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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b5d26f --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #66194 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66194) diff --git a/old/66194-0.txt b/old/66194-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c6be0d4..0000000 --- a/old/66194-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1085 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Wright Brothers, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Wright Brothers - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: August 31, 2021 [eBook #66194] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WRIGHT BROTHERS *** - - - - - _The_ - WRIGHT BROTHERS - - -“As scientists, they discovered the secret of flight. As inventors, -builders and flyers, they brought aviation to the world.” - - -On December 17, 1903, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, the first -power-driven heavier-than-air machine ever to achieve sustained flight -rose from its starting track and in 12 seconds soared through the air -for a distance of 120 feet. Short as this flight was, it nevertheless -marked the beginning of man’s conquest of the air. Orville Wright was at -the controls; Wilbur Wright balanced the machine at the take-off. This -picture records for posterity an epochal event witnessed by just seven -men, the Wright brothers themselves and five others who, more than they -knew, stood that day on the threshold of history. - - [Illustration: The first flight at Kitty Hawk, N. C., December 17, - 1903.] - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - -The Age of Flight, with its miracle of service, began in an obscure -little bicycle shop in Dayton, Ohio. Here two devoted brothers, working -amid tires, wheels and air pumps, dreamed that man could fly in a -heavier-than-air machine. The names of these two brothers who wrote -themselves indelibly into history, were Wilbur and Orville Wright. - -The story of the Wright brothers is an inspiring narrative of success. -Wilbur and Orville combined to a rare degree the searching intelligence -of the scientist, the ability to visualize of the inventor, and the -practical craftsmanship of the builder. In addition they had great -personal courage. - -The Wright brothers were by no means the first who sought the secret of -flight. Particularly in Europe, able men had delved deep and risked much -in the effort to fly like a bird. Certain theories of aerodynamics had -been developed and were generally accepted as accurate. One of the major -setbacks to the hopes of the Wrights was the discovery, through their -own experiments, that these previously accepted theories were incorrect. - -This meant that they had to start from the beginning and develop their -own tables of air pressures. Two developments of the Wrights made it -possible to build an aeroplane that would fly. One was a crude wind -tunnel and the other was an ingenious set of balances made out of old -hack saw blades and bicycle spokes. With these comparatively crude -instruments, they compiled data which made flight possible. - -In the months and years following their first flights, the Wrights were -acclaimed by nations and by men. They knew success in the fullest -measure. But probably no subsequent achievement quite equaled the thrill -which must have been theirs when they were able to send to their father -and sister that now famous message: - - “Success four flights Thursday morning all against twenty-one-mile - wind started from level with engine power alone average speed through - air thirty-one miles longest 59 seconds inform press home Christmas.” - - - - - An idea is born - - - [Illustration: The shop of the Wright Cycle Company on West Third - Street in Dayton ... birthplace of the aeroplane.] - -The Wright brothers sprang from pioneers who settled Dayton when the -Ohio country was young. Their father, the Reverend Milton Wright, became -a bishop of the United Brethren Church. His vocation necessitated -frequent changes of residence. Thus it came about that Wilbur was born -April 16, 1867, on a farm eight miles from Newcastle, Indiana, while -Orville was born in a house at 7 Hawthorn Street in Dayton. This house -was the Wright home for more than forty years. - -From earliest childhood, the boys were mechanically minded. They had -both the inclination and the aptitude for creative work. The pioneering -urge and the gift of original thinking were theirs. - - [Illustration: An issue of the “West Side News,” an early Wright - venture.] - -One day the Bishop came home from a short trip, bringing the children a -present. He held something in his hands and then tossed it toward them. -It was a toy helicopter. Instead of flopping to the floor, it ascended -to the ceiling where it fluttered before it fell. That helicopter set up -a milepost in the lives of the Wright boys. The idea of their future -conquest of the air, in all likelihood, was born then and there. - - [Illustration: Wilbur Wright in the bicycle shop, 1897.] - - [Illustration: Orville Wright, in white shirt, at work in shop.] - -At an early age they began to fly kites. They became interested -successively in wood cuts, printing and photography. The urge for -invention was strong in them. Wilbur got a job folding the entire issue -of an eight-page church paper. When he found the handwork tiring and -tedious, he designed and built a machine that did the folding. - - [Illustration: The house on Hawthorn Street, home of the Wrights for - 40 years and now re-erected in Greenfield Village in Dearborn, - Michigan.] - -Orville was no less enterprising. When he was 15, he entered into a -partnership with Ed Sines, a neighbor boy, and launched the printing -firm of Sines and Wright. The plant was located in a corner of the Sines -kitchen. One of their first ventures was to print a little paper called -“The Midget.” - - [Illustration: One of the Wrights’ first efforts to measure the - effect of air pressure was this horizontal bicycle wheel mounted on - one of their own bicycles and equipped with two metal vanes. This - bicycle was placed in the Park through the co-operation of the - family of the late Frank Miller, former Superintendent of Dayton - Schools.] - -Later Orville started a weekly newspaper called the “West Side News.” -Wilbur joined him as an editorial writer. These publications and others -which followed were printed on a press which the Wright boys designed -and built. - -In 1892 came the enterprise that was to provide the setting for, and the -approach to, the supreme adventure with which the names of the Wright -brothers are associated. The boys became absorbed in bicycles. Orville -became interested in track racing and participated in several events. In -their enthusiasm the boys decided to go into the bicycle business. After -embarking on bicycle selling they discovered they must have a repair -shop. Punctures provided the bulk of their business, with free air as a -side issue. The first shop of what became the Wright Cycle Company was -at 1005 West Third Street. - -Business increased to such an extent that the Wrights moved to South -Williams Street. Here they began to manufacture bicycles. Their first -model was called the Van Cleve, named after one of their pioneer Dayton -ancestors. Continued expansion of the business necessitated a move to -1127 West Third Street. This was the shop linked with the birth and -development of aviation. It was here that Wilbur and Orville not only -dreamed of flying but practically built the first plane. - -A hint of what the future had in store came one day when the brothers -were discussing what was then the new-fangled horseless carriage. Since -it was an original idea, it appealed to them. Orville suggested that -they might engage in the automobile business. “No,” replied Wilbur, -“you’d be tackling the impossible. Why, it would be easier to build a -flying machine.” - - [Illustration: A replica of the Wrights’ original wind tunnel which - secured its pressure from a fan mounted on the shaft of an old - grinding wheel.] - -The first active interest in flying that the Wrights displayed developed -in 1895 when they read about the glider experiments being carried out by -Otto Lilienthal in Germany. They now began to read everything they could -lay hands on that bore on the attempts of man to fly, going back to the -days of the great Leonardo da Vinci. They wrote to the Smithsonian -Institution for a list of books on the subject. The germ of flying now -entered their systems, never to be eradicated. - -The Wrights went thoroughly into the problem of gliders. After -Lilienthal had been killed while gliding, the brothers discovered that -neither he nor any other man who glided had an adequate method of -insuring lateral balance. In seeking the solution to this problem, -Orville worked out a theory for the operation to vary the inclination of -sections of the wings, thereby obtaining force for restoring balance. -Thus he hit upon a fundamental principle which became a claim in the -original Wright patent. - - [Illustration: One of the most valued possessions of the Wrights, a - balance made of hacksaw blades. With this balance they evolved their - own tables of air pressure which eventually enabled them to fly. The - original balance is in Franklin Institute, Philadelphia; this - replica is in Wright Hall, Carillon Park.] - - [Illustration: Many glider flights at Kitty Hawk preceded the first - attempt to fly in a power-driven plane. Here the Wrights are flying - a glider as a kite, controlling it from the ground. Later flights - were made in man-carrying gliders.] - -The brothers now began to study wing structure, but hit upon many -difficulties. A simple incident set them on the right track. In selling -a customer an inner tube for a tire, Wilbur had taken the tube from the -pasteboard box and was idly twisting the box back and forth as he talked -to the customer. In doing so he noticed that although the vertical sides -remained rigid at the ends, the top and bottom sides could be twisted so -that they made different angles at the opposite ends. He immediately -wondered why the wings of a gliding machine could not be warped from one -end to the other in this same way. In this way the wings could be put at -a greater angle at one side than the other and there would be no -structural weakness. Wilbur explained the plan to Orville and it seemed -so satisfactory that they adopted it for their gliders. - -The Wrights were now glider-conscious. They built a bi-plane kite with a -new system of controls. In 1900 the brothers constructed a man-carrying -glider. In order to get practice in operation, they decided to fly it -first as a kite. For kite flying they required flat, open country; and -for gliding, sand hills free from trees or shrubs were necessary. -Favorable winds were also needed. - -From reports received from the Weather Bureau in Washington, the Wrights -learned that a place named Kitty Hawk in North Carolina seemed to meet -all requirements. So they wrote to the man in charge of the weather -station there for further information. On his and other data, the -brothers came to the conclusion that Kitty Hawk was suitable for -experiments. What was then a tiny spot on the map was to become, in -time, a center of world interest. - - [Illustration: Diary of Orville Wright, showing page recording the - first successful flight.] - - [Illustration: Map of Kitty Hawk area.] - - - - - Man conquers the air - - -The spot chosen for the Wrights’ experiments was located on a long strip -of sandy beach separated from the mainland of North Carolina. At one -point was the Kitty Hawk Life Saving Station and alongside, a government -weather station. A mile back from the ocean was the tiny village of -Kitty Hawk. Four miles south was the Kill Devil Life Saving Station. -Altogether, it was a dreary and uninviting area but one where history -was to be made. - -The Wrights’ experiments at Kitty Hawk covered two periods. In 1900 they -began flying gliders. Winds proved to be unsatisfactory with the result -that the experiments of this year fell far below expectations. They were -back in 1901 with a much larger glider. From this model they learned -that large surfaces could be controlled almost as easily as smaller -ones, provided the control was by manipulation of the surfaces -themselves instead of the movements of the operator’s body. In their -glider experiments of 1901 they broke all records for distance in -gliding. - -Air lift still troubled the brothers, so Orville rigged up a small wind -tunnel made out of an old starch box. Within the box was a balance, the -main feature of which was a metal rod that pivoted like a weather vane. -The starch box experiment led to the design of the more scientific wind -tunnel shown on Page 5. - - [Illustration: Newspaper comments on the early efforts of the Wright - brothers.] - -In the third glider trials in 1902 the brothers put all their new -knowledge to the test with good results. One new feature was a “tail.” -The idea of making this tail movable led to the system of control -generally used today—the independent control of aileron and rudder. The -third series of glider flights was highly successful. - -The Wright brothers were now convinced they could build a successful -power flyer. One of the first requirements was an engine to produce at -least eight horsepower and weigh not more than 20 pounds per horsepower. -Unable to obtain such an engine, they built one themselves. The plane -now took shape with wings having a total span of a little over 40 feet -with the upper and lower wings six feet apart. Total weight of the plane -was 750 pounds. - -Although the plane was assembled in Kitty Hawk by September 23, 1903, -weather and various mechanical mishaps postponed the day of trial until -December 14. On the toss of a coin, Wilbur won the right to make the -first trial. The machine climbed a few feet, stalled and fell. Several -parts were broken, requiring two days for repairs. There were other -minor delays and then came the fateful day of December 17. - -This time Orville was the pilot. The few spectators stood silently by, -little realizing that they were participating in an event that would be -“forever known.” Orville lay flat in the pilot’s place with Wilbur -running alongside, a hand on a wing, until the machine left the rail. -This, in the words of one of the historians of the flight, is what -happened: - -“Signals that all was in readiness were exchanged. The motor turned, the -propellers whirled, a restraining wire was released; the machine rolled -along a crude runway, then took off under its own power and flew for -twelve unbelievable seconds for 120 incredible feet. - -“With that brief flight, the first ever made by a heavier-than-air -machine, man was freed from the bonds that held him close to Mother -Earth from the beginning of time, and glimpsed the realization of his -oldest, boldest dream ... the conquest of the air.” - -The moment when that homemade plane rose from the ground was akin to -others that heralded epochs in the progress of mankind. Crude as it was, -that first plane represented an almost incredible amount of preparation. -Gliders had been designed, constructed and flown to gain technical data -and piloting technique; a satisfactory system of control had been -discovered; a wind tunnel and balance had been built to amplify flight -data; an aircraft engine sufficiently light in weight had been -developed; and finally an aeroplane had been designed and built. All -these things were accomplished in about three years. As one challenge -followed another, the Wrights met them all and from their first flight -went on to the further development of their invention. - - [Illustration: The engines used in the first Wright planes were - built by Orville and Wilbur and had four cylinders. This is the - original engine from the 1903 plane.] - - [Illustration: The restored 1905 Wright plane in Wright Hall.] - - - - - The Wrights learn to fly - - -Although the first flight took place at Kitty Hawk, the Wrights -themselves always said that they really learned to fly on Huffman -Prairie east of Dayton on the present site of Wright-Patterson Field. -Having proved that they could fly even if for a maximum of less than a -minute, they now set out to build a more practical and useful machine. -They reasoned that if they could fly 852 feet against a 20-mile wind as -they did in the fourth flight at Kitty Hawk, it should be possible to -build a plane which would fly much farther. - -The plane in which the first flight was made was called the Kitty Hawk. -Construction of its immediate successor began in January, 1904. It was -much the same as the one flown at Kitty Hawk but there were a number of -changes and the construction was more sturdy throughout. This plane was -equipped with an entirely new engine. Because of a shortage of spruce in -Dayton they changed to white pine for spar construction, thinking it -would be equally good. However, the pine broke in actual use and the -wings had to be entirely rebuilt. - - [Illustration: Wilbur Wright during the first demonstrations of the - plane in Europe.] - - [Illustration: Wilbur at the controls during a flight in France.] - - [Illustration: Orville and Wilbur Wright, modest men whose - achievements made history.] - - [Illustration: Original patent issued to the Wrights.] - - [Illustration: Katherine and Orville Wright aboard ship bound for - Europe.] - - [Illustration: Orville Wright with Thomas A. Edison.] - - [Illustration: Towing the plane from one field to another at Le - Mans, France.] - - [Illustration: Upon their return from Europe in May 1908, the Wright - brothers and their sister, Katherine, were received at the White - House by President Taft.] - - [Illustration: Orville Wright, members of his family and fellow - Daytonians at dedication of the Kitty Hawk monument.] - - [Illustration: The pilot lay prone in early Wright planes.] - - [Illustration: One of many cartoons depicting the honors which came - to the Wright brothers.] - - [Illustration: Dayton newspaper reporting the Home-coming - Celebration in honor of the Wright brothers.] - - [Illustration: Orville Wright with Colonel E. A. Deeds on a visit to - Wright Field.] - - [Illustration: Orville Wright with Henry Ford as Dayton honored 35th - anniversary of flight.] - - [Illustration: The Wright home and bicycle shop as they appear today - in Greenfield Village, Dearborn, Michigan.] - -During 1904 more than 100 flights had been made at Huffman Prairie. Of -those flights, a complete circle made for the first time on the 20th of -September and two flights of three miles each were the most notable. In -May of 1905 the Wrights made various improvements in the machine making -it much stronger at various points which had proved weak when landing in -1904 flights. The warping of the wings and operation of the tail rudder -were made independent of each other and the camber of the wings was -changed. The most important development was the addition of two -“blinkers” between the surfaces of the front elevator. The purpose of -the blinkers was to assist the rear rudder in making a turn. This device -was patented and proved quite important for it removed the danger of a -tail spin. - -The Wright brothers considered their flights of 1905 of great -importance, and the 1905 plane proved through performance that it was a -greatly improved “flyer.” In a report to the Aero Club of America dated -March 12, 1906, they said this: - -“The object of the 1905 experiments was to determine the cause and -discover remedies for several obscure and somewhat rare difficulties -which had been encountered in some of the 1904 flights and which it was -necessary to overcome before it would be safe to employ flyers for -practical purposes. Toward the middle of September, means of correcting -the obscure troubles were found and the flyer was at last brought under -satisfactory control. From this time forward almost every flight -established a new record.” The last flight was the longest of all, -lasting for 38 minutes and 3 seconds and covering 24⅕ miles. It ended -because of exhaustion of fuel. The gas tank, which held only about a -gallon, had, through oversight, not been full before the take-off. - - [Illustration: One of the many flights made over Huffman Prairie, - just east of Dayton on present site of Wright-Patterson airfields.] - - [Illustration: The Wright Memorial overlooking Huffman Prairie.] - - - - - THE WRIGHT MEMORIAL - - On a hilltop overlooking Huffman Prairie where the Wright brothers - accomplished so much, stands this shaft, made of North Carolina pink - granite and erected by the citizens of Dayton in their memory. To - the east lies Wright Field, the great government air center named in - their honor. The principal bronze plaque tells in a few words the - story of their great contribution to the progress of mankind. A - smaller tablet records the names of those early flyers who were - trained by the Wright brothers. In the simplicity of design and the - strength of structure, it reflects the characters of the men it - honors. - -The report to the Aero Club continued, “The 1905 flyer had a total -weight of about 925 pounds, including the operator and was of such -substantial construction as to be able to make landings at high speed -without being strained or broken. From the beginning the prime object -was to devise a machine of practical utility, rather than a useless and -extravagant toy.... The favorable results which have been obtained have -been due to improvements in flying quality resulting from more -scientific design and to improved methods of balancing and steering.... -The best dividends on the labor invested have invariably come from -seeking more knowledge rather than more power.” - -The submission of this report was followed by the adoption of a -resolution by the Aero Club commending the Wrights upon their -accomplishment. This, it might be said, marked official recognition on -the part of the public that the Wrights really had flown. Despite -numerous flights made in 1904 and 1905, there was considerable -skepticism and grave doubts on the part of most people that flights were -being made. In fact, the unwillingness of the world to believe that man -could fly was one of the ironies of the Wright story. It was many months -before the last doubting Thomas was convinced that practical flight had -actually been achieved. - -Improvements had been made on the 1905 plane, including the engine. In -1908 the plane was taken to Kitty Hawk for further tests. After several -successful flights, an accident occurred which so badly damaged the -plane that it was dismantled and stored there in frame hangars. Over the -years parts of the plane were given to several museums and others were -acquired by residents of the area as mementoes. The engine, the -propellers and other parts were shipped back to Dayton. - - [Illustration: The restored 1905 aeroplane in process of - reconstruction. Engineers and others who inspected the plane during - its rebuilding, marveled at the craftsmanship reflected in its - original construction.] - -When it was decided to reconstruct an early Wright plane for Carillon -Park, the first thought was that it should be a replica of the Kitty -Hawk, which of course would have been accurate in appearance but would -have contained no original parts. - -Orville Wright himself suggested that if the original parts of the 1905 -plane could be brought together, a plane which could truly be called a -restored Wright aeroplane could be built. An exhaustive search was begun -and with the co-operation of the museums and the residents of Kitty -Hawk, many of the original parts were secured. Orville Wright located -the original drawings and supervised much of the reconstruction. His -death occurred shortly before the plane was finished. - -At least 60 per cent of the parts in the plane are original. These -include the engine, the chain guides, control levers and pilot’s cradle, -the propellers, the greater part of the wing structure as well as some -of the front rudder struts. Construction of the plane was supervised by -Mr. Harvey D. Geyer, an early employee of the Wrights, who was uniquely -fitted for this responsibility and who, in contributing his services, -has done much to perpetuate the achievements of the Wrights in their -home city. As does the original Kitty Hawk in the Smithsonian -Institution, this restored plane will, for generations to come, help to -tell the story of the genius of the Wrights. - - [Illustration: Newspaper headlines] - - - - - Recognition ... at home and abroad - - - [Illustration: King Edward VII visits Wright brothers during flights - at Pau, France.] - -A world that has convinced itself something cannot be done, yields -slowly to the realization that the “impossible” has been achieved. When -the Wrights approached their own government with the suggestion that -their invention might be useful for scouting purposes their proposal -evoked no interest. Actually, appreciation of the implications and -possibilities of the new device came more quickly from Europe than -America. England and France were among the first to seek information on -the machine that had so thoroughly proved its ability to fly. As early -as 1905 a member of the French military had at least made unofficial -inquiry as to the cost of a plane, but for a time this led to nothing. - -In 1907 the United States government realized that the Wrights had -proved the practicability of flying. The Signal Corps drew up -specifications and asked for bids. The Wrights offered to build a test -plane for $25,000. Their bid was accepted in February, 1908. Three -months later they signed a contract with a French syndicate to sell or -license the use of the plane in France. The Wrights were now in the -international picture. - - [Illustration: King Alfonso XIII of Spain was keenly interested in - flying, but promised his family that he would not make flight.] - -About this time the Wrights, always seeking better performance, made a -notable improvement in their plane. In their first historic flight and -during the experiments on Huffman Prairie, they rode “belly buster” just -as a boy does when coasting on a sled. They now made a different -arrangement of levers which enabled them to sit up while piloting the -plane. A seat for a passenger was also provided. Interestingly enough, -recent experiments with high-speed planes have brought some return of -the prone position for the pilot. - -On May 14, 1908, newspaper men saw a history-making flight at Kitty -Hawk. The remodeled 1905 machine under perfect control carried two men. -Flights for the army followed in September and the last trace of -skepticism disappeared. Unfortunately, on the last flight Lieutenant -Selfridge, the passenger, was killed and Orville severely injured. - -The year 1908 was notable in the saga of the Wrights. Wilbur made a -series of flights abroad that not only won all observers but aroused -wide interest and admiration throughout Europe. His quiet demeanor, his -unassuming modesty and his proved skill, stirred the popular -imagination. The French exalted him to the status of a hero. The great -of the world flocked to meet him and see him fly. They included King -Edward VII of England, King Alfonso XIII of Spain, and the Dowager Queen -Margherita of Italy. Invitations to fly came from Rome and Berlin. In -Rome King Victor Emmanuel watched him fly. - - [Illustration: Wilbur, at right, in characteristic pose—making a - repair in France.] - - [Illustration: Orville Wright with army officer during highly - successful flights at Fort Myer, Virginia.] - -In December, 1908, Orville and his sister, Katherine, went to Europe to -join Wilbur. The weather at Le Mans where Wilbur had been flying became -unsuitable for further flights and operations were transferred to Pau in -southern France. Here Orville and Katherine joined Wilbur. Many flights -were made and many distinguished visitors came to see the modern miracle -of human flight. - -Honors were heaped upon the Wrights. They received among many other -distinctions, the gold medal of the Aeronautical Society of Great -Britain and the Aero Club of the United Kingdom. The French Aero Club of -the Sarthe gave them a bronze trophy. Later the Aero Club of America -bestowed medals on the flyers. A few weeks afterward, President Taft -received the Wrights at the White House and the brothers returned to -Dayton where a tumultuous welcome awaited them. - - [Illustration: Wilbur flies low over spectators’ carriages at Pau, - France.] - - - - - Welcome home! - - - [Illustration: Main Street and Third on day of great Homecoming - Celebration, June 17, 1909.] - -Probably nothing stirred the Wrights quite so deeply as their welcome -when they returned to Dayton from their foreign triumphs. The -“homecoming” lasted two days, June 17 and 18, 1909. Whistles blew, bands -played, bells rang, men, women and children paraded. During the -celebration practically all business in Dayton was suspended. - - [Illustration: Orville and Wilbur on second day of Dayton - demonstration.] - -Wilbur and Orville rode to the celebration in a carriage with their old -friends, Ed Sines, boyhood newspaper partner of Orville, and Ed Ellis, a -long-time friend of Wilbur. The Wrights reviewed a parade in their honor -and in the evening witnessed a spectacular display of fireworks. The -celebration continued the next day when one of the features was the -formation of a huge living American flag by 2,500 school children, -wearing red, white and blue. Immediately after the celebration Wilbur -and Orville left for Washington to complete the trials for the Army at -Fort Myer. The contract with the government had specified that the plane -must do forty miles an hour. Actually, Orville completed one 10-mile -flight in 14 minutes at approximately 43 miles per hour. The Wright -plane was accepted by the Army at the conclusion of these tests. - - [Illustration: Michelin Trophy awarded to Wright brothers for - achievements in France.] - - [Illustration: {Medal from the Aero Club of America.}] - - [Illustration: This trophy from the Aero Club of Sarthe, France, was - placed in niche in Wright home.] - -Immediately after the flights at Fort Myer, Orville and Katherine left -for Germany. His purpose was to train pilots for the German company -which had been organized. He made many flights on that trip, some of -them witnessed by members of the royal family and on one of which the -Crown Prince was a passenger. On one he raised the world’s altitude -record from 100 meters to 172 meters, roughly 550 feet. Shortly -thereafter he flew for one hour, thirty-five minutes and forty-seven -seconds with a passenger, thereby establishing a new world’s record for -a flight with a passenger. - -While Orville was in Germany in 1909, Wilbur was making spectacular -flights around New York. In one of these he flew 21 miles from -Governor’s Island up the Hudson River to Grant’s Tomb and back. - -To train pilots to fly their planes the Wrights opened a flying school -on Huffman Prairie where those early and precarious flights had been -made. Here a notable group of flyers received their training. One of -them was Henry H. Arnold who became Commanding General of the Army Air -Corps in World War II. - -In May, 1910, Wilbur made his last flight as pilot. Shortly afterward he -and Orville flew for a brief time together. It was the only flight when -the brothers were both in the air at the same time. Later the same day -Orville took up his 82-year-old father. In the spirit of the Wrights the -Bishop’s only comment was ... “Higher! Higher!” Orville’s final flight -as pilot was made in 1918 from South Field near Dayton. - - [Illustration: Orville Wright meeting with members of National - Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.] - -After an illness of three weeks, Wilbur Wright died on May 30, 1912, in -his forty-fifth year. The whole world mourned him. Thus, in the prime of -life, with a record of achievement privileged to few, passed a notable -figure in American creative history. Orville Wright survived his brother -for 36 years, passing away January 30, 1948. Throughout his life he -maintained his active interest in aviation, was a life member of the -National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and a frequent and honored -visitor to Wright Field, the great Air Force research center named in -honor of the Wright brothers. - - [Illustration: Always interested in new developments, Orville Wright - visits Wright Field.] - - [Illustration: The “Kitty Hawk,” Smithsonian Institution, - Washington.] - -The Wright brothers have been honored by many nations. Medals, trophies, -monuments tell in part, at least, the story of their great achievement. -The original Kitty Hawk aeroplane holds the place of honor in the -aeronautical exhibit of Smithsonian Institution, Washington. A replica -of the Kitty Hawk in the Science Museum at South Kensington, London, -speaks for the British nation in honoring the Wrights. Monuments have -been erected at Kitty Hawk, N. C., at Le Mans, France, and at Dayton. -And now Wright Hall with its restored 1905 plane takes its place as one -of the efforts of a grateful world to honor one of man’s greatest -achievements. - - [Illustration: Wright Memorial, Kitty Hawk, N. C.] - - [Illustration: Monument to Wrights, Le Mans, France.] - - - [Illustration: Wright Hall in Carillon Park houses restored 1905 - Wright aeroplane.] - -On the walls of Wright Hall is inscribed this tribute to the -achievements and to the personal character of two great Americans: - - _In honored memory of Wilbur and Orville Wright, citizens of Dayton - and of the world. Through original research, the Wright brothers - acquired scientific knowledge and developed theories of aerodynamics - which, with their invention of aileron control, enabled them in 1903 - to build and fly, at Kitty Hawk, the first power-driven, man-carrying - aeroplane capable of flight._ - - _Their further development of the aeroplane gave it a capacity for - service which established aviation as one of the great forward steps - in human progress._ - - _As scientists, Wilbur and Orville Wright discovered the secret of - flight. As inventors, builders and flyers, they brought aviation to - the world._ - - _Their courage, perseverance and ability are comparable only to the - magnitude of their achievement. The aeroplane will stand for all time - as one of those few truly great inventions which have shaped the life - and destiny of man._ - - - CARILLON PARK - DAYTON, OHIO - - One of a series of Carillon Park - booklets. Price ten cents. - - PRINTED IN U.S.A. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WRIGHT BROTHERS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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margin-bottom:0em; display:block; } - -dl.biblio dt { margin-top:.6em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt div { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; text-indent:0; } -dl.biblio dd { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -p.biblio { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; text-align:justify; margin-top:0; - font-weight:bold; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:90%; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:2em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; - font-weight:bold; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:90%; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Wright Brothers, by Anonymous</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Wright Brothers</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Anonymous</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: August 31, 2021 [eBook #66194]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WRIGHT BROTHERS ***</div> -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="The Wright Brothers" width="1000" height="1534" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1><i class="smaller">The</i> -<br />WRIGHT BROTHERS</h1> -<p>“As scientists, they discovered the secret -of flight. As inventors, builders and -flyers, they brought aviation to the world.”</p> -</div> -<p class="tb">On December 17, 1903, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, the first -power-driven heavier-than-air machine ever to achieve sustained -flight rose from its starting track and in 12 seconds soared through -the air for a distance of 120 feet. Short as this flight was, it -nevertheless marked the beginning of man’s conquest of the air. -Orville Wright was at the controls; Wilbur Wright balanced the -machine at the take-off. This picture records for posterity an -epochal event witnessed by just seven men, the Wright brothers -themselves and five others who, more than they knew, stood that -day on the threshold of history.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="1108" /> -<p class="pcap">The first flight at Kitty Hawk, N. C., December 17, 1903.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p01a.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="uncaptioned" width="300" height="140" /> -</div> -<p>The Age of Flight, with its miracle of service, began in an -obscure little bicycle shop in Dayton, Ohio. Here two devoted -brothers, working amid tires, wheels and air pumps, -dreamed that man could fly in a heavier-than-air machine. The -names of these two brothers who wrote themselves indelibly into -history, were Wilbur and Orville Wright.</p> -<p>The story of the Wright brothers is an inspiring narrative of -success. Wilbur and Orville combined to a rare degree the searching -intelligence of the scientist, the ability to visualize of the inventor, -and the practical craftsmanship of the builder. In addition -they had great personal courage.</p> -<p>The Wright brothers were by no means the first who sought the -secret of flight. Particularly in Europe, able men had delved deep -and risked much in the effort to fly like a bird. Certain theories -of aerodynamics had been developed and were generally accepted -as accurate. One of the major setbacks to the hopes of the Wrights -was the discovery, through their own experiments, that these previously -accepted theories were incorrect.</p> -<p>This meant that they had to start from the beginning and develop -their own tables of air pressures. Two developments of the -Wrights made it possible to build an aeroplane that would fly. One -was a crude wind tunnel and the other was an ingenious set of balances -made out of old hack saw blades and bicycle spokes. With -these comparatively crude instruments, they compiled data which -made flight possible.</p> -<p>In the months and years following their first flights, the Wrights -were acclaimed by nations and by men. They knew success in the -fullest measure. But probably no subsequent achievement quite -equaled the thrill which must have been theirs when they were -able to send to their father and sister that now famous message:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“Success four flights Thursday morning all against twenty-one-mile -wind started from level with engine power alone average -speed through air thirty-one miles longest 59 seconds inform -press home Christmas.”</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">An idea is born</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="679" /> -<p class="pcap">The shop of the Wright Cycle Company on West Third Street in Dayton ... birthplace -of the aeroplane.</p> -</div> -<p>The Wright brothers sprang from pioneers who settled Dayton when -the Ohio country was young. Their father, the Reverend Milton Wright, -became a bishop of the United Brethren Church. His vocation necessitated -frequent changes of residence. Thus it came about that Wilbur -was born April 16, 1867, on a farm eight miles from Newcastle, Indiana, -while Orville was born in a house at 7 Hawthorn Street in Dayton. -This house was the Wright home for more than forty years.</p> -<p>From earliest childhood, the boys -were mechanically minded. They -had both the inclination and the -aptitude for creative work. The pioneering -urge and the gift of original -thinking were theirs.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="" width="898" height="1146" /> -<p class="pcap">An issue of the “West Side News,” -an early Wright venture.</p> -</div> -<p>One day the Bishop came home -from a short trip, bringing the children -a present. He held something -in his hands and then tossed it toward -them. It was a toy helicopter. -Instead of flopping to the floor, it -ascended to the ceiling where it -<span class="pb" id="Page_3">3</span> -fluttered before it fell. That helicopter set up a milepost in the lives -of the Wright boys. The idea of their future conquest of the air, in all -likelihood, was born then and there.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p02b.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="910" /> -<p class="pcap">Wilbur Wright in the bicycle shop, 1897.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p02d.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="886" /> -<p class="pcap">Orville Wright, in white shirt, at work in shop.</p> -</div> -<p>At an early age they began to fly kites. They became interested successively -in wood cuts, printing and photography. The urge for invention -was strong in them. Wilbur got a job folding the entire issue of -an eight-page church paper. When he found the handwork tiring and -tedious, he designed and built a machine that did the folding.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p02e.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="692" /> -<p class="pcap">The house on Hawthorn -Street, home of the -Wrights for 40 years and -now re-erected in Greenfield -Village in Dearborn, -Michigan.</p> -</div> -<p>Orville was no less enterprising. When he was 15, he entered into -a partnership with Ed Sines, a neighbor boy, and launched the printing -firm of Sines and Wright. The plant was located in a corner of the -<span class="pb" id="Page_4">4</span> -Sines kitchen. One of their first ventures was to print a little paper -called “The Midget.”</p> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="675" /> -<p class="pcap">One of the Wrights’ first -efforts to measure the -effect of air pressure was -this horizontal bicycle -wheel mounted on one of -their own bicycles and -equipped with two metal -vanes. This bicycle was -placed in the Park through -the co-operation of the family -of the late Frank Miller, -former Superintendent of -Dayton Schools.</p> -</div> -<p>Later Orville started a weekly newspaper called the “West Side -News.” Wilbur joined him as an editorial writer. These publications -and others which followed were printed on a press which the Wright -boys designed and built.</p> -<p>In 1892 came the enterprise that was to provide the setting for, and -the approach to, the supreme adventure with which the names of the -Wright brothers are associated. The boys became absorbed in bicycles. -Orville became interested in track racing and participated in several -events. In their enthusiasm the boys decided to go into the bicycle -business. After embarking on bicycle selling they discovered they must -have a repair shop. Punctures provided the bulk of their business, with -free air as a side issue. The first shop of what became the Wright Cycle -Company was at 1005 West Third Street.</p> -<p>Business increased to such an extent that the Wrights moved to South -Williams Street. Here they began to manufacture bicycles. Their first -model was called the Van Cleve, named after one of their pioneer -Dayton ancestors. Continued expansion of the business necessitated a -move to 1127 West Third Street. This was the shop linked with the -birth and development of aviation. It was here that Wilbur and Orville -not only dreamed of flying but practically built the first plane.</p> -<p>A hint of what the future had in store came one day when the -brothers were discussing what was then the new-fangled horseless -carriage. Since it was an original idea, it appealed to them. Orville suggested -that they might engage in the automobile business. “No,” replied -Wilbur, “you’d be tackling the impossible. Why, it would be easier to -build a flying machine.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="723" /> -<p class="pcap">A replica of the Wrights’ original wind tunnel which secured its pressure from a -fan mounted on the shaft of an old grinding wheel.</p> -</div> -<p>The first active interest in flying that the Wrights displayed developed -in 1895 when they read about the glider experiments being carried out -by Otto Lilienthal in Germany. They now began to read everything -they could lay hands on that bore on the attempts of man to fly, going -back to the days of the great Leonardo da Vinci. They wrote to the -Smithsonian Institution for a list of books on the subject. The germ of -flying now entered their systems, never to be eradicated.</p> -<p>The Wrights went thoroughly into the problem of gliders. After -Lilienthal had been killed while gliding, the brothers discovered that -neither he nor any other man who glided had an adequate method of -insuring lateral balance. In seeking the solution to this problem, Orville -worked out a theory for the operation to vary the inclination of sections -of the wings, thereby obtaining force for restoring balance. Thus he hit -upon a fundamental principle which became a claim in the original -Wright patent.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p03b.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="596" /> -<p class="pcap">One of the most valued possessions -of the Wrights, a balance -made of hacksaw blades. With -this balance they evolved their -own tables of air pressure which -eventually enabled them to fly. -The original balance is in Franklin -Institute, Philadelphia; this replica -is in Wright Hall, Carillon Park.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="690" /> -<p class="pcap">Many glider flights at Kitty -Hawk preceded the first attempt -to fly in a power-driven -plane. Here the Wrights are -flying a glider as a kite, controlling -it from the ground. -Later flights were made in -man-carrying gliders.</p> -</div> -<p>The brothers now began to study wing structure, but hit upon many -difficulties. A simple incident set them on the right track. In selling a -customer an inner tube for a tire, Wilbur had taken the tube from the -pasteboard box and was idly twisting the box back and forth as he -talked to the customer. In doing so he noticed that although the vertical -sides remained rigid at the ends, the top and bottom sides could be -twisted so that they made different angles at the opposite ends. He immediately -wondered why the wings of a gliding machine could not be -warped from one end to the other in this same way. In this way the -wings could be put at a greater angle at one side than the other and -there would be no structural weakness. Wilbur explained the plan to -Orville and it seemed so satisfactory that they adopted it for their gliders.</p> -<p>The Wrights were now glider-conscious. They built a bi-plane kite -with a new system of controls. In 1900 the brothers constructed a man-carrying -glider. In order to get practice in operation, they decided to -fly it first as a kite. For kite flying they required flat, open country; -and for gliding, sand hills free from trees or shrubs were necessary. -Favorable winds were also needed.</p> -<p>From reports received from the Weather Bureau in Washington, the -Wrights learned that a place named Kitty Hawk in North Carolina -seemed to meet all requirements. So they wrote to the man in charge -of the weather station there for further information. On his and other -data, the brothers came to the conclusion that Kitty Hawk was suitable -for experiments. What was then a tiny spot on the map was to become, -in time, a center of world interest.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p04d.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="1028" /> -<p class="pcap">Diary of Orville Wright, showing page -recording the first successful flight.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p04e.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="1011" /> -<p class="pcap">Map of Kitty Hawk area.</p> -</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">Man conquers the air</span></h2> -<p>The spot chosen for the Wrights’ experiments was located on a long -strip of sandy beach separated from the mainland of North Carolina. -At one point was the Kitty Hawk Life Saving Station and alongside, a -government weather station. A mile back from the ocean was the tiny -village of Kitty Hawk. Four miles south was the Kill Devil Life Saving -Station. Altogether, it was a dreary and uninviting area but one where -history was to be made.</p> -<p>The Wrights’ experiments at Kitty Hawk covered two periods. In -1900 they began flying gliders. Winds proved to be unsatisfactory with -the result that the experiments of this year fell far below expectations. -They were back in 1901 with a much larger glider. From this model -they learned that large surfaces could be controlled almost as easily as -smaller ones, provided the control was by manipulation of the surfaces -themselves instead of the movements of the operator’s body. In their -glider experiments of 1901 they broke all records for distance in gliding.</p> -<p>Air lift still troubled the brothers, so Orville rigged up a small wind -tunnel made out of an old starch box. Within the box was a balance, -the main feature of which was a metal rod that pivoted like a weather -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -vane. The starch box experiment led to the design of the more scientific -wind tunnel shown on <a href="#Page_5">Page 5</a>.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="1008" /> -<p class="pcap">Newspaper comments on the early efforts of the Wright brothers.</p> -</div> -<p>In the third glider trials in 1902 the brothers put all their new -knowledge to the test with good results. One new feature was a “tail.” -The idea of making this tail movable led to the system of control generally -used today—the independent control of aileron and rudder. The -third series of glider flights was highly successful.</p> -<p>The Wright brothers were now convinced they could build a successful -power flyer. One of the first requirements was an engine to -produce at least eight horsepower and weigh not more than 20 pounds -per horsepower. Unable to obtain such an engine, they built one themselves. -The plane now took shape with wings having a total span of a -little over 40 feet with the upper and lower wings six feet apart. Total -weight of the plane was 750 pounds.</p> -<p>Although the plane was assembled in Kitty Hawk by September 23, -1903, weather and various mechanical mishaps postponed the day of -trial until December 14. On the toss of a coin, Wilbur won the right to -make the first trial. The machine climbed a few feet, stalled and fell. -<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span> -Several parts were broken, requiring two days for repairs. There were -other minor delays and then came the fateful day of December 17.</p> -<p>This time Orville was the pilot. The few spectators stood silently by, -little realizing that they were participating in an event that would be -“forever known.” Orville lay flat in the pilot’s place with Wilbur running -alongside, a hand on a wing, until the machine left the rail. This, -in the words of one of the historians of the flight, is what happened:</p> -<p>“Signals that all was in readiness were exchanged. The motor turned, -the propellers whirled, a restraining wire was released; the machine -rolled along a crude runway, then took off under its own power and -flew for twelve unbelievable seconds for 120 incredible feet.</p> -<p>“With that brief flight, the first ever made by a heavier-than-air -machine, man was freed from the bonds that held him close to Mother -Earth from the beginning of time, and glimpsed the realization of his -oldest, boldest dream ... the conquest of the air.”</p> -<p>The moment when that homemade plane rose from the ground was -akin to others that heralded epochs in the progress of mankind. Crude -as it was, that first plane represented an almost incredible amount of -preparation. Gliders had been designed, constructed and flown to gain -technical data and piloting technique; a satisfactory system of control -had been discovered; a wind tunnel and balance had been built to -amplify flight data; an aircraft engine sufficiently light in weight had -been developed; and finally an aeroplane had been designed and built. -All these things were accomplished in about three years. As one challenge -followed another, the Wrights met them all and from their first -flight went on to the further development of their invention.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="792" /> -<p class="pcap">The engines used in -the first Wright -planes were built by -Orville and Wilbur -and had four cylinders. -This is the -original engine from -the 1903 plane.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="836" /> -<p class="pcap">The restored 1905 Wright plane in Wright Hall.</p> -</div> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">The Wrights learn to fly</span></h2> -<p>Although the first flight took place at Kitty Hawk, the Wrights -themselves always said that they really learned to fly on Huffman -Prairie east of Dayton on the present site of Wright-Patterson Field. -Having proved that they could fly even if for a maximum of less than -a minute, they now set out to build a more practical and useful machine. -They reasoned that if they could fly 852 feet against a 20-mile -wind as they did in the fourth flight at Kitty Hawk, it should be possible -to build a plane which would fly much farther.</p> -<p>The plane in which the first flight was made was called the Kitty -Hawk. Construction of its immediate successor began in January, 1904. -It was much the same as the one flown at Kitty Hawk but there were -a number of changes and the construction was more sturdy throughout. -This plane was equipped with an entirely new engine. Because of -a shortage of spruce in Dayton they changed to white pine for spar -construction, thinking it would be equally good. However, the pine -broke in actual use and the wings had to be entirely rebuilt.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<div class="img" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/p06c.jpg" alt="" width="722" height="901" /> -<p class="pcap">Wilbur Wright during the first demonstrations -of the plane in Europe.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/p06d.jpg" alt="" width="656" height="900" /> -<p class="pcap">Wilbur at the controls -during a flight in France.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/p06e.jpg" alt="" width="641" height="900" /> -<p class="pcap">Orville and Wilbur Wright, modest men -whose achievements made history.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/p06f.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="890" /> -<p class="pcap">Original patent issued to the Wrights.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<div class="img" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="641" height="900" /> -<p class="pcap">Katherine and Orville Wright -aboard ship bound for Europe.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig21"> -<img src="images/p07d.jpg" alt="" width="900" height="498" /> -<p class="pcap">Orville Wright with Thomas A. Edison.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig22"> -<img src="images/p07f.jpg" alt="" width="900" height="465" /> -<p class="pcap">Towing the plane from one field to another at Le Mans, France.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<div class="img" id="fig23"> -<img src="images/p07g.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="409" /> -<p class="pcap">Upon their return from Europe in May 1908, the Wright brothers and their -sister, Katherine, were received at the White House by President Taft.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig24"> -<img src="images/p07h.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="602" /> -<p class="pcap">Orville Wright, members of his family and fellow Daytonians -at dedication of the Kitty Hawk monument.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig25"> -<img src="images/p07k.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="565" /> -<p class="pcap">The pilot lay prone in early Wright planes.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig26"> -<img src="images/p07m.jpg" alt="" width="712" height="900" /> -<p class="pcap">One of many cartoons depicting -the honors which came to the Wright brothers.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<div class="img" id="fig27"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">Dayton newspaper reporting the Home-coming Celebration in honor of the Wright brothers.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig28"> -<img src="images/p08d.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="689" /> -<p class="pcap">Orville Wright with Colonel E. A. Deeds -on a visit to Wright Field.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig29"> -<img src="images/p08e.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="692" /> -<p class="pcap">Orville Wright with Henry Ford as Dayton -honored 35th anniversary of flight.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig30"> -<img src="images/p08f.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="528" /> -<p class="pcap">The Wright home and bicycle shop as they appear today in Greenfield Village, -Dearborn, Michigan.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<p>During 1904 more than 100 flights had been made at Huffman -Prairie. Of those flights, a complete circle made for the first time on the -20th of September and two flights of three miles each were the most -notable. In May of 1905 the Wrights made various improvements in -the machine making it much stronger at various points which had proved -weak when landing in 1904 flights. The warping of the wings and operation -of the tail rudder were made independent of each other and -the camber of the wings was changed. The most important development -was the addition of two “blinkers” between the surfaces of the -front elevator. The purpose of the blinkers was to assist the rear rudder -in making a turn. This device was patented and proved quite important -for it removed the danger of a tail spin.</p> -<p>The Wright brothers considered their flights of 1905 of great importance, -and the 1905 plane proved through performance that it was -a greatly improved “flyer.” In a report to the Aero Club of America -dated March 12, 1906, they said this:</p> -<p>“The object of the 1905 experiments was to determine the cause and -discover remedies for several obscure and somewhat rare difficulties -which had been encountered in some of the 1904 flights and which it -was necessary to overcome before it would be safe to employ flyers -for practical purposes. Toward the middle of September, means of -correcting the obscure troubles were found and the flyer was at last -brought under satisfactory control. From this time forward almost -every flight established a new record.” The last flight was the longest -of all, lasting for 38 minutes and 3 seconds and covering 24⅕ miles. -It ended because of exhaustion of fuel. The gas tank, which held only -about a gallon, had, through oversight, not been full before the take-off.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig31"> -<img src="images/p08g.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="860" /> -<p class="pcap">One of the many flights -made over Huffman Prairie, -just east of Dayton on -present site of Wright-Patterson -airfields.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<div class="img" id="fig32"> -<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="556" height="1000" /> -<p class="pcap">The Wright Memorial overlooking Huffman Prairie.</p> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">THE WRIGHT MEMORIAL</span></p> -<p class="pcap">On a hilltop overlooking Huffman -Prairie where the Wright -brothers accomplished so much, -stands this shaft, made of North -Carolina pink granite and erected -by the citizens of Dayton in their -memory. To the east lies Wright -Field, the great government air -center named in their honor. The -principal bronze plaque tells in -a few words the story of their -great contribution to the progress -of mankind. A smaller tablet -records the names of those early -flyers who were trained by the -Wright brothers. In the simplicity -of design and the strength of -structure, it reflects the characters -of the men it honors.</p> -</div> -<p>The report to the Aero Club continued, -“The 1905 flyer had a total -weight of about 925 pounds, including -the operator and was of such substantial -construction as to be able to make -landings at high speed without being -strained or broken. From the beginning -the prime object was to devise a -machine of practical utility, rather -than a useless and extravagant toy.... -The favorable results which have -been obtained have been due to improvements -in flying quality resulting -from more scientific design and to improved -methods of balancing and steering.... -The best dividends on the labor -invested have invariably come from -seeking more knowledge rather than -more power.”</p> -<p>The submission of this report was -followed by the adoption of a resolution -by the Aero Club commending the -Wrights upon their accomplishment. -This, it might be said, marked official -recognition on the part of the public -that the Wrights really had flown. -Despite numerous flights made in 1904 -and 1905, there was considerable skepticism -and grave doubts on the part of -most people that flights were being -made. In fact, the unwillingness of the -world to believe that man could fly -was one of the ironies of the Wright -story. It was many months before the -last doubting Thomas was convinced -that practical flight had actually been -achieved.</p> -<p>Improvements had been made on the -1905 plane, including the engine. In -1908 the plane was taken to Kitty -<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span> -Hawk for further tests. After several successful flights, an accident occurred -which so badly damaged the plane that it was dismantled and -stored there in frame hangars. Over the years parts of the plane were -given to several museums and others were acquired by residents of the -area as mementoes. The engine, the propellers and other parts were -shipped back to Dayton.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig33"> -<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="618" /> -<p class="pcap">The restored 1905 aeroplane in process of reconstruction. Engineers and others -who inspected the plane during its rebuilding, marveled at the craftsmanship -reflected in its original construction.</p> -</div> -<p>When it was decided to reconstruct an early Wright plane for Carillon -Park, the first thought was that it should be a replica of the Kitty Hawk, -which of course would have been accurate in appearance but would -have contained no original parts.</p> -<p>Orville Wright himself suggested that if the original parts of the 1905 -plane could be brought together, a plane which could truly be called a -restored Wright aeroplane could be built. An exhaustive search was -begun and with the co-operation of the museums and the residents of -Kitty Hawk, many of the original parts were secured. Orville Wright -located the original drawings and supervised much of the reconstruction. -His death occurred shortly before the plane was finished.</p> -<p>At least 60 per cent of the parts in the plane are original. These -include the engine, the chain guides, control levers and pilot’s cradle, -the propellers, the greater part of the wing structure as well as some of -the front rudder struts. Construction of the plane was supervised by -Mr. Harvey D. Geyer, an early employee of the Wrights, who was -uniquely fitted for this responsibility and who, in contributing his services, -has done much to perpetuate the achievements of the Wrights in -their home city. As does the original Kitty Hawk in the Smithsonian -Institution, this restored plane will, for generations to come, help to tell -the story of the genius of the Wrights.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" id="ncfig2" alt="Newspaper headlines" width="1000" height="1563" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">Recognition ... at home and abroad</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig34"> -<img src="images/p10a.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="657" /> -<p class="pcap">King Edward VII visits Wright brothers during flights at Pau, France.</p> -</div> -<p>A world that has convinced itself something cannot be done, yields -slowly to the realization that the “impossible” has been achieved. When -the Wrights approached their own government with the suggestion that -their invention might be useful for scouting purposes their proposal -evoked no interest. Actually, appreciation of the implications and possibilities -of the new device came more quickly from Europe than America. -England and France were among the first to seek information on the -machine that had so thoroughly proved its ability to fly. As early as -1905 a member of the French military had at least made unofficial inquiry -as to the cost of a plane, but for a time this led to nothing.</p> -<p>In 1907 the United States government realized that the Wrights had -proved the practicability of flying. The Signal Corps drew up specifications -and asked for bids. The Wrights offered to build a test plane for -$25,000. Their bid was accepted -in February, 1908. Three months -later they signed a contract with -a French syndicate to sell or license -the use of the plane in -France. The Wrights were now -in the international picture.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig35"> -<img src="images/p10c.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="726" /> -<p class="pcap">King Alfonso XIII of Spain was keenly -interested in flying, but promised his -family that he would not make flight.</p> -</div> -<p>About this time the Wrights, -always seeking better performance, -<span class="pb" id="Page_20">20</span> -made a notable improvement in their plane. In their first historic -flight and during the experiments on Huffman Prairie, they rode “belly -buster” just as a boy does when coasting on a sled. They now made a -different arrangement of levers which enabled them to sit up while -piloting the plane. A seat for a passenger was also provided. Interestingly -enough, recent experiments with high-speed planes have brought -some return of the prone position for the pilot.</p> -<p>On May 14, 1908, newspaper men saw a history-making flight at Kitty -Hawk. The remodeled 1905 machine under perfect control carried two -men. Flights for the army followed in September and the last trace of -skepticism disappeared. Unfortunately, on the last flight Lieutenant -Selfridge, the passenger, was killed and Orville severely injured.</p> -<p>The year 1908 was notable in the saga of the Wrights. Wilbur made -a series of flights abroad that not only won all observers but aroused -wide interest and admiration throughout Europe. His quiet demeanor, -his unassuming modesty and his proved skill, stirred the popular imagination. -The French exalted him to the status of a hero. The great of -the world flocked to meet him and see him fly. They included King -Edward VII of England, King Alfonso XIII of Spain, and the Dowager -Queen Margherita of Italy. Invitations to fly came from Rome and -Berlin. In Rome King Victor Emmanuel watched him fly.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig36"> -<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="956" /> -<p class="pcap">Wilbur, at right, in characteristic pose—making a repair in France.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<div class="img" id="fig37"> -<img src="images/p11a.jpg" alt="" width="1646" height="1074" /> -<p class="pcap">Orville Wright with army -officer during highly successful -flights at Fort -Myer, Virginia.</p> -</div> -<p>In December, 1908, Orville and his sister, Katherine, went to Europe -to join Wilbur. The weather at Le Mans where Wilbur had been flying -became unsuitable for further flights and operations were transferred -to Pau in southern France. Here Orville and Katherine joined -Wilbur. Many flights were made and many distinguished visitors came -to see the modern miracle of human flight.</p> -<p>Honors were heaped upon the Wrights. They received among many -other distinctions, the gold medal of the Aeronautical Society of Great -Britain and the Aero Club of the United Kingdom. The French Aero -Club of the Sarthe gave them a bronze trophy. Later the Aero Club -of America bestowed medals on the flyers. A few weeks afterward, -President Taft received the Wrights at the White House and the -brothers returned to Dayton where a tumultuous welcome awaited them.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig38"> -<img src="images/p11c.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="740" /> -<p class="pcap">Wilbur flies low over -spectators’ carriages at -Pau, France.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">Welcome home!</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig39"> -<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="617" /> -<p class="pcap">Main Street and Third on day of great Homecoming Celebration, June 17, 1909.</p> -</div> -<p>Probably nothing stirred the Wrights quite so deeply as their welcome -when they returned to Dayton from their foreign triumphs. The “homecoming” -lasted two days, June 17 and 18, 1909. Whistles blew, bands -played, bells rang, men, women and children paraded. During the celebration -practically all business in Dayton was suspended.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig40"> -<img src="images/p12a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="991" /> -<p class="pcap">Orville and Wilbur on second -day of Dayton demonstration.</p> -</div> -<p>Wilbur and Orville rode to the celebration in a carriage with their -old friends, Ed Sines, boyhood newspaper partner of Orville, and Ed -Ellis, a long-time friend of Wilbur. The Wrights reviewed a parade in -their honor and in the evening witnessed a spectacular display of fireworks. -The celebration continued the -next day when one of the features was -the formation of a huge living American -flag by 2,500 school children, -wearing red, white and blue. -Immediately after the celebration -Wilbur and Orville left for Washington -to complete the trials for the Army -at Fort Myer. The contract with the -government had specified that the -plane must do forty miles an hour. -Actually, Orville completed one 10-mile -flight in 14 minutes at approximately -43 miles per hour. The Wright -<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span> -plane was accepted by the Army at the conclusion of these tests.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig41"> -<img src="images/p12f.jpg" alt="" width="581" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">Michelin Trophy awarded -to Wright brothers for -achievements in France.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig42"> -<img src="images/p12g.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="602" /> -<p class="pcap">{Medal from the Aero Club of America.}</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig43"> -<img src="images/p12h.jpg" alt="" width="636" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">This trophy from the Aero -Club of Sarthe, France, was -placed in niche in Wright home.</p> -</div> -<p>Immediately after the flights at Fort Myer, Orville and Katherine -left for Germany. His purpose was to train pilots for the German -company which had been organized. He made many flights on that -trip, some of them witnessed by members of the royal family and on -one of which the Crown Prince was a passenger. On one he raised the -world’s altitude record from 100 meters to 172 meters, roughly 550 -feet. Shortly thereafter he flew for one hour, thirty-five minutes and -forty-seven seconds with a passenger, thereby establishing a new world’s -record for a flight with a passenger.</p> -<p>While Orville was in Germany in 1909, Wilbur was making spectacular -flights around New York. In one of these he flew 21 miles from -Governor’s Island up the Hudson River to Grant’s Tomb and back.</p> -<p>To train pilots to fly their planes the Wrights opened a flying school -on Huffman Prairie where those early and precarious flights had been -made. Here a notable group of flyers received their training. One of -them was Henry H. Arnold who became Commanding General of the -Army Air Corps in World War II.</p> -<p>In May, 1910, Wilbur made his last flight as pilot. Shortly afterward -he and Orville flew for a brief time together. It was the only -flight when the brothers were both in the air at the same time. Later -the same day Orville took up his 82-year-old father. In the spirit -of the Wrights the Bishop’s only comment was ... “Higher! Higher!” -Orville’s final flight as pilot was made in 1918 from South Field near -Dayton.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<div class="img" id="fig44"> -<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="618" /> -<p class="pcap">Orville Wright meeting with members of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.</p> -</div> -<p>After an illness of three weeks, Wilbur Wright died on May 30, 1912, -in his forty-fifth year. The whole world mourned him. Thus, in the -prime of life, with a record of achievement privileged to few, passed a -notable figure in American creative history. Orville Wright survived his -brother for 36 years, passing away January 30, 1948. Throughout his -life he maintained his active interest in aviation, was a life member of -the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and a frequent and -honored visitor to Wright Field, the great Air Force research center -named in honor of the Wright brothers.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig45"> -<img src="images/p13a.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="905" /> -<p class="pcap">Always interested in new developments, -Orville Wright -visits Wright Field.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<div class="img" id="fig46"> -<img src="images/p13d.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="616" /> -<p class="pcap">The “Kitty Hawk,” Smithsonian Institution, Washington.</p> -</div> -<p>The Wright brothers have been honored by many nations. Medals, -trophies, monuments tell in part, at least, the story of their great -achievement. The original Kitty Hawk aeroplane holds the place of -honor in the aeronautical exhibit of Smithsonian Institution, Washington. -A replica of the Kitty Hawk in the Science Museum at South -Kensington, London, speaks for the British nation in honoring the -Wrights. Monuments have been erected at Kitty Hawk, N. C., at -Le Mans, France, and at Dayton. And now Wright Hall with its -restored 1905 plane takes its place as one of the efforts of a grateful -world to honor one of man’s greatest achievements.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig47"> -<img src="images/p13e.jpg" alt="" width="666" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">Wright Memorial, Kitty Hawk, N. C.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig48"> -<img src="images/p13f.jpg" alt="" width="648" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">Monument to Wrights, Le Mans, France.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<hr class="dwide" /> -<div class="img" id="fig49"> -<img src="images/p20.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="847" /> -<p class="pcap">Wright Hall in Carillon Park houses restored 1905 Wright aeroplane.</p> -</div> -<p>On the walls of Wright Hall is inscribed this tribute to the achievements -and to the personal character of two great Americans:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><i>In honored memory of Wilbur and Orville Wright, citizens of -Dayton and of the world. Through original research, the Wright -brothers acquired scientific knowledge and developed theories of -aerodynamics which, with their invention of aileron control, enabled -them in 1903 to build and fly, at Kitty Hawk, the first power-driven, -man-carrying aeroplane capable of flight.</i></p> -<p><i>Their further development of the aeroplane gave it a capacity for -service which established aviation as one of the great forward steps -in human progress.</i></p> -<p><i>As scientists, Wilbur and Orville Wright discovered the secret of -flight. As inventors, builders and flyers, they brought aviation to the -world.</i></p> -<p><i>Their courage, perseverance and ability are comparable only to -the magnitude of their achievement. The aeroplane will stand for all -time as one of those few truly great inventions which have shaped -the life and destiny of man.</i></p> -</blockquote> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="ss">CARILLON PARK -<br /><span class="small">DAYTON, OHIO</span></span></p> -<p class="center smaller">One of a series of Carillon Park -<br />booklets. Price ten cents.</p> -<p class="center smallest">PRINTED IN U.S.A.</p> -<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WRIGHT BROTHERS ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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