers.] - -[Footnote 7: Nothing answers so well for this purpose as a small box-wood -salad spoon.] - - * * * * * - - -Replies to Minor Queries. - -_Anderson's Royal Genealogies_ (Vol. viii, p. 198.).--In reply to your -correspondent G., I may be permitted to remark that it is generally -understood that _no_ "memoir or biographical account" is extant of Dr. -James Anderson; but _short notices_ of him and his works will be found -on reference to the _Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. liii. p. 41.; Chalmers' -_General Biographical Dictionary_, 1812; Chambers' _Lives of Illustrious -Scotsmen_, 1833; _Biographical Dictionary of the Society of Useful -Knowledge_, 1843; and also in Rose's _New Biographical Dictionary_, 1848. - -T. G. S. - -Edinburgh. - -_Thomas Wright of Durham_ (Vol. viii., p. 218.).--It may interest MR. -DE MORGAN to be referred to a manuscript in the British Museum, marked -"Additional, 15,627.," which he will find to be one of the original -"note-books," if not the very note-book itself, from which the notice of -the life of Thomas Wright was compiled for the _Gentleman's Magazine_. -It is, in fact, an autobiography by Wright, written in the form of a -journal; and although containing entries as late as the year 1780, it -ceases to be continuous with the year 1748, and has no entries at all -between that year and 1756. This break in the journal sufficiently -accounts for the deficiency in the biography given by the _Gentleman's -Magazine_. - -I may mention, also, that the Additional MS. 15,628. contains Wright's -unpublished collections relative to British, Roman, and Saxon antiquities -in England. - -E. A. BOND. - -_Weather Predictions_ (Vol. viii., p. 218. &c.).--The following is a -Worcestershire saying: - - "When Bredon Hill puts on his hat, - Ye men of the vale, beware of that." - -Similar to this is a saying I have heard in the northern part of -Northumberland: - - "When Cheevyut (_i. e._ the Cheviot Hills) ye see put on his cap, - Of rain ye'll have a wee bit drap." - -There is a saying very common in many parts of Huntingdonshire, that when -the woodpeckers are much heard, rain is sure to follow. - -CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A. - -_Bacon's Essays_: _Bullaces_ (Vol. viii., pp. 167. 223.).--"Bullace" (I -never heard Bacon's plural used) are known in Kent as small white tartish -plums, which do not come to perfection without the help of a frost, and -so are eaten when their fellows are no more found. They have only been -cultivated of late years, I believe, but how long I cannot tell. - -G. WILLIAM SKYRING. - -Somerset House. - -"Bullaces" are a small white or yellow plum, about the size of a cherry, -like very poor kind of greengage, which, in ordinary seasons, when I was -a boy, were the common display of the fruit-stalls at the corners of the -streets, so common and well known that I can only imagine MR. HALLIWELL -to have misdescribed them by a slip of the pen writing black for white. - -FRANK HOWARD. - -"Gennitings" are early apples (_quasi June-eatings_, as "gilliflowers," -said to be corrupted from July flowers). For the derivation suggested to -me while I write, I cannot answer; but for the fact I can, having, while -at school in Needham Market, Suffolk, plucked and eaten many a "striped -genniting," while "codlins" were on a tree close by. And many a time have -I been rallied as a Cockney for saying I had gathered "enough" instead of -"enow," which one of your Suffolk correspondents has justly recorded as -the county expression applied to number as distinguished from quantity. - -FRANK HOWARD. - -_Nixon the Prophet_ (Vol. viii., p. 257.).--MR. T. HUGHES mentions Nixon -"to have lived and prophesied in the reign of James I., at whose court, -we are farther told, he was, in conformity with his own prediction, -starved to death." I have an old and ragged edition, entitled _The Life -and Prophecies of the celebrated Robert Nixon, the Cheshire Prophet_. -The "life" professes to be prepared from materials collected in the -neighbourhood of Vale Royal, on a farm near which, and rented by his -father, Nixon was born-- - - "on Whitsunday, and was christened by the name of Robert in the - year 1467, about the seventh year of Edward IV." - -Among various matters it is mentioned,-- - - "What rendered Nixon the most noticed was, that the time when - the battle of Bosworth Field was fought between King Richard - III. and King Henry VII., he stopped his team on a sudden, and - with his whip pointing from one land to the other, cried 'Now - Richard! now Henry!' several times, till at last he said, 'Now - Harry, get over that ditch and you gain the day!'" - -This the plough-holder related; it afterwards proved to be true, and -in consequence Robert was required to attend Henry VII.'s court, where -he was "starved to death," owing to having been locked in a room and -forgotten. The Bosworth Field prophecy, which has often been repeated, -{327} carries the time of Nixon's existence much before the period named -by T. HUGHES, namely, James I.'s reign. - -A HERMIT AT HAMPSTEAD. - -_Parochial Libraries_ (Vol. viii., p. 62.).--There is an extensive, and -rather valuable, library attached to St. Mary's Church, Bridgenorth, -presented to and for the use of the parishioners, by Dean Stackhouse -in 1750. It comprises some eight hundred volumes, chiefly divinity. -There are two or three fine MSS. in the collection, one especially -worthy of notice. A splendidly illuminated Latin MS., dated about 1460, -engrossed upon vellum, and extending to three hundred leaves (C. 62. in -the Catalogue). I noticed many fragments of early MSS. bound up with -Hebrew and Latin editions of the Bible; and a portion of a remarkably -fine missal, forming the dexter cover of a copy of Laertius _de Vita -Philosophica_ (4to. 1524). Surely a society may be formed, having for its -object the rescuing, transcribing, and printing of those scarcely noticed -fragments. MR. HALES' plan appears perfectly feasible. I am convinced -much interesting matter would be brought to light, if a little interest -was excited on the subject. - -R. C. WARDE. - -Kidderminster. - -Over the porch of Nantwich Church is a small room, once the repository -of the ecclesiastical records; but latterly (in consequence of the -sacrilegious abstraction of those documents by an unknown hand) used for -a library of theological works, placed there for the special behoof of -the neighbouring clergy. The collection is but a small one; and is, I -fear, not often troubled by those for whose use it was designed. - -T. HUGHES. - -Chester. - -_"Ampers and," &c._ (Vol. viii., p. 173.).--MR. C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY -having revived this Query without apparently being aware of the previous -discussion and of MR. NICHOLL'S solution, "and _per se_ and," may I be -permitted to enter a protest against the latter mixture of English and -Latin, though fully concurring in the statement of MR. NICHOLL, that it -is a rapidly formed _et_ (&). To the variety of pronunciations already -appearing in "N. & Q.," let me add what I believe will be found to be the -most general, _empesand_, which I believe to be a corruption from _emm, -ess, and_ (MS. and) by the introduction of a _labial_, as in many other -instances. But has any one ever seen it _spelt_ till the Query appeared -in "N. & Q.," and where? - -FRANK HOWARD. - -_The Arms of De Sissonne_ (Vol. viii., p. 243.).--There is a copy of -_Histoire Généalogique et Chronologique de la Maison Royale de France, -par le Père Anselme_, nine vols. folio, Paris, 1726-33, in the library -of Sir R. Taylor's Institution, Oxford. The arms of the Seigneurs de -Sissonne are not _blazoned_ in it. It is stated by Anselme, that - - "Louis, Bâtard de Sarrebruche-Roucy, fils naturel de Jean de - Sarrebruche, Comte de Roucy, fut Seigneur de Sissonne, servit - sous Jean d'Humières, et est nommé dans plusieurs actes des - années 1510, 1515, 1517, et 1518. Il fit un accord devant - le prevôt de Paris avec Robert de Sarrebruche, Comte de - Roucy, le 28 Mars, 1498, touchant la terre et châtellenie de - Sissonne."--Tome viii. p. 537. - -The arms of the "Comte de Sarrebruche, Sire de Commercy en Lorraine, -Conseiller et Chambellan du Roi, Bouteiller de France," &c., are -represented-- - - "D'azur semé de croix recroisetées au pied fiché d'or, au lion - d'argent couronné d'or sur le tout." - -The following are also extracts from the _Histoire Généalogique_: - - "Louis de Roucy, Comte de Sissonne, élection de Laon, portoit - d'or au lion d'azur."... - - "Le Nobiliaire de Picardie, in 4º. p. 46., donne à Louis de - Roucy, Comte de Sissonne, deux neveux, Charles et Louis de - Roucy, Seigneurs d'Origny et de Ste Preuve."--Tome viii. p. 538. - -J. MACRAY. - -_St. Patrick's Purgatory_ (Vol. vii., p. 552.).--Some degree of doubt -appearing to exist, by the statement in p. 178. of the present volume, -as to the position of the _real_ St. Patrick's Purgatory, I send the -following from Camden: - - "The _Liffey_," says he, "near unto his spring head, enlarges - his stream and spreads abroad into a _lake_, wherein appears - above the water an island, and in it, hard by a little - monastery, a very narrow vault within the ground, much spoken - of by reason of its religious horrors. Which cave some say was - dug by Ulysses when he went down to parley with those in hell. - - "The inhabitants," he continues, "term it in these days _Ellan - n' Frugadory_, that is, _The Isle of Purgatory_, or _St. - Patrick's Purgatory_. For some persons devoutly credulous - affirm that St. Patrick, the Irishmen's apostle, or else some - abbot of the same name, obtained by most earnest prayer at - the hands of God, that the punishments and torments which the - wicked are to suffer after this life, might _here_ be presented - to the eye; that so he might the more easily root out the sins - and heathenish errors which stuck so fast to his countrymen the - _Irish_." - -G. W. - -Stansted, Montfichet. - -_Sir George Carr_ (Vol. vii., pp. 512. 558.).--Since W. ST. and GULIELMUS -replied to my Query, I have discovered more particular information -regarding him. In a MS. in Trinity College, Dublin, I find the following: - - "Sir George Carr of Southerhall, Yorkshire, married, on Jan. - 15, 1637, Grissell, daughter of Sir Robert Meredith, Chancellor - of the Exchequer in Ireland; their son, William Carr, born - Jan. 11, 1639, married {328} on August 29, 1665, Elizabeth, - daughter of Francis (Edward) Synge, Bishop of Cork. There were - two children of this marriage: Edward, born Oct. 7, 1671 (who - died unmarried); and Barbara, born May 12, 1672; she married - John Cliffe, Esq., of Mulrankin, co. Wexford, and had several - children, of whom the eldest, John, was grandfather of the - present Anthony Cliffe of Bellevue, co. Wexford, Esq." - -Edward Synge was Bishop of Cork from Dec. 1663 to his death in 1678. - -Sir George Carr appears to be the son of William Carr, the eldest son of -James Carr of Yorkshire: see Harl. MS. 1487, 451. - -Sir Robert Meredith, father of Lady Carr, married Anne, daughter of Sir -William Upton, Clerk of the Council in Ireland. - -Could any of your correspondents give any account of the family of either -of them? - -Y. S. M. - -_Gravestone Inscription_ (Vol. viii., p. 268.).--The gravestone -inscription communicated by JULIA R. BOCKETT consists of the last four -lines of the ballad of "Death and the Lady" (see Dixon's _Ballads_, by -the Percy Society). They should be: - - "The grave's the market-place where all men meet, - Both rich and poor, as well as small and great: - If life were merchandise that gold could buy, - The rich would live, the poor alone would die." - -In the introduction to Smith's edition of Holbein's _Dance of Death_, the -editor says: - - "The concluding lines have been converted into an epitaph, _to - be found in most of our village churchyards_." - -Of the truth of which assertion the churchyard of Milton-next-Gravesend, -in Kent, furnishes an illustration, as I copied the lines from a stone -there some years ago. Being generally, I imagine, quoted from memory, -they do not appear to be exactly similar in any two instances. - -S. SINGLETON. - -Greenwich. - -"_A Tub to the Whale_" (Vol. viii., pp. 220. 304.).--I observe that a -Querist, PIMLICO, asks the origin of the phrase to "throw a tub to the -whale." I think an explanation of this will be found in the introduction -to Swift's _Tale of the Tub_. I cannot lay my hand on the passage, but it -is to the effect that sailors engaged in the Greenland fisheries make it -a practice to throw over-board a _tub_ to a wounded whale, to divert his -attention from the boat which contains his assailants. - -J. EMERSON TENNENT. - -_Hour-glasses in Pulpits_ (Vol. vii., p. 489.; Vol. viii., pp. 82. -209.).--Whilst turning over the pages of Macaulay's _History_, I -accidentally stumbled upon the following passage, which forms an -interesting addition to the Notes already collected in your pages. -Speaking of Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, he says: - - "He was often interrupted by the deep hum of his audience; - and when, after preaching out the hour-glass, which in those - days was part of the furniture of the pulpit, he held it in - his hand, the congregation clamorously encouraged him to go on - till the sand had run off once more."--Macaulay's _History_, - vol. ii. p. 177. edit. 8., with a reference in a foot-note to - Speaker Onslow's Note on _Burnet_, i. 596.; Johnson's _Life of - Sprat_. - -The hour-glass stand at St. Alban's, Wood Street, appears to be a -remarkable example: see Sperling's _Church Walks in Middlesex_, p. -155., and Allen's _Lambeth_. And in the report of the meeting of the -Archæological Association at Rochester, in the _Illustrated London News_ -of the 6th August, 1853, it is noted that in the church at Cliff, "the -pulpit has an hour-glass stand dated 1636:" the date gives an additional -interest to this example. - -W. SPARROW SIMPSON. - -_Slow-worm Superstition_ (Vol. viii., p. 33.).--The slow-worm -superstition, about which TOWER inquires, and to whom I believe no answer -has been returned, is quite common in the North of England. One of the -many uses of "N. & Q." is the abundant proof that supposed localisms are -in fact common to all England. I learn from the same Number, p. 44., -that in Devonshire a slater is called a _hellier_. _To hill_, that is to -cover, "hill me up," _i. e._ cover me up, is as common in Lancashire as -in Wicliff's Bible. We have not, however, _hellier_ or _hillier_ for one -whose business it is to cover in a house. - -P. P. - -_Sincere_ (Vol. viii., p. 195.).--I should be glad if MR. INGLEBY would -point out any authority for the practice of the Roman potters to which -he refers. The only passage I can call to mind as countenancing his -derivation is Hor. _Ep._ i. 2. 54.: - - "Sincerum est nisi vas, quodcumque infundis, acescit." - -in which there is no reason why _sincerum_ should not be simply _sine -cera_, _sine fuco_, i. e. pure as honey, free or freed from the wax, -thence anything pure. This derivation is supported also by Donatus, ad -Ter. _Eun._ i. 2. 97., and Noltenius, _Lex. Antibar_. Cicero also, who -chose his expressions with great accuracy, employs _sincerus_ as directly -opposed to _fucatus_ in his _Dialogus de Amicit._ 25.: - - "Secernere omnis fucata et simulata a sinceris atque veris." - -In the absence of positive proof on the side, I am inclined to think MR. -TRENCH right. - -H. B. - -_Books chained to Desks in Churches--Seven Candlesticks_ (Vol. viii., -pp. 94. 206.).--In Mr. Sperling's _Church Walks in Middlesex_, it is -noted {329} in the account of the church at Whitchurch (_alias_ Little -Stanmore), that-- - - "Many of the prayer books, given by the duke [of Chandos], - still remain chained to the pues for the use of the poorer - parishioners."--P. 104. - -At p. 138. a curious ornament of some of the London churches is referred -to: - - "We find several altar-pieces in which seven wooden - candlesticks, with wooden candles, are introduced, viz. St. - Mary-at-Hill; St. Ethelburgs, Bishopsgate; Hammersmith, &c.: - these are merely typical of the seven golden candlesticks of - the Apocalypse."--Rev. i. 20. - -This portion of ecclesiastical furniture appears to me sufficiently -unusual to be worth noting in your pages: is it to be found elsewhere -than in churches in and near London? If not, a list of these churches in -which it is now to be seen would be acceptable to ecclesiologists. - -W. SPARROW SIMPSON. - -Oxford. - -_D. Ferrand; French Patois_ (Vol. viii., p. 243.).--The full title -of Ferrand's work, referred to by your correspondent MR. B. SNOW of -Birmingham, is as follows: - - "Inventaire Général de la Muse Normande, divisée en XXVIII - parties où sont descrites plusieurs batailles, assauts, - prises de villes, guerres etrangères, victoires de la France, - histoires comiques, Esmotions populaires, grabuges et choses - remarquables arrivées à Rouen depuis quarante années, in 8o. et - se vendent à Rouen, chez l'arthevr, rue du Bac, à l'Enseigne de - l'imprimerie, M.DC.LV., pages 484." - -There is also another publication by Ferrand with the title of-- - - "Les Adieux de la Muse Normande aux Palinots, et quelques - autres pièces, pages 28." - -The author was a printer at Rouen, and the patois in which his -productions are written is the Norman. The _Biographie Universelle_ says -they are the best known of all that are composed in that dialect. - -J. MACRAY. - -_Wood of the Cross_ (Vol. vii., pp. 177. 334. 437. 488.).--Is it an old -belief that the cross was composed of four different kinds of wood? Boys, -in a note on Ephesians iii. 18. (_Works_, p. 495.), says, "Other have -discoursed of the foure woods, and dimensions in the materiall crosse of -Christ, more subtilly than soundly," and refers in the margin to Anselm -and Aquinas, but without giving the reference to the exact passages. Can -any of your readers supply this deficiency? - -R. J. ALLEN. - -_Ladies' Arms in a Lozenge_ (Vol. viii., pp. 37. 83.).--BROCTUNA has a -theory that ladies bear their arms in a lozenge, because hatchments are -of that shape; and it is probably that widows in old time "would vie -with each other in these displays of the insignia of mourning." It has, -however, escaped his memory, that maids with living fathers also use -the lozenge, and that in a man's hatchment it is the _frame_ only, and -not the shield at all, which has the lozenge shape. The man's arms in -the hatchment not being on a lozenge, it is scarcely possible his widow -could thence have adopted it. He suggests that the shape was adopted for -hatchments as being the most convenient for admitting the arms of the -sixteen ancestors. - -I wish to insert a Query, as to whether the sixteen quarters _ever were_ -made use of this way in English heraldry? Perhaps your readers will be -willing to allow that the lozenge is surely a fitting emblem for the -_sweeter_ sex; but is not the routine reason the true one after all? The -lozenge has a supposed resemblance to the distaff, the emblem of the -woman. We have spinster from the same idea; and, though I cannot now -turn to the passage, I am sure I have seen the Salic law described as -forbidding "the holder of the distaff to grasp the sceptre." - -P. P. - -_Burial in unconsecrated Ground_ (Vol. vi., p. 448.; Vol. viii., p. -43.).--The late elegant and accomplished Sir W. Temple, though he laid -not his whole body in his garden, deposited the better part of it (his -heart) there; "and if my executors will gratify me in what I have -desired, I wish my corpse may be interred as I have bespoke them; not at -all out of singularity, or for want of a dormitory (of which there is -an ample one annexed to the parish church), but for other reasons not -necessary here to trouble the reader with, what I have said in general -being sufficient. However, let them order as they think fit, so it be not -_in the church or chancel_." (Evelyn's _Sylva_, book iv.) - - "In the north aisle of the chancel [of Wotton Church] is the - burying-place of the Evelyns (within which is lately made, - under a decent arched chapel, a vault). In the chancel on the - north side is a tomb, about three feet high, of freestone, - shaped like a coffin; on the top, on white marble, is this - inscription: - - 'Here lies the Body - of JOHN EVELYN, Esq.'"[8] - -This inscription commemorates the author of _Sylva_, and evinces how -unobsequiously obsequies are sometimes solemnised. - -Evelyn mentions Sumner _On Garden Burial_, probably "not circulated." - -BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM. - -[Footnote 8: Aubrey's _Natural History and Antiquities of Surrey_, vol. -iv.] - -_Table-turning_ (Vol. viii., p. 57.).--Without going the length of -asserting, with La Bruyère, that "tout est dit," or believing, with -Dutens, that there is no modern discovery that was not known, in some -shape or other, to the ancients, it seems {330} not unreasonable to -suppose that table-turning, the principle of which lies so near the -surface of social life, was practised in former ages. - -This reminds one of the expression, so familiar among controversialists, -of "turning the tables" upon an adversary. What is the origin of the -latter phrase? It is time some explanation of it were offered, if only to -caution the etymologists of a future age against confounding it with our -"table-turning." - -HENRY H. BREEN. - -St. Lucia. - -_"Well's a fret"_ (Vol. viii., p. 197.).--I beg leave to suggest to -DEVONIENSIS the following as a probable explanation of the use of this -phrase; the rhyme that follows being superadded, for the sake of the -jingle and the truism, in the best style of rustic humour. - -Well! is often used in conversation as an expletive, even by educated -people, a slight pause ensuing after the ejaculation, as if to collect -the thoughts before the reply is given. Is it not therefore called a -_fret_, or stop, in the Devon vernacular, figuratively, like the fret -or stop in a musical instrument, the cross bars or protuberance in a -stringed, and a peg in a wind instrument? - -Hamlet says, in taunting Rosencrantz for his treasonable attempts to worm -himself into his confidence,-- - - "Call me what instrument you will; though you can _fret_ me, - you cannot play upon me." - -Taken in this other sense in which we use the word _fret_, is it not -probable that it has passed into a proverb; and that the lines, as given -by DEVONIENSIS, are a corruption of - - "Well! don't fret; - He who dies for love will never be hang'd for debt." - ---the invention of some Damon to comfort Strephon in his loneliness. - -M. (2) - -_Tenet for Tenent_ (Vol. viii., p. 258.).--The note of your correspondent -BALLIOLENSIS does not address itself to the Query put by Y. B. N. J. in -Vol. vii., p. 205., When did the use of _tenent_ give way to _tenet_? - -You will find that Burton, in the _Anatomy of Melancholy_, which was -published in 1621, uses uniformly _tenent_ (vide vol. i. pp. 1. 317. 408. -430. 446. &c.) - -But Sir Thomas Browne in 1646, twenty-four years later, printed the first -edition of his _Vulgar Errors_ under the title of _Pseudodoxia epidemica, -or Enquiries into very many received Tenets and commonly presumed Truths_. - -I cannot find that Burton in any passage respects the grammatical -distinction suggested by both your correspondents, that _tenet_ should -denote the opinion of an individual, and _tenent_ those of a sect. -He applies the latter indifferently, both as regards the plural and -singular. Thus, "Aponensis thinks it proceeds," but "Laurentius condemns -_his tenent_" (part i. sect. iii. mem. 3.). And again, "they are furious, -impatient in discourse, stiff and irrefragable in _their tenents_" (ib. -p. i. s. iv. mem. 1. sub. 3.). - -J. EMERSON TENNENT. - - * * * * * - - - - -Miscellaneous. - - -BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. - -NICEPHORUS CATENA ON THE PENTATEUCH. - -PROCOPIUS GAZÆUS. - -WATT'S BIBLIOGRAPHIA BRITANNICA. Parts V. and VI. - -MAXWELL'S DIGEST OF THE LAW OF INTESTATES. - -CARLYLE'S CHARTISM. Crown 8vo. 2nd Edition. - -THE BUILDER, No. 520. - -OSWALLI CROLLII OPERA. 12mo. Geneva, 1635. - -GAFFARELL'S UNHEARD-OF CURIOSITIES. Translated by Chelmead. London. 12mo. -1650. - -BEAUMONT'S PSYCHE. 2nd Edit. folio. Camb., 1702. - -THE MONTHLY ARMY LIST from 1797 to 1800 inclusive. Published by Hookham -and Carpenter, Bond Street. Square 12mo. - -JER. COLLIER'S ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Folio Edition. Vol. II. - -LONDON LABOUR AND THE LONDON POOR. - -PROCEEDINGS OF THE LONDON GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. - -PRESCOTT'S HISTORY OF THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 3 Vols. 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HATCHAM, SURREY. - - * * * * * - -HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post. -It contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different -Bedsteads; also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts. -And their new warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room -Furniture, Furniture Chintzes, Damasks and Dimities, so as to render -their Establishment complete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms. - -HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road. - - * * * * * - -Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish -of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. -Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. -Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of -London, Publisher, at No. 186. 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