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diff --git a/old/66198-0.txt b/old/66198-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4027fd4..0000000 --- a/old/66198-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3689 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes and Queries, Number 200, August 27, -1853, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Notes and Queries, Number 200, August 27, 1853 - A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, - Antiquaries, Geneologists, etc - -Author: Various - -Release Date: September 1, 2021 [eBook #66198] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The Internet - Library of Early Journals.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NUMBER 200, -AUGUST 27, 1853 *** - - - - - -{189} - -NOTES AND QUERIES: - -A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, -GENEALOGISTS, ETC. - - * * * * * - -="When found, make a note of."=--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. - - * * * * * - - No. 200.] - SATURDAY, AUGUST 27. 1853. - [Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5_d._ - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - NOTES:-- Page - - The English, Irish, and Scotch Knights of the Order of St. John - of Jerusalem, by William Winthrop 189 - - Duport's Lines to Izaak Walton 193 - - Shakspeare Correspondence, by C. Mansfield Ingleby, James - Cornish, &c. 193 - - MINOR NOTES:--Sir Francis Drake--Similarity of Idea in St. - Luke and Juvenal--Sincere--Epitaph in Appleby Churchyard, - Leicestershire 195 - - QUERIES:-- - - The Crescent, by W. Robson 196 - - MINOR QUERIES:--The Hebrew Testament--Dr. Franklin--Flemish - Refugees--"Sad are the rose leaves"--References - wanted--Tea-marks--William the Conqueror's - Surname--Old Saying--To pluck a Crow with One--"Well's - a fret"--Pay the Piper--Greek Inscription upon a Font, - mentioned by Jeremy Taylor--Acharis--Attainment of - Majority--Hartman's Account of Waterloo--Henry Chicheley, - Archbishop of Canterbury--Translation of Athenæus--Passages - from Euripides--Anderson's Royal Genealogies 196 - - MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Louis le Hutin 199 - - REPLIES:-- - - Bee-Park--Bee-Hall 199 - - Milton's Widow, by J. F. Marsh and T. Hughes 200 - - Peculiar Ornament in Crosthwaite Church 200 - - Curious Mistranslations, by Henry H. Breen 201 - - "To speak in lutestring" by the Rev. W. Fraser 202 - - Burial in Unconsecrated Places, by Wm. T. Hesleden and R. W. - Elliot 202 - - PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Mr. Muller's Process--Detail - on Negative Paper--Ammonio-nitrate of Silver 203 - - REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--"Up, guards, and at them!"--German - Heraldry--The Eye--Canute's Point, Southampton--Symon - Patrick, Bishop of Ely: Durham: Weston--Battle of Villers - en Couché--Curious Posthumous Occurrence--Passage in Job--St. - Paul and Seneca--Haulf-naked--Books chained to Desks in - Churches--Scheltrum--Quarrel--Wild Plants, and their - Names--Jeremy Taylor and Christopher Lord Hatton--Burial - on the North Side of Churches--Rubrical Query--Stone - Pillar Worship--Bad--Porc-pisee--Lowbell--Praying to the - West--Old Dog--Contested Elections--"Rathe" in the Sense - of "early"--Chip in Porridge--"A saint in crape is twice - a saint in lawn"--Gibbon's Library: West's Portrait of - Franklin--Derivation of "Island"--Spur--On the Use of the - Hour-glass in Pulpits--Selling a Wife--Impossibilities of - History--Lad and Lass--Enough 204 - - MISCELLANEOUS:-- - - Books and Odd Volumes wanted 210 - - Notices to Correspondents 210 - - Advertisements 210 - - * * * * * - - - - -Notes. - - -THE ENGLISH, IRISH, AND SCOTCH KNIGHTS OF THE ORDER OF ST. JOHN OF -JERUSALEM. - -For the following list of the English, Irish, and Scotch knights of the -Order of St. John, who are mentioned in the records of this island when -under its rule, I am in a great measure indebted to Dr. Vella, who, after -having made at my request a diligent search through very many old volumes -and manuscripts, has kindly favoured me with the result of his labours. -The names of the knights and places mentioned in this Note are written, -in every instance, as Dr. Vella and myself have seen them recorded. -Before commencing with the list, I have a few remarks to offer, that the -terms peculiar to the Order which I shall make use of may be understood -by those of your readers who are unacquainted with its history. - -The English tongue comprised the priories of England, Ireland, and -Scotland, and thirty-two different commanderies. Its property, which was -seized by Henry VIII. in 1534, was afterwards restored by Queen Mary, and -finally and effectually confiscated by Elizabeth in the first year of her -reign. Her Majesty's order for the seizure of the Irish estates was dated -on the 3rd of June, 1559, and addressed to William Fitzwilliam. Vide the -"Diplomatic Code of the Order," and Rymer, vol. xv. p. 527. - -Although Dr. Vella and myself had every wish to classify the knights -of the English tongue under their different languages, still we have -failed in our first attempt, and to enable us to succeed we must ask -for assistance from your correspondents in England. They must be known -by their names; thus, for instance, the Dundas's of 1524 and 1538 were -as evidently of Scotch, as the Russells of 1536, 1537, and 1554 were of -English descent. We might apply the same remark to many other knights -whose names will be found recorded in the following list. - -Whenever a vacancy occurred by the death of a grand master, who was -always a sovereign prince, the election for his successor could only take -place in the convent. It was not necessary that the person elected should -be present. Villiers De {190} L'Isle Adam was residing in France in -1521, when his brethren at Rhodes made him their chief. The grand priors, -commanders, and knights, who were absent from Malta, whether employed -in the service of the Order or not, had neither voice nor ballot in the -election; and the more effectually to prevent their interference, as also -that of the Roman pontiff, only three days were allowed to transpire -before a successor was chosen, and proclaimed as the head of the convent. - -Henry VIII. addressed L'Isle Adam as follows: "Reverendissimo in Christo -Patri Domini, F. de Villers L. Isleadam, Magno Hierosolymitani Ordinis -Magistro, et consanguineo, et amico nostro carissimo." George II., as the -king of a Protestant country, sent a letter to Emmanuel Pinto, bearing -the following superscription: "Eminentissimo Principi Domino Emanueli -Pinto, Magno Ordinis Melitensis Magistro, Consanguineo, et Amico Nostro -Carissimo." - -Boisgelin has stated in the first volume of his _History of Malta_, p. -194., that the-- - - "King of England addressed the grand master by the following - titles: 'Eminentissime princeps consanguinea et amice noster - carissime.' The King of France gave the Order the title of - 'Très chers et bons amis;' and the grand master that of 'Très - cher et très aimé cousin," in the same style as he addressed - the Dukes of Tuscany." - -That this note may not occupy too much space in your interesting, -publication, I would now merely remark that the "convent" was known as -the place where the grand master, or his lieutenant, resided, and the -"tongue," according to the code of the Order, was the term applied to a -nation. A grand prior was the chief of his language, who resided in his -native country. A "Turcopolier" was the title of the conventual bailiff -of the venerable language of England, "and it took its name from the -Turcopoles, a sort of light horse mentioned in the history of the wars -carried on by the Christians in Palestine." The English knights won for -themselves this high honour by their gallantry in the Holy Land, and in -remembrance it ever after remained with their tongue. A Turcopolier was -the third dignity in the convent, and the last knight who enjoyed it was -Sir Richard Shelley, Prior of England. At his decease the grand master -assumed the title for himself. The two interesting letters addressed -by Sir Richard Shelley to Henry VIII., in which he complained of his -majesty's treatment to the Order of St. John, and pleaded in its favour, -were published in the English language, and five years ago were to be -seen in the government library of this island. But, on my asking a -short time ago to refer to them, I regretted to find that they had been -taken from the library by a _gentleman_ who was well introduced to the -librarian, and whose conduct in this, and some other transactions where -valuable books are concerned, cannot be too strongly condemned. Before -returning from this brief digression to the subject of my Note, might I -ask if these letters are known in England, and whether copies could be -easily procured for a friend who is desirous of having them inserted in a -forthcoming publication? - -The Knights of St. John being members of a masonic institution, termed -each other brothers, is customary with members of the craft at the -present time. And it may not be out of place to remark that several of -the chapels, churches, and fortifications of Malta are ornamented with -masonic signs and emblems, which have been several times referred to, -and cleverly explained within the last three years in different numbers -of the _Masonic Quarterly Review_. Those of your readers who take an -interest in masonry may peruse these papers of a distinguished mason, now -stationed in the West Indies, with instruction and pleasure. - -Boisgelin has recorded in the first volume of his _History of Malta_, p. -182., that the Order of St. John of Jerusalem "might with propriety be -considered as being at the same time hospitaller, religious, military, -republican, aristocratical, monarchical," and lastly, as if these -different terms, which, without his explanation, would appear to be -incorrect as applying to one institution, were not sufficient, he has -added in a note, that in the last days of its existence it might also -have been called democratical. He has stated that it was-- - - "Hospitaller, from having hospitals constantly open for the - reception of the sick of all countries and religions, whom the - knights attended in person. Religious, because the members - took the three vows of chastity, obedience, and poverty, which - last consisted in having no property independent of the Order - at large, and on that account the Pope was their superior. - Military, from being constantly armed, and always at war with - the infidels. Republican, as their chief was chosen from - among themselves, and could not enact laws, or carry them - into execution, without their consent. Aristocratical, since - none but the knights and grand master had any share in the - legislative and executive power. Monarchical, from having a - superior who could not be dispossessed of his dignity, and was - invested with the right of sovereignty over the subjects of the - order, together with those of Malta and its dependencies. And - lastly, Democratical, from the introduction of a language which - did not require any proofs of nobility."[1] - -Before taking leave of Boisgelin, it should be recorded that he was a -Knight of Malta; and his history, one of the best now extant, appeared -in {191} those troubled times, when he hoped by conciliating all -governments, to see his Order again restored. Influenced in all things by -this hope, vain as it was, his statements should be received with some -grains of allowance. - -Before calling attention to the following list, I have to state that a -knight could not become commander before he had made four cruises in the -galleys, or served five years in the convent. He had also to remain three -years a commander before he could claim a pension. Those knights who are -known to have been at Malta will be distinguished by a †. - - A. - - †Aylmer, Sir George 1521 - Commander of Holstone. - - Adfil, George 1524 - - Albrit, Oliver 1527 - - B. - - Bouth, John 1522 - Turcopolier, killed at the siege of Rhodes. - - Blasly, Robert 1526 - - Boydel, Edward 1529 - - †Babington, John 1531 - Bailiff of Aguila, Commander of Dalby. - - †Babington, Philip 1531 - - †Belingham, Edward 1531 - Commander of Dynmore. - - †Balfard, Richard 1531 - - †Brown, Edward 1531 - - †Broke, Richard 1531 - Commander of Mount St. John. - - Boydel, George 1532 - - Boydel, Roger 1533 - Turcopolier. - - †Bentham, Anthony 1536 - - Boyse, Andrew 1588 - - C. - - Corbet, William 1522 - Commander of Templebruer. - - Cane, Sir Ambrose 1525 - - Chanure, John 1525 - - Campledik, Thomas 1529 - Commander of Corbroke. - - Chambers, Sir James 1533 - - D. - - Deston, Claude 1522 - - Docray, Thomas 1523 - Prior of the English tongue. - - Dundas, George 1524 - Commander of Turfichin in Scotland. - - †Dingley, Thomas 1531 - - †Dundas, Alexander 1538 - - †Dudley, George 1545 - Received in the Order at Malta in 1545. - - E. - - Edward, George 1525 - - †Eluyn, Edmund 1545 - Received in the Order at Malta in 1545. - - F. - - Fairfax, Nicholas 1522 - Commander of Temple Combe. - - Fitzmorth, Robert 1527 - - Fortescue, Adrian 1532 - This brave knight perished on the scaffold in - England at the time of the Reformation (vide - "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 628.); was enrolled among - the Saints; and his portrait, with a sprig of palm - in the hand, as an emblem of his martyrdom, is - now to be seen in one of the chapels of St. John's - Church at this island. The 8th of July is the - day now observed in commemoration of his sufferings, - and of those who suffered with him. - - Fortescue, Nicholas 1638 - This nobleman, of the same family as the preceding, - was received in the Order on his own urgent - application; and with the hope that, by his - assistance, the English language would be restored. - - G. - - Golings, Thomas 1520 - Commander of Bodisford. - - †Gonson, Sir David 1533 - The last lieutenant of the Turcopolier at Malta. - - †Gerard, Sir Henry 1541 - - Glene, Lewis 1555 - - H. - - Hyerton, George 1523 - - Hall, Thomas 1526 - - †Halison, James 1526 - - Hussey, Edmund 1528 - - Hussey, Nicholas 1531 - - Hill, Edward 1531 - - †Hornebill, Thomas 1536 - - I. - - Irving, James 1569 - Solely by the strenuous exertions of this knight it - was decided, in a general chapter held in 1569, - that the Scotch should enjoy the same dignities - and emoluments which had been previously - granted to the English and Irish knights. - - J. - - Jones, William 1522 - - L. - - Layton, Ambrose 1527 - Commander of Beverly. - - {192} - - Layton, Cuthbert 1528 - - Lyndesey, Walter 1532 - - Lambert, Nicholas 1538 - - M. - - Mobysteyn, John 1526 - Capellano, and Chancellor, of the Provincial - Chapter of the English Language. - - Massinbert, Oswaldus 1527 - - N. - - Newport, Thomas 1528 - Bailiff of Aquila, and Commander of Newland. - - Nevil, Richard 1528 - Commander of Willington. - - Newton, Thomas 1529 - - Newdegatt, Donston 1536 - - O. - - Ozis, John. - On the 16th of March, 1533, this knight obtained - permission to return to England. Vide fol. 168. - - P. - - Pole, Alban 1520 - Commander of Mount St. John. - - Philip, Thomas 1521 - - Plunket, Nicholas 1527 - - Pool, George 1531 - - Pool, Henry 1531 - - Pemperton, Thomas 1533 - Commander of Mount St. John. - - R. - - Ransom, John (Senior) 1521 - Prior of Ireland. - - Roberts, Nicholas 1522 - - Roche, Edward 1527 - - Ransom, William 1527 - - †Roger, Anthony 1533 - - †Ransom, John (Junior) 1533 - Turcopolier. - - †Russell, Philip 1536 - - †Russell, Anthony 1537 - - †Russell, Egidius 1554 - Governor of the city, and Captain of the forces. - - S. - - Sheffield, Thomas 1521 - Commander of Beverly. - - Sand, George 1528 - - †Sandiland, James 1530 - - Sutton, John 1530 - - Salisbury, William 1537 - - †Starkey, Oliver 1555 - Confidential secretary of La Valetta, and buried - in St. John's Church, at the foot of his tomb. - - †Shelley, Sir Richard 1566 - Prior of England, and last Turcopolier of his - language. On the 25th of June, 1567, Sir Richard - obtained permission to dispose of his property as - he wished. - - †Shelley, James 1566 - - †Shelley, John 1582 - - †Stuart, Fitzjames 1689 - A natural son of James II. A letter is now - existing in which this monarch requested the - Grand Master to receive his son as Grand Prior - of the English language, if it should be agreeable - to the will of the Pope. It may be noted that the - Germans were the only knights in the Convent - who would never admit a natural son of a noble - or monarch among them. - - T. - - Theril, William 1533 - - Tyrell, William 1535 - - U. - - Urton, George 1523 - - Upton, Nicholas 1536 - Turcopolier, and greatly distinguished in July, - 1551, when, at the head of thirty knights and - four hundred mounted volunteers, he very gallantly - repulsed Dragut's attack on the island. - Returning to the convent he died of his wounds. - On the 20th of June, 1565, Dragut fell mortally - wounded in the famous siege of Malta, and the - point where he was killed still bears his name. - His scimetar is now to be seen in the Maltese - armoury. - - W. - - Wagor, John 1523 - - Weston, Sir William 1525 - A brief historical description of Sir William - Weston's sufferings, decease, and burial will - be found in the second volume of Sutherland's - Knights of Malta, p. 115., which appears to be a - correct translation from Vertot's History of the - Order.--Vide "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 629.; and - Vertot, lib. 10. - - Wyhtt, Sir Rowland 1528 - - West, Clement 1532 - This knight was a Turcopolier, and never placed - his signature to a document without writing - immediately above it "As God wills." - - Wise, Andrew 1593 - Nominally Prior of England in 1598. Being reduced - to the greatest extremity, the Roman Pontiff - decreed that the language of Castile and Leon - should allow him out of its revenue a thousand - ducats a-year. The Spanish knights objecting to - pay this sum, there was a trial before the Grand - Master to enforce it; a report of which is now in - the Record Office. The Pope's decree was confirmed. - -{193} - -In looking through the records of the "English tongue," I have met with -the name of only one lady, Catherine Burchier, who was prioress of -Buckland in 1524. Any information respecting her history, or that of -the knights whose names are recorded in the above list, will be most -acceptable. - -WILLIAM WINTHROP. - -La Valetta, Malta. - - [Footnote 1: The language to which Boisgelin refers, was that - of England. A few years after the Reformation, and in 1545, the - council decreed that it was no longer required for those who - joined the English tongue to be noblemen. Vide fol. 35.] - - * * * * * - - -DUPORT'S LINES TO IZAAK WALTON. - -Sometime since I met with the following epigrams of the learned scholar, -divine, and loyalist James Duport, written on the fly-leaf of a copy of -his _Musæ Subsecivæ, seu Poetica Stromata_, presented by him to Izaak -Walton. I presume that they have never been printed, and that they were -written in Duport's own hand. If so, they may be thought worthy of a -place in the columns of "N. & Q." They will be read with some interest by -those who respect Duport, and love the memory of good old Izaak Walton. I -may add, that the autograph of I. W. is in the book, thus: - - "IZAAK WALTON, - Given by the Author, - 3ᴰ May, 1679." - -W. H. G. - -Winchester. - -"Ad virum optimum mihique amicissimum Isaacum Waltonum, de libris a -se editis, mihique dono missis, nec non de vita Hookeri, Herberti, et -aliorum: - - Munera magna mihi mittis; nec mittis in hamo - Rex Piscatorum sis licet, atque Pater. - Mutus ego ut piscis semper! nunquamne reponam? - Piscibus immo tuis et tibi mitto Sales: - Sed quid pro vitis Sanctorum? mitto Salutem; - Vita etenim non est vita, Salutis inops. - -Tuissimus, - -J. D." - -"Ad eundem de suâ Episcopi Sandersoni Vitâ. - - Quem Juvenis quondam didici, Tutore magistro, - Nunc Sandersonum, te duce, disco Senex. - Macte nove o Plutarche Biographe; dans aliorum - Qui vitas, vitam das simul ipse tibi: - Nempe eris æternum in Scriptis, Waltone, superstes, - Non etenim nôrunt hæc monumenta mori. - -J. DUPORT." - - * * * * * - - -SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE. - -_Zachariah Jackson._--"N. & Q." will not, I am sure, refuse to give his -due to Zachariah Jackson, the author of _Shakspeare's Genius Justified_, -by showing to how great an extent the conjectures of Jackson had, by -_thirty-four_ years, anticipated the _Notes and Emendations_. I subjoin -a list of the old corrector's emendations, which are also found in -Jackson's work: - - +------------------------+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+ - | | | |Page in | - | Play. | Text. | Emendation. |Collier. | - | | | | Page in | - | | | | Jackson.| - +------------------------+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+ - |Two Gentlemen of Verona,|"In telling |"In telling you | 18. | 9. | - | Act II. Sc. 1. | her mind." | her mind." | | | - | | | | | | - |Merry Wives of Windsor, |"She _carves_." |"She _craves_." | 30. | 17. | - | Act I. Sc. 3. | | | | | - | | | | | | - |Measure for Measure, |"_Propagation_ |"_Procuration_ | 43. | 39. | - | Act I. Sc. 3 | of a dower." | of a dower." | | | - | | | | | | - |Ditto Ditto |"What say'st |"What say'st | 49. | 44. | - | Act III. Sc. 2. | thou, _trot_?"| thou, _troth_?"| | | - | | | | | | - |Taming of the Shrew, |"Except they |"Except _while_ | 152.| 127.| - | Act IV. Sc. 4. | are busied." | they are | | | - | | | busied." | | | - | | | | | | - |All's Well that |"Happiness _and_|"Happiness _in_ | 159.| 89. | - | Ends Well, | prime." | prime." | | | - | Act III. Sc. 1. | | | | | - | | | | | | - |Twelfth Night, |"_Then_ cam'st |"_Thou_ cam'st | 181.| 31. | - | Act V. Sc. 1. | in smiling." | in smiling." | | | - | | | | | | - |Winter's Tale, |"So attir'd, |"So attir'd, | 192.| 142.| - | Act IV. Sc. 3. | _sworn_." | _so worn_." | | | - | | | | | | - |Henry V., |"_Untempering_ |"_Untempting_ | 264.| 229.| - | Act V. Sc. 2. | effect." | effect." | | | - +------------------------+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+ - -Besides these nine verbatim coincidences, the following four are very -approximate. - -_Taming of the Shrew_, Induction, Sc. 2: - - Folios.--"And when he says he is, say that he dreams." - - Collier MS.--"When he says _what_ he is, say that he - dreams."--_Notes and Emendations_, p. 142. - - Jackson.--"And what he says he is, say that he - dreams."--_Restorations and Illustrations_, p. 114. - -_Taming of the Shrew_, Act II. Sc. 1.: - - Folios.--"No such jade, _Sir_, as you, if me you mean." - - Collier MS.--"No such jade _to bear_ you, if me you - mean."--_Notes and Emendations_, p. 147. - - Jackson.--"No such jade as you,--_bear!_ if me you - mean."--_Restorations and Illustrations_, p. 119. - -_1 Henry VI._, Act V. Sc. 3.: - - Folios.--"Confounds the tongue, and makes the senses _rough_." - - Collier MS.--"Confounds the tongue, and _mocks_ the _sense of - touch_."--_Notes and Emendations_, p. 276. - - Jackson.--"Confounds the tongue, and makes the senses - _touch_."--_Restorations and Illustrations_, p. 233. - -_Cymbeline_, Act III. Sc. 4.: - - Folios.-- ... "Some jay of Italy, _Whose mother was her_ - painting, hath betray'd him." - - Collier MS.--"Who _smothers her with painting_, hath betray'd - him."--_Notes and Emendations_, p. 495. - - Jackson.--"Who _smoother_ was: her painting hath betray'd - him."--_Restorations and Illustrations_, p. 375. - -Besides these four emendations, which at any rate are very suggestive -of those in Mr. Collier's folio, I beg to call attention to Jackson's -defence of Theobald's (and his own) proposition to read _untread_ for -_unthread_, in _King John_, Act V. Sc. 4., which is strikingly like -Mr. Collier's defence of the same reading in the margin of the Folio -1632. {194} The whole of Jackson's notes on _King John_ are well worth -reading. I beg to mention two of these, as illustrations of old Jackson's -acuteness, when not under the warping influence of the _cacoëthes -emendandi_. His defence of _untrimmed bride_, in Act II. Sc. 1., is most -convincing. He says,-- - - "Constance stimulates [Lewis] to stand fast to his purpose, - and not to let the devil tempt him, in the likeness of an - _untrimmed_ bride, to waver in his determination; for that the - influence of the Holy See would strip King John of his present - royalty. Where then would be the great dowry Lewis was to - receive with his wife? At present he has only the _promise_ of - five provinces, and 30,000 marks of English coin; therefore as - the dowry has not been paid, Blanche is still an _untrimmed_ - bride."--_Recollections and Illustrations_, p. 179. - -His note on the use of _invisible_, in Act V. Sc. 7., is also excellent: - - "Death having prayed upon the reduced body of the king, quits - it, and now _invisible_, has laid siege to the mind." - -I have elsewhere stated my opinion that "all Jackson's emendations are -bad." I should have added that some few are very plausible and specious, -and worthy of consideration. I will mention one in _King John_, Act IV. -Sc. 2. Pembroke says,-- - - "If, what _in rest_ you have, in right you hold," &c. - -Now, _rest_ and _right_ are no antithesis, nor are they allied in -meaning. Jackson inserts a _t'_ between _in_ and _rest_-- - - "If, what _int'rest_ you have in right you hold," &c.-- - -which he supports by admirable parallels from the same play. I will cite -one more example of Jackson's sagacity, from his notes on _1 Henry IV._, -Act I. Sc. 3. Hotspur says,-- - - "Never did _bare and_ rotten policy," &c. - -Jackson reads,-- - - "Never did _barren_ rotten policy," &c. - -Mr. Collier never once refers to Jackson. Mr. Singer, however, talks -familiarly about Jackson, in his _Shakspeare Vindicated_, as if he had -him at his fingers' ends; and yet, at page 239., he favours the world -with an _original_ emendation (viz. "He did _behood_ his anger," _Timon_, -Act III. Sc. 1.), which, however, will be found at page 389. of Jackson's -book. I may be in error, but I cannot but think such ignorance, on the -part of professional Shakspearians, very culpable. - -C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. - -Birmingham. - -_On Three Passages in "Measure for Measure."_--I have to crave a small -space in your columns, which have already done much good service for -the text of Shakspeare, to make a very few remarks on three passages in -the play of _Measure for Measure_. It is no sweeping change of reading -that I am about to advocate, nor, as I think, anything over ingenious; -inasmuch as, in two of the passages in question, I propose to defend the -reading of the first folio, which, I contend, has been departed from -unnecessarily; while, in the third, I suggest the simple change of an _f_ -into an _s_. - -In Act II. Sc. 4., these lines occur in Angelo's soliloquy, in my folio -of 1623: - - "The state whereon I studied - Is like a good thing, being often read, - Growne feard and tedious." - -Mr. Knight, and other editors, read _feard_, as in the original, but give -no explanation; though such a strange epithet would seem to require one. -I propose to read _seared_, _i.e._ dry, the opposite of fresh. This, -as the saying is, "requires," I think, "only to be pointed out to be -admitted." - -Lower down in the same scene we find the following passage, in one of -Angelo's addresses to Isabel: - - "Such a person, - Whose creadit with the judge, or owne great place, - Could fetch your brother from the manacles - Of the all-building law." - -The word _building_ has always been a stumbling-block to editors. Johnson -first proposed to read _binding_, and his successors have adopted it, and -such is now the generally received reading. Mr. Collier's old corrector -is also in favour of the same change. I have always felt convinced, -however, that _building_ was the word which Shakspeare wrote. That -which answers to it in the A.-S. is _bytling_, _bytleing_, a building; -_bytlian_, to build; which are inflected from _byth_, _biotul_, a hammer -or mallet (whence our _beetle_); so that the strict meaning of the verb -is _firmare_, _confirmare_, to fasten, close, or bind together. This will -give much the same meaning to _building_ as that implied in the proposed -substitute _binding_. - -Not having met with the word used in this peculiar sense by any old -writer, I could not venture to maintain the reading of the folio on -these grounds, which I have just mentioned, alone. At length, however, I -have been successful, and I am now able to quote a passage from a work -published very shortly before this play, entitled: - - "The Jewel House of Art and Nature", &c., "faithfully and - familiarly set downe according to the Author's owne experience, - by Hugh Platte, of Lincoln's Inne, gentleman. London, 1594." - -in which this word _building_ is used in precisely the same sense as that -which I defend. In "the Preface of the Author," the following passage -occurs: - - "I made a condicionall promise of some farther discouerie in - arteficiall conceipts, then either my health {195} or leisure - would then permit: I am now resolued (notwithstanding the - vnkind acceptation of my first fruits, which then I feared and - hath since falne out, is a sufficient release in law of the - condition) to make the same in some sort absolute (though not - altogether according to the fulnesse of my first purpose), and - to become a _building_ word unto me." - -I apprehend that this parallel instance is all that is wanting to -preserve, for the future, the reading of the first folio unimpaired. - -The third passage on which I have a remark to offer, is that much -tormented one in Act III. Sc. 1., which stands in my first folio thus: - - "_Cla._ The prenzie, Angelo? - - _Isa._ Oh, 'tis the cunning liuerie of hell, - The damnest bodie to inuest, and couer - In prenzie gardes." - -I need not say a word about the various suggestions of _primzie_, -_priestly_, _princely_, _precise_, &c., which have appeared from time to -time; my business is solely with the original word in the first folio. I -have always felt sure that this is none other than the poet's own word, -and no error of the printer; for how could it be possible to make a -gross mistake in a word which occurs twice within four lines, and one, -moreover, so unusual; the printer must surely have been able to decipher -the letters from _one_ of the two written specimens. It will be observed -that there is a comma after _prenzie_ in the original, indicating that -the word is a substantive, not an adjective. Now what is the Italian for -a prince? Not only _principe_, but also _prenze_; and in like manner we -find _principessa_ and _prenzessa_. I have no doubt that what Shakspeare -_did_ write was-- - - "The prenzie, Angelo?" - -while a little lower down he converted the word into an adjective: - - "To inuest and couer - In prenzie gardes." - -It is obvious to remark that this meaning of _prenzie_ exactly fits the -sense: Angelo was a prince, and he was clad in robes of office, adorned -with princely "gardes," or trappings. Shakspeare, no doubt, was very well -acquainted with Italian tales and poems; the word may have become quite -familiar to him. His intention here, in putting the term in question -into Claudio's mouth, may have been to give an Italian character to the -scene, introducing thus the _local term of dignity_ of the deputy; thus -recalling the audience, by the occurrence of a single word, to the scene -of the plot; for though this is said to be in Vienna, yet it is to be -observed that not a name throughout the play is German, _everything is -Italian_. And let it not be objected that the use of this word involves -an obscurity which Shakspeare would have avoided; we are hardly able to -judge, now-a-days, whether a particular word was obscure or not in his -time: at all events, there would be no difficulty in adducing instances -of what we should call more obscure allusions, and I think there can be -little doubt that the well-educated in those days well understood the -Italian _prenze_ to mean a prince. - -H. C. K. - ----- Rectory, Hereford. - -_"Hamlet" and G. Steevens._--In Act I. Sc. 4., Horatio asks Hamlet "_What -does this_ mean, my Lord?" (The noise of music within). Hamlet replies: - - "The king doth wake to-night, and takes his rouse, - Keeps wassel, and _the swaggering up-spring reels_." - -G. Steevens, in a note of this passage, says: "The _swaggering up-spring_ -was _a German dance_." Is not the allusion directed to the king, whom -Hamlet describes as "a swaggering _up-spring_," or "_upstart_?" Should -not the line-- - - _"O horrible, O horrible, most horrible!"_ - -in the Ghost's narrative in the _fifth scene_, be given to Hamlet? - -JAMES CORNISH. - -Falmouth. - - * * * * * - - -Minor Notes. - -_Sir Francis Drake._--Having traversed the globe within three years, his -travels were thus noticed by a poet of his day: - - "Drake, pererrati novit quem terminus orbis, - Quemque semel mundi vidit uterque Polus. - Si taceant homines, faciant te sidera notum, - Sol nescit comitis non memor esse sui." - -CLERICUS (D.) - -_Similarity of Idea in St. Luke and Juvenal._--Examples of identity of -expression existing between the Scriptures and ancient heathen writers -have already appeared in "N. & Q." Permit me to add the following -passages, which appear to me to afford an instance of similarity of idea: - - "Λέγω ὑμῖν, ὅτι ἐὰν οὗτοι σιωπήσωσῖν, οἱ λίθοι - κεκρὰξονται."--_Luc._ cap xix. v. 40. - - "Audis, - Jupiter, hæc, nec labra moves, quum mittere vocem - Debueras, vel marmoreus, vel aëneus?" - - Juven. _Sat._ xiii. v. 113. - -The satirist would seem to say (taking the sceptic's view), that even if -Jupiter existed only in brass and marble, the very statues would "cry -out" against the impious perjury. - -I drop my initials, and beg to subscribe myself - -ARCH. WEIR. - -_Sincere._--Trench, _On the Study of Words_, 4th ed., p. 197., says: - - "They would be pleased to learn that 'sincere' may be, I will - not say that it is, without wax (sine cerâ), as the best and - finest honey should be." - -{196} - -Is not this derivation erroneous? _Sincere_ does not mean "pure, like -virgin-honey;" but it expresses the absence of deception. I doubt not -that it is derived from-- - - "The practice of Roman potters to rub wax into the flaws of - their unsound vessels when they sent them to market. A sincere - [without wax] vessel was the same as a sound vessel, one that - had no disguised flaw." - -So says Bushnell (_God in Christ_, p. 17.). The derivation is no novelty. -I reproduce it merely to correct an error which is obtaining currency -under the name of Mr. French. I should be obliged to any of your -correspondents who would refer me to, or still better cite, any passages -in the Latin classics relating to the practice I have mentioned. - -C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. - -Birmingham. - -_Epitaph in Appleby Church-yard, Leicestershire._-- - - "I was a fine young man, - As you would see in ten. - And when I thought of this, - I took in hand my pen, - And wrote it down so plain - That every one might see; - How I was cut down, - Like blossoms from a tree." - -J. G. L. - - * * * * * - - - - -Queries. - - -THE CRESCENT. - -I shall be obliged to any correspondent of "N. & Q." who will point out -the period at which the crescent became the standard of Mahometanism. -Poets and romancers freely bestow it upon any time or scene in which -Mussulmans are introduced; Sir Walter Scott mentions it in the -_Talisman_, but after the strange liberties he has taken with Saladin -and Richard, he becomes, on such a question, no higher authority than -writers of meaner name. I cannot find it in the history of Mahomet, or -in that of his immediate successors. The first time Michaud, in his fine -_Histoire des Croisades_, speaks of it is in the reign of Mahomet II., -which is many centuries after periods at which modern poets, and even -historians, have named it as the antagonistic standard to the cross. The -crescent is common upon the reverses of coins of the Eastern empire long -before the Turkish conquest, and was, I have reason to believe, in some -degree peculiar to the Sclave nations. Was it the standard of the Turks, -as contradistinguished from other Saracens? or, was it adopted by Mahomet -II. after his conquests of Constantinople and the eastern countries of -Europe? I am aware that if this last idea be substantiated, it will make -it much more modern than it is generally supposed to be, but our ideas of -everything, Turkish were for so long a time mixed with the wonderful and -the romantic, that we must not expect much correctness on such points. -The Turks came into fearful contiguity with the West in the fifteenth -century; Europe had as much to dread from them then as from the Russians -now. This event and the art of printing were almost cotemporary, and the -crescent has been presented to us as the symbol of Mahometanism ever -since; but I much doubt it can be proved to have been so at a far remoter -period. - -W. ROBSON. - -Stockwell. - - * * * * * - - -Minor Queries. - -_The Hebrew Testament._--Having lately completed the above work, so as -to be "ready for the press" without much delay, I should be glad before -I resign the MS. to the hands of the printer, to have the advantage of -the suggestions of those of your erudite readers who have made sacred -criticism their study. - -MOSES MARGOLIOUTH. - -_Dr. Franklin._--I possess the following lines in the handwriting of Dr. -Franklin, written in the year 1780. Can any of your readers tell me who -was the author of them, and when and where they were first printed? - - "When Orpheus went down to the Regions below, - Which men are forbidden to see; - He tun'd up his Lyre, as historians show, - To set his Euridice free. - All Hell was astonish'd, a person so wise - Should so rashly endanger his life, - And venture so far! But how vast their surprise - When they heard that he came for his wife. - - "To find out a punishment due to the fault - Old Pluto had puzzled his brain; - But Hell had not torments sufficient he thought, - So he gave him his _wife_ back again. - But pity succeeding, soon mov'd his hard heart, - And, pleas'd with his playing so well, - _He took her again_, in reward of his Art; - Such power had Music in Hell!" - -G. M. B. - -_Flemish Refugees._--In the troubled times of the Reformation, England -was not seldom the refuge for Flemings who, for the sake of religion, -abandoned their country. Among these was Mr. Joos Tuck, who, according -to a consistorial decision of Dec. 14, 1582, was proposed by G. Van Den -Haute, then pastor at Sluis, to the brethren of the Flemish Class, since -"they had taken knowledge of the sound and good gifts of their brother." -He left Sluis soon after, probably in July, 1583, and withdrew to -England. I should be glad to learn what befell him there. - -Peter Lambert was a student of the University of Ghent: though, as far -as I am aware, he is not {197} mentioned in Te Water's _History of the -Reformed Church and University in Ghent_. On July 21, 1583, a student -made known his wish to propose himself as candidate for the ministry; -and on August 4 appeared Peter Lambert, student of the University of -Ghent, before the consistory, requesting the brethren to grant him the -twenty-five guilders which had been promised; because, on account of -the troubled state of the country, he wished to flee to England, on -which request was decided: "Since a well-known and pious brother, who is -compelled to flee, is in need of help, let the deacons and _pensionary_ -of the town be addressed thereon." Very probably, therefore, he also took -refuge in England. Can any one give me farther information?--From the -_Navorscher_. - -J. H. VAN DALE. - -_"Sad are the rose leaves," &c._--Can you or any of your correspondents -tell me whence come the following lines?-- - - "Sad are the rose leaves which betoken - That there the dead lie buried low; - But sadder, when the heart is broken, - Are smiles upon the lips of woe." - -They are quoted from memory from the album of a lady friend. - -ISELDUNENSIS. - -_Wanted, the original_ habitat _of the following Sentences_: - -1. "Ministeriun circa, non magisterium supra, Scriptures." - -2. "Virtus rectorem ducemque desiderat, vitia sine magistro discuntur." - -3. "In necessariis unitas, in non-necessariis libertas, in omnibus -charitas." - -4. "Exiguum est ad legem bonum esse." Wetstein assigns this last to -Seneca, _Epist._ 17.; but there is some error. It very likely is in -Seneca. - -5. "Verbum audimus, motum sentimus, præsentiam credimus, modum nescimus." -Durandus is the author. - -6. "En rem indignam! nos qui jam tot annos sumus doctores S. Theologiæ, -denuo cogimur adire ludos literarios." Spoken by the adversaries of -Erasmus. - -What is the earliest authority for the story of St. John and his -partridge? - -Will MR. BOLTON CORNEY be kind enough to explain the occasion of Porson's -notable speech recorded on the last page of his _Curiosities Illustrated_? - -His sagacity was not at fault in suspecting a French origin for -D'Israeli's story, p. 89. See Bassompière, in _Retrospective Review_, -xiii. 346. - -S. Z. Z. S. - -_Tea-marks._--Accident threw in my way lately a catalogue of a large -sale of teas in Mincing Lane; and my attention was drawn to certain -marks against the several lots, which appeared to indicate particular -qualities, but to me, as uninitiated, perfectly incomprehensible. In this -dilemma I asked one of our principal brokers the meaning of all this, -and I was informed that teas are sampled and tasted by the brokers, and -divided in the main into seven classes, distinguished as follows: - -[Illustration] - -Can any of your correspondents tell us when this classification was -first introduced, or the origin of the first two characters? Can they -be Chinese, and the names given from some fancied resemblance to the -gallows, or the letter _T_ turned sideways? My friend the broker, though -a very intelligent man, could give me no information whatever on these -points. - -W. T. - -42. Lowndes Square. - -_William the Conqueror's Surname._--Had William a surname? If so, what -was it? By surname I mean such as is transmitted from father to son, not -the epithets he used to bestow on himself in documents, as "I, William -the Bastard," "I, William the Conqueror," &c. - -TEE BEE. - -_Old Saying._-- - - "Merry be the first - And merry be the last, - And merry be the first of August." - -Having frequently heard this old saying, I take the liberty of asking, -through your much valued paper, it any of your readers are able to tell -me its origin? - -EDM. L. BAGSHAWE. - -Bath Literary Institution. - -_To pluck a Crow with One._--It is a common expression in all ranks, I -believe, of this country, to speak of "plucking a crow" with such a one; -meaning to call him to account for some delinquency. Can any of your -correspondents inform me of the origin of the phrase? - -W. W. - -_"Well's a fret."_--When, after a short pause in conversation, any -one utters the interjection, "Well!" it is a very common practice in -Nottingham to say: - - "... and _well's a fret_, - He that dies for love will not be hang'd for debt." - -I have asked a great number of persons for an explanation, but they all -use the phrase without any meaning. Can you, or any of your readers, tell -me if it have any; or if it be only nonsensical doggrel? - -DEVONIENSIS. - -{198} - -_Pay the Piper._--This expression surely has a firm foundation. Can any -of your correspondents trace it? - -W. T. M. - -Hong Kong. - -_Greek Inscription upon a Font, mentioned by Jeremy Taylor._-- - - "This was ingeniously signified by that Greek inscription upon - a font, which is so prettily contrived, that the words may be - read after the Greek or after the Hebrew manner, and be exactly - the same: - - 'Νίψον ἀνόμημα, μὴ μόναν ὄψιν,' - - 'Lord, wash my sin, and not my face only.'"--_Life of Christ_, - part i. sect. 9. disc. 6., "On Baptism," vol. ii. p. 235., - Eden's edition. - -Can any reader of "N. & Q." state the bishop's authority for this -ingenious device? - -A. TAYLOR. - -_Acharis._--The following is extracted from Dugdale's _Monasticon_: - - "Radulphus Wicliff armiger tenet in Wicliff duas partes - decimarum de dominicis quondam _Acharis_, quondam ad 5. s. - modò nihil quia ut dicit sunt inclusæ in parco suo, ideo ad - consilium." - -What is the meaning of the term _Acharis_, and of the passage? It is an -extract from the _Rentale spiritualium Possessionum atque temporalium -Prioratus Sancti Martini juxta Richmund in agro Eboracensi_. - -A. W. H. - -_Attainment of Majority._--Professor DE MORGAN will, I am sure, permit me -to put this question to him: - -In a short treatise "On Ancient and Modern Usage in Reckoning," written -by him for the _Companion to the Almanac_ of 1850, he explains, at page -9., the usage of attainment of majority in these words: - - "Nevertheless in the law, which here preserves _the old - reckoning_, he is of full age on the 9th: though he were born - on the 10th, he is of age to execute a settlement _a minute - after midnight_ on the morning of the 9th." - -I want to have this statement reconciled with the opening scene of Ben -Jonson's _Staple of News_, where Pennyboy jun. counts, as his watch -strikes--"one, two, three, four, five, six!"-- - - "Enough, enough, dear watch, - Thy pulse hath beat enough - --The hour is come so long expected," &c. - -Then "the fashioner" comes in to fit on the heir's new clothes; he had -"waited below 'till the clock struck," and gives, as an excuse, "your -worship might have pleaded _nonage_, if you had got 'em on ere I could -make just affidavit of the time." - -All these particulars are too _verbatim_ to admit of doubt as to the -peculiar usage of that time; and from other sources I know that Ben -Jonson was right: but it is not alluded to in the treatise first -mentioned, nor is it stated when the usage was altered to "a minute after -midnight." - -A. E. B. - -Leeds. - -_Hartman's Account of Waterloo._--In the note to the 3rd Canto of _Childe -Harold_, Stanza 29, Lord Byron says: - - "The place where Major Howard fell was not far from two tall - and solitary trees, which stand a few yards from each other at - a pathway's side. Beneath these he died and was buried. The - body has since been removed to England." - -I have a copy on which one has written-- - - "Hartman's account is full and interesting. He was in - conversation with Major Howard when he was killed; and - afterwards gave directions for his burial. Though no poet, he - could describe graphically what he saw and did." - -The position of Hartman, and his apparent familiarity with Major Howard, -seem to take him out of the herd of writers on Waterloo; but I cannot -learn who he was, or what he wrote. Can any of your readers tell me? The -note may have been made in mere wantonness, but it looks genuine. - -G. D. - -_Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury._--When was Henry Chicheley, -Archbishop of Canterbury, born; who, Camden tells us, was the "greatest -ornament" of Higham Ferrers? I have seen his birth somewhere stated to -have taken place in the year 1360; but no day or month was given. I -should also be glad to know to what extent he was a contributor towards -the restoration of Croydon Church, the tower and porch of which bear his -arms? - -R. W. ELLIOT. - -_Translation of Athenæus._--I find, in the _Classical Journal_, xxxviii. -11., published in 1828, that an English translation of Athenæus had been -completed before his death by R. Fenton, Esq., F.R.S., author of the -_History of Pembrokeshire_. The writer farther says: "We have reason to -believe that the MS. is now in possession of his son, the Rev. S. Fenton, -Vicar of Fishguard in Pembrokeshire." Has this version, or any part of -it, ever been published? - -P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A. - -_Passages from Euripides._--Rogers translates two fine passages from -Euripides: - - "There is a streamlet issuing from a rock," &c. - -and - - "Dear is that valley to the murmuring bees," &c. - -Where is the original Greek to be found? - -F. - -_Anderson's Royal Genealogies._--Is there any memoir or biographical -account extant of James Anderson, D.D., the learned compiler of that most -excellent and valuable work bearing the above title, and published in -London, 1732, fol.? - -G. - - -{199} - -Minor Queries with Answers. - -_Louis le Hutin._--When or for what reason was the _sobriquet_ "Hutin" -attached to Louis X. of France? And what is the meaning of "Hutin?" - -F. S. A. - -[_Hutin_ is defined by Roquefort, _brusque_, _emporté_, _querelleur_, -from the Low Latin _Hutinus_; and in illustrating the word he furnishes -the following reply to our correspondent's Query: "Mezerai rapporte que -Louis X. fut surnommé _Hutin_, parceque, dès son enfance, il aimait à -quereller et à se battre, et que ce surnom fut lui donné par allusion -à un petit maillet dont se servent les tonneliers, appelé _hutinet_, -parce-qu'il fait beaucoup de bruit."] - - * * * * * - - - - -Replies. - - -BEE-PARK--BEE-HALL. - -(Vol. v., pp. 322. 498.) - -Enjoying as we do the advantages of the extension of scientific -knowledge, and its application to our routine of daily wants, we are -apt to forget that our forefathers were without many things we deem -essentials. Your correspondents C. W. G. and B. B. have touched upon a -curious feature of antiquity, which science and commerce have rendered -obsolete. Yet, before the introduction of sugar, bees were important -ministers to the luxuries of the great, as mentioned at the above-cited -pages. I was struck with the following passage in the first forest -charter of King Henry III.: - - "Every freeman ... shall likewise have the honey which shall be - found in his woods." - -This, in a charter second only in importance, perhaps, to Magna Charta -itself, sounds strange to our ideas; moderns would not think it a very -royal boon. But the note with which Mr. R. Thomson (_Historical Essay -on the Magna Charta of King John_, p. 352.) illustrates this passage is -interesting, and, though rather long, may be worth insertion in your -columns: - - "The second part of this chapter secures to the woodland - proprietor all the honey found in his woods; which was - certainly a much more important gift than it would at first - appear, since the Hon. Daines Barrington remarks, that perhaps - there has been no lawsuit or question concerning it for the - last three hundred years. In the middle ages, however, the - use of honey was very extensive in England, as sugar was not - brought hither until the fifteenth century; and it was not - only a general substitute for it in preserving, but many of - the more luxurious beverages were principally composed of it, - as mead, metheglin, pigment, and morat, and these were famous - from the Saxon days, down even to the time of the present - charter (1217). In the old Danish and Swedish laws bees form a - principal subject; and honey was a considerable article of rent - in Poland, in which it was a custom to bind any one who stole - it to the tree whence it was taken. The Baron de Mayerberg also - relates, that when he travelled in Muscovy in 1661, he saw - trees there expressly adapted to receive bees, which even those - who felled their own wood were enjoined to take down in such a - manner that they who prepared them should have the benefit of - the honey. Nor was the wax of less importance to the woodland - proprietors of England, since candles of tallow are said to - have been first used only in 1290, and those of wax were so - great a luxury, that in some places they were unknown: but a - statute concerning wax-chandlers, passed in 1433 (the 11th of - Henry VI. chap. 12.), states that wax was then used in great - quantities for the images of saints. Only referring, however, - to the well-known use of large wax tapers by King Alfred in - the close of the ninth century, it may be observed that in the - laws of Hoel Dha, king of South Wales, which are acknowledged - as authentic historical documents, made about A.D. 940, of - much older materials, is mentioned the right of the king's - chamberlain to as much wax as he could bite from the end of - a taper."--_Coke_; _Manwood_; _Barrington_; _Statutes of the - Realm_. - -Perhaps you will allow a few words more in illustration of B. B.'s Query -(Vol. v., p. 498.). A recent correspondent, writing of some modern -experiments on the venom of toads, suggests the propriety of contributing -to a list of "vulgar errors" which have proved to be "vulgar truths." It -would not much surprise me to learn that, after all, the popular belief -in the efficacy of the rough music of the key and warming-pan might be -added to his list. At all events the reason stated by B. B. to prove its -uselessness, viz. that bees have no sense of hearing, must, I think, be -abandoned, as a Query of MR. SYDNEY SMIRKE (Vol. vii., p. 499.), and an -answer (Vol. vii., p. 633.), will show. That all insects are possessed -of hearing, naturalists seem now as well convinced of as that they have -eyes; though some naturalists formerly considered they were not, as -Linnæus and Bonnet; while Huber (his interesting observations on bees -notwithstanding) seems to have been quite undecided on the point. Bees, -as well as all other insects, hear through the medium of their antennæ, -which in a subordinate degree are used as feelers; observing which, -perhaps, Huber and others were indisposed to ascribe to them the sense in -question. - -In reference to MR. SYDNEY SMIRKE'S Query, so far from other naturalists -confirming Huber's observations as to the effect produced by the sound -emitted by the _Sphynx atropos_ on the bees, besides Dr. Bevan (quoted -Vol. vii., p. 633.), the intelligent entomologist, Mr. Duncan, author -of the entomological portion of _The Naturalist's Library_ (vol. xxxiv. -pp. 53-55.), completely disproves them. He tells us that he has closely -watched bees, and has seen the queen attack the larva cells; but the -sentinels, notwithstanding the reiteration of the queenly sound, so far -from remaining motionless, {200} held their sovereign in check, and -stubbornly persisted in the defence of their charge against the attacks -of their queen and mother. Besides this disproval of the incapacitation -of bees by the emission of a sound, another from the experiments of Huber -himself may be mentioned. He introduced a _Sphynx atropos_ into a hive in -the daytime, and it was immediately attacked and killed by the workers. -Query, Might not the explanation of the robbery of hives by this moth be, -that the darkness of night incapacitates the bees, while it is the time -nature has provided for the wanderings of the _Sphynx_? - -TEE BEE. - - * * * * * - - -MILTON'S WIDOW. - -(Vol. vii., p. 596.; Vol. viii., pp. 12. 134.) - -A contribution of mine to the miscellaneous vol. of the Chetham Society's -publications having been introduced to your readers by the handsome -notice of MR. HUGHES, I feel bound to notice the objection raised by -your correspondent GARLICHITHE (Vol. viii., p. 134.), who has confounded -Randle the _grandfather_ and Randle the _son_ of the writer of these -letters quoted by Mr. Hunter. Richard Minshull, who was the writer of -these letters in 1656, and died in the following year, had several sons, -of whom the eldest, Randle, correctly described by MR. HUGHES as the -great-great-grandson of the Minshull who first settled at Wistaston, -had seven children, of whom Elizabeth, the widow of Milton, was one. -She was baptized at Wistaston on the 30th Dec. 1638. In 1680 (about six -years after her husband's death), by means of a family arrangement with -Richard Minshull of Wistaston, frame-work knitter, who, there can be -little doubt, was her brother, evidenced by a bond in my possession, she -acquired a leasehold interest in a farm at Brindley, near Nantwich. On -the 20th July, 1720, by her name and description of Elizabeth Milton, of -Nantwich, widow, she administered to the effects of her brother, John -Minshull, in the Consistory Court of Chester; and her will, the probate -of which is also in my possession, is dated 22nd August, and proved 10th -October, 1727. MR. HUGHES having given a reference to the volume where -this information will be found in detail, a reference to it might have -saved GARLICHITHE the trouble of starting an objection, and shown him -that, so far from the facts stated being irreconcilable with Mr. Hunter's -tract, that gentleman's reference to Randle Holme's _Correspondence_ -was suggested by a communication of my own to _The Athenæum_, and in -its turn furnished me with the clue from which I eventually ascertained -the particulars of Mrs. Milton's birth and parentage. I am sorry to say -that I have wholly failed in finding the register of her marriage: it is -not in the register-book of her native place. It might be worth while -to search the register of the parishes in which Milton's residence in -Jewin Street, and Dr. Paget's in Coleman Street, are situate. There is -no uncertainty as to the date, which Aubrey tells us was in "the yeare -before the sicknesse." - -Though CRANMORE (Vol. v., p. 327.) is said to be a deserter from the -ranks of "N. & Q.," I hope he is known to some of your readers, and that -they will convey to him a hint that he is under something like a promise -to furnish information, which, as regards Dr. Paget's connexion with the -poet's widow, will still be welcome. - -J. F. MARSH. - -Despite his acknowledged infidelity, I must tender my thanks to -GARLICHITHE for his obliging reference to Mr. Hunter's tract; albeit -there is, I may be permitted to suggest, no position assumed in any note -upon Milton's widow which that tract in any way contravenes or sets -aside. The fact is, GARLICHITHE, in the outset, entirely misapprehends -the nature of my argument; and so leads himself, by a sort of literary -"Will-o-the-wisp," unconsciously astray. - -It was not Randle the _grandfather_ of Richard Minshull, writer of the -two letters transcribed by Mr. Hunter, but Randle the eldest _son_ of -this Richard Minshull to whom I referred as the father of Elizabeth -Milton. Nor is it _possible_ that this Elizabeth could have "died in -infancy," seeing that I possess a copy of a bond (the original is also -extant) from her brother Richard, then of Wistaston, where he was -baptized April 7, 1641, secured to her as Elizabeth _Milton_, dated June -4, 1680. - -As to the marriage itself, it may have taken place in London, where the -poet resided; or, which is more probable, at or near the residence of -their mutual friend, Dr. Paget. Milton was certainly not over-careful -about ritual observances, and it is not therefore unlikely that the rigid -Puritan preferred a private, or what is termed a civil marriage, to one -religiously and properly conducted in the church of his forefathers. - -T. HUGHES. - - * * * * * - - -PECULIAR ORNAMENT IN CROSTHWAITE CHURCH. - -(Vol. viii., p. 55.) - -It is probable that these circles with eight radiations are the original -dedication-crosses of the church. Such crosses are still to be seen -painted on the piers of the nave in Roman Catholic churches. Durandus, -describing the consecration of a church, says: - - "In the meanwhile within the building twelve lamps be burning - before twelve crosses, which be depicted on the walls of the - church.... Lastly, he [the bishop] anointeth with chrism the - twelve crosses {201} depicted on the wall."--Durandus _On - Symbolism_, ed. Neale and Webb, p. 115. - -In the Pontifical, _De Ecclesiæ Dedicatione_, the rubric directs,-- - - "Item, depingantur in parietibus Ecclesiæ intrinsecùs per - circuitum duodecim cruces, circa decem palmos super terram, - videlicet tres pro quolibet, ex quatuor parietibus. Et ad - caput cujuslibet crucis figatur unus clavus, cui affigatur una - candela unius unciæ." - -Dedication-crosses occur at Salisbury Cathedral, and at Uffington Church, -Berks, and in both cases on the exterior of the buildings. - -The crosses at Salisbury are seven in number, viz. one over each -side-door at the west end, two on the buttresses of the north and south -transepts, two on the buttresses of the east end, and one in the centre -of the east wall. The number at Uffington is twelve, disposed as follows: -Three under the east window, three under the west window, one under the -south window of the south transept, one under the north window of the -north transept, one on the south wall of the nave, one on the north wall -of the nave, one on the south wall of the chancel, and one in the east -wall of the south transept. In each case the crosses have been of brass -inlaid in the wall, with the exception of one, which is of stone, and of -more elaborate design. The _rationale_ of dedication-crosses, according -to Durandus, is,-- - - "First, as a terror to evil spirits, that they, having been - driven forth thence, may be terrified when they see the sign - of the cross, and may not presume to enter therein again. - Secondly, as a mark of triumph; for crosses be the banners of - CHRIST, and the signs of his triumph.... Thirdly, that such - as look on them may call to mind the passion of CHRIST, by - which he hath consecrated his Church, and their belief in his - passion," &c.--Page 125. - -Under these aspects the exterior would seem the more fitting, and may -have been the original position of them. Perhaps MR. ELLIOT will inform -us what is the number of crosses at Crosthwaite? - -CHEVERELLS. - - * * * * * - - -CURIOUS MISTRANSLATIONS. - -(Vol. vi., p. 321.) - -I have found, in _D'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature_, two or three -instances in which he mistranslates from the French. The first occurs in -the following passage in the article headed "Inquisition:" - - "Once all were Turks when they were not Romanists. Raymond, - Count of Toulouse, was constrained to submit. _The inhabitants - were passed on the edge of the sword_, without distinction of - age or sex." - -From the words which I have marked for Italics, it is clear that -D'Israeli translated the passage from some French author; but not being -aware of the idiomatic expression "passer au fil de l'épée," and that it -means "to put to the sword," he translated the words in their literal -sense, which in English is no sense at all. - -The second example will be found in the article headed "Mysteries, -Moralities," &c. D'Israeli quotes some extracts from the _Mystery of St. -Dennis_, and concludes with the following on the subject of baptism: - - "Sire, oyez que fait ce fol prestre: - Il prend de l'yaue _en_ une escuelle, - Et gete aux gens sur le cervele, - Et dit que _partants_ sont sauvés." - -which he translates thus: - - "Sir, hear what this mad priest does: - He takes water _out of_ a ladle, - And, throwing it at people's heads, - He says that _when they depart_ they are saved!" - -The error of "out of" for "into" is unimportant; but not so where -he renders "partants" by "when they depart." The word "partant," in -the original, is an adverb, and means "thereupon," "forthwith." This -D'Israeli has mistaken for "partant," the participle of "partir:" and -hence the erroneous construction given to the passage. - -A third sample occurs in the same article, where the author quotes from -one of the dramas called _Sotties_, a passage in which are these lines: - - "Tuer les gens pour leurs plaisirs, - _Jouer le leur_, l'autrui saisir." - -These he translates as follows: - - "Killing people for their pleasures, - _Minding their own interests_, and seizing on what belongs to another." - -Here we have "jouer le leur," to gamble, rendered by "to mind their -own interests;" a rather equivocal method, it must be confessed, of -accomplishing that object. - -These are among the very few instances in which D'Israeli, by quoting -from the original authorities, enables us to form an opinion as to -the correctness of his anecdotes; and when we consider that by far -the greater proportion of these are drawn from French sources, there -is reason to apprehend that they may not have always been given with -sufficient fidelity. I am confirmed in this view by another quotation -which D'Israeli seems to have misunderstood. He is speaking of the feudal -custom of the French barons, according to which they were allowed to -cohabit with the new bride during the first three nights after marriage. -Upon this he remarks: - - "Montesquieu is infinitely French when he could turn this - shameful species of tyranny into a bon mot; for he boldly - observes on this: 'C'était bien ces trois nuits là qu'il - fallait choisir; car pour les autres on {202} n'aurait pas - donné beaucoup d'argent.' The legislator, in the wit, forgot - the feelings of his heart." - -I have never been able to conceive what meaning D'Israeli could have -attached to this quotation from Montesquieu, so as to torture it into a -_bon mot_. Not only is there nothing of the kind in the words he quotes, -but there is not even an attempt at it. The writer merely suggests a -reason for the preference given to the first three nights; and in doing -so he expresses the sentiments of the barons, and not his own. And yet, -it is upon this strange misapprehension of Montesquieu's meaning, that -D'Israeli lays at the door of that illustrious man the imputation of -being "infinitely French," and of forgetting, for the sake of a _bon -mot_, the feelings of his heart! - -HENRY H. BREEN. - -St. Lucia. - - * * * * * - - -"TO SPEAK IN LUTESTRING." - -(Vol. iii., p. 188.) - -The Query on the meaning of the phrase "to speak in lutestring," used by -Philo-Junius, has remained so long without an answer, that to attempt to -give one now seems almost to require an apology. I will however do so. In -Letter XLVII., dated May 28, 1771, Philo-Junius says: - - "I was led to trouble you with these observations by a passage, - which, _to speak in lutestring_, 'I met with this morning in - the course of my reading,' and upon which I mean to put a - question to the advocates for privilege." - -Now we know, that if two lutes, or other stringed instruments, be placed -near each other, when a chord of one of them is struck, the corresponding -chord of the other will vibrate in unison, and give a similar note; one -lutestring will echo the other. The story of the maiden who believed -that the spirit of her dead lover was near her, because his harp sounded -responsive notes to hers, and who died heart-broken when she was -undeceived, is sufficiently well known. "To speak in lutestring" is then -to speak as another man's echo; and Philo-Junius here was the echo of the -Duke of Grafton, and used this affected phrase derisively, as being a -favourite, or at least well-known expression of his. In a letter which is -appended as a note to Letter XX., and which is dated six days previous to -the one just quoted, viz. May 22, 1771, he says: - - "But Junius has a great authority to support him, which, _to - speak with the Duke of Grafton_, 'I accidentally met with this - morning in the course of my reading.' It contains an admonition - which cannot be repeated too often," &c. - -I have not found the phrase "to speak in lutestring" anywhere else; but -I think, from a comparison of these two quotations, that it must mean -what I have supposed it to mean--to speak as the echo or exact repeater -of another man's words. Where can instances be found of the Duke of -Grafton's using this expression, which Philo-Junius ridicules? - -W. FRASER. - -Tor-Mohun. - - * * * * * - - -BURIAL IN UNCONSECRATED PLACES. - -(Vol. vi. _passim._) - -So many interesting notices have been made by your correspondents on the -subject of peculiar interments,--skipping about from one part of the -country to another, and dropping down from the south into Lincolnshire, -as if in search of farther instances,--that I am induced to add to the -number of records, by stating the fact as to the late Mr. Dent, of -Winterton, whose body, at his particular request, was deposited after his -death in his own garden, on the south of the house in Winterton, where he -not only lived but died. - -Friend Jonathan, as he was familiarly called, was a man of shrewd -understanding, and possessing strong common sense; yet, like others, -he had his failings, and amongst them the _amor nummi_ was not the -least obtrusive. As a very wealthy man he was looked up to by a little -aspiring community of Quakers in the neighbourhood; and his own dress, -when in a better suit, exhibited an appearance of his connexion with that -fraternity. - -The Quakers had a small burial-ground at Thealby, in the parish of -Burton-upon-Stother, which I some years ago had the curiosity to inspect, -but such a forlorn lost place for such a sober and serious purpose I -never in my life before looked upon; it is posited at a little distance -from the public road entering Thealby from Winterton, where no doubt at -one time stood a lot of cottages and crofts, surrounded by common stone -walls, made from the flat stone of the neighbourhood. But so small and -so neglected was this burial place, that I could compare it to nothing -better than an old parish pinfold; it had been so little attended to -when I visited it, that the whole area was under a most luxuriant crop -of flourishing nettles, six or seven feet high. And as to graves, or the -purport of its occupation, we could see nothing; and yet its position was -such that with ordinary attention it might have been even a picturesque -spot, having three or four large trees overlooking it. - -Upon an after inquiry I was told that a funeral had lately taken -place here, at which Friend Jonathan was the presiding attendant. But -in preparation for this ceremony they had found so much difficulty -in stubbing up the strong nettles, and digging the roots to form a -decent grave; and it was after all so difficult to find comfortable -standing-room about the grave, that I have ever {203} since concluded -that Mr. Dent must have been disgusted with it, as, upon depositing their -lost friend in the earth, he, as spokesman, thought it unnecessary to -make any observations, and he recommended that they should at once cover -the body up; and so it was done. - -That Mr. Dent had any antipathy to the church I do not know, but that he -had a great dislike to paying unnecessary fees I have a good recollection -of. Before his death he requested that his body should be deposited in -his own garden; and his request was attended to by his nephew. - -After the old gentleman's death, the present Mr. Dent, with a -praiseworthy attention, repaired and restored in the Elizabethan style -the old dilapidated dwelling-house and homestead where his uncle lived. -And I one day paid a visit to the grave, which is an unpretending ridge -on a well-mown grass-plat, and which, with the house and ground, appeared -to be properly attended to; and so, I presume, it continues to be. - -WM. T. HESLEDEN. - -J. H. M., in bringing forward Baskerville as an example of this unusual -occurrence, says, that "he directed he should be buried under a -_windmill_ near his garden." In a volume of Epitaphs, printed at Ipswich -in 1806, once the property of Archdeacon Nares, and containing several -MS. notes by him, Baskerville's is given, with a note by the editor, in -which he is stated to have been "inurned according to his own desire in a -_conical building_ near his late widow's house." The epitaph, written by -Baskerville himself, commences with these lines-- - - "Stranger, - Beneath this _cone_, in _unconsecrated_ ground, - A friend to the liberties of mankind directed - His body to be inurned." - -The expression in each case, respecting the place of his interment, seems -scarcely strong enough for us to conclude it was a _windmill_. Perhaps J. -H. M. will kindly favour me with the authority for his statement. Nares -has made the following note on the epitaph at the bottom of the page: - - "I heard John Wilkes, after praising Baskerville, add, 'But he - was a terrible infidel; he used to shock me!'" - -R. W. ELLIOT. - -Clifton. - - * * * * * - - -PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. - - [At the suggestion of several correspondents we have reprinted - from _The Athenæum_ of the 22nd Nov. 1851, the article - detailing the new process by Mr. Muller referred to by the Rev. - MR. SISSON in our last Number.] - -_Mr. Muller's Process._--"The following photographic process has been -communicated to us by Mr. C. J. Muller, from Patna in the East Indies. -We have submitted it to an experienced photographer; and he informs us -that it offers many advantages over the Talbotype or the Catalissotype -of Dr. Woods, which it somewhat resembles; that it is easy in all its -manipulatory details, and certain in its results. We give Mr. Muller's -own words-- - -"'A solution of hydriodate of iron is made in the proportion of eight -or ten grains of iodide of iron to one ounce of water. This solution I -prepare in the ordinary way with iodine, iron-turnings, and water.--The -ordinary paper employed in photography is dressed on one side with a -solution of nitrate of lead (fifteen grains of the salt to an ounce -of water). When dry, this paper is iodized either by immersing it -completely in the solution of the hydriodate of iron, or by floating -the leaded surface on the solution. It is removed after the lapse of a -minute or two, and lightly dried with blotting-paper. This paper now -contains iodide of lead and protonitrate of iron. While still moist, it -is rendered sensitive by a solution of nitrate of silver (one hundred -grains to the ounce) and placed in the camera. After an exposure of the -duration generally required for Talbot's paper, it may be removed to a -dark room. If the image is not already out, it will be found speedily -to appear in great strength and with beautiful sharpness _without any -farther application_. The yellow tinge of the lights may be removed by a -little hyposulphite of soda, though simple washing in water seems to be -sufficient to fix the picture. The nitrate of lead nay be omitted; and -plain paper only, treated with the solution of the hydriodate of iron, -and acetic acid may be used with the nitrate of silver, which renders it -more sensitive. The lead, however, imparts a peculiar colorific effect. -The red tinge brought about by the lead may be changed to a black one by -the use of a dilute solution of sulphate of iron:--by which, indeed, the -latent image may be very quickly developed. The papers however will not -keep after being iodized.' - -"Mr. Muller suggests, that as iodide of lead is completely soluble in -nitrate of silver, it might furnish a valuable photographic fluid, which -could be applied at any moment when required. - -"No small degree of interest attaches to this process, originating in -experiments carried on in Central India. It appears perfectly applicable -to the albumenized glass and collodion processes." - -_Detail on Negative Paper._--I have not observed before this, that any -photographic operator has "noted" the burnishing of the iodised paper -previous to adding the exciting solution, though I know it is usual to -burnish before taking a proof. This is a very useful adjunct to obtaining -minuteness, and it is a plan I have sometimes adopted. I at first thought -it would injure or knock off the iodized surface, but no injury whatever -arises from the rubbing. I use a small piece of glass rod, polished flat -at one end, so that it may present {204} a facet about half an inch -square; but I should imagine a better instrument might be manufactured -with a proper handle, and some mode of obtaining pressure; not obtaining -sufficient is the cause of a little after-disarrangement if the nitrate -of silver is laid on with a brush, but if floated the polish remains. - -It cannot be doubted but paper is adequate to any detail; and when a -paper shall be manufactured of a perfect kind, there is no reason to -suppose but paper generally will rival collodion for most purposes. - -Nothing prevents it at present but the uneven surface of paper. It is -very nearly perfect in the French negative paper; but that has so many -other drawbacks to its use that it cannot be safely depended upon. Our -manufacturers have still some improvements to make; for if Canson Frères -had left out the blackening chemical in the paper, it would have been -better than any of ours in my estimation. - -WELD TAYLOR. - -_Ammonio-nitrate of Silver._--Will any of your scientific correspondents -explain the chemical cause of my inability to form the ammonio-nitrate -of silver from a solution of nitrate of silver upon which albumenized -paper has been previously floated? Having excited some albumenized paper -on a forty-grain solution of nitrate of silver, I kept the solution -which had not been consumed for the purpose of converting it into -the ammonio-nitrate. But on dropping in the ammonia, not only did no -precipitate take place, but the ammoniacal smell which usually gives -place to the tarry odour remained. No albumen appeared to be dissolved -from the paper, and the solution had lost none of its silver, which -I subsequently collected by means of having formed a chloride. This -has occurred to me more than once, and I call attention to it, as the -investigation of it may lead to some new results. - -PHILO-PHO. - - * * * * * - - -Replies to Minor Queries. - -"_Up, Guards, and at them!_" (Vol. v., p. 426.; Vol. viii., pp. 111. -184.).--It will, I hope, close all debate on this anecdote, to state that -the account I gave of it in Vol. v., p. 426., was from the Duke himself. -I thought it very unlike him to have given his order in such a phrase, -and I asked him how the fact was, and he answered me to the effect I have -already stated. - -C. - -_German Heraldry_ (Vol. viii., p. 150.).--Your Querist will probably find -what he inquires for in Fursten's _German Arms_, published at Nurenberg -in folio, 1696. The plates are sometimes divided and bound in three -or four oblong volumes. The work known as Fursten's _German Arms_ was -commenced by Siebmacker, continued by Furst and Helman, and, in 1714, by -Weigel. It is often quoted under these respective names; but of later -years, more frequently under that of Weigel's _Book of German Arms_ -(Weigel Wapenbuch). It consists of six Parts, and professes to give the -arms of the principal nobility of the Roman kingdom: dukes, princes, -princely counts; lords and persons of position, foregone and existing, in -all the provinces and states of the German empire. The Preface is by John -David Köhler. - -G. - -In the year 1698 a book was published by J. A. Rudolphi, at Nurenberg, -entitled _Heraldica Curiosa_. It is in German, a thin folio, with an -innumerable quantity of engravings of the arms of German families. - -J. B. - -_The Eye_ (Vol. viii., p. 25.).--I hope that interesting question raised -by your correspondent H. C. K., respecting the term "apple of the eye," -will meet with attention from some philologist. It might help to solve -it, if it could be discovered when the phrase first came into use in our -language. Is it possible that the word "apple" is a corruption of the -Latin "pupilla?" or is it, according to H. C. K.'s suggestion, that the -iris, and not the pupil, is taken to represent an apple? Doubtless your -learned correspondent is aware that in Zech. ii. 12. the Hebrew phrase -is varied, the word בָּבָה being used, and occurring only in this -passage. If Gesenius's derivation of this word be correct, which makes -it to signify "the gate of the eye," we have this idea put into a fresh -shape. Have not the Arabs a phrase, "He is dearer to me than the _pupil_ -of mine eye," as well as the other one, "The man of the eye?" Curiously -enough, the Greeks express this idea by another word than κόρη, viz. -γλήνη (_i. e._ κόρης αὐγή, the splendour of the pupil (kin. αἴγλη), or -the pupil itself, οφθαλμου κόρη), in which the change of signification -is exactly the converse of what it is in κόρη; viz., 1st, pupil; 2nd, a -little girl; whence, as a term of reproach, ἔῤῥε κακὴ γλήνη. - -QUÆSTOR. - -_Canute's Point, Southampton_ (Vol. vii., p. 380.).--A correspondent -having noticed the inscription on the Canute Castle Inn, Southampton, -inquires for proof to authenticate the locality of the tradition referred -to. I submit the following extract from a local history: - - "Canute's Point was a projection of the shore near the mouth - of the Itchen, where it is supposed the celebrated but - much-embellished reproof to his courtiers was administered; - and it was preserved by a line of piles driven into the beach, - until the construction of the docks, which effaced the old - beach line. Of Canute's Palace there are still a few remains, - and the position fully justifies the presumption of its - identity." - -These piles were, I believe, in existence in the year 1836, when the act -for the construction of the docks was obtained. - -WILLIAM SPOOR. - -{205} - -_Symon Patrick, Bishop of Ely--Durham--Weston_ (Vol. viii., p. 103.).-- - - "Edward Weston, A. B. 1723, A. M. 1727, born at Eton, son of - Steven Weston of 1682, Bishop of Exeter. He was secretary to - Lord Townsend at Hanover, during the king's residence there - in 1729. He continued several years in the office of Lord - Harrington as secretary. He was also _transmitter_ (query, - _translator_?) of the State Papers, and one of the clerks - to the Signet. In 1741 he was appointed gazetteer, a place - of considerable emolument. In 1746 he was secretary to Lord - Harrington, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and became a privy - councillor of that kingdom. He published, though a layman, a - volume of sermons. His son is now [viz. 1797] a prebendary - of Durham and St. Paul's, and rector of Therfield near - Royston."--Harwood's _Alumni Etonenses_, p. 300., under 1719. - -Corkenhatch must be Cockenhatch, near Barkway. - -J. H. L. - -_Battle of Villers en Couché_ (Vol. viii., pp. 8. 127.).--An -authoritative record of this action may be found in-- - - "An Historical Journal of the British Campaign on the - Continent, in the year 1794; with the Retreat through Holland, - in the year 1795. By Captain L. T. Jones, of the 14th regiment. - Dedicated, by permission, to his Royal Highness Field Marshal - the Duke of York. Printed for the Author. Birmingham, 1797." - -The list of subscribers contains about a hundred names. There is a copy -of it in the British Museum. The one now before me is rendered more -valuable by copious marginal notes, evidently written by the author, -which are at the service of your correspondents. They furnish the -following extraordinary instance of personal bravery: - - "The same officer of this corps (3rd dragoon guards), who bore - off the corpse of General Mansell, relates some particulars - in the action of the 24th, under Gen. Otto:--that a man of - the name of Barnes, who had been unfortunately reduced from a - serjeant to the ranks, had bravely advanced, doing execution - on the enemy, till his retreat was foreclosed, and he was seen - engaged with five French dragoons at once; all of these he - fairly cut down, when nine more came upon him, whom he faced - and fairly kept at bay, till one of them got behind him, and - shot the brave fellow in the head." - -In reference to the action of the 26th, Captain Jones observes: - - "It is not possible to describe the bravery of the army on that - day, nearly the whole of the British cavalry were engaged, and - gained immortal honour." - -The Duke of York's address to the army, published on the 28th of April, -thus concludes: - - "His Royal Highness has, at all times, had the highest - confidence in the courage of the British troops in general, and - he trusts that the cavalry will now be convinced that whenever - they attack with the firmness, velocity, and order which they - showed on this occasion, no number of the enemy (we have to - deal with) can resist them." - -BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM. - -_Curious Posthumous Occurrence_ (Vol. viii., p. 5.).--Though the worthy -grave-digger's account, reported by A. B. C., may be chargeable with -some exaggeration as to the _generality_ of body-turning, and though -the decomposing reason assigned may not be true, yet, that many dead -human bodies are found with their faces downwards, is nevertheless quite -correct. - -Works are now in progress, at the east end of this metropolis, under -my own immediate observation, where this fact has been incontestably -verified. How long since, or on what occasion, these remains of mortality -were placed there, I know not; but, in the course of excavation required -for the foundations, they are frequently met with, and, in many -instances, in this strange position. - -I had come to the conclusion, that, during some raging pestilence (and -which may indeed again occur, unless an acceleration takes place in our -wounded-snake-like motion in the way of sanitary improvement), I say, it -had been my impression, that during some such awful calamity, the anxiety -of the uncontaminated to avoid infection had induced them to remove their -less fortunate fellow-creatures out of the way with so much haste as -actually to bury them alive! and in some convulsive struggle between life -and death, they had turned themselves over! - -R. M. - -In reply to this Note, I would remark that I have consulted a -grave-digger "grown old in the service" here, and he tells me he never -remembers a case where, after interment, in process of time the occiput -takes the place of the facial bones; but, he says, very frequently the -head drops either on one side or the other--a circumstance which any one -conversant with the human skeleton and the connexion of the cranium with -the vertebræ would deem most natural. - -BRISTOLIENSIS. - -_Passage in Job_ (Vol. vii., p. 14.).--This question is answered, as -far as it seems possible, by Barnes, in his _Notes on Job_, which MR. -EDWIN JONES may easily consult. The fact appears to be that we have no -information respecting the passage in question beyond what is furnished -by itself. - -B. H. C. - -_St. Paul and Seneca_ (Vol. viii., p. 88.).--There is an account of -the work referred to in the July number of the _Journal of Sacred -Literature_, edited by Dr. Kitto. It will be found among the "Foreign -Intelligence." - -B. H. C. - -_Haulf-naked_ (Vol. vii., pp. 432. 558.).--As my Query in reference to -this place has drawn forth a {206} Note or two from some correspondents -of yours, allow me to thank them, and at the same time to inform them -that "A general Collection of all the Offices of England, with the Fees, -in the Queene's guifte," a manuscript temp. Elizabeth, contains the -following reference. Under the head "Castles," &c. occurs,-- - - "_Com. Sussex._ - - { Keeper of the Manor of _£_ _s._ _d._ - Walberton and { Half-naked and Goodwood 20 0 0 - Haulf-naked. { Keeper of the Wood and - { Chace of Walberton 3 0 10." - -CHARLES REED. - -_Books chained to Desks in Churches_ (Vol. viii. p. 94.).--An engraving -of a very fine perpendicular lettern, having a book fastened to it by -a chain, is given in the _Proceedings of the Arch. Inst._ for 1846, as -existing at that time in the church of St. Crux, York. In 1851 I noticed -the upper part of one in Chesterton Church near Cambridge, placed on the -sill of the east window of the south aisle with a book lying upon it, -very much torn and wanting the title-page. I ascertained the subject of -it at the time; but omitted to make a note of it, and I am sorry to say -it has now slipped my memory. - -Rutter, in his _Somersetshire_, speaks of some old reading desks, which -were still remaining in 1829 in Wrington Church, fastened to the walls of -the chancel, on which were several books, "especially Fox's _Martyrs_, -and the _Clavis Bibliorum_ of F. Roberts, who was rector of the parish -in 1675." There was one also about the same time at Chew Magna Church, -Somersetshire; with a copy of Bishop Jewel's _Defence of the Church_ -chained to it. In Redcliff Church, Bristol, there is a small mahogany -one supported by a bracket, with a brass chain attached, near the vestry -on the north side of the choir. Until within a very few years, a desk, -with Fox's _Martyrs_ lying upon it, was in the Holy Trinity Church, Hull, -affixed to one of the pillars in the nave. - -A fine old Bible and chain is shown amongst the relics at Trinity Church, -Stratford-upon-Avon. - -It would appear that theological works were not the only ones secured -in this manner; for I find (Rutter's _Somersetshire_, p. 258.) that one -Captain S. Sturmy of Easton in Gordano published a folio, entitled _The -Mariner's or Artisan's Magazine_, a copy of which he gave to the parish -to be chained and locked in the desk, until any ingenious person should -borrow it, leaving 3_l._ as a security in the hands of the trustees -against damage, &c. - -R. W. ELLIOTT. - -It is somewhat strange that I should have omitted the following passage -whilst writing on this subject in a recent Number, as the work to which -it refers, Bishop Jewel's _Defence of his Apology for the Church of -England_, is so well known: - - "At the desire of Archbishop Parker, a copy of the _Defence_ - was set up soon after Jewel's death, in almost every parish - church in England; and fragments of it are still to be seen in - some churches, together with the chain by which it was attached - to the reading-desk provided for it." - -This extract is taken from the _Life of Bishop Jewel_, prefixed to the -English translation of the _Apology_, edited by Dr. Jelf for the Society -for promoting Christian Knowledge (8vo. Lond. 1849), p. xx. - -An order for the setting up of "the _Paraphrases_ of Erasmus in English -upon the gospels" in some convenient place within all churches and -chapels in the province of York, will be found in Archbishop Grindal's -_Injunctions for the Laity_, § 4. (_Remains, &c._, Parker Society, p. -134.) See also the _Articles to be enquired of within the Province of -Canterburie_, § 2. (Ibid. p. 158.) - -W. SPARROW SIMPSON. - -In Malvern Abbey Church is a stand to which two books are chained. The -one is a commentary on the Book of Common Prayer; the other is a treatise -on Church Unity. In Kinver Church (Worcestershire) are three books placed -in a desk (_not_ chained) in the south aisle: being _The Whole Duty of -Man_ (1703); _A Sermon made in Latine in the Reigne of Edward the Sixte_, -by John Jevvel, Bishop of Sarisburie; and _The Actes and Monumentes of -Christian Martyrs_ (1583). - -CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A. - -At Bowness Church, on Windermere Lake, there is (or at least was, in -1842) a copy of Erasmus's _Paraphrase_ chained. If I am not mistaken, -some of Jewel's works will also be found there. - -E. H. A. - -_Scheltrum_ (Vol. vi., p. 364.).--KARL will find _scheltrum_, variously -written "scheltrun, sheltrun, shiltroun, schetrome," of very common -occurrence in the translation of the Old Testament by Wicliff and his -followers; it is there rendered from the Lat. _aeies_. The instances -quoted by Jamieson, from the Latin _testudo_, come nearer to the origin, -_shield_. - -Q. - -Bloomsbury. - -_Quarrel_ (Vol. vi., p. 172.).--BALLIOLENSIS will be pleased with Mr. -Trench's ingenious account of our conversion of a _complaint_ into a -_quarrel_. - - "The Latin word (_querela_) means properly 'complaint,' and we - have in 'querulous' this its proper meaning coming distinctly - out. Not so, however, in 'quarrel,' for Englishmen, being wont - not merely to 'complain,' but to set vigorously about righting - and redressing themselves, their griefs being also grievances, - out of this word, which might have given them only {207} - 'querulous' and 'querulousness,' have gotten 'quarrel' as - well."--_On the Study of Words_, p. 57. - - "We might safely conclude," Mr. Trench premises, "that a nation - would not be likely tamely to submit to tyranny and wrong, - which made 'quarrel' out of 'querela.'" - -This, I say, is very ingenious, but did _this_ nation make _quarrel_ out -of _querela_? Did they not take it ready made from their neighbours, -the French, Italian, Spanish, who have all performed, and, I presume, -led the way in performing, the same exploit; showing that they must all -have had the same disposition inhering in them to set about righting and -redressing themselves, though not always, perhaps, with so prompt and -active a vigour as that ascribed to the English by Mr. Trench. - -Q. - -Bloomsbury. - -_Wild Plants, and their Names_ (Vol. vii., p. 233.).--A preparation from -St. John's Wort, called red oil, is used in the United States for the -cure of bruises and cuts. It may have been formerly used in England. St. -John's Wort is one of the commonest weeds in the Middle States. - -UNEDA. - -Philadelphia. - -_Jeremy Taylor and Christopher Lord Hatton_ (Vol. vii., p. 305.).--Bishop -Taylor uses the word _relative_ in the sense of a dependent or humble -friend in several places in his works; a fact which his editor, Bishop -Heber, missed observing, as appears from a passage in the Preface to -Taylor's _Works_. - -M. E. - -Philadelphia. - -_Burial on the North Side of Churches_ (Vol. vi., p. 112. &c.).--The -opinion of your correspondent SELEUCUS, that the avoidance of burial on -the north side of a churchyard is to be attributed to its being generally -the unfrequented side of the church, is borne out by the fact, that in -the rare cases where the entrance to the church is _only_ on the north -side, the graves are also to be found there in preference to being on -the south, which in such a case would of course be "the back of the -church." SELEUCUS mentions one instance of a church entered only from the -north. To this example may be added the little village church of Martin -Hussingtree, between Worcester and Droitwich, where the sole entrance is -on the north, and where _all_ the burials are on the same side of the -church. - -CUTHBERT BEDE, B. A. - -_Rubrical Query_ (Vol. vii., p. 247.).--The contradiction of the two -rubrics is purely imaginary. Both are to be closely construed. The -_first_ enjoins notice to be given of Communion as of any other festival; -the _second_ provides that in the same service (notice having been so -given) the Exhortation shall be the last impression on the thoughts of -the congregation. - -S. Z. Z. S. - -_Stone Pillar Worship_ (Vol. vii., p. 383.).--The Rowley Hills near -Dudley, twelve in number, and each bearing a distinctive name, make up -what may be called a mountain of basaltic rock, which extends for several -miles in the direction of Hales Owen. From the face of a precipitous -termination of the southern extremity of these hills rises a pillar of -rock, known as the "The Hail Stone." I conjecture that the word _hail_ -may be a corruption of the archaic word _haly_, holy; and that this -pillar of rock may have been the object of religious worship in ancient -times. The name may have been derived directly front the Anglo-Saxon -_Haleg stan_, holy stone. It is about three quarters of a mile distant -from an ancient highway called "The Portway," which is supposed to be of -British origin, and to have led to the salt springs at Droitwich. I have -no knowledge of any other place bearing the name of Hail Stone, except -a farm in the parish of West Fetton in Shropshire, which is called "The -Hail Stones." No stone pillars are now to be found upon it: there is a -quarry in it which shows that the sand rock lies there very near the -surface. Dr. Plot, in his _History of Staffordshire_ (p. 170.), describes -the rock on the Rowley Hills as being "as big and as high on one side -as many church steeples are." He relates that he visited the spot in -the year 1680, accompanied by a land-surveyor, who, ten years before -that time, had noticed that at this place the needle of the compass was -turned six degrees from its due position. The influence which the iron in -basaltic rocks has on the needle was not known at that period, and the -Doctor makes two conjectures in explanation of the phenomenon observed. -First, he says, "there must be in these lands that miracle of Nature -we call a loadstone;" and he adds, "unless it come to pass by some old -armour buried hereabout in the late civil war." The sonorous property of -the rock led him to conjecture "that there might be here a vault in which -some great person of ancient times might be buried under this natural -monument; but digging down by it as near as I could where the sound -directed, I could find no such matter." - -Plot does not mention the name by which this rock was known. It is not -mentioned at all by either Erdeswick, Shaw, or Pitt, in their Histories -of Staffordshire. - -N. W. S. - -_Bad_ (Vol. vi. p. 509.).--Horne Tooke's etymology may, perhaps, satisfy -B. H. COWPER'S inquiry, or at least gratify his curiosity. He assumes -the _bay_ or bark of a dog to be excited by what it _abhors_, _hates_, -_defies_; and farther, that our epithet of _bad_ is applied by us to -that, which, for reasons which we may call moral (_æsthetic_, I believe -{208} I ought to say) reasons or feelings, we _hate_, or _abhor_. And he -forms it thus, _bay-ed_, bay'd, ba'd, _bad_. - -Q. - -Bloomsbury. - -_Porc-pisee_ (Vol. vi., p. 579.).--MR. WARDE will find that this is -the old English way of writing _porpoise_, more nearly to the French -and Italian. Spenser writes _porcpisces_, and Ray _porpesse_, i.e. -_porc-pesee_. Both are quoted in Richardson. - -"_Wheal_ instead of milk," is _whey_ or _whig_. "To _flesh_ in sin," is -to indulge in, to accustom to, to inure to, the gratification of the -sinful lusts of the _flesh_. Johnson has from Hales the same expression -"fleshed in sin" which he interprets "hardened." - -Q. - -Bloomsbury. - -_Lowbell_ (Vol. vii., pp. 181. 272.).--Your correspondents H. T. W. and -M. H. will find sufficient reasons from Nares' quotations to convince -them that _lowbell_ is so called from its sound; and the usage by Hammond -(in Johnson) that the verb, to _lowbell_, was used consequentially to -signify to frighten into a snare, and thus, to ensnare. And the noun, a -snare, allurement, temptation. - - "Now commonly he who desires to be a minister looks not at the - work, but at the wages; and by that _lure_ or _lowbell_ may - be toll'd from parish to parish all the town over."--Milton, - "Hirelings," &c., _Works_, vol. i. p. 529. - -Q. - -Bloomsbury. - -_Praying to the West_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--_The isles of the West_, by -which is understood what we term the British Isles, in the ancient Hindoo -writings are described as _the Sacred Isles_, or the abode of religion. -The Celtic tribes used the practice of turning to the West in their -religious rites, having adopted it in a very early age from a reason -similar to that which led the _Turks_ in a later age to turn towards -Mecca, and _other nations_ towards the East; that is, the superior -sanctity attached by each to these several points. This practice the -Celtic tribes brought with them in their migration from the East to those -parts in which we now find it in the West; where it has been retained by -their descendants after the circumstances which gave rise to it had been -long forgotten. - -G. W. - -Stansted, Montfichet. - -_Old Dog_ (Vol. iv., p. 21.).--See _The Observer_ (Cumberland's), No. -131.:--"Uncle Antony was _an old dog_ at a dispute." - -P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A. - -_Contested Elections_ (Vol. vii., p. 208.).--An account of many of the -English contested elections may be found in Oldfield's _Representative -History of Great Britain and Ireland_, 6 vols.: London, 1816. I hope that -X. Y. Z. does not rank this among the "wretched compilations." Oldfield -was a man of much experience as a parliamentary agent, and his book is -entertaining--at least, to us Americans. - -M. E. - -Philadelphia. - -_"Rathe" in the Sense of "early"_ (Vol. vii., p. 634. _et alibi._).--See -_The Antiquary_, cap. xxxix. (vol. i. p. 468. People's Edition), where -Maggie Mucklebacket says: - - "I havena had the grace yet to come down to thank your honour - for the credit ye did puir Steenie, wi' laying his head in a - _rath_ grave." - -The Glossary explains the word as _ready_, _quick_, _early_. - -P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A. - -_Chip in Porridge_ (Vol. i., p. 382).--Though a long time has elapsed, I -see nothing more on the subject of this phrase than Q. D.'s application -for information regarding it. - -I take it to mean a nonentity, a thing of no importance, and to have no -more distinctive origin than the innumerable other cant sayings in daily -use. - -In a book recently published, _Personal Adventures of our own -Correspondent_, by M. B. Honan, vol. i. p. 151., occurs this passage: - - "It is very easy to stand well with all by being, what is - vulgarly called, 'a chip in porridge.'" - -W. T. M. - -Hong Kong. - -_"A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn"_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--See -Pope's _Moral Essays_, Ep. 1. l. 136. - -F. B--W. - -_Gibbon's Library_ (Vol. vii., p. 407.)--_West's Portrait of Franklin_ -(Vol. vii., p. 409.).--Gibbon's library was sold at Lausanne in 1833. I -have a copy of _Le Théâtre de Marivaux_, four volumes 12mo. (Amst. et à -Leipzig, 1756), which contains the following MS. note on the fly-leaf -of the first volume: "Gibbon's copy, bought at the sale of his library -at Lausanne, Sept. 1833.--JOHN WORDSWORTH." You will find a reference -to this gentleman, "N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 604. About four hundred of -Gibbon's books were in the library of the late Rev. Samuel Farmar Jarvis, -of Connecticut, who bought them at Lausanne. Among them was Casiri, -_Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispania_. Some of these books had his name, E. -GIBBON, printed in them in Roman letters; others had his coat of arms. -Dr. Jarvis's library was sold by Lyman and Rawdon in New York on the -14th of October, 1851, for very good prices. I possess Gibbon's copy of -Herrera's _America_, in English, 6 vols. 8vo. - -I think there must be some mistake about the portrait of Dr. Franklin by -West, mentioned by {209} your correspondent H. G. D. I have never heard -of but _one_ portrait by West of Dr. Franklin, and that was painted for -my grandfather, Mr. Edward Duffield, one of the executors of the Doctor's -will, and sent to him by the Doctor himself. It is now in my possession, -in excellent preservation. A short notice of it will be found in the -ninth volume of Franklin's _Writings_ (Sparks's ed.), p. 493. - -EDWARD D. INGRAHAM. - -Walnut Street, Philadelphia. - -_Derivation of "Island"_ (Vol. viii., p. 49.).--H. C. K.'s derivation -of _island_ from _eye_, the visual orb, because each are surrounded by -water, seems to me so like a banter on etymologists, that I am doubtful -whether I ought to notice it; but as our Editor seems, by the space he -has given it, to take it as serious, I shall venture to say two or three -words upon it. H. C. K. begins by begging the question: he says that "the -etymon from the Fr. _isle_, It. _isola_, Lat. _insula_, is _manifestly -erroneous_." Now I think I can prove--and that by a single word--that -it is "manifestly" the true one. I only reverse his order of placing -these words; they should stand, the mother first, the children after; -_insula_ Lat., _isola_ It., _isle_ Fr., and to them I add my _single -word_, which H. C. K. has chosen to ignore altogether, _isle_ English; -as, _Isle_ of Wight, _Isle_ of Man, _Isle_ of Thanet, _Isles_ of Arran, -&c. This single word, thus supplied, is to my mind a sufficient answer -to H. C. K.'s theory, but I may add, as a corroboration, the peculiarity -of retaining in _spelling_, and dropping in _pronunciation_, the _s_ in -the English _isle_ and _island_, just as it is in the French _isle_ and -_islot_. Indeed the relation between the French and English words is, -in this case, not _derivation_ but _identity_. I may also observe that -the Scotch and Irish names for an island, _inch_, _innis_, _ennis_--as, -_Inch_-keith, _Innis_-fallen, _Ennis_-killen--are "manifestly" derived -from _insula_, the common parent of all. I half suspect that H. C. K. is -a wag, and meant to try whether we should take seriously what he meant as -_all my eye_! - -C. - -_Spur_ (Vol. vi., pp. 242. 329.).--To _spur_ is to _spere_, by -Gower written _sper_, to search or seek, to inquire into; and your -correspondents might have found the word fully treated and illustrated by -Jamieson, and more briefly by Richardson. To _ask_ at church is a common -expression, and _Spur_ Sunday is merely _Asking_ Sunday. - -Q. - -Bloomsbury. - -_On the Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits_ (Vol. vii., p. 489. Vol. viii., -p. 82.).--The complete iron framework of an hour-glass remained affixed -to the pulpit of Shelsley Beauchamp Church, Worcestershire, until the -restoration of the church, about eight years ago, by the present rector, -the Rev. D. Melville, who carefully preserved the hour-glass relic. In -order to show how much had been done for the church, I drew interior -and exterior views of the old building, with its great dilapidations -and unusually monstrous disfigurements, which drawings were hung in -the vestry, at the suggestion of the rector, as parish memorials; a -proceeding which I think might be copied with advantage in all cases of -church restoration. In the one drawing mentioned the hour-glass stand is -a conspicuous object. - -CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A. - -The following extract is from a tract published by the Cambridge Camden -Society, entitled _A few hints on the Practical Study of Ecclesiastical -Antiquities_: - - "_Hour-glass Stand._ A relick of Puritanick times. They are - not very uncommon; they generally stand on the right-hand of - the pulpit, and are made of iron. Examples Coton, Shepreth. A - curious revolving one occurs at Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey, and in - St. John Baptist, Bristol, where the hour-glass itself remains. - Though a Puritanick innovation, it long kept its place: for Gay - in his _Pastorals_ writes: - - 'He said that Heaven would take her soul no doubt, - And spoke the _hour-glass_ in her praise quite out:' - - and it is depicted by the side of a pulpit in one of Hogarth's - paintings." - -I saw, a few weeks ago, an iron hour-glass stand affixed to the pulpit in -Odell Church, Beds. - -W. P. STORER. - -Olney, Bucks. - - "The inventorie of all such church goods, etc. ... which the - church-wardens [of Great Staughton, co. Hunt.] are and stand - charged with. May 31, 1640. - - [_Inter alia._] - - "Itm. A pulpit standinge in the church, having a cover over the - same, and an houre-glasse adjoininge." - -JOSEPH RIX. - -St. Neots. - -_Selling a Wife_ (Vol. vii., pp. 429. 602.).--There can be no question -that this offence is an indictable misdemeanor. I made, at the time, a -memorandum of the following case: - - "West Riding Yorkshire Sessions, June 28, 1837. Joshua Jackson, - convicted of selling his wife, imprisoned for one month with - hard labour." - -S. R. - -Chiswick. - -_Impossibilities of History_ (Vol. viii., p. 72.).--St. Bernard, -according to Gibbon, lived from 1091 to 1153. Henry I., who did rebel -against his father, was twelve years older than the Saint, and ascended -the throne at the age of twenty-one in the year 1100, when the Saint -was nine years old. The descent from the devil alludes, I should think, -to Robert le Diable, the father of the Conqueror. The historian of _The -Tablet_ found the authority most probably in some theatrical review or -fly-leaf of the libretto. - -J. H. L. - -{210} - -_Lad and Lass_ (Vol. vii., p. 56.).--_Lass_, Hickes (quoted by Lye in -Junius) says, was originally written, and is a corruption of _laddess_; -thus, we may suppose _laddess_, _ladse_, _lass_: and _lad_ may correlate -with the Gr. ἀγωγὸς, a leader, so familiar to us in the sneered at -pæd-_agogue_, _i. e._ the boy-_leader_. The _lad_, from the Anglo-Saxon -_lædian_, to lead (says Junius), is the _leăd_--"One who, on account of -his tender years, is under a _leader_, a guide, a director." - -We apply the common expression "He is yet in _leading_ strings" to him -who has not strength or courage to go alone, to act independently for -himself. - -Q. - -Bloomsbury. - -_Enough_ (Vol. vii., p. 455.).--Enough was not, and is not always, nor -was it originally, pronounced _enuf_. The old way of writing was "ynou, -inouh, ynowgh;" and in Gower, _enough_ is made to rhyme with _slough_, -i. e. _slow_ or _slew_, the past tense of _slay_. MR. WRIGHT will find -this to be so by looking into Richardson's quotations. The word, he will -see also, was from very early times written, as still not unfrequently -pronounced, _enew_ or _enow_. - -Q. - -Bloomsbury. - - * * * * * - - - - -Miscellaneous. - - -BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. - -HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF NEWBURY. 8vo. 1839. 340 pages. Two Copies. - -VANCOUVER'S SURVEY OF HAMPSHIRE. - -HEMINGWAY'S HISTORY OF CHESTER. Large Paper. Parts I. and III. - -CORRESPONDENCE ON THE FORMATION OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC BIBLE SOCIETY. 8vo. -London, 1813. - -ATHENÆUM JOURNAL for 1844. - -HOWARD FAMILY, HISTORICAL ANECDOTES OF, by Charles Howard. 1769. 12mo. - -TOOKE'S DIVERSIONS OF PURLEY. - -NUCES PHLLOSOPHICÆ. by E. Johnson. - -PARADISE LOST. First Edition. - -SHARPE'S (Sir Cuthbert) BISHOPRICK GARLAND. 1834. - -LASHLEY'S YORK MISCELLANY. 1734. - -DIBDIN'S TYPOGRAPHICAL ANTIQUITIES. 4to. Vol. II. - -BAYLEY'S LONDINIANA. 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P. _Clarke's_ Heraldry, _a small volume published by Routledge, and -Porny's_ Heraldry, _which may be picked up for a few shillings, would -probably furnish what our Correspondent desires._ - -R. W. E._'s offer of the MS. Notes on Shakspeare are declined with -thanks, on the grounds stated by our Correspondent, viz. that "they are -not calculated to afford much assistance towards the elucidation of -difficult passages."_ - -J. C. E., _who writes respecting Milton's_ Lycidas, _is requested to -favour us with a full communication on the subject._ - -F. A._'s Query respecting A. E. I. O. U. in an epitaph was anticipated -in_ Vol. iv., p. 22., _which was replied to at_ p. 132. _of the same -volume._ - -J. O. _If_ J. H. _will send in his letter for this Correspondent, we are -now in a position to forward it._ - -A SUBSCRIBER. _Le Cardinal d'Ossat was ambassador from Henry III., -and afterwards of Henry IV., to the Court of Rome, and his well-known -correspondence is one of the classics of diplomacy._ - -_Errata._--Vol. ii., p. 134., 2nd col., for "Hobbes" read "Nabbes."--Vol. -vi. p. 502., 2nd col., for "Sir Thos. Browne" read "Tom. 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B.--Books bought in any Quantity. - - * * * * * - -{211} - -INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S -HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS. - -THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual -remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it -saves fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, -intestinal, liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted, -dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhœa, acidity, -heartburn, flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption -of the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during -pregnancy, at sea, and under all other circumstances, debility in the -aged as well as infants, fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c. - - _A few out of 50,000 Cures_:- - - Cure, No. 71. of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart - de Decies:--"I have derived considerable benefit from your - Revalenta Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves and - the public to authorise the publication of these lines.--STUART - DE DECIES." - - Cure, No. 49,832:--"Fifty years' indescribable agony from - dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, - flatulency, spasms, sickness at the stomach, and vomitings - have been removed by Du Barry's excellent food.--MARIA JOLLY, - Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk." - - Cure, No. 180:--"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation, - indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great - misery, and which no medicine could remove or relieve, have - been effectually cured by Du Barry's food in a very short - time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony, Tiverton." - - Cure, No. 4,208:--"Eight Years' dyspepsia, nervousness, - debility, with cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant - had consulted the advice of many, have been effectually removed - by Du Barry's delicious food in a very short time. I shall - be happy to answer any inquiries.--REV. JOHN W. FLAVELL, - Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk." - - _Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._ - - "Bonn, July 19. 1852. - - "This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent, - nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many - cases, all kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in - confined habit of body, as also diarrhœa, bowel complaints, - affections of the kidneys and bladder, such as stone or gravel; - inflammatory irritation and cramp of the urethra, cramp of - the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and hemorrhoids. This - really invaluable remedy is employed with the most satisfactory - result, not only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints, where - irritation and pain are to be removed, but also in pulmonary - and bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually - the troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth - to express the conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica - is adapted to the cure of incipient hectic complaints and - consumption. - - "DR. RUD WURZER. - "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn." - -London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co. 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her -Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler. 155. Regent Street; and through -all respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, -suitably packed for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2_s._ -9_d._; 2lb. 4_s._ 6_d._; 5lb. 11_s._; 12lb. 22_s._; super-refined, 5lb. -22_s._; 10lb. 33_s._ The 10lb. and 12lb. carriage free on receipt of -Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry & Co., 77. Regent Street, London. - -IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by -spurious imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, -Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to see that each canister -bears the name BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, -_without which none is genuine_. - - * * * * * - -WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, - -3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON. - -Founded A.D. 1842. - -_Directors._ - - H. E. Bicknell, Esq. - T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M. P. - G. H. Drew, Esq. - W. Evans, Esq. - W. Freeman, Esq. - F. Fuller, Esq. - J. H. Goodhart, Esq. - T. Grissell, Esq. - J. Hunt, Esq. - J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. - E. Lucas, Esq. - J. 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HUDSON TURNER. - -"What Horace Walpole attempted, and what Sir Charles Lock Eastlake has -done for oil-painting--elucidated its history and traced its progress -in England by means of the records of expenses and mandates of the -successive Sovereigns of the realm--Mr. Hudson Turner has now achieved -for Domestic Architecture in this country during the twelfth and -thirteenth centuries."--_Architect._ - -"The writer of the present volume ranks among the most intelligent of the -craft, and a careful perusal of its contents will convince the reader -of the enormous amount of labour bestowed on its minutest details, -as well as the discriminating judgment presiding over the general -arrangement."--_Morning Chronicle._ - -"The book of which the title is given above is one of the very few -attempts that have been made in this country to treat this interesting -subject in anything more than a superficial manner. - -"Mr. Turner exhibits much learning and research, and he has consequently -laid before the reader much interesting information. 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